
    In re ROCHEZ BROS., INC., Debtor. Rochez Bros., Inc., Plaintiff, v. Sears Ecological Applications Company, Inc., Defendant.
    Bankruptcy No. 01-32890-MBM.
    Adversary No. 04-2904-MBM.
    United States Bankruptcy Court, W.D. Pennsylvania.
    June 16, 2005.
    
      Charles E. Bobinis, Bernstein Law Firm, Pittsburgh, PA, for Roehez Bros., Inc.
    Joel M. Helmrich, Gary A. Kerns, Meyer, Unkovic & Scott LLP, Pittsburgh, PA, for Sears Ecological Applications Company, Inc.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

M. BRUCE MCCULLOUGH, Chief Judge.

Roehez Bros., Inc., the instant debtor-in-possession (hereafter “the Debtor”), brings the instant action against Sears Ecological Applications Company, Inc. (hereafter “Sears”) to recover from Sears, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 549(a) and 550(a)(1), the value of 1,600 tons of road salt that was transferred by the Debtor post-petition to Sears. The parties have entered into a Stipulation of Facts (hereafter “the Stipulation”) and have agreed to let the Court resolve the matter on a “case stated” basis, that is without a trial; the Stipulation is not dated and was filed with the Court on May 6, 2005. In its initial brief, which was also filed with the Court on May 6, 2005, the Debtor lodges, without amending or seeking leave to amend its adversary complaint, an additional avoidance claim under § 549(a) for the value of another 4,407.3 tons of road salt that it alleges it also transferred post-petition to Sears; Sears maintains that the Debtor never even divulged to Sears that it now intends to seek recovery for the additional 4,407.3 tons of road salt until after the parties had already entered into the Stipulation. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants judgment in the Debtor’s favor with respect to its avoidance action regarding the 1,600 ton road salt transfer; however, the Court rules in Sears’ favor with respect to the Debtor’s claim regarding the 4,407.3 ton road salt transfer.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

An involuntary bankruptcy petition was filed against the Debtor on December 28, 2001, after which an order for relief under Chapter 11 was entered on February 21, 2002. The Debtor and Sears entered into a written contract on October 18, 2001, for the sale by the Debtor to Sears of 15,000 tons of road salt (hereafter “the Salt Contract”).

The Debtor, at all relevant times, sold two different types of road salt: Brazilian solar salt (hereafter “Brazilian Salt”) and Dominican Republic mined salt (hereafter “Dominican Republic Salt”). The Salt Contract expressly called for a sale of 15,000 tons of Brazilian Salt. Although the Debtor characterized the distinction between Brazilian' Salt and Dominican Republic Salt as insignificant and charged its customers the same price for both kinds of road salt, Sears preferred, and thus expressly purchased via the Salt Contract 15,000 tons of, Brazilian Salt.

The Debtor was experiencing financial difficulties at the inception of the Salt Contract, and the Debtor consequently-planned to close or sell its road salt business facilities at the conclusion of the 2001-2002 winter season. Included in the Salt Contract — apparently because Sears was then aware of such financial difficulties of the Debtor — is a term that ensured that Sears would obtain upfront a letter from the Debtor’s lender to the effect that, after full prepayment by Sears of the price for the 15,000 tons of purchased road salt, Sears would obtain free and clear title to such road salt. Sears obtained such letter from the Debtor’s lender on October 17, 2001, after which (a) the Salt Contract was executed on October 18, 2001, and (b) Sears prepaid the entire contract price for the purchased road salt, or $472,500, presumably, in accordance with paragraph 12 of the Salt Contract, by October 23, 2001. The Brazilian Salt so purchased by Sears was identified by the Debtor sometime prior to its purchase by Sears.

The Salt Contract called, at least implicitly, for Sears to remove the purchased road salt incrementally from the Debtor’s facilities. According to paragraph 5 of the Salt Contract, “[the purchased s]alt must be removed on or before February 28, 2002.” According to paragraph 8 of the Salt Contract, “[a]ny [of the purchased] salt remaining at the sight [sic] as of February] 28[, 2002], will be moved out by Sears or become the property of ... [the Debtor].” Paragraph 8 of the Salt Contract expressly provided 'that ultimately, upon the final removal by Sears of all of the purchased road salt that had been identified, either Sears or the Debtor would have a claim back against the other for whatever amount of road salt overage or shortage occurred as a result of, and after, such road salt removal — that is, after such removal of such road salt by Sears, the total weight of all road salt so removed by Sears would be compared to 15,000 tons so as to arrive at an overage (too much salt removed) or shortage (not enough salt removed) figure.

Sometime between March 4, 2002, and March 7, 2002, Sears removed the purchased road salt that then remained at the Debtor’s facilities, which amount equalled 4,407.3 tons. Subsequent to such removal, Sears contended that it had been shorted 1,946 tons of road salt (hereafter “Sears’ Shortage Claim”); the Debtor disagreed with such contention by Sears. As a result of communications between the parties, Sears compromised Sears’ Shortage Claim by agreeing to take 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt rather than the 1,946 tons of Brazilian Salt that Sears alleged it had been shorted. Sears removed the aforementioned 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt from the Debtor’s facilities at some point in March 2002. Sears neither sought nor obtained relief from the automatic stay imposed by virtue of the Debtor’s bankruptcy case prior to the time in March 2002 when Sears removed the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt and the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt.

The Debtor claims that the normal price which it would have charged a customer for the sale of 1,600 tons of road salt was $36.00 per ton. The Debtor also claims that its “bulk price” of $31.50 per ton of road salt sold only applied to road salt sales of 10,000 to 15,000 tons.

DISCUSSION

The Debtor argues that the 1,600 ton transfer of Dominican Republic Salt to Sears (hereafter “the 1,600 Ton Transfer”) is avoidable under § 549(a) because such transfer (a) occurred post-petition, and (b) was neither authorized under any provision of the Bankruptcy Code nor authorized by the Court. The Debtor contends that the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt should be valued at $36.00 per ton— i.e., the Debtor’s non-bülk rate — so that, pursuant to § 550(a)(1), it may, after the avoidance of the 1,600 Ton Transfer, consequently recover $57,600 from Sears, exclusive of interest (i.e., 1,600 tons x $36.00).

The Debtor also argues that the 4,407.3 ton transfer of Brazilian Salt to Sears (hereafter “the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer”) is avoidable under § 549(a) because such transfer (a) occurred post-petition, and (b) was neither authorized under any provision of the Bankruptcy Code nor authorized by the Court. The Debtor, pursuant to § 550(a)(1) and subsequent to avoidance of the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer, seeks to recover $138,852, exclusive of interest, as the value for the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt (i.e., 4,408 tons x $31.50).

Sears raises numerous defenses to a § 549(a) avoidance of the 1,600 Ton Transfer. First, Sears argues that such transfer occurred pre-petition rather than post-petition. Sears argues as much because, it argues in turn, it acquired title to the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt in October 2001 when it prepaid the entire Salt Contract price for the purchased road salt (i.e., $472,500). Second, Sears maintains that the 1,600 Ton Transfer, even if it occurred post-petition, was authorized by 11 U.S.C. § 1108 as an “ordinary course” transfer that the Debtor made while it operated its business post-petition. In support of such argument, Sears points out that the Salt Contract expressly called for the Debtor to satisfy Sears’ Shortage Claim, and that the 1,600 Ton Transfer was effected only to satisfy such claim. Third, Sears contends that, even if the 1,600 Ton Transfer is avoidable under § 549(a), Sears can assert the defense of equitable recoupment so as to extinguish such avoidance claim. In particular, Sears contends that, via equitable recoupment, it may offset against the Debtor’s § 549(a) avoidance claim vis-a-vis the 1,600 Ton Transfer Sears’ claim that it would have back against the Debtor’s bankruptcy estate pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 502(h). Finally, Sears asserts that, even if the 1,600 Ton Transfer may be avoided under § 549(a) and may not be successfully defended by way of equitable recoupment, the most that can be recovered by the Debtor via § 550(a)(1) is $8,000. Sears arrives at the $8,000 figure by setting the value of the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt at $5.00 per ton, which rate is that which the Debtor was able to obtain in a bankruptcy auction sale conducted in November 2002 of its remaining unsold road salt.

Regarding Sears’ contention that the 1,600 Ton Transfer occurred pre-petition, the Debtor disagrees with Sears’ contention that Sears acquired title to the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt in October 2001 when Sears prepaid its $472,500 obligation pursuant to the Salt Contract. The source of such disagreement by the Debtor is the Salt Contract itself, which contract, according to the Debtor, only operated, by its terms, to pass title to Brazilian Salt rather than Dominican Republic Salt. Sears responds to such argument by the Debtor by contending that it was free to, and that it apparently did, waive the term in the Salt Contract that only Brazilian Salt would thereby be purchased.

The Debtor also disagrees with Sears’ contention that the 1,600 Ton Transfer was authorized by § 1108 as an “ordinary course” transfer that the Debtor made while it operated its business post-petition. The Debtor so disagrees because, it argues in turn, (a) Sears’ Shortage Claim against the Debtor — i.e., a shortage of 1,946 tons of Brazilian Salt which Sears agreed to settle for a transfer of 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt — accrued pre-petition rather than post-petition, (b) it paid such pre-petition claim- of Sears post-petition, and (c) post-petition payments of pre-petition claims are, as a matter of law, neither “ordinary course” nor, more importantly, authorized by § 1108. Sears counters the foregoing argument of the Debtor by arguing that Sears’ Shortage Claim accrued post-petition rather than pre-petition. Sears argues as much because, it argues in turn, it could not have brought an action for a shortage of road salt under the Salt Contract until March 2002 when it removed from the Debtor’s premises the remaining Brazilian Salt that it had purchased via the Salt Contract. Sears appears to concede that, if Sears’ Shortage Claim accrued pre-petition, then Bankruptcy Code authority does not exist for the post-petition payment of such claim by the Debtor in any manner.

Sears defends against a § 549(a) avoidance of the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer on two fronts. First, Sears contends that the Debtor, by waiting until the briefing stage in the instant adversary proceeding before first raising its § 549(a) avoidance claim vis-a-vis the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer, essentially waived such claim. Second, Sears maintains that, as was assertedly the case with respect to the 1,600 Ton Transfer, the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer occurred pre-petition rather than post-petition. Sears so argues because, it argues in turn, it acquired title to the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt in October 2001 when it prepaid its $472,500 obligation pursuant to the Salt Contract.

The Debtor disagrees with Sears’ contention that the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer occurred pre-petition rather than post-petition because, argues the Debtor in turn, title to the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt had reverted to the Debtor at the end of February 2002, or at least approximately one week before Sears removed such salt from the Debtor’s premises. The Debtor argues for such reversion of title by pointing to the language in the Salt Contract that (a) required Sears to remove the road salt that it thereby purchased from the Debtor’s premises by the end of February 2002, and (b) provided that, absent such removal, such remaining road salt would become the Debtor’s property. Sears counters the Debtor’s reversion of title argument by asserting that the pertinent Salt Contract language does not provide for such title reversion by the end of February 2002, only that Sears remove the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt, failing which, at some unspecified point in the future, title to such salt would revert to the Debt- or.

11 U.S.C. § 549(a) provides, in pertinent part, that “the trustee may avoid a transfer of property of the estate — (1) that occurs after the commencement of the case; and (2)(A) that is authorized only under section 303(f) or 542(c) of this title; or (B) that is not authorized under this title or by the court.” 11 U.S.C.A. § 549(a) (West 1993). 11 U.S.C. § 550(a)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that “to the extent that a transfer is avoided under section ... 549 ... of this title, the trustee may recover, for the benefit of the estate, the property transferred, or, if the court so orders, the value of such property, from — (1) the initial transferee of such transfer.” 11 U.S.C.A. § 550(a)(1) (West 1993).

I. The 1,600 Ton Transfer.

A. The 1,600 Ton Transfer — Pre-Pe-tition or Post-Petition?

At the outset, the Court holds that the 1,600 Ton Transfer occurred post-petition rather than pre-petition. The Court so holds because the Court, in turn, rejects Sears’ argument that it obtained title to the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt in October 2001, that is pre-petition, when it prepaid its $472,500 obligation pursuant to the Salt Contract. The Court rejects Sears’ position that it obtained title to the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt in October 2001 because, although Sears then obtained title to the road salt that it purchased via the Salt Contract, only Brazilian Salt was thereby purchased; since Dominican Republic Salt was not even the subject of purchase pursuant to the Salt Contract, title to Dominican Republic Salt could not conceivably have passed to Sears in October 2001.

In so holding, the Court concludes that it need not resolve whether, as Sears argues, Sears could have waived, if it wished, the term in the Salt Contract that only Brazilian Salt would thereby be purchased so that title would then also be deemed to have passed with respect to a sufficient amount of Dominican Republic Salt so as to equal, in conjunction with the Brazilian Salt transferred to Sears, 15,000 tons of road salt. The Court concludes that it need not pass on the efficacy of such a waiver because (a) even presuming ar-guendo the efficacy of such a waiver, the same was not effected in the instant matter (if at all) until, at the earliest, March 2002, which time is when Sears first agreed to receive Dominican Republic Salt rather than Brazilian Salt pursuant to the Salt Contract, (b) such a waiver in March 2002 would not relate back in time to October 2001 so as to operate then to pass title to Dominican Republic Salt, and (c) such a waiver in March 2002, that is post-petition and without an ability to relate back pre-petition to October 2001, would be of no help to Sears’ present cause given that such waiver could do no better than serve to pass title to Dominican Republic Salt post-petition.

In light of the foregoing, the Court holds that Sears first obtained title to the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt in March 2002, that is post-petition, rather than in October 2001, that is pre-petition, which holding compels the Court to then hold that the 1,600 Ton Transfer occurred post-petition rather than pre-petition.

B. The 1,600 Ton Transfer — “Ordinary Course” and Authorized by § 1108?

The Court also rejects Sears’ position that, even if the 1,600 Ton Transfer occurred post-petition rather than pre-petition, such transfer was nevertheless authorized under § 1108 as an “ordinary course” transfer to satisfy Sears’ Shortage Claim, which claim Sears categorizes as post-petition. While the Court agrees with Sears that such shortage claim is expressly called for under the Salt Contract and could be characterized as “ordinary course” absent bankruptcy, the Court disagrees that such shortage claim is (a) post-petition in nature, and (b) thus “ordinary course” and authorized under the Bankruptcy Code via § 1108.

Sears contends that Sear’s Shortage Claim is post-petition in nature because, according to Sears, (a) an action on such claim could not have been brought until March 2002, that is post-petition, which is when, as is contemplated by the Salt Contract, a shortage of road salt could first have been ascertained, and (b) a claim does not accrue, as a matter of law, until an action on such claim can first be brought. For the last of the two preceding points, Sears relies on the Third Circuit’s decision in In re M. Frenville Co., Inc. (Avellino & Bienes v. M. Frenville Co., Inc.), 744 F.2d 332 (3d Cir.1984). However, the Third Circuit in Frenville

held that only a noncontractual cause of action, that is a claim based not upon a contract, accrues when an action upon such claim can first be brought. See Frenville, 744 F.2d at 337 (noncontractual indemnity claim arises when action thereon can first be brought, which, under New York law, is when indemnitee is first sued by plaintiff in underlying action). With respect to a contractual cause of action, that is a claim based upon a contract, the Third Circuit in Frenville held that the same accrues when the pertinent contract is executed. See Frenville, 744 F.2d at 336-337 (contractual indemnity claim, although contingent, arises “upon the signing of the agreement”). Unfortunately for Sears, Sears’ Shortage Claim against the Debtor is based upon a specific provision in the Salt Contract, which means that such claim accrued pre-petition in October 2001 when the Salt Contract was executed. That Sears’ Shortage Claim, prior to March 2002, had not yet matured or become fixed, and was thus, prior to said time, an unma-tured, contingent claim, does not change the fact that such claim accrued pre-petition, see 11 U.S.C.A. § 101(5)(A) (West 1993) (“ ‘claim’ means — right to payment, whether or not such right is ... fixed, contingent, matured, [or] unmatured”); as an aside, the Court notes that, prior to March 2002, the Debtor likewise possessed an unmatured, contingent claim against Sears for any overage of road salt that Sears removed from the Debtor’s premises pursuant to the Salt Contract (the contingency of such an overage never occurred, of course, thereby extinguishing such claim).

Because Sears’ Shortage Claim was pre-petition in nature, the satisfaction of such claim post-petition via the post-petition 1,600 Ton Transfer was necessarily neither “ordinary course” nor, consequently, authorized under the Bankruptcy Code via § 1108. See In re Allegheny Health, Education and Research Foundation, 313 B.R. 673, 677-678 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2004) (citing numerous authorities for proposition that § 1108 “ ‘does not authorize the debtor to make postpetition payments with respect-to prepetition debts’ ”).

C. Equitable Recoupment.

As for Sears’ equitable recoupment argument, the Court holds that Sears may not, via such doctrine, offset against the Debtor’s § 549(a) avoidance claim vis-a-vis the 1,600 Ton Transfer Sears’ claim that it would have back against the Debtor’s bankruptcy estate pursuant to § 502(h). The doctrine of recoupment is similar in some, but dissimilar in other, respects to the doctrine of setoff. See 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 553.10 at 553-98 to 553-99 (Bender 2004).

The justification for the recoupment doctrine is that where the creditor’s claim against the debtor arises from the same transaction as the debtor’s claim, it is essentially a defense to the debtor’s claim against the creditor rather than a mutual obligation, and application of the limitations on setoff in bankruptcy would be inequitable.

Lee v. Schweiker, 739 F.2d 870, 875 (3rd Cir.1984); see also B & L Oil Co., 782 F.2d 155, 157 (10th Cir.1986) (citing Lee). Sears contends that the recoupment it advances is permissible because, argues Sears in turn, the § 502(h) claim that it would have back against the Debtor’s bankruptcy estate post-avoidance, which claim would essentially be the mere reestablishment of Sears’ claim against the Debtor that existed prior to, and that was satisfied by, the effectuation of the 1,600 Ton Transfer, arises out of the same transaction as does the Debtor’s § 549(a) avoidance claim vis-a-vis the 1,600 Ton Transfer. The Court’s acknowledgment of the interrelationship between the two claims as described by Sears notwithstanding, the Court rejects Sears’ recoupment argument for several reasons.

First, the Court holds, as a matter of law, that an avoidance action defendant, such as a § 549(a) defendant, cannot, via equitable recoupment, offset against its avoidance liability- — i.e., liability to a bankruptcy estate to return transferred property or its value — its future § 502(h) claim, that is essentially the original debt that was satisfied with the avoided transfer. The Court so holds because, “[i]n the absence of this rule[,] no ... [avoidance] action could [generally] be successfully maintained.” In re Marketing Resources International Corp., 35 B.R. 353, 356 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1984) (not allowing a creditor in a preference action to “set off against his liability for the return of the preferential payments the original debt on which the payments were applied ... [for] to permit this to be done would defeat the right to recover the preference, and render the statute futile”); see also In re Stoecker, 131 B.R. 979, 984 (Bankr.N.D.I11.1991) (disallowing recoupment as a defense to a preference action for the same reason that setoff is disallowed “because in essence, recoupment is merely the setoff defense as limited by the same transaction requirement”); In re Cavalier Homes of Georgia, Inc., 102 B.R. 878, 890 (Bankr.M.D.Ga.1989) (same holding as Marketing Resources); In re Chase & Sanborn Corp., 124 B.R. 371, 373-374 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1991) (same); In re Georgia Steel, Inc., 38 B.R. 829, 840 (Bankr.M.D.Ga.1984) (disallowing setoff of an administrative claim against a preference obligation). The Court observes (a) that, with the exception of Stoecker, the foregoing decisions involve the assertion of setoff rather than recoupment, and (b) that each of such decisions involve a preference rather than a § 549(a) avoidance action. However, the Court agrees with Stoecker that, although the doctrines of setoff arid recoupment are distinct, the two nevertheless are indistinguishable vis-a-vis whether they may be used, in conjunction with a § 502(h) claim, as a defense to a preference action; accordingly, the rationale in Marketing Resources, Cavalier Homes, Chase & Sanborn, and Georgia Steel applies regardless of whether setoff or recoupment is asserted as a defense to a preference action. Furthermore, because preference actions cannot be distinguished from other types of avoidance actions when considering whether recoupment or setoff is permitted as a defense thereto, the Court extends the holdings in the foregoing decisions, as well, to any type of avoidance action, including a § 549(a) action. Applying the legal rule as formulated above to the instant matter, Sears may not recoup as it presently seeks to do.

Second, the Court holds, as a matter of law, that for the defense of recoupment to be available to a defendant, such defendant must presently possess a claim against its plaintiff that can be offset against such defendant’s liability to such plaintiff. Unfortunately for an avoidance action defendant, a future § 502(h) claim is just that — a future claim, which is to say a claim that, as of the date when an avoidance action is being waged, does not presently exist, see 11 U.S.C.A. § 502(h) (West 1993) (claim under § 502(h) accrues after, rather than before or even during, a successful avoidance action, and such claim, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 502(d), does not even accrue until property is actually recovered by avoidance action plaintiff pursuant to § 550); Chase & Sanborn, 124 B.R. at 374 (disallowing setoff of § 502(h) claim against a preference avoidance claim because “section 502(d) bars the allowance of a claim of a creditor that has received a preference^ such as the claim under § 502(h),] unless [and until] the preference is returned”), and so cannot be utilized for recoupment purposes. Application of the foregoing rule to the instant matter also dictates a conclusion that Sears may not recoup as it presently seeks to do.

Finally, the rationale for allowing re-coupment in bankruptcy is often “based on the treatment of executory contracts in bankruptcy: a debtor may not assume the favorable aspects of a contract (post-petition payments) and reject the unfavorable aspects of the same contract (the obligation to repay pre-petition overpayments by means of ‘recoupment’).” Lee, 789 F.2d at 876 (emphasis added); see also B & L Oil, 782 F.2d at 157 & 159 (citing Lee and In re Maine, 32 B.R. 452 (Bankr.W.D.N.Y.1983)); In re St. Francis Physician Network, Inc., 213 B.R. 710, 719 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.1997) (citing other cases for same proposition). Such rationale is wholly inapplicable to the recoupment presently advanced by Sears, however, because the Salt Contract not only is presently no longer executory — indeed, such contract has long since been fully performed by both parties thereto — but, in fact, was not even executory in nature as of the Debtor’s involuntary petition filing date given that Sears had fully performed under the Salt Contract in October 2001 by then prepaying the entirety of its obligation thereunder. The foregoing observation also points in favor of rejecting Sears’ recoupment argument.

D. What is the value that the Debtor may recover via § 550(a)(1)?

In light of all of the foregoing, the 1,600 Ton Transfer shall be avoided pursuant to § 549(a). The next issue to address is the Debtor’s recovery under § 550(a)(1). “Section 550(a) is intended to restore the [Debtor’s bankruptcy] estate to the financial condition it would have enjoyed if the transfer had not occurred.” In re Centennial Textiles, Inc., 220 B.R. 165, 176 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1998); see also In re Serrato, 214 B.R. 219, 232 (Bankr.N.D.Cal.1997) (same). The Debtor bears the burden of proving what may properly be recovered under § 550(a)(1). See In re Musurlian, 97 B.R. 985, 987 (Bankr.W.D.Wis.1989); Serrato, 214 B.R. at 231; Kidder Skis International v. Williams, 60 B.R. 808, 811 (W.D.Mo.1985).

Because, the Court presumes, the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt that was transferred to Sears in March 2002 has since perished, the Court cannot, pursuant to § 550(a)(1), order that Sears return such road salt to the Debtor. As well, because the Debtor has ceased to exist, it makes no sense for the Court at this juncture to order Sears to return to the Debtor 1,600 tons of salt similar in nature to that which Sears obtained from the Debtor in March 2002. Therefore, the Court shall order Sears, pursuant to § 550(a)(1), to pay to the Debtor the value of the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt. What is the appropriate value to attribute to such road salt?

At the outset, the Court holds that the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt should not be valued, as the Debtor argues, at $36.00 per ton, which rate was the Debtor’s going non-bulk rate prior to its entry into bankruptcy. The Court rejects the $36.00 per ton going rate because (a) the Debtor can only recover via § 550(a)(1), as set forth above, that which it could have recovered had the 1,600 Ton Transfer not been effected, and (b) the Court concludes, in turn, that, had such transfer not been effected, the Debtor would never have obtained its going rate of $36.00 per ton for the liquidation of the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt. The Court draws the latter conclusion

(a) because, had the Debtor never transferred the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt, then the same would merely have been subjected to the same forced liquidation sale that the Debtor ultimately conducted of the road salt that it did retain as of March 2002 — the preceding follows because, as of March 2002, the Debt- or (i) was already in bankruptcy, and (ii) contemplated liquidating its road salt business (indeed, the Debtor stipulates that, as of the making of the Salt Contract, the Debtor planned to close or sell its road salt business facilities at the conclusion of the 2001-2002 winter season); and
(b) since the forced sale market for road salt held in March 2002 was set at no more than $12.00 per ton, which rate is that which was offered for the purchase of the Debtor’s remaining road salt at a May 21, 2002 hearing held' in response to the Debtor’s motion to sell (May 21, 2002, is approximately but two months after the effectuation of the 1,600 Ton Transfer) — although such bid was rejected on May 21, 2002, as inadequate, such bid nevertheless turned out to be the highest offer ever made for the road salt retained by the Debtor as of March 2002, and such offer constitutes evidence as to the value of such salt of a quality far superior to that which is afforded by the price that the Debtor would have sold such salt had it remained a going concern.

However, the Court also does not accept, as Sears argues, that the proper valuation under § 550(a)(1) is the $5.00 per ton rate which the Debtor actually accepted for the November 2002 bankruptcy auction sale of its remaining unsold road salt. The Court instead finds as a more accurate measure of the value of such salt in March 2002 the $12.00 per ton rate, particularly given that such rate was offered substantially more closely in time to March 2002 than was the $5.00 per ton rate.

Valuing the 1,600 tons of Dominican Republic Salt at $12.00 per ton yields a total value to be recovered from Sears via § 550(a)(1) of $19,200, exclusive of appropriate interest (i.e., 1,600 tons x $12.00).

II. The 4,407.3 Ton Transfer.

With respect to Sears’ argument that the Debtor waived its § 549(a) avoidance claim regarding the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer, the Court declines to rule, as Sears wishes, that the Debtor waived such claim by virtue of not having raised the same until it filed its first brief in the instant adversary proceeding. As an initial matter, the Court is left without any way to assess the accuracy of Sears’ contention that the Debtor hid from Sears the Debtor’s intention to now seek recovery for the. 4,407.3 Ton Transfer until after the parties had already entered into the Stipulation. The Court finds as it does because (a) the Stipulation is not dated, and (b) the Stipulation and the Debtor’s first brief were both filed with the Court on May 6, 2005. In light of the foregoing facts, it is entirely possible that (a) the Stipulation was executed on May 6, 2005, (b) Sears was aware of the Debtor’s relevant intent for some short period of time prior to the execution of the Stipulation even if an informal agreement as to the contents of the Stipulation preceded the point when Sears learned of such intent, and (c) Sears thus had time to recant its agreement to enter into the Stipulation, that is Sears had the opportunity to refuse to execute the Stipulation, yet it went ahead and executed the same notwithstanding its knowledge that the Debtor now intended to pursue a § 549(a) avoidance claim regarding the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer. Furthermore, and even if Sears is correct as to the chronology of those events just discussed, the case that Sears relies on for its waiver argument — i.e., Evans Products Co. v. West American Insurance Co., 736 F.2d 920 (3rd Cir.1984) — -actually stands for the proposition that a claim untimely raised nevertheless may be salvaged if a trial court, in its discretion, permits a complaint to be amended so as to plead such claim. See Id. at 924. Because the Court is aware of Third Circuit precedent and qther persuasive case authority for the proposition that a complaint may be amended prior to a trial court’s decision, see, e.g., Adams v. Gould Inc., 739 F.2d 858, 868-869 (3rd Cir.1984); Eddy v. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority, 256 F.3d 204, 209-210 (3rd Cir.2001); DPR, L.L.C. v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 171 F.R.D. 162, 168 (D.Del.1997), and since a decision had not yet been rendered by the Court when the Debtor first raised its § 549(a) avoidance claim regarding the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer, the Court will not find such claim to have been waived.

The foregoing notwithstanding, the Court finds there to be no merit to the Debtor’s § 549(a) avoidance claim regarding the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer. The Court so holds because the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer occurred pre-petition rather than post-petition. The 4,407.3 Ton Transfer was a pre-petition rather than a post-petition transfer because (a) Sears acquired title to the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt in October 2001 when it prepaid its $472,500 obligation pursuant to the Salt Contract, and (b) such title did not, as the Debtor argues, revert to the Debtor on February 28, 2002, that is approximately one week before Sears removed such salt from the Debtor’s premises.

The Debtor argues that such title reverted to itself on February 28, 2002, by virtue of (a) the fact that Sears had not, as of such date, yet removed such salt from the Debtor’s premises, and (b) pertinent language in the Salt Contract, that is the language requiring Sears to remove its purchased road salt from the Debtor’s premises by the end of February 2002 failing which such salt would become the Debtor’s property. The Court agrees with the Debtor that, by virtue of the pertinent Salt Contract language, a reversion of title vis-a-vis unremoved road salt was expressly contemplated by the parties. However, and unfortunately for the Debt- or, the Court finds the Salt Contract to be silent as to when such reversion of title would be effected. Consequently, the Court construes the pertinent Salt Contract language such that it (a) effected a reversion of title vis-a-vis unremoved road salt but only at some unspecified point in the future, not as of the end of February 2002, and (b) did not effect such a reversion of title prior to March 7, 2002, which date is the latest date by which Sears removed the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt. The Court’s construction of the pertinent Salt Contract language has the added benefit of being favored by the law. In particular, by virtue of the Court’s construction of such contract language, the same does not operate to work a forfeiture of title to the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt that Sears indisputably had obtained months earlier; to construe such contract language otherwise, on the other hand, would most certainly work a forfeiture of such title. Because Pennsylvania’s Supreme Court “has always sought to avoid forfeitures, and has interpreted contracts in such a way as to effectuate that purpose,” Carsek Corp. v. Stephen Schifter, Inc., 431 Pa. 550, 246 A.2d 365, 369 (1968); see also Barraclough v. Atlantic Refining Co., 230 Pa.Super. 276, 326 A.2d 477, 479 (1974) (same); Bedillion v. W.A. Wilson Stave Co., Inc., 271 Pa.Super. 292, 413 A.2d 411, 413 (1979) (same); Williams v. Vesley, 290 Pa.Super. 192, 434 A.2d 196, 197-198 (1981) (same); Liazis v. Kosta, Inc., 421 Pa.Super. 502, 618 A.2d 450, 455 (1992) (same); see generally 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 334 (West 2004) (same), “particularly where there has been considerable part performance,” Liazis, 618 A.2d at 455; see also Carsek, 246 A.2d at 369 (same); Bedillion, 413 A.2d at 413 (same), and since Sears has performed considerably, if not entirely, under the Salt Contract, this Court’s construction of the pertinent Salt Contract language is thus favored by the law. Accordingly, title to the 4,407.3 tons of Brazilian Salt never reverted to the Debtor prior to the removal of such salt by Sears from the Debtor’s premises.

In light of all of the foregoing, the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer cannot be avoided pursuant to § 549(a), which means, of course, that the Debtor is not entitled to any sort of recovery with respect to such transfer under § 550(a)(1).

CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, the 1,600 Ton Transfer shall be avoided pursuant to § 549(a) and the Debtor, pursuant to § 550(a)(1) and with respect to such avoidance, shall recover from Sears $19,200 plus appropriate interest. However, the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer cannot be avoided pursuant to § 549(a), which means, of course, that the Debtor is not entitled to any sort of recovery with respect to such transfer under § 550(a)(1).

An appropriate order will be entered.

ORDER OF COURT

AND NOW, this 16th day of June, 2005, for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum Opinion of the same date;

it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that

(a) the 1,600 Ton Transfer, that is the Debtor’s transfer of 1,600 tons of road salt in March 2002 to the instant defendant, shall be avoided pursuant to § 549(a), and the Debt- or, pursuant to § 550(a)(1) and with respect to such avoidance, shall recover from such defendant $19,200 plus appropriate interest; and

(b) the 4,407.3 Ton Transfer, that is the Debtor’s separate transfer of an additional 4,407.3 tons of road salt, shall not be avoided pursuant to § 549(a), which means, of course, that the Debtor may not recover anything with respect to such transfer under § 550(a)(1). 
      
      . The following facts are the subject of stipulation between the parties and are set forth in the Stipulation, save for certain factual findings that the Court makes upon its review of exhibits that were attached to the Stipulation.
     
      
      . 15,000 tons multiplied by the Salt Contract price of $31.50 per ton equals $472,500.
     
      
      . The Debtor concedes in its last brief filed in the instant adversary proceeding, at page 6, that such bid for $12.00 was made and then rejected at a hearing held on May 21, 2002.
     
      
      . For the reasons set forth prior to the instant footnote, the Court would reject the Debtor's going bulk rate for sales of road salt of $31.50 per ton as well.
     