
    James O’Donohue and Others, Respondents, v. John F. Cronin and Newbold T. Lawrence, as Executor of and Trustee under the Last Will and Testament of Newbold Lawrence, Deceased, Appellants.
    
      Ma/p, delivered with a deed, as evidence of intention — what constitutes adverse possession of a leach on the Atlantic oceam.
    
    A map of premises conveyed by a deed, delivered by the grantor in connection with the deed, is competent evidence of the intention of the parties to the deed.
    Evidence given in an action of ejectment involving the title to land on the shore of the Atlantic ocean at Rockaway Beach, Long Island, tending to show that the plaintiffs and their predecessors in title had for more than twenty years been in possession, claiming title founded upon a written instrument, and, during that time, had built wharves and boat and bath houses and other structures on the shore and had cut hay from the marshes, is sufficient to warrant a finding that they had acquired title to the premises by adverse possession, although they had not attempted to fence or cultivate the premises.
    Appeal by the defendants, John F. Cronin and another, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiffs, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Queens on the 3d day of May, 1900, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from- an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 29th day of May, 1900, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Augustus W. Weller, for the appellant Cronin.
    . Eugene F. Daly, for the appellant Lawrence.
    
      Dra/ncis Dwight Dowley, for the respondents.
   Goodrich, P. J.:

The action is for ejectment from certain premises on the shore of the Atlantic ocean, at Rockaway Beach, L. I., which are described in the complaint as follows:

“All that certain piece or parcel of land, meadow and beach, situate at Far Rockaway, in the town of Hempstead, county of Queens, and State' of New York, bounded as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of land formerly Of Margaret Smith, deceased, at point distant about thirty-six rods south of the Main Rockaway Road, and running from said, point easterly two rods across what was formerly the Old .Reach Road, now closed to the east side'of said • Old Beach Road; thence, running by lands sold by the heirs of John Mott, deceased, to Nathaniel Jarvis, Jr., south, nine degrees east, four chains and ninety-eight links to land of James O’Donohue; thence running westerly by said land of James O’Donohue one chain fourtéen links and a half, to the northwest corner of said land of James O’Donohue, formerly belonging to Elizabeth B. Bach; thence running southerly a straight -line, partly by land of said James O’Dónohue and partly by land of said Margaret O’Donohue, about nine hundred and fifty-seven feet four inches to a small ditch or creek in the meadow; thence running southerly by said small ditch or creek to the main creek, called Mott’s Creek or Bridge Creek ; thence running southerly and easterly by said main creek to a point four rods west .of the east line of the New Beach Road; thence running southerly a straight line to the main beach or ocean, so that said New Beach Road shall be four rods wide from the said main creek down to the ocean ; thence running westerly by the main or common beach to land formerly of John L. B. Norton, Sr., deceased; thence running northerly, northwesterly and northerly around by land and meadow formerly of said John L. Norton, Sr., until it comes again to said Mott’s or Bridge Creek; thence running northwesterly, northerly and northeasterly along said Bridge Creek, separating this land from meadow of said John L. Norton, Sr., and meadow and land formerly belonging to the heirs of Margaret Smith, deceased, until it comes to the head of said creek; thence running as the fence stands by land formerly belonging tó the heirs of Margaret Smith, deceased, north, thirty-two degrees fifteen minutes east, to the place of beginning. With the privilege of passing and repassing over said New Beach .Road with wagon and team or otherwise, out to the said Main Rocha way Road, and also the privilege of a right of way from said land out easterly to said New Beach Road across the northerly end of the land formerly belonging to Ellen A. Beck, reserving to said Benjamin Mott, his heirs and assigns, the privilege of passing and repassing over said Beach Road four rods wide along the east side of above land with wagon and team or otherwise down to the ocean.”

The complaint alleges that-the plaintiff Isabella Amy is the owner of one-third, and the plaintiff Mary A. O’Donohue the owner of two-thirds, of said premises, as tenants in common, and that James O’Donohue, their father, is tenant by the curtesy, as surviving husband of their mother, Margaret. It will be,observed that the description of the eastern boundary refers to a point on the line of Mott’s creek, four rods west of the east line of the New Beach road, and continues thence running southerly a straight line to the main beach or ocean, * * * thence running westerly by the main or common beach to land,” etc. If the plaintiffs’ predecessors in title had the right thus to define their east and south boundaries, or if they and the plaintiffs have been in adverse possession under claim of title for twenty years, then the plaintiffs are entitled to recover.

The defendant Cronin claims to be the lessee of the defendant Lawrence, as executor under the last will of Newbold Lawrence, deceased, under a lease dated March 15,1897, to premises “ bounded on the east by Jarvis’ Lane, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Wells’ Line and on the north by Mott’s or Bridge Creek.” This includes the whole of that part of the premises described in the complaint which lie south of Mott’s creek. Cronin also claimed under lease from the town of Hempstead, made in September, 1896. If his predecessors had title to the land thus described, and no adverse possession is proved, he is entitled to a recovery.

Mott’s creek extends in a direction generally easterly and westerly across the tract described in the complaint, dividing it into two nearly equal parts, which we shall speak of hereafter as the upland part and the beach part. The litigation arises over the title to the beach part, there being no question as to the title to the upland.

We shall trace only generally the title of the contesting parties, as in the view which we take of the evidence it was necessary only to show that the plaintiffs were “ claiming a title, founded upon a written instrument,” and had continued in adverse possession for twenty years, (Code Civ. Proc. §§ 369, 370.)

It is not disputed that all the premises were covered by the Dongan patent of lands at Hempstead, dated 1685, which granted them to Captain John Searing and others “ as patentees for and on the behalf of themselves and their associates, the freeholders and inhabitants of the said town of Hempstead.”

After various mesne conveyances the property was conveyed to Jolm Mott in 1826. After his death his heirs partitioned the property, and in 1842 a partition deed was executed between his sons, John and Benjamin, whereby all the premises -described in the complaint were conveyed to the latter. Benjamin B. Mott, the same person as Benjamin Mott, conveyed the premises to Margaret O’Donohue in November, 1868, by a' deed which contains the description set out in the complaint; and with the deed he delivered a map of the premises, drawn by Fosdick, a surveyor. The map is in the record and plots the premises as bounded on the south by the ocean. This boundary along the ocean runs to the land formerly of Norton, and thence northerly along his line which is the Wells line. The map is competent evidence of the intention of the parties to the deed. (Clark v. New York Life Ins. & Trust Co., 64 N. Y. 33.)

The defendants claim title through the Dongan patents as follows: An allotment of lands by the town of Hempstead was made in 1678- In 1725 a conveyance was made by fifty-eight freeholders to Jacob Hicks, which is claimed to include the premises in question. The description reads: “ All our right, title, interest, part or share belonging to a Beach lying on ye south side of ye Island in ye bounds of Hempstead, aforesaid, at a place called Rockaway, bounded as follows, west by Whelses line; south by the sea; east by Brockeface Gut, and north by ye great creek. Together with' all ye marshes and.other privileges thereunto belonging or in any wise appertaining.”

It will be observed also that, as before stated, the Wells line was the division line between the Norton tract and that conveyed to Mrs. O’Donohue. The land descended to Stephen and Jacob, grandsons of Jacob; and their descendants, in 1876, commenced a partition suit and obtained a judgment under which the land last described was conveyed in 1878 to Alfred H. Lawrence. Alfred conveyed to Hewbold Lawrence, whose executor is one of the defendants. The plaintiffs herein were not parties to the partition- suit.

In Mulry v. Norton (100 N. Y. 424) the question of the ownership of premises at Far Rockaway beach, as between the plaintiff and the defendant as lessee of the town of Hempstead, was before the court. It appeared that the ocean beach had undergone a succession of changes whereby the bars, shoals, islands and channels extending from the inlet to the shore of the mainland were constantly changing, sometimes being joined and sometimes being separated by the removal of an inlet either by jumps ” or gradual progression. The court held that the owners of the upland were entitled to the newly-formed lands made by accretion or reliction in front of their premises and contiguous thereto in certain proportions according to the formation of their respective shore lines.

In Lawrence v. Town of Hempstead (155 N. Y. 297) the court decided that Lawrence was the owner of the premises described in the deed of the fifty-nine freeholders to Jacob Hicks. The premises were part of a 1500-acre tract bounded on the west by the Wells-or Whelses line. This line ran down to the ocean and is the one shown on the Fosdick map delivered by Mott, to Mrs. O’Donohue as the boundary line between the premises of John L. Horton and the property claimed by each of the parties to this action. The court said (p. 303): “ As to the west boundary c Whelses (or Wells’) line,’ and the south boundary, the ocean, there arises no difficulty.” Consequently we have the authority of the Court of Appeals that Lawrence was the owner as against the town of Hempstead of the prem ises in controversy in the present action. The difficulty, however, as between the present litigants is not judicially determined, as the plaintiffs were not parties to that action. They also claim title to the property under the Mott deed which, while it does not use the words “ Wells’ line,” refers, to the Horton tract, which lay just to the west of the Mott line.

The foregoing statement shows that each of the parties to this action claimed title under deeds which are of record. This brings us to the question of adverse possession; and if the plaintiffs have shown such possession since the deed to' Mrs. O’Donohue in 1868, their title may not he questioned.

It is not essential that the plaintiffs should prove an actual and valid title to the premises. It is sufficient to show that they are holding adversely under a written claim of title. (Code Civ. Proc. § 370; Sands v. Hughes, 53 N. Y. 287; Jackson v. Waltermire, 7 Cow. 353.) Section. 370 of the Code of Civil Procedure defines adverse possession in part as follows: For the purpose of constituting an adverse possession, by a person claiming a title, founded upon a written instrument, or a judgment or decree, land is deemed to have been possessed and occupied in either of the following cases : * * * 3. Where, although not inclosed, it has been used for the supply of fuel, or of fencing timber, either for the purposes of husbandry, or for the ordinary use of the occupant. Where a known farm or a single lot has been partly improved, the portion of the farm or lot that has been left not cleared, or not inclosed, according to. the usual course and custom of the adjoining country, is deemed to have been occupied for the same length of time, as the part improved and cultivated.”

There was evidence tending to show that John Mott, who died in 1828, owned a farm of 400 acres, of which the premises in question were a part, and that they were continuously in the possession of the Motts until the conveyance to Mrs. O’Donohue, and that the latter continued in occupation till the commencement of this action,

John Mott, father of John and Benjamin, devised the. farm to them, and there was evidence that during their minority it was cultivated ■ by their brother Richard, and by them after they became of age.

Mott’s creek formed the westerly boundary for. some distance.' Below that was a ditch which ran along the Wells boundary from 175 to 200 feet toward the beach. The use of a ditch is a customary method of defining a boundary in this section of the country.

Richard, who at the time of the trial was about ninety years of age, testified in part as follows: There was a fence on the Jarvis lane nearly to Mott’s creek and then a ditch running down toward the beach. The plaintiff’s easterly boundary continues in a straight line to the ocean. The lower part of the property south of Mott’s creek was marsh,, and witness cut hay from it for cattle. John Mott, Sr., built a bridge over the creek .and witness repaired it and put in a gate. Their cattle also were pastured there. Some of the land below the creek has been covered with sand washed up ■from the ocean, but formerly it was used as a pasture, and in digging through the sand the old meadow is found. The Motts also gave permission to one Hewlett to build bathing houses on the beach just west of Jarvis lane, receiving rent from him therefor from 1830 to 1837, and the receipts therefor are in evidence. The distance from the creek to the ocean is about three-quarters of a mile, and grass grew nearly down to the beach. Since that time •an outer beach has formed and there is an inlet between. The beach and bars have frequently been changed by the action of the waves. Witness beached his yacht just west of the Jarvis lane and used it as a landing. He also gathered seaweed for manure.

After the conveyance to Mrs. O’Donohne in 1868 she occupied the upland as a farm. Between that time and 1896 she had wharves, a float, boat and bath houses and other small buildings on the north side of the inlet, and these were all used by the family. There was also evidence that the frontage of the plaintiffs’ property was used practically in the same way as the adjoining frontage; that is, according to the * * * custom of the adjoining country.”

In September, 1896, the town of Hempstead executed a lease to •Cronin of all the premises south of Mott’s creek. The plaintiffs .immediately served upon the town a protest against the lease, on the ground that the property belonged to them and that they had been in occupation for more than twenty years. They also retained, counsel, who commenced proceedings to restrain the construction of •a road across the property below the creek; and the work was ■stopped for a while, but resumed upon the withdrawal of the plaintiffs’ opposition.

This is not by any means all the evidence upon the subject of ■actual possession, but it is sufficient of itself to require a submission -of the question to the jury.

No evidence appears of any occupation of the disputed territory by the defendants until shortly before the commencement of this ■action, in July, 1897, soon after the lease of Lawrence to Cronin, when the latter, during the night, erected a “ shanty ” on the north •shore of the inlet, and the defendant Finley occupied-it. In June, .1897, Cronin erected a dock on the beach.

The court charged the jury as follows: ■“ The plaintiffs, however, insist .that whatever obscurity there may be in the ancient deeds-with regard to meadows and marshes, and to Wells’s Line as being the tnie location of the property in question, that the deed of 1868 from Benjamin Mott to the plaintiffs sufficiently establishes their title as resting upon that line. They claim that this land so conveyed by Mr. Benjamin Mott, which was traced by Mr. Fosdick, the engineer, conveys this land by metes and bounds, by plain descriptions, and that it is bounded on one side by the sea or the ocean. The plaintiffs say that under that deed they took possession of the upland and built upon it a home which they have occupied from, that time to this. As to the lowlands, the marshes and meadows, and the sand adjoining them, they say they did not cultivate these because they could not be cultivated or would yield nothing if they were cultivated; that they could not fence the beach, as the action of the sea and the tides would destroy fences. But they contend that the upland was -useful and tillable, and that in using-the upland for a home they used the lowland—the marshes, meadows and beach — as such lands were commonly used by other people in that vicinity. Whether they used it to gather drift, to get the coarse grass, as an outlook or to walk upon, they say they used it in the common way of using that kind of unimproved and waste land adjoining the substantial and useful upland. If. you should, find that this upland in dispute was not actually included within the deeds which have been offered in evidence by the plaintiffs, the law is, that even where a man receives a deed of property which would not of itself be sufficient to give him a good title, yet, if he enters into possession of the land under a defective deed, claiming to own it under that deed, and he uses it, occupies it and improves it if it is susceptible of improvement — that is, -if he fences it in case it can be fenced, or, if it cannot be thus improved and occupied, if he uses it either for the purpose of gathering seaweed or otherwise, as it is common to use such land in the immediate neighborhood — then, by the general use of one portion of the land, the benefit to the other portion inures to him. - In other words, by reason of the use of the upland for a home and of the lowland in front as such lowland is commonly used, both the upland and the lowland are' to be considered as being in the possession of the man who has the upland. The plaintiffs claim that they made such use of this land -in question. Their witnesses testified with more or less particularity to what was done by them with the land in dispute.

“If you find that under this deed of 1868 the plaintiffs entered into possession, and continued uninterruptedly in possession, claiming title under that deed to this land, and that they did exercise acts of ownership over the whole land down to the shore, and to the beach as well as to the upland, even though they did not fence in or cultivate the beach, then such use of the lowland in connection with the upland may be considered as possession with the same effect as if it had been actually fenced and positively occupied. * * * There is nothing further that I can do to assist you in a case of this kind; there are no rules of law applicable to it, excepting the rule which I have given you regarding what is known as adverse possession. The term conveys its own meaning. It must be against others; it must not be with the consent of even the real owner. A man might occupy property for any length of time with the consent .of the real owner, and he would never get title as against such owner. It is only when he enters into possession of’ property claiming to own it as of right under some paper, even though the paper gave him no absolute right; but where he enters claiming under such paper and remains under that paper adversely against all others, continuously, openly and uninterruptedly in the way which I have before indicated, for" twenty years, he acquires a good title. The reason for this is manifest. The object of the law is to quiet disputes, to end controversies as to the title to land.”

The verdict has establishéd the plaintiffs’ adverse possession of the premises under written claim of title and on sufficient evidence, and without passing upon the question of title by written instrument, we think that justice will be best attained by an affirmance of the judgment. If an appeal shall be taken, the Court of Appeals, which is already familiar with the questions of title involved, will be enabled to dispose, of the whole controversy.

The judgment should be affirmed.

All concurred; Hirsohberg, J., in result.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.  