
    OWENS v CITY OF DETROIT
    Docket No. 88944.
    Submitted January 15, 1987, at Detroit.
    Decided February 19, 1987.
    Steven A. Owens brought a tort action in the Wayne Circuit Court against the City of Detroit and Robert C. Williams, Jr., seeking damages for noneconomic loss under the no-fault automobile insurance act. Plaintiff was injured in the area of an eye, requiring fifty stitches in the area. He was left with a visible two-inch scar, internal scarring, and the eye continues to droop and water. Plaintiffs four front teeth were also broken and were extracted over one year after the accident and replaced with a partial plate. Plaintiff continues to have trouble talking and eating. Defendants brought a motion for summary disposition alleging that plaintiffs injuries amounted to neither a serious impairment of a body function nor a permanent serious disfigurement and, therefore, recovery was precluded under the no-fault act. The trial court, William L. Cahalan, J., found as a matter of law that plaintiffs injuries did not constitute a serious impairment of a body function, but also found as a matter of law that the loss of teeth did constitute a permanent serious disfigurement. Defendants appeal by leave granted.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    The meaning of serious impairment must be viewed in light of the effect of the injury on the plaintiffs body functions, rather than the effect of the injury on plaintiffs life or lifestyle. Three relevant factors help to evaluate the seriousness of the impairment of body function: (1) the extent of the impairment in quantitative, medical terms; (2) the duration of the impairment; and (3) the type of treatment required to rectify the impairment. The question whether the plaintiff suffered a serious impairment of body function must be submitted to the trier of fact whenever the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, is such that reasonable minds could differ. Viewing the evidence most favorably toward the plaintiff, reasonable minds could differ as to the seriousness of the impairment of plaintiffs teeth and eye. Reasonable minds could also differ as to whether the injury to plaintiffs teeth constitutes permanent, serious disfigurement.
    
      References
    Am Jur 2d, Automobile Insurance §§ 340 et seq.
    
    What constitutes sufficiently serious personal injury, disability, impairment, or the like to justify recovery of damages outside of no-fault automobile insurance coverage. 33 ALR4th 767.
    
      Reversed and remanded.
    1. Insurance — No-Fault — Noneconomic Loss — Serious Impairment of Body Function.
    A serious impairment of body function under the no-fault act is to be viewed in light of the effect of the injury on the plaintiffs body functions, rather than its effect on plaintiffs life or lifestyle (MCL 500.3135[1]; MSA 24.13135[1]).
    2. Insurance — No-Fault — Noneconomic Loss — Serious Impairment of Body Function.
    Relevant factors for evaluating the seriousness of an impairment of body function under the no-fault act are: (1) the extent of the impairment in quantitative, medical terms; (2) the duration of the impairment; and (3) the type of treatment required to rectify the impairment (MCL 500.3135[1]; MSA 24.13135[1]).
    3. Insurance — No-Fault — Noneconomic Loss — Serious Impairment of Body Function — Permanent Serious Disfigurement.
    The question whether the plaintiff suffered a serious impairment of body function or permanent serious disfigurement under the no-fault act must be submitted to the trier of fact whenever the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, is such that reasonable minds could differ (MCL 500.3135[1]; MSA 24.13135[1]).
    4. Insurance — No-Fault — Noneconomic Loss — Serious Impairment of Body Function — Permanent Serious Disfigurement.
    A serious impairment of a body function or a permanent serious disfigurement need not be considered to be commensurate with death or catastrophic injury where a plaintiff seeks noneco-nomic damages under the no-fault act (MCL 500.3135[1]; MSA 24.13135[1]).
    
      Philip M. Sallen, for plaintiff.
    
      Brenda M. Miller, Assistant Corporation Counsel, for defendants.
    
      Before: R. M. Maher, P.J., and Shepherd and G. S Allen, JJ.
    
      
       Former Court of Appeals judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
    
   Per Curiam.

Defendants appeal by leave granted from the November 1, 1985, order of summary disposition entered by the Wayne Circuit Court in favor of the plaintiff on his tort claim for noneconomic loss under Michigan’s no-fault automobile insurance act, MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135.

For the purpose of the motion for summary disposition, neither the negligence of the defendants nor the extent of plaintiffs injuries was disputed by the parties. Plaintiffs injuries were incurred as he exited from a bus owned by the defendant city and operated by defendant Williams. At the moment he exited, defendant was struck by a bicycle operated by a third defendant whose liability has been settled. In the course of the collision, plaintiff’s and the cyclist’s heads collided. Plaintiff was thrown to the pavement, resulting in injuries to an eye and his teeth.

According to the parties’ stipulation, plaintiff received approximately fifty stitches in the area of his eye immediately after the collision. After healing, plaintiff was left with a visible two-inch scar in the area of one eye. Because of additional, internal scarring, the eye continues to droop and water some five years after the accident.

The parties also stipulated that plaintiffs four front teeth were broken in the collision and ultimately had to be removed. Plaintiff was subsequently fitted with a partial plate, but continues to have trouble talking and eating.

Defendants’ motion was filed under § 3135(1) of the no-fault act, which provides:

A person remains subject to tort liability for noneconomic loss caused by his or her ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle only if the injured person has suffered death, serious impairment of body function, or permanent serious disfigurement. [MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1).]

Defendants alleged that plaintiff’s injuries amounted to neither a "serious impairment of body function” nor a "permanent serious disfigurement” and that plaintiffs claim for noneconomic damages was therefore precluded under the act. In accordance with Cassidy v McGovern, 415 Mich 483; 330 NW2d 22 (1982), the trial court found as a matter of law that plaintiffs injuries did not constitute a serious impairment of body function, but also found as a matter of law that the loss of teeth did constitute a permanent serious disfigurement. We will consider each of these issues separately.

i

SERIOUS IMPAIRMENT OF BODY FUNCTION

In Cassidy v McGovern, supra, our Supreme Court set forth a three-part standard for determining whether injuries meet the no-fault threshold of a serious impairment of body function as required by § 3135 of the act: (1) the injury must be objectively manifested; (2) an important body function must be impaired by the injury; and (3) the impairment of the body function must be serious. Cassidy, supra; Kosack v Moore, 144 Mich App 485, 488; 375 NW2d 742 (1985). Since the trial court’s decision, our Supreme Court has reviewed and repudiated Cassidy. DiFranco v Pickard, 427 Mich 32; 398 NW2d 896 (1986). Under DiFranco, the first two Cassidy requirements, objective manifestation and important body function, have been eliminated. DiFranco also liberalizes the third Cas-sidy requirement of "seriousness.” While a "serious” impairment under Cassidy was to be commensurate with death or permanent serious disfigurement, Kosack, supra at 488-489, DiFranco expressly rejected any notion that a serious impairment must be catastrophic.

The DiFranco Court instead explained that the meaning of serious impairment must be viewed in light of the effect of the injury on the plaintiffs body functions, rather than the effect of the injury on plaintiffs life or lifestyle. DiFranco, supra at 68-69. Three relevant factors were suggested for evaluating the seriousness of the impairment of body function: (1) the extent of the impairment in quantitative, medical terms; (2) the duration of the impairment; and (3) the type of treatment required to rectify the impairment. DiFranco, supra at 67-68. Under DiFranco, the question whether the plaintiff suffered a serious impairment of body function must be submitted to the trier of fact whenever the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party, is such that reasonable minds could differ. DiFranco, supra at 69.

We believe that the trial court, in finding no serious impairment of body function, ruled correctly under Cassidy. However, the result is different under DiFranco. Since this appeal was currently pending at the time of DiFranco’s release, we are required to apply the new standard rather than that of Cassidy. DiFranco, supra at 75.

Turning first to the injury to plaintiffs teeth, we observe that there was no stipulation as to the extent of the impairment in quantitative, medical terms. However, the impairment was of an extensive duration in that the broken teeth were not extracted for over a year and plaintiff has continuing problems with eating and speaking. Moreover, the treatment apparently involved surgical removal of the teeth and replacement with a prosthesis. Thus, we hold that reasonable minds could differ as to the seriousness of the impairment under DiFranco, viewing the evidence most favorably toward the plaintiff.

Applying the same DiFranco standard to plaintiffs eye injury, we would also reverse the trial court. Again, there is no evidence as to the extent of the impairment in quantitative, medical terms. However, plaintiff has continuing symptoms, including a drooping of the eyelid and watering of his eye. Furthermore, treatment required fifty stitches in the area of the eye and, in view of the continuing symptoms, more extensive treatment may be required. We again hold that, viewing the evidence most favorably toward the plaintiff, reasonable minds could differ as to whether the impairment was serious.

We must therefore reverse the trial court’s ruling as to the seriousness of the impairment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

ii

PERMANENT, SERIOUS DISFIGUREMENT

As an alternative basis for his claim for noneco-nomic damages under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135, plaintiff alleged that his injuries constitute a permanent serious disfigurement. While DiFranco does not directly address this alternative threshold, we believe that its comments on the term "serious” are generally applicable to cases involving disfigurement. Thus, we again note that the term must not be considered commensurate with death or catastrophic injury. DiFranco, supra at 59-60.

Defendants primarily cite two cases in support of their contention that the loss of four front teeth is not permanent, serious disfigurement: Jakubiec v Kumbier, 134 Mich App 773; 351 NW2d 865 (1984), and Shortridge v Bailey, 145 Mich App 547; 378 NW2d 544 (1985). However, Jakubiec involved only a question of serious impairment of body function, not disfigurement. Shortridge, on the other hand, did allege disfigurement, but the teeth were restored through a combination of root canal surgery and the use of etch material. The Shor-tridge Court therefore had no difficulty in finding that there was no permanent disfigurement. We believe that the loss of four front teeth, repaired only with the use of a removable plate, is clearly distinguishable from the injuries in Shortridge or Jakubiec.

More to the point is McAdoo v United States, 607 F Supp 788 (ED Mich, 1984). In McAdoo, the federal district court ruled that the loss of teeth, replaced only by a partial plate, would not result in permanent serious disfigurement as the term is used in the Michigan no-fault automobile insurance act. MCL 500.3135; MSA 24.13135. However, the McAdoo ruling was merely obiter dictum, since the claim was not preserved in plaintiffs complaint or in the final pretrial order, but was only raised by plaintiff in oral arguments. In any case, we would decline to follow the McAdoo reasoning, since it does not take into account any factors other than superficial cosmetics.

Here, as plaintiff explained in the trial court, the plate fits poorly and will fall out if he keeps talking. He also has difficulty eating with the plate. We believe that plaintiffs appearance while speaking or eating is more significant than his appearance as he momentarily bares his teeth for the trial court’s perusal. Furthermore, it seems plain that the plate must be removed for cleaning and quite possibly for vigorous activity. Obviously, the replacement of plaintiff’s front teeth with a plate is not a catastrophic blow to his appearance. The trial court noted that plaintiff, at least at the time of the hearing, was a "pretty good looking fellow.” However, considering the full spectrum of plaintiffs life, we believe that reasonable minds could differ as to whether plaintiffs injury constitutes permanent, serious disfigurement.

However, we do not affirm the trial court’s order of summary disposition for the plaintiff under this theory. The trial court’s ruling implies that the issue of permanent serious disfigurement may not be submitted to the jury, since under Cassidy the question was one of law. However, under Di-Franco, "serious” is a jury question except in the most extreme cases. We do not believe that this disfigurement falls into the extreme at which reasonable minds could not differ. Thus, applying DiFranco by analogy, we reverse the trial court’s ruling on this theory insofar as it grants summary judgment to plaintiff.

in

REMEDY

We have applied the only facts at our disposal to the legal standard newly articulated by our Supreme Court. While we have concluded that defendants’ motions should properly have been denied under this standard, it also appears from the record that defendants’ stipulations were only for the purpose of a summary disposition motion under Cassidy. We therefore remand to the trial court for further proceedings, but do not preclude defendants from bringing their summary disposition motion anew, based either upon newly stipulated facts or the actual facts of record as presented in depositions, affidavits or other methods acceptable under applicable court rules.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.  