
    Franklyn BANNERMAN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. George E. SNYDER, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.
    No. 01-6597.
    United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
    Argued: March 12, 2003.
    Decided and Filed: April 7, 2003.
    Cheryl J. Sturm (argued and briefed), Chadds Ford, PA, for Appellant.
    John Patrick Grant (argued and briefed), Assistant United States Attorney, Lexington, KY, for Appellee.
    Before: MARTIN, Chief Circuit Judge; ROGERS, Circuit Judge; EDMUNDS, District Judge.
    
    
      
      The Honorable Nancy G. Edmunds, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION

ROGERS, Circuit Judge.

Petitioner was sentenced by a United States District Court in Virginia to 264 months imprisonment for violating federal drug laws. On direct appeal, the Fourth Circuit affirmed his conviction. He later filed in the sentencing court a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2265 to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence. That motion was denied as untimely. Petitioner appealed to the Fourth Circuit; that court granted a certificate of appealability and remanded, finding that the motion was timely. On remand, the sentencing court again denied his § 2255 motion. He subsequently filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, the district where he is incarcerated. The district court denied the petition and granted respondent’s motion to dismiss. Petitioner appeals the district court’s decision. We AFFIRM.

The standard for review of a denial of a petition of habeas corpus is de novo. Charles v. Chandler, 180 F.3d 753, 755 (6th Cir.1999).

Petitioner filed a petition for habeas corpus pursuant to § 2241 with the district court. He claimed that article 15 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (ICCPR), was violated because he was not provided a forum to make his argument under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). The Supreme Court in Apprendi held that “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348. Petitioner’s Apprendi argument is that the district court’s failure to instruct the jury on the quantity and identity of the drugs involved resulted in a jury finding that he was guilty of a crime when each element of the crime had not be found beyond a reasonable doubt, and therefore his sentence was more than the maximum sentence he could have received.

Habeas corpus is available to challenge the legality of a federal prisoner’s detention pursuant to § 2241 only if the petitioner can show that “the remedy by motion [pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255] is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255; Charles, 180 F.3d at 756. This phrase is known as the savings clause. Charles, 180 F.3d at 755.

Petitioner’s challenge was to the legality of his detention. He alleged that his remedy by way of § 2255 was inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention because the ICCPR had been violated and because only § 2241 provides a remedy for treaty violations. The district court rejected each of petitioner’s habeas arguments. The court found that the ICCPR did not entitle petitioner to bring an action pursuant to § 2241. In addition, the court denied all of petitioner’s Appren-di claims based on the rationale and legal authorities set forth in Perkins v. Thoms, No. 01-5432, 2001 WL 1178279, 23 Fed. Appx. 256 (6th Cir. Sept. 24, 2001). Perkins held that a § 2241 petition could not be based on a retroactive application of Apprendi

The savings clause may only be applied when the petitioner makes a claim of actual innocence. Martin v. Perez, 319 F.3d 799, 804 (6th Cir.2003); see also Charles, 180 F.3d 753. A challenge to a sentence based on Apprendi cannot be the basis for an actual innocence claim under Martin. See United States v. Peterman, 249 F.3d 458 (6th Cir.2001).

Finally, petitioner may not rely upon the ICCPR to circumvent the requirement that .challenges to the legality of federal detention be brought under § 2255 rather than § 2241, absent a claim of actual innocence. The ICCPR does not provide an independent basis for challenging custody under § 2255 because its provisions are not self-executing, and therefore not judicially enforceable “law” of the United States. See Buell v. Mitchell, 274 F.3d 337, 372 (6th Cir.2001); U.S. Senate Resolution of Advice and Consent to Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. 8068, 8071 (1992) (United States declaration that Articles 1 through 27 of ICCPR are not self-executing); Curtis A. Bradley & Jack L. Goldsmith, Treaties, Human Rights, and Conditional Consent, 149 U. Pa. L. Rev. 399, 446-451 (2000) (discussing legality of non-self-execution declarations). While it is true that § 2241, unlike § 2255, expressly includes violation of “treaties of the United States” as a basis for challenging custody, it is clear that the grounds for relief under § 2255 are the equivalent of those under general federal habeas corpus statutes that refer to “the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” See Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 344, 94 S.Ct. 2298, 41 L.Ed.2d 109 (1974). It follows that the reference to “treaties of the United States” in § 2241 cannot be construed as an implementation of non-self-executing provisions of treaties so as to render them judicially enforceable under § 2241 when they are not enforceable under § 2255.

CONCLUSION

Petitioner has not set forth any valid arguments to support his habeas petition and therefore the district court judgment is AFFIRMED. 
      
      . Article 15 of the ICCPR provides, "If, subsequent to the commission of the offense, provision is made by law for the imposition of a lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby.” 999 U.N.T.S. 171, 177.
     
      
      . Section 2241 provides in part: "The writ of habeas corpus shall not extend to a prisoner unless — ... (3) He is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c).
     
      
      . We note that the Fourth and Ninth Circuits, albeit in unpublished opinions, have flatly rejected such an argument. Dutton v. Warden, No. 01-6811, 2002 U.S.App. Lexis 2846, 37 Fed.Appx. 51, 2002 WL 255520 (4th Cir. Feb. 22, 2002); Kenan v. Warden, No. 00-57047, 2001 U.S.App. Lexis 19552, 19 Fed.Appx. 521, 2001 WL 1003213 (9th Cir. Aug. 30, 2001); Benitez v. Warden, No. 01-15181, 2001 U.S.App. Lexis 27478, 27 Fed.Appx. 917, 2001 WL 1662648 (9th Cir. Dec. 28, 2001).
     