
    Nellie M. Ackerman, Respondent, v. Charles M. Ackerman, Appellant.
    Second Department,
    January 24, 1908.
    Husband and wife — divorce — validity of foreign decree — limitation of action — when offense yleemed to be “discovered” — General Rule 73 and section 1758 of the Code of Civil Procedure construed. ,
    The courts of this State will not recognize the validity of a foreign divorce obtained against a resident of this State on the ground of desertion where process was served by publication without personal service upon the defendant, either within or without the foreign State, and where the defendant had no notice of the commencement of the action or of the application for the decree until after it had been entered.
    Rule 72 of the General Rules of Practice providing, in substance, that in an action for divorce where the defendant was living in adulterous intercourse it must be alleged in the complaint that five years have not elapsed since the commencement of such adulterous intercourse was discovered by the plaintiff, etc., applies only where the defendant makes default and has no application to contested actions. .
    General rules, of practice adopted by the court must not be inconsistent with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, and no rule can enlarge or abridge rights conferred by the Code itself.
    A decree of divorce should not be denied upon the ground that the action was not commenced, as required by section 1758 of the Code of Civil Procedure, within five years after the discovery by the plaintiff of the offense charged, where the proof shows that the defendant after deserting the plaintiff in 1891 obtained a void divorce in Florida in 1896, and the plaintiff, though hearing he had married, after using every effort did not find out with whom the marriage was contracted, where it took place or where the defendant was located, except in an indefinite way, until through the efforts of her brother she learned these facts in 1902 and brought her action within five years thereafter.
    “Discovery” means something more than mere suspicion; it implies a certain degree of knowledge on the part of the person to bé charged with the consequences of such discovery.
    Gaynor and Jenks, JJ., dissented, with-opinion.
    Appeal by the defendant, Charles M. Ackerman, from a final judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk.of the county of Kings on the 22d day of July, 1907, pursuant to an interlocutory judgment entered in said clerk’s office on the 18th day of April, 1907, upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial at the Kings County Special Term, with notice of an intention to bring up for review upon such appeal the said interlocutory judgment.
    
      George P. Breckenridge, for the appellant.
    
      John Hill Morgan, for the respondent.
   Woodward, J.:

This is an appeal from a judgment granting to the plaintiff a decree of absolute divorce on the ground of the defendant’s adul-. tery. The decree also awarded the plaintiff alimony. It appears the parties were married in the city of Brooklyn in 1889, where they continued to live until January, 1891, when the defendant left the State and went to Chicago because charged with the commission of a felony. He remained \there until October, 1891, when he returned to New Jersey and stayed a few days with his sister, where his wife visited him. From there he went to Florida where he was apprehended.. Later he appears to have been convicted and confined for three years in the Ohio penitentiary, and on his release wan dered to Florida. On the 30th of November, 1895, he tiled, a bill in the Circuit Court of St. Johns county, Fla., asking for an absolute divorce from the plaintiff on the ground of alleged desertion. An order'.for service of process by publication was issued the same, day, and in February, 1896, the decree pro confesso was made, assuming to dissolve the marriage between the parties. The record of the Florida decree, does not disclose any personal service of process upon this plaintiff either within or without the State of Florida, and she had no notice of tire commencement of the action or of the application for the decree until after it had been granted and entered. On the contrary, it appears that in October, 1896, the defendant wrote his wife advising her for the first time he'had procured the decree in question. . On October fourteenth of the same year he married the corespondent, Maud Ackerman,- in Florida, and it is for alleged adultery with this person that this action is brought, upon the theory that the Florida divorce is void as. against this plaintiff. The contention' that the decree of the Florida courts was without jurisdiction and void is fully sustained by the recent case of Haddock v. Haddock (201 U. S. 562), and the correctness of- this rule does not appear to be seriously questioned by the counsel for the defendant in this action. It is, however, seriously .urged by the counsel for the defendant that tlie judgment of divorce rendered in this action cannot be sustained because the plaintiff knew of the defendant’s remarriage more than five years prior to the commencement of this action, and relies upon the provisions of section 1758 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and of rule 72 of tlie General Pules of Practice, as a bar to this action.- • The question as to the knowledge of the plaintiff is disputed by counsel for the plaintiff. Let us assume, however, she had knowledge of such remarriage and of the adulterous intercourse which followed and continued down to the time of the commencement of this action. Does that circumstance bar a recovery ? Section 1758 provides as follows: “ In either of the following cases, the plaintiff is not entitled to a divorce, although the adultery is established : * * * • 3. Where there has been no express forgiveness, and no voluntary cohabitation of the parties, b%ot the action was not commenced within five years after the discovery, by theplaintiff, of the offence charged.” Pule 72 of the General Pules of Practice provides as follows : “When the action is for a divorce on the ground ■ of adultery, unless it be averred in the complaint * * - * and, also, where, at the time of the offense charged, the defendant was living' in adulterous intercourse with thé person with whom tlie offense is alleged to have been committed ; that five years have not-elapsed since the commencement of such adulterous intercourse was discovered by the plaintiff, and the complaint containing such averments be verified by the oath of the plaintiff in the manner prescribed by the Code, judgment shall not be rendered for the relief demanded until the plaintiff’s affidavit be produced stating the above facts.” Pule 72 relates entirely to what is required where application is made for a divorce in cases of default, and has no technical application to contested actions such as the one now under consideration. If the rule in question were to be deemed to apply to contested cases, , it would still remain a question whether the rule were in harmony with the provisions of the Code, for- although general trules of practice may be from time to time adopted and promulgated," such rules must not be “ inconsistent ” with, the provisions of the Code, and no rule can enlarge or abridge the rights conferred by the Code itself. We are, therefore, brought back to the consideration of what should be the proper construction of section 1758 of the Code when applied to the circumstances of a case like this.

If the defendant in this case had continued to be a resident of the State of Hew York and subject to the jurisdiction of its courts so that process could have been served upon him at any time, and he had again married and continued to live and cohabit with his second wife with the knowledge on the plaintiff’s part of that relation, and the plaintiff had acquiesced in such conduct without taking steps to obtain a divorce, there would be a natural justice in denying her the relief she now seeks. It appears, however, that the defendant absconded and for upwards of fifteen years has kept himself without the jurisdiction of the State, and his exact whereabouts unknown to the plaintiff, although she undoubtedly knew he was located somewhere in Florida. But in 1897 he left Florida and appears to have gone to the State of Maryland, and it was sometime in 1902 or 1903 the plaintiff’s brother-in-law located the defendant at Baltimore. Under such circumstances ought an innocent party be barred from obtaining a divorce from an absconding husband when he has left the State and kept liis whereabouts concealed, simply because she may have learned that at some time more than five years prior to the commencement of the action he had married .again ? A decree. of divorce obtained by substituted service of process upon the defendant would have been worthless for the purpose of getting an enforcible personal judgment for alimony, and it would be very doubtful under the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Haddock v. Haddock (201 U. S. 562) whether such a divorce would have been valid for the purpose of dissolving" the marriage relation. We should hesitate to hold that under such circumstances the plaintiff is precluded from obtaining a divorce. The language of the Code does not in terms forbid the granting of a judgment in such cases. It simply declares that a judgment shall not be granted where “ the action was not commenced within five years after the discovery, hy the plaintiff, of the offence charged.” The offense charged in this complaint is the commission of adultery between the years 1904 and 1905, so that, the plaintiff has kept herself technically within the limits permitted by the. Code, and she should be permitted to prevail unless the courts have given the section such a construction as necessitates this court holding otherwise.' The defendant cites the case of Williamson v. Williamson (1 Johns. Ch. 488, 490), where Chancellor Kent wrote the opinion of the court. In that Case a husband having been absent from his wife for eight years in a foreign country and she supposing him to be dead married another person, and the first husband returning, and finding his wife living with her second husband, without talcing steps to procure a divorce went abroad again, and after an absence of twenty years, returned again and filed a bill for divorce. The court refused the decree. The statute then iii force declared “ it shall be lawful for the * cow#” to decree a dissolution. The court construed the statute as not necessarily mandatory in its provisions, but leaving to it the exercise of á sound discretion. The chancellor, therefore, giving due consideration to the natural equities pf the particular case, declined, to permit the plaintiff in that case to prevail. That case was followed by that of Valleau v. Valleau (6 Paige, 207), where the husband a few months after his marriage abandoned his wife and left the State, and the wife after the expiration of seven years in good faith married a second husband, who died four or five years before the first husband filed his bill for divorce founded upon such second marriage, and the bill was dismissed. There the second marriage was held voidable merely but not void under the statute. The court in disposing of this last case assumed to follow the case of Williamson v. Williamson, the statute then in force authorizing the denial of a divorce where five years had elapsed since the discovery of the adultery charged.

It will be readily seen that these decisions are not necessarily conclusive as to the interpretation-fo be placed on section 1758 when applied, to a case like the one at bar, where the facts and circumstances are quite different. Wé do not think these cases cited preclude this court from holding that even though the plaintiff had known of the defendant’s remarriage about the time it took place, and of his continued relations with the corespondent down to the time of her bringing this action, that she nevertheless would be entitled to her decree. When, however, we examine the evidence, we must reach the conclusion that there is nothing in it which establishes knowledge on the plaintiff’s part of the continued relations which existed between the deféndant and his second wife The most that can be claimed is that some time in 1896 the plaintiff heard that the defendant had manned again. When the marriage was contracted, where it was contracted, or who the second wife was, was hot made known to her. Neither does it appear she ever knew where the defendant was living, except in a general way, somewhere in the State of Florida. In 1897 the defendant departed from Florida and disappeared, and it was not until 1902 or 1903. that his whereabouts at or in Baltimore, kid., was discovered through the efforts of the plaintiff’s brother-in-láw. It is the fair inference that the defendant purposely concealed his whereabouts from the plaintiff. It cannot be assumed that the plaintiff was from those facts to be charged with knowledge of continued adulterous relations between the defendant and the corespondent. From the correspondence introduced in evidence, the plaintiff might well question the fact that any divorce in Florida had been obtained. She had had no legal notice of such a proceeding, and she might well question the reported remarriage of the defendant. Or if such a marriage took place, it did not follow that the parties had continued to live together as husband and wife all the years in question. The plaintiff certainly is not shown to have been in possession of such knowledge or information as would have enabled her to have proved a case to support an action for divorce until she learned the defendant was living in Baltimore with the corespondent as his wife. Discovery means something more than mere suspicion. It implies a certain degree of knowledge on the part of the person to be charged with the consequences of such discovery. Judge Brewer in the case of Marbourg v. McCormick (23 Kan. 38, 43) said': “ ‘Discovery of the fraud’ is the language of the statute. That implies knowledge, and is not satisfied by mere suspicion of wrong.. The suspicion may be such as to call for further investigation, but is not of itself a discovery.” Again, in Parker v. Kuhn (21 Neb. 413, 426; S. C., 59 Am. Rep. 838) it was held.that “The discovery, then, of which the statute speaks” (that is of the fraud) “ is of evidence or of evidential facts leading to a belief in the fraud and by which its existence or perpetration may be established, and not of the fraud itself as an existing entity.” Judge Finch of our own Court of Appeals has said in the case of Higgins v. Crouse (147 N. Y. 416) in reference to the rule that should maintain in cases of fraud, “ I think the true rule is that, where the circumstances are such as to suggest to a person of ordinary intelligence the probability that he has been defrauded, a duty of inquiry arises, and if he omits that inquiry when it would home developed the truth, and' shuts his eyes to the facts which call for investigation, knowledge of the fraud will be imputed to him He will be held, for the purposes of the Statute of Limitations, to have actually known what he might have known and ought to have known.” The application of this rule to the case in hand can give no assistance to this defendant in sustaining the contention that the plaintiff’s rights had been barred. As we have previously noted, the most that can be'claimed from the evidence is, that the plaintiff learned about 1896 that the defendant had remarried, but with whom such marriage was contracted, or where it took place, or where the defendant was located at the time, were not disclosed to the plaintiff. She had no means at her command of verifying the report, or proving the remarriage, or of knowing or- proving that the parties Avere living together, or continued their relations, even if such a marriage had taken place. On the contrary, it appears the defendant had purposely concealed all these things from the plaintiff, with the intention' that such knowledge should not come to her. It appears, too, that the plaintiff Avas not quiescent, nor did she shut her eyes to the rumor Avhich had reached her, but on the contrary used such efforts as were at her command to learn the facts; for it appears' from the testimony of her brother-in-law, Joseph Binns, that from 1897 lintil 1902 or 1903 he continued his efforts in the jdaintiff’s behalf to find and locate the defendant, and was unsuccessful until the latter date. We thus see that giving the Code provision and the rule as broad an interpretation as can be claimed for them by the defendant, -nevertheless the evidence does not disclose a case wherein the plaintiff should be denied the divorce asked. We think the trial court was right in its findings and that the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

Hooker and Miller, JJ.j concurred; Gaynor, J., read for reversal, with whom Jenks, J., concurred.

Gaynor, J. (dissenting):

It is provided by section 1758 of the Code of Civil Procedure that the plaintiff is not entitled to a divorce when the action was not commenced within five years after the discovery by the plaintiff of the offence charged”. Where the adulterous intercourse is continuous, as under a ceremony of marriage, for instance, the discovery thereof sets such limitation of five years running from that date, for otherwise there would be no limitation in such a case. This obvious interpretation is given to the said provision by Rule 72 of the General Rules of Practice, which in cases of defaults requires proof in 'such cases “ that five years have not elapsed since the commencement of such adulterous intercourse was discovered by the plaintiff ”.

In August, 1896, the defendant obtained a divorce in the State of Florida by publication of the summons on his wife, this plaintiff, she being a resident of the State of Hew York. The divorce was valid in Florida, and immediately thereafter the defendant married another woman in that State and has continuously cohabited with her as his wife ever since. Cohabitation between Hovember, 1904, and October, 1905, in the city of Baltimore, State of Maryland, where the defendant then resided and has continued to reside, is alleged as the adultery herein, and this action was begun in January, 1906.

The learned trial judge made a finding of fact in substance that the plaintiff knew of the defendant’s divorce, and was informed of the defendant’s re-marriage in October, 1896, by a letter from his mother ; that she had her brother investigate the matter, which he did; that he received letters that the defendant was re-married and living with bis now wife, and thereupon attempted to have the defendant indicted for bigamy in Florida; and that she often wrote and spoke to the defendant’s sisters of the said re-marriage.

The learned trial judge says in his opinion, however, that the plaintiff did not have “evidential facts, provable facts”, until within five years, and holds .that the running of the period of limi-' tation does not begin until such facts, i. <?., the common law evidence of the re-marriage and cohabitation necessary to prove the case for a divorce, are collected; that until that time there is no “ discovery ”. ..But this is not the true interpretation of that word. It is not limited to that strict and narrow meaning, but has reference to trustworthy information.- The information and knowledge which the plaintiff had was no mere rumor; on the contrary, she was not only credibly and fully informed, but believed the informa-. tion. Her brother, who was acting in" her behalf, even tried to have the defendant indicted for bigamy for re-marrying. The law gives five years for the plaintiff to collect her or his evidence after such discovery, wliich is a liberal time. It makes no exception where the guilty spouse is a non-resident. The action may be commenced in such a case by publication.

The plaintiff’s case is a hard one, but it is an old and true saying that hard cases make bad law, and that we have to avoid.

The judgment should be reversed.

Jenks, J., concurred.

Judgment affirmed, with costs. 
      
      See Code Civ. Proc. §§ 17, 18.— [Rep.
     
      
      R. L. 1813, chap. 102, § 4; 2 R. L. 198, § 4.—Rep.
     
      
       See 2 R. S. 139, § 6. See Dom. Rel. Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 272), §§ 3,4, —[Rep.
     
      
      
         See 2 R. S. 145, § 42, subd. 3. See Code Civ. Proc §, 1758, subd.. 3.— [Rep.
     