
    Bank of Utica against Magher.
    Accordingto the true con-structionof the act, (sess. 38. ch« 144) authorizing the P. D. & Company of the bank of Utica, to establish an office of discount and deposit, at Canandaigua, in the county of Ontario, and requiring all notes issued at such branch at C. to be countersigned by the cashier, and declaring that the same should be considered as payable on demand, at such branch at C., the holder of a note of the bank of Utica so countersigned and issued, cannot maintain an action upon it against the bank of Utica, without having previously demanded payment of it at the branch at C. A demand of payment at the bank in Utica, only, is not sufficient.
    A note of the Utica Bank, on which is written, countersigned O. Seymour,” is countersigned within the meaning of the act; for it is not necessary to give it validity, that he should add to his name, his official character of cashier at C.; and the act in question being in extension of the powers of the bank under their act of incorporation, which was a public act, is also a public act of which every person is bound to take notice.
    The presumption, in such case, is, that the signing is official; and jf there is any ambiguity en the face of the instrument, it may be explained by parol.
    IN ERROR to the Court of Common Pleas of Oneida COUnty»
    
      JH. brought an action against the plaintiffs in error, in thé Court below, on a bank note, dated September 1st, 1815, at Utica, by which the President, Directors and Company pro--misedtopay to Thomas J efferson, or bearer, on demand, five " dollars. The declaration averred, that the plaintiff became lawfully possessed of the note, on the 20th of January, 1818, and, on that day, presented it to the defendants, at their banking hoase in Utica, and demanded payment thereof, which was refused. The defendants pleaded the general issue, with notice of special matter to be given in evidence. At the trial, the plaintiff proved the note, and that, on the 1st of August, 1817, it was presented to the defendants, at their bank in Utica, who refused payment, alleging, that it ought to be presented at the office of the Branch, at Canan-daigua. The plaintiff, also, proved, that notes of the defendants’ bank, countersigned “ 0. Seymour,” were paid out and received at their banking house in Utica, in like manner as the notes of other country banks were paid out and received by the defendants ; but it did not appear, that notes countersigned by O. Seymour were ever originally issued at the banking house of the defendants in Uiich. The defendants, then, gave in evidence the act passed thé 1 Oth of April, 1815, entitled, “ an act authorizing the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of Utica, to establish an office of discount and deposit at the village of Canandaigua, in the county of Ontario, and for other purposes.” By this act it was declared, that Üie notes of the gaid'bank should be issued at the branch, excepting such as should be countersigned by the cashier ; and that the same should then be considered as payable on demand at the office of the said branch. The defendants proved, that O. Seymour, whose name was countersigned on the note, was cashier of the said Branch, in the village of Canandaigua, and that the signature was in his handwriting, the word “ coun* tersigned” being engraved on the note.
    The defendants insisted, that on this evidence they were entitled to a verdict. But the Court decided, that the evidence of the defendants was not sufficient to bar the plaintiff, and that he was entitled to recover; and the jury, accordingly, found a verdict for the plaintiff, for five dollars and 70 cents. The defendants’ counsel tendered a bill of exceptions, on which the writ of error was brought to this Court.
    Foot, for the plaintiffs in error.
    A corporation can act in no other way than that which is prescribed in its charter. (2 Johns. Rep, 109,) By the act, (sess. 38. ch. 144.) the notes of the plaintiffs so made and countersigned, though dated at Utica, are made payable, on demand, at Canandai-gua. Apromissory note, payable on demand at a particular place, must bepresented forpayment atthat place. (14 East, 498. 2 Taunt. Rep. 60. 3 Taunt. Rep. 397. 16 East Rep. 108. 5 Taunt. Rep. 30.)
    The damages recovered, in this case, being only five dollars and 70 cents, the plaintiff was not entitled to costs. The Court below awarded 35 dollars and 50 c-en's, for costs. As corporations are not expressly excepted in the act giving jurisdiction to Justices of the J’cace, the plaintiff might have sued in a Justice’s Court. (1 JY. R, L. 387.) Costs are not given by the common law, and the statute relative to costs is to be construed strictly.
    
      Lee, contra.
    The note was duly presented, and payment demanded, at the banking house of the defendants at Utica. The name of O. Seymour was, indeed, writ ¡en on the note after the word “ countersigned,’’ but without any addition. He ought to have added the words “ cashier of the office of discount and deposit at Canandaigua,” otherwise the public canuot know, that the note is of that description which is payable only at the branch at Canandaigua. The appointment of the cashier is a private act, and the public are not informed, by the words “ O. Seymour,'1'1 that he is the cashier of the branch at Canandaigua, or that the note was issued there. For aught that appears, it was issued at the Utica bank.
    Again; though a demand might be made at Canandaigua, yet the plaintiff had, also, aright to demand payment of the makers of the note at Utica. By the act incorporating the bank, the defendants, in regard to notes issued by them, are placed on the same footing as an individual.
    Again ; we say, that no demand of payment was necessary, before bringing the suit. For where a precedent or exists, no demand previous to bringing a suit is necessary ; though it may be otherwise, where the obligation to pay is collateral. {Wolcott v. Van Santvoord, 17 Johns. Rep. 248. 1 Saund. 33. n. % 2 Saund. 118. n. 3. Comyn's Dig. Pleader, (C.) 69, 70. 4 Johns. Rep. 183. 10 Mod. 38. Bayley on Bills, 110. 78. n. a.)
    
    
      As to costs; this Court has decided, that a corporation cannot béssued in a Justice’s Court. (5 Johns. Rep. 347. 7 Johns. Rep\356.) As the plaintiff is, therefore, compelled to sue in the Court of Common Fleas, he is entitled to costs in that Court. The case is within the reason of the rule as to executors and administrators. (2 Johns. Cases, 209. 3 Johns. Rep. 450. 6 Johns. Rep. 332. 7 Johns. Rep. 637. 8 Johns. Rep. 123.) '
   Spencer, Ch. J.

delivered the opinion of the Court. The question arising on the record, is, whether the bank of Uti-ca is liable to be sued, since the act of the 10th oí April, 1815, on a note of that bank, countersigned by O. Seymour, the cashier of the office of discount and deposit in the village of Canandaigua, unless it be averred and proved that payment has been demanded at such office of discount and deposit, before the commencement of the suit ?

Theactofthe 10th of April, 1816, (sess. 38. ch. 144.) provides, that the bank of Utica may establish an office of discount and deposit at Canandaigua, under such rules and regulations as they shall prescribe, not contrary to the provisions of the act of incorporation ; and that no notes of the bank of Utica shall be issued at the branch bank, excepting such as shall be countersigned by the cashier; and the same shall then be considered as payable on demand, at the office of.the said branch.

The object of the act was to transfer a part of the capital of the bank of Utica, to the office of discount and deposit at Canandaigua, for banking operations there. The ability of the bank of Utica to redeem the notes issued by it, and especially as to such as were issued at the branch, was impaired, in proportion to the capital furnished to the branch. It appears to me to have been manifestly the intention of the legislature, that notes countersigned by the cashier of the branch bank, and issued from it, should be demandable, in the first instance, at the branch. They are then to he considered as payable on demand at the office of the said branch. Thai enactment, ex vi termini, excludes the idea, that with respect to bills thus countersigned and issued, they shall be payable, also, on demand, at the Utica bank. Considering the object and provisions of the act, we have no hesitation in saying, that payment of such bills must first be demanded at the branch. Any other construction would defeat the obvious intention of the legislature, and the declared purposes of the act. There can be no doubt that, if payment be refused, upon the presentment of a note countersigned and issued as prescribed by the branch, but that the Utica bank would be liable ; but until such demand be made, there is no default. We consider the act as imposing it, as a pre-requisite duty, on the holder of such a bill, to make a demand at the branch, before the Utica bank can be called upon.

It has been objected, that the note given in evidence was not countersigned, within the meaning of the act; Seymour not having added to his signature the title of his office. The act prescribes no form of countersigning the notes issued by the branch. It requires only that the notes issued by the branch should be countersigned by the cashier ; and it is in proof that O. Seymour was the cashier. He has not added to his signature his official character; and we do not think this necessary. The act of 1815 is. a public statute; for being an extension of the powers of the bsnk of Utica, and the original act being a public act, the enlarging act must necessarily be a public act. When, therefore, it is considered, that every person must be deemed conusant of the law of the land, and of the statute vesting the bank of Utica with the power of establishing a branch, and requiring the notes issued by it to be countersigned; and when it is seen on the. bill itself, that it is countersigned, there could exist no doubt on the mind of any one, that the bill in question had been issued under the authority of the'act of 1815. Butin jjje present case, the plaintiff below was expressly informed» before he brought his suit, that this note ought to be pre-seated at the branch. Independently of these considerations, it was not necessary to the validity of the act of countersigning, that Seymour should have added to his name his official character of cashier. This point was considered by the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the Mechanics' Bank v. the Bank of Columbia, (5 Wheaton, 334.) The check, in that case, wanted the official signature of the cashier, yet it was held, that it was an official, and not a private act, and that it was not true that the acts of agents derived their validity from professing, on the face of them, to have been done in the exercise of their agency. In that case, the court were of opinion, that the marks of an official character not only existed on the face of the check, but predominated, and that evidence to fix its true character became indispensable. In the present case, marks that Seymour countersigned this note, as cashier, greatly predominate. Who ever heard of a bank bill being thus countersigned by a private individual, and especially when the word “ countersigned” is engraved on the bill? But when we consider this countersigning in connection with the act of 1815, there cannot remain a doubt, that it was an official act and a compliance with the statute.

Judgment reversed*  