
    Jane DOE, Plaintiff, v. SAMUEL MERRITT UNIVERSITY, Defendant.
    Case No. C-13-00007 JSC.
    United States District Court, N.D. California.
    Feb. 1, 2013.
    
      David J. Millstein, Talia Bari Saypoff, Millstein & Associates, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff.
    Alex Hernaez, Tyreen Grissel Torner, Fox Rothschild LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Defendant.
   ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION OR TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER

JACQUELINE SCOTT CORLEY, United States Magistrate Judge.

This action involves Defendant Samuel Merritt University’s alleged failure to provide a disabled student with additional opportunities to take a medical licensing exam. Now pending before the Court is Plaintiffs Motion for Preliminary Injunction or Temporary Restraining Order (“Motion”). (Dkt. No. 11.) After carefully considering the evidence properly submitted by the parties, and having the benefit of oral argument on January 29, 2013, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Plaintiffs Motion.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff was a student enrolled in Samuel Merritt University’s (“SMU”) California School of Podiatric Medicine (“CSPM”) from 2009 to 2012, pursuing a Doctor in Podiatric Medicine degree. On April 5, 2011, George Vroulis, Ph.D diagnosed Plaintiff with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (DSM-IV-TR 300.02) and Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia (DSM-IV-TR 300.21). In July 2011, at the close of her second year of study, Plaintiff received testing accommodations for her tests at SMU — namely, time-and-a-half and a separate room in which to complete the exams. (See Dkt. No. 8, Ex. 4, Declaration of Jane Doe (“Doe Deck”) ¶ 10.) Plaintiff represents that this improved her grade point average (“GPA”) from 1.8 to 3.2. (See id. at ¶ 11; but see Dkt. No. 12, Declaration of Dr. John N. Venson (“Venson Deck”) (“Upon her dismissal from CSPM, she had a cumulative [GPA] of 2.626.”).)

To continue on to the third-year clinical rotations, Defendant requires that all students, including Plaintiff, pass Part I of the American Podiatric Medical Licensing Examinations (“APMLE”), which is devised and administered by a third-party. Since the 2008-09 school year, Defendant further requires that all students, including Plaintiff, pass Part I within three attempts of taking the exam. If a student does not pass the exam in the first three attempts, the student is dismissed from SMU. The parties refer to this requirement as the “three strikes” rule.

On August 8, 2012, Plaintiff was dismissed from SMU for failing to pass Part I on her third attempt. Plaintiff challenged her dismissal through Defendant’s grievance procedures, and on September 27, 2012, a grievance hearing was held. In addition to requesting that she be reinstated to the school, she asked for an accommodation: that no restriction be placed on the number of times she may take Part I. Plaintiff contends that the “make or break” nature of the exam “exacerbates [her] anxiety so much that [she] cannot perform.” (Dkt. No. 8, Doe Decl. ¶ 13.) Defendant denied her grievance in full.

While her grievance was pending, however, Plaintiff took Part I for a fourth time, but did not pass. Now that Plaintiff has lost her grievance, Defendant refuses to give Plaintiff the proper authorization needed to allow her to sit for the exam. Plaintiff must be at least inactively enrolled in SMU in order to sit for the exam. The next opportunity for Plaintiff to take the exam is in July 2013.

On December 20, 2012, Plaintiff filed suit against Defendant in Alameda County Superior Court, alleging ten causes of action: 1) violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1201 et seq.; 2) violation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794 et seq.; 3) violation of California Government Code § 11135; 4) violation of the Unruh Civil Rights Act, California Civil Code § 51 et seq.; 5) breach of contract; 6) promissory estoppel; 7) intentional infliction of emotional distress; 8) negligent infliction of emotional distress; 9) preliminary injunction; 10) declaratory relief. Defendant removed the case to federal court on January 2, 2013. Plaintiff subsequently filed the pending motion for preliminary injunctive relief.

LEGAL STANDARD

A preliminary injunction is an “extraordinary remedy.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Defense Council, 555 U.S. 7, 24, 129 S.Ct. 365, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008). “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Id. at 20, 129 S.Ct. 365. Alternatively, “ ‘serious questions going to the merits’ and a balance of hardships that tips sharply towards the plaintiff can support issuance of a preliminary injunction, so long as the plaintiff also shows that there is a likelihood of irreparable injury and that the injunction is in the public interest.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1135 (9th Cir.2011) (holding that the “serious questions” test survives the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter). A “serious question” is one on which the movant “has a fair chance of success on the merits.” Sierra On-Line, Inc. v. Phoenix Software, Inc., 739 F.2d 1415, 1421 (9th Cir.1984).

Defendant argues that Plaintiffs Motion requests a mandatory injunction and it should therefore be held to the higher standard that applies to such injunctions. A prohibitory injunction maintains the status quo whereas a mandatory injunction “goes well beyond simply maintaining the status quo pendente lite [and] is particularly disfavored.” Stanley v. Univ. of S. Cal, 13 F.3d 1313, 1320 (9th Cir.1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). The status quo means “the last, uncontested status which preceded the pending controversy.” Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. Mucos Pharma GmbH & Co., 571 F.3d 873, 879 (9th Cir.2009). The last uncontested status which preceded the controversy was Plaintiff’s enrolled student status. Therefore, Plaintiffs requested injunctions would, at the most, maintain the status quo of her status as an enrolled student and is a prohibitory injunction— not a mandatory injunction.

DISCUSSION

A. Likelihood of Irreparable Harm

Plaintiff seeks a preliminary injunction from this Court that will (1) “grant Plaintiff active status and enable her to immediately begin attending her remaining clinical rotations, the next of which begins on February 4, 2013 while allowing her to continue to take the APMLE, without restrictions,” or, alternatively, (2) “grant Plaintiff inactive student status so she may continue to take the APMLE during the pendency of the case and, once she passes, allow her to attend remaining clinical rotations.” (Dkt. No. 11 at 4.) Plaintiff asserts that the failure to provide either injunction will likely result in irreparable harm.

As an initial matter, Plaintiff contends that she does not need to show irreparable harm where the offending party engages in acts or practices prohibited by a federal statute that provides for injunctive relief. Defendant disagrees, citing cases out of the Seventh Circuit that hold that a showing of irreparable harm is required even for suits brought under such statutes. While it appears the Ninth Circuit has yet to directly address this question, a court in this District has noted that a presumption of irreparable harm conflicts with the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter. See Enyart v. Nat’l Conference of Bar Exam’rs, Inc., 2010 WL 475361 *6 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 4, 2010) (“To the extent prior Ninth Circuit case law concluded that irreparable harm need not be shown in certain statutory contexts, that case law is in conflict with Winter.”); see also Winter, 555 U.S. at 22, 129 S.Ct. 365 (rejecting a “possibility” standard for irreparable injury where a plaintiff demonstrates a strong likelihood of prevailing on the merits). This Court agrees.

If the Court declines to issue Plaintiffs first requested injunction — return to active student status even before she passes Part I — Plaintiff claims she will be irreparably harmed because she will miss the Spring 2013 clinical rotations, which begin on February 4. She states that she has already missed the 2012 Summer and Fall semesters because of Defendant’s violations. Further, Plaintiff contends that she needs to begin her third-year clinics on February 4 “because she has completed a significant amount of her schooling and if she is interrupted now, she will lose significant ground.” (Dkt. No. 11 at 13; see Dkt. No. 8, Ex. 4, Doe Decl. ¶ 12 (“A break in the program makes it much harder for me to succeed and therefore makes me anxious.”), ¶ 21 (“The passage of time is eroding the knowledge base and confidence I feel are needed to complete the program.”).) These statements appear to apply equally to Plaintiffs alternative requested injunction — inactive student status and the ability to retake Part I until she passes. Plaintiff also notes that absent an issuance of either injunction, she will not be able to earn her degree from SMU during the pendency of the litigation, thus precluding her from advancing her professional career. Plaintiffs showing is sufficient to warrant a finding of likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of issuing either injunction. See Enyart, 2010 WL 475361 *7 (finding that plaintiff seeking preliminary injunction requiring defendant to provide plaintiffs requested accommodation while taking the MBE and MPRE showed likelihood of irreparable harm where plaintiff claimed “that in the absence of a preliminary injunction, the time she spent in preparation will have been wasted, she will suffer a serious career setback, [and] will face the prospect of preparing once again at a separate time”), aff'd, 630 F.3d 1153, 1166 (9th Cir.2011) (“[T]he district court did not err in concluding that Enyart would likely lose the chance to pursue her chosen profession. If she fails the Bar Exam or scores too low on the MPRE to qualify for admission, Enyart cannot be licensed to practice law in California.”).

In addition, the Court rejects Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff cannot show a likelihood of irreparable harm since Plaintiff could theoretically transfer to another school that does not have Defendant’s same requirements. Defendant cites Baer v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 392 F.Supp.2d 42, 49 (D.Mass.2005) in support; however, the court there held that a disruption in the plaintiffs medical career was not an irreparable harm because “[t]he record indicates that she may plausibly seek admission to other medical schools that, unlike Drexel, do not condition matriculation on passing the Step 1 exam.” (emphasis added). Here, while Plaintiff herself informs the Court that other similar schools do not have Defendant’s same testing requirements, the record does not indicate that Plaintiff may plausibly transfer to another podiatry school.

B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits / Serious Questions going to the Merits

Title III of the ADA provides that “[n]o individual shall be discriminated against on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation.” 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a). To succeed on her ADA claim, Doe would need to prove that (1) she is disabled, (2) SMU is a private entity which owns, leases or operates a place of public accommodation, and (3) SMU failed to make reasonable modifications in its policies, practices, or procedures to accommodate her alleged disability without fundamentally altering the nature of the public accommodation. See 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a) & (b). Only the first and third requirements are in dispute.

Separately, Defendant argues that Plaintiff is unlikely to succeed on the merits because her claims are barred by Plaintiffs failure to receive an administrative writ of mandamus as required by California Code of Civil Procedure § 1094.5.

1. Disability

Under the ADA, the term “disability” means, with respect to an individual, “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment” as described in 42 U.S.C. § 12102(3). 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1).

Much of the parties’ discussion of Plaintiffs alleged disability fails to take into account the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (“ADAAA”), Pub. L. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553, which became effective on January 1, 2009. This omission is significant considering that the “ADAAA seeks to broaden the scope of disabilities covered by the ADA after that scope had been narrowed by Supreme Court interpretation.” Karr v. Napolitano, 2012 WL 4462919 *8 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 25, 2012); see Pub. L. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553 (finding that Supreme Court precedent, e.g., Toyota Motor Mfg., Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 122 S.Ct. 681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002), and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ADA regulations narrowed the definition of disability inconsistent with congressional intent). Because the alleged discrimination occurred after January 1, 2009, the ADAAA applies here.

Congress stated that a purpose of the amendments was to reject “that the terms ‘substantially’ and ‘major’ in the definition of disability under the ADA ‘need to be interpreted strictly to create a demanding standard for qualifying as disabled,’ and that to be substantially limited in performing a major life activity under the ADA ‘an individual must have an impairment that prevents or severely restricts the individual from doing activities that are of central importance to most people’s daily lives.’ ” Pub. L. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553, § 2(b)(4). 42 U.S.C. § 12102(4), added to the statute by the ADAAA, provides, among other things, that “[t]he term ‘substantially limits’ shall be interpreted consistently with the findings and purposes of’ the ADAAA. EEOC regulations, in turn, provide guidance for interpreting the term “substantially limits.” See 42 U.S.C. § 12205a (“Rule of construction regarding regulatory authority”). According to the regulations, the term substantially limits “is not meant to [impose] a demanding standard” and determining “whether an impairment ‘substantially limits’ a major life activity should not demand extensive analysis.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(l)(i), (iii). The regulations further provide that the “term ‘substantially limits’ shall be construed broadly in favor of expansive coverage.” Id. § 1630.2(j)(l)ffi. Regarding “major life activities,” the regulations provide that in determining other examples of such activities outside of those delineated in the statutes, “the term ‘major’ shall not be interpreted strictly to create a demanding standard for disability. Whether an activity is a ‘major life activity’ is not determined by reference to whether it is of ‘central importance to daily life.’ ” Id. § 1630.2®(2) (internal citations omitted).

While Defendant does not dispute that Plaintiffs ADD diagnosis constitutes an impairment, Defendant asserts that Plaintiffs impairment does not substantially limit a major life activity. Plaintiff identifies three major life activities implicated by her diagnosis: test-taking, learning, and working.

a. Test-taking

The parties disagree as to whether test-taking activity is a “major life activity.” Plaintiff correctly notes that at least one court has found that test-taking is a major life activity. See Bartlett v. N.Y. State Bd. of Law Examiners, 970 F.Supp. 1094, 1117 (S.D.N.Y.1997), aff'd in part and vacated in part on other grounds, 156 F.3d 321 (2d Cir.1998), vacated on other grounds, 527 U.S. 1031, 119 S.Ct. 2388, 144 L.Ed.2d 790 (1999). Then-Judge Sotomayor found that test-taking met the EEOC’s definition of “major life activities,” which at the time was defined as “those basic activities that the average person in the general population can perform with little or no difficulty.” Id. (quoting 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630, App. § 1630.2® (1991)) (internal quotation marks omitted). She reasoned that while test-taking “could arguably not be ‘basic[,]’ ... in the modern era, where test-taking begins in the first grade, and standardized tests are a regular and often life-altering occurrence thereafter, both in school and at work, I find test-taking is within the ambit of ‘major life activity.’ ” Id. Since 1997, the central role of test-taking in our society has only increased. For example, California now requires that all public school students pass the California High School Exit Exam (“CAHSEE”) in order to receive a high school diploma. See Cal. Educ.Code § 60851; see also O’Connell v. Superior Court, 141 Cal.App.4th 1452, 1457-59, 47 Cal.Rptr.3d 147 (2006) (explaining that while passed by the California Legislature in 1999, the CAHSEE diploma requirement was not imposed on students prior to 2006). That the passing of a standardized test is now required in California to receive something as fundamental as a high school degree cuts strongly against Defendant’s contention that “it is beyond dispute that test taking is not a major life activity.” (Dkt. No. 12 at 17.)

Defendant, however, rejects Bartlett, arguing that it is an outlier among the case-law. Defendant contends that Bartlett is inconsistent with subsequent Supreme Court instruction on determining whether a life activity is “major,” citing to Toyota Motor, 534 U.S. 184, 122 S.Ct. 681. However, as noted above, the ADAAA explicitly overruled the Supreme Court on its strict interpretation of the disability definition. In addition, the cases that have explicitly found that test-taking is not a major life activity have all done so prior to the ADAAA and, further, relied on the now-overruled strict interpretation of that term in reaching their decisions. See Singh v. George Washington Univ. Sch. of Med. & Health Scis., 508 F.3d 1097, 1104 (D.C.Cir.2007); Baer v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 392 F.Supp.2d 42 (D.Mass.2005) (citing Toyota Motor for the proposition that “[t]he ADA ‘create[s] a demanding standard for qualifying as disabled,’ requiring that the terms ‘substantially limits’ and ‘major life activity’ ‘be interpreted strictly’ ”); Jenkins v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 2008 WL 410237 *2 (W.D.Ky. Feb. 12, 2008) (“Courts that have applied this standard to similar facts in the wake of Toyota’s unanimous decision have determined that test-taking is not a ‘major life activity,’ and have emphasized the narrow definition of a ‘disability’ imposed by the terms of the ADA and Toyota.”).

Given the state of the caselaw, the recent directives of Congress, and the importance of test-taking in our society, the Court finds that Plaintiff has, at a minimum, raised “serious questions” as to whether test-taking is a major life activity under the ADA. In addition, Defendant does not dispute that Plaintiffs limitation “substantially limits” her ability to take tests.

Finally, Defendant argues that even if test-taking is a major life activity, Plaintiff actually alleges that taking the particular Part I test — and not tests in general — is the basis for her disability claim. Defendant contends that not even Bartlett supports finding that a particular test can constitute a major life activity. While Plaintiff does make much of the so-called “make or break” nature of Part I, it is undisputed that Plaintiff receives the same accommodations for that test as she has received for all her other tests at SMU since requesting accommodation, whether “make or break” or not. The Court finds that it is better to understand Plaintiffs distinction of the Part I test as a request for a different accommodation — namely, the ability to take the test as many times as she’d like — that is needed for that test but no other test. Accordingly, although Plaintiff may need different accommodations for certain tests, Plaintiffs limitation affects her ability to takes tests in general.

b. Learning

Plaintiff also argues that her limitation substantially limits her ability to learn, which is indisputably a “major life activity.” Defendant, however, correctly observes that Plaintiff does not allege that her ADD impairs her ability to learn generally; rather, Plaintiff restricts her disability, stating that it “affects my ability to demonstrate my knowledge in the time constraints allowed on traditionally timed tests.” (Dkt. No. 8, Ex. 4, Declaration of Jane Doe ¶ 17.) Thus, “learning” is simply “test-taking” under a different name. To the extent Plaintiff contends that her limitation substantially limits her ability to learn beyond the realm of test-taking, Plaintiff has failed to put forward sufficient supporting evidence. While Dr. Vroulis states that Plaintiffs “condition substantially limits her ability to learn and to perform in testing conditions,” (Dkt. No. 11, Ex. 2, Declaration of Dr. Vroulis ¶ 3), there is nothing beyond this conclusory remark to support the proposition that Plaintiffs limitation affects her ability to learn outside of testing situations.

c. Working

Plaintiffs assertion that her limitation substantially limits her ability to work is similarly misguided. Again, Plaintiffs evidence on this motion only shows that her limitation affects her ability to take tests. Plaintiff, however, stretches this fact, contending that because she is limited in taking tests that are required in order to work as a podiatrist, she is therefore also limited in actually working as a podiatrist. The Court doubts that even under the liberal standards of the ADAAA such an attenuated inference may form the basis of a disability finding. Indeed, Plaintiff argues that she is not limited at all in her ability to work as podiatrist; her limitation simply affects her ability to take the tests that are required to practice podiatry. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not produced evidence that raises a “serious question” as to her ability to work.

2. Reasonable Modifications

Defendant contends that Plaintiff cannot succeed on her claims based on a failure to accommodate because Plaintiffs requested accommodation — unlimited opportunities to take Part I — would fundamentally alter its academic program. Defendant asserts that permitting unlimited tries on the exam would require it to fundamentally lower its standards, which since the 2008-09 academic year, have required that its students pass the exam within three attempts. Further, Defendant argues that it would devalue those candidates who meet the advancement requirements. Defendant concludes that this Court must defer to its professional academic judgment when evaluating the reasonable accommodation requirement.

In the realm of the ADA and Rehabilitation Act, the Ninth Circuit has held “that an educational institution’s academic decisions are entitled to deference.” Zukle v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 166 F.3d 1041, 1047 (9th Cir.1999); see also Wong v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 192 F.3d 807, 817 (9th Cir.1999) (“We typically defer to the judgment of academics because courts generally are ill-equipped, as compared with experienced educators, to determine whether a student meets a university’s reasonable standards for academic and professional achievement.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “[t]his deference is not absolute.” Wong, 192 F.3d at 817. “We must ensure that educational institutions are not disguising truly discriminatory requirements as academic decisions; to this end, the educational institution has a real obligation to seek suitable means of reasonably accommodating a handicapped person and to submit a factual record indicating that it conscientiously carried out this statutory obligation.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “Subsumed within this standard is the institution’s duty to make itself aware of the nature of the student’s disability; to explore alternatives for accommodating the student; and to exercise professional judgment in deciding whether the modifications under consideration would give the student the opportunity to complete the program without fundamentally or substantially modifying the school’s standards.” Id. at 818. Only after the institution has met this obligation must a court defer to the institution’s academic decisions. Id.

In Wong, the Ninth Circuit held on summary judgment that a medical school’s dean’s “denial of Wong’s requested accommodation is not entitled to deference because the University failed to present us with a record undisputedly showing that Dean Lewis investigated the proposed accommodation to determine whether the School of Medicine feasibly could implement it (or some alternative modification) without substantially altering the school’s standards.” Id. at 818-19. The court found that the dean’s denial of the plaintiffs requested accommodation — an eight-week reading period before one of his clerkships — was improper because the dean “failed to discuss Wong’s proposal with any of the professionals who had worked with Wong to pinpoint his disability and help him develop skills to cope with it.” Id. at 819. In addition, the court found that the dean’s rationale for denying the requested accommodation — that it was contrary to the purposes of the curriculum — could be considered an after-the-fact justification for the University’s actions. Id. (“Such after-the-fact justification obviously does not satisfy the University’s obligation to present ‘undisputed facts’ showing that it conscientiously considered whether possible modification would fundamentally or substantially alter the school’s standards when it decided that it could not reasonably accommodate the disabled student.”).

Here, the Dean of the California School of Podiatric Medicine at SMU, John N. Venson, states that a student should not be allowed to take Part I an unlimited number of times because, based on his “past experience and research, additional testing opportunities do not produce more competent podiatrists.” (Dkt. No. 12, Ex. 2, Declaration of Dean John N. Venson ¶ 9.) Dean Venson goes on to note that the “three strikes” rule was passed “after deliberation and by unanimous vote at a meeting of the CSPM Dean’s Council.” (Id. ¶ 10.) While the Court does not doubt that it is an academic institution’s prerogative to amend its policies to require its students to reach higher academic standards, it is not apparent from the record before the Court how the “three strikes rule” fits in with this heightening of standards. Dean Venson simply contends that “additional testing opportunities do not produce more competent podiatrists.” (Id. ¶ 9 (emphasis added).) The Court is unable to discern the academic standard allegedly affected by additional testing opportunities. Read literally, the statement suggests that SMU passed the “three strikes” rule because additional testing would not result in better podiatrists; but the statement indicates nothing about whether providing Plaintiff with additional testing opportunities will substantially or fundamentally alter SMU’s standards for the worse. In addition, nothing in the record shows that Defendant fulfilled the further requirements necessary to receive the Court’s deference. See Wong, 192 F.3d at 818 (finding that in addition to considering whether the requested accommodation will fundamentally or substantially alter the school’s standards, “[it’s] the institution’s duty to make itself aware of the nature of the student’s disability [and] to explore alternatives for accommodating the student”).

At the hearing on the Motion, Defendant argued that for the purposes of Plaintiffs preliminary injunction motion, the burden should be on Plaintiff to produce evidence that Defendant did not meet the requirements of Wong and Zukle. While it is Plaintiffs burden to produce evidence satisfying each element of the preliminary injunction analysis, Defendant did not provide the Court with any authority to support its position that it is Plaintiffs burden on this motion to present evidence on the deference issue. Regardless of where the burden lies, the record before the Court shows that there are, at a minimum, “serious questions” as to whether Defendant’s decision to deny Plaintiffs reasonable accommodation request is entitled to deference and, consequently, as to whether providing “unlimited” testing opportunities for Part I is a reasonable accommodation.

3. Writ of administrative mandamus

Defendant also argues that this action is entirely precluded by Plaintiffs failure to exhaust her administrative remedies pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure Section 1094.5. The Court finds that Section 1094.5 is not applicable to this case.

“The doctrine of exhaustion of judicial remedies precludes an action that challenges the result of a quasi-judicial proceeding unless the plaintiff first challenges the decision though a petition for writ of mandamus.” Gupta v. Stanford Univ., 124 Cal.App.4th 407, 411, 21 Cal. Rptr.3d 192 (2004) (requiring plaintiff to file an administrative writ where “the gravamen of [the plaintiffs] claims [wa]s confined to the disciplinary process and the proceedings against him.”). Administrative mandamus is available for review of “any final administrative order or decision made as the result of a proceeding in which by law a hearing is required to be given, evidence required to be taken, and discretion in the determination of facts is vested in the inferior tribunal, corporation, board or officer.” Cal.Code of Civ. P. § 1094.5(a). “The inquiry in such a case shall extend to the questions whether the respondent has proceeded without, or in excess of, jurisdiction; whether there was a fair trial; and whether there was any prejudicial abuse of discretion.” Id. § 1094.5(b).

Defendant provides no case to the Court where Section 1094.5 has precluded a plaintiffs claims for failure to provide reasonable accommodations. This is unsurprising considering that Section 1094.5 applies to a plaintiff who bases her claims on the results of a quasi-judicial proceeding. In failure to accommodate cases, the liability arises upon the denial of reasonable accommodation in the first instance, not when a quasi-judicial body takes some action related to the failure to accommodate. Here, even assuming Defendant’s grievance procedures qualify as quasi-judicial under the statute, Plaintiffs claims are not based on the validity of those procedures or the results of the proceeding and therefore do not fall within the ambit of Section 1094.5. See id. § 1094.5(b).

C. Balance of Hardships

[15]With the exception of Plaintiffs request to be allowed to take Part I pending the outcome of this litigation, the Court finds that the balance of hardships do not tip sharply in favor of Plaintiff. Regarding Plaintiffs first requested injunction — return to active student status even before she passes Part I — the Court will not require Defendant to place one of its students in a clinical setting with direct patient contact where Plaintiff has not passed the exam designed to ensure that she is prepared for such a setting. Dean Venson testifies regarding the third-year clinical rotations — Medicine, Biomechanics, and Surgery- — as follows:

All third-year clinical rotations require extensive patient contact and the provision of direct and invasive patient care. Students participate in hands-on care including, but not limited to, taking patient x-rays, performing injections, utilizing sharp instruments to provide palliative care, obtaining vital patient information and serving as an assistant in surgical procedures.
The Medicine rotation requires students to, inter alia, perform invasive procedures including lumbar punctures, central line placements, tube insertions, and catheter placements. The rotation further requires that the student interpret a minimum of 50 test results including laboratory findings, echocardiograms, and radiographs. The Surgery rotation requires students to, inter alia, assist in both podiatric surgeries and non-podiatric surgeries including orthopedic, plastic, hand, vascular, and general surgery. The Biomechanics rotation requires students to assess and treat patients with lower extremity pathology that is mechanical in origin including musculoskeletal evaluation of the foot and ankle, and treatment of mechanical pathologies using orthotic devices.
It is my informed medical and academic opinion that Ms. Doe is not qualified to provide direct patient care in a clinical setting with respect to any of her remaining third-year rotations. Ms. Doe’s inability to pass the Part I APMLE board exam indicates she has not achieved the level of minimum competency, as measured by that examination, which is required of all students in order to be eligible for and prepared to enter third year clinical rotations.

(Dkt. No. 12, Ex. 2, Venson Decl. ¶¶ 7-9.) Plaintiffs response to this evidence is to simply claim that her two years of study and an internship have adequately prepared her for the third-year clinicals, and her attendance at the clinics without having passed Part I “would not harm SMU in any way.” (Dkt. No. 11 at 11; see Dkt. No. 14 at 10-11 (“Surely, the harm that Plaintiff will suffer in foregoing tuition, her ability to complete her degree, and the ability to find suitable work, outweighs the miniscule amount of harm Defendant might possibly suffer to its reputation.”).)

Even taking Plaintiffs assertions concerning her abilities as a podiatrist student as true, the Court is cognizant of the substantial, though perhaps unlikely, risk to Defendant and the patients at the third-party clinics posed by unqualified students. Part I is designed as a gatekeeper to manage and reduce such a risk. Plaintiff does not challenge the requirement itself; nor does she offer any evidence that Defendant — or any podiatry school for that matter — has allowed a student to proceed to third-year clinicals without having passed Part I. At a minimum, Plaintiff has not shown that the balance of hardships tip sharply in her favor, as she must under the “serious questions” test.

At the same time, however, the Court sees no hardship for Defendant if Plaintiff is allowed inactive student status and is granted the ability to take Part I during the pendency of this litigation. Such an injunction would allow Plaintiff to take the test while her knowledge of the subject matter remains relatively fresh, and would involve only Defendant’s minimal participation — namely, granting Plaintiff inactive student status so she could sit for the exam. Indeed, at the hearing on the Motion, Defendant identified no hardship other than the alleged hardship in simply departing from its “three strikes” rule. The Court is not ruling, however, as to what is the consequence if Plaintiff does, eventually, pass the test; that is the ultimate question to be determined in this lawsuit. Thus, it may very well be that at the end of the day the ruling will be that Defendant did not violate the ADA by enforcing its three strikes rule against Plaintiff. If so, Defendant has not been harmed by allowing her to take the test in the interim. If, on the other hand, the ultimate determination is that Plaintiff should be granted unlimited, or at least more, opportunities to take the test, Plaintiff will have been irreparably harmed during the intervening years as it will be that much longer — and difficult — before she passes the test, if ever. Thus, with respect to Plaintiffs request that she merely be allowed to take the test, the balance of hardships tips sharply in Plaintiff’s favor.

The Court notes that this preliminary relief would be unnecessary if Plaintiff could take Part I without being enrolled as a student. Accordingly, at oral argument the Court asked the parties whether in fact Plaintiff must be enrolled in a podiatry school to take the exam since she has completed all of the prerequisite course requirements. The parties were of the belief that the Part I administrator requires such enrollment. Following oral argument, Defendant filed a letter asking for additional time to supplement the record with a response to the Court’s question. Defendant’s request is denied. Defendant can move to vacate the preliminary injunction if it determines that Plaintiff does not need to be enrolled to obtain the injunctive relief she seeks; namely, to take the Part I exam. Through such a process Plaintiff will have a full and fair opportunity to respond.

D. Public Interest

Considering that the Court has already found that there are “serious questions” going to the merits, it follows that that there is considerable public interest weighing in favor of Plaintiff since “the public clearly has an interest in the enforcement of its statutes.” Enyart, 2010 WL 475361 *8, aff'd, 630 F.3d at 1167 (“The district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the issuance of these preliminary injunctions served the public’s interest in enforcement of the ADA and in elimination of discrimination on the basis of disability.”). However, consistent with the discussion above concerning the balance of hardships, the Court finds that the public interest does not weigh in Plaintiffs favor to the extent she requests an injunction that goes beyond simply being permitted to sit for the Part I exam during the pendency of this litigation.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, the Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The parties shall meet and confer and propose language of a preliminary injunction consistent with this Order. Such language shall be proposed, at the latest, in the parties’ joint Case Management Conference Statement.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . At oral argument the Court asked the parties whether in fact Plaintiff must be enrolled in a podiatry school to take the exam since she has completed all of .the prerequisite course requirements. At the hearing the parties were of the belief that the Part I administrator requires such enrollment. Following oral argument, Defendant asked for additional time to supplement the record with a response to the Court’s question. Defendant’s request is denied. Defendant can move to vacate the preliminary injunction if it determines that Plaintiff does not need to be enrolled to obtain the injunctive relief she seeks; namely, to take the Part I exam, [move to later]
     
      
      . Although Plaintiff cites to Antoninetti v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc., 643 F.3d 1165, 1175 (9th Cir.2010), as holding that "the standard requirements for equitable relief need not be satisfied when an injunction is sought to prevent the violation of a federal statute which specifically provides for injunctive relief,” that citation is not dispositive of the issue. The court in Antoninetti repeated this holding, quoted from Silver Sage Partners, Ltd. v. City of Desert Hot Springs, 251 F.3d 814, 827 (9th Cir.2001), in declining to address whether a district court may have discretion under the ADA to deny injunctive relief after finding a violation of the Act. The court’s brief mention of the holding did not include a reference to Winter.
      
     
      
      . Defendant states that an additional requirement, at least in the higher education context, is that Plaintiff must show she is “otherwise qualified” academically; that is, Plaintiff must be able to meet SMU’s educational requirements with a reasonable accommodation. However, "Title III of the Act regarding public accommodations applies not to 'qualified individuals,' but simply to any 'individual.' ” Weyer v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 198 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir.2000). Additionally, Defendant cites to no case in the Ninth Circuit applying this standard outside of the Title II context, which does apply only to "qualified individuals.” See 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Nonetheless, the Court agrees with the Sixth Circuit, which stated that “the 'otherwise qualified’ idea is implicit in Title Ill's acknowledgment, noted above, that requested modifications need not be provided if they 
        will fundamentally alter the nature of the program. It is beyond question that it would fundamentally alter the nature of a graduate program to require the admission of a disabled student who cannot, with reasonable accommodations, otherwise meet the academic standards of the program.” Mershon v. St. Louis Univ., 442 F.3d 1069, 1076 (6th Cir.2006). Thus, to the extent that Plaintiff is unable to meet SMU’s academic requirements even with reasonable accommodations, that determination will be factored into the third requirement for Plaintiff's ADA claim.
     
      
      . Although Plaintiff acknowledges that her claim under the Rehabilitation Act requires a showing of being "otherwise qualified,” her Motion does not distinguish her ADA claim from her Rehabilitation Act claim, or her Unruh Act claim for that matter. Because neither party contests that the Motion turns on which statute is at issue, the Court confines its analysis, as the parties do, to Plaintiff's ADA claim.
     
      
      . "[Mjajor life activities include, but are not limited to, caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A).
     
      
      . Plaintiff also argues that she be regarded as having a disability since Defendant has already provided her with modifications — a separate room and time-and-a-half — for test-taking. "An individual meets the requirement of 'being regarded as having such an impairment’ if the individual establishes that he or she has been subjected to an action prohibited under this chapter because of an actual or perceived physical or mental impairment whether or not the impairment limits or is perceived to limit a major life activity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(3)(A). Because Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant denied Plaintiff her requested accommodation because of her disability, Plaintiff cannot be deemed disabled under her alternative theory. Moreover, to the extent Plaintiff argues that Defendant should be precluded from denying that Plaintiff is disabled since Defendant has previously accommodated Plaintiff, that argument is rejected. Such a rule would hamper an institution's willingness to provide requested accommodations for fear that the institution would waive its ability to challenge the issue of disability if a dispute was brought into court.
     
      
      . Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff is not “otherwise qualified” does not overcome this finding. Defendant's assertion that it "has done all that is necessary” to accommodate Plaintiff, and that Plaintiff can simply not keep up, assumes that Defendant’s denial of Plaintiff’s requested accommodation was lawful. As already discussed, there are "serious questions” going to the merits on that issue.
     