
    IN RE: OI BRASIL HOLDINGS COÖPERATIEF U.A., Debtor in a Foreign Proceeding. In re: Oi Brasil Holdings Coöperatief U.A., Debtor in a Foreign Proceeding. In re: Oi S.A., et al., Debtors in a Foreign Proceeding.
    Case No. 17-11888 (SHL), Case No. 16-11794 (SHL), Case No. 16-11791 (SHL) (Jointly Administered)
    United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York.
    Signed 12/04/2017
    
      JONES DAY, Counsel for Jasper R. Berkenbosch, Solely in His Capacity as Insolvency Trustee of Oi Brasil Holdings Cooperatief U.A., 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York 10281, By: Corinne Ball, Esq., Stephen Pearson, Esq., Lauri W. Sawyer, Esq., Bryan M. Kotliar, Esq., Anna Kordas, Esq., -and-, 51 Louisiana Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20001, By: Geoffrey Irwin, Esq.
    DECHERT LLP, Counsel for the International Bondholder Committee, 1095 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10036-6797, By: Allan S. Brilliant, Esq,, Shmuel Vasser, Esq., Benjamin E. Rosenberg, Esq.
    WHITE & CASE LLP, Counsel for Oi S.A. and Antonio Reinaldo Rabelo Filho as Petitioner and Foreign Representative of the RJ Proceeding of Each of Oi S.A., Telemar Norte Leste S.A., Oi Brasil Holdings Cooperatief U.A., and Oi Móvel S.A., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020-1095, By: J. Christopher Shore, Esq., John K. Cunningham, Esq., Mark P. Franke, Esq., -and-, Southeast Financial Center, 200 South Biscayne Blvd., Suite 4900, Miami, Florida 33131, By: Richard S. Kebrdle, Esq., Jason N. Zakia, Esq., Laura L. Femino, Esq.
    CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP, Counsel for the Steering Committee of the Ad Hoc Group of Bondholders, One Liberty Plaza, New York, New York 10006, By: Richard J. Cooper, Esq., Luke A. Barefoot,' Esq., Samuel Hershey, Esq.
   POST-TRIAL MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

SEAN H. LANE, UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE

Before the Court is the Verified Petition and Motion seeking an Order (I) Recognizing the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding as the Foreign Main Proceeding for Oi Brasil Holdings Cooperatief U.A. (“Coop” or the “Debtor”); (II) Recognizing the Insolvency Trustee as the Foreign Repre sentative; (III) Modifying the Prior Recognition Order; (IV) Modifying the Prior Joint Administration Order and (V) Granting Certain Related Relief, dated July 7, 2017 (as later supplemented and modified, the “Dutch Petition”) [ECF Nos. 2, 23], The Dutch Petition was filed by Jasper R. Berkenbosch, solely in his capacity as Insolvency Trustee of Debtor Coop (the “Insolvency Trustee”).

The Dutch Petition presents the Court with a complex factual and procedural history. Coop is a Dutch entity that is part of a family of Brazilian telecommunications companies (the “Oi Group”) that initiated bankruptcy proceedings in Brazil in the summer of 2016. In July 2016, several of these Oi Group entities—including Coop— sought and received recognition in this Court of the Brazilian bankruptcy proceedings as a foreign main proceeding under Chapter 15 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. As a basis for that recognition, the Court found Coop’s center of main interests (“COMI”) to be in Brazil given Coop’s status as a special purpose financing vehicle for the Oi Group.

Around the same time, a number of Coop’s creditors began to take action against Coop in the Netherlands, which culminated in a Dutch bankruptcy proceeding for Coop. After months of litigation in the Dutch court system, the highest national court in the Netherlands upheld the jurisdiction and propriety of Coop’s bankruptcy proceedings under Dutch law. In July 2017, the Insolvency Trustee appointed in the Netherlands filed the Dutch Petition now before this Court. Contending that Coop’s COMI is in the Netherlands, the Dutch Petition seeks to have the Court recognize Coop’s Dutch bankruptcy proceedings as a foreign main proceeding under Chapter 15 and also to overturn the prior recognition by this Court of Coop’s Brazilian bankruptcy proceedings. The Insolvency Trustee’s Dutch Petition is supported by Aurelius Capital Management, LP (“Aurelius”) and other like-minded creditors who make up the International Bondholder Committee (the “IBC,” and together with the Insolvency Trustee, the “Movants”). The relief requested by the Movants is opposed by the debtors that previously Received recognition of the Brazilian bankruptcy proceedings in this Court. These debtors are joined by a separate group of Oi Group creditors (the “Steering Committee,” and, together with the debtors in the prior case, the “Objectors”).

To address the numerous issues presented by the parties, this Decision is divided into sections. The first section sets forth a detailed statement of facts based on the evidence presented in the case, including at trial. The remaining sections are the Court’s conclusions of law based on these facts and applicable law. They open with a brief primer on Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code, focusing on recognition and the crucial concept of a debtor’s COMI. The Court next turns to the parties’ competing views of the applicable legal standard for evaluating the Dutch Petition and Coop’s COMI. On the one hand, the Movants urge the Court to conduct a de novo review of Coop’s COMI under Section 1517(a) as of the date the Dutch Petition was filed. On the other hand, the Objectors advocate reviewing this case under Section 1517(d), which looks at whether a prior COMI determination should be terminated or modified because it was incorrect in the first instance or based on events after recognition. For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that Section 1517(d) provides the appropriate standard.

After addressing the applicable legal standard, the Court considers whether the doctrines of judicial estoppel and comity apply in this case. More specifically, the Court evaluates whether this Court should conduct its own determination of COMI under Chapter 15 or whether it should defer to prior rulings made by the Dutch courts. The Court ultimately concludes that judicial estoppel and comity should not apply here for a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to, the differences between the legal question now before this Court and the one decided by the Dutch courts.

Finally, the Court evaluates the two prongs of Section 1517(d) for terminating or modifying a prior recognition. The first of these prongs directs the Court to determine whether the grounds for granting recognition were lacking. This requires the Court to examine the record before the Court at the time it recognized Coop’s COMI as Brazil. After determining that the Court should not modify or terminate recognition under the first prong in Section 1517(d), the Court turns to the second prong in Section 1517(d). This second prong examines whether the grounds of recognition have ceased to exist. It requires the Court to examine whether events after the prior recognition have changed Coop’s COMI from Brazil to the Netherlands. In concluding that this second prong has not been met, the Court considers the economic reality of the special purpose nature of Coop, the expectations of creditors, the limitations on the Dutch Insolvency Trustee presented by the proceedings in Brazil, and allegations of impropriety against creditor Aurelius.

After a trial and extensive submissions by the parties, the Court denies the Dutch Petition for the reasons set forth below. This decision constitutes the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.

FINDINGS OF FACT

A. The Oi Group’s Background and Structure

Incorporated under the laws of Brazil, Oi S.A. (“Oi”) is the parent company of a large telecommunications conglomerate. Proposed Joint Pre-Trial Order, Ex. A Statement of Stipulated Facts (the “Stip. Facts”) ¶ 1 [ECF No. 87]; Declaration of Antonio Reinaldo Rabelo Filho (“Rabelo Deck”) ¶ 6 [ECF No. 59]. The Oi Group has 140,000 direct and indirect employees in Brazil, including 45,125 full-time employees, as of December 31, 2015. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 5. The Oi Group reports significant operations and market share in a range of telecommunications-related services in Brazil, including (i) operation of 651,000 public telephones, more than one million public Wi-Fi hotspots in locations such as airports and shopping malls, and 330,000 kilometers of fiber optic cables; (ii) a 34.5% market share of fixed-line services including network usage, television and data transmission; and (iii) an 18.6% national market share in mobile telecommunications with 48.1 million mobile subscribers as of December 31, 2015, and network coverage of approximately 93.0% of the urban population of Brazil. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 5. Moreover, as part of its mobile business, Oi and/or its affiliates are parties to various roaming and similar contractual arrangements with other global telecommunications companies outside of Brazil. Stip. Facts ¶ 4; Declaration of Ojas N. Shah (“Shah Deck”) ¶ 11 [Case No. 16-11791, EOF No. 4], Specifically, Oi Móvel S.A. (“Oi Móvel”) is a party to roaming agreements with approximately 352 operators in over 140 countries, including in the U.S. TX 63 ¶ 33; TX 284 ¶¶18, 21; Trial Tr. 289:22-290:6, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo).

Coop is a subsidiary of Oi. Stip. Facts ¶ 1. Oi has other direct and indirect subsidiaries, including (i) Telemar Norte Leste S.A. ("Telemar”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oi that operates a legacy landline telecommunications business; (ii) Oi Móv-el, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Telemar that operates the Oi Group’s personal mobile and cable television services; and (iii) Portugal Telecom International Finance B.V, (“PTIF”), a wholly-owned financing subsidiary of Oi. Stip. Facts ¶¶ 1, 3; Rabe-lo Decl^ 6.

B. Coop’s Background and Structure

Coop was incorporated on April 20, 2011 as a Dutch financing entity with excluded liability (eodperatie met nitgesloten aansprakelijkheid). Stip. Facts ¶ 5; Shah Decl. ¶ 30; Trial Tr. 226:11-226:14, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Coop maintains its registered address at Strawinskylaan 3127, 1077 ZX, Amsterdam, Netherlands, which is the shared office of a trust company servicing several corporate entities. Stip. Facts ¶ 6; Trial Tr. 343:18-344:5, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Trial Tr. 678:20-679:4, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Coop’s operations are very limited. Coop has no subsidiaries (Stip. Facts ¶ 8); it has never held any equity investments (Trial Tr. 682:2-14, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch)); it has no operations and no business independent of the Oi Group (Trial Tr. 682:15-18, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch)); and it has never held money for any entity other than a member of the Oi Group (Trial Tr. 352:10-12, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo)). Coop files financial statements with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce (Revised Direct Testimony of Jasper R. Berkenbosch (“Berkenbosch Decl.”) ¶ 10 [ECF No. 106]), pays taxes in the Netherlands (Trial Tr. 210:16-25, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo)), and files tax returns with Dutch tax authorities in the Netherlands and as part of the Oi Group’s consolidated tax filings in Brazil (Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 10; Rabelo Decl. ¶ 13). Coop has retained various professionals and advisors in the Netherlands in support of its legal and financial obligations. Stip. Facts. ¶ 9,

Oi is and always has been Coop’s sole member (i.e., shareholder). Stip. Facts ¶ 7. Accordingly, Oi has always held the sole authority to elect Coop’s directors. SCX 1 § 9.3. The Coop Board of Directors (the “Coop Board”) consisted of two members from the date of Coop’s incorporation until April 19, 2017 (the date of the Dutch “conversion” decision, discussed below). Stip. Facts ¶ 10. Prior to early March 2016, those two members included a Brazilian-based representative and, to satisfy the Dutch legal requirements for sufficient Dutch presence, Trust International Management B.V. a Dutch corporate entity. Trial Tr. 188:21-187:8, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). In early March 2016, Arthur José Lavatori Correa replaced T.I.M. as the second director, moving to the Netherlands to fill the role. Stip. Facts ¶ 12; Trial Tr. 187:9-20, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Prior to serving on the Coop Board, Mr. Correa resided in Brazil. Stip. Facts ¶ 13. From the time of the Dutch “conversion” decision on April 19, 2017 until the present, the Coop Board has consisted of only one Brazilian legal entity, Bryophyta Sp Participacoes S/A. Stip. Facts ¶ 11.

From early March 2016 until late April 2017, Mr. Correa also served as Coop’s sole employee. Stip. Facts ¶ 14. Mr. Cor-rea’s employment contract directed that he work at least 40 hours a week either in the Coop office or “such other place as [Coop] may instinct” (Trial Tr. 197:19-198:21, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); TX 78 ¶ 4.1), and there is no evidence that he ever worked in the Coop office, but instead completed all work either at home or in internet cafes. Trial Tr. 345:22-346:7, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Coop has never employed anyone else other than Mr. Correa. Stip. Facts ¶ 15; Trial Tr. 345:9-13, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Trial Tr. 679:20-679:4 (Berkenbosch).

C. Coop’s Activities

Oi established Coop in the Netherlands as a tax-advantaged financing entity. Shah Decl. ¶¶ 30-31; Rabelo 30(b)(6) Dep. Tr. 108:25-110:2; see SCX § 10 [redacted] Through its existence, Coop has essentially performed only two functions: (i) borrowing, or issuing or assuming notes; and (ii) on-lending to the Oi Group. Trial Tr. 224:17-23; 351:20-352:4, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Rabelo Decl. ¶¶ 8, 13; Shah Decl. ¶¶30, 35. Although its Articles of Association granted Coop the authority to take on a wider range of operations, there is no evidence that it ever did so. In fact, Coop is prohibited under the provisions of one of its note indentures from engaging in any activities other than those related to borrowing and on-lending to Oi Group affiliates. TX 15 § 4.17.

1. Coop Notes

Coop is presently the issuer of two series of notes: €628,112,000 of 5.625% U.S. Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”), and $1,451,413,000 of 5.75% U.S. Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes” and, together with the 2021 Notes, the “Coop Notes”). Stip. Facts ¶ 17. The proceeds from the issuance of the 2021 Notes were transferred directly to Coop’s Itáu Nassau bank account in the Bahamas. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 22. Coop never received the 2022 Notes proceeds because it was not the original issuer, as explained below.

The 2022 Notes are governed by an indenture agreement dated February 10, 2012, and a first supplemental indenture dated July 27, 2012 (the “2022 Notes Supplemental Indenture” and, together with the prior indenture, the “2022 Notes Indenture”). Stip. Facts ¶ 18. The 2021 Notes are governed by an indenture agreement dated June 22, 2015 (the “2021 Notes Indenture” and, together with the 2022 Notes Indenture, the “Coop Notes Indentures”). Stip, Facts ¶¶ 19, 21.

Both series of Coop Notes are guaranteed by Oi. Stip. Facts ¶ 22. While the 2021 Notes were issued by Coop, the 2022 Notes were originally issued by Oi’s corporate predecessor, Brasil Telecom S.A. Stip. Facts ¶ 20. The 2022 Notes Indenture includes a provision that permits any wholly-owned subsidiary of the Oi Group to be substituted as issuer at Oi’s sole discretion and without noteholder consent, so long as Oi provides the noteholders with indemnification for certain potential disadvantageous tax consequences. TX 17 § 10.01. Coop was eventually substituted as issuer of the 2022 Notes pursuant to the execution of the 2022 Notes Supplemental Indenture. Stip. Facts ¶ 21. Oi provided a guarantee on the 2022 Notes in conjunction with this substitution. Stip. Facts ¶ 21.

Both Coop Notes Indentures are governed by New York law, designate New York as the forum for any disputes related to the Coop Notes, and require that Coop maintain an office or agency in New York City for the purpose of service of process. Stip. Facts ¶ 23-24. The Bank of New York Mellon is the' indenture trustee for both series of Coop Notes. Stip. Facts ¶ 25.

The offering memoranda for both series of Coop Notes speak of the Oi Group as a single integrated operation (TX 16 at i; TX 19 at i), and the offering memorandum for the 2021 Notes extensively describes Coop’s conduit role and its complete dependence on the Brazilian Oi Group entities:

[Coop], a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oi organized under the laws of the Netherlands, has no operations other than the issuing and making payments on the Notes and other indebtedness ranking equally with the Notes, and using the proceeds therefrom as permitted by the documents governing these issuances, including lending the net proceeds of the Notes and other indebtedness incurred by [Coop] to Oi and subsidiaries of Oi. Accordingly, the ability of [Coop] to pay principal, interest and other amounts due on the Notes and other indebtedness will depend upon the financial condition and results of operations of Oi and its subsidiaries that are creditors of [Coop]. In the event of an adverse change in the financial condition or results of operations of Oi and its subsidiaries that are creditors of [Coop], these entities may be unable to service their indebtedness to [Coop], which would result in the failure of [Coop] to have sufficient funds to repay all amounts due on or with respect to the Notes.

TX 16 at 18.

The definition of “Events of Default” in the 2021 Notes Indenture includes restructuring or liquidation (“whether judicial or extrajudicial”) or “any event .,, under the laws of Brazil, the Netherlands or any political subdivision thereof [that] has substantially the same effect.” TX 15 § 6.01(9) (emphasis added). In contrast, and consistent with Oi’s corporate predecessor serving as the original issuer, the definition of “Events of Default” in the 2022 Notes Indenture reads similarly, but excludes reference to the Netherlands. See TX 17 § 6,01(8) (“any event ... under the laws of Brazil or any political subdivision thereof [that] has substantially the same effect.”). In discussing default and insolvency risk, the offering memoranda for both series of Coop Notes explicitly warn of the possibility of a Brazilian bankruptcy:

[i]f we are unable to pay our indebtedness, including our obligations under the notes, then we may become subject to bankruptcy proceedings in Brazil. Brazilian bankruptcy laws are significantly different from, and may be less favorable to creditors than, those of the United States.

TX 19 at 26; see also TX 16 at 21.

In June 2015, in conjunction with the issuance of the 2021 Notes, the Coop Board approved a resolution which contained the following language:

[Coop’s] centre of main interests (as referred to in Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 of the Council of 29 May 2000 on Insolvency Proceedings (as may be amended from time to time up to the date hereof) (the “EU Insolvency Regulation”)) is located in the Netherlands and the Cooperative has not or will not have an “establishment” (as defined in the EU Insolvency Regulation) in any other member state of the European Union.

TX 150 Annex ¶6. That resolution also stated that it could be relied upon by Clifford Chance LLP, counsel to the underwriting banks and investment firms participating in the initial offering of the 2021 Notes. TX 160 Annex ¶ 6; TX 304 ¶¶ 1.1-1.4, 3.10. Clifford Chance subsequently issued an opinion letter for the benefit of its clients which contained the same clause regarding Coop’s “centre of main interest” under EU law. TX 304 ¶ 3.18; Trial Tr. 257:17-261:24, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo).

2. PTIF Loan

While PTIF has a similar role to Coop as a special purpose financing vehicle in the Oi Group, it has a different origin story. PTIF was formed under the laws of the Netherlands as a private entity with limited liability. Stip. Facts ¶2. Between 2013 and 2014, Oi closed on the acquisition of Portugal Telecom SGPS, S.A. (“PT”), a Portuguese telecommunications company that was the then-parent of PTIF. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 18; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 17. This purchase included PTIF and the obligations for certain of PTIF’s outstanding debts. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 18; Berkenbosch Decl, ¶ 17. In late 2014, Oi sold PT, while retaining PTIF as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oi, Stip. Facts ¶2; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 17.

Following Oi’s sale of PT, PTIF received the proceeds from the sale of PT as repayment for its intercompany loans to its former parent. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 19; Berken-boseh Decl. ¶ 17. As a result of PTIF’s corporate structure and Dutch financial and banking regulations, PTIF was required to re-lend the PT sale proceeds to another member of the Oi Group. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 19. Accordingly, PTIF transferred the proceeds—in the amount of €4,648,-887,000—to Coop (the “PTIF Loan”) pursuant to a loan agreement between PTIF and Coop dated June 2, 2015 (the “PTIF Loan Agreement”). TX 5; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 18; Rabelo Decl. ¶¶ 19-20. Those funds were deposited and held in Coop’s Itaú Nassau bank account in the Bahamas until they were on-lent to Oi in 2016. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 20; Trial Tr, 329:2-331:7, Sept, 18, 2017 (Rabelo). The PTIF Loan Agreement was amended in mid-March 2016 to divide and extend the maturity of the loan across several dates. See TX 6 § 1.1 and Annex A.

3. Oi Loans

Since its formation, Coop has lent money to Oi and Oi Móvel under four loan agreements (the “Coop Loan Agreements”). TX 7-14; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 29; Trial Tr. 218:10-219:2, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). In late August 2012, Coop and Oi executed the first loan agreement in the amount of €1.5 billion. TX 7. In mid-June 2015, Coop and Oi executed a second agreement, which provided for Coop to loan Oi €400 million. TX 8. The second agreement was amended later that same month to increase the borrowing limit to €2 billion. TX 9. The second agreement was then amended twice more in January and March of 2016 to increase the amount of indebtedness to a total of over €2.6 billion and extend the maturity dates of certain tranches, respectively. TX 10, 11. In late February 2016, Coop and Oi executed a third loan agreement that provided for Coop to loan Oi approximately €245 million. TX 12. This third agreement was amended in mid-March 2016 to (i) change the governing law from Dutch to Brazilian law; and (ii) remove a clause that provided Coop with the right to request immediate payment of the outstanding debt under the agreement 181 calendar days after the date of disbursement. TX 13. In early March 2016,. Coop and Oi Móvel executed a final loan agreement in the amount of €1.56 billion. TX 14.

From June 2015 through the end of April 2016, a total of approximately €4,448,736,523 was transferred from Coop to Oi and Oi Móvel pursuant to the second, third, and fourth loan agreements. See Berkenbosch Decl. ¶¶ 33, 34 (totaling the loan amounts and detailing the individual transfers). As of early August 2016, the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the four intercompany loans from Coop to Oi and Oi Móvel totaled approximately €5,518,656,925. Stip. Facts ¶ 80.

On June 18, 2015, the Coop Board passed two resolutions approving two amendments to the credit facilities for the loans between (i) Coop and Oi; and (ii) Coop and PTIF, respectively. Both resolutions included the following language, similar to that used in the resolution passed in conjunction with the issuance of the 2021 Notes and Clifford Chance’s related opinion letter:

[Coop’s] centre of main interests (as referred to in Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 of the Council of 29 May 2000 on Insolvency Proceedings (as may be amended from time to time up to the date hereof) (the “EU Insolvency Regulation”)) is located in the Netherlands and the Cooperative has not or will not have an “establishment” (as defined in the EU Insolvency Regulation) in any other member state of the European Union.

TX 148 ¶ 6; TX 149 ¶ 6.

4. Summary of Coop’s Assets and Liabilities

Coop’s most valuable assets include the intercompany claims against Oi and Oi Móvel based on the loans described above, so-called “Pauliana” causes of action (described below) seeking the return of these same funds from Oi and Oi Móvel, a relatively small claim against Dutch tax authorities for a value-added tax (or VAT) refund, and other potential claims and causes of action. Stip. Facts ¶ 28-29, 69; Trial Tr. 703:16-704:23, 762:17-20, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).

As of July 7, 2017—the date this case was filed—Coop had no bank accounts in Brazil, and its cash assets consisted of: (i) a court-supervised account in the Netherlands with a current total balance of approximately €416,905; (ii) a bank account at Citibank in New York with approximately $10,000 relating to a retainer payment for White & Case; and (iii) a bank account at Citibank in New York with approximately $50,000 held in trust by Jones Day. Stip. Facts ¶¶ 26-27.

As of August 9, 2017, Coop’s debts totaled approximately €5.7 billion, consisting principally of approximately €1.9 billion outstanding under the Coop Notes, approximately €3.8 billion owed to PTIF under the PTIF Loan Agreement, and approximately €50,000 to other creditors located in the Netherlands. Stip. Facts ¶ 16.

D. Oi’s Financial Distress and the Brazilian RJ Proceeding

As early as 2015, Oi began suffering financial distress as a result of increased interest rates, “chilled foreign investment in Brazil” stemming from various national corruption scandals, increased competitive pressures, rapidly declining demand for fixed-line services (“the primary operational focus of Oi and Telemar”), and expensive government-mandated investment in negative-growth rural-area operations. TX 63 at 3-4; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 27. Oi’s financial concerns increased in 2016, reflected by a 168% year-over-year increase in operational losses for the January 2016 to June 2016 period, and an 1126% year-over-year increase in total loss for the same period. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 28. The market price for Oi’s common stock declined by approximately 90% between January 2014 and August 9, 2015. Dutch Petition ¶ 32. Credit rating agencies began downgrading the financial ratings of Oi and its affiliates around the same time, and continued warning of a “high risk of impending debt restructuring initiatives resulting in potential losses to creditors” in late 2015 and 2016. Dutch Petition ¶33.

By early June 2016, Oi retained “advis-ors to help address capital structure and liquidity concerns.” TX 151 at 6. Around that time, Oi prepared a PowerPoint presentation for bondholders with the title “Project Ocean,” which displayed the logos of the legal, financial, and restructuring advisory firms White & Case, BMA, and PJT Partners. TX 151. The presentation detailed the Oi Group’s financial distress and proposed a note exchange to address its liquidity and leverage issues. TX 151. Later that month, the Oi Group publicly disclosed its negotiations with the Steering Committee, including Oi’s proposed out-of-court restructuring plan and a counter-proposal from the Steering Committee. Stip. Facts ¶ 31.

On June 20, 2016, Oi, Oi Móvel, Coop, PTIF, Telemar, Copart 4 Participates S.A. and Copart 5 Participates S.A. (collectively, the “Brazilian RJ Debtors”) commenced a jointly administered reorganization proceeding (the “Brazilian RJ Proceeding”) in the 7a Vara Empresarial do Rio de Janeiro (Seventh Business Court of Rio de Janeiro) (the “Brazilian RJ Court”). Stip. Facts ¶ 33. The Coop Board contemporaneously approved the commencement of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding for Coop. Stip. Facts ¶ 32; TX 4 ¶ 5. The same day that the Brazilian RJ Proceeding was filed, Ojas N. Shah was appointed as the foreign representative for the Brazilian RJ Proceeding with respect to four entities—Oi, Coop, Oi Móvel, and Telemar—pursuant to resolutions and powers of attorney signed by authorized representatives of each entity. Stip. Facts ¶ 39. Later that month, the Brazilian RJ Court granted the request for the judicial reorganization of the Brazilian RJ Debtors. Stip. Facts ¶ 34. In early September 2016, the Brazilian RJ Debtors submitted a proposed restructuring plan (the “Brazilian RJ Plan”) in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. Stip. Facts ¶ 35. In mid-March 2017, the Oi Group released the proposed economic terms of a revised plan of reorganization. Stip. Facts ¶ 36. The revised plan had not yet been filed at the time of the trial on the Dutch Petition. Stip. Facts ¶37. Creditors of Coop and PTIF have actively participated in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding, including two Aurelius-managed funds—Syzygy Capital Management, Ltd. (“Syzygy”) and Capricorn Capital Ltd. (“Capricorn”)—that have filed pleadings with and requested certain relief from the Brazilian courts. Trial Tr. 591:22-592:12, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper).

E, The Prior Recognition Proceeding

On June 21, 2016, one day after the Brazilian RJ Proceeding was filed, Mr. Shah filed voluntary petitions in this Court under Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code on behalf of four entities: Oi, Coop, Oi Móvel, and Telemar (the “Chapter 15 Debtors”). Stip. Facts ¶40. On the same day, Mr. Shah filed a joint verified petition and motion (the “Brazilian Petition”) seeking recognition of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding for each of the Chapter 15 Debtors (Stip. Facts ¶ 41; TX 63) [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 3], as well as the Shah Declaration (TX 64) [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 4]. On June 21, 2016, this Court entered an order jointly consolidating the bankruptcy cases for the Chapter 15 Debtors under the Case Number 16-11791. [Case Number 16-11791, ECF No. 11].

The Shah Declaration informed the Court of Coop’s nature as an SPV:

Coop is a special-purpose vehicle (an “SPV”) with no ability to generate a return on cash proceeds itself, any proceeds from debt issuances at Coop must be on-lent to (eventually) an operating Oi Group entity capable of earning a profit for Coop’s creditors .... [and] Coop is also the obligor on any intra-group loans received by it from Oi Group affiliates in its capacity as an intragroup financing company in the Oi Group.

Shah Decl. ¶ 34. The Shah Declaration also stated that “[w]hen issuing long-term debt and as is customary for corporate enterprises, the Oi Group makes use of special purpose financing companies, intercompa-ny guarantees, and intercompany transfers to reduce its cost of capital.” Shah Decl. ¶ 18.

In addition, the Shah Declaration informed the Court of Coop’s ties to the Netherlands. It stated: “Coop was incorporated ... in 2011 under the laws of the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 30; Brazilian Petition ¶ 26); “Coop maintains its registered office in the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 31; Brazilian Petition ¶ 27); “Coop enters routine filings with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce ... files tax returns with the Dutch tax authorities, employs Baker Tilly International as auditor, and completes other ministerial activities required by Dutch law” (Shah Decl. ¶ 31; Brazilian Petition ¶ 27); “Coop hired independent Dutch counsel to ensure the protection' of its interests in a joint defense with its Oi Group affiliates” (Shah Decl. ¶ 32; Brazilian Petition ¶ 28); “Coop ... is governed by two directors, one of whom resides in the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 31; Brazilian Petition ¶ 27); and “Coop’s board of directors .:. hold [its] meetings in the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 32; Brazilian Petition ¶ 28).

On June 22, 2016, the Court- held a hearing on the Chapter 15 Debtors’ motion for provisional relief under Section 1519 of the Bankruptcy Code, in which they requested protection of their U.S. property under the automatic stay pursuant to Section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code, [Case No. 16-11791,. ECF No. 28]. The Court found a “risk of irreparable harm if the automatic stay” was not put into effect immediately, and was presented with no objections or claims that the stay would prejudice any parties. Hr’g. Tr. 9:8-25, June 22, 2016 [Case No 16-11791, ECF No. 28].. Accordingly, the Court granted the relief. See Order Granting Provisional Relief [Case No 16-11791, ECF No. 22].

On July 21, 2016, a hearing was held by the Court on the Chapter 15 Debtors’ request to recognize the Brazilian RJ Proceeding as a foreign main proceeding under Chapter 15 for each of the Chapter 15 Debtors, including, but. not limited to, Coop (the “Prior Recognition Hearing”). [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 41]. At the conclusion of the Prior Recognition Hearing, the Court granted the request, ruling as follows: .

I conclude the Brazilian RJ proceeding is ... a foreign ma[in] proceeding with respect to each of the debtors. For three of the debtors, I note that the bankruptcy code establishes a presumption that a debtor’s [ ] registered office is the center of main interest that is the COMI, and that’s true for three of these entities. And I note that the integrated OI group enterprise is managed,, directed, and monitored as a strategic whole in Brazil while major group decisions are affected at the OI group headquarters, the OI group headquarters is the corporate nerve center here.
And in fact, I also find that Brazil is the appropriate center of main interest for the remaining entity, which is an SPV. Case law including the OAS case notes that the COMI of an SPV turns at a location of the corporate nerve center and the expectation of creditors. And here, I find that the COMI analysis for the SPV here is essentially the same as it was in OAS and I reach the same conclusion that Brazil is the appropriate place.

Hr’g Tr. 21:10-15, July 21, 2016 (citing In re OAS S.A., 533 B.R. 83, 92 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015)). On July 22, 2016, the Court entered the Order Granting Recognition of Foreign Main Proceeding and Certain Related Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 38] (the “Prior Recognition Order”, and, together with all pleadings, hearings, and other activity in Case No. 16-11791, the “Prior Recognition Proceeding”). Stip. Facts ¶ 43.

On July 18, 2017, White & Case filed a notice titled Disclosure Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1518 Regarding Substitution of Foreign Representative [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 79] (the “Rabelo Statement”). Stip. Facts ¶ 44. The Rabelo Statement declares that Mr. Shah’s appointment as Coop’s foreign representative was terminated pursuant to resolutions and powers of attorney executed on July 18, 2017, and that Mr. Antonio Reinaldo Rabe-lo Filho was simultaneously appointed by the Coop Board to act as Coop’s foreign representative in place of Mr, Shah. Stip. Facts ¶ 45. Mr. Rabelo was previously employed as a tax director at Oi, but left direct employment with Oi in May 2017. Stip. Facts ¶¶ 46-47.

F. Aurelius, the IBC, and the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding

Aurelius participated in the Prior Recognition Proceeding as an interested party and appeared at both the hearing on June 22, 2016, and the hearing on July 21, 2016. See Motion for Admission to Practice, Pro Hac Vice [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 44]. Aurelius did not object to the recognition of Brazil as the COMI for any of the Chapter 15 Debtors, including Coop. It also did not file any pleadings beyond its motion for admission. But Aurelius requested that certain language be included in the order granting provisional relief under Section 1519; the language provided that the interim stay would not apply to actions and property outside the United States and, in particular, the Netherlands. Hr’g Tr. 7:24-8:15 June 22, 2017. The Court’s order granting Section 1519 relief included the language Aurelius requested. See Order Granting Provisional Relief ¶ 1. Aurelius sought and received the inclusion of similar language in the proposed recognition order, resulting in a stipulation that, among other things, the stay under Section 1520 would apply only to actions and property within the United States. See Hr’g Tr. 9:23-10:15 July 21, 2017.

Notwithstanding its lack of objection to recognition of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding as the foreign main proceeding for Coop, “[i]t was always [Aurelius’] understanding and expectation that Coop would be reorganized in the Netherlands pursuant to the laws of the Netherlands.” Trial Tr. 636:19-637:25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). This was true even at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing. See id. Indeed, the same day that the Prior Recognition Order was entered, Aurelius distributed a memo “inviting] dialog with holders of more than $50MM face amount of PTIF/[Coop] notes who are heavily weighted toward those notes—meaning that they hold a much larger percentage of the outstanding PTIF/[Coop] notes than of the outstanding Telemar notes.” OX 73 at 4. This memo argued that initial restructuring negotiations between the Oi Group and some of its creditors had undervalued the PTIF and Coop Notes, and directed interested parties to contact Aurelius. Id, at 3; Trial Tr. 603:24-604:22, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). As of the date of this memo, Aurelius held only [redacted] of Coop Notes on a notional basis. IBCX 20 at 2.

Aurelius began taking legal action against Coop in the Netherlands weeks before the events in New York. In the spring of 2016, Aurelius began pursuing actions in the Dutch courts to enjoin the on-lending and transfer of funds from Coop to Oi under their loan agreements. Shah Deck - ¶¶ 56-57. These actions- were ultimately unsuccessful. Shah Deck ¶¶ 57-58; SCX 3. In addition, on June 27, 2016, shortly after the filing of the Brazilian Petition, but before the Prior Recognition Hearing, the Aurelius-managed fund Syzy-gy filed an involuntary bankruptcy petition against Coop in the Netherlands. Stip. Facts ¶¶ 49-51. This was followed by the filing of three additional involuntary petitions against Coop in the Netherlands in July 2016 by three different groups of creditors. Stip. Facts ¶¶ 49-51.

In the Prior Recognition Proceeding, the Court was informed of these involuntary petitions through a second declaration from Mr. Shah filed a little more than a week before the Prior Recognition Hearing. [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 32 ¶ 21]; see also Hr’g Tr. 8:16-25, July 21, 2017. In a subsequent declaration filed approximately one month after the Prior Recognition Order was entered, Mr. Shah informed this Court that following the involuntary filings against Coop in the Netherlands, Coop had filed its own petition for a suspension of payments proceeding in the Netherlands (as discussed further below). Third Deck Notifying Court of a Change of Status ¶ 5 [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 48].

Dutch bankruptcy proceedings are governed by two legal regimes, the EU regime established by the European Insolvency Regulation (the “EU Regulation”) enacting the European Union Convention on Insolvency, and the Dutch national regime established by the Dutch Bankruptcy Act (the “DBA”). Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 115; Declaration of Paul Michael Veder (“Veder Deck”) ¶¶ 12-15 [ECF No. 105-1]. When opening an insolvency proceeding, such as the one involving Coop, a Dutch court is obligated to sua sponte determine and declare which regime provides the basis for its jurisdiction. Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 116; Veder Deck ¶ 14. There are three bases for jurisdiction under the EU Regulation and DBA. First, under the EU regime, a Dutch court can open a “main” proceeding if the debtor’s COMI under the EU Regulation is found to be within the Netherlands. Id. Second,-the court can open a “secondary” or “territorial” proceeding if it finds that the debtor has its COMI under the EU Regulation in a different EU member state, but has an “establishment” in the Netherlands. Id. Third, if the Dutch court finds a debtor’s COMI under the EU Regulation to be outside the EU, it may instead have jurisdiction under the DBA so long as the debtor either (1) has “domicile (woonplaats)” in the Netherlands; or (2) maintains an “office (kantoor)” in the Netherlands. Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 117; Veder Deck ¶ 34. For the purpose of the DBA, a legal entity has domicile in the same state as its statutory seat. Id.

The primary difference in finding jurisdiction under the EU Regulation rather than the DBA is the automatic recognition granted to the proceeding by other EU member states. Trial Tr, 394:22-396:22, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder); Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 126. By contrast, Dutch insolvency proceedings under the DBA generally can receive recognition in other European nations only on a nation-by-nation basis using each nation’s idiosyncratic legal protocols, although some member states—such as Germany—do still provide automatic recognition to Dutch insolvency proceedings under the DBA. Trial Tr. 395:9-396:10, 400:14-401:21, Sept. 19,2017 (Veder)..

Notably, even if COMI under the EU Regulation is found to be in the EU, the Dutch courts offer the same forms of relief for cases opened under the DBA. Berken-bosch Deck ¶ 120. In both cases, Dutch law contemplates two forms of insolvency proceedings for companies: “suspension of payments (swrseance van betaling) and bankruptcy (faillissement).” Veder Deck ¶ 37. Initiation of a suspension of payments (“SoP”) instates a general moratorium on all actions by unsecured ordinary creditors and restricts debtors from performing acts of “administration or disposal” with regard to the estate “without cooperation, authorization or consent of the administrator.” Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 130. In contrast, in a bankruptcy proceeding, an insolvency trustee becomes exclusively authorized to manage the estate. Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 146.

While bankruptcy proceedings can be initiated upon the request of either a debt- or or creditor, a SoP can only be granted at the request of the debtor. Veder Deck ¶ 37. Accordingly, a Dutch court makes an initial determination regarding a SoP petition without holding a hearing or recéiving input from creditors, shareholders, or other stakeholders. Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 132; Veder Deck ¶ 38. Upon request for a SoP proceeding, the Dutch court is obligated to grant a preliminary SoP if various initial criteria are met. Veder Deck ¶ 38. Specifically, a SoP petition must contain evidence demonstrating that the debtor anticipates being unable to continue paying its debts as they fall due, and must include such documents as a balance sheet and a list of known creditors with their contact details. Veder Deck ¶ 38. The SoP petition and any enclosed documents (e.g., a proposed composition plan) are subsequently made pub-lically available. Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 132. After granting the provisional SoP, a Dutch court will generally also grant a definitive SoP unless (1) a qualified majority of the unsecured ordinary creditors object; (2) there is a well-founded suspicion that the debtor will prejudice the interests of creditors; or (3) there is no prospect of the debtor being able to satisfy its creditors within a certain period of time. Berk-enbosch Deck ¶ 133.

Right after the filing of the first Dutch involuntary petition by Syzygy, Oi prepared a PowerPoint presentation dated June 30, 2016 and titled “Projeto Océano.” TX 152. The appendix of the PowerPoint addresses plans for the potential filing of insolvency proceedings across several jurisdictions, including timelines and descriptions of how those filings could interact. In discussion of a potential Dutch filing, the presentation reads as follows:

[The Brazilian RJ Proceeding] will not be recognized in the Netherlands therefore if creditors take action in the Netherlands, [Coop] will have to file for an additional insolvency proceeding, Suspension of Payments, to ensure they are protected in the Netherlands, Please note the current intention is that this will be used as a defensive measure only. An illustrative timeline is on the next slide.

TX 152 at Bates OiSA-0000579.

In fact, on July 26, 2016, the Coop Board petitioned for appointment of a silent administrator for Coop in the Netherlands. Stip. Pacts ¶ 52. Silent administration is primarily used to gather information about an entity while preparing it for an insolvency proceeding. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 49. On July 28, 2016, the Dutch District Court appointed Mr. Jasper Berkenbosch to the administrator post. Stip. Facts ¶53. Mr. Berkenbosch used the period of his appointment to “familiarize [him]self with Coop and the other Brazilian RJ Debtors by, among other methods, communicating with the Coop Board and its Dutch legal counsel.” Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 49.

On August 9, 2016, the Coop Board petitioned for a provisional SoP on an ex parte basis by filing a petition (the “SoP Petition”) with the Dutch District Court. Stip. Facts ¶ 54. At 9:30AM the same morning, the Dutch District Court entered its order granting the SoP Petition (the “SoP Commencement Order”) and commencing Coop’s SoP proceeding (the “SoP Proceeding”). Trial Tr. 801:19-802:6, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); Stip. Facts ¶ 56. Coop filed the SoP Proceeding to facilitate its reorganization rather than its liquidation. TX 67 ¶5. In fact, the SoP Petition included a draft “composition plan” that proposed to incorporate the recoveries offered to creditors under the Brazilian RJ Plan. Stip. Facts ¶ 55; TX 26 Annex 13. A composition plan is the Dutch restructuring alternative to a liquidation and requires adoption by creditors and confirmation by a Dutch court. Trial Tr. 699:16-24, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Pursuant to the SoP Commencement Order, the Dutch District Court appointed Mr. Berkenbosch as Coop’s administrator (in such capacity, the “SoP Administrator”) and Mr. W.F. Kor-thals Altes as the supervisory judge (the “Dutch Supervisory Judge”). Stip. Facts ¶ 57.

Shortly after Mr. Berkenbosch’s appointment as SoP Administrator, Aurelius initiated a campaign of frequent and aggressive contact with Mr. Berkenbosch to convince him to move for the withdrawal of the SoP Proceeding and conversion to a Dutch bankruptcy, including by repeatedly critiquing his performance as SoP Administrator and reminding him of his fiduciary duties. Trial Tr. 617:10-18, 618:13-20, 619:3-23, 620:14-621:11, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper); OX 4, 7, 9, 16, 27 (counsel letter on behalf of the IBC); Trial Tr. 816:11-19, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); SCX 6. Representatives of Aurelius actually apologized twice for the contents of these communications after Mr. Berken-bosch took actions several weeks later that were in line with Aurelius’ demands. Berk-enbosch Deck 1156 n.87; Trial Tr. 621:22-24, 640:13-641:20, 659:11-660:22, Sept 25, 2017 (Gropper); id. 767:15-769:4 (Berkenbosch).

Consistent with Aurelius’ requests, Mr. Berkenbosch, in his capacity as SoP Administrator, and certain members of the IBC filed requests in early December 2016 to convert Coop’s SoP Proceeding to a Dutch bankruptcy proceeding (collectively, the “Coop Conversion Requests”). Stip. Facts ¶ 58; TX 309.

The hearing on the Coop Conversion Requests took place before the Dutch District Court in early January 2017 (the “Conversion Hearing”). Stip. Facts ¶ 60. Whether requested by a debtor or a creditor, hearings held to determine whether to convert a SoP proceeding and/or open a bankruptcy proceeding generally occur in chambers (in raadkamer). Veder Written Direct ¶¶ 39-40; Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 140. In cases stemming from creditor requests, the district court will summon the petitioner and debtor, and may call the administrator and other creditors or relevant parties sua sponte or if the creditors have filed parallel bankruptcy requests. Id.; Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 140. Either the Dutch court or the administrator may notify creditors that they will be provided an opportunity to participate. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 140. In Coop’s case, the Conversion Hearing was attended by Mr. Berkenbosch with counsel from Jones Day, the PTIF administrator, counsel for Coop, and counsel for various creditors, including members of the IBC, certain Italian notehold-ers, and GoldenTree Asset Management LP, a member of the Steering Committee. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 78; Van Agteren 30(b)(6) Dep. Tr. 83:8-84:10.

In early February 2017, the Dutch District Court denied the Coop Conversion Requests (the “Conversion Denial Decision”). Stip. Facts ¶ 61. A little more than a week later, four creditors of Coop, including the Aurelius-managed fund Syzygy, appealed the Conversion Denial Decision to the Dutch Court of Appeals. Stip. Facts ¶ 63; Veder Decl. ¶ 57. Three of these creditors, including Syzygy, are members of the IBC. IBCX 45 n.2; Trial Tr. 769:17-24, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Mr. Berkenbosch did not appeal. Stip. Facts ¶ 62. Coop filed a response to the appeal on March 22, 2017. TX. 421. [redacted]

A hearing on the appeal took place in late March 2017 (the “Dutch Court of Appeals Hearing”). Stip. Facts ¶ 64. Counsel to the Coop Board attended [redacted] On April 19, 2017 (the “Conversion Date”), the Dutch Court of Appeals issued a decision overturning the Conversion Denial Decision, converting Coop’s SoP Proceeding to a Dutch bankruptcy proceeding (the “Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding”), and appointing Mr. Berkenbosch as Coop’s Insolvency Trustee. Stip. Facts ¶ 65.

At the beginning of May 2017, Coop appealed the Dutch Court of Appeals’ legal conclusions to the Dutch Supreme Court. Stip. Facts ¶ 66. The hearing on that appeal took place in the middle of June 2017. Stip. Facts ¶ 67. In its written pleadings, Coop challenged the Dutch Court of Appeals decision in part on procedural grounds, arguing that “the Court of Appeals ought to have summoned all the creditors in order to be heard and not allowed interested parties other than creditors to be heard.” TX 3 § 3.4.1. The Dutch Supreme Court rejected this claim, interpreting Dutch law to oblige the court to summon only “the petitioner, the debtor and the administrator” and allowing the court to also “summon[ ] and hear[ ] other interested parties, such as (other) creditors or companies associated with the debtor” at its discretion. TX 3 § 3.4.2; see also Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 190. [redacted] On July 7, 2017, the Dutch Supreme Court affirmed the Dutch Court of Appeals decision. Stip. Facts ¶ 68,

G. The Authority and Activities of the Dutch Insolvency Trustee

Under Dutch law, as under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, commencement of a bankruptcy proceeding transfers certain powers away from the pre-insolvency debtor and its management team. Most significantly, “the debtor—and its board of directors—is no longer authorized to manage and dispose of the assets composing the insolvent estate.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 156. Rather, only the insolvency trustee is empowered to “preserve, collect and liquidate all of the debtor’s assets for distribution to creditors through the bankruptcy proceeding.” Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 157; Supplemental Declaration of Paul Michael Veder (“Veder Sup. Decl.”) ¶ 12. The insolvency trustee gains exclusive authority to commence proceedings or bring and defend against any legal action on behalf of the estate. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 156; Veder Sup. Decl. ¶ 12. Additionally, “any powers of attorney made by a debtor or its board of directors are automatically terminated by operation of law.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 157.

The debtor and not the insolvency trustee, however, remains the “legal owner” of the assets of the bankruptcy estate. Veder Sup. Decl. ¶ 11. The insolvency trustee is only appointed to administer the bankruptcy estate, not the “legal person of the debtor,” and the debtor and its “corporate bodies (organen)” retain existence during the bankruptcy. Veder Decl. ¶¶ 60-61 (emphasis in original); Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 158. “The debtor’s management board and supervisory board remain in place, as do any internal corporate groups (such as a works council that looks after the interests of employees).” Veder Decl. ¶ 62.

“[T]he insolvency trustee is not entitled to dismiss or appoint management board members.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 158. The board of directors retains authority to call a general meeting of shareholders. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 158. The shareholders (or members) retain their equity holdings and their exclusive ability to amend the debt- or’s articles of association. Veder Decl. ¶¶ 62-63. More practically, while a debtor or its directors “may in principle still enter into agreements with third parties—loan agreements, for example—such agreements do not automatically bind the estate; the estate would only be liable in respect of such an agreement to the extent that the estate benefitted therefrom.” Veder Sup. Decl. ¶ 12 [ECF No. 105-2].

The debtor also remains a distinct legal entity for the purposes of participation in the bankruptcy proceedings themselves, and may retain its own counsel, legal, financial or otherwise. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 158; Veder Sup. Decl. ¶ 19. The debtor may submit to the supervisory judge “article 69” petitions under Dutch law to challenge actions of the insolvency trustee. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 159; Veder Decl. ¶ 64. The debtor can even request that the supervisory judge dismiss or replace the insolvency trustee. Veder Decl. ¶ 64. Likewise, any creditor or creditor committee is empowered to challenge the acts of an insolvency trustee with the supervisory judge and request an order- directing the insolvency trustee to “commit or omit a certain act.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 166. The debtor also has a right to challenge creditor claims during the “verification” process or request amendments to the report of the creditors’ meeting. Veder Decl. ¶¶ 64-66.

Most significantly, the board remains “solely entitled to offer a composition plan under Dutch law to the unsecured ordinary creditors on behalf of the debtor.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 161. This is because under Dutch law, “the composition plan is considered a contract between the debtor and its creditors.” Veder Decl. ¶ 66, The insolvency trustee offers advice on the composition plan to the creditors, but cannot vote on the plan with the creditors. Veder Sup. Decl. ¶ 14. A plan is adopted “if more than 50 percent of the total amount of ordinary unsecured creditors present at the meeting where the plan is voted on, which together represent at least half of the total amount of ordinary unsecured claims outstanding, accept the plan.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 161. Notably, the board is not allowed to unilaterally bind the Dutch estate by voting in support of a plan of reorganization in a foreign proceeding that affects the estate assets. See TX 3 § 3.8.2.

Mr, Berkenbosch has taken several actions on behalf of the Coop Dutch bankruptcy estate in his roles as SoP Administrator and Insolvency Trustee. First, Mr. Berkenbosch has issued several communications to Coop creditors in the form of public reports and notices on the status of Coop’s insolvency proceedings and the proposed composition plan as required under Dutch law. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 59; TX 29-34; TX 162 Arts. 73a and 227. Some of the reports were published online and are accessible on the Central Insolvency Register in the Netherlands (TX 38 ¶ 1.3; TX 40 ¶ 1.3; Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 112), as well as on a website Mr. Berkenbosch has maintained in his capacity as SoP Administrator and Insolvency Trustee. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 59.

Mr. Berkenbosch has engaged in multiple written, electronic, and in-person communications with Oi and the Coop Board. TX 30 ¶ 1.1, TX 82-87; Trial Tr. 701:23-702:9, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); Berk-enbosch Deck ¶¶63, 65-70. Among other things, Mr. Berkenbosch has held video-conferences and in-person meetings with the Coop Board and Oi executives, as well as their Dutch, Brazilian and U.S. counsel, in Brazil, Portugal, London and the Netherlands, TX 30 ¶ 1.1; Berkenbosch Deck ¶¶63, 66, 70. Mr. Berkenbosch has also sent Oi and the Coop Board a number of letters expressing his concerns and requests regarding the restructuring proceeding in Brazil. See, e.g., TX 82-87; Berkenbosch Deck ¶¶ 63, 65, 68-70.

Mr. Berkenbosch has also responded to and satisfied requests for payment of Coop’s day-to-day debts and expenses. See Declaration of Corinne Ball (“Ball Deck”) Ex. S [ECF No. 73] (November 30, 2016 email to J. Berkenbosch from Coop Board member requesting authorization of salary payment); id. Ex. T (January 25, 2017 email from J. Berkenbosch to RESOR and Coop Board member granting authorization for payment to the Coop Board’s Dutch counsel).

Separate and apart from the Dutch insolvency proceedings, Mr. Berkenbosch has initiated actions in the Dutch courts on behalf of the Coop Dutch bankruptcy estate. In late May 2017, the Insolvency Trustee commenced a Dutch Pauliana action on behalf of the Dutch bankruptcy estate of Coop against Oi and Oi Móvel (the “Pauliana Proceeding”). Stip. Facts ¶ 69. Mr. Berkenbosch reports the goal of this action to be the “unwinding [of] the 2016 loans from Coop to Oi Móvel.” Berk-enbosch Deck ¶ 25. On August 2, 2017, the Amsterdan} District Court in which the Pauliana Proceeding was filed rejected Coop’s request to join as a separate, interested party:

The bankrupt debtor remains authorized to act as claimant or defendant insofar as it concerns claims that do not involve the estate. However, the claims in the main action and in the interim action concern claims “that have rights or obligations that belong to the insolvent estate as their subject” (article 25 Dutch Insolvency Act). It does not fit within the system of the law.

Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 160. The Insolvency Trustee has also pursued a claim on behalf of Coop’s estate against the Dutch tax authorities for a VAT (value added tax) refund of approximately €160,846. Berken-bosch Deck ¶ 26; Dutch Petition ¶ 30.

Mr, Berkenbosch has also taken action in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. Following the conversion order issued by the Dutch courts, the Brazilian RJ Court issued an order in mid-May 2017 (the “Brazilian Injunction Order”) to prohibit Mr. Berken-bosch from taking actions which would disrupt the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. The injunction of the Brazilian RJ Court ordered:

under penalty of R$ 800,000.00 per event of non-compliance, that the Dutch Jas, Messrs. Jasper Berkenbosch and J.L.Groenewgen fully respect the decisions of the Brazilian law and, among other things, abstain from performing any act aimed at: (a) imposing or preventing an action or omission by the directors of [Coop] or PTIF or any representative[;] (b) performing or cooperating in the performance of any act that tends to encumber, assign, transfer or in any way alienate the assets of [Coop] and PTIF, in any jurisdiction, authoris-ing the payment of everyday expenses, all under penalty of personal responsibility; and (c) using the cash of [Coop] and PTIF to pay attorneys fees, Brazilian or foreign who acted and act on behalf of the conversion into bankruptcy of the Dutch companies.

TX 53 at Bates OI-TRUSTEE-000001303; see also Declaration of Sergio Ricardo Savi Ferreira (“Ferreira Decl.”) ¶¶ 6-9 [ECF No. 105-3]; Declaration of Giuliano Colombo (“Colombo Decl.”) ¶34 [ECF No. 105-7]; Declaration of Sheila Christina Neder Cerezetti (“Cerezetti Deck”) ¶ 56 [ECF No. 81]. The Insolvency Trustee has appealed this decision multiple times, earning at least partial relief in June 2017 as to assets located outside of Brazil. In addition, Mr. Berkenbosch has obtained orders in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding requiring the Brazilian RJ. Debtors to provide separate creditor lists (TX 471), and to allow creditors to have a non-consolidated vote on the proposed consolidation (TX 485; Trial Tr. 785:12-19, 786:14-17, 828:12-829:4, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch)).

In early July 2017, the Insolvency Trustee received approval from the Dutch Supervisory Judge to commence the current Chapter 15 proceeding on behalf of Coop. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 99. On July 7, 2017, the Insolvency Trustee filed the Dutch Petition. Stip. Facts ¶ 70. On July 31, 2017, the Insolvency Trustee filed a supplement to the Dutch Petition [ECF No. 23]. Stip. Facts ¶ 71. To fund his various actions on behalf of the Coop Dutch bankruptcy estate, the Insolvency Trustee borrowed $5 million from the IBC under a credit facility entered into on July 4, 2017. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 9; TX 58. Before accepting that financing, Mr. Berkenbosch contacted a number of other potential lenders, including Oi, the PTIF insolvency trustee, the Steering Committee, and other “third-party litigation funders.” Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 100; Trial Tr. 700:17-701:12, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); TX 119 at 1, 6-7.

H. The Current Proceedings

The Court held a trial on the Dutch Petition on September 18, 19, 25 and 26, 2017. See Notice of Filing of Evidentiary Hearing Transcripts [ECF No. 124], During the four days of trial, the.Court heard testimony from four witnesses: Mr. Rabe-lo, Mr. Berkenbosch, Mr. Dan Gropper (an Aurelius managing director), and Professor Paul Michael Veder (an expert on Dutch insolvency law offered by Oi). By agreement of the parties and pursuant to the Court’s instruction, direct testimony of those witnesses was presented in written form and each appeared at trial for cross-examination and re-direct examination. Also by agreement of the parties and pursuant to the Court’s direction, the Court accepted deposition designations in lieu of live testimony for three Brazilian law experts and three fact witnesses: Giuliano Colombo (Brazilian law expert for the Steering Committee), Professor Sheila Cerezetti (Brazilian law expert for Mr. Berkenbosch), Sergio Ricardo Savi Ferreira (Brazilian law expert for Oi), Erick Alberti (financial advisor to the Steering Committee), Patrick Dyson (partner at an individual fund in the Steering Committee), Van Agteren (attorney and 30(b)(6) witness for the Steering Committee). In addition to the witness testimony, the Court heard argument of counsel, admitted exhibits into evidence, and accepted a stipulation from the parties with agreed-upon facts. After the trial, the parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. See Movants’ Proposed FoF and Movants’ Proposed CoL [ECF No. 120]; Objectors’ Proposed FoF and CoL [ECF No'. 121].

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A. Chapter 15 and COMI Generally

Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code was enacted by Congress as part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23. Chapter 15 implemented the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (the “Model Law”), promulgated by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (“UNCITRAL”). See H.R. REP. No. 109-31, at 105-07 (2005), reprinted in 2005 U.S.C.C.A.N. 88; In re Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master Fund, Ltd. (In Provisional Liquidation), 374 B.R. 122, 126 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007). The stated purpose of Chapter 15 “is to incorporate the Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency so as to provide effective mechanisms for dealing with cases of cross-border insolvency,” with the related goals of promoting cooperation between U.S. and foreign courts, greater legal certainty for trade and investment, fair and efficient administration of cross-border insolvencies that protects the interests of all creditors and other interested entities, including the debtor, protection and maximization of a debtor’s assets, and the rescue of financially troubled businesses. 11 U.S.C. § 1501(a).

When interpreting Chapter 15, the statute directs that “the court shall consider its international origin, and the need to promote an application - of this chapter that is consistent with the application of similar statutes adopted by foreign jurisdictions.” 11 US.C. § 1508. “As each section of Chapter 15 is based on a corresponding article in the Model Law, if a textual provision of Chapter 15 is unclear or ambiguous, the Court may then consider the Model Law and foreign interpretations of it as part of its ‘interpretive task.’ ” In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 92 (quoting O’Sullivan v. Loy (In re Loy), 432 B.R. 551, 560 (E.D. Va. 2010)). Legislative history also recommends consulting the Guide to Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, U.N. Gen. Ass., UNCITRAL 30th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/CN.9/442 (1997) (the “Guide”), promulgated by UNCITRAL, “for guidance as to the meaning and purpose of [Chapter 15's] provisions.” H.R. Rep. No. 109-31, pt. 1, at 106 n.101 (2005); see also Morning Mist Holdings Ltd. v. Krys (In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd.), 714 F.3d 127, 136 (2d Cir. 2013). While the statutory text of Chapter 15 controls, international sources may be considered to the extent they assist in “carrying] out the congressional purpose of achieving international uniformity in cross-border insolvency proceedings.” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136.

A Chapter 15 case is commenced by the foreign representative of a debtor filing a petition for recognition of a foreign proceeding. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 1504,1515(a). The petition must be accompanied by certain evidentiary documents that are presumed authentic in the absence of contrary evidence. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 1515(b), 1516(b); In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 128.

Section 1517 of the Bankruptcy Code identifies the requirements for recognition of a foreign proceeding. It provides that

an order recognizing a foreign proceeding shall be entered if—
(1) such foreign proceeding ... is a foreign main proceeding or foreign non-main proceeding within the meaning of [S]ection 1502;
(2) the foreign representative applying for recognition is a person or body; and
(3) the petition meets the requirements of [S]ection 1515.

11 U.S.C. § 1517(a). A recognition must be identified as either a main or a nonmain proceeding. See In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 126-27, “A simple recognition of a foreign proceeding without specifying more (i.e., non-declaration as to either ‘main or nonmain’) is insufficient as there are substantial eligibility distinctions and consequences.” Id. at 127. For instance, upon the recognition of a foreign main proceeding, Section 1520 of the Bankruptcy Code provides certain “automatic, non-discretionary relief,” including imposition of an automatic stay with respect to the debtor and its property located within the United States. In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 133; 11 U.S.C. § 1520(a). A stay is also available on a discretionary basis upon the recognition of a foreign main or a foreign nonmain proceeding. 11 U.S.C. § 1521(a).

Recognition is mandatory if all three requirements of Section 1517(a) are met. See 11 U.S.C. § 1517(a) (“[Recognition of a foreign proceeding shall be entered ... ”); see also In re Creative Fin., Ltd. (In Liquidation), 543 B.R. 498, 516 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2016). “But recognition is not a ‘rubber stamp exercise,”’ and the burden rests on the foreign representative to prove each of the requirements of Section 1517. In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 514 (internal citations omitted). Additionally, recognition is subject to termination or modification “if it is shown that the grounds for granting it were fully or partially lacking or have ceased to exist.” 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d). However, “in considering such action the court shall give due weight to possible prejudice to parties that have relied upon the order granting recognition.” Id.

Section 1506 of the Bankruptcy Code includes an overriding public policy exception, providing that a court may refuse to take an action under Chapter 15 if such action “would be manifestly contrary to the public policy of the United States.” 11 U.S.C. § 1506. The exception is read narrowly, with legislative history stating that “the word ‘manifestly1 in international usage restricts the public policy exception to the most fundamental policies of the United States.” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 139 (emphasis in original) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 109-31, pt. 1, at 109 (2005)). Thus, “even the absence of certain procedural or constitutional rights will not itself be a bar under [Section] 1506.” In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 104 (quoting In re Vitro S.A.B. de CV, 701 F.3d 1031, 1069 (5th Cir. 2012)). This Court has previously held that “Brazilian bankruptcy law meets our fundamental standards of fairness and accords with the course of civilized jurisprudence.” In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 103 (quoting In re Rede Energia S.A., 515 B.R. 69, 98 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014)) (discussing Section 1506 in the context of, among other things, a request for substantive consolidation of the debtors’ assets and liabilities for plan purposes in a Brazilian proceeding). Indeed, “Brazil has a comprehensive bankruptcy law that in many ways mirrors our own.” Id. at 103-04 (describing similarities between Brazilian and U.S. insolvency law).

A foreign main proceeding is defined as “a foreign proceeding pending in the country where the debtor has the center of its main interests,” referred to as “COMI.” 11 U.S.C. § 1502(4). A foreign nonmain proceeding is “a foreign proceeding, other than a foreign main proceeding, pending in a country where the debtor has an establishment.” 11 U.S.C. § 1502(5). An establishment means “any place of operations where the debtor carries out a nontransito-ry economic activity.” 11 U.S.C. § 1502(2).

The Bankruptcy Code neither defines COMI, nor prescribes the evidence that should be considered in making a determination of where a debtor’s COMI is located. See In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 517. “Because COMI is not statutorily defined, courts are free to develop and consider the particular factors that may be relevant, dependent upon the facts and circumstances present.” Id. at 517. Several factors applicable to a COMI determination were identified in the case of In re SPhinX, Ltd., which stated:

[v]arious factors, singly or combined, could be relevant to such a determination: the location of the debtor’s headquarters; the location of those who actually manage the debtor (which, conceivably could be the headquarters of a holding company); the location of the debtor’s primary assets; the location of the majority of the debtor’s creditors or of a majority of the creditors who' would be affected by the case; and/or • the jurisdiction whose law would apply to most disputes.

351 B.R. 103, 117 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2006). Also subject to consideration is “a debt- or’s ‘nerve center,’ including from where the debtor’s activities are directed and controlled.” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 138 n.10. The Second Circuit has cited the SPhinX factors as “a helpful guide,” but noted that “consideration of these specific factors is neither required nor dispositive” and that “any relevant activities, including liquidation activities and administrative functions, may be considered in the COMI analysis.” Id. at 137. The Second Circuit has also noted that the EU Regulation states that COMI “should correspond to the place where the debtor conducts the administration of his interest on a regular basis and is therefore ascertainable by third parties.” Id. at 138 (quoting EU Regulation, Preamble ¶ 13). This “underscores the importance of factors that indicate regularity and ascer-tainability.” Id. The Second Circuit recognized, however, that “[t]he absence of a statutory definition for a term that is not self-defining signifies that the text is open-ended, and invites development by courts, depending on facts presented, without prescription or limitation.” Id. at 138.

The Second Circuit has held that “a debtor’s COMI is determined based on its activities at or around the time the Chapter 15 petition is filed ....” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 137; see also id. at 133-34. Thus, a court making a COMI determination should not conduct an inquiry into a debtor’s entire operational history. See id. at 134 (citing In re Ran, 607 F.3d 1017, 1025 (5th Cir. 2010)). But “[t]o offset a debtor’s ability to manipulate its COMI, a court may consider the period between the commencement of the foreign insolvency proceeding and the filing of the Chapter 15 petition.” Id. at 137; see also In re Ran, 607 F.3d at 1026.

Section 1516(c) provides that “[i]n the absence of evidence to the contrary, the debtor’s registered office ... is presumed to be” the debtor’s COMI. 11 U.S.C. § 1516(c). But this presumption is rebuttable, and is only applied “[flor speed and convenience in instances in which the COMI is obvious and undisputed.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 514-15; see also In re SPhinX, 351 B.R. at 117 (citing legislative history). Moreover, the presumption “is especially inappropriate in a case where there is a substantial dispute.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 517; see also In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 129 (“[T]he Guide explains that the presumption does ‘not prevent, in accordance with applicable procedural law, calling for or assessing other evidence if the conclusion suggested by the presumption is called into question by the court or an interested party.’ ”) (quoting Guide ¶ 122) (emphasis in original). Thus, the presumption “does not tie the hands of a court to examine the facts more closely in any instances where the court regards the issues to be sufficiently material to warrant further inquiry.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 515 (quoting In re Basis Yield Alpha Fund (Master), 381 B.R. 37, 52 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2008)).

Additionally, the registered office “does not shift the risk of nonpersuasion, i,e,, the burden of proof, away from the foreign representative seeking recognition as a main proceeding.” In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 127 (quoting In re Tri-Continental Exch. Ltd., 349 B.R. 627, 635 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2006)). “[I]f the foreign proceeding is in the country of the registered office, and if there is evidence that the center of main interests might be elsewhere, then the foreign representative must prove that the center of main interest is in the same country as the registered office.” Id. at 128 (quoting In re TriContinental Exch., 349 B.R. at 635); see also id. (“[The] presumption is not a preferred alternative where there is a separation between a corporation’s jurisdiction of incorporation and its real seat.”) (citing Jay Lawrence Westbrook, Locating the Eye of the Financial Storm, 32 BROOK. J. INT’L L. 3, 15 (2007)).

B. The Applicable Standard in this Proceeding

Against this backdrop, the Court must determine the applicable legal standard for evaluating the Dutch Petition. The parties offer starkly different views. On the one hand, the Movants urge that the Court consider recognition of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding under Section 1517(a) of the Bankruptcy Code de novo, evaluating the COMI of Coop as of the date that the Insolvency Trustee filed the Dutch Petition, essentially disregarding the Prior Recognition Order. See Mov-ants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 1-4 [ECF No. 120]. While acknowledging that Section 1517(d) grants the authority for “modification or termination” of an earlier recognition order, Movants contend that satisfaction of the standard set in Section 1517(a) mandates withdrawal of the earlier order and issuance of a new recognition. See Mov-ants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 5—13; Dutch Petition 95-99, 105; Trustee Reply ¶ 84-87 [ECF No. 72], On the other hand, the Objectors suggest a higher hurdle. Given the existence of the Court’s Prior Recognition Order, they argue that Section 1517(d) applies to allow for “modification or termination,” but contend that Movants must meet the exacting standard in Rule 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to vacate the prior order and reach a different result on Coop’s COMI. See, e.g., Objectors’ Proposed FoF and CoL ¶¶ 63-70.

As always, we start with the words of the statute. In re Caldor Corp., 303 F.3d 161, 167 (2d Cir. 2002) (“The task of resolving a dispute over the meaning of a provision of the Bankruptcy Code ‘begins where all such inquires must begin: with the language of the statute itself.’ ”) (quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989)). While the Movants look to Section 1517(a) to lobby for a de novo COMI determination, it is Section 1517(d) that most directly applies to this situation. That section specifically contemplates the question currently before this Court: a request to terminate or modify a prior recognition. See In re SPhinX, 351 B.R. at 116 (noting that “recognition itself is subject to review and modification under Bankruptcy Code section 1517(d).”). It provides that “[t]he provisions of this sub-chapter do not prevent modification or termination of recognition if it is shown that the grounds for granting it were fully or partially lacking or have ceased to exist ....” 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d). The statute thus breaks down the basis for modification or termination into two prongs. The first prong looks backwards to see whether the basis for recognition previously presented to the Court was flawed in some way. See 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d) (whether it is shown that the grounds for recognition were “fully or partially lacking”). The second prong looks forwards to whether something has changed since recognition. See id. (whether the grounds for recognition “have ceased to exist”).

Petitioner’s advocacy of a de novo review under Section 1517(a) in this case fails because it reads subsection (d) out of the statute. If the termination or modification of recognition is governed by Section 1517(a), what is the purpose of Section 1517(d)? What would be the point in setting forth the two prongs in subsection (d) if not to provide guidance on the basis for modification or termination of recognition? See Knutzen v. Eben Ezer Lutheran Hous. Ctr., 815 F.2d 1343, 1348-49 (10th Cir. 1987) (a statute should be construed “so that one section will not destroy another unless the provision is the result of obvious mistake or error.”) (citations omitted)). By ignoring the existence of this language, Movants’ position “is thus at odds with one of the most basic interpretive canons, that ‘[a] statute should be construed so that effect is given to all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 314, 129 S.Ct. 1558, 173 L.Ed.2d 443 (2009) (quoting Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101, 124 S.Ct. 2276, 159 L.Ed.2d 172 (2004) (quoting 2A N. Singer, Statutes and Statutory Construction § 46.06, pp. 181—186 (6th ed. rev. 2000)); Clark v. Rameker, - U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 2242, 189 L.Ed.2d 157 (2014) (citing Corley, 556 U.S. at 314, 129 S.Ct. 1558). Of course, the so-called “antisuperfluous canon”—like other canons of statutory interpretation—is not absolute. For example, it cannot be used to override the unambiguous language of a statute. See Corley, 556 U.S. at 324-25, 129 S.Ct. 1558 (Alito, J., dissenting) (“such ‘interpretative canon[s are] not a license for the judiciary to rewrite language enacted by the legislature.’”) (citations omitted). But no violence is done to the language of Chapter 15 by viewing Section 1517(d) as the controlling authority for a request to modify or terminate a prior order of recognition.

This conclusion is reinforced by the placement of subsections (a) and (d) within the same statutory section. It is hard to imagine why Congress would place these two provisions within the same section of Chapter 15 unless it was intended that both subsections be given effect where appropriate. It is not the case that these provisions are separated by time or space within Chapter 15, having both been enacted simultaneously. See Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection. Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23, 139-140 (Apr. 20, 2005). The applicability of subsection (d) is further confirmed by the one relevant sentence of legislative history, which plainly states that “[subsection (d) ] states the grounds for modifying or terminating recognition.” H.R. Rep. 109-31, pt. 1 (2005); see also Guide, Art. 17, § 4 (noting that the prior articles did “not prevent modification or termination of recognition if it is shown that the grounds for granting it were fully or partially lacking' or have ceased to exist”).

But while the language of Section 1517(d) contemplates the Court’s ability to alter a prior recognition determination if one of the two prongs is satisfied, nothing in Section 1517(d) requires it. Section 1517(d) instead contains much more open-ended language. It provides that "[t]he provisions of subchapter [1617] do not prevent [the Court] from modifying] or terminating]” a prior recognition order. 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d). The use of such permissive phrasing suggests that the Court is left with discretion. See Rastelli v. Warden, Metro. Correctional Center, 782 F.2d 17, 23 (2d Cir. 1986); (“The use of a permissive verb—‘may review’ instead of ‘shall review'—suggests a discretionary rather than mandatory review process.”); In re New Haven Projects Ltd. Liab. Co., 225 F.3d 283, 287 (2d Cir. 2000) (“This Court has observed that ‘[t]he verb “may” generally denotes a grant of authority that is merely permissive.’ ”) (quoting International Cablevision, Inc. v. Sykes, 997 F.2d 998, 1005 (2d Cir.1993)); see also Jama v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 543 U.S. 335, 346, 125 S.Ct. 694, 160 L.Ed.2d 708 (2005) (the connotation that “may” implies discretion is particularly apt when it is used in contrast to the word “shall”).

The discretion left to a court under Section 1517(d) is markedly different from other provisions governing recognition under Chapter 15. Of particular relevance here, the provision relied upon by the Movants—Section 1517(a)—speaks in mandatory terms. It provides that “an order recognizing a foreign proceeding shall be entered” if the conditions for recognition are met. 11 U.S.C. § 1517(a) (emphasis added). Section 1515 of the Bankruptcy Code also uses mandatory language when specifying the information that must be included in a petition for recognition. See 11 U.S.C. § 1515(b) (“A petition for recognition shall be accompanied by ....”) (emphasis added). When used in a statute, the word “shall” is ordinarily the language of a legislative command. See Alabama v. Boze man, 533 U.S. 146, 153, 121 S.Ct. 2079, 150 L.Ed.2d 188 (2001) (concluding that the absolutist language of a statute precluded the state’s argument for an exception); Escondido Mut. Water Co. v. La Jolla Indians, 466 U.S. 765, 104 S.Ct. 2105, 80 L.Ed.2d 753 (1984) (“Congress’ apparent desire that the Secretary’s conditions ‘shall’ be included in the license must therefore be given effect unless there are clear expressions of legislative intent to the contrary.”); Lexecon, Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, 523 U.S. 26, 35, 118 S.Ct. 956, 140 L.Ed.2d 62 (1998) (“The mandatory ‘shall’ ... normally creates an obligation impervious to judicial discretion.”); see also In re Suffolk Regional Off-Track Betting Corp., 542 B.R. 72, 84-85 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2015) (“The use of the mandatory ‘shall’ language denotes a ministerial duty imposed by statute ....”)

The lack of mandatory language in Section 1517(d)—coupled with' the use of “shall” elsewhere in Chapter 15—demon-strates that this distinction is deliberate and, therefore, such discretion was intended for Section 1517(d). See Weinstein v. Albright, 261 F.3d 127, 137-38 (2d Cir. 2001) (when a statute uses both “may” and “shall,” the normal inference is that each is used in its usual sense, the one being permissive and the other mandatory); Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 241, 121 S.Ct. 714, 148 L.Ed.2d 635 (2001) (“Congress’ use of the permissive ‘may* ,.. contrasts with the legislators’ use of a mandatory ‘shall’ in the very same section.”); United States ex rel. Siegel v. Thoman, 156 U.S. 353, 359, 15 S.Ct. 378, 39 L.Ed. 450 (1895) (“In the law to be construed here it is evident that the word ‘may' is used in special contradistinction to the word ‘shall ....’”); cf. Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 570-71, 115 S.Ct. 1061, 131 L.Ed.2d 1 (1995) (an act of Congress “should not be read as a series of unrelated and isolated provisions.”) (internal quotations omitted).

Of course, the case law on the distinction between mandatory and permissive language in statutes focuses largely on the difference between the terms “shall” and “may.” This is not surprising given the frequency with which these terms are used in American statutes and given that these terms have well-established meaning in American jurisprudence. The Court is mindful that Section 1517(d) does not use the term “may,” despite the fact that “may” is used elsewhere in Chapter 15. See, e.g., 11 U.S.C. §§ 1505, 1507(a), 1509(b), 1511(a). But Congress does not follow a uniform code to guide its statutory construction (see Robert A. Katzmann, Judging Statutes 51-53 (2014)), and there are many possible variants of a permissive phrase. See, e.g., Leland v. Moran, 235 F.Supp.2d 153, 169 (N.D.N.Y. 2002), aff'd, 80 Fed.Appx. 133 (2d Cir. 2003) (holding that a statute providing that a “commissioner shall have the power to” take certain actions to abate pollution “does not constrain the [commission’s] discretion whether to enforce or prosecute violations ... but merely provides the [commission] with a grant of authority.”); see id at 163-164 (holding that where a building inspector “is authorized” to take action under a statute, he has “discretion” to determine “whether and how to enforce the provisions at issue .... ”).

The lack of case law on the exact phrasing of subsection (d) does not justify disregarding its obvious discretionary meaning. See In re Stringer, 847 F.2d 549, 551 n.2 (9th Cir. 1988) (“We note in passing that lack of caselaw supporting the literal construction of a statute is not usually a reason to ignore its plain meaning. Moreover, lack of interpretive caselaw may well mean that other courts and litigants have not doubted the plain meaning of the statute.”); Am. Nat'l Red Cross v. S.G., 505 U.S. 247, 263, 112 S.Ct. 2465, 120 L.Ed.2d 201 (1992) (rejecting alternative interpretative theories of a statute that “violate[ ] the ordinary sense of the language used.”); Caminetti v. U.S., 242 U.S. 470, 485, 37 S.Ct. 192, 61 L.Ed. 442 (1917) (“[I]f [the statutory language] is plain, ... the sole function of the courts is to enforce it according to its terms.”); In re Caldor Corp., 303 F.3d at 167-68 C“[A]s long as the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent, there generally is no need for a court to inquire beyond the plain language of the statute.’ ”) (quoting Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. at 240-241, 109 S.Ct. 1026).

It is nonetheless instructive to review a few similarly phrased provisions in the Bankruptcy Code to see how such language is used.. See Nat'l Credit Union Admin. v. First Nat. Bank & Tr. Co., 522 U.S. 479, 501, 118 S.Ct. 927, 140 L.Ed.2d 1 (1998) (it is an “established canon of construction that similar language within the same statutory section must be accorded a consistent meaning”); Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 143, 114 S.Ct. 655, 126 L.Ed.2d 615 (1994) (“A term appearing in several places in a statutory text is generally read the same way each time it appears.”); Anderson v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 918 F.2d 1139, 1143 n.4 (4th Cir. 1990) (“We believe the more appropriate rule of statutory construction is the principle that a court should, if possible, construe statutes harmoniously.”); In re Betacom of Phoenix, Inc., 225 B.R. 703, 707 (D. Ariz. 1998), rev’d on other grounds, 240 F.3d 823 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Congressional intent may be clarified by analogizing to similar language in an unrelated statute, that applies to similar parties, subject matter or relationships”). A review of these similar instances demonstrates a consistent use of the “nothing prevents” formulation for situations where discretion may be exercised consistent with certain conditions, but where no action is mandated.

Starting closest to home, such phrasing is used in one other provision of Chapter 15. Section 1506 provides that “[n]othing in this chapter prevents the court from refusing to take an action governed by this chapter if the action would be manifestly contrary to the public policy of the United States.” 11 U.S.C. § 1506. The case law on Section 1506 has focused on the significance of the phrase “manifestly contrary.” See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 139 (observing that the section “does not create an exception for any action under [Cjhapter 15 that may conflict with public policy, but only an action that is manifestly contrary.”); In re Vitro, 701 F.3d at 1069-70 (taking restrictive reading of Section 1506 to cover only “exceptional circumstances”). But more relevant for our purposes, the section is considered to be a discretionary exception, consistent with the section’s use.of the same kind of open ended approach employed by Section 1517(d). See In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 515 (characterizing Section 1506 as “permitting] a court to refuse recognition” on specified grounds).

This same kind of phrasing is also found in the most commonly cited source of bankruptcy court discretion, Section 105(a). That provision reads as follows:

The court may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title. No provision of this title providing for the raising of an issue by a party in interest shall be construed to preclude the court from, sua sponte, taking any action or making any determination necessary or appropriate to enforce or implement court orders or rules, or to prevent an abuse of process.

11 U.S.C. § 105(a) (emphasis added). Rather than being read as a directive, Section 105(a) is understood as providing courts with discretion to accommodate the unique facts of a case consistent with the policies or directives set by the other applicable substantive provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. See Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Spivey, 265 B.R. 357, 371 (E.D.N.Y. 2001) (“Section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code bestows on bankruptcy courts a specific equitable power to act in accordance with principles of justice and fairness.”); cf. In re Tennant, 318 B.R. 860, 871 (9th Cir. BAP 2004) (approving a bankruptcy court’s sua sponte dismissal of a case under Section 105(a) after the debtor failed to file its Statement of Financial Affairs within the 15 days required by Rule 1007(c)); In re Durham, 461 B.R. 139, 141 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2011) (noting that Section 109(g)(2) on Chapter 13 debtor eligibility ‘“does not explicitly prescribe for [sic] sua sponte dismissal or conversion,’ [but Section] 105(a) ‘accommodates such a result.’ ”) (quoting In re Kazis, 256 B.R. 242, 244 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2000)).

Like Section 1517(d), Section 105(a) only contemplates exercise of the granted discretion when appropriate. Under Section 105(a), the standard for appropriate action is whether the exercise of discretion would contravene another section of the Bankruptcy Code. See In re Headlee Mgmt. Corp., 519 B.R. 452, 459 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (Section 105(a) cannot be used to “override explicit mandates of other sections of the Bankruptcy Code.”) (citing Law v. Siegel, - U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 1188, 1193, 188 L.Ed.2d 146 (2014)); GAF Corp. v. Johns-Manville Corp. (In re Johns-Manville Corp.), 26 B.R. 405, 415 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1983) (Section 105 “does not permit the court to ignore, supersede, suspend or even misconstrue the statute itself or the rules.”) (citing 2 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 105.02 (15th ed. 1982)). Thus, Section 105(a) is markedly similar to Section 1517(d), which cabins off a court’s discretion for modifying or terminating recognition to instances where one of the two prongs set forth in the subsection have been met.

Another provision of the Bankruptcy Code—Section 524(f)—also employs the same kind of negative formulation to preserve discretion, but this time for a debtor rather than a court. Sections 524(c) and (d) govern the specific conditions that permit debtor-creditor repayment agreements (e.g. reaffirmation agreements) involving dischargeable debts. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 524(c)-(d). Section 524(f) states that “[n]othing contained in subsection (c) or (d) of this section prevents a debtor from voluntarily repaying any debt.” 11 U.S.C. § 524(f). This exception preserves a debt- or’s freedom to make payments on a dis-chargeable debt if the debtor determines such a choice is warranted. See In re Journal Register Co., 407 B.R. 520, 533 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009). Once again, the language does not mandate action but rather preserves the right to act where appropriate. In the case of Section 524(f), the standard for what is appropriate is a truly voluntary election by the debtor, a condition which courts have construed strictly, consistent with the broader goals of debtor protection manifested in the surrounding provisions. See In re Nassoko, 405 B.R. 515, 523-24 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009); In re Cruz, 254 B.R. 801, 815-16 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2000).

Last but not least, the Court has surveyed instances of similar negative phrasing elsewhere in the U.S. Code. There are well over 100 instances using the language “does not prevent,” let alone other formulations. They are far too numerous and disparate to be summarized here. But importantly, the Court has been unable to find any instances where such phrasing appears to have been used to mandate action. Like 1517(d), these statutes refer back to strictures of a statutory scheme and illuminate instances where, within that scheme, discretion may be exercised under appropriate circumstances. See, e.g., 31 U.S.C. § 5318 (“(1) In general.—A financial institution ... shall not establish, maintain, administer, or manage a correspondent account in the United States for, or on behalf of, a foreign bank that does not have a physical presence in any country. (2) Prevention of indirect service to foreign shell banks. ... (3) Exception.— Paragraphs (1) and (2) do not prohibit a covered financial institution from providing a correspondent account to a foreign bank, if the foreign bank—....”) (emphasis added); 10 U.S.C. § 2204 (“To prevent overdrafts and deficiencies in the fiscal year for which appropriations are made, appropriations made to the Department of Defense or to a military department, and reimbursements thereto, are available for obligation and expenditure only under scheduled rates of obligation, or changes thereto, that have been approved by the Secretary of Defense. This section does not prohibit the Department of Defense from incurring a deficiency that it has been authorized by law to incur.”) (emphasis added).

Consistent with this statutory analysis, the only court to have applied Section 1517(d) has concluded that relief under this provision is discretionary. See In re Loy, 448 B.R. 420, 438 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2011) (stating that “revisiting a recognition determination is not mandatory, it is within the Court’s discretion to do so"). In Loy, the debtor sought to revoke the bankruptcy court’s prior recognition of an English bankruptcy proceeding as a foreign main proceeding. The crux of the dispute in Loy was the debtor’s contention that COMI was erroneously found to exist in England when, in fact, the debtor resided in the United States. Despite extensive efforts to get to the bottom of this factual question, the court was unable to obtain a clear factual record due to the debtor’s lack of cooperation. Given this difficulty, the court in Loy denied the debtor’s request, stating that “[t]he Court will not afford the Debtor the extraordinary remedy of revocation of recognition without a complete factual record.” Id. at 436. In reaching that decision, the court applied the “plain meaning rule” to Section 1517(d). Id. at 438. It concluded that “[t]he actual language dictates that the subchapter’s provisions ‘do not prevent modification or termination’ ” to mean that “revisiting a recognition determination is not mandatory” but rather “within the Court’s discretion.” Id. at 438 (emphasis in the original) (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d)).

For many of the same reasons set forth above, the Court also rejects the Objectors’ contention that Rule 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs the request for relief in this case. The Objectors contend that Section 1517(d) does not provide a standard for obtaining relief from recognition and, therefore, such relief should be governed'by the procedural rules that would normally apply where a party seeks to vacate a court order. This means, they say, that we should use Rule 60(b) here. But the Court disagrees. It is true that Rule 60(b) is the procedural rule that normally governs a request for relief from an order, Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) (basis for relief includes mistake, inadvertence, surprise, excusable neglect, newly discovered evidence and fraud); see United States v. Int’l Bd. of Teamsters, 247 F.3d 370, 391 (2d Cir. 2001) (relief under Rule 60(b) is “properly granted only upon a showing of exceptional circumstances.”). But it is not true that no standard exists in Chapter 15 for the situation before the Court. As explained above, subsection (d) provides the standard for a request to terminate or modify recognition—a discretionary standard that examines where there was a mistake in the initial grant of recognition or has been a subsequent change in circumstances. As such, there is no need for Rule 60(b) to fill a gap in the statutory standard.

Moreover, the stringent requirements of Rule 60(b) are a poor fit here. As numerous courts have recognized, the recognition process must be sufficiently flexible to achieve the goals of Chapter 15. In In re Oversight & Control Comm’n of Avanzit, S.A., 385 B.R. 525 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2008), for example, the court observed that “Chapter 15 recognizes that the status of the foreign proceeding can change, and the change can affect the right to recognition before or after it is granted.” Id. at 533; see In re Loy, 448 B.R. at 440 (citing the Avanzit case for the idea that “recognition determinations are malleable, and, as facts warrant in a specific case, the court may revisit recognition.”). In the same vein, the court in In re British Am. Ins. Co., 425 B.R. 884 (Bankr. D. Fla. 2010), allowed facts relating to the debtor’s COMI to be admitted after the recognition proceedings had commenced. The court observed that Section 1517(d) allowed courts to adjust their rulings based on changed circumstances, which exhibited “a policy that the recognition process remain flexible, taking into account the actual facts relevant to the court’s decision rather than setting an arbitrary determination point.” Id. at 910; see In re SPhinX, 351 B.R. at 112 (noting that Chapter 15 maintains, and in some respects enhances, the “maximum flexibility” of bankruptcy courts in handling ancillary cases in light of principles of international comity and respect for the laws and judgments of other nations). Indeed, courts have gone so far as to view a recognition order as less than a final order, seeing it as a reflection of the facts presented to the court at the time. See In re Ernst & Young, Inc., 383 B.R. 773, 781 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2008) (court concluding that its recognition ruling was a summary determination rather a decision that was “full and final”).

C. Judicial Estoppel Does Not Apply to these Proceedings

Before assessing the Dutch Petition under Section 1517(d), the Court must first address Movants’ claims that such an analysis is unnecessary because of the doctrine of judicial estoppel. More specifically, the Movants contend that Coop is barred by judicial estoppel from arguing in this proceeding that its COMI is in Brazil because of prior representations by Coop to the Dutch courts. Importantly, Movants do not claim that Coop ever explicitly or affirmatively represented to the Dutch courts that its COMI was in a particular location. See Trustee Reply ¶ 32 (“Coop’s behavior ... presents a classic case' for judicial estop-pel”) (emphasis added); id. ¶ 34 (acknowledging that the Objectors are correct in “not[ing] that Coop’s petition never uses the term COMI”). But the Movants- nonetheless argue that estoppel should apply because the information provided by Coop resulted in the Dutch courts finding that Coop’s COMI under the EU Regulation is in the Netherlands and Coop never contested that finding.

“The doctrine of judicial estop-pel prevents a party from asserting a factual position in one legal proceeding that is contrary to a position that is successfully advanced in another proceeding.” BPP Illinois, LLC v. Royal Bank of Scotland Grp. PLC, 859 F.3d 188, 192 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting Rodal v. Anesthesia Grp. of Onondaga, P.C., 369 F.3d 113, 118 (2d Cir. 2004)). Judicial estoppel aims “to protect the integrity of the judicial process ... by prohibiting parties from deliberately changing positions according to the exigencies of the moment.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749-50, 121 S.Ct. 1808, 149 L.Ed.2d 968 (2001) (quotations omitted). “[T]he exact criteria for invoking judicial estoppel will vary based on specific factual contexts.” BPP Illinois, 859 F.3d at 192 (quoting Adelphia Recovery Trust v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., 748 F.3d 110, 116 (2d Cir. 2014)). But judicial estoppel generally requires that “[A] a party’s later position is ‘clearly inconsistent’ with its earlier* position; [B] the party’s former position has been adopted in some way by the court in the earlier proceeding; and [C] the party asserting the two positions would derive an unfair advantage against the party seeking estoppel.” Id. at 192. (quoting In re Adelphia Recovery Tr., 634 F.3d 678, 695-96 (2d Cir. 2011)). The third requirement is sometimes couched in terms of “ ‘unfair detriment [to] the opposing party’ rather than advantage to the party to be estopped.” In re Adelphia Recovery Tr., 634 F.3d at 696 (quoting New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 751, 121 S.Ct. 1808) (alteration in original). But the Second Circuit limits application of judicial estoppel to “situations where the risk of inconsistent results with its impact on judicial integrity is certain.” Id. “This requirement means that judicial estoppel may only apply where the earlier tribunal accepted the accuracy of the litigant’s statements.” Id. (citing DeRosa v. Nat’l Envelope Corp., 595 F.3d 99, 103 (2d Cir. 2010)).

Under applicable law, silence in a prior proceeding is generally not treated as comparable to a statement for purposes of judicial estoppel. Classic applications of the doctrine involve affirmative declarations or postures that are directly at odds with a latter position. In New Hampshire, for example, the state of New Hampshire was estopped from contesting the location of its shared boundary with Maine only after previously entering a consent decree “expressly” determining the issue. New Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 746, 121 S.Ct. 1808. Similarly, a shipping company in Rapture Shipping was estopped from denying the existence of a contract it had explicitly relied upon in earlier proceedings in front of a Dutch court. See Rapture Shipping, Ltd. v. Allround Fuel Trading B.V., 350 F.Supp.2d 369 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). Alternatively, the court in AXA Marine & Aviation Ins. rejected a judicial estoppel argument where an insurer’s denial of coverage did not actually contradict an earlier statement in a related proceeding that coverage had not been declined “to date.” AXA Marine & Aviation Ins. (UK) Ltd. v. Seajet Indus. Inc., 84 F.3d 622, 628 (2d Cir. 1996).

Instead, silence in a prior proceeding provides a basis for judicial estop-pel where it violates some affirmative duty to speak. Perhaps the most common example in bankruptcy court involves a debtor’s failure to declare the existence of assets or potential assets. Such cases of judicial es-toppel rest on the debtor’s legal obligation to completely and accurately inform the court of its assets, and the damage caused to the bankruptcy system and individual creditors by a failure to do so. See, e.g., BPP Illinois, 859 F.3d at 192-194 (examining a debtor’s duty to list all assets prior to confirmation of a plan and finding the debtor had violated the duty by not revealing a fraud claim it subsequently pursued); In re Adelphia Recovery Tr., 634 F.3d at 697-98 (finding that a statutory trust created to pursue claims on behalf of certain estate claimants had taken inconsistent positions by failing to reveal to the court and certain creditors the existence of potential fraudulent conveyance claims); Galin v. United States, 2008 WL 5378387, at *10-11 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 2008) (holding divorcee judicially estopped in tax case from claiming equitable title to property after having asserted that she had no interest in any real property during an earlier pre-divorce personal bankruptcy).

Where such legal disclosure obligations are not violated, judicial estoppel based on a failure to act arises where the omission flaunts a party’s fundamental procedural obligations so as to actively mislead a court. In Guinness PLC v. Ward, 955 F.2d 875, 898-900 (4th Cir. 1992), for example, Ward was estopped in a proceeding seeking enforcement of a foreign money judgment from raising the argument that the proceeding violated a pri- or settlement between the parties. The court observed that Ward had continued with his appeal of the underlying foreign action after the purported settlement without informing the British appellate courts of the settlement, thereby “inherently and explicitly informing [the British appellate courts] that no events had occurred which would render such appeals improper.” Id. at 899, Thus, it was inappropriate to rely on the settlement in the U.S. court while Ward himself had acted inconsistently in the British proceedings. Id. at 899-900.

But courts generally have refused to apply judicial estoppel to silence where a party is not otherwise obligated to speak up or take action. For example, in Bridgeway Corp. v. Citibank, 45 F.Supp.2d 276, 283-84 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), aff'd, 201 F.3d 134 (2d Cir. 2000), Citibank was not judicially estopped from arguing that a Liberian court judgment was unenforceable due to impartiality of the Liberian judicial system. The court held that such a stance was not “clearly inconsistent” with participating in and defending itself against suits in the Liberian courts without making such arguments there, which plaintiff insisted “implicitly” embraced the opposite position. Id. The court was not swayed by plaintiffs argument that Citibank had not made such claims until it was faced with an unfavorable decision in Liberia. Id.; see also Esparza v. Stephens, 2017 WL 1197137, at *5 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 2017) (judicial estoppel did not bar Texas from opposing a habeas petition after not submitting written materials earlier in the proceeding where it was not required to do so under the applicable rules); Nettles v. Daphne Utilities, 2014 WL 3845072, at *3 n.2 (S.D. Ala. Aug. 5, 2014) (judicial estop-pel did not bar a party from objecting to a jury demand despite not addressing the issue in an earlier responsive pleading when the rules did not require that the objection be raised earlier and the objection was not inconsistent with later pleadings).

In the present case, Movants’ es-toppel argument seeks to bar Coop from asserting a position on COMI under Chapter 15 based upon (1) the jurisdictional statements made by Coop in its Dutch SoP Petition; and (2) Coop’s failure to legally contest or appeal any of the Dutch courts’ findings regarding Coop’s COMI. Movants’ Proposed CoL ¶¶ 81-83, But Movants’ es-toppel argument fails because the COMI finding under the EU Regulation in the Dutch proceedings is not the same as a COMI finding under Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code.

It is true that Chapter 15’s use of the COMI concept stems indirectly from the EU Regulation. The Guide explains that the use of COMI “as the determinant that a foreign proceeding is a ‘main’ proceeding was modeled on the use of that concept in the European Union Convention on Insolvency Proceedings ... that was already in the process of being adopted when UNCI-TRAL drafted the Model Law.” In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 129 (citing Guide, U.N. Gen. Ass., UNCITRAL 30th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/CN.9/442 (1997)). Consequently, “Congress instructed that ‘[i]n interpreting [Chapter 15], the court shall consider its international origin, and the need to promote an application of this chapter that is consistent with the application of similar statutes adopted by foreign jurisdictions.’ ” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136 (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 1508) (alterations in the original); see also In re Ocean Rig UDW Inc., 570 B.R. 687, 703 n.6 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017).

As a result of their related histories, Chapter 15 and the EU Regulation share many significant traits, especially with respect to the concept of COMI. Both regimes require COMI inquiries for each debtor entity rather than for collective corporate groups. See Case 341/04, Bondi v. Bank of America, N.A. (Eurofood), 2006 E.C.R. I-3813, p. 18-19, ¶ 30, 2006 WL 1142304 (E.C.J. May 2, 2006) (“[E]ach debtor constituting a distinct legal entity is subject to its own court jurisdiction.”); Veder Decl. ¶ 32 (“[A] court [in the EU] faced with a corporate group insolvency needs to ascertain the COMI individually for each legal entity”); 11 U.S.C. § 1502(1) C“[D]ebtor’ means an entity that is the subject of a foreign proceeding.”). Both regimes include an initial presumption that a legal entity’s COMI is the location of the debtor’s registered seat or office. See Veder Decl. ¶ 20 (citing 3(1) Insolvency Regulation (recast)); 11 U.S.C. § 1516(c). U.S. and European courts have also emphasized the principle that COMI should be established by “objective factors” which are “ascertainable by third parties.” Veder Decl. ¶ 30 (citation omitted); see In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136 (“The focus on regularity and ascertainability should also inform our interpretation of the text.”).

Despite all these similarities, however, the EU Regulation and Chapter 15 are far from identical. As the Second Circuit has flatly stated, “the EU Regulation does not operate as an analog to Chapter 15.” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136. The COMI inquiries underpinning both regimes are conceptually and procedurally different, and have evolved under separate lines of case law written by judges operating with different purposes and concerns.

First and foremost, the EU Regulation is not an implementation of the UNCI-TRAL Model Law. The EU Regulation’s principal concern is coordination and recognition between insolvency proceedings among the European member states. Trial Tr. 487:13-488:8, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder). Because of this focus on coordinating insolvency proceedings within the EU, “a main insolvency proceeding in one EU member state is automatically recognized by all other EU member states.” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136 (citing EU Regulation art. 16). Once a COMI determination is made in one state, it is binding on other EU member state courts. See Trial Tr. 478:23-479:13, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder); Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 126. Consequently, “the EU has no need for a recognition petition such as provided under Chapter 15.” In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136. When a court finds a debtor’s COMI to be outside the EU, it looks to the applicable national insolvency regime rather than the EU Regulation. See Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 115-17; Veder Decl. ¶ 12-15, 33-35. In the Netherlands, it is the DBA that dictates the specific procedures and forms of relief available to a debtor in the Dutch courts and governs how to treat insolvency proceedings for a debtor with a Dutch “establishment” but a non-EU COMI. See Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 115-17; Veder Decl. ¶ 12-15, 33-35.

The EU Regulation is also a “poor analog” in regards to the timeframe considered in a COMI analysis. In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136 n.9 (discussing In re Millennium Global Emerging Credit Master Fund Ltd., 458 B.R. 63, 74 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011)). The EU Regulation looks to the date of the filing of the foreign insolvency proceedings (Veder Decl. ¶ 31), whereas in the U.S. the inquiry centers on the date of the Chapter 15 recognition petition. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 136.

While both regimes include a registered office presumption, divergent case law has led to a different application of that presumption under the EU Regulation than under Chapter 15. The European Court of Justice set the standard for applying and overcoming the presumption in the Euro-food and Interedil cases. See Movants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 50; Veder Decl. ¶¶ 22-31. Under the^e eases, the EU courts do not pursue a comprehensive exploration of the evidence, but rather uphold the presumption unless it is demonstrated that a debt- or’s management and assets sit together in a different state, and that such facts are ascertainable by third parties:

Where a company’s central administration is not in the same place as its registered office, the presence of company assets and the existence of contracts for the financial exploitation of those assets in a Member State other than that in which the registered office is situated cannot be regarded as sufficient factors to rebut the presumption unless a comprehensive assessment of all the relevant factors makes it possible to establish, in a manner that is ascertainable by third parties, that the company’s actual centre of management and supervision and of the management of its interests is located in that other Member State.

Veder Decl. ¶ 30 (quoting Interedil ¶ 59).

This is far different than U.S. law. In the U.S., the registered office presumption is applied merely “[f]or speed and convenience in instances in which the COMI is obvious and undisputed.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 514-15; see also In re SPhinX, 351 B.R. at 117 (citing legislative history). The presumption “does not shift the risk of nonpersuasion, i.e., the burden of proof, away from the foreign representative seeking recognition as a main proceeding.” In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 127 (quoting In re Tri-Continental Exch., 349 B.R. at 635). “In fact, Congress changed the relevant language of the Model law by substituting ,,. ‘evidence’ ,.. for the Model Law’s ‘proof ... to clarify this issue.” In re Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master Fund, Ltd., 389 B.R. 325, 335 (S.D.N.Y. 2008). “[T]he Guide explains that the presumption does ‘not prevent, in accordance with applicable procedural law, calling for or assessing other evidence if the conclusion suggested by the presumption is called into question by the court or an interested party.’ ” In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 129 (emphasis in original) (quoting Guide, ¶ 122). Thus, the presumption “does not tie the hands of a court to examine the facts more closely in any instances where the court regards the issues to be sufficiently material to warrant further inquiry.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 515 (quoting In re Basis Yield, 381 B.R. at 52). The presumption “is especially inappropriate in a case where there is a substantial dispute.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 517.

In sum, “whatever may be the proper interpretation of the EU Regulation, the Model Law and Chapter 15 give limited weight to the presumption of jurisdiction of incorporation as the COMI.” In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 128 (quoting West-brook, Locating the Eye of the Financial Storm, 32 BROOK. J. INT’L L. at 15-16). “[I]f the foreign proceeding is in the country of the registered office, and if there is evidence that the center of main interests might be elsewhere, then the foreign representative must prove that the center of main interest is in the same country as the registered office.” In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 128 (quoting In re Tri-Continental Exch., 349 B.R. at 635); see also id, (“[The] presumption is not a preferred alternative where there is a separation between a corporation’s jurisdiction of incorporation and its real seat.”) (citing Westbrook, Locating the Eye of the Financial Storm, 32 BROOK. J. INT’L L. at 15).

The distinctions in the substantive use of the presumption are reflected in the procedures used by Dutch and U.S. courts. The Dutch court’s procedures for issuing a determination on European COMI are very different from what occurs in a Chapter 15 recognition proceeding. In the Netherlands, the DBA requires a COMI finding as the preliminary jurisdictional step in an insolvency proceeding, which can be initiated by a debtor’s ex parte filing of a suspension of payments petition. See Trial Tr. 802:7-15, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). The Dutch courts do not sua sponte seek further information beyond what is provid-

ed in the petition (Berkenboseh Decl. ¶ 119), which can result in an extremely rapid COMI determination. This case is a perfect example. Coop filed its SoP Petition on August 9, 2016 and received confirmation of its provisional SoP at 9:30AM that same morning. See Trial Tr. 801:19-802:6 Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenboseh). That confirmation found Coop’s COMI to be in the Netherlands under the EU Regulation. TX 28 at 3-4 (“[T]his district court is competent to open these main proceedings as in its opinion the centre of the debtor’s main interests lies in the Netherlands .... The district court: —grants [Coop] a provisional suspension of payments.”). This procedure is a far cry from the U.S. requirement to hold a hearing on recognition—on notice of not less than 21 days— at which time the court will hear any objections. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2002(q)(1). This can be an involved and contested process in the U.S. See, e.g., In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. 325 (denying appeal of Chapter 15 recognition of Cayman Islands proceeding upon objections from foreign secured creditors and a COMI hearing, despite appellant’s registered office in the Cayman Islands implicating the statutory COMI presumption); In re Millennium Glob. Emerging Credit Master Fund, 458 B.R. 63, aff'd, 474 B.R. 88 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (affirming bankruptcy court’s COMI finding and recognition of Bermuda proceedings as foreign main proceeding under Chapter 15); In re Gerova Fin. Grp., Ltd., 482 B.R. 86 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2012) (despite secured creditors’ argument under Section 1506 and opposition to wind-up proceedings, the court granted recognition of Bermuda proceedings as foreign main proceedings under Chapter 15 after one day hearing). Given the different legal standard and process for determining COMI under the EU Regulation and Chapter 15, it is inappropriate to apply judicial estoppel in these proceedings. See Brown v. Watters, 599 F.3d 602, 615 (7th Cir. 2010) (noting that party does not take inconsistent positions when statutory standards relied upon are different in material respects).

In addition, each of the two factual bases relied upon by Movants suffers from other defects. The first argument relies on Coop’s SoP Petition. The Movants argue that the “Jurisdiction” section of the SoP Petition shows that Coop presented facts to the Dutch District Court that would necessarily lead it to conclude that Coop’s COMI was located in the Netherlands. See TX 26 ¶ 8.1. More specifically, the Insolvency Trustee asserts that when a debtor’s COMI is in the EU, it has a statutory duty to “submit sufficient information to enable the judge to determine whether it has jurisdiction under the [EU Regulation] Regime,” Berkenboseh Decl. ¶ 119. Movants contend that Coop provided no information in that section that could rebut the presumption that the location of a company’s registered office is the same as its COMI, and, in fact, further buttressed that conclusion with additional details about Coop’s Dutch presence. Trustee Reply ¶ 33; see also Berkenboseh Decl. ¶ 119. In addition to the “Jurisdiction” section, Movants also cite to a statement concerning Coop’s purpose for filing the SoP Petition:

In order to ensure that the restructuring of the indebtedness as contemplated by the RJ Plan, to the extent it concerns [Coop], will be recognised and bind creditors in relation to the assets and liabilities of [Coop] in the Netherlands (and in other European member states), [Coop] has submitted, together with this petition, a draft composition plan.

TX 26 ¶ 6.1. Because recognition of a Dutch composition plan would only occur automatically across EU member states under the EU Regulation, the Movants argue this statement conclusively demonstrates Coop’s awareness that its SoP Petition would lead to a finding of Dutch COMI. See Trustee Reply ¶ 38.

But Movants have not established that Coop had an affirmative duty to provide more information than is contained in the SoP Petition or that its silence flaunted some fundamental procedural obligations so as to actively mislead a court. Movants’ position is undercut by the breadth of information contained in Coop’s SoP Petition. Coop did not make any representations about its COMI but it did present the relevant facts about its operations. Those facts included not only information about Coop’s registered office in the Netherlands but also information about Coop’s role as a financing SPV for the Oi Group. For example, the SoP Petition highlighted Coop’s role as a “financing vehicle” dependent on the Oi Group operations for repayment of Coop’s debts, described the Brazilian RJ Proceeding and the recognition granted to those proceedings both in the U.S. and the U.K., and repeatedly emphasized that a Coop restructuring and payment of Coop debts was entirely reliant on a successful Brazilian restructuring of the Oi Group as a whole. It is these same facts that led to this Court’s prior order recognizing Coop’s COMI in Brazil, notwithstanding the location of its registered office. See Prior Recognition Order at 2-5; Hr. Tr. 20:17-21:15, July 22, 2017. Thus, it cannot be said that the Dutch courts were misled by Coop given its fulsome disclosure of the relevant facts about its corporate existence and operations. See Period Homes, Ltd. v. Wallick, 275 Ga. 486, 488, 569 S.E.2d 502 (2002) (denying estoppel claim in part because debtor did not mislead bankruptcy court about a post-petition breach of contract claim when it failed to amend its asset schedule but still informed the Chapter 7 trustee of the claim’s existence and amount of damages sought); Sports Page, Inc. v. First Union Mgmt., Inc., 438 N.W.2d 428, 431-32 (Minn. Ct. App. 1989) (affirming lower courts rejection of a judicial estoppel argument based on debtor’s failure to include a claim in its asset schedules because debtor had otherwise informed the bankruptcy trustee of the claim’s existence).

Admittedly, there is evidence that Coop was aware of the effect of the EU recognition “in other European member states.” TX 26 ¶ 6.1; see Trustee Reply ¶ 38. But as Professor Veder testified, recognition of a Dutch composition plan by other EU member states is not limited to the automatic mechanism provided for under the EU Regulation. Trial Tr. 394:22-396:22, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder). Even for proceedings established under the DBA, member state national regimes provide for their own recognition procedures, including automatic recognition in Germany and UN-CITRAL Model Law-style recognition in the' UK. See id. But judicial estoppel is not a tool to be used in such a nuanced situation, particularly given that Coop presented a fulsome picture of Coop in its SoP Petition. Thus, Coop was simply not “blowing hot and cold with the judicial process to such a degree as to violate thé essential integrity of that process.” Guinness, 955 F.2d at 899 (quotations omitted).

The Movants’ other estoppel argument relies upon Coop’s failure to contest or appeal the Dutch District Court’s COMI finding. Movants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 83. But Coop’s Dutch law expert testified that such actions are not possible, a conclusion that the Court credits. Compare Trial Tr. 477:19-480:14, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder), with Trial Tr. 836:19-838:7, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). But for this Court’s purposes, it does not even matter. In its subsequent submissions to the Dutch District Court [redacted], Coop [redacted] expressed its disagreement with the Dutch COMI finding, laid out its concerns regarding the impact of a successful conversion on the Oi Group’s restructuring, and argued that the DBA rather than the EU Regulation should govern the insolvency proceedings. So even if each Dutch court made its own independent finding regarding COMI and jurisdiction as the Insolvency Trustee states (Trial Tr. 835:12-836:18 Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch)), they appear to have done so with knowledge of Coop’s opposition to a Dutch COMI.

D. This Court Does Not Abstain Under Comity from Determining Recognition Under Chapter 15

Movants’ comity argument also fails. The Insolvency Trustee argues that the Court should refrain from making its own determination on Coop’s COMI, and instead simply grant comity to the Dutch court decisions that found COMI under the EU Regulation to be located in the Netherlands. The Trustee writes that this Court should “accord[ ] the decisions of the Dutch Courts the same effect they are already, entitled to throughout the European Union, where they are final and binding.” Trustee Reply ¶ 49. But while comity is crucial to a proper functioning of Chapter 15, the Court disagrees that it should defer to the Dutch courts in assessing COMI under Chapter 15.

International comity is “the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having due regard both to international duty and convenience, and to the rights of its own citizens, or of other persons who are under the protection of its laws.” Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 163-64, 16 S.Ct. 139, 40 L.Ed. 95 (1895). The doctrine is “concerned with maintaining amicable working relationships between nations, a ‘shorthand for good neighbourliness, common courtesy and mutual respect between those who labour in adjoining judicial vineyards.’ ” JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Altos Hornos de Mex., S.A. de C.V., 412 F.3d 418, 423 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting British Airways Bd. v. Laker Airways Ltd., [1984] E.C.C. 36, 41 (Eng. C.A.)). American courts have long recognized the importance of comity “[particularly in the bankruptcy context, ,.. because ‘[t]he equitable and orderly distribution of a debtor’s property requires assembling all claims against the limited assets in a single proceeding.’ ” In re Atlas Shipping A/S, 404 B.R. 726, 733 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2009) (second alteration in the original) (quoting Victrix S.S. Co., S.A. v. Salen Dry Cargo A.B., 825 F.2d 709, 713-14 (2d Cir. 1987)).

“The decision to grant comity is a matter within a court’s discretion and the burden of proof to establish its appropriateness is on the moving party.” Duff & Phelps, LLC v. Vitro S.A.B. de C.V., 18 F.Supp.3d 375, 382 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (quoting Maersk, Inc. v. Neewra, Inc., 2010 WL 2836134, at *10, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69863, at *29 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2010)); see also Fox v. Bank Mandiri (In re Perry H. Koplik & Sons, Inc.), 2007 WL 781905, at *2, 2007 Bankr. LEXIS 925, at *9-10 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2007) (“[A] decision to grant comity to the determination of a foreign court is a matter within the court’s discretion, as to which the party seeking to invoke comity has the burden of establishing that the foreign court’s determination is appropriate.”) (citing Allstate Life Ins. Co. v. Linter Grp. Ltd., 994 F.2d 996, 999 (2d Cir. 1993)). The doctrine is a form of abstention; it “is not an imperative obligation of courts but rather is a discretionary rule of ‘practice, convenience, and expediency.’ ” JP Morgan, 412 F.3d at 423 (quoting Pravin Banker Assocs., Ltd. v. Banco Popular del Peru, 109 F.3d 850, 854 (2d Cir. 1997)); see also Sec. Inv’r Prot. Corp. v. Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC (In re Madoff), 2016 WL 6900689, at *10, 2016 Bankr. LEXIS 4067, at *32 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2016) (“Dismissing an action based on comity is a form of abstention ....”) (citations omitted). “[C]ourts generally extend comity provided the foreign court had proper jurisdiction and recognition of its judgment or proceeding does not prejudice the rights of United States citizens or violate domestic public policy.” Rapture Shipping, 350 F.Supp.2d at 373 (citing Victrix, 825 F.2d at 713).

“A central tenet of [CJhapter 15 is the importance of comity in cross-border insolvency proceedings.” In re Rede Energia, 515 B.R. at 89 (citing In re Cozumel Caribe S.A. de C.V., 482 B.R. 96, 114-15 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2012)); In re Atlas Shipping, 404 B.R. at 738 (“Chapter 15 Embodies Principles of Comity”); In re Vitro, 701 F.3d at 1043 (“[c]entral to Chapter 15 is comity.”). But “Chapter 15 does impose certain requirements and considerations that act as a brake or limitation on comity.” Krys v. Farnum Place, LLC (In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd.), 768 F.3d 239, 245 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting In re Vitro, 701 F.3d at 1054); see also In re Rede Energia, 515 B.R. at 91. Where the Bankruptcy Code provides the standard for a court’s determination, comity does not enter the equation. See In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd., 768 F.3d at 246 (“[W]hen a statute’s language is plain, the sole function of the courts—at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd—is to enforce it according to its terms.”) (quoting Sebelius v. Cloer, 569 U.S. 369, 381, 133 S.Ct. 1886, 185 L.Ed.2d 1003 (2013)). For example, the Second Circuit in Fair-field Sentry found the plain language of Section 1520(a)(2) required the bankruptcy court in a Chapter 15 case to conduct its own review of a transaction under Section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code, notwithstanding that the transaction had been approved by the British Virgin Islands court where the foreign main proceeding was pending. See In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd., 768 F.3d at 246. Thus, the Second Circuit explicitly rejected the notion that the bankruptcy court should defer to the foreign court’s determination based oh the principle of international comity. See id. at 245-46; see also In re Vitro, 701 F.3d at 1054 (holding that while “comity should be an important factor in determining whether relief will be granted,” the court was “compelled ... to get into the weeds of Chapter 15 to determine” the scope of a foreign representative’s authority and the nature of the relief the bankruptcy court could grant).

In the case of recognition under Chapter 15, “[b]oth the plain language and legislative history of Chapter 15 ... requires [a bankruptcy court to make] a factual determination with respect to recognition before principles of comity come into play.” In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. at 334, So while comity governs recognition of a foreign judgment (see Rapture Shipping, 350 F.Supp.2d at 373), it does not govern the initial recognition of a foreign proceeding under Chapter 15. Recognition of a proceeding requires the application of “objective criteria,” and it is only post-recognition relief which “turns on subjective factors that embody principles of comity.” In re Atlas Shipping, 404 B.R. at 738 (quoting In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. at 333 (citing 11 U.S.C. §§ 1507, 1517, 1521, 1525; Model Law Art. 7, 17, 21, 25)); see also In re Ran, 390 B.R. 257, 292 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2008) (“By arguing comity without satisfying the conditions for recognition, [the foreign trustee] urges this Court to ignore the statutory requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 1517 .... comity is not an element of recognition; it is rather, a consideration once recognition is granted.”).

The objective criteria of the recognition procedure “reflects a policy determination by UNCITRAL and Congress that this Court should not assist a representative of a foreign action unless the debtor has a sufficient presence in the country in which the foreign action is taking place.” In re British Am. Ins. Co., 488 B.R. 205, 213 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2013) (citing In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. at 333-34). “If the debtor does not have its center of main interests or at least an establishment in the country of the foreign proceedings, the bankruptcy court should not grant recognition and is not authorized to use its power to effectuate the purposes of the foreign proceeding.” In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. at 334 (citing House Report at 1:13; Guide ¶¶ 73, 75, 128).

In fact, Chapter 15 makes no mention of comity in Section 1517 or any other section setting forth the requirements for a grant of recognition. Rather, Section 1509(b) provides that:

[i]f the court grants recognition under section 1517 ... the foreign representative may apply directly to a court in the United States for appropriate relief in that court; and a court in the United States shall grant comity or cooperation to the foreign representative.

11 U.S.C. § 1509(b) (emphasis added). Likewise,' Section 1507 allows courts to “provide additional assistance to a foreign representative ... consistent with the principles of comity” “if recognition is granted ....” 11 U.S.C. § 1507(a)-(b) (emphasis added). The statute also refers to requests for relief from “courife] in the United States other than the court which granted recognition,” as requests for “comity or cooperation.” 11 U.S.C, § 1509(c) (emphasis added). Similarly, if recognition has been denied under Chapter 15, “the court may issue any appropriate order necessary to prevent the foreign representative from obtaining comity or cooperation” from other U.S. courts. 11 U.S.C. § 1509(d) (emphasis added); see In re Atlas Shipping, 404 B.R. at 738-39 (conducting related analysis of references to comity throughout Chapter 15).

An examination of Section 304 of the Bankruptcy Code—Chapter 15’s statutory predecessor—further underscores the requirement that a bankruptcy court conduct an independent assessment of recognition. “While much of the jurisprudence developed under [S]ection 304 is preserved in the context of new [S]ection 1507, [S]ection 304 did not have a recognition requirement as a first step.... Chapter 15, on the other hand, imposes a rigid procedural structure for recognition of foreign proceedings as either main or nonmain...." In re Ran, 390 B.R. at 290-91 (quoting In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 132) (first omission in the original); see also In re British Am. Ins. Co., 488 B.R. at 213 (“The general principles of comity that governed ac-knowledgement of cross-border matters under former [S]ection 304 no longer apply to recognition under [C]hapter 15.”) (citing Lavie v. Ran, 406 B.R. 277, 282 (S.D.Tex. 2009), aff'd, 607 F.3d 1017 (5th Cir.2010)). “Requiring recognition as a condition to nearly all court access and consequently as a condition to granting comity distinguishes Chapter 15 from its predecessor [S]ection 304.” In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. at 333. “Prior to the enactment of Chapter 15, access to the United States courts by a foreign representative was not dependent on recognition; rather, all relief under [S]eetion 304 was discretionary and based on subjective, comity-influenced factors.” In re Ran, 390 B.R. at 291 (citing In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 126; In re Basis Yield, 381 B.R. at 46; Westbrook, Locating the Eye of the Financial Storm, 32 BROOK. J. INT’L L. at 1024; Daniel Glosband, SPhinX Chapter 15 Opinion Misses the Mark, 25 AM. BANKR. INST. J. 44, 45 (Dec./Jan.2007)). Chapter 15 changed this by establishing an objective eligibility requirement for recognition to promote predictability and reliability. See In re Bear Stearns, 389 B.R. at 333. This is in contrast to the standards for post-recognition relief, which under Chapter 15 remained “flexible and pragmatic in order to foster comity and cooperation in appropriate cases.” Id.

All these principles dictate that this Court make its own determination on recognition in this case, rather than defer to the Dutch courts. While the parties disagree as to whether the Dutch Petition should be evaluated under Section 1517(a) or 1517(d), it is clear that Chapter 15 itself provides the standard, for the U.S. courts to apply. As explained above, Section 1517(a) sets forth explicit requirements for recognition while Section 1517(d) provides a basis for the “modification or termination” of a prior recognition hearing. See 11 U.S.C.§ 1517(a); 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d). Given that Chapter 15 provides the standard for the present, dispute, abstention based on comity is inappropriate. See In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd., 768 F.3d at 246.

Even if comity could be appropriately considered, the Insolvency Trustee’s argument would fail for a different reason. The principles of comity do not fit comfortably where the task before the foreign court was different from that which faces this Court. For the reasons discussed earlier, a COMI finding for the purposes of an insolvency proceeding under the EU Regulation is not the same as a COMI finding under Chapter 15. Here, the Insolvency Trustee has even gone beyond asking for comity and requested that this Court “accord[ j the decisions of the Dutch- Courts the same effect they are already entitled to throughout the European. Union ...,” where such decisions are granted automated recognition. Trustee Reply ¶ 49, There is no basis in statute or case law for such treatment.

Finally, the Insolvency Trustee’s reliance on In re Ocean Rig as a basis for comity here is misplaced. The Insolvency Trustee refers to one statement from that case:

[tjo the extent that a determination of center ... of main interests is relevant to eligibility to file proceedings in other countries, and has been decided by the foreign court, it may well be appropriate for a U.S. bankruptcy court to give deference or comity to the determination of the foreign court in the jurisdiction in which the foreign proceeding is filed.

In re Ocean Rig, 570 B.R. at 703 n.6; Trial Tr. 927:18-11, Sept. 26, 2017 (Ball). But this statement, made in a single footnote and unrepeated elsewhere, was clearly dicta. Indeed, the court in Ocean Rig explicitly stated that “since the Cayman Court has not decided the issue here, no issue of deference or comity arises.” Id, Moreover, these statements followed the observation that it is appropriate to look to foreign interpretations of COMI “from other international jurisdictions that have adopted the Model Law,” which was not the case in the Cayman Islands. Id. (emphasis added). Neither the Netherlands nor Brazil have adopted the Model Law. See Status UNCI-TRAL Model law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1997), http://www.uncitral.org/ uncitral/en/uncitraLtexts/insolvency/1997 ModeLstatus.html (last visited Nov. 13, 2017) (listing countries that have adopted the Model Law and not including Brazil or the Netherlands).

E. The Court Will Not Exercise its Discretion to Grant Relief Under the First Prong of Section 1517(d)

The Court now turns to the crux of this dispute: whether the Prior Recognition Order for the Brazilian RJ Proceeding should be terminated under Section 1517(d) of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court starts by addressing the first prong under subsection (d), and concludes that the grounds for granting recognition to the Brazilian RJ Proceeding were not “fully or partially lacking.” 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d).

Under this first prong, the Movants contend the Court was misled at the Prior Recognition Hearing because certain information was concealed from the Court such that the Court lacked a basis for its ruling. More specifically, Mr. Berkenbosch alleges that the Court was not informed of certain important facts at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing. See Movants’ Proposed CoL ¶¶ 46, 89, 104. The Court rejects the Movants’ request to modify or terminate the Prior Recognition on this basis for two reasons: (1) the evidence relied upon by the Court in its Prior Recognition Order justified its finding that Coop’s COMI was in Brazil; and (2) the evidence that Movants contend was omitted is not significant enough to grant relief under the first prong.

First, the record demonstrates that the Court was provided a broad picture of the relevant facts, and a sufficient basis for its Prior Recognition Order. The Chapter 15 Debtors presented Coop’s ties to Brazil as a special purpose financing vehicle for the Oi Group at the Prior Recognition Hearing. The Oi Debtors informed the Court that “Coop is a special-purpose vehicle (an SPV) with no ability to generate a return on cash proceeds itself’ (Shah Decl. ¶ 34), that “any proceeds from debt issuances at Coop must be on-lent to (eventually) an operating Oi Group entity capable of earning a profit for Coop’s creditors” (id.), that Coop is “the obligor on any intragroup loans received by it from Oi Group affiliates in its capacity as an intragroup financing company in the Oi group” (id.), that “Coop exists exclusively to service the financing needs of the economically integrated Oi Group” (id. ¶ 30), and that “Coop’s assets consist solely of receivables owed to it by its Brazilian Oi Group affiliates” (id. ¶ 33).

But the Chapter 15 Debtors also disclosed the key facts about Coop’s ties to the Netherlands. For example, the Court was informed that “Coop was incorporated ... in 2011 under the laws of the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 30; Brazilian Petition ¶ 26); “Coop maintains its registered office in the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 31; Brazilian Petition ¶ 27); “Coop enters routine filings with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce ... files tax returns with the Dutch tax authorities, employs Baker Tilly International as auditor, and completes other ministerial activities required by Dutch law” (Shah Decl. ¶ 31; Brazilian Petition ¶ 27); “Coop hired independent Dutch counsel to ensure the protection of its interests in a joint defense with its Oi Group affiliates” (Shah Decl. ¶ 32; Brazilian Petition ¶ 28); “Coop ... is governed by two directors, one of whom resides in the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 31; Brazilian Petition ¶27); and “Coop’s board of directors ,.. hold [their] meetings in the Netherlands” (Shah Decl. ¶ 32; Brazilian Petition ¶ 28). Given all of the facts provided by the Chapter 15 Debtors in the Prior Recognition Proceeding, the Court concludes that the grounds for recognition were not lacking.

Second, none of the facts identified by Movants as undisclosed at the Prior Recognition Hearing justify relief under the first prong of Section 1517(d). In short, the absence of these facts did not mislead the Court so as to result in an erroneous COMI determination. A few of the specific facts relied upon by Movants are worthy of discussion.

Movants rely most heavily upon Coop’s prior statements about its COMI under the EU Regulation. Movants point out that the Court was not informed of: (1) the existence, of “prior resolutions of the Coop Board stating [that] COMI [under the EU Regulation] was in the Netherlands”; and (2) the existence of an “opinion letter to [underwriters] of the 2021 Notes” which discusses Coop’s COMI under the EU Regulation. Trustee Reply ¶ 78. But for reasons explained earlier, these statements regarding the location of Coop’s COMI under the EU Regulation are not disposi-tive for determining COMI under U.S. law. The Dutch District Court found Coop’s COMI under the EU Regulation to be in the Netherlands—without a hearing and on the same day that the SoP Petition was filed—based on the presumption triggered by Coop’s corporate location. It made this determination notwithstanding the other information about Coop contained in the SoP Petition, such as Coop’s status as a special purpose financing vehicle for the Oi group.

At the Prior Recognition Hearing this Court was well aware that Coop’s registered office was in the Netherlands. But the registered office presumption is not accorded the same weight under U.S. law. See supra at 23-25. Given the different standard under U.S. law, therefore, this Court considered the information about Coop’s SPV status to be highly relevant in reaching a different conclusion about Coop’s COMI under Chapter 15 at the Prior Recognition Hearing. See Hr’g Tr. 21:10-15, July 21, 2016 (“Case law including the OAS case notes that the COMI of an SPV turns at a location of the corporate nerve center and the expectation of creditors. And here, I find that the COMI analysis for the SPV here is essentially the same as it was in OAS and I reach the same conclusion that Brazil is the appropriate place.”); see also In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 102 (noting that COMI of a financing SPV depended upon: (1) the location of the corporate nerve center of the corporate group the SPV served; (2) the expectations of the SPVs creditors; and (3) the function the SPV played within its corporate group).

The Movants further contend that the Chapter 15 Debtors did not disclose to the Court that Coop engaged in business beyond the issuance of notes, such as hedging and financing activities. They even argue that Coop is not an SPV, claiming that it engages in other activities beyond paying off debt that it accrued and then passed on to the Oi Group. But this is not borne out by the evidence. The record does not show that Coop took actions other than those consistent with its nature as a special purpose financing vehicle. While Coop’s Articles of Association list a number . of other potential activities that the company could hypothetically . engage in (SCX1, Art. 3), no evidence was presented that it has ever actually engaged in activities- beyond its role as an SPV. Movants make much of the notion that Coop “held” money that it received before on-lending the funds to the Oi Group (see Trustee Reply ¶4), implying that significant economic activity was involved in such “holding.” But the record does not support that conclusion. Nothing appears to have been done with this cash while being held in the bank in the Bahamas. Rabelo Deck ¶¶ 20, 22. The mere act of holding those funds is not inconsistent with Coop’s SPV nature; it is hard to imagine how an entity like Coop could obtain funds and on-lend them without at some point “holding” the money. Moreover, Movants have not pointed to anything in the record establishing that Coop even made the decision about when these funds were transferred. Indeed, one would expect such a decision to be made directly or indirectly by the Oi Group in Brazil. For all these reasons, therefore, the record here does not - support Movants’ claim that Coop acted outside the parameters of its role as a special purpose financing vehicle.

The Movants also complain that the Chapter 15 Debtors in the prior case com cealed certain actions that Coop had taken or was planning to take, such as that: (1) Coop fraudulently transferred the PT sale proceeds to Brazilian affiliates just days before commencing restructuring activities (Trustee Reply ¶ 4); (2) Oi replaced the Dutch member of the Coop Board with an Oi employee (Trustee Reply ¶ 78); and (8) the newly reconstituted Coop Board approved loan amendments that looked to Brazil and not the Netherlands (Trustee Reply ¶ 78). The Movants also note that Coop failed to disclose that it was planning to file the SoP in the Netherlands after the Prior Recognition Order was entered. Movants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 46, But none of these actions would be sufficient to sway the COMI determination made at the Pri- or Recognition Hearing. It is not even clear how these actions would be relevant to the Court’s determination that Coop’s COMI is in Brazil. As to the first, the existence of prepetition transfers is not a factor normally identified as relevant to recognition under Section 1517. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 133 (noting that a debtor’s COMI is determined at the timing of filing of the Chapter 15 petition, except in circumstances of COMI manipulation). In any event, there has been no cogent explanation why it would be so here, particularly when Coop was required as a special purpose financing vehicle to on-lend any funds it received—which would include the proceeds of the PT sale—to the Oi Group. See Trial Tr. 676:13-23, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); TX 16 at 4 (2021 Notes Offering Memorandum) (“We expect to use the net cash proceeds of the PT Portugal Disposition for the repayment of indebtedness of our company or to carry out corporate transactions that aim to consolidate the telecommunications sector in Brazil, including the acquisition of interests in other mobile operators.”).

There is also no convincing explanation of the relevance of the second action cited by the Movants—the replacing of the Dutch member of the Coop Board—particularly given that Mr. Correa’s replacement of T.I.M. preserved the status quo of Coop having one director based in the Netherlands. See Trial Tr. 184:7-12, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo) (prior to T,I.M.’s replacement, Coop had one director in the Netherlands and one in Brazil); Trial Tr. 679:10-22, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch) (upon appointment, Mr. Correa moved to the Netherlands); Shah Decl. ¶ 31 (informing the Court that Coop had one director in the Netherlands and one in Brazil). As to the third action cited by the Movants regarding loan amendments, the amendments would not have changed this Court’s COMI determination. If anything, the amendments provide additional ties to Brazil,

The fourth action cited by the Movants regarding Coop’s intentions to file the SoP Petition fairs no better. Despite the Mov-ants’ assertions that the SoP was always planned by the Oi Group as part of a global restructuring strategy, the Court finds that the SoP Petition was filed for defensive purposes in response to the involuntary petitions. See infra n. 55 and accompanying text. In any event, the Chapter 15 Debtors promptly informed the Court of the filing of the SoP Petition within two weeks of the event. See Third Decl. of Shah Notifying Court of a Change of Status ¶ 5 [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 48].

The Movants also argue that the Chapter 15 Debtors withheld facts regarding PTIF, such as PTIF being Coop’s largest creditor and the PTIF Loan Agreement having a Netherlands forum selection clause. But the Court finds that adequate information regarding PTIF was provided to the Court in the earlier proceeding. See Brazilian Petition, at 3 n.5 (stating that PTIF is an “affiliated Debtor[ ] .,, organized under the laws of the Netherlands”); id. ¶ 30 (stating that Oi Coop is an obligor on intercompany claims of an affiliate); Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. D] (Writ of Summons, dated March 16, 2016, in Dutch proceeding brought by the Aurelius-managed fund Capricorn against PTIF, Coop, and others, alleging that (1) “PTIF and [Coop] are Dutch legal entities that are full subsidiaries of Oi” (¶ 2.1.1); (2) PTIF and Coop “are both engaged in financing activities for the Oi Group” (¶ 2.1.3); and (3) that in issuing the PTIF Loan, PTIF “basically transferred all its available funds to [Coop]” (¶ 2.4.3) and became “[Coop]’s largest creditor” (¶ 2.4.2).). As for the Netherlands forum selection clause in the PTIF Loan Agreement, it doesn’t tell the whole story. The PTIF Loan Agreement is actually “governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Brazil” (TX 5 § 6.5), and was executed not in Dutch, but “in both [the] English and Portuguese languages,” while setting out that “[i]n the event of any dispute or controversy, the Portuguese version [would] prevail” (TX 5 § 6.4).

Finally, the Movants allege that the Chapter 15 Debtors misled this Court by suggesting that the Brazilian public prosecutor in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding had issued an opinion concluding that “for the purposes of the Brazilian Bankruptcy Law and the Model Law, ‘there is no question’ that the COMI of each of the RJ Debtors, including the Dutch-incorporated entities Coop and PTIF, is in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” See Movants’ CoL ¶¶ 46, 104-09 (quoting Decl. of Shah Notifying Court of a Change of Status ¶ 7(iv) [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 32]). The Movants contrast this statement with the actual words of the public prosecutor that referred to the “main place of business” of the Oi Group. See Movants’ CoL ¶¶ 106-07. But this is much ado about nothing as the Chapter 15 Debtors provided the Court with a copy of the prosecutor’s opinion itself. See Request of the Office of the Public Prosecutor, attached as Ex. B. to Decl. of Shah Notifying Court of a Change of Status [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 32-2]. The Court could and did read this opinion in the prior case, and thus was fully informed of its content at the time the Court entered the Prior Recognition Order.

Putting aside the basis for the Court’s Prior Recognition Order, the Court has another reservation about exercising its discretion to grant relief under the first prong of Section 1517(d): the behavior of the Coop creditor Aurelius. The evidence at trial demonstrates that Aurelius’ failure to object at the Prior Recognition Hearing was a strategic decision, not one based on a lack of information or some fundamental misunderstanding of the facts. Aurelius was armed with the crucial information about Coop. But Aurelius nonetheless said nothing when the Court inquired about the COMI of Coop. It remained silent when the Court stated that the COMI of an SPV like Coop turns on the “location of the corporate nerve center and the expectations of creditors.” Hr’g Tr. at 21:10-12, July 21, 2016. It voiced no disagreement when the Court stated that “the integrated 0[i] group enterprise is managed, directed, and monitored as a strategic whole in Brazil while major group decisions are affected at the 0[i] group headquarters, [and] the 0[ij group headquarters is the corporate nerve center ..,. ” Id. at 20:24-21:3. Most crucially, it offered no objections when the Court opined that “the COMI analysis for the SPV here [ (Coop) ] is essentially the same as it was in OAS” and then concluded that Coop’s COMI was in Brazil. Id. at 21:13— 15. Aurelius failed to object notwithstanding its view that COMI for Coop is and always has been in the Netherlands. Mov-ants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 45; Trial Tr. 637:17-25, Sept. 25,2017 (Gropper).

Why did Aurelius remain silent at the Prior Recognition Hearing? As will be explained more fully below in discussing the second prong of Section 1517(d), the silence was part of a strategy by Aurelius based on its view that Coop’s debt was undervalued. Under that strategy, Aurelius significantly increased its holdings of Coop debt after the Prior Recognition Hearing and took action to overturn this Court’s Prior Recognition Order, notwithstanding its lack of objection at the Prior Recognition Hearing.

F, The Court Will Not Exercise its Discretion to Grant Relief Under the Second Prong of Section 1517(d)

The Court now turns to the second prong of Section 1517(d): whether recognition of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding should be modified or terminated because the grounds for granting recognition “have ceased to exist.” 11 U.S.C. § 1517(d). To assess this question, the Court must examine what has changed since entry of the Prior Recognition Order. Almost all of the central facts regarding Coop have remained unchanged since the Prior Recognition Order. Coop remains a special purpose financing vehicle for the Oi Group with a registered office in the Netherlands. The only significant change has been the progression of the Dutch insolvency proceedings and the activities of the Insolvency Trustee arising out of those proceedings. But for the reasons explained below, the Court declines on this record to modify or terminate the Prior Recognition Order—finding a Brazilian COMI—under the second prong of subsection (d) based on this change.

The Court is mindful that the activities of foreign liquidators and administrators can be relevant to a COMI analysis. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 137 (directing examination of a debtor’s COMI at the time the Chapter 15 petition is filed rather than the earlier date when the foreign insolvency proceeding was filed, and holding that “any relevant activities, including liquidation activities and administrative functions, may be considered”). Where a foreign representative “has engaged in significant pre-U.S. filing work to operate (or even liquidate) the foreign debtor in the jurisdiction where the foreign insolvency proceeding was commenced (even if in a letterbox jurisdiction), the COMI can be found to have shifted from the foreign debtor’s original principal place of business to the new locale.” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 518.

But the activities of a judicial administrator must be of sufficient significance to produce a shift in COMI. For instance, “when a foreign representative relocates all of the primary business activities of a debtor to his or her location, the COMI may ‘become lodged with the foreign representative.’ ” In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 519 (quoting In re Fairfield Sentry Ltd., 440 B.R. 60, 65 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2010), aff'd, 2011 WL 4357421 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 16, 2011), aff'd, 714 F.3d 127 (2d Cir. 2013)). In circumstances involving debtors without significant operations in a jurisdiction, a foreign representative’s work to operate or liquidate a foreign debtor provides a basis for U.S. recognition of letterbox jurisdiction insolvency proceedings—so long as the estate fiduciaries in those jurisdictions do enough work.” Id. at 518 (emphasis added). But such a change in COMI can only take place “where material activities have been undertaken in the jurisdiction in which the foreign proceeding was filed—thus providing a meaningful basis for the expectations of third parties.” Id. at 501 (emphasis added); see id. at 518.

Two eases identify some facts to consider when assessing whether the actions of a foreign trustee are sufficient to change creditor expectations and COMI, In Creative Finance, the court held that the conduct of a liquidator appointed in the British Virgin Islands (the “BVI”) was not significant enough to shift the foreign debtor’s COMI from the U.K, Spain, or Dubai—the locations at which the debtor’s principal actually conducted business—to the BVI, the letterbox jurisdiction where the debtor was organized but did not conduct business activities. See In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 511. The principal of that debtor had filed a voluntary proceeding in BVI, but had not provided the liquidator with enough funding to do more than the bare minimum required by BVI law. See id. at 502. The tasks undertaken by the liquidator included administrative tasks like opening bank accounts for the debtors, gathering and preparing required documents, providing creditor notices, holding creditor meetings, and issuing formal reports. See id. at 508-09. But the liquidator did not collect or liquidate any of the debt- or’s assets, shut down any of the debtor’s businesses, pay any taxes, bring any causes of action, or conduct any investigations (including into a monetary transfer by the debtor’s principal that was made after a judgment against the debtors). See id. at 509. Finding that the liquidator had not managed the debtor’s business or taken the necessary steps to liquidate the debtor in any material way, the Court concluded that COMI had not shifted to the BVI. See id. at 511.

In In re British Am. Ins. Co. Ltd., 425 B.R. 884, the court discussed the activities of a judicial manager appointed in the Bahamas and his impact on the COMI of the foreign debtor. In that case, the manager argued that the debtor’s COMI was located in the Bahamas in part because of the broad powers conferred upon him by his order of appointment and his initial activities as judicial manager, which included the retention of professionals, investigatory work, and preparation and submission of certain reports to the Bahamian court. See id. at 913. The court, however, observed that other than the judicial manager’s appointment, the debtor’s contacts with the Bahamas were “limited to those necessary to retain its charter and insurance license.” Id. at 913. Specifically, the debtor had no directors, managers, or other employees located in the Bahamas at the time of the judicial manager’s appointment and was being managed by a wholly owned subsidiary located outside of the Bahamas. See id. Other than the location of its registered office, limited professional representations, and the manager’s oversight, all pf the administrative functions were taking place outside of the Bahamas and none of its books and records, except for required corporate records, were maintained in the Bahamas. See id. Prior to the manager’s appointment, none of the debt- or’s liquid assets were located in the Bahamas, although he established accounts in the Bahamas after his appointment. See id. No material creditors were located in the Bahamas. See id. The court observed:

[t]here may be instances where a foreign representative remains in place for an extended period, and relocates all of the primary business activities of the debtor to his location (or brings business to a halt), thereby causing creditors and other parties to look to the judicial manager as the location of the debtor’s business. This would lead to the conclusion that the center of its main interest has become lodged with the foreign representative.

Id. at 914. The court further noted the primary components of the debtor’s business, which directly touched its creditors, were still taking place outside of the Bahamas. See id.

These same factors have been discussed in a few other cases. See, e.g., In re Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd., 520 B.R. 399, 419-20 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (holding that COMI shifted to the Cayman Islands from China based on the appointment and actions of joint provisional liquidators in the Cayman Islands who operated with broad authority to, among other things, take control of debtor assets, take legal action on behalf of the debtor, open bank accounts and borrow money, and exercise rights over the debt- or’s operating subsidiaries in accordance with the debtor’s equity rights); In re Soundview Elite, Ltd., 503 B.R. 571, 594 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (noting that COMI was located at debtor’s principal place of business in the U.S., but if the joint official liquidators “were to undertake active day-to-day management of the Debtors that are the subject of the Cayman proceedings, and for a sufficient period of time, [the court] might be able to eventually find that the COMI shifted to the Cayman Islands. ..,”); In re British Am. Isle of Venice, Ltd., 441 B.R. 713, 723 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. 2010) (where liquidator in BVI foreign proceeding took control of a debtor that had no officers or directors and became the sole person responsible for the management of the debtor for a period of over 14 months, court found that “in light of the Petitioner’s concerted efforts on behalf of the Debtor, and the extended passage of time since his appointment, third parties must necessarily consider the Petitioner’s offices in the British Virgin Islands to be the location of the Debtor’s COMI.”); In re Betcorp Ltd., 400 B.R. 266, 292 (Bankr. D. Nev. 2009) (in making COMI determination, noting that “[t]he location of those that manage Betcorp—the liquidators (since commencing the winding up divests the directors of their authority)—is Australia.”).

In seeking relief here, the Movants highlight steps taken by Mr. Berken-bosch in connection with the Dutch insolvency proceedings. First, they cite to Mr. Berkenbosch’s communications with and notices to Coop’s creditors and other stakeholders. Second, they note that the Insolvency Trustee performed certain administrative and management duties, such as securing Coop’s books and records, paying Coop’s debts as they came due, and paying professionals, and obtaining financing. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶¶ 82, 100, 102; TX 57-58; see also Stip. Facts ¶ 25(c) (referencing Coop’s court-controlled bank account in the Netherlands). Third, they observe that Mr. Berken-bosch has engaged in litigation activities on behalf of the Coop estate, including filing the Pauliana Proceeding in the Netherlands against Oi and Oi Móvel, pursuing a claim against Dutch taxing authorities for a VAT refund of €160,846, and protecting the interest of Coop’s Dutch estate in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶¶ 5, 25-26; TX 471, 485; Trial Tr. 753:4-13, 828:23-829:4, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Mov-ants emphasize that the Insolvency Trustee has control over the assets of Coop’s Dutch estate and is the only party with the power to investigate, pursue, and settle claims and causes of action on behalf of the Dutch estate. Berkenbosch Deck ¶¶ 156-57.

But these facts are not enough to shift Coop’s COMI from Brazil to the Netherlands. While the Insolvency Trustee’s activities are more significant than those previously discussed in the Creative Finance case, they nonetheless fall short for two reasons: 1) his actions do little to change the economic realities associated with Coop’s status as a special purpose financing vehicle and the related expectations of its creditors; and 2) there are significant legal and pragmatic limitations on the Insolvency Trustee. There is also an independent reason for the Court to decline to exercise its authority to grant relief under Section 1517(d): Aurelius’ role in bringing about the very facts that the Movants now rely upon as a basis to modify or terminate recognition. The Court will examine each of these three issues separately.

1. The SPY Nature of Coop and Creditor Expectations

Coop’s status as an SPV was central to the Court’s prior recognition of Brazil as the location of Coop’s COMI. See Hr’g Tr. 21:10-15, July 21, 2016 (“Case law including the OAS case notes that the COMI of an SPV turns at a location of the corporate nerve center and the expectation of creditors. And here, I find that the COMI analysis for the SPV here is essentially the same as it was in OAS and I reach the same conclusion that Brazil is the appropriate place.”). It remains the backbone of the Court’s determination today that the Insolvency Trustee’s activities do not change Coop’s COMI under the second prong of Section 1517(d).

The significance of Coop’s SPV status is best explained by comparing the facts here with those in In re OAS, 533 B.R. 83 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015). In OAS, the court found that the COMI of a special purpose financing entity was located in Brazil, despite its incorporation in Austria. In doing so, the court noted that COMI analysis for SPV entities is “less straightforward than the typical case.” In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 101. The court in OAS focused on the economic reality of the debtor’s purpose as an SPV. The court observed that having issued notes, the SPV debtor “had no other business except to pay them off. This was the very business it and the other Brazilian Debtors were engaged in through the Brazilian Bankruptcy Proceedings .... Moreover, the Brazilian Bankruptcy Proceedings provide the only realistic chance to repay the [notes].” Id.

The court in OAS further reflected on the fact that Brazil was the debtor’s nerve center and headquarters. See id. The debt- or’s parent was a Brazilian entity that was the debtor’s sole shareholder and had the power to elect the debtor’s executive officers and “determine the outcome of any action requiring shareholder approval, including transactions with related parties, acquisitions and dispositions of assets and the timing and payment of any future dividends, according to Brazilian Corporation Law.” Id. at 101-02. The Court also considered creditor expectations, observing that the offering memoranda for certain notes focused on the corporate group and its Brazilian contacts, not the individual debtor. See id. at 102-03. The Court concluded that purchasers of the notes “understood that they were investing in Brazilian-based businesses, and [the debtor’s] place of incorporation, or for that matter its very existence, was immaterial to their decision to purchase their notes.” Id. at 103. Furthermore, the Court noted that “the purchasers expected to receive repayment from the cash generated by the operations of the [corporate group], and in the event of a default, might ultimately have to enforce their rights in a Brazilian bankruptcy proceeding. [The debtor] had no separate, ascertainable presence in Austria; it was part of, and inseparable from, the [corporate group] located in Brazil. Finally, the [noteholders] had no legitimate expectation that the Austrian courts would play any role in the determination or payment of their claims.” Id,

The situation before this Court is remarkably similar to the OAS case. Coop was formed as a special purpose financing company, and was incorporated in the Netherlands specifically to provide the Oi Group with access to the international capital markets and thereby decrease the cost of capital. Shah Decl. ¶ 30; Rabelo Decl. If 7. Coop has no subsidiaries, revenue-generating operations or business of its own. Trial Tr. 181:11-13, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Rabelo Decl. ¶ 8. It does not and has never held any equity investments. Trial Tr. 682:2-13, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Coop has never had any employees that were responsible for managing its finances, and since May 1, 2017 has had no employees at all. Trial Tr. 194:9-21, 352:13-15, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 10. Since its formation, Coop has only performed two functions: (i) borrowing, or issuing or assuming notes; and (ii) on-lending to the Oi Group. Trial Tr. 224:17-23; 351:20-352:4, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Rabelo Decl. ¶¶ 8, 13; Shah Decl. ¶¶ 30, 35. Indeed, under the provisions of one of its note indentures, Coop has no authority to undertake any activities other than these two functions. TX 15 § 4.17. Like the debtor in OAS, Coop raised money for its parent and now has no real business other than paying off the underlying obligations. And crucially, the Brazilian RJ Proceeding provides the only realistic chance to repay Coop’s debt’s. See Trial Tr. 725:18-726:7, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).

Also similar to the debtor in OAS, Coop’s nerve center and headquarters are clearly located in Brazil. Coop has no operations or business independent of the Oi Group and is operated within the Oi Group as part of a single, integrated economic unit. Trial Tr. 682:15-18, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); Rabelo Decl. ¶ 10. The Oi Group, in turn, is headquartered and managed from the principal executive office of Oi in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with every aspect of the Oi Group’s operations, finances, corporate management, employee management and payroll, and short- and long-term strategic planning directed from Brazil. Shah Decl. ¶ 8. Coop has never held money for any entity other than a member of the Oi Group. Trial Tr. 352:10-12, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). As the sole member (shareholder) of Coop, Oi has the exclusive power to elect Coop’s directors and also the power to dictate any corporate action of sufficient magnitude as to require member approval. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 7; Trial Tr. 181:3-5, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Significantly, the people that actually manage Coop in the context of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding are located in Brazil. Trial Tr. 362:16-363:5, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Rabelo Decl. ¶ 10.

In contrast to these weighty connections to Brazil, Coop’s corporate contacts in the Netherlands largely reflect the minimum requirements necessary to remain registered as a Dutch company. See In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 130 n.8 (denying recognition of a foreign Cayman Islands proceeding where “the only business done in the Cayman Islands apparently was limited to those steps necessary to maintain the [debtors] in good standing as registered Cayman Islands companies, [causing] the [debtors to] closely approximate the ‘letterbox’ companies referred to in the Eurofood decision.”). As a Dutch financing company, Coop must comply with certain minimum substance requirements in the Netherlands for Dutch and Brazilian tax purposes. Shah Decl. ¶31. For instance, Coop maintains a registered office in the Netherlands (id.), enters routine filings with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce (id.), pays taxes in the Netherlands (Trial Tr. 204:19-22, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo)), flies tax returns with the Dutch tax authorities (Shah Decl. ¶ 31), and historically has maintained one director located in the Netherlands (Trial Tr. 183:21-187:8, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo)).

But even these contacts with the Netherlands are less fulsome than they first appear. For example, Coop’s office is an office in name only. Coop maintains its registered address in the Netherlands at a “trust office,” which serves as the registered seat for a large number of entities. Trial Tr. 678:20-679:4, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Coop initially used the offices of its Dutch director T.I.M., which is a company whose business it is to serve as a third-party director for and rent out its office space to many companies simultaneously. Trial Tr. 343:23-344:10, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Moreover, Mr. Correa, who was both the sole employee and a one-time director of Coop and lived in the Netherlands, appears to have performed his duties only at home or in internet cafés, and not at Coop’s registered office. Trial Tr. 345:22-346:7, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). In fact, Mr. Berkenbosch testified that he had no knowledge of anyone ever having worked at Coop’s registered office and that even he had never visited the location. Trial Tr. 678:2-4; 681:20-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Coop’s board meetings were conducted by telephone conference. Trial Tr. 189:10-22, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabe-lo). While Coop’s books and records are in the Netherlands, copies are held in Brazil at Oi headquarters. Trial Tr. 201:20-23, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Additionally, Coop’s board resolutions were always transcribed in English rather than in Dutch. Trial Tr. 45:2-8, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo).

There are some differences between this case and OAS. But these differences do not change the Court’s conclusions. For instance, the Movants note that Coop held the funds it received from PTIF for a period of time before transferring them to other Oi Group entities, unlike the immediate funds transfer that occurred in the OAS case. But the Court sees no significance to that fact, other than what appears to be an effort to maximize a tax advantage. The Movants also note minor differences relating to the location of employees, directors, and offices. But these differences don’t change the economic reality here, and instead largely reflect the requirements for maintaining Coop’s tax status in the Netherlands. As Coop’s SPY nature remains unchanged since the Prior Recognition Hearing, it significantly undermines any claim that COMI has shifted to the Netherlands by virtue of the Insolvency Trustee’s activities.

This is equally true for evidence concerning Coop’s creditors’ expectations. For the purposes of a COMI analysis, creditor expectations can be evaluated through examination of the public documents and information available to guide creditor understanding of the nature and risks of their investments. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 138 (underscoring the importance of regularity and ascertainability in determining COMI) (quoting EU Regulation, Preamble ¶ 13 stating that COMI “should correspond to the place where the debtor conducts the administration of his interest on a regular basis and is therefore ascertainable by third parties.”). Coop’s creditors fall into three buckets: (1) holders of the Coop Notes; (2) PTIF; and (3) other miscellaneous Dutch creditors. Stip. Facts ¶ 16; Trial Tr. 312:15-19, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo). Evaluating creditor expectations, like the broader COMI analysis, is not a box-checking exercise, and each category does not warrant equal weight here. While a detailed analysis of creditor expectations was not conducted at the Prior Recognition Hearing, extensive evidence was submitted on this issue during the trial in this case. A review of that evidence confirms that a reasonable creditor would have looked to Brazil for their recovery at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing and would still do so now.

To assess the expectations of the first bucket of creditors—the noteholders—this Court primarily looks to the associated indentures and offering materials. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 101-03 (reviewing offering memorandum to establish note-holder expectations as part of a COMI analysis); In re Millennium Glob. Emerging Credit Master Fund Ltd., 474 B.R. 88, 93-94 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (same); In re Suntech, 520 B.R. at 418 (considering terms of indenture to establish creditor expectations regarding likely location of a restructuring as part of a COMI analysis). These documents direct investors to look towards Brazil and the Oi Group as a whole when evaluating the risks associated with the Coop Notes in three ways.

First, both series Coop Notes are fully guaranteed by Oi, underlying the clear truth that any chance of repayment stems from the revenue-producing operations in Brazil, not an empty financing vehicle in the Netherlands. Stip. Facts ¶ 22; TX 15 § 11; TX 18 § 2; see In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 103 (“[P]urchasers of the 2019 Notes understood that they were investing in Brazilian-based businesses, and OAS Investments’ place of incorporation, or for that matter its very existence, was immaterial to their decision to purchase their notes.... [T]he purchasers expected to receive repayment from the cash generated by the operations of the OAS Group, and in the event of a default, might ultimately have to enforce their rights in a Brazilian bankruptcy proceeding.”). The 2021 Notes Indenture reinforce Coop’s limited role to creditors by explicitly barring Coop from establishing any operations or taking any actions beyond its role as a financing SPV for the Oi Group. TX 15 § 4.17. The offering memoranda for both series of notes similarly speak of the Oi Group as a single integrated operation, and the 2021 Notes clearly describe Coop’s conduit role and complete dependence on the Brazilian entities.

Second, the indentures for both series of Coop Notes actually allow the issuer itself to be swapped among Oi Group entities at Oi’s sole discretion. TX 17 § 10.01; TX 15 § 10.01. The 2022 Notes were not even originally issued by Coop, but rather by Oi’s predecessor entity, Brasil Telecom S.A. Stip. Facts. ¶ 20. Movants argue that this clause should be discounted because the right to swap issuers was lost upon the filing of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding and the associated default under the terms of the indentures. Trial. Tr. 975:2-976:15, Sept. 26, 2017 (Brilliant). But while Mov-ants are correct about the impact of the default, a reasonable investor would consider such a significant right when assessing the risks of an investment in the Coop Notes up through the default triggered by the filing of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding, which was only one day before the Brazilian Petition was filed. One would assume that creditors would consider this right even up through the filing of the Dutch Petition given what the right reflects about how the Oi Group operates.

Third, the risks identified in the materials primarily point creditors toward Brazil even if they sometimes also mention the Netherlands. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 102 (weighing the “ ‘Risk Factors’ that all note purchasers were warned to ‘carefully consider’ ” in the offering materials). The definition of “Events of Default” in the 2021 Notes Indenture includes restructuring or liquidation (“whether judicial or extrajudicial”) or “any event ... under the laws of Brazil, the Netherlands or any political subdivision thereof [that] has substantially the same effect.” TX 15 § 6.01(9) (emphasis added). The focus on Brazil is even clearer for the 2022 Notes Indenture, which references Brazil in defining the “Events of Default” but excludes any reference to the Netherlands. See TX 17 § 6.01(8) (“any event ... under the laws of Brazil or any political subdivision thereof [that] has substantially the same effect.”). In discussing default and insolvency risk, the offering memoranda for both series of notes explicitly advises of the possibility of a Brazilian bankruptcy:

[i]f we are unable to pay our indebtedness, including our obligations under the notes, then we may become subject to bankruptcy proceedings in Brazil. Brazilian bankruptcy laws are significantly different from, and may be less favorable to creditors than, those of the United States.

TX 19 at 26; see also TX 16 at 21. The offering memoranda also warn of risks stemming from Brazilian regulation of Oi’s fixed line business, and of currency risk related to Brazil’s exchange rate, potential foreign exchange taxes, and laws governing cross-border currency flow. Admittedly, the offering memorandum for the 2021 Notes also raises the risk of a change in E.U. banking regulations requiring new licensing for Coop’s operation, but this does not come close to balancing the scales.

In the context of creditor expectations, Movants once again cite the board resolutions and Clifford Chance opinion letter that include statements that Coop’s COMI under the EU Regulation is in the Netherlands. TX 148 ¶ 6; TX 149 ¶ 6; TX 150 Annex at 4 ¶ 6; TX 304 ¶ 3.18. But as discussed extensively above in the estoppel context, COMI under the EU Regulation is not the same as COMI under Chapter 15, and Movants offered no evidence at trial or cogent explanation that establishes that a creditor would expect such statements about EU COMI would be binding in a U.S. Chapter 15 proceeding. This is particularly true for creditor expectations at the time the Dutch Petition was filed, which occurred after this Court had ruled that Coop’s COMI was in Brazil in the Prior Recognition Proceeding.

The Court turns to the second creditor category, which includes only PTIF. Admittedly, PTIF is a Dutch entity and Coop’s largest creditor, Dutch Petition ¶ 8. Movants flag the PTIF Loan Agreement, which included a Netherlands forum selection clause, as proof that PTIF expected to be repaid in the Netherlands by a Dutch entity. Trustee Reply ¶ 24; ' TX 5 § 8.1. Movants also rely on the change in maturity date on the PTIF Loan, reasoning:

[o]n March 17, 2016, the PTIF Loan Agreement was amended, to .., amend the original maturity date of June 2, 2016 to various maturity dates depending on different tranches of borrowing to closely track the maturity dates of the PTIF Notes, indicating the intent to use the funds held by Coop to repay amounts due under the PTIF Notes.

Movants’ Proposed FoF ¶ 60. But while these facts provide some support for their position, Movants’ position once again ignores economic reality. Like Coop, PTIF is a special purpose subsidiary created under Dutch law to facilitate financing for a foreign operating parent. Stip. Facts ¶ 2; TX 16 at 4; Brazilian Petition n.5, ¶ 43. As a Dutch SPV for PT, one would reasonably expect that its economic fate had been tied to its Portuguese parent. After the Oi Group sold PT in 2014, PTIF played a similar role for Oi as a sibling entity to Coop. Stip. Facts ¶ 2; Rabelo Decl. ¶ 19; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 17; TX 16 at 4; Trial Tr. 347:11-17, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No, 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. N ¶¶ 2.1, 2.5, 2.12] (Statement of Defence [sic] on Appeal, dated June 7, 2016). Once PTIF became a subsidiary to Oi, Oi had control over both PTIF and Coop and used these entities consistent with their SPV Nature: to funnel money to the Oi Group in Brazil. In fact, PTIF was required under applicable law and the terms of its own outstanding notes to on-lend any borrowed funds to other Oi Group entities. Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. N ¶¶ 2.1, 2.5, 2.12] (Statement of Defence [sic] on Appeal, dated June 7, 2016); Rabelo Decl. ¶ 19.

One also can safely assume that PTIF was aware that Coop—as an Oi Group SPV like itself—was required to on-lend the monies that Coop received from PTIF and, therefore, that the PTIF funds would end up with the Oi Group in Brazil. Any representative for PTIF also would have known that Coop, like PTIF, was a mere financing vehicle for Oi, without any revenue-generating operations of its own from which it could repay its debt. Once again, therefore, a reasonable creditor would look to Brazil for recovery.

Even if the evidence were more supportive of Movants’ position, it would be difficult to credit the “expectations” of a sibling shell financing entity—without operations and wholly owned and governed by the same parent in Brazil—to the same degree as the expectations of the third party investors holding the Coop Notes. Rabelo Decl. ¶ 19; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 17; see In re Bear Stearns, 374 B.R. at 130 (discounting the significance that two of the three investors in the debtors— Cayman Islands based investment fund entities with no operations of their own— were also located in the Cayman Islands, because they were sibling Bear Stearns vehicles which had “the same minimum Cayman Islands profile.”)- Of course, PTIP is currently undergoing its own bankruptcy in the Netherlands where it has had its own insolvency trustee appointed. Trial Tr. 781:17-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Neither the PTIP board of directors nor its Dutch insolvency trustee were parties to the current proceeding. Trial Tr. 781:20-782:18, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). If either has an interest in or opinion regarding the outcome of this case, they chose not to share them with this Court, Trial Tr. 781:17-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).

2. The Limits on the Insolvency Trustee

The actions of the Insolvency Trustee— and their effect on COMI—also must be discounted in light of the significant legal and practical limitations on his authority with respect to Coop. At first blush, the Insolvency Trustee appears to enjoy a fairly broad purview: (i) administering the bankruptcy estate (but not the legal person) of the debtor; (ii) liquidating the assets of the estate; and (iii) distributing the proceeds thereof to the creditors of the debtor in accordance with their ranking. Veder Decl. ¶ 60. But Dutch law and the economic realities of the case make his authority broader in theory than practice. These realities dictate Mr. Berkenbosch’s potential courses of action for the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding: (i) liquidate Coop with only the assets available in the Netherlands; and/or (ii) participate in the Brazil RJ Proceeding, either by litigating with respect to the intercompany claims or negotiating with the Oi Group in the context of that proceeding. Consequently, none of Mr. Berkenbosch’s actions change the fact that Coop’s main proceeding—the only proceeding that can facilitate Coop’s restructuring—is the Brazilian RJ Proceeding.

As an initial matter, the Coop Board maintains its separate existence and retains the sole power to propose a composition plan under Dutch law. Trial Tr. 698:8-22, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Mr. Berkenbosch can only render advice to creditors regarding any proposal made by the Coop Board. Id. In other words, the Insolvency Trustee cannot actually restructure Coop, but rather can only negotiate and, failing consensus, litigate on behalf of the Dutch Coop estate. Mr. Berkenbosch conceded that he cannot restructure Coop independently of the Brazil RJ Proceeding, and testified that the possibility of a standalone restructuring of Coop independent of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding was so unlikely that he had never even contemplated it prior to his deposition in this case. Trial Tr. 725:18-726:7, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Mr. Berkenbosch further testified that bankruptcy proceedings in the Netherlands almost always end in a liquidation. Trial Tr. 762:8-12, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). In fact, he has not personally been involved in a Dutch bankruptcy proceeding that ended with approval of a composition plan in his 18-year career. Trial Tr. 699: 3-12; 730:23-731:5, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Mr. Berkenbosch also conceded that Coop’s biggest assets—its intercompany claims against Oi and Oi Móvel—are located in Brazil. See Trial Tr. 762:15-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berk-enbosch), As was the situation in OAS, therefore, the Brazilian RJ Proceeding provides the only realistic chance that Coop will be able to repay its debts. Absent some consensual resolution, it appears that any recovery on these claims would require litigation in Brazil. Indeed, Aurelius and Mr. Berkenbosch themselves have repeatedly looked to the Brazilian RJ Proceeding to obtain relief with respect to Coop and issues relating to the proposed Brazilian RJ Plan. Two Aurelius-managed funds, Capricorn and Syzygy, have actively participated in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding by filing pleadings and asking for relief from the Brazilian courts. Trial Tr. 592:9-12, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). Mr. Berkenbosch has also appeared in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding, entering objections, filing pleadings, and expressing his opinions to the Brazilian courts. Trial Tr. 785:11-18, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Recently, an appeal that Mr. Berkenboseh filed received a favorable decision from the Brazilian Court of Appeals, requiring the Brazilian RJ Debtors to provide separate creditor lists and allow creditors to have a non-consolidated vote on the proposed consolidation in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding, TX 471, 485; Trial Tr. 786:13-17, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berk-enbosch).

The Brazilian courts have explicitly highlighted the limits of Mr. Berken-bosch’s authority, which only further confirms that Coop’s COMI is in Brazil. Following conversion of the SoP Proceeding by the Dutch courts, the Insolvency Trustee filed a motion with the Brazilian RJ Court objecting to the relief sought by the Brazilian RJ Debtors in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. Ferreira Decl. ¶6. In response, the Brazilian RJ Court rejected the Insolvency Trustee’s motion and issued the Brazilian Injunction Order declaring, among other things, that the Insolvency Trustee did not have the power to represent or act as the managing body of Coop, that Coop is a financial vehicle of the Oi Group and not operational, and that the Oi Group’s operational activities and main place of business are in Brazil, making all issues related to the parent company and its subsidiaries subject to Brazilian law. Ferreira Decl. ¶¶6-9. The order makes clear that the Insolvency Trustee would be fined if he tried to oppose or inhibit the actions regularly performed by the Brazilian courts or the Coop Board. Ferreira Decl. ¶ 9,

The Movants rely on the Insolvency Trustee’s initiation of the Pauliana Proceeding as evidence that Coop’s COMI is now in the Netherlands. But the Movants once again ignore economic reality. The Insolvency Trustee conceded that the Pau-liana Proceeding is simply another way to seek recovery of the money loaned from Coop to Oi and Oi Móvel in Brazil. Trial Tr. 703:16-704:25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berken-bosch); Berkenbosch Decl. ¶25 (stating that the goal of this action is the “unwinding [of] the 2016 loans from Coop to Oi Móvel.”). These are the same loan transactions that are the subject of Coop’s inter-company claims against Oi and Oi Móvel, claims that the Insolvency Trustee concedes are located in Brazil. Trial Tr. 703:16-704:25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch) (subject of Pauliana Proceeding are same loans that are subject to the inter-company claims); id. at 762 (Coop’s largest assets are intercompany claims against Oi and Oi Móvel and those assets are located in Brazil). On this evidentiary record, there is no reason to expect that the mere initiation of the Pauliana Proceeding would dramatically affect where Coop creditors would look for recovery on their claims given that the assets of Oi and Oi Móvel remained in Brazil even after Mr. Berkenbosch’s appointment. See In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 501 (noting that to change COMI from jurisdiction in which debtor did business to a letterbox jurisdiction requires material activities that provide “a meaningful basis for the expectations of third parties.”).

Of course, one might imagine a circumstance where the filing of such a Pauliana Proceeding might be more significant. For example, it might be different if recovery in such an action might be possible against assets located outside Brazil. This could be the case if some of the cash transfers from Coop to the Oi Group in Brazil had not occurred, and the funds instead had remained in the Netherlands or some other jurisdiction in which the Insolvency Trustee had direct access to them. But these are not the facts here. Instead, the factual record demonstrates inherent limitations on the Insolvency Trustee’s ability to shift COMI in this case, regardless of how much work he performs. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 138 (noting that “[t]he absence of a statutory definition for a term [like COMI] that is not self-defining signifies that the text is open-ended, and invites development by courts, depending on facts presented, without prescription or limitation.”) (emphasis added); cf. In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 501, 519 (noting that recognition of letterbox jurisdictions is possible “so long as the estate fiduciaries do enough work,” but the material activities must provide “a meaningful basis for the expectations of third parties”).

Given the totality of the evidence, therefore, the Movants have not satisfied their burden of showing that the COMI of Coop has shifted from Brazil to the Netherlands based on events after the Prior Recognition Order.

3. The Plan of Aurelius

While the Court finds that the SPV nature of Coop, creditor expectations, and the limits on the Insolvency Trustee’s powers are a sufficient basis to deny the Mov-ants’ request to modify or terminate the Prior Recognition Order, there is another reason: the actions of the creditor Aurelius. The evidence establishes that Aurelius chose to sit on the sidelines during this Court’s Prior Recognition Hearing, while simultaneously planning—and later executing—a strategy to undo that recognition and block the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. The Court finds these actions provide an independent basis to decline to exercise this Court’s discretion to modify or terminate recognition under the second prong of Section 1517(d). See In re Lay, 448 B.R. 420, 438 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2011) (noting that revisiting a recognition determination under Section 1517(d) is not mandatory, but within the Court’s discretion.).

. As a threshold matter, it is important to understand Aurelius’ investment strategy here. Aurelius’ investment philosophy involves finding securities that are undervalued based on “business drivers,” and considering where the securities sit in the capital structure, the existence of a legal dispute, the restructuring process, or a combination of these factors. Trial Tr. 603:7-15, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). Aurelius believed that the PTIF and Coop Notes were undervalued in initial restructuring negotiations between the Oi Group and certain of its creditors. OX 73 at 3, On July 22, 2016, the same day as this Court’s Prior Recognition Hearing, Aurelius published a memo that shared its analysis with the market and invited other creditors with significant holdings in Coop Notes or PTIF notes to contact Aurelius. OX 73. Aurelius’ analysis, based on an internal waterfall model, was premised on holders of Coop and PTIF notes recovering directly against Coop and PTIF as “issuers” and also recovering against Oi based on its guarantees. Trial Tr. 605:14-606:19, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). This dual recovery strategy is sometimes referred to as a “double dip.” Trial Tr. 607:19-23, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). Under this strategy, Aurelius believed that it was important to take into.account the prepetition transfers of money moving between the Oi financing entities, Coop and PTIF. Trial Tr. 609:21-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). Thus, by pressing for strict corporate separateness and enforcement of intercompany claims, Aurelius would have two paths for recovery against Oi Group assets.

This double dip strategy would have been compromised by a plan in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding that sought substantive consolidation of Oi Group debtors and eliminated intercompany claims, because such a plan would allow the noteholders only “one dip,” that is a single claim against the consolidated Oi Group assets, Trial Tr. 610:21-25, 612:12-17, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). While Aurelius believed that multinational restructurings in Brazil should respect corporate separateness (Trial Tr. 612:18-24, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper)), it also understood that the issue of whether the Oi Group plan would permit a double dip would ultimately be decided by the Brazilian courts. Trial Tr. 613:12-17, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). Moreover, Aurelius was aware of the recent restructuring of Rede Energía S.A. and its subsidiaries, in which the Rede corporate group’s substantively consolidated plan was approved in Brazil notwithstanding Aurelius’ understanding that “bondholders were denied the right to vote.” Trial Tr. 614:6-615:5, Sept, 25, 2017 (Cropper). It is logical to conclude that Aurelius understood that if it were to wait until the conclusion of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding to oppose substantive consolidation, there was a risk that the Brazilian courts would approve a plan that eliminated the double dip and that this Court might later recognize such plan in a Chapter 15 proceeding.

As part of its strategy, Aurelius decided not to object to the Court’s prior recognition of Brazil as Coop’s COMI, notwithstanding its view that Coop’s COMI has always been the Netherlands. See Mov-ants’ Proposed CoL ¶46 (“Even if the developments of the last year are ignored, Coop’s COMI is and always has been in the Netherlands.”); Trial Tr. 637:17-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper) (Aurelius’ expectation even at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing that Coop would be reorganized in- the Netherlands). Aurelius kept silent at the Prior Recognition Hearing while pursuing bankruptcy proceedings for Coop in the Netherlands with the intent of overturning this Court’s Prior Recognition Order, and undermining the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. One can safely assume that Aurelius concluded from its involvement in the OAS case that relief requested in a U.S. bankruptcy court by an “independent fiduciary” acting pursuant to its legal obligations was more likely to be viewed favorably by the court than steps taken by a creditor. See Trial Tr. 616:19-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper) (Aurelius wanted a conversion so that someone with the powers of the Insolvency Trustee would be appointed for Coop).

Aurelius’ actions following the issuance of the Prior Recognition Order are consistent with execution of this strategy. First, Aurelius significantly increased its Coop investment. In June 2016, two Aurelius-managed entities held investments in the Oi Group—Syzygy in Coop Notes and Capricorn in PTIF notes. But Syzygy’s Coop Notes holdings were relatively small. OX 118. By the time that Mr. Berkenbosch filed his Chapter 15 proceeding, however, Syzygy’s holdings in Coop Notes had increased by a multiple of over [redacted], substantially all of which were purchased after this Court’s recognition of the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. OX 118; Trial Tr. 590:18-22, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). Capricorn already held a substantial position in PTIF notes at the time the Recognition Order was entered, and maintained that position thereafter. See Trial Tr, 582:5-8, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper); OX 29. This position provided additional exposure to the outcome of Aurelius’ strategy given that one of PTIF’s principal assets is its intercompany claim against Coop for approximately USD $4 billion (Trial Tr. 595:4-7, Sept. 25,2017 (Gropper)).

Second, Aurelius took actions to bring about the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding for Coop. In late June 2016, approximately a month before entry of this Court’s Prior Recognition Order, the Aurelius-managed Syzygy and certain other bondholders initiated involuntary bankruptcy proceedings against Coop in the Netherlands. Trial Tr. 589:11-15, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper).' The SoP Petition subsequently filed by Coop on August 9, 2016 is a common defensive response taken by debtors in the Netherlands to the filing of an involuntary bankruptcy petition and appears to be defensive in this case. Trial Tr. 734:24-735:6, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Upon his appointment as SoP administrator, Aurelius almost immediately began applying pressure on Mr. Berkenbosch both directly and through counsel to have the SoP withdrawn and a bankruptcy declared, repeatedly reminding him of his fiduciary duties. Trial Tr. 617:10-18, 618:13-619:6, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper); OX 4, 7. Aurelius continued its barrage of letters through the fall of 2016. Trial Tr. 617:14-18, 619:11-23, 620:14-621:11, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper); OX 9, 16, 27 (counsel letter on behalf of the IBC); SCX 6. Aurelius also pressed other bondholders to contact Mr. Berkenbosch to urge him to have the SoP withdrawn and a bankruptcy declared, all to force Oi to negotiate with the Coop and PTIF bondholders. OX 36 at Bates Aurelius-000899. The record is devoid of similar demands, threats, or protests by other creditors.

Aurelius also met with Mr. Berkenbosch and provided him with a roadmap to pursue its double dip strategy, which included the only third party recovery analysis that Mr. Berkenbosch ever received. SCX 6; Trial Tr. 818:17-822:9, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). Aurelius intended that, after a bankruptcy was declared and a trustee with the power to act on behalf of the Coop estate was installed, a proceeding would be commenced in the United States on behalf of Coop under either Chapter 15 or Chapter 11. Trial Tr. 616:19-617:9, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper)). In December 2016, Mr. Berkenbosch ultimately applied for withdrawal of the SoP and petitioned for bankruptcy, with a supporting petition filed by members of the IBC, which had been formed in November 2016. Trial Tr. 647:22-2, 648:6-8, Sept. 25, 2017 (Grop-per); Trial Tr. 770:2-6, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). As a part of extensive litigation in the Dutch District Court, the Dutch Court of Appeals, and the Dutch Supreme Court, Mr. Berkenbosch was appointed the Insolvency Trustee for Coop’s Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding.

The credible evidence establishes that, consistent with Aurelius’ investment strategy, one of the goals of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding was to block this Court’s recognition of the Oi Group’s Brazilian plan. In early January 2017—well before the Dutch Court of Appeals granted the request to convert the SoP to a bankruptcy proceeding—Mr. Berkenbosch’s counsel prepared a memo for him (the “Jones Day Memo”) analyzing the effects of U.S. recognition of a Dutch bankruptcy proceeding as Coop’s foreign main proceeding. OX 55. The Jones Day Memo laid out a strategy for “Blocking Recognition of a Brazilian Plan for Coop” were such a plan to be approved by creditors in Brazil, OX 55 ¶ 2.2. The Jones Day Memo noted that Mr. Berkenbosch could “block the implementation of any RJ Plan and the discharge of Coop’s notes by objecting to the recognition of any RJ Plan for Coop in the United States.” OX 55 ¶ 2.2.3. This would “effectively prevent the Oi Group from raising any new capital in the international debt or equity markets ....” OX 55 ¶ 2.2.4. Recognition of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding as the foreign main proceeding by this Court was critical to Mr. Berkenbosch’s ability to carry out this strategy. OX 55 ¶¶ 2.2.5, 2.2.8.

When questioned regarding the Jones Day Memo, Mr. Berkenbosch testified that “blocking” the Brazilian RJ Plan was not his goal. Trial Tr, 714:25-715:4, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). But such demur is not credible as it is inconsistent with other statements of Mr. Berkenbosch. For example, Mr. Berkenbosch prepared a letter for the Dutch Supervisory Judge stating that recognition of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding as a foreign main proceeding under Chapter 15 would “provide the bankruptcy trustee with the authority to block the Brazilian RJ plan if it does not comply with Dutch laws and regulations.” OX 80 at 3; Trial Tr. 722:12-723:13, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). It is also inconsistent with [redacted].

Having found as a factual matter that Aurelius engaged in such a strategy, the question then becomes the legal significance of these actions. The parties offer very different conclusions. The Objectors characterize the efforts of Aurelius. as a bad faith effort at COMI manipulation. They note that U.S. courts have tried to prevent COMI manipulation by scrutinizing the motives and actions of parties in interest prior to the commencement of a Chapter lEj case and indeed even before the filing of a foreign proceeding. See Objectors’ Proposed FoF and CoL ¶¶ 103-04 (citing In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 137; In re Suntech, 520 B.R. at 416; In re Millennium Global Emerging Credit Master Fund Ltd., 458 B.R. 63, 75 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2011) (“Use of the [Cjhapter 15 petition date as the date for determining recognition also leads to the possibility of forum shopping, as it gives prima facie recognition to a change of residence between the date of opening proceedings in the foreign nation and the [Cjhapter 15 petition date.”)). While Objectors take no issue with the appointment of Mr. Berken-bosch, they complain of efforts by Aurelius and the Aurelius-led IBC to manipulate COMI as part of an orchestrated strategy to block the Brazilian RJ Proceeding and preserve their hopes for a double dip strategy. See Objectors’ Proposed FoF and CoL ¶ 105.

Movants strongly disagree.' They maintain that Aurelius could not manipulate COMI because it is a creditor and thus without the ability to move assets, change headquarters or take other actions that could impact the COMI analysis. See Mov-ants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 41. They .further argue that COMI manipulation cannot -be found based on the Dutch proceedings given that Mr. Berkenbosch acted as a Court appointed fiduciary for the benefit of Coop and its creditors. See Movants’ Proposed CoL ¶ 40; Trustee Reply 70-73; Trial Tr. 936:14-25 Sept. 26, 2017 (Ball).

Mr. Berkenbosch’s actions within the scope of his authority as a fiduciary appointed by the Dutch Court, in and of themselves, do not trigger any concerns about COMI manipulation or improper conduct. See, e.g. OAS H’rg. Tr. 25:6-12 [Case No. 15-11304, ECF No. 68] (“THE COURT: No. No. I don’t—I’m not impugning anything with the JPL’s. They did what they were supposed to do. ... I’m focusing on the commencement of the proceeding, which was really before they undertook their duties”); see also id. 66:9-68:13; In re Suntech, 520 B.R. at 419-20 (holding that joint provisional liquidators did not manipulate COMI in bad faith when they acted consistent with their duties under their order of appointment and took actions that they would have taken even if they did not intend to file for Chapter 15).

The Court instead must focus on the actions of Aurelius. The Court recognizes that a creditor like Aurelius does not have the same fiduciary obligations to the creditor body as a debtor. It is expected to act on behalf of its own interests. Not surprisingly then, the few cases on COMI manipulation address the efforts of a debtor— not a creditor—to influence COMI leading up to the filing of a Chapter 15 recognition proceeding. See, e.g., In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 133 (identifying concern regarding “a debtor’s ability to manipulate its COMI”); In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 523 (finding debtors’ principals—and thereby the debtors themselves—guilty of bad faith and noting that under Fairfield Sentry, such activities could constitute bad faith invocation of the Bankruptcy Code that could “trump any apparent COMI premised on the locale of a foreign representative’s activities.”). The Court also agrees with the Movants that a creditor does not have the same control as a debtor over certain facts relevant to COMI, such as the location of a debtor’s registered office.

But the evidence here presents a disturbing picture: a creditor unhappy with Brazilian insolvency proceedings decided to strategically remain silent through a Chapter 15 recognition of those proceedings by this Court while planning—and eventually executing—a strategy designed to reverse that recognition and block any restructuring in the Brazilian proceeding. As the evidentiary record reflects that this strategy existed at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing, Aurelius’ actions also reflect a lack of candor before the Court. Such actions are clearly within the realm of concerns identified in the COMI manipulation cases. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 440 B.R. at 66 (identifying activities that may constitute an “opportunistic shift to establish COMI,” including “insider exploitation, untoward manipulation, [and] overt thwarting of third party expectations.”); In re Creative Fin., 543 B.R. at 513, 523 (finding debtors’ principals—and thereby the debtors themselves—guilty of bad faith for, among other things, attempting to control a BVI liquidator by the purse strings); cf. In re Compañía de Alimentos Fargo, S.A., 376 B.R. 427 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007) (dismissing under Section 306 an involuntary Chapter 11 filed by creditors amidst concerns that case was filed to “hijack” a foreign insolvency proceeding in Argentina or, at a minimum increase the creditors’ leverage in any negotiations).

Bankruptcy courts often are required to consider issues of bad faith. For example, bankruptcy courts are called upon to determine whether to subordinate creditor claims. See In re LightSquared Inc., 511 B.R. 253, 333, 340-41, 345-46 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (equitably subordinating the claims held by an SPV created by a competing company to pursue an end-run around the eligible assignee provisions of the credit agreement in violation of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing); In re Adler, Coleman Clearing Corp., 277 B.R. 520, 566 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2002) (equitably subordinating the “customer claim” filed pursuant to SIPA against a securities clearing firm because the customer was the “knowing” beneficiary of fraud and other illegal conduct that led to the firm’s failure). Similarly, bankruptcy courts sometimes address whether to limit a creditor’s ability to credit bid. See In re The Free Lance-Star Publ’g Co. of Fredericksburg, VA, 512 B.R. 798, 804-08 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2014) (restricting a creditor’s right to credit bid based on an “overly zealous loan-to-own strategy” and the negative impact its misconduct had on the auction process); In re Fisker Auto. Holdings, Inc., 510 B.R. 55, 60-61 (Bankr. D. Del. 2014) (restricting credit bidding because it might freeze out other “suitors” and “the proposed sale purchaser had insisted on an unfair process, i.e., a hurried process”). Bankruptcy courts also place restrictions on parties’ ability to inappropriately collude when submitting bids for an auction sale. See In re Stroud Ford Inc., 163 B.R. 730, 733-34 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. 1993) (denying motion to sell estate property because a payment made between bidders to withdraw an objection “smaek[ed] of inappropriateness and could have only stifled the bankruptcy mechanism designed to ensure that the estate is fairly compensated for its assets.”); In re Edwards, 228 B.R. 552, 565-66 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 1998) (denying objection to Section 363 sale after finding no evidence that an agreement between joint bidders was aimed at controlling and depressing the sale price)).

Movants contend that they cannot be penalized for Aurelius’ actions, noting that the Objectors “have not claimed that ... the Insolvency Trustee [is] estopped from bringing or supporting the petition.” Mov-ants’ Proposed FoF ¶41 n.13. Movants note that the Insolvency Trustee had not yet been appointed at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing, that the IBC was not yet in existence at that time, that Aurelius only accounts for [redacted] of the IBC holdings, and that there is no evidence Aurelius controls the IBC. Id. Movants’ argument is misdirected, however, as this Court is not relying on estoppel to make this ruling, and therefore need not establish privity between Aurelius and any other party. In re Avaya Inc., 573 B.R. 93, 103-04 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017) (judicial es-toppel requires privity or identity).

Rather, as has been explained above, this Court is assessing the facts in this case and the forward-looking policy implications generally of Aurelius’ strategy and tactics as factors in its exercise of discretion under Section 1517(d). The Court finds it appropriate to. consider Aurelius’ actions in the Section 1517(d) analysis given its unique and central role in creating the factual record now before the Court. It was Aurelius that initiated litigation in the Netherlands in the spring of 2016 to enjoin the fund transfers being made pursuant to Coop’s loans to Oi and Oi Móvel. Shah Decl. ¶¶ 56-57. Aurelius bargained to remain silent at the Prior Recognition Hearing- in return for stipulations which protected its authority to take further actions overseas and in the Netherlands. Hr’g Tr. 7:24-8:15 June 22, 2017; Hr’g Tr. 9:23-10:15 July 21,2017.

It was also Aurelius that filed a Dutch involuntary insolvency petition against Coop just six days after Mr. Shah filed the Brazilian Petition. While three other involuntary petitions were subsequently filed, Aurelius was first off the line, and it also sought to rally like-minded creditors to its cause by circulating its investment memo. OX 73 at 4. Once Mr.' Berkenbosch received his appointment as SoP Adminstrator, it was Aurelius that once again sprang into action, immediately applying frequent and aggressive pressure to Mr. Berken-bosch to press Aurelius’ agenda. Trial Tr. 617:10-18, 618:13-20, 619:3-23, 620:14-621:11, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper); OX 4, 7, 9, 16, 27 (counsel letter on behalf of the IBC); Trial Tr. 816:11-19, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); SCX 6. So immediate and forceful was its campaign to convince Mr. Berkenbosch that Aurelius representatives felt obligated to later apologize once he eventually joined in the conversion efforts. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 55 n.87; Trial Tr. 621:22-24, 640:13-641:20, 659:11-660:22, Sept 25, 2017 (Gropper); id. 767:15-769:4 (Berkenbosch).

Critically, after the Dutch District Court denied the Conversion Requests, it was Aurelius’ affiliate Syzygy and three other funds (two of whom are reported members of the IBC), which appealed that decision, not Mr. Berkenbosch. Stip. Facts ¶ 62-3; IBCX 45 n.2. And finally, it was again Aurelius and the IBC which provided the actual funding for Mr. Berkenbosch to file this case. Rabelo DeclJ 9; TX 58.

The actions of Aurelius are at odds with many of the goals of Chapter 15 set out in Section 1501. These include: promoting cooperation between U.S. and foreign courts, greater legal certainty for trade and investment, fair and efficient administration of cross-border insolvencies that protects the interests of all creditors and other interested entities, including the debtor, protection and maximization of a debtor’s assets, and the rescue of financially troubled businesses. 11 U.S.C. § 1501. Rather than promote cooperation between U.S. and foreign courts, Aurelius seeks leverage over the Chapter 15 Debtors by attempting to block the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. Thus, Aurelius has weaponized Chapter 15 to collaterally attack both the Brazilian RJ Proceeding and the Oi Group’s proposed Brazilian RJ Plan. The result undermines the goals of maximizing the Chapter 15 Debtors’ assets and assisting in the rescue of their financially troubled business.

Indeed, the actions of Aurelius are inconsistent with the trend in international insolvency law. For example, UNCITRAL has a working group studying cross border insolvencies of multinational enterprise groups of the kind at issue in this case. The working group has published draft legislative provisions on the issue. Those drafts define an “Enterprise” as “any entity, regardless of its legal form, that is engaged in economic activities and may be governed by insolvency law, and an “Enterprise Group” as “two or more enterprises that are interconnected by control or significant ownership.” Facilitating the Cross-Border Insolvency of Multinational Enterprise Groups: Draft Legislative Provisions, Article 2. Definitions, United Nations Commission of International Trade Law, Working Group V (Insolvency Law), Fifty-First Session, New York, 10-19 May 2017 (dated 2 March 2017), http://www. uncitral.org/uncitrayen/commission/ working_groups/5Insolvency.html (last accessed on Nov. 12,2017). Among the objectives of the draft law is the promotion of cooperation between courts and other competent authorities among States involved in cases of cross-border insolvency affecting members of an enterprise group. Id. at Chapter 1. General Provisions, Preamble.

Of particular relevance to this case, the draft legislation seeks to promote:

- Fair and efficient administration of cross-border insolvencies concerning enterprise group members that protects the interests of all creditors and other interested persons, including the debtors;
- Protection and maximization of the overall combined value of the operations and assets of enterprise group members affected by insolvency and of the enterprise group as a whole; and
- Facilitation of the rescue of financially troubled enterprise groups, thereby protecting investment and preserving employment.

Id., Preamble, Sections (d), (e), and (f). The draft legislation provides for cooperation in a variety of ways, including:

- Authority to enter into agreements concerning the coordination of insolvency proceedings of group members in different foreign jurisdictions;
- The appointment of a single insolvency representative to administer and coordinate insolvency proceedings concerning members of the same enterprise group in different foreign jurisdictions; and
- Use of a “planning proceeding” open to members of the enterprise group who have a COMI in the foreign jurisdiction where the proceeding is being held but also to members of the enterprise group whose COMI is in another foreign jurisdiction.

See id., Articles 9, 10, 11, 12. Aurelius’ actions here are at odds with the focus of this draft legislation on cooperation, value maximization and enterprise preservation.

In sum, the strategy pursued by Aurelius in these cases is a troubling one that the Court refuses to countenance. The Court recognizes that the facts here are novel, unlike any reported decision that the Court or the parties have been able to locate. The result here is certainly not a traditional application of COMI manipulation principles, normally applied to a debtor with only one foreign proceeding. But the Court reaches this result based on the discretion granted it under Section 1517(d), the Court’s authority to address issues of bad faith and other inequitable conduct, and the Court’s evidentiary findings above. In reaching this conclusion, moreover, the Court takes to heart the Second Circuit’s guidance that the factors relevant for COMI are open-ended and must be developed by courts on a case-by-case basis. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 138 (noting that “[tjhe absence of a statutory definition for a term [like COMI] that is not self-defining signifies that the text is open-ended, and invites development by courts, depending on facts presented, without prescription or limitation.”); c.f. U.S.C. § 105(a).

The Court is also mindful that the Mov-ants always have the ability to come back to this Court and challenge the recognition of any plan approved in the Brazilian RJ Proceeding. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 104. As OAS noted in overruling an objection to recognition:

[objections based on the speculation that the Brazilian Court will approve a plan or plans that permit substantive consolidation, unfair distributions or the elimination of creditor fraudulent transfer claims are premature. They depend on the contents and effect of one or more plans that the Brazilian Court has not yet approved and may never approve. ... In addition, Aurelius and Alden will have the chance to object to any plans in Brazil and challenge any motion in this Court seeking recognition and enforcement of any plans approved by the Brazilian Court.

In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 104.

CONCLUSION

For all the reasons set forth above, the Court denies the Dutch Petition and request for related relief. The Objectors are directed to settle a proposed order on seven days’ notice, The proposed order must be submitted by filing a notice of the proposed order on the Case Management/Electronic Case Filing docket, with a copy of the proposed order attached as an exhibit to the notice. A copy of the notice and proposed order shall also be served upon Movants’ counsel. 
      
      . Unless otherwise specified, references to the Case Management/Electronic Case Filing ("ECF”) docket are to Case No.17-11888. There is an extensive evidentiary record in this proceeding. Trial testimony is cited as "Trial Tr, [pagedine], [date] ([witness]).” Testimony provided by written declaration is cited as "[Witness] Decl. ¶_" Testimony on cross-examination provided by written declaration is cited as “[Witness] Cross ¶_” Exhibits are cited as "IX_” for the Insolvency Trustee’s éxhibits, "IBCX for the IBC’s exhibits, "SCX_” for the Steering Committee’s exhibits, and "OX_” for Oi’s exhibits.
     
      
      . Certain information relevant to the Court’s determination in this case is sensitive commercial information or subject to confidentiality restrictions under Dutch law. See Confidentiality Stipulation and Protective Order [ECF No. 38]; Stipulation Regarding Confidential Dutch Court Proceeding Information [ECF No. 67]; see also Rule 9018 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (permitting protection of, among other things, confidential commercial information). Such confidential information has been redacted from this Decision. Redactions have been kept to a minimum, however, given the interest of transparency in these proceedings. An unre-dacted version of this Decision has been tiled under seal and provided to counsel to the parties that participated in the trial.
     
      
      . These include (i) RESOR N.V. (legal counsel); (ii) Baker Tilly Berk N.V, (auditors); (iii) KPMG (Meijburg & Co Belastingadviscurs) (tax advisors); and (iv) Vistea B.V. (registered agent). Stip. Facts ¶ 9,
     
      
      . The Articles of Association provide Coop with the authority, among other things:
      to provide in the material needs of its Members and in this respect:
      (a) to directly or indirectly invest in, manage and dispose of interests in businesses and companies and to otherwise manage, put out and invest funds and receivables;
      (b) to finance the Members as well as companies and legal entities affiliated with the Cooperative or a Member;
      (c) to collect and receive risk-bearing capital from the Members;
      (d) to borrow, to lend and to raise funds, ■including the issue of bonds, promissory notes or other securities or evidence of indebtedness as well as to enter in agreements in connection with aforementioned activities;
      (e) to incorporate, to participate in any way whatsoever in, to manage, to supervise businesses and companies;
      (f) to finance businesses and companies;
      (g) to render advice and services to businesses and companies with which the Cooperative or a Member forms a group and to third parties;
      (h) to grant guarantees, to bind the Cooperative and to pledge its assets for obligations of businesses and companies with which it forms a group and on behalf of third parties;
      (i) to trade in currencies, securities and items of a property in general;
      (j) to perform any and all activities of an industrial, financial or commercial nature, and to do all that is connected therewith or may be conducive thereto, all to be interpreted in the broadest sense,
      SCX 1 § 3.
     
      
      . The note indenture provides that, so long as any of the securities are outstanding, Coop as issuer shall not:
      (a)engage in any business or enter into, or be party to, any transaction or agreement, except (i) the issuance, sale redemption, repurchase, or defeasance of the Securities (including any Additional Securities) and any other Indebtedness of the Issuer for the financing of the Company and its subsidiaries not otherwise prohibited by this Indenture and activities incidentally related thereto (including on-lending of funds to the Company and its subsidiaries), (ii) entering into affiliate debt transactions, including loan transactions, with regards to proceeds from the Initial Securities (including any Additional Securities) and any other Indebtedness not otherwise prohibited by this Indenture, (iii) entering into hedging agreements not for speculative purposes, (iv) as required by law, (v) in order to maintain its existence as a corporation, and (vi) in connection with any transaction not otherwise prohibited under this Indenture;
      (b) acquire or own any subsidiary or other assets or properties, except (A) an interest in hedging agreements relating to its or its Affiliates’ Indebtedness and instruments evidencing interests in the foregoing, (B) cash and cash equivalents, (C) any .assets related to affiliate debt transactions, and (D) each series of the Securities and other Indebtedness not otherwise prohibited under this Indenture;
      (c) incur any Indebtedness other than (A) the Securities, and (B) any other Indebtedness that (x) ranks equally with the Securities or (y) is subordinated to the Securities; and
      (d) incur or suffer to exist any Lien upon any properties or assets whatsoever, except Liens imposed by law,
      TX 15 § 4.17.
     
      
      . The 2021 Notes Indenture includes a matching issuer substitution option. Stip. Facts ¶ 21; TX IS § 10.01.
     
      
      . As of July 1, 2017, the IBC held $2.6 billion of Oi Group debt, comprising approximately $574 million of notes issued by Coop, $1.9 billion of notes issued by PTIF, and $165 million of bonds guaranteed by Telemar. IBCX 45 n.2.
      As of July 19, 2017, the Steering Committee held $1.23 billion of Oi Group debt, comprising approximately $242 million of notes issued by Coop, $88 million in notes issued by PTIF, $864 million of notes issued by Oi and guaranteed by Telemar, and $37 million in notes issued by Oi without a guarantee. Steering Committee Objection ¶ 18 n.38 [ECF No, 55],
     
      
      . PTIF was also undergoing a Dutch insolvency proceeding at this time, and had received a provisional SoP on October 3, 2016. TX 3 § 3.1(iv).
     
      
      . Pauliana actions are similar to fraudulent conveyance claims under U.S. law. Trial Tr. 655:11-17, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper); Berken-bosch Decl. ¶ 24; Trial Tr. 703:16-704:8, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).
     
      
      . See TX 54 at 6 (“[T]here is no evidence that foreign sovereignty was violated .... [T]he appealed decision, in explaining the trustee’s impediments in any jurisdiction, obviously refers to the goods and assets located in Brazil, with respect to the sovereignty of the States.”); TX 134 at 1 ("I grant partial sus-pensive effect on the assets requested so that the appealed decision expressly shows that the decisions made by the Brazilian courts impact the goods and assets located in domestic territory and those located abroad that are owned by the companies in the process of reorganization, except the cases in which foreign jurisdiction concludes otherwise in that regard, exclusively for the assets located in the territory subject to foreign jurisdiction, due to the principle of sovereignty of each State, and consequently, its Jurisdiction.”); see also Cerezetti Decl. ¶¶ 57-61.
     
      
      . Mr. Colombo, Professor Cerezetti, and Mr. Ferreira also submitted written direct testimony.
     
      
      . The parties concede that there can only be one foreign main proceeding. See Trustee Reply ¶ 85; Oi Objection ¶33 [ECF No. 58]; Steering Committee Objection ¶ 58. As acknowledged by the Insolvency Trustee, ' Sec-ognition of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding as a foreign main proceeding necessarily entails termination "of the recognition of the Brazilian proceeding as a foreign main proceeding.” Trustee Reply ¶ 85.
     
      
      
        . Movants suggest that "[germination of a recognition order under [Section] 1517(d) is discretionary in some circumstances but is mandatory here because recognition of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding as the foreign main proceeding is mandatory under [Sections] 1517(a) & (b),” Movants’ Proposed CoL, ¶ 10; id. (suggesting this as the “only interpretation” that harmonizes these provisions). But there is nothing in the language of subsection (d) that supports such a tortured reading, which requires that the same statutory language take on two different meanings. See Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340, 117 S.Ct. 843, 136 L.Ed.2d 808 (1997) (“Our first step in interpreting a statute is to determine whether the language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case.”). Instead, the proper interpretation is the most obvious one; subsections (a) and (b) govern a recognition request and subsection (d) applies to a request to terminate or modify an order of recognition already entered.
     
      
      . See also 42 U.S.C. § 1996a (‘‘(2) This section does not prohibit such reasonable regulation and registration by the Drug Enforcement Administration of those persons who cultivate, harvest, or distribute peyote as may be consistent with the purposes of this section and section 1996 of this title,”) (emphasis added); 49 U.S.C. § 49102 (“(a) General.— The purpose of this chapter is to authorize the transfer of operating responsibility under long-term lease of the 2 Metropolitan Washington Airport properties ... to a properly constituted independent airport authority created by Virginia and the District of Columbia .... (b) .... This chapter does not prohibit the Airports Authority and Maryland from making an agreement to make Baltimore/Washington International Airport part of a regional airports authority ....”) (emphasis added).
     
      
      . Rule 60(b) is made applicable to bankruptcy proceedings by Rule 9024 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.
     
      
      . The testimony from Prof. Veder is clear on this point:
      Q. Could you explain to the Court, is the European Insolvency Regulation an effort to implement the UNCITRAL model law in European law?
      A. Not at all,
      Q. Could you please explain to the court why?
      A. Okay. So the European Insolvency Regulation is a self-contained body that only applies within the EU that determines jurisdiction, choice of law, recognition issues within the European Union. The model law is something completely different. It is exactly what it says, it's a model law that’s been implemented in whatever state that adopts it. It’s like the U.S. standards adoption of Chapter 15 based on the model law, the UK has done something similar, but the EU Insolvency Regulation is not an implementation of that model law,
      Trial Tr. 487:13-488:8, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder),
     
      
      . Case C-396/09, Interedil Srl (Interedil) v. Fallimento Interedil Srl, 2011 E.C.R. I-9915.
     
      
      . Coop is referred to as Finco throughout the SoP Petition, The SoP Petition states that
      [t]he business of Finco consists of (i) attracting financing from the international capital markets, primarily in the form of issuing listed notes (the Notes), (ii) receiving funds from PTIF via a credit agreement entered into between Finco and PTIF on 2 June 2015 (as amended from time to time, hereinafter the Finco Loan), and (iii) on-lending amounts that Finco has attracted via the Notes or from PTIF (via the Finco Loan). The Notes are unsecured but guaranteed by Oi. Finco has no real estate and no other operations of, its own. Finco has one employee, Mr. Lavatori Correa, who is one of Finco’s directors.
      1X26111.2.
     
      
      . The SoP Petition states that
      [a]s a financing vehicle, Finco has no revenue-generating capacity or other assets (other than intra-group loans) of its own. Additionally, the Notes are guaranteed by Oi. Therefore, Finco's ability to repay its debts depends entirely on the success of the RJ Proceedings and, consequently, the continuity of the Oi Group’s business and revenues. In view of these facts, Finco’s financial and economic situation is inherently linked to that of the Oi Group as a whole. Finco will be able to repay its debts only to the extent the Oi Group is able to do so, which is inconsistent with a bankruptcy liquidation of the Oi Group.
      TX26H2.2.
     
      
      . The SoP Petition explains that
      [t]he Brazilian Court assumed jurisdiction in relation to Finco based on the fact that Finco is merely a financing vehicle and not an operating company within the Oi Group, and the Oi Group’s 'main place of business’ is in Rio de Janerio, Brazil (p. 89501 of the RJ Acceptance Order).” IX 26 ¶ 3.4. "The U.S. Bankruptcy Court of the Southern District of New York (the U.S. Bankruptcy Court) recognised the RJ Proceedings, including in respect of Finco, on 22 July 2016. Consequently, creditors of Finco are also subject to a moratorium in the United States, where they can no longer enforce their claims.
      TX 26 ¶ 3.5.
      The SoP Petition further states that Recognition proceedings have since been effected in various jurisdictions!,] including the United States (as previously noted). In the United States, an interim order recog-nising the RJ Proceedings with respect to, amongst others, Oi and Finco through [CJhapter 15 proceedings was granted on 22 June 2016. At a hearing on 21 July 2016, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court recognised the RJ Proceedings as a 'foreign main proceeding' with respect to each of the [C]hapter 15 debtors, including Finco. Similarly, on 23 June 2016 the RJ Proceedings were recog-nised in respect of Oi and two of its Brazilian subsidiaries as a 'foreign main proceeding' in Great Britain in accordance with the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency as set out in Schedule 1 to the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006 No 1030),
      IX 26115.3.
     
      
      . The SoP Petition makes clear that “the outcome of the restructuring for the creditors of Finco is entirely dependent on the RJ Proceedings and RJ Plan. The assets and value of the Oi Group can only be realized for the benefit of the creditors of Finco through the RJ Proceedings.” TX 26 ¶ 5.6, It states
      [t]he background to this request is that any voting that takes place on the suspension of payment proceedings related to Finco prior to the voting on the RJ Plan in the RJ Proceedings is likely to disrupt the negotiation process in the RJ Proceedings. At the same time, the content of the Dutch Plan and the economic reality of any consideration for the creditors of Finco will need to be paid by the Brazilian operating entities of the Oi Group, which in turn is dependent on the success of the RJ Plan. This implies that any vote on the suspension of payments before the voting in the RJ Proceedings is not likely to have any practical effect ....
      TX 26 ¶ 7.2,
     
      
      . It is also unclear whether a failure to object to the Dutch COMI findings committed any violence to the Dutch insolvency proceedings. In fact, the Movants do not claim that Coop's position on its COMI had any impact whatsoever on the Dutch Proceedings. The Insolvency Trustee himself conceded that regardless of the location of a debtor’s COMI and the source of the Dutch Court’s jurisdiction, a Dutch debtor has available the same forms of relief and insolvency procedures within the Netherlands. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 120. Thus, the Dutch District Court was not misled by any implied representation into opening or continuing any proceedings that it would otherwise have curtailed. See, e.g., Guinness, 955 F.2d at 899 (holding that plaintiff, by continuing with an appeal after purportedly reaching a settlemént, and not informing the appellate courts of the settlement, was “inherently and explicitly informing [the appellate courts] that no events had occurred which would render such appeals improper”).
     
      
      . [redacted] For example, Coop submitted the following to the Dutch District Court for the Conversion Hearing:
      Oi Coop does not agree with the Administrator’s position that Oi Coop’s COMI is in the Netherlands. Oi Coop’s COMI is in Brazil, as was determined by tire Brazilian Court even before the suspension of payments procedure began (see also p. 89498 of the ruling of the Brazilian Court of 29 June 2016, Exhibit 9 with the Supplementary Petition), and recognized by the court in the United States in the Chapter 15 Procedure.
      XX 449 ¶ 11,1.1; ses also id. at ¶ 11.1.6 (“Because the COMI is in Brazil, the [EU Regulation] is not applicable.”), [redacted]
      [redacted]
      [redacted]
     
      
      . See also Ferreira Decl. ¶ 18 ("Brazilian insolvency legislation has not adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency ....”); Trial Tr. 487:13-17, Sept. 19, 2017 (Veder) (“Q. Could you explain to the Court, is the European Insolvency Regulation an effort to implement the UNCITRAL model law in European law? A. Not at all.").
     
      
      . Within the same submission, the Movants present two different versions of the facts that were not disclosed to the Court, Compare Movants' Proposed FoF ¶ 89, with Movants' Proposed CoL ¶ 46. It is unclear which of these two lists represent Movants’ position. But regardless of which list—or both—control, the Court’s conclusion is the same.
     
      
      . Movants incorrectly suggest that Coop did not disclose its retention of Dutch professionals. Movants' Proposed FoF ¶ 89. This is clearly incorrect.
     
      
      . Some facts relating to Coop's Dutch ties were not disclosed, such as that Coop’s books and records were in the Netherlands, that Coop had a bank account in the Netherlands, and the existence of Coop’s tax claim against Dutch authorities. Trustee Reply ¶ 4. But none of those facts are significant given the broad disclosure provided to the Court, For example, information about the tax claim was relatively unimportant given the size of the claim. See Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 26 (noting claim on behalf of Coop estate against Dutch tax authorities for VAT refund of approximately €160,846), It is difficult to argue that the existence of the tax claim was crucial information when even Coop’s court-appointed Dutch fiduciary, Mr, Berkenbosch, was unaware of when it came into existence. See Trial Tr. 691:10-20, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berken-bosch).
     
      
      .There is another reason to afford less weight to the opinion letter: it was not public. As information that was not ascertainable by third parties, therefore, this document is of limited utility in determining COMI under Chapter 15. In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 138 (underscoring the importance of regularity and ascertainability in determining COMI) (quoting EU Regulation, Preamble ¶ 13 stating that COMI "should correspond to the place where the debtor conducts the administration of his interest on a regular basis and is therefore ascertainable by third parties.”).
     
      
      . The Court notes that its Prior Recognition Order and COMI determination were not discussed by the Dutch courts in the SoP or Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding, despite having been made before the SoP was issued in the Netherlands. This just reinforces the distinct legal tasks before this Court under Chapter 15, which is an adoption of the Model Law, and the Dutch courts under the EU Regulation, which is not an adoption of the Model Law,
     
      
      . The Court notes that the first two of these facts were disclosed to the Court prior to the Prior Recognition Hearing, See Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. D] (Writ of Summons, dated March 16, 2016, attached to Section 1519 motion filed by Chapter 15 Debtors) (discussing financial problems of Oi Group and intercom-pany transfers of PTIF and Coop, as well as replacement of board members of PTIF and Coop with all new board members that were either employees of or counsel to Oi); Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. F] (Writ of Summons, dated March 30, 2016, in Dutch proceeding brought by Capricorn against Coop) (discussing inter-company transfers of Coop and noting that Oi terminated Coop's only outside director and replaced that director with an employee of Oi, so that the board now consists of the CFO of Oi and another Oi employee).
     
      
      . Aurelius’ awareness of these crucial facts about Coop is also reflected in the significant litigation already pending against Coop at the time of the Prior Recognition Hearing. In March 2016, the Aurelius-managed fund Capricorn filed an action in the Netherlands to avoid the PTIF loan and to hold PTIF, Coop, and various of their directors liable for damages suffered by Capricorn as a result of the PTIF loan and the Coop loan. See Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. D] (Writ of Summons, dated March 16, 2016, in main proceeding brought by Capricorn against PTIF, Coop, and others). That litigation shows that Aurelius was aware of the transfer of cash from Coop to Oi affiliates and was concerned about such transfers. See id,; see also Trial Tr. 575:10-22, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper). That same month, Capricorn filed a summary proceeding seeking to enjoin Coop from further transferring funds to any member of the Oi Group. See Motion for Provisional Relief [Case No. 16-11791, ECF No. 7, Ex. F] (Writ of Summons, dated March 30, 2016, in summary proceeding brought by Capricorn against Coop).
     
      
      . In fact, there were no objections to the requested relief at the Prior, Recognition Hearing. See Hr'g Tr. 9:8-9, July 21, 2016 (counsel noting that they received no objections at the Prior Recognition Hearing to the petition for recognition).
     
      
      . The Insolvency Trustee and the IBC argue that under Fairfield Sentry, the Court must analyze COMI based only on the facts as of July 7, 2017, the date that the Insolvency Trustee filed his petition for recognition. But as previously noted, the Court is not making a determination of COMI under Section 1517(a), but rather is examining whether recognition should be modified or terminated pursuant to Section 1517(d). The second prong of subsection (d) explicitly contemplates looking to how facts have changed since the Prior Recognition Order. See 11 U.S.C. 1517(d). Additionally, allegations of COMI manipulation have been raised in this proceeding. See SC Objection ¶¶ 65-92; Oi Objection ¶¶ 67-74; Trial Tr. 136:5-9, Sept. 18, 2017 (Cunningham). In such circumstances, courts may examine events prior to a Chapter 15 petition. See In re Fairfield Sentry, 714 F.3d at 137.
     
      
      . Two minor facts have changed between the date of the Prior Recognition Order on July 22, 2016 and the Insolvency Trustee’s request for recognition on July 7, 2017. First, at the time of the Prior Recognition Order, Coop had two directors, one who resided in Brazil and the other in the Netherlands. Following the opening of Coop’s Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding, the Coop Board of Directors removed both prior directors, and since April 2017 Coop has one director, Bryoptha, which is a Brazilian entity based in Rio de Janiero. Trial Tr. 188:20-25, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo); Stip. Facts ¶ 11. Second, Coop’s Netherlands-based director, Mr. Correa, served as Coop's sole employee at the time of the Prior Recognition Order. Stip. Facts. ¶ 14. His employment was terminated with his directorship around late April 2017, and Coop currently has no employees. Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 10; Trial Tr, 194:9-21, Sept, 18, 2017 (Rabelo). These changes are not significant enough to provide a basis for relief under Section 1517.
     
      
      . These include communications with the Coop Board, PTIF, Aurelius, and the Steering Committee, as well as published notices and public reports required by Dutch law. TX 29-35; TX 38, 40, 47; TX 162, Arts. 73(a) and 227; TX 215-256; TX 309 ¶ 2.10.1; TX 461-467; TX 482, 486; Berkenbosch Decl. ¶¶ 55, 59; Declaration of Dan Gropper ("Gropper Decl.”)¶ 16[ECF No. 77].
     
      
      . For example, the Insolvency Trustee obtained orders directing the Brazilian RJ Debtors to provide separate creditor lists and to allow creditors a non-consolidated vote with respect to the proposed consolidation in the Brazilian RJ Proceedings, as well as filing the instant proceeding before this Court and requesting recognition of the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceedings. TX 471; TX 485; Trial Tr. 786:14-17, 828:12-829:4, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).
     
      
      . The OAS offering memoranda stated that the guarantors on the notes were all organized under the laws of Brazil, the debtor was described as a special purpose financing company whose principal purpose was to finance the operations of the larger corporate group, and extensively discussed the business, finan-cials, and management of that corporate group, but failed to include similar information regarding the debtor. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 102. Importantly, the offering memo-randa described the risks associated with the business of the corporate group, not the debt- or individually, and the risks that the investments could be affected by the Brazilian economy and government actions. See id. Purchasers of the notes were warned that if the corporate parent and its subsidiaries could not repay their indebtedness, including the guaranteed obligations, "they might become subject to bankruptcy proceedings in Brazil, and Brazilian laws might be less favorable to creditors compared to the laws of the United States or other jurisdictions.” Id. at 102-03. The offering memoranda did not discuss the risks of operating in Austria, merely mentioning that "Austria would not enforce U.S. judgments, the U.S. securities laws or awards of punitive damages." Id. at 103,
     
      
      . Of course, this power is now subject to whatever restrictions exist by virtue of Coop’s two foreign bankruptcy proceedings.
     
      
      . For instance, the third category does not factor into this analysis in any meaningful way given the small value of those claims (approximately €50,000) when considering all Coop creditors, See Stip. Facts ¶ 16.
     
      
      . The offering memoranda states that "all references to ‘our company,’ ‘we,’ ‘our,’ ‘ours,’ ‘us,’ or similar terms are to Oi S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries." TX 16 at i; TX 19 at i.
     
      
      . For example, the offering memorandum for the 2021 Notes states:
      [Coop], a wholly-owned subsidiary of Oi organized under the laws of the Netherlands, has no operations other than the issuing and making payments on the Notes and other indebtedness ranking equally with the Notes, and using the proceeds therefrom as permitted by the documents governing these issuances, including lending the net proceeds of the Notes and other indebtedness incurred by [Coop] to Oi and subsidiaries of Oi. Accordingly, the ability of [Coop] to pay principal, interest and other amounts due on the Notes and other indebtedness will depend upon the financial condition and results of operations of Oi and its subsidiaries that are creditors of [Coop],
      TX 16 at 18.
     
      
      . The offering memorandum for the 2021 Notes states:
      A substantial portion of our assets, including our fixed-line telecommunications, network are dedicated to providing an essential public service. These assets would not be available for liquidation in the event of our bankruptcy or attachment to secure a judgment, and in the case of our bankruptcy would, pursuant to the terms of our concession and Brazilian law, revert to the Brazilian government. Although the Brazilian government would be obligated to compensate us for early termination of our concessions, we cannot assure you that the amount ultimately paid by the Brazilian government would be equal to the market value of the reverted assets. These restrictions on liquidation may lower significantly the amounts available to holders of the Notes in the event of our liquidation and may adversely affect our ability to obtain adequate financing.
      TX 16 at 19.
     
      
      . The offering memorandum warns that "[t]he foreign exchange policy of Brazil may affect the ability of Oi to malee money remittances outside Brazil in respect of the guarantee,” XX 16 at 20.
     
      
      . The offering memorandum also warns that ”[t]he imposition of [Brazilian] IOF [ (foreign exchange) ] taxes may indirectly influence the price and volatility of the Notes.” TX 16 at 21.
     
      
      . The offering memorandum states that “[r]estrictions on the movement of currency out of Brazil may impair the ability of holders of the notes to receive interest and other payments on the Notes,” TX 16 at 19.
     
      
      . The offering memorandum warns that ”[i]f regulations in the European Union are changed, and [Coop] is required to obtain a banking license from the European Central Bank as a result of issuing the Notes, it could have a material adverse effect on us and your investment in the Notes,” TX 16 at 21,
     
      
      . In fact, the documents direct creditors to look beyond the Netherlands to a third location: New York. Both Coop Note Indentures are governed by New York law, designate New York as the forum for any disputes related to the Coop Notes, and require that Coop maintain an office or agency in New York City for the purpose of service of process, Stip. Facts ¶ 23-24. The Bank of New York Mellon is the indenture trustee for both series of Coop Notes. Stip. Facts ¶ 25.
     
      
      . Notably, aside from its Netherlands forum selection clause, the PTIF Loan Agreement is "governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Brazil” (TX 5 § 6.5), and was executed not in Dutch, but "in both [the] English and Portuguese languages,” while setting out that "[i]n the event of any dispute or controversy, the Portuguese version [would] prevail” (TX 5 § 6,4).
     
      
      . Mr. Berkenbosch testified at trial as to hearsay conversations he has had with the PTIF Insolvency Trustee, but this testimony was struck. Trial. Tr, 781:20-782:18, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berketibosch). Mr. Berkenbosch made similar statements in paragraph 25 of his written direct testimony, but the parties agreed that these statements could not be used “for the truth of the matter asserted therein, but for Mr. Berkenbosch’s state of mind.” Berkbenbosch Decl. ¶ 25; Trial, Tr. 665:5-15, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). These statements are not, therefore, evidence of PTIF’s views.
     
      
      . On appeal of the Brazilian Injunction Order, the Insolvency Trustee and Capricorn, an Aurelius-managed fund, obtained an order from the Court of Rio de Janicro, Eighth Civil Chamber stating in part that the Brazilian Injunction Order has extraterritorial effect except in instances in which foreign jurisdio-tions have found otherwise for assets within their jurisdictions, Ferreira Decl. ¶¶ 14-17. Thus, the Brazilian Court order still is in place for Oi Group assets in Brazil, the only assets that provide a chance for recovery for Coop's creditors.
     
      
      . The Movants fail fo articulate a theory of creditor recoveiy against Oi and Oi Móvel other than against the assets in Brazil or the Netherlands. While the Movants reference Oi Group operations in Europe, they provide no evidence or explanation of how assets located in Europe would lead a creditor to conclude that their recovery would be obtained through the Dutch Bankruptcy Proceeding. See Mov-ants’ Proposed FoF ¶ 100 (referencing U.K bank account of Oi Móvel used to process payments relating to roaming agreements) (citing TX 107 ¶ 11; TX 284 ¶¶ 18, 28; Trial Tr. 289:22-25, Sept. 18, 2017 (Rabelo)), In his testimony, Mr. Berkenbosch also references U.S. assets of Oi and Oi Móvel as one of the reasons for filing these proceedings, but does not clarify what type of assets or quantify their value. See Trial Tr. 789:3-13, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). In sum, the Movants provide no specific information regarding non-Brazilian assets of Oi or Oi Móvel in the record or explain how such assets impact the dispute before this Court.
     
      
      . Movants do not appear to place much reliance on the few assets that the Insolvency Trustee does control as a basis for a Dutch COMI. The Court finds that such funds are insufficient to support a COMI finding in the Netherlands, particularly given that the amount of assets controlled by the Insolvency Trustee is eclipsed by the amount of the loan borrowed by the Insolvency Trustee in the Dutch Proceedings from members of the IBC. See Berkenbosch Deck ¶ 26 (claim against Dtitch authorities for VAT of €160,846); Dutch Certified Petition ¶ 30 (same); Stip. Facts ¶ 26-27 (court-supervised account in the Netherlands with balance of approximately €416,905 and bank account in New York with approximately USD $50,000 held in trust by Jones Day); Berkenbosch Decl. ¶ 100 (discussing USD $5 million credit facility for loan from IBC to Insolvency Trustee); TX 58 (credit facility).
     
      
      . Although Mr, Groppcr of Aurelius claimed that he "[didn’t] know what the impact [of the Rede case] was from a Chapter 15 perspective" (Trial Tr. 615:4-5, Sept. 25, 2017 (Gropper)), it bears noting that the Rede Group's Brazilian plan was subsequently recognized by this Court in a published decision. In re Rede Energia, 515 B.R. 69.
     
      
      . Aurelius played a markedly similar role in the OAS case in 2015, which involved not only an analogous fact pattern, but even most of the same professionals. At the end of March 2015, OAS Group entities, including OAS Investments and OAS Finance, two finance SPVs incorporated in Austria and the BVI respectively, commenced Brazilian bankruptcy proceedings. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 89, 101; OAS Finance Petition ¶ 4 [Case No. 15-11304, ECF No. 2], In mid-April 2015, the Brazilian foreign representative of four of those entities (including' the two SPVs) commenced Chapter 15 cases in this Court. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 90. The next day, Aurelius and another hedge fund, both OAS Group creditors, filed a petition to appoint joint provisional liquidators (the "JPLs”) in the BVI for one of the SPV entities, OAS Finance. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 91; OAS Finance Petition ¶ 36. Roughly a month later, the JPLs filed their own petition for recognition under Chapter 15, See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 91; OAS Finance Petition ¶ 41. In mid-May 2015, the two funds filed an objection to the Brazilian foreign representative’s petition for OAS Investment’s recognition, arguing, among other things, that OAS Investments’ COMI was in Austria. See In re OAS, 533 B.R. at 91. In the recognition hearing held later that month, representatives of the Brazilian debtors acknowledged that they would not be proceeding with the OAS - Finance recognition petition at that time given the status of the competing BVI proceedings. See OAS Hr’g. Tr. 4:9-10:10, May 23, 2015 [Case No. 15-10937, ECF No, 71]. In July 2015, the Court denied the objection as to OAS Investments and recognized the Brazilian restructuring as its foreign main proceeding. See In re OAS S.A., 533 B.R. at 103.
      Over the remainder of the summer, the parties engaged in a discovery dispute and geared up for a recognition fight for OAS Finance, See e.g. Letter Filed by John Cunningham at 1 [Case No. 15-11304, ECF No. 22], A recognition hearing was held in August, in which the Court questioned the petitioners and objectors on how it ought to account in its COMI analysis for the filing of the BVI proceeding by Aurelius and the second fund, and whether those actions could qualify as COMI manipulation. See OAS Hr’g. Tr. 22:3-26:22, 63:2-68:19, Aug. 18, 2015 [Case No. 15-11304, ECF No. 68], The Court expressed the sentiment that the actions of the JPLs themselves, including pursuit of the Chapter 15 recognition, were generally in line with their legal responsibilities, considered separately from the actions that lead to their appointment. See OAS Hr’g. Tr. 25:6-12, Aug. 18, 2015 [Case No. 15-11304, ECF No. 68] ("THE COURT: No. No. I don’t—I'm not impugning anything with the JPL’s. They did what they were supposed to do .... I’m focusing on the commencement of the proceeding, which was really before they undertook their duties”); id. 66:9-68:13 ("MR, CUNNINGHAM: .... [Aurelius] submitted to the jurisdiction in Brazil by objecting and participating, got an adverse result, and then, in essence, launched this proceeding in our view clearly as a strategic tactic to ... create a poisoned pill. ... [T]his was an attempt to control OAS Finance to tiy to disrupt—you saw that the very first moves that were made by the JPL’s were to tiy to withdraw OAS Finance from the Brazilian proceedings, the attempt to strip us of authority from taking any actions here, THE COURT: But that’s—it strikes me that that’s a proper thing for the JPL’s to do once they’re appointed,”). On December 30, 2015, before the Court issued a decision on the matter, the parties reported a settlement, "contingent on ... the closing of a plan of reorganization in Brazil for the OAS Group that is consistent with the terms of the settlement agreement.” Letter Filed by Andrew Rosenblatt at 1 [Case No. 15-11304, ECF No. 70].
     
      
      . While the Insolvency Trustee asserts that the request for a SoP was part of a comprehensive strategy by Oi to pursue plan recognition in the European Union, the evidence does not support that assertion. See Berken-bosch Deck ¶ 50, The document relied upon for this allegation explicitly states that the filing of a SoP would be used only as a defensive measure, TX 152 at 41 (“RJ will not be recognized in the Netherlands therefore if creditors take action in the Netherlands, the Fincos will have to file for an additional insolvency proceeding, Suspension of Payments, to ensure they are protected in the Netherlands. Please note the current intention is that this will be used as a defensive measure only. And illustrative timeline is on the next slide.”); see also Trial Tr. 733:6-13, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berk-enbosch).
     
      
      . To fund this litigation strategy, the IBC (including Aurelius) provided a USD $5 million loan to Mr. Berkenbosch. Trial Tr. 771:13-17, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch);' TX 58. Mr. Berkenbosch testified that this loan was necessary for him to bring certain litigation in the U.S. and Brazil, including the Dutch Petition. Trial Tr. 839:18-22, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch); Trial Tr. 700:17-702:9, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). As a condition of receiving the loan, Mr. Berkenbosch agreed to concede that the PTIF claim asserted against Coop (which is a key component of value for holders of PTIF notes) is valid and not subject to subordination. Trial Tr. 772:18-773:21, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).
     
      
      . Mr. Berkenbosch equivocated on this subject throughout his trial testimony. He testified first that preventing a plan inconsistent with Dutch law was an objective. Trial Tr. 719:19-25, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). But he then walked his answer back: "Q. Right. Sir, your testimony—I'm not trying to put words in your mouth, I just want to understand it. If this paragraph 2.2.8 accurately reflects one of the objectives. Please tell me if it does or it doesn’t. A. Okay. I’m going to read it again then. Q. Sure (Document Review.). A. It is—it is difficult for me to say and to confirm that this is an objective. I would like to have to look vety close at the wording. Q. I’ll tell you what, sir, let’s turn to Tab—. A. Because this says, "No reorganization plan approved in Brazil if conflicted with Dutch bankruptcy proceedings,” and yes, Dutch bankruptcy proceedings are very, very important, but I can imagine that there is some discretion before—also before the U.S. court would not—or would prevent the implementation of the reorganization plan. This is just very black and white. I’m not sure if I’m entirely clear.” Trial Tr. 720:16-721:17, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch).
     
      
      . Mr. Berkenbosch testified that he wasn’t sure if the draft version of this letter was ever sent (Trial Tr. 724:17-725:14, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch)), and that the letter is "an earlier draft, so it’s very difficult for me to say that—doing it again, I would have used a few other words. Some words are a bit strong, so it’s difficult for me to say.” Trial Tr. 724:8-12, Sept. 25, 2017 (Berkenbosch). But there was no dispute that he drafted the letter.
     
      
      . The significance of these stipulations was not clear to the Court at the time as they largely mirrored the relevant statutory language. See Hr. Tr. 10:15-22, July 21, 2016. In hindsight, the requests make clear Aurelius’ intent even then was the use of a Dutch proceeding to compete with and potentially derail the Brazilian RJ Proceeding.
     
      
      . The Court notes that neither Brazil nor the Netherlands has enacted the UNCITRAL Model Law that is reflected in Chapter 15 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.
     
      
      . The Movants raised an argument regarding Mr. Shah’s replacement as foreign representative by Mr, Rabelo. See Trustee’s Supp. to the Dutch Petition at ¶ 2 [ECF No, 23], The parties should consider their position on this issue in light of the Court’s ruling today and contact the Court within 14 days of this decision regarding how they would like to proceed on this issue.
     