
    NESBIT v. RIVERSIDE INDEPENDENT DISTRICT.
    ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA..
    No. 212.
    Submitted March 15, 1892.
    Decided April 18, 1892.
    When the constitution of a State forbids “ county, political or other municipal corporations” within the State to “ become indebted in any manner” beyond a named percentage “ on the value of the taxable property within such county or corporation,” negotiable .bonds issued by such corporation in excess of such limit are. invalid withoút regard to any recitals which they contain.
    A holder of such bonds for value, is bound to take notice of the amount of. the taxable property within the municipality at the date of their issue, as shown by the tax list, and is charged with knowledge of the over-issue.
    When a second suit is upon the same cause of' action, and between the same parties as a former suit, the judgment in the former is conclusive; ' in the-latter as to every question which .was or might have been presented and determined in the first action; but when the second suit is upon a different cause of action, though between the samé parties, the judgment in the former action operates as an éstoppel only as to the. point or. ques- . tion actually litigated and determined, and not as to other matters which might have been'litigated and determined.
    Each matured coupon upon a negotiable bond is a separable promise, distinct from the promises to pay the bond or the other coupons, and gives rise to a separate cause of aetiop.
    A judgment against.a municipal corporation in an action on coupons cut ' from its negotiable bonds, where the only defence set up was the invalidity of the issue of the bonds by reason of.their being in excess of the amount allowed by law, is no estoppel to another action between thp . same parties, on the bonds themselves and other coupons cut from them, where.the defence set up is such invalidity, coupled with knowledge of the same .by the plaintiff when he acquired the bonds and coupons.
    
      The court stated the case as follows:
    This was an action on five bonds purporting to have been issued by the School District, defendant. The case was tried by the court without a jury. Special findings of facts were made, Of which the following are the only ones material,to the questions presented:
    “ 2d. The value of the taxable property within the boundaries of the Independent district, as shown by the State and county tax lists, was for the year 1872 forty-one thousand four hundred and twenty-six dollars, and for the year 1873 sixty-eight thousand three hundred and seven dollars.
    ' “ 3d. That on the 26th and 27th days of March, 1873, the indebtedness of said Independent district, exclusive of the bonds declared on in this action, exceeded the sum of thirty-five hundred dollars.
    “ 4th. That the bonds sued on in this action bear date , March 27, 1873, maturing ten years thereafter, are five in number, for five hundred dollars each, or $2500.00 in the aggregate, exclusive of interest, are numbered 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18, and'that the signatures thereon are the genuine signatures of the officers of the district purporting to sign the same, and that said bonds, with the accrued interest, now amount to the sum of five thousand six hundred and ninety-five dollars, which bonds and interest coupons were produced in evidence by plaintiff. The said bonds and interest coupons are in all respects alike except as to number, and each coupon refers to the number of the bond to which it belongs and to said act under which it was issued. All of said bonds contain the following provision in the body thereof: This bond is issued by the hoard of directors of said Independent school district under the provisions of chapter 98 of' the Acts of the Twelfth General Assembly of the State of Iowa, and in conformity with a resolution of said board dated the 26th day of March, 1873. A copy of the. act referred to is printed on the back of the bonds. The exhibits attached to plaintiff’s petition are correct copies of said bonds and coupons.
    ■ “ 4i- That all of said five bonds and the coupons attached belong to the same series and were issued at the same time, under the same circumstances and part of' the same transaction.
    “ 5th. That the plaintiff, who is a citizen of Great Britain, bought these bonds and all the interest coupons belonging thereto as an investment from one Henry Hutchinson on the 20th day of December, 1877, paying him therefor the sum of two thousand dollarsthat said plaintiff, when she made such purchase, had no other knowledge concerning the bonds' or of the facts connected with their issuance than she was chargeable with from the bonds themselves and from the provisions of the constitution and laws of the State of Iowa.
    
      “ 6th. That said bonds were issued without consideration.
    
      “ 7th. That plaintiff brought suit in the Hnited States Circuit Court at Des Moines, Iowa, against the said Independent District of Riverside upon certain of the interest coupons belonging to the bonds Nos. 14 and 15, being two of the bonds included in the present action, and in the petition in that cause filed the plaintiff averred that she was the owner of the two bonds Nos. 14 and 15 and the coupons thereto attached, and asked judgment' upon the six coupons then due and unpaid. To this petition the defendant answered that at the time the bonds were issued the indebtedness' of the district exceeded five per cent of the taxable property of the district, as shown by the State and county tax lists, and that the bonds were, therefore, void under the provision oi; the constitution of the' State of Iowa ; that no legal or proper election upon the question of issuing the bonds Was held; that the bonds were issued under the pretence of building a school-house with the pro: ceeds thereof,- but the same, has not been built- nor was it intended that it should be built; that the district received no consideration for the bonds, and that the same are fraudulent and void; that plaintiff is not a bona fide holder of said bonds.
    “ The case was tried to the court and judgment was rendered in favor of plaintiff for the full amount of the six coupons declared on in that cause. It is shown by evidence aliunde that the five bonds bought by plaintiff were in possession of plaintiff’s counsel at the trial of the action at Des Moines, and that bonds Nos. 11 and 15 were actually produced and exhibited to the court at such trial and offered in evidence. It is not shown that at such trial the fact that plaintiff had bought and was the owner of bonds Nos. 16, 17 and 18, was made known to the court. The judgment entry in said cause shows that on that trial it appeared from the. evidence that when said bonds Nos. 11 and 15 were issued the indebtedness of the district, exclusive'of these bonds, exceeded the constitutional limitation of five per cent; that the judges trying said cause were divided in. opinion upon the question whether the' recitals in the bond estopped the defendant from showing this fact against plaintiff, and certified a division of opinion on this question, judgment being rendered in favor of plaintiff. It does not appear that the cause wasi taken to the Supreme Court upon the question certified.
    “8th. Under the statutes of Iowa, in force in 1872 and 1873, regulating the assessment of property for the purpose of state and county taxation, the lists thereof could not be computed before the month of August, and in March, 1873, when these boncls were issued, the last computed tax list was for the year 1872.”
    Upon these facts judgment was entered in favor of the defendant, (25 Ted. Hep. 635,) to reverse which judgment this writ of error was sued out.
    
      Mr. W. Willoughby and Mr. B. W. Lacy for plaintiff in error.
    I. ■ It appears from the findings that all five of the bonds and coupons were part of the same series, and their purchase by plaintiff one transaction, and that all the defences made in. this action as to the five bonds were made in the former'action as to two of these bonds, idcludin'g the question as to whether plaintiff was an innocent holder, áhd that all of the testimony on §uch question produced by defendant in the present action as to the five bonds was in existence and could have been produced in the former action as to the two bonds and the six coupons attached thereto upon which judgment was asked;
    
      Upon this state of facts there could be no serious question that plaintiff’s recovery in the former action was conclusive of his right to recover in this under the doctrine laid down in Beloit v. Morgan, 7 Wall. 619, and Aurora v. West, 7 Wall 82. A like doctrine is laid down by many other courts, including the Supreme Court of Iowa in the case of Whitaker v. Johnson County, 12 Iowa, 595, in which case it was directly alleged by defendant that the plaintiff had notice of the de- ’ fences to the coupons in the second action.
    We need not, however, discuss this line of cases farther, as we think it will be conceded that the. judgment in the case at bar was erroneous if the doctrine announced by this court in Beloit v. Morgana, and Aurora v. West is to control; .but it is urged that this doctrine has been materially modified in the case of Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U. S. 351. But however much this later case may have limited or explained the doctrine understood to be announced in the former cases, it does not in our judgment justify or authorize the conclusions reached by the court below in the case at bar, where the facts are materially different.. As appears from the 5th and 7th findings all five of the bonds were purchased by plaintiff at one date, of one person, for a fixed consideration for the whole, without actual knowledge of any defences to them, and thus holding them, she brought the first action on certain, of the coupons attached to two of the five bonds. In such first ■action the defendant set up every defence which was subsequently pleaded in the present action, expressly alleging “ that plaintiff is not a bona fide holder of said bonds.” The. court in such former action found that gaid bonds were issuecl in violation, of the constitutional limitation, but held that, defendant was estopped from showing such fact by the recitals on the bonds, thus necessarily finding that plaintiff was an innocent holder of the coupons upon which that action was brought. The question, therefore, as to whether plaintiff was an innocent holder of the coupons involved in the former-action was an issue directly raised by the pleadings therein, and which the judgment showed was necessarily determined in favor of the plaintiff. But if, as the court below finds in this action, the purchase of all five of the bonds- and coupons was one transaction, then, if plaintiff was an innocent holder of the coupons involved in the former action, she was necessarily an innocent holder of the bonds upon which the present action was brought, and defendant is estopped by the former adjudication from further litigating the question; and this conclusion in no way conflicts with the doctrine in the Cromwell Case, but is in entire harmony therewith.
    There are additional grounds for' urging that in any view of the case, the former adjudication operates as an estoppel in the present action as to bonds Nos. 14 and 15, and the remaining coupons attached thereto. The former judgment-was based on coupons attached to these very bonds. As appears from the Nth finding, the petition 'in the former action averred in terms that plaintiff was the owner- of said bonds Nos. 14 and 15, and- the coupons attached, and the answer, setting up every defence now pleaded, included, the express allegation “ that plaintiff is not a bona fide holder of said bonds,” that is, bonds-14 and 15. It therefore appears that the'very ground upon which the court below defeats, recovery in the present action, viz.: that plaintiff is not an innocent holder of the bonds in suit, was expressly and in terms pleaded in the former action, at least as to said bonds Nos. 14 and 15, and was therein decided adversely to defendant. Not only was it practically impossible for the plaintiff •to have been an innocent holder of the coupons involved in the forpier action "without at the same time being an innocent holder of the two bonds to which they were attached, but the allegations of the answer therein on this point, as well as the other-points, were in terms directed to the bonds themselves, and such bonds , were produced and exhibited to the court'and. offered-in-evidence. Therefore as to'bonds 14 and 15, and the fourteen coupons attached to each, plaintiff was entitled to judgment upon the special finding even if we concede the most adverse doctrine concerning the effect of former adjudications. ■
    II. The next point urged by us is, that the court erred in determining by its judgment, based on its special findings, that plaintiff was not an innocent holder of the bonds in suit. Constructive notice of facts could not affect plaintiff’s character as a bona fide holder of negotiable paper, and nothing could so affect it short of actual notice of defences or actual bad faith, both of which elements are excluded by the special findings.
    This question has been much discussed by both the- English and American courts, and the rule adopted has, at different periods, undergone radical changes. The exact 'doctrine for which we are contending is, we think, correctly stated in Daniel on Negotiable Instruments as follows: “ Parties negotiating for negotiable instruments .are not bound to take notice of public records, which would affect them with notice were they dealing with the subject matter. And, therefore, when there is nothing on the face of the bill or note to give notice of any defects, the fact that a deed of trust securing its payment contains recitals which, show that equities or offsets exist between the original parties does not weaken the position of a bona fide holder without actual notice.”
    The question of the effect upon recitals in the bonds of this constructive notice, is the subject of much discussion in the cases of Buchanan v. Litchfield, 102 U. S. 278, and Dixon County v. Field, 111 U. S. 83, as also in Cromwell v. Sac, before referred to, but there is no suggestion therein that such constructive notice has any bearing upon' the bona fides of plaintiff’s holding of the bonds. The implication from what is said is quite the reverse.
    It seems to us that in considering the question of constructive notice to plaintiff the court below has perhaps confused the bearing which such constructive notice would properly have if the question of the validity of the bonds was an entirely open one, with the bearing which such constructive notice has upop plaintiff’s character as an innocent holder. But the former question has been already adjudicated. Therefore the question of constructive notice of the extent to which the defendant district could properly become indebted, no matter how material it would have been'in the former action as affecting the force to be given to the recitals on the bonds, or as affecting other defences therein set up, cannot he considered in this action, unless such constructive notice bears on .plaintiffs character as an innocent holder of the bonds in suit, and that it does not so affect her character seems to us to be fully determined by the decisions before cited.
    No appearance for defendant in error.
   Mr. Justice Brewer,

after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

Article 11, sec. 3, of the constitution of Iowa of 1857 ordains that “ no county, or other political • or municipal corporation, shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount in the aggregate exceeding five per centum- on the value of the taxable property within such county or corporation — to be ascertained by the last state and county tax lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness.” Under that section, the limit of indebtedness which the district could incur at the date of the issue of these bonds was $2071.30. It was already indebted in a sum exceeding $3500, and' the . five ' bonds . of themselves aggregated $2500, or nearly $500 more than-, the amount ■ of' debt the district could lawfully create. Aside, therefore, from the fact that they were issued without consideration, they were invalid by reason of the constitutional provision, and created no obligation against the district. They were issued at the same time and as one transaction, and were purchased by plaintiff together and in one purchase: If not charged with knowledge of the prior indebtedness, she was with the fact that, independent .-of such indebtedness, these bonds alone were an over-issue, and beyond the power of the district; for she was bound to take notice of the value of taxable property within the district, as shown by the tax list. Buchanan v. Litchfield, 102 U. S. 278; Northern Bank v. Porter Township, 110 U. S. 608; Dixon County v. Field, 111 U. S. 83. In the first .of those cases, on page 289, it is.said that “the purchaser of the bonds was certainly bound to. take notice, not only of the constitutional limitation upon municipal indebtedness, but of such facts as the authorized official assessments disclosed' concerning the valuation of taxable property within the city for the year 1873 ; ” and in the last, on page 95, that “ the amount of the bonds issued was known. It is stated in the recital itself. It was $87,000. The holder of each bond was apprised of that fact. The amount of the assessed value of the taxable property in the county is not stated; but, ex vi termini, it was ascertainable in one way only, and that was by reference to the assessment itself, a public record equally accessible to all intending purchasers of bonds, as Well as to the county officers.” So when the plaintiff purchased these bonds she knew, or at least was chargeable with knowledge of the fact, that they were unlawfully issued, and created no obligation against the district. She could not therefore claim to be a bona fide purchaser, no matter what recitals appeared on the face of the instrument.

But the question which is most earnestly pressed upon our attention is the estoppel which is alleged to have been created by the judgment against the district in the United States Circuit Court at Des Moines, upon coupons detached from the two bonds numbered 14 and 15. Is this a case of estoppel by judgment? -The law in respect to such estoppel was fully considered,and determined by this court in the case of Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U. S. 351. It was there decided .that when the second suit is upon the same cause of action, and between the same parties as the first, the judgment in the former is conclusive-in the latter as to every question which was or might have been presented and determined in the first action ; but when the second suit is upon a different cause of action, though between the same parties, the judgment in the former action operates as an estoppel only as to the point or question actually litigated and determined, and not as to other •matters which might have been litigated and determined.

Now, the present suit is'on causes of action different from those presented in the suit at Des Moines. Bonds 16, 17 and 18 were not presented or known in that suit; and while bonds 14 and 15 were presented, alleged to be the property of plaintiff, and judgment askéd upon six coupons attached thereto, yet the cause of action on the six coupons is.distinct and separate from that upon the bonds or the other coupons. Each matured coupon is a separable promise, and gives rise to a separate cause of action. It may be detached from the bond and sold by itself. Indeed, the title to several matured coupons of the same bond may be in as many different persons, and upon éach a distinct and separate action be maintained. So,' while the promises of the bond and of the coupons in the first instance are upon the same paper, and the coupons are for interest due upon the bond, yet the promise to pay the coupon is as distinct from that to pay the bond, as though the two promises were placed in different instruments, upon different paper.

By the rule laid down in Cromwell v. County of Sac, the judgment in the suit at Des Moines is conclusive in this case only as to the matters actually litigated and determined. What were they ? The defence pleaded was this: That at the time the bonds were issued the indebtedness exceeded five per cent, and the bonds were therefore void; that the district received no consideration; and that the plaintiff was not a bona fide holder. The judgment entry shows that it appeared from the evidence that the indebtedness at.the time the bonds were issued exceeded the constitutional limitation of five per cent; but that it was adjudged that the recitals in the bonds estopped the defendant from showing this fact against the plaintiff. In other words, that which was determined was the effect of the recitals. But this case does not turn upon that question at all, and nothing was determined here antagonistic to the adjudication there. An additional fact, that of notice from the amount of the bonds purchased, was proved.

The effect of .recitals in municipal bonds is like that given to words of negotiability in a promissory note. ■ They .simply relieve the paper in the hands of a bona fide holder from the burden of defences other than the lack of power, growing out of the original issue of the paper, and available as against the immediate payee. Suppose two negotiable promissory notes, issued at the same timé, and as a part of the same' transaction. In a suit on the first, brought by a purchaser before maturity, the maker proves facts constituting a defence as against the payee, but fails to bring- home notice of these facts to the holder before his purchase; the judgment must- go in favor of the holder, for the words of negotiability in' the note preclude • the' maker from such a defence as against him. In a suit on the second of such notes may not the maker couple proof of notice to the holder, with that of the original invalidity of the note, and thus establish a complete defence against the holder % Is he precluded by the first judgment, and his failure in that to prove notice to the holder ? That -is precisely this case. In the suit atí Des Moines no notice to the holder was shown. The recitals cut off the defence pleaded, of original invalidity. In this action notice is proved, and an additional fact is put into the case, which makes a new question. The effect of recitals is one thing; that of recitals coupled with notice is another. The one question was litigated and determined in the Des Moines suit; the other.is presented here. Surely an adjudication as to the effect of one fact-alone does not preclude in.the second.suit an inquiry and determination as to the effect of that fact in conjunction with others. Infancy is pleaded in an action on a contract, and an adjudication is made establishing.it as a defence. In a second suit between the same parties on a different cause of action, though created at the same time, may not the plaintiff prove ratification after ■majority ? Many reasons may induce or prevent the introduction into the- first case of all the facts. It was well said in Cromwell v. County of Sac, page 356, that: “ Yarious considerations, other than the actual merits, may govern a party in bringing forward grounds of recovery or defence in one action, 'which may not exist in another action upon a different demand, such as the smallness of the amount, or the value of the property in controversy, the difficulty of' obtaining the necessary evidence, the expense of the litigation, and his own situation at the time. A party acting upon considerations like these ought not to be precluded from contesting, in a subsequent action, other demands arising out of the same transaction.”

This case may be looked at in. another light. The defence pleaded in the Des Moines suit ivas, that at the time of the issue of the two bonds then disclosed there was a prior indebtedness of the district exceeding the constitutional limitation; and that defence was the one adjudged to be precluded by the recitals. Here an additional defence is, that the five bonds in suit themselves created an over-issue. That question was not presented in the Des Moines suit, and could not have been adjudicated. It is presented for the first time in this case. It is of itself a valid defence, irrespective of prior indebtedness. So we have in .this case a new question not presented in the Des Moines suit, the existence of facts never called to the attention of the court in that case, which of themselves create a perfect defence.

We see no error in the judgment; and it is

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice Harlan dissented.  