
    People of the State of New York, Resp’ts, v. Abel Rontey, App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department,
    
    
      Filed January 28, 1889.)
    
    1. Criminal law—Confession—Corroboration.
    Where on the trial of a person charged with conducting a drug store without first being registered according to the requirements of the statute, besides his own confession there was other evidence which tended to connect the defendant with the offense, and that he knew of the necessity of registration Held, sufficient corroboration; slight evidence is all that is required.
    S. Same—Proof
    The people are under no obligation to prove, in the first instance, that the defendant is not a registered pharmacist.
    
      3. Same—Effect of Penal Code on consolidation act.
    Sections 3018-2034, inclusive of tlie consolidation act, are not repealed by sections 405, 725, 726 of the Penal Code. Section 405 merely relates to= persons employed in a drug store and not to the proprietors.
    4. Same—Consolidation act, §§ 2017-2024— Constitutionality.
    The provisions of the consolidation act, under which the indictment was framed, are not unconstitutional, for the reason that it makes two existing-laws a part of such act without inserting them therein. The act of 1872; to which reference is had, was, in fact, contained and is set out in Tiaeo verba in section 2017 of the consolidation act.
    5. Same.
    Because there was no board of pharmacy in existence as contemplatecL by the act of 1872 and section 2017 of the consolidation act. Held, this fact did not relieve the appellant from the penalties imposed by such act;-, he should have required the proper board to be appointed.
    Appeal from judgment df the court of general sessions..
    
      L. B. Treadwell, for app’lt; McKenzie Semple, for resp’ts.
   Brady, J.

The defendant was indicted under the New York city consolidation act of 1882, for unlawfully opening; and conducting a certain pharmacy and store for retailing,, dispensing and compounding medicines and poisons,, he-not being a registered pharmacist known as a graduate in? pharmacy, or as a licentiate in pharmacy and not being registered according to the requirements of the act mentioned.

Upon the trial a conversation was proved to have taken? place between the appellant and a witness in which he was-asked if he was registered, and he said he was not. He-said he had heard about the law requiring registration and that it was not a matter of fact but a matter of law whether he was the proprietor of the store in which the conversation took place and which had all the paraphernalia of a drug store known as such in common parlance. In that conversation he expressed his opinion of the law as imperfect and as nn-American. This is sufficient to justify that he knew of the provisions of the act to which reference has been made and the necessity of registration..

It is urged on the part of the defendant that his confession required corroboration; but this seems to have been furnished by the witness who had the conversation to-which reference has been made and who stated that he saw jars containing drugs arranged on shelves, a prescription counter which stood apart from the other portion of file-store, and the general characteristics of a drug store. It is true that on being asked in reference to it, the witness? said that he did not test any of them and did not know of his own knowledge that they contained drugs, but he asserted that the appellant told him they did. This was held by the recorder to be sufficient to put the appellant to-his answer. Under the authorities this was enough. Slight evidence is sufficient. People v. Jaehne, 103 N. Y., 182; 3 N. Y. State Rep., 11; People v. O'Neil, 109 N. Y., 251; 14 N. Y. State Rep., 829.

But it may be observed in passsing that the defendant, when cross-examined as a witness, testified that the jars in question contained drugs; thus making that part of the prosecution complete if any doubt had previously «existed.

The appellant also objects to the indictment for duplicity. An examination of it leads to the conclusion that but one offense is charged, and that is that the appellant was neither a graduate in pharmacy nor a licentiate, and that he unlawfully opened and conducted a drug store, not being registered according to the requirements of the statute.

The fault, if any, as suggested by the counsel for the people, is in the pleaders following the language of the act, which in some respects may be considered unskillful; two ■sections, namely, sections 2015 and 2023, using the same language to describe the same offense. Section 2015, for example, defines the constituent elements of the crime in ■question, but does not prescribe the penalty, which was left for section 2023, in which will be found the penalty for all violations, not only of section 2015, but for the other provisions of the title. This is regarded as a sufficient answer to the objection stated.

The people omitted to prove that the appellant was not a registered pharmacist or a licentiate in pharmacy, within the meaning of the act of 1882. Although, perhaps, this was not distinctly raised as a point in the case, it may be considered in passing, and all that it is necessary to say of it is that the people were under no obligation to prove that in the first instance. This is settled by two adjudications. Apothecaries Company v. Bentley, 1 C. & P., 538; People Nyce, 3 N. Y. Crim. Rep., 50.

It is contended also in favor of the defendant that the sections under which the defendant was indicted, namely, sections 2015 to 2024, inclusive, of the consolidation act, were expressly repealed by sections 405, 725 and 726 of the Penal Code. This is an erroneous view of the Penal Code, for the reason that section 405 of that act relates to persons who are employed in a drug store or apothecary shop, and not to the proprietors, a distinction which the learned counsel for the appellant seems to have overlooked.

It will be observed upon examination that it does not render it unlawful for a person to open or conduct a store for dispensing or compounding medicines or poisons. It does not prescribe what class of persons may or may not be proprietors, nor does it refer to the competency and qualifications of the heads of establishments. It is only designed to-secure the attendance of competent clerks in such places, and to render it unlawful for any employee to accept such a. position unless he possesses the requisite qualifications.

In this respect the provisions of the consolidation act are radically different. It is intended to reach not only the-incompetency of drug clerks, but the incompetency of proprietors of establishments for retailing and dispensing-medicines, the obvious theory of the legislation being that the head of the establishment must himself understand the - business in order to ensure safe, intelligent, diligent and efficient service on the part of his clerks, as suggested by the counsel for the people. It necessarily follows from this-view that so far as the consolidation act renders it unlawful, for any persons save such as possess the prescribed qualifications to act as proprietors of pharmacies or drug stores,, it is not at all in conflict with, and is not repealed by, the-provisions of the Penal Code.

It is further objected that the provisions of the consolidation act upon which the indictment was framed were unconstitutional and void, the reason assigned being that sections 2017 made two existing laws, to wit: Chapter 202 of the-Laws of 1871 and chapter 817 of the Laws of 1872, a part of the consolidation act without inserting them therein, as-required by article 3, section 17 of the constitution of the-state, which is as follows:

“Section 17. No act shall be passed which shall provide that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be made or deemed a part of said act, or which shall enact that any existing law, or any part thereof, shall be applicable, except by.inserting it in such act.”

It has been said that this provision of the constitution-was to prevent blind legislation. People v. Hayt, 7 Hun,, 39. But, however this may be, the answer to the proposition is that the section referred to is not subject to the-criticism pronounced upon it.

The only provision of the consolidation act which refers; to the act of 1871 is to be found in section 2017, which, in effect, relieves persons who may have been examined and licensed by the board, provided for by that act from the necessity of the examination provided for by the act of 1872 and continued by title 6 of chapter 25 of the consolidation act. Section 2017, it is true, provides for an examination before the board established by the act passed March 28, 1871, or the board of pharmacy, created by chapter 817 of the Laws of 1872, and, to use the language of the section, “continued by this title.”

The act of 1871 had been repealed by the act of 1872, and it is clear from the language of the section that it was intended to continue the provisions of the act of 1872, which were set out in haec verba in section 2017. If it were the object to continue the existence of the Board of Pharmacy* created by the act of 1872, then it was accomplished by the repetition of the act relating to that subject. But the existence of the board was in fact continued and per- ■ petuated by the enacting provisions of section 2018, which is a transcript of section 4 of the act of 1872, and which provided for the creation and organization of the board mentioned. There is therefore no value in this assertion of unconstitutionality.

The further- ground is taken on behalf of the appellant that there was no board of pharmacy in existence as contemplated by the act of 1872 and section 2018 of the consolidation act; and that the appellant was not able therefore to obtain the certificate or to make the registration required. This fact, assuming it to be true, does not relieve the appellant from the penalties imposed by the consolidation act. If the law existed requiring the appointment of the board, it was the duty of the authorities to appoint the necessary and proper persons to accomplish the object of the statute. If they failed to do that, they* could be compelled by proper proceedings to do it. If the-appellant was desirous of conforming to the law he should have required the proper board of pharmacy to be appointed, as he might have, and then proceed to get from it. the necessary qualifications to enable him to transact his; business.

The statute was in the nature of a police regulation aimed at greater safety to the people by requiring that drugs should be dispensed only by experienced persons to whom alone that duty should be assigned, and who alone should be permitted to discharge it. The appellant therefore was not justified in openly disregarding the provisions oí the statute which required important and substantial forms to be observed before attempting to sell drugs and medicines. Public safety must be regarded as superior to> any private rights and his business must yield to the necessities recognized by proper legislation.

We find, therefore, in the examination of this case no reason for interfering with the judgment, and it must be affirmed. •' »

Van Brunt, Ch. J., and Macomber, J., concur.  