
    UNITED STATES of America, v. Gregory Scott NELSON, Defendant.
    Criminal Action No. 11-59 (RWR)
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    October 25, 2013
    
      Barry Wiegand, III, Julieanne . Himelstein, U.S. Attorney Office, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
    
      Jonathan Jeffress, Rosanna Margaret Taormina, Federal Public Defender for D.C., Washington, DC, for Defendant.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

RICHARD W. ROBERTS, Chief Judge

Petitioner Gregory Nelson moves under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence, arguing that the prosecution violated his due process rights by suppressing evidence favorable to him, in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). The parties have briefed and argued the issues. Because the government violated its duty to disclose all exculpatory evidence and prejudiced Nelson, Nelson’s motion will be granted.

BACKGROUND

On April 11, 2011, Nelson pled guilty to traveling from Virginia to Washington, D.C. to engage in illicit sexual conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b). However, Nelson now argues that his guilty plea was not knowing or voluntary because it was entered without knowledge of exculpatory evidence that the government withheld. Nelson alleges that he is a recovering methamphetamine addict and that he traveled to Washington, D.C. only to obtain methamphetamine. Pet’r Gregory Nelson’s Mot. to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (“Pet’r Mot.”), Deck of Gregory Nelson (“Nelson Deck”) ¶ 11.

On February 3, 2011, Nelson initiated a conversation with “DCPed” on a social networking site. Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) ¶ 5; Pet’r Mot. at 13. Unbeknownst to Nelson, “DCPed” was Detective Timothy Palchak who was working undercover. PSR ¶ 5, Pet’r Mot. at 13. DCPed’s online profile contained descriptions such as “twisted minded” and “taboo,” both of which can describe a methamphetamine user. See Pet’r Mot. at 13. During their conversation, Nelson asked Detective Palchak: “U looking for today? u party?” Id., Ex. 11 (E-mail from Julieanne Himelstein, Assistant U.S. Attorney, to Barry Boss (Feb. 8, 2011, 2:33 p.m.) at 4). Detective Palchak understood “party” to mean that Nelson was asking whether Detective Palchak used methamphetamine. Prelim. Hr’g, 2/9/11 Tr. 41:23-42:3. Detective Palchak responded: “yes, at work at moment have a perv boi ... meeting me at my place areound [sic] 6 or 7.... He is 12 so if that is to [sic] young i totally understand.” Pet’r Mot., Ex. 11 at 4. Nelson responded: “ALL VERY HOT.” Id. at 4(a).

Nelson and Detective Palchak continued to chat throughout the day about the two of them and the boy engaging in sexual conduct and made plans to meet later that day at a restaurant that was allegedly near Detective Palchak’s apartment. Pet’r Mot., Ex. 13 at 8. While making plans, Nelson asked Detective Palchak if he was “partying tonight.” Id. at 9. At 1:44 p.m., Detective Palchak responded: “looking to but cant [sic] get my T till tomorrow dont [sic] have much at all left.” Id. at 4. “T” is an abbreviation for “Tina,” Nelson Deck ¶ 11, which is slang for methamphetamine, Avi Brisman, Meth Chic and the Tyranny of the Immediate: Reflections on the Culture-Drug/Drug-Crime Relationships, 82 N.D. L.Rev. 1273, 1275 (2006). Nelson concedes that he opened and read that 1:44 p.m. message.

That evening, Nelson traveled from Virginia to Washington, D.C. to meet Detective Palchak. Nelson was arrested shortly after he arrived at the restaurant. PSR ¶ 8.

On February 4, 2011, Nelson was charged with using facilities of interstate commerce to entice a minor to engage in sexual activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), and appeared before a magistrate judge for an initial hearing. At the hearing, the government produced a discovery packet to defense counsel that purported to include all of the electronic communications that Detective Palchak had with Nelson. Pet’r Mot. at 21; id., Ex. 12 (2/4 Discovery Packet). On February 8, 2011, the prosecution sent defense counsel a revised discovery packet. The government concedes that its discovery productions were intended to convey that copies of all e-mails between Detective Palchak and Nelson were disclosed. At a preliminary hearing, Detective Palchak testified that the February 8, 2011 discovery packet was a “fair and accurate depiction of the recorded e-mail chat that [he] had with the Defendant.” Prelim. Hr’g, 2/9/11 Tr. 11:20-24; Pet’r Mot. at 23. Detective Palchak also asserted that he and Nelson had not directly had “any discussion about meeting to actually ingest meth.” Prelim. Hr’g, 2/9/11 Tr. 42:5-7. Despite the government’s representations that the discovery packets contained all recorded electronic communications between Detective Palchak and Nelson, the government concedes that neither the February 4, 2011 nor the February 8, 2011 discovery packets included a copy of the 1:44 p.m. e-mail from Detective Palchak to Nelson.

Later, the government filed a one-count information against Nelson charging him with traveling in interstate commerce to engage in illicit sexual conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b). Nelson pled guilty to the information and was sentenced to a 25-month term of imprisonment followed by 84 months of supervised release.

Nelson now moves under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to have his conviction vacated and to withdraw his guilty plea, arguing that the government’s failure to disclose the 1:44 p.m. e-mail violated its duty to disclose all exculpatory evidence under Brady. He contends that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary because it was entered without knowledge that the government failed to disclose in discovery exculpatory evidence. Nelson further contends that had his “counsel been provided with the exculpatory evidence, [he] would not have pleaded guilty and would have exercised his constitutional right to trial.” Pet’r Mot. at 2.

DISCUSSION

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a federal defendant may “move the court which imposed [his] sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence” on the grounds that “the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255. “The petitioner bears the burden of proving the violation by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Basu, 881 F.Supp.2d 1, 4 (D.D.C.2012) (citing United States v. Pollard, 602 F.Supp.2d 165, 168 (D.D.C.2009)).

Unless the motion and the files and records of the case, conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief, the court shall cause notice thereof to be served upon the United States attorney, grant a prompt hearing thereon, determine the issues and make findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect thereto.

28 U.S.C. § 2255(b).

Generally, a defendant who has pled guilty cannot later raise “independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea.” Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973); see also United States v. Koumbairia, 501 Fed.Appx. 1, 3 (D.C.Cir.2013). Instead, defendants who have pled guilty can “only attack the voluntary and intelligent character of the guilty plea.” Tollett, 411 U.S. at 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602.

1. USING BRADY CLAIM TO COLLATERALLY ATTACK GUILTY PLEA

Nelson contends that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary because he entered it not knowing that the government had failed to disclose exculpatory evidence. Citing United States v. Ruiz, 536 U.S. 622, 122 S.Ct. 2450, 153 L.Ed.2d 586 (2002), the government contends that it is unclear whether a defendant who makes out a Brady violation may withdraw his guilty plea.

The government argues that Ruiz militates against a finding that the prosecution is required to disclose exculpatory evidence at the plea stage. However, Ruiz does not compel this conclusion. In Ruiz, the government’s proposed plea offer specified that it would turn over to the defendant any known information establishing the factual innocence of the defendant and acknowledged its continuing duty to provide such information, but required the defendant to waive her right to receive impeachment information about witnesses. Ruiz, 536 U.S. at 631, 633, 122 S.Ct. 2450. The Supreme Court held that “the Constitution does not require the Government to disclose material impeachment evidence prior to entering a plea agreement with a criminal defendant.” Id. at 633, 122 S.Ct. 2450 (emphasis added). But the Court found that providing information establishing the defendant’s factual innocence helped allay concerns about the absence of merely impeachment information. Id. at 631, 122 S.Ct. 2450.

The Ruiz Court found that “due process considerations,” including “the value of the additional safeguard,” “argue against the existence of the ‘right’ ” to receive undisclosed Brady impeachment evidence at the plea stage. See id. Specifically, the Court found that the added value of requiring the government to disclose impeachment evidence at the guilty plea stage was limited, in part, because the plea agreement in that case contained as a “guilty-plea safeguard[]” that the “Government [would] provide ‘any information establishing the factual innocence of the defendant.’ ” Id. The Court noted that “[t]hat fact ... diminishes the force of [the petitioner’s] concern that, in the absence of impeachment information, innocent individuals, accused of crimes, will plead guilty.”- Id. Thus, Ruiz drew a significant distinction between impeachment and exculpatory evidence and did not decide whether a defendant is entitled to exculpatory evidence at the guilty plea stage.

While neither the D.C. Circuit nor the Supreme Court has spoken on whether a defendant can withdraw his guilty plea postsentencing if he entered it without the government having disclosed exculpatory evidence it possessed, the majority of circuits to have considered the issue have held that a Brady violation can justify allowing a defendant to withdraw a guilty plea. See, e.g., United States v. Ohiri, 133 Fed.Appx. 555, 562 (10th Cir.2005); United States v. Avellino, 136 F.3d 249, 255 (2d Cir. 1998); Sanchez v. United States, 50 F.3d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir.1995); White v. United States, 858 F.2d 416, 422 (8th Cir.1988); Campbell v. Marshall, 769 F.2d 314, 322-24 (6th Cir.1985); cf. McCann v. Mangialardi, 337 F.3d 782, 788 (7th Cir.2003) (finding that it is likely that the Supreme Court would find that the government has an obligation to disclose exculpatory evidence at the plea stage).

[Allowing] a defendánt [to] argue that his guilty plea was not voluntary and intelligent because it was made in the absence of withheld Brady material ... is sensible, because “a defendant’s decision whether or not to plead guilty is often heavily influenced by his appraisal of the prosecution’s case.” A waiver cannot be deemed “intelligent and voluntary” if “entered without knowledge of material information withheld by the prosecution.”

Sanchez, 50 F.3d at 1453 (quoting Miller v. Angliker, 848 F.2d 1312, 1320 (2d Cir.1988) (citing Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 756-57, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970))); see also Avellino, 136 F.3d at 255 (“The government’s obligation to make such disclosures is pertinent not only to an accused’s preparation for trial but also to his determination of whether or not to plead guilty. The defendant is entitled to make that decision with full awareness of favorable material evidence known to the government.”).

By contrast, the Fourth and. Fifth Circuits have suggested that a defendant does not have a right to exculpatory evidence at the plea stage because the purpose of Brady is to guarantee a fair trial. In Matthew v. Johnson, 201 F.3d 353 (5th Cir.2000), the Fifth Circuit reasoned that “[t]he Brady rule’s focus on protecting the integrity of trials suggests that where no trial is to occur, there may be no constitutional violation.” Id. at 361. The court concluded that “[b]ecause a Brady violation is defined in terms of the potential effects of undisclosed information on a judge’s or jury’s assessment of guilt, it follows that the failure of a prosecutor to disclose exculpatory information to an individual waiving his right to trial is not a constitutional violation.” Id. at 361-62. Similarly, in United States v. Moussaoui, 591 F.3d 263 (4th Cir.2010), the Fourth Circuit explained that

[t]he Brady right, however, is a trial right. It requires a prosecutor to disclose evidence favorable to the defense if the evidence is material to either guilt or punishment, and exists to preserve the fairness of a trial verdict and to minimize the chance that an innocent person would be found guilty.

Id. at 285. The court continued that “[w]hen a defendant pleads guilty, those concerns are almost completely eliminated because his guilt is admitted.” Id. However, because the court found that the defendant did not show that Brady had been violated, the court declined to resolve whether the defendant had a Brady right at the guilty plea stage in the first instance. Id. at 286-88.

As the Fourth and Fifth Circuits note, the Brady Court was concerned with avoiding an unfair trial. However, the Court also expressed a general resolve to ensure that justice is served. Specifically, in Brady, the Supreme Court explained that

our system of the administration of justice suffers when any accused is treated unfairly. An inscription on the walls of the Department of Justice states the proposition candidly for the federal domain: “The United States wins its point whenever justice is done its citizens in the courts.”

Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. A defendant who is forced to make a choice about going to trial or pleading guilty unaware that the government has not disclosed evidence “which, if made available, would tend to exculpate him,” id. at 87-88, 83 S.Ct. 1194, suffers unfair treatment unworthy of the bedrock ideal inscribed on the Justice Department walls. Moreover, precluding a defendant from raising such a Brady claim after a guilty plea could create a risk too costly to the integrity of the system of justice to countenance — tempting a prosecutor to stray from that bedrock ideal and “deliberately withhold exculpatory information as part of an attempt to elicit guilty pleas.” Sanchez, 50 F.3d at 1453. If a prosecutor did so, that would “cast[ ] the prosecutor in the role of an architect of a proceeding that does not comport with standards of justice[.]” Brady, 373 U.S. at 88, 83 S.Ct. 1194. Permitting a defendant to move to withdraw a guilty plea he entered without having been given exculpatory evidence in the government’s possession comports with the purpose of the prosecution’s Brady obligation. Accordingly, in light of the balance of circuit court precedent and the purpose of Brady, Nelson can assert his Brady claim to argue that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary.

II. BRADY VIOLATION

Nelson contends that the prosecution violated its Brady disclosure obligations by not producing the 1:44 p.m. email. In Brady, the Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. As such, “[t]here are three components of a true Brady violation: [ (1) ] The evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; [ (2) ] that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and [ (3) ] prejudice must have ensued.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999). Because Brady obligates prosecutors to assure that all exculpatory material in the possession of its investigators is identified and disclosed, suppression by either a prosecutor or an investigator can violate Brady. See In re Sealed Case No. 99-3096 (Brady Obligations), 185 F.3d 887, 896 (D.C.Cir.1999).

A. Favorable evidence

Nelson' argues that the 1:44 p.m. e-mail was exculpatory because “the email establishes powerful alternative explanations for both why Mr. Nelson was feigning interest in Detective Palchak’s proposals for sex with the minor when in fact he was only interested in obtaining meth, and why Mr. Nelson traveled to meet Detective Palchak on the day in question.” Pet’r Mot. at 35; see also Pet’r Gregory Nelson’s Reply to the Govt.’s Brady Resp. to Mot. to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 at 14-20 (arguing that “[f]rom both a reasonable doubt and an entrapment perspective, the 1:44 pm email was plainly exculpatory”). Exculpatory evidence is “that which would tend to show freedom from fault, guilt or blame.” United States v. Blackley, 986 F.Supp. 600, 603 (D.D.C.1997). Nelson pled guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b). To prevail on this claim at trial, the government would have had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that Nelson traveled in interstate commerce, and (2) that Nelson’s intent in traveling in interstate commerce was to engage in a sexual act with a minor. 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b); see also United States v. Lewis, 318 Fed.Appx. 1, 2 (D.C.Cir.2009). If this case had gone to trial, the e-mail could have cast a reasonable doubt on the claim that Nelson met Detective Palchak to have sex with a minor. For example, Nelson could have used the e-mail to bolster a claim that Nelson had an alternative motive for traveling to meet Detective Palchak — to obtain methamphetamine — and, as such did not have the requisite statutory intent. See Pet’r Mem. at 38.

While the government does not dispute that the 1:44 p.m. e-mail, as interpreted by Nelson, is exculpatory, the government argues that Nelson has “tortured” an “extraordinary meaning” out of the 15-word e-mail. Govt.’s Resp. to “Brady” Claim in Def.’s Mot. to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (“Govt.’s Opp’n”) at 14-15. The government contends that the “first-blush reading of the email’s meaning” is that “Det. Palchak actually was ruling out supplying drugs to defendant, rather than enticing him with an offer of them.” Id. at 15 n. 6. The government asserts that this is a “far more natural interpretation of the email ... than is the meaning given [the e-mail] in the defendant’s motion.” Id. However, the govérnment’s “argument ... confuses the weight of the evidence with its favorable tendency,” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 451, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995). That the government could have argued that its interpretation of the e-mail is correct does not mean that Nelson could have not used it as further support for his argument that he met Detective Palchak only to obtain methamphetamine. Because the e-mail was exculpatory, the first element of a Brady violation is established.

B. Suppressed evidence

“[T]he defendant bears the initial burden of producing some evidence to support an inference that the government possessed ... material favorable to the defense and failed to disclose it.” United States v. Price, 566 F.3d 900, 910 (9th Cir.2009). “Once the defendant produces such evidence, the burden shifts to the government to demonstrate that the prosecutor satisfied his duty to disclose all favorable evidence known to him or that he could have learned from ‘others acting on the government’s behalf.’ ” Id. (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 437, 115 S.Ct. 1555).

Here, Nelson asserts that the government never produced the 1:44 p.m. e-mail in discovery. Pet’r Mot. at 25. The government does not contest Nelson’s assertion that it did not produce the e-mail. Instead, the government argues that the email was not suppressed because Nelson had read the e-mail and possessed it throughout this case. Govt.’s Opp’n at 13.

As an initial matter, “Brady only requires disclosure of information unknown to the defendant and then generally only upon request[.]” United States v. Derr, 990 F.2d 1330, 1335 (D.C.Cir.1993) (emphasis added) (citing United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103, 107, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976)). “To state the converse, if the defendant knows of the specific exculpatory information, Brady does not require disclosure.” United States v. Clarke, 767 F.Supp.2d 12, 52 (D.D.C.2011); see also Derr, 990 F.2d at 1335 {“Brady provides no refuge to defendants who have knowledge of the government’s possession of possibly exculpatory information, but sit on their hands until after a guilty verdict is returned.”).

Nelson admits that he read the e-mail and that as late as July 2012, the e-mail was in his e-mail inbox. Pet’r Mot. at 25 n.15 (“The email had never been deleted from Mr. Nelson’s Gmail inbox.”). He further admits that before he pled guilty, he told defense counsel “that he was communicating with Detective Palchak in an attempt to obtain meth” and gave his counsel his e-mail address and password to access his e-mail. Id. at 21-22.

However, Nelson insists that he could not “specifically recall the content of each and every communication with Detective Palchak,” Pet’r Reply at 7, particularly since Nelson was communicating with a number of other people at the same time, and had no specific recollection of the 1:44 p.m. e-mail. Nelson adds that he was unable to pinpoint to his trial counsel the exact time of the communication when Detective Palchak confirmed that he had methamphetamine, and Nelson was unable to produce any e-mails to his counsel because he was incarcerated. See also Nelson Supplemental Brief 24 n.19 (“Mr. Nelson simply did not recall the emails with the requisite level of certainty____”). Rather, his counsel relied on the representations of the government that the disclosed discovery included all of the communications between Detective Palchak and Nelson. Indeed, Nelson asserted at oral argument that, because of the government’s affirmative representation that the discovery included all of the e-mails, Nelson came to believe that either there were no other e-mails, or that any other e-mails corroborating his claim that he was merely seeking methamphetamine had been deleted.

Moreover, Nelson’s former defense counsel appeared unaware of the 1:44 p.m. e-mail. See Def.’s Mem. in Aid of Sentencing at 17 (stating that “Detective Palchak did not respond” to Nelson’s e-mail asking whether Detective Palchak was going to “party” that night); id. at 17 n.39 (stating that Exhibit 8 to the defendant’s sentencing memorandum, which did not include the 1:44 p.m. e-mail was, “to the best of [defense counsel’s] knowledge, a complete transcript of the correspondence between Mr. Nelson and Detective Palchak”). While the government asserts that Nelson “knew of the e-mail and had it in his in-box,” Govt’s Opp’n at 14, the evidence suggests that Nelson did not recall the specific e-mail, or, more importantly, know that it was missing from the discovery packet that the government disclosed to his counsel. See Clarke, 767 F.Supp.2d at 52 (explaining that the court should “focus on the defendant’s ‘knowledge of the government’s possession of possibility exculpatory information,’ in contrast to defendant’s independent knowledge of how the offense transpired” (quoting Derr, 990 F.2d at 1335)); see also United States v. Johnson, 592 F.3d 164, 171-72 (D.C.Cir.2010) (finding Derr inapplicable if the defendant does not know that the government possesses exculpatory evidence). The government cannot claim its Brady obligation had been discharged since Nelson did not know that the government had the 1:44 p.m. e-mail. The government nonetheless was obligated to disclose the e-mail because Brady requires disclosure of all exculpatory material.

The government further argues that it did not suppress the e-mail because Nelson was “ ‘aware of the essential facts[,]’ ” Raley v. Ylst, 470 F.3d 792, 804 (9th Cir.2006) (quoting United States v. Brown, 582 F.2d 197, 200 (2d Cir.1978)), needed for Nelson to discover the e-mail “by exercising due diligence,” Rector v. Johnson, 120 F.3d 551, 558-59 (5th Cir.1997). Govt.’s Opp’n at 12-13. However, in the D.C. Circuit, the prosecution bears the burden of disclosing any exculpatory evidence in its possession, and it is no response to a Brady claim that defense counsel could have learned of the evidence through “reasonable pre-trial preparation.” See In re Sealed Case No. 99-3096 (Brady Obligations), 185 F.3d at 896-97 (internal quotation marks omitted). While “[t]he appropriate way for defense counsel to obtain [exculpatory] information [is] to make a Brady request of the prosecutor[,]” id. at 897, Brady does not excuse the government’s disclosure obligation where reasonable investigation and due diligence by the defense could also lead to discovering exculpatory evidence. The government was obligated to disclose the 1:44 p.m. e-mail and it is inconsequential whether Nelson possessed the salient facts needed to discover the e-mail in his inbox.

Even if Nelson had a duty to exercise due diligence to find the 1:44 p.m. e-mail,, his duty would have been extinguished by the government affirmatively representing that it had disclosed all electronic communications between Nelson and Detective Palchak. “[W]hen the prosecution represents that all such material has been disclosed[,]” it is reasonable for defense counsel to rely on the prosecution’s representation. Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 695, 124 S.Ct. 1256, 157 L.Ed.2d 1166 (2004); see also Strickler, 527 U.S. at 283-84, 119 S.Ct. 1936. That is, “defendants [do not have to] scavenge for hints of undisclosed Brady material when the prosecution represents that all such material has been disclosed.” Banks, 540 U.S. at 695, 124 S.Ct. 1256. Here, the government represented that it disclosed to the defense a complete set of electronic communications between Nelson and Detective Palchak. Thus, it was reasonable for Nelson to rely on the government’s representation and not conduct further investigation to discover any undisclosed communications.

C. Prejudice

Finally, Nelson argues that had the government produced the 1:44 p.m. e-mail, he would not have pled guilty. Generally, “[t]o satisfy the third prong— prejudice — the withheld evidence must be material, which means ‘there must be a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” United States v. Pettiford, 627 F.3d 1223, 1227 (D.C.Cir.2010) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 519 F.3d 478, 488 (D.C.Cir.2008)). “[T]he issue in a case involving a guilty plea is whether there is a reasonable probability that but for the failure to disclose the Brady material, the defendant would have refused to plead and would have gone to trial.” Sanchez, 50 F.3d at 1454 (citing Miller, 848 F.2d at 1322); cf. United States v. Taylor, 139 F.3d 924, 929-30 (D.C.Cir.1998) (stating that to demonstrate that counsel’s deficient performance was sufficiently prejudicial to allow a defendant to withdraw his guilty plea, the defendant “ ‘must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial’ ” (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106 S.Ct. 366, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985)); United States v. Hanson, 339 F.3d 983, 991 (D.C.Cir.2003) (explaining that for a defendant to show that he had a reasonable probability that but for his counsel’s mistake, he would not have pled guilty, the defendant “does not need to show that he would have prevailed at trial, only that there was a reasonable probability that he ‘would have gone to trial’ ” (quoting United States v. McCoy, 215 F.3d 102, 108 (D.C.Cir.2000)). Exculpatory evidence may be of critical importance in the defendant’s decision of whether to plead guilty. Miller, 848 F.2d at 1320 (stating that “a defendant’s decision whether or not to plead guilty is often heavily influenced by his appraisal of ... information that may be available to cast doubt on the fact or degree of his culpability”). “ ‘The defendant bears the burden of showing a reasonable probability of a different outcome.’ ” Pettiford, 627 F.3d at 1227 (quoting Johnson, 519 F.3d at 488).

Nelson argues that “the 1:44 pm email is powerful evidence of an alternative motive for Mr. Nelson’s words and actions consistent with his innocence” and that had the prosecution produced the email “he would have gone to trial. And rightly so.” Pet’r Mot. at 44. He claims that the e-mail “provide[s] a compelling alternative explanation for why Mr. Nelson said what he said to Detective Palchak and went to see him.” Id. at 45.

Evidence of that explanation was already available to Nelson without the undisclosed e-mail. Detective Palchak’s online profile identified him as a potential methamphetamine user. The government had also given Nelson copies of the e-mail exchange in which Nelson asked Detective Palchak “u party?” and Detective Palchak answered “yes[.]” This e-mail from Detective Palchak stating that he parties combined with Nelson’s admission that he read the 1:44 p.m. e-mail makes this a closer case on the issue of prejudice. Nelson could have used that evidence at trial as probative of his alternative intent. But that evidence tended to show merely that Nelson’s correspondent at some unspecified time or times with unspecified frequency had used methamphetamine. What gives the 1:44 p.m. e-mail far more probative force, however, is Detective Palchak’s confirmation that he possessed some methamphetamine that same day, albeit a small amount, and was looking to use it that same evening. That tips the scale toward the reasonable probability that had the government disclosed the 1:44 p.m. e-mail, Nelson would have taken his chances at trial to show that he was a drug abuser looking to score, and not someone intending to abuse a child.

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Because the prosecution suppressed exculpatory evidence before Nelson pled guilty, Nelson’s due process rights were violated to his prejudice and his guilty plea was not voluntary and knowing. Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that Nelson’s § 2255 motion [32] be, and hereby is, GRANTED. Nelson’s conviction is vacated and Nelson will be permitted to withdraw his guilty plea. The remaining briefing schedule is suspended. It is further

ORDERED that the parties appear for a status hearing on October 30, 2013 at 9:15 a.m. 
      
      . Nelson also argues that his counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel. Because Nelson’s motion will be granted as to his Brady claim, his ineffective assistance of counsel claim is not addressed, and the briefing schedule on that issue will be suspended.
     
      
      . Because the record in this case did not conclusively show that Nelson is entitled to no relief, a hearing was held on October 10, 2013.
     
      
      . The Court was unwilling to characterize the impeachment material as "critical information of which the defendant must always be aware prior to pleading guilty” because "[t]he degree of help that impeachment information can provide will depend upon the defendant’s own independent knowledge of the prosecution's potential case — a matter that the Constitution does not require prosecutors to disclose.” Id. Exculpatory evidence, on the other hand, derives its value independent of the defendant's knowledge of the prosecution's potential case. Evidence tending to show that a defendant is not guilty undermines proof of the essential elements of the crime, regardless of what the defendant knows of the prosecution’s case.
     
      
      . If anything, Ruiz’s discussion about the importance of the government disclosing evidence that may establish a defendant's innocence suggests that, if confronted with the issue, the Supreme Court would hold that a defendant has a constitutional right to exculpatory evidence at the guilty plea stage. See McCann v. Mangialardi, 337 F.3d 782, 788 {“Ruiz indicates a significant distinction between impeachment information and exculpatory evidence of actual innocence. Given this distinction, it is highly likely that the Supreme Court would find a violation of the Due Process Clause if prosecutors or other relevant government actors have knowledge of a criminal -defendant’s factual innocence [of the charged crime] but fail to disclose such information to a defendant before he enters into a guilty plea.”).
     
      
      . But see Matthew v. Johnson, 201 F.3d 353 (5th Cir.2000); cf. United States v. Moussaoui, 591 F.3d 263, 285-86 (4th Cir.2010) (suggesting that there is no right to exculpatory evidence at the guilty plea stage but declining to resolve the issue).
     
      
      . Nelson adds that he could have also used the evidence to bolster any entrapment defense he may have raised. "[A] valid entrapment defense has two related elements: government inducement of the crime, and a lack of predisposition on the part of the defendant to engage in the criminal conduct.” Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63, 108 S.Ct. 883, 99 L.Ed.2d 54 (1988). Nelson explains that he could have contended that the e-mail demonstrated that Detective Palchak induced Nelson to meet him through the "tactical use of methamphetamine" against a meth addict.” Pet’r Mem. at 43.
     
      
      . The "defendant due diligence rule” "excuse[s] the prosecutors’ failure to disclose exculpatory evidence on the theory that the defendant either knew or could have known of that evidence through due diligence.” Kate Weisburd, Prosecutors Hide, Defendants Seek: The Erosion of Brady Through -the Defendant Due Diligence Rule, 60 UCLA L.Rev. 138, 141 (2012). "The Supreme Court has never adopted a defendant due diligence rule,” id. at 147, but “[a]ll federal courts of appeal, except the Tenth and D.C. Circuits, apply some form of the defendant due diligence rule,” id. at 153 & n.80 (citing cases).
     
      
      . Nelson further argues that Detective Palchak's testimony at the preliminary hearing "that meth was discussed only 'indirectly,' and 'not directly’ was simply untrue” and "materially false.” Pet’r Mot. at 37. "A conviction obtained through the knowing use of false evidence, or through the knowing failure to correct false evidence, violates due process.” Molina-Aviles v. District of Columbia, 824 F.Supp.2d 4, 11 (D.D.C.2011) (citing Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959)). To prevail on such a claim, a “defendant must show that (1) the evidence was actually false; (2) the prosecution knew or should have known that the testimony was false; and (3) the false testimony was material.” United States v. Poynter, 908 F.Supp.2d 30, 36 (D.D.C.2012), aff'd, 509 Fed.Appx. 2 (D.C.Cir.2013). Neither the D.C. Circuit nor the Supreme Court has spoken on whether an officer's knowledge of perjured testimony should be imputed to the prosecutors. See Smith v. Massey, 235 F.3d 1259, 1272 (10th Cir.2000) ("Supreme Court precedent does not clearly establish that [an agent]'s knowledge should be imputed to the prosecution for the purposes of Napue. ”), abrogated on other grounds by Neill v. Gibson, 278 F.3d 1044 (10th Cir.2001); see also Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325, 326 n.1, 103 S.Ct. 1108, 75 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983) ("The Court has held that the prosecutor's knowing use of perjured testimony violates due process, but has not held that the false testimony of a police officer itself violates constitutional rights.”). The circuits are split on the issue. Compare Boyd v. French, 147 F.3d 319, 329 (4th Cir.1998) (finding that "knowingly false or misleading testimony by a law enforcement officer is imputed to the prosecution” for purposes of Napue) with Massey, 235 F.3d at 1272 (explaining that it "refused to impute the knowledge of a law enforcement officer to the prosecution where there has been an alleged Napue violation”). However, it is unnecessary to resolve this question in order to resolve Nelson's motion.
     
      
      . The government’s denigration of the weight of the evidence and its persuasiveness at trial is unavailing. The critical inquiry for prejudice is whether the evidence is material. As the Court explained in Kyles, “[although the constitutional duty is triggered by the potential impact of favorable but undisclosed evidence, a showing of materiality does not require demonstration by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have resulted ultimately in the defendant's acquittal (whether based on the presence of reasonable doubt or acceptance of an explanation for the crime that does not inculpate the defendant).” 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555. Ultimately, ”[t]he question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Id. Here, the undisclosed evidence "undermines confidence” in the voluntariness of Nelson’s plea. See id.
      
     
      
      . He further argues that the e-mail is evidence of "Detective Palchak’s tactical use of methamphetamine in [this] case as a ‘lure’ for Mr. Nelson ... to come visit him[.]” Id. at 44-45. It is unclear how reasonably probable it is that Nelson would have chosen to go to trial to pursue just this defense theory since it was Nelson, not Detective Palchak, who twice raised the question of partying or using methamphetamine.
     