
    PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gregory Carl WASHINGTON, Defendant-Appellee.
    No. 336050
    Court of Appeals of Michigan.
    Submitted July 7, 2017, at Detroit. Decided July 13, 2017 Approved for Publication September 12, 2017, 9:15 a.m.
    Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, Kym L. Worthy, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jason W. Williams, Chief of Research, Training, and Appeals, for the people.
    John F. Royal for defendant.
    Before: O'Brien, P.J., and Jansen and Stephens, JJ.
   Per Curiam.

The prosecution appeals by leave granted a November 22, 2016 order granting defendant's second motion for relief from judgment. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

On November 10, 2004, defendant was convicted after a jury trial of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317, two counts of assault with intent to commit murder (AWIM), MCL 750.83, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b, and felon in possession of a firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f. On December 13, 2004, the trial court sentenced defendant, a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10, to 40 to 60 years' imprisonment for the second-degree murder conviction, life imprisonment for each AWIM conviction, 2 years' imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction, and 2 to 7½ years' imprisonment for the felon-in-possession conviction. The trial court's sentence for second-degree murder represented a 12-month upward departure from the applicable guidelines range.

On January 7, 2005, defendant appealed as of right his convictions and sentences on a number of grounds. Relevant here, defendant challenged the propriety of the trial court's upward departure from the sentencing guidelines range for second-degree murder without stating on the record "substantial and compelling reasons" for the departure as required under MCL 769.34(3). In a June 13, 2006 unpublished opinion, this Court affirmed defendant's convictions, but agreed that "the trial court did not satisfy MCL 769.34(3) when imposing a sentence outside the prescribed sentencing guidelines range." People v. Washington , unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 13, 2006 (Docket No. 260155), p. 8, 2006 WL 1626910. This Court remanded for resentencing, directing the trial court to reconsider the propriety of its sentence and articulate substantial and compelling reasons for any departure as required by MCL 769.34(3). Id . at 8-9.

On August 8, 2006, defendant filed an application for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court. On October 4, 2006, while the application was still pending, the trial court resentenced defendant pursuant to this Court's June 13, 2006 opinion and remand, imposing identical sentences and offering a number of justifications for the departure. The Supreme Court denied defendant's application for leave to appeal on December 28, 2006. People v. Washington , 477 Mich. 973, 725 N.W.2d 20 (2006).

On December 4, 2006, about three weeks before the Supreme Court denied defendant's initial application, defendant filed in this Court a delayed application for leave to appeal the resentencing order, again arguing that the trial court failed to articulate on the record the required "substantial and compelling reasons" for the upward departure from defendant's sentencing guidelines for second-degree murder. This Court denied defendant's application "for lack of merit." People v. Washington , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 4, 2007 (Docket No. 274768). Defendant filed an application for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court on June 28, 2007, which that Court denied. People v. Washington , 480 Mich. 891, 738 N.W.2d 734 (2007).

Several months later, on March 25, 2008, defendant filed a motion for relief from judgment in the trial court pursuant to MCR 6.502, raising claims of (1) insufficient evidence, (2) denial of his right to present an insanity defense, (3) ineffective assistance of trial counsel, and (4) ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. On July 9, 2008, the trial court denied defendant's motion under MCR 6.508(D)(3) for failure to demonstrate good cause for not raising the issues in a prior appeal and failure to show actual prejudice. This Court denied defendant's July 8, 2009 delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court's decision, People v. Washington , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 19, 2009 (Docket No. 292891), and the Michigan Supreme Court denied defendant leave to appeal this Court's denial, People v. Washington , 486 Mich. 1042, 783 N.W.2d 335 (2010).

On June 22, 2016, after exhausting all available postconviction relief, defendant filed his second motion for relief from judgment-the motion giving rise to the instant appeal. Defendant challenged his sentences on jurisdictional grounds, arguing that the trial court's October 4, 2006 order after resentencing was invalid because the court lacked jurisdiction to resentence defendant while his application remained pending before the Michigan Supreme Court. In response, the prosecution argued that defendant's successive motion for relief from judgment was clearly barred by MCR 6.502(G), which prohibits successive motions for relief from judgment unless there has been a retroactive change in the law or new evidence has been discovered. In a November 22, 2016 written order and opinion, the trial court indicated its agreement with the prosecution's argument but noted that the prosecution had failed to address the jurisdictional issue, which "may be raised at any time." The trial court concluded that under MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a), MCR 7.305(C)(6)(a), and relevant caselaw, it had lacked jurisdiction to enter the October 4, 2006 judgment of sentence. The trial court granted defendant's motion, vacated defendant's sentences, and ordered resentencing. The instant appeal followed.

The prosecution argues that the trial court erred when it granted defendant's motion for relief from judgment because MCR 6.502(G)(1) unequivocally bars successive motions for relief from judgment absent application of an explicit exception. We agree in part.

"We review a trial court's decision on a motion for relief from judgment for an abuse of discretion...." People v. Swain , 288 Mich. App. 609, 628, 794 N.W.2d 92 (2010). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court's decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes, or when the trial court makes an error of law. Id. at 628-629, 794 N.W.2d 92. The proper interpretation and application of court rules are questions of law reviewed de novo. People v. Buie , 285 Mich. App. 401, 416, 775 N.W.2d 817 (2009).

Motions for relief from judgment are governed by MCR 6.500 et seq . Swain , 288 Mich. App. at 629, 794 N.W.2d 92. MCR 6.502(G)(1) provides, in pertinent part:

Except as provided in subrule (G)(2) ... one and only one motion for relief from judgment may be filed with regard to a conviction. The court shall return without filing any successive motions for relief from judgment.

MCR 6.502(G)(2) provides two exceptions to the general rule against successive motions for relief from judgment, allowing a "second or subsequent motion based on a retroactive change in law that occurred after the first motion for relief from judgment or a claim of new evidence that was not discovered before the first such motion." Any successive motion that does not assert one of these two exceptions must be returned to the defendant and not filed in the court. Swain , 288 Mich. App. at 631, 794 N.W.2d 92, citing MCR 6.502(G)(1).

This Court in Swain , 288 Mich. App. at 632, 794 N.W.2d 92, explicitly held that " MCR 6.502(G)(2) provides the only two exceptions to the prohibition of successive motions." Swain is binding on this Court, as it is on the trial court, MCR 7.215(C)(2), and we discern no ambiguity in the language of MCR 6.502(G) to warrant reconsideration of the issue.

Defendant's successive motion for relief from judgment was predicated on a claimed "jurisdictional defect" that invalidated the October 4, 2006 judgment of sentence. Defendant's successive motion for relief from judgment did not involve a retroactive change in the law or newly discovered evidence. Regardless of the merits of defendant's claim of error, the trial court lacked authority to grant defendant's motion under MCR 6.502.

However, a motion for relief from judgment under MCR 6.502 is merely a procedural vehicle, and our determination that relief under MCR 6.502 was unavailable to defendant does not end our inquiry. We agree that the prosecution has failed to address the substantive issue in defendant's motion for relief from judgment, which, while brought pursuant to an inapplicable court rule, nevertheless constitutes an important and reviewable claim of error.

It is indisputable that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to resentence defendant when it entered the October 4, 2006 judgment of sentence. MCR 7.305(C) states, in pertinent part:

(6) Effect of Appeal on Decision Remanding Case . If a party appeals a decision that remands for further proceedings as provided in subrule (C)(5)(a), the following provisions apply:
(a) If the Court of Appeals decision is a judgment under MCR 7.215(E)(1),[ ]an application for leave to appeal stays proceedings on remand unless the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court orders otherwise . [emphasis added.]

Similarly, MCR 7.215(F)(1)(a) provides that a "Court of Appeals judgment is effective after the expiration of the time for filing an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, or, if such an application is filed, after the disposition of the case by the Supreme Court[.]" Neither this Court nor our Supreme Court ordered otherwise, and under the court rules, this Court's June 13, 2006 resentencing order was not effective until after the Supreme Court entered its December 28, 2006 order denying leave to appeal. However, the trial court conducted the resentencing hearing on October 4, 2006, while the application for leave to appeal was still pending and while, pursuant to MCR 7.305(C)(6)(a), the lower court proceedings were stayed.

Our Supreme Court considered a similar set of circumstances in People v. Swafford , 483 Mich. 1, 6 n 5, 762 N.W.2d 902 (2009). The Swafford Court noted that, consistent with the aforementioned court rules, the defendant's timely application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court a judgment of the Court of Appeals stayed the proceedings on remand and divested the trial court of jurisdiction during the pendency of the application. Id at 7 n. 5, 762 N.W.2d 902. Thus, in Swafford , the Court held that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to conduct a new trial while leave was pending in the Supreme Court, the proceedings were stayed, and this Court's judgment was not yet effective. Id .

Although the prosecution argues otherwise, the trial court's entry of the judgment of sentence without jurisdiction was not merely procedural error. "The term jurisdiction refers to the power of a court to act and the authority a court has to hear and determine a case." People v. Clement , 254 Mich. App. 387, 394, 657 N.W.2d 172 (2002) (quotation marks and citation omitted). "Jurisdiction of the subject matter of a judicial proceeding is an absolute requirement." In re AMB , 248 Mich. App. 144, 166, 640 N.W.2d 262 (2001) (quotation marks and citation omitted). "When a court is without jurisdiction of the subject matter, its acts and proceedings are of no force and validity; they are a mere nullity and are void." Clement , 254 Mich. App. at 394, 657 N.W.2d 172 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, because the trial court lacked jurisdiction to hold a resentencing hearing and to enter the October 4, 2006 judgment of sentence, the resentencing hearing and the resultant judgment of sentence lack force and authority and are considered void.

"Jurisdictional defects may be raised at any time."

People v. Martinez , 211 Mich. App. 147, 149, 535 N.W.2d 236 (1995) ; see also Smith v. Smith , 218 Mich. App. 727, 729-730, 555 N.W.2d 271 (1996) ("[A] challenge to subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time, even if raised for the first time on appeal."). "Subject-matter jurisdiction is so critical to a court's authority that a court has an independent obligation to take notice when it lacks such jurisdiction, even when the parties do not raise the issue." AMB , 248 Mich. App. at 166-167, 640 N.W.2d 262 ; see also Clement , 254 Mich. App. at 394, 657 N.W.2d 172 (explaining that a court is bound to notice the limits of its authority and to recognize sua sponte its lack of jurisdiction). Even though the issue in this case was raised in an improperly supported motion, the trial court clearly had the power to consider the jurisdictional issue brought to its attention.

The prosecution suggests that the prohibition of successive motions for relief from judgment and the principle that subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time create a conflict in the law. However, at least in the case before us, any such conflict is illusory. Despite the prosecution's argument to the contrary, the trial court's ruling did not improperly carve out a third exception to MCR 6.502(G)(1). Instead, the trial court exercised its inherent power to "recognize its lack of jurisdiction or any pertinent boundaries on its proper exercise." Clement , 254 Mich. App. at 394, 657 N.W.2d 172 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The trial court properly recognized that its October 4, 2006 judgment of sentence was a nullity, and its compliance with this Court's June 13, 2006 remand for resentencing was incomplete. Under MCL 600.611, "[c]ircuit courts have jurisdiction and power to make any order proper to fully effectuate the circuit courts' jurisdiction and judgments." Therefore, the trial court did not err when it vacated the October 4, 2006 judgment of sentence and ordered a resentencing hearing. And while, as previously discussed, the trial court erred when it granted defendant's motion for relief from judgment in contravention of MCR 6.502, "[a] trial court's ruling may be upheld on appeal where the right result issued, albeit for the wrong reason." Gleason v. Dep't of Transp. , 256 Mich. App. 1, 3, 662 N.W.2d 822 (2003).

Affirmed.

O'Brien, P.J., and Jansen and Stephens, JJ., concurred. 
      
      People v. Washington , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered January 24, 2017 (Docket No. 336050, 2017 WL 345107 ).
     
      
      Defendant's issues on appeal included ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failure to raise an insanity defense and failure to file a motion for a new trial based on the assertion that defendant's convictions were against the great weight of the evidence, violation of a sequestration order by the prosecution's witnesses, and prosecutorial misconduct.
     
      
      On the date of defendant's sentencing, MCL 769.34(3) required that: "[a] court may depart from the appropriate sentence range established under the sentencing guidelines ... if the court has a substantial and compelling reason for that departure and states on the record the reasons for departure."MCL 769.34(3) was later struck down in People v. Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 391-392, 870 N.W.2d 502 (2015), and the substantial and compelling reason requirement was replaced with a requirement that a departure be reasonable.
     
      
      Defendant also requested that, on resentencing, the trial court determine the applicable guidelines range for both defendant's second-degree murder conviction and his AWIM convictions and take them into account pursuant to Lockridge , 498 Mich. 358, 870 N.W.2d 502. The trial court concluded that defendant was not entitled to any relief under Lockridge because the rule articulated in that case does not retroactively apply to sentences on collateral review. Defendant does not challenge this decision on appeal.
     
      
      "Whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law reviewed de novo." Hillsdale Co. Sr. Servs., Inc. v. Hillsdale Co. , 494 Mich. 46, 51, 832 N.W.2d 728 (2013).
     
      
      There is no dispute that this Court's June 13, 2006 unpublished opinion remanding the case for resentencing in the trial court was a "judgment" under MCR 7.215(E)(1), which states: "When the Court of Appeals disposes of an original action or an appeal, whether taken as of right, by leave granted, or by order in lieu of leave being granted, its opinion or order is its judgment."
     