
    NAOMI JOSEPH, Appellant v. SPEEDY GAS, INC., Appellees
    D.C. Civil App. No. 2007-0008
    District Court of the Virgin Islands Division of St. Croix
    December 12, 2011
    
      VINCENT Colliani, ESQ., St. Croix, USVI, For the Appellant.
    
    Patrick D. Blake, Esq. and Kevin L. Keller, Esq., Norfolk, Virginia, For the Appellee.
    
    GÓMEZ, Chief Judge, District Court of the Virgin Islands', FINCH, Senior Sitting Judge, District Court of the Virgin Islands', and CHRISTIAN, Judge, Superior Court of the Virgin Islands, Division of St. Thomas and St. John, sitting by designation.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

(December 12, 2011)

In this appeal arising out of a premises liability action, we are called upon to decide whether the Superior Court erred in its summary judgment determination regarding notice to the business owner. For the reasons cited below, we affirm the Superior Court’s decision.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL POSTURE

The facts construed in the light most favorable to the Appellant are as follows. On June 24, 2003, at approximately 1:00 p.m., Appellant Naomi Joseph (“Appellant” or “Joseph”) slipped on a puddle of gasoline at the Shuama Gas Station on St. Croix. Shuama Gas Station is owned by the Appellee, Speedy Gas (“Appellee” or “Speedy”). (App. 64, 73, 75.) Joseph broke her fall with her hands, injured her right hand and suffered pain as a result. (Appellant’s brief at 9.)

On July 6, 2003, Joseph filed a civil action for damages against Speedy under a premises liability theory in the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands. (App. 15.) Discovery followed and the parties took several depositions including those of: Joseph, the appellant; Safi Yusuf (“Yusef’), the manager of Speedy; and Frank Abrue (“Abrue”), owner of the property that Speedy leased for use as a gas station. Joseph, Yusef and Abreu were all present at or near the time of the incident.

The depositions revealed that since 1990, Speedy had posted bolted signs on four columns beside each gas pump that read, “CAUTION, SLIPPERY. DO NOT POUR WATER ON GAS SPILLS PLEASE.” (App. 123, 131, 133.) Neither Joseph, Yusuf nor Abreu saw the spill before Joseph fell although Yusuf routinely patrolled the premises and cleaned up spills and also patrolled the premises minutes before Joseph’s fall. (App. 130-131, 1401, 150, 225-226, 228.) Deposition testimony also indicated that a car had been pumping gas where Joseph slipped and fell minutes before the incident; however, neither Joseph, Yusef nor Abreu knew who caused the spill. (App. 215, 223.)

On October 17, 2005, Speedy moved for summary judgment arguing that Joseph failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact that Speedy had notice of the spill, and that Speedy’s lack of notice was fatal to Joseph’s claim. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Speedy and against Joseph. This timely appeal followed.

II. ISSUES PRESENTED

On appeal, Joseph raises two issues. First, whether the Superior Court erred in its summary judgment determination that Speedy lacked notice pursuant to RESTATEMENT (Second) OF Torts § 343. Second, whether the Superior Court erred in its summary judgment determination that Speedy lacked notice pursuant to Restatement (Second) of Torts §344.

III. JURISDICTION

At the time Joseph filed her notice of appeal, this Court maintained appellate jurisdiction over civil appeals arising from final decisions of the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands. See Revised Organic Act of 1954 23A, 48 U.S.C. § 1613a; Act No. 6730 § 54(d)(1) (Omnibus Justice Act of 2005); see, e.g., Gabriel Joseph v. People of the Virgin Islands, 50 V.I. 873, 884 (D.V.I. App. Div. 2008) (the Appellate Division maintains jurisdiction over all pending appeals filed prior to January 29, 2007); see also Hypolite v. People, 51 V.I. 97, 101 (V.I. 2009) (same).

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Appellate courts exercise plenary review over the trial courts grant of summary judgment. Pickard-Samuel v. Gov’t of the VI., 2010 V.I. Supreme LEXIS 19, at *6-7 (June 24, 2010) (citing Maduro v. American Airlines, Inc., 2008 V.I. Supreme LEXIS 24, at *7 (Feb. 28, 2008)). On review, we apply the same test that the lower court should have utilized. Simmonds v. Gov’t of the Virgin Islands, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35130 (D.V.I. App. Div. Apr. 22, 2009).

“When reviewing the record, we must view the inferences to be drawn from the underlying facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and we must take the non-moving party’s conflicting allegations as true, but only if ‘supported by proper proofs.’ ” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Seales v. Devine, 2008 V.I. Supreme LEXIS 23, at *4 (Mar. 3, 2008)). In conducting such review, we must consider questions of law, jurisdiction or interpretation of statute de novo. See Gov’t of the Virgin Islands v. Albert, 89 F. Supp. 2d 658, 663, 42 V.I. 184 (D.V.I. App. Div. 2001). However, we afford the more deferential clear error review to factual determinations. Id.

V. ANALYSIS

Joseph slipped on a slick substance, fell, and was injured on Speedy’s premises. However, “[t]he mere fact that an accident occurred does not give rise to an inference that the injured person was the victim of negligence.” Tameru v. W-Franklin, L.P., 350 Fed. Appx. 737, 739 (3d Cir. 2009). Rather, to establish a claim for negligence in the Virgin Islands, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a duty; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) causation; and (4) damages. See Restatement (Second) OF TORTS § 281; see also Anders v. Puerto Rican Cars, Inc., 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85848, at *28 (D.V.I. 2009).

On appeal, Joseph raises two issues. First, citing RESTATEMENT (Second) of Torts § 343 (“Section 343”), she argues that the trial court erred because past, regularly occurring oil spills put Speedy on constructive notice that a dangerous condition occurred on its premises. In the alternative, citing the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 344 (“Section 344”), Joseph similarly contends that Speedy knew from past experience that third parties were likely to cause spills. We shall address each argument in turn.

A. Liability under Section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.

The question of notice is determinative to Joseph’s cause. Under Section 343 of the Second Restatement, a landowner has a duty to protect invitees from dangerous or hazardous conditions if she had a hand in causing the condition, or if she knows of the condition or by the exercise of reasonable care would have discovered the condition. Id. The Restatement explicitly provides that,

A landowner owes a duty to protect invitees from the condition of its premises only if it: (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitee, and (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and (c) failed to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 (emphasis added).

In line with this standard, to establish duty and breach in a premises liability case, “a plaintiff must [first] establish that the business had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition and [then establish that the defendant] failed to eliminate or warn of the condition.” Saldana v. K-Mart Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 232, 43 V.I. 361 (3d Cir. 2001) (emphasis added); see also Read v. Sam’s Club, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579, at *9-10 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 23, 2005) (notice imposes a legal duty on the possessor or land to rectify a potentially dangerous condition). Here, the parties agree that Joseph did not allege actual notice. Thus, the issue turns on the question of constructive notice.

Joseph avers and Speedy concedes that Joseph observed gasoline on the floor where she slipped. However, “the mere presence of the [] substance does not establish whether it has been there a few seconds, a few minutes or even a few days before the accident.” Id. at 232. Rather, Section 343 requires a showing that the defendant had constructive notice of the potential “unreasonable risk of harm.” Saldana, 260 F.3d at 232 (citing David v. Pueblo Supermarket, 740 F.2d 230, 234 (3d Cir. 1984) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 (1965)). To show “unreasonable risk of harm” under the controlling standard, Joseph was required to demonstrate that the condition existed “long enough” to present constructive notice. Id. at 231.

Under summary judgment’s standard, Speedy bore the initial burden of showing that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to constructive notice. Bank of New York v. U.S. Small Business Admin., 52 V.I. 940, 943 (D.V.I. Sept. 30, 2009) (citing Gans v. Mundy, 762 F.2d 338, 342 (3d Cir. 1985)). Once this burden was met, the burden shifted to Joseph, the non-moving party, to establish specific facts showing there indeed was, a genuine issue for trial." Id. at 944.

In Saldana, the plaintiff slipped and fell on a puddle of wax on the floor of a K-Mart store on St. Croix. Id. No one saw the wax before Saldana fell, no one else slipped in the puddle and Saldana did not see tracks near the puddle that might have indicated that someone else had stepped in the spill. Id. When faced with summary judgment, the trial court ruled in favor of the corporate defendant because Saldana could not point to any evidence that indicated the length of time that the puddle was on the floor. Id. On appeal, the Third Circuit affirmed the trial court’s decision that K-Mart lacked constructive notice. Id. at 234-235.

In this case, Joseph has failed to meet her shifted burden because she has not shown any evidence that the gasoline was on the ground long enough to give Speedy constructive notice of its “potential ‘unreasonable risk of harm.’ ” See id. at 232 (citing David, 740 F.2d at 234). In fact, when deposed, Joseph conceded that she had no idea how long the gasoline was on the ground.

Q: Ok. You said that you had no idea how long the gasoline was on the floor; is that correct?
A: True.
Q: Do you have any information that anybody at SHUAMA, including the owner or anyone inside, had any knowledge that the gasoline was indeed on the floor before you fell?
A: I didn’t speak to anyone inside the store. The only individuals that I know for sure saw me falling there was there, was the owner [Yusef], the owner of the car, [D’Abreu] and Harvey so, no, I don’t know.
Q: You don’t know whether —
A: Whether anybody inside would have had regarding the length of time the gas was on the ground.
Q: Well, more than opinion. Do you have any knowledge that —
A: No knowledge.
Q: Okay.
A: I can’t see how, but —
Q: You can’t see how what?
A: How they would know how long it’s been there. And if they know
Q: Not even — not even how long it’s been there, but do you have any knowledge that they knew it was indeed there before you fell?
A: NO.
(Joseph Dep. 79:15-80:17, March 18, 2005; App. 223-224.)

Summary judgment requires that we draw all reasonable inferences in the non-moving party’s favor. However, we cannot draw reasonable inferences on the issue of notice and resultant duty, where the Plaintiff fails to offer any evidence either that: a) the Defendant knew of the potential dangerous condition or b) the condition existed for an unreasonable length of time. See Tameru v. W-Franklin, L.P., 350 Fed. Appx. 737, 740-741 (3d Cir. 2009) (granting summary judgment in favor of defendant where slip and fall plaintiff offered no evidence that the ice was “observable for any significant period of time prior to the accident”); see also Saldana, 260 F.3d at 231-232 (plaintiff’s failure to present evidence that the condition lasted “for some minimum amount of time before the accident” justified granting summary judgment for the defendant); see, e.g., Beck v. Holly Tree Homeowners Ass’n, 689 F. Supp. 2d 756, 768 (E.D. Pa. 2010) (granting summary judgment to defendant where there was insufficient evidence that defendant had constructive notice of black ice condition).

Notice and the duty that it triggers are the sine qua non of a Section 343 premises liability claim. The record reveals that Speedy met its initial burden of showing that it lacked notice. Joseph, however, has not meet her shifted burden of showing that Speedy had notice of the spill that caused her to slip and fall. Saldana 260 F.3d at 234-235. As such, no genuine issue of material fact exists as to Speedy’s duty. Accordingly, Joseph’s Section 343 argument fails.

B. Liability under Section 344 of the Restatement (Second) of torts

In the alternative, Joseph argues that Speedy is subject to liability under Section 344 of the Second Restatement of Torts (“Section 344”). Slip and fall actions filed under Section 343 are common in the Virgin Islands. However, our courts have rendered few substantive decisions under Section 344 that speak directly to claims of liability arising out of third party negligence. See, e.g., Kosick v. Bar-Sela, 49 V.I. 3, 9 (V.I. Super. Ct. 2007) (holding that Section 344 did not apply to the facts presented); Couch v. St. Croix Marine Inc. 667 F. Supp. 223, 226 (D.V.I. 1987) (raising, but not addressing, Section 344 claim in JNOV context).

Section 344 requires the plaintiff to make a showing that the negligent act in question was caused by a third party. Section 344 specifically provides that,

A possessor of land who holds it open to the public for entry for his business purposes is subject to liability to members of the public while they are upon the land for such a purpose, for physical harm caused by the accidental, negligent, or intentionally harmful acts of third persons or animals, and by the failure of the possessor to exercise reasonable care to (a) discover that such acts are being done or are likely to be done, or (b) give a warning adequate to enable the visitors to avoid the harm, or otherwise to protect them against it.

Id. Section 344, comment f exemplifies that a business owner’s duty attaches when she is aware (or has reason to be aware) that negligent acts are committed by a third party. Comment f explains that,

Since the possessor is not an insurer of the visitor’s safety, he is ordinarily under no duty to exercise any care until he knows or has reason to know that the acts of the third person are occurring, or are about to occur.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 (1965) cmt. f. (emphasis added).

Notably, Section 344 is distinct from Section 343 in several key areas. Section 343 imposes a duty on any possessor of land. However, Section 344 specifically imposes a duty on the possessor of land who holds his premises out for businesses purposes. Read v. Sam’s Club, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 23, 2005). Section 343 requires the possessor of land to warn or protect against dangerous conditions regardless of how they occurred. Id. However, Section 344 isolates the business person’s liability to those acts committed by third parties. Under Section 343, a defendant need only have knowledge of the likelihood of a harmful condition caused by a third party, as compared to knowledge of the actual harmful condition imposed by 344. Id. Thus, under Section 344, when properly presented, some reoccurring conditions caused by third parties may constitute notice to the possessor of land. Id.; see also RESTATEMENT (Second) OF Torts § 344 cmt. f. Finally, although 344 places a broader duty upon the defendant to protect and warn against conditions caused by third parties, it also requires the plaintiff to make a specific showing that the dangerous condition was actually caused by a third party. Id.

1. Joseph has failed to put forward evidence that the negligence of a third party caused the spill

Joseph hinges her section 344 argument entirely upon a case decided in the Court of Common Pleas in Pennsylvania. See Donovan v. Strawbridge & Clothier, 27 Phila. 540 (P.A. Com. Pl. 1994). In Donovan, a jury rendered a verdict against a defendant-business owner under Section 344 for a slip and fall that occurred as a result of a liquid purportedly left on the ground by the defendant’s independent contractor. Id. In ruling on the defendant’s post-verdict motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the Pennsylvania trial court held that the business owner breached its duty to police the premises from reoccurring harm. Id.

However, Donovan is distinguishable from the case at bar. Donavan’s non-binding impact notwithstanding, the Donovan court was faced with a sharply different standard of review. In Donovan, the trial court ruled, on a post-trial motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and applied a standard that was exceedingly deferential to supporting the jury’s verdict. Id. Donovan was also factually distinct from this case in one pivotal regard. In Donovan, the Plaintiff claimed that the slip was caused by a liquid substance left on the ground by one of the Defendant’s independent contractors — an identifiable concessionaire. Id.

Joseph, however, does not point to any third party. At best, she rests upon the assumption that because the spill was on the ground — a third party must have caused it. However, a party resisting a (Rule 56) motion must set forth specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial and may not simply rest upon the mere allegations or denials of its pleadings. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986) (emphasis added) (a party opposing a Rule 56 motion must do more than simply show that there is some “metaphysical doubt as to the material facts”) see also Marten v. Godwin, 499 F.3d 290, 295 (3d Cir. 2007) (same); Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380, 127 S. Ct. 1769, 167 L. Ed. 2d 686 (2007).

It is well-established that we are required to view those facts that are presented in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, and that generally, “questions of causation appropriately are resolved by the trier of fact.” Gans v. Mundy, 762 F.2d 338, 341 (3d Cir. 1985); Sealey-Christian v. Sunny Isles Shopping Ctr., Inc., 52 V.I. 410, 419 (2009). However, while causation is “usually reserved for the factfinder, summary judgment is proper where the facts are undisputed . . .” Gans, 762 F.2d at 341.

It is undisputed that only minutes before Joseph’s fall, both Yusef and D’Abreu observed the area where she fell, and the spill was not present. (App. 150, 178-182, 187.) It is also undisputed that Yusef and D’Abreu both stated that they did not know how the spill arrived on the ground. There is no testimonial or documentary evidence that a third party actually caused this spill. It is also undisputed that Joseph’s deposition dovetails with Yusef’s and Abreu’s where she concedes that she had no idea who or what caused the spill or when the spill occurred. Joseph does not even explicitly speculate as to how this spill arrived on the ground. In sum, there are no conflicting theories, no disputed facts and no proffers identifying a third-party actor who caused the spill. Thus, Joseph has not met her shifted burden of raising a genuine issue of material fact that third party negligence caused the spill that led to her injuries. Hence, Section 344 does not apply.

2. Joseph has not put forward evidence that Speedy had constructive knowledge

To establish liability for third party negligence under Section 344, Joseph must also show that Speedy either (1) helped create the dangerous condition, or (2) had actual or constructive notice of the condition.” See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 cmt. f. As such, assuming arguendo even if Joseph has sufficiently identified a third party, independent of Speedy, notice to Speedy was nonetheless required.

Joseph posits that under Section 344, notice to the business proprietor is not required. (Appellant’s Brief at 10, 15.) However, Joseph’s position is painted with too broad of a stroke. More precisely, courts interpreting the Restatement (Second) of Torts have long-agreed that where the business owner or his servants create a dangerous, reoccurring condition, then no notice is required when imposing liability.

On the other hand, if an unsafe condition is created by a third party patron for whom the proprietor is not responsible, a Section 344 slip and fall plaintiff must show, like in a Section 343 claim, that the condition existed for such a length of time that the proprietor knew, or by exercise of reasonable care should have known, of its existence in time to have removed the danger or warn of its presence. See Read, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579, at *17 (granting defendant summary judgment in a Section 344 slip and fall case where plaintiff could not establish that defendant had constructive notice); see also Gaskill v. Great Atlantic & Pac. Tea Co., 6 N.C. App. 690, 171 S.E.2d 95, 97 (N.C. 1969).

Indeed, Section 344 by its own terms requires that the plaintiff show that the business owner “knows or has reason to know that acts of the third person are occurring, or are about to occur.” RESTATEMENT (Second) of Torts § 344 cmt. f (emphasis added). See, e.g., Lofton v. Travelers Ins. Co., 208 So. 2d 739 (La. Ct. App. 3d Cir. 1968) (in an action concerning conditions created by third persons, constructive knowledge is present when it is shown that the hazard remained on premises for unreasonable length of time); Little, 348 P.2d at 1029 (actual or constructive notice must be shown where condition was created by one for whom proprietor is not responsible); see also Lee v. Walmart, Inc., 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3139, at *10-25 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 13, 2003) (summary judgment granted for defendant under Section 344, where invitee was attacked by a third party inside defendant’s store and invitee failed to show that defendant should have foreseen actions of a third party); see also Vazquez, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82445, at *12-13 (“To establish liability under [Section] 344, plaintiff must prove that [defendant] either (1) helped create the dangerous condition, or (2) had actual or constructive notice of the conditionThus, to succeed in a Section 344 claim, a plaintiff is required to show that the business owner had notice that third-party acts were occurring or about to occur.

A business owner is simply not liable for each and every spill that occurs on his premises. This Appellant has offered no evidence that Speedy had constructive notice that a spill was occurring or about to occur. To counter the record, Joseph offers bare allegations, but no proof. Without any evidence that third-party negligence caused the spill Joseph does not trigger Section 344 nor raise a genuine issue of material fact concerning causation, notice or duty. See, e.g., Read, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579 (E.D Pa. September 23,2005) (no genuine issue of material fact under Section 344 where plaintiff offered no evidence as to who or what caused the dangerous condition). Accordingly, Joseph’s claim must fail as a matter of law.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons cited above, we affirm the Superior Court’s summary judgment decision. 
      
       Joseph later amended her complaint.
     
      
       (J.A. 60.)
     
      
       A moving party is entitled to summary judgment if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as amatter of law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). “The mere existence of some alleged factual dispute bétween the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment.” Texaco Antilles Ltd., 273 F. Supp. 2d at 662; see also Horsehead Indus. v. Paramount Communs., Inc., 258 F.3d 132 (3d Cir. 2001). A factual dispute is “material” only if it might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law. Anderson, 422 U.S. at 248. Summary judgment may be entered “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Texaco Antilles Ltd., 273 F. Supp. 2d at 662. Once the moving party properly supports its motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must establish a genuine issue of material fact in order to preclude a grant of summary judgment. Id. The evidence and inferences drawn there from must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Id.
      
     
      
      
         “[T]o survive summary judgment, the nonmoving party’s evidence must amount to more than a scintilla, but may amount to less (in the evaluation of the court) than a preponderance.” Seales v. Devine, S.Ct. Civ. No. 2007-0040,2008 V.I. Supreme LEXIS 23, *4 (Mar. 3, 2008).
     
      
       A reviewing court may reverse a factual finding based on “clear error” only where “that determination either (1) is completely devoid of minimum evidentiary support displaying some hue of credibility, or (2) bears no rational relationship to the supportive evidentiary data” or where the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left With the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Georges v. Gov’t of the V.I., 119 F. Supp. 2d 514, 520 (D.V.I. App. Div. 2000).
     
      
      
         See VI. CODE ANN. tit. 1, §4; see also Turbe v. Gov’t of the Virgin Islands, 938 F.2d 427, 429 (3d Cir. 1991) (“[t]he nature of the legal duty owed by a defendant is generally a question of law”) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 328B(b) (1965)). Where there is a question whether the duty was breached, such an issue is generally a question of fact. Newark Branch, NAACP v. City of Bayonne, 134 F.3d 113, 119 (3d Cir. 1998). Likewise, causation is generally a question of fact. Id.; Fabend v. Rosewood Hotels & Resorts, L.L.C., 381 F.3d 152, 154, 46 V.I. 668 (3d Cir. 2004).
     
      
       Below, Joseph argued that Speedy breached its duty to maintain its property in a reasonably safe condition; and that breach caused her injuries. Speedy countered that no genuine issue of material fact existed where Speedy did not have actual or constructive notice of the gas spill. The trial court ruled in Speedy’s favor.
     
      
       Joseph argues that Speedy had constructive notice of the gasoline on the ground because it was a reoccurring condition. Citing case law arising out of Illinois, Tennessee and Ohio, Joseph contends that, under Section 343 of the Second Restatement, a possessor of land is charged with constructive notice when regularly occurring spills occur, regardless of the time that the spill was present. (Appellant’s brief at 12-14) (citing Culli v. Marathon Petroleum Co., 862 F.2d 119, (7th Cir. 1988)); Collins v. Emro Marketing Co., 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 2185, *15 (Ohio App.); Barrett v. Red Food Stores, Inc., 1992 Tenn. App. LEXIS 196 (Tenn. App. 1992). While these cases are instructive on the law of those jurisdictions, they do not bind this Court. In this jurisdiction, in the absence of statutory law to the contrary, the Restatement and its progeny govern. V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 1, § 4; see also Fabend v. Rosewood Hotels & Resorts, L.L.C., 381 F.3d 152, 155, 46 V.I. 668 (3d Cir. 2004); Saldana v. Kmart Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 233, 43 V.I. 361 (3d Cir. 2001). Only where the Restatement does not govern, or cases in this jurisdiction interpreting it are silent, do we look to the common law “as generally applied and understood in the United States” for substantive guidance. Turbe v. Gov’t of the Virgin Islands, 938 F.2d 427, 428 (3d Cir. 1991). Where Section 343 actions are concerned, the Restatement (Second) of Torts, Third Circuit common law and Virgin Islands jurisprudence are well-established and speak directly to the issues presented in this appeal. See 1 V.I.C. § 4 (absent statutory or common law to the contrary, the Restatement and its progeny are governing law in the U.S. Virgin Islands).
     
      
       The parties do not dispute that Speedy’s representatives observed the area minutes prior to Joseph’s fall and at the time of the fall Speedy had posted warning signs at every gasoline pump cautioning patrons to be careful of potentially slippery conditions. (App. 11.)
     
      
       Where properly presented, “circumstantial evidence that a substance was left on the floor for an inordinate period of time may be enough to constitute sufficient notice to support a finding of negligence.” Tameru v. W-Franklin, L.P., 350 Fed. Appx. 737, 740 (3d Cir. 2009) (citing Saldana, 260 F.3d at 232)).
     
      
       Joseph argues that a genuine issue exists as to Speedy’s liability under Section 344, because the spill was a likely and foreseeable hazard that Speedy failed to exercise reasonable care to discover and protect Joseph against. Joseph directs us two areas of Yusef ’ s deposition in support of this claim. First, where Yusef states that oil spills “afew times a day sometimes.” (App. 60-61.) Second, where Yusef concedes that Speedy was unaware of industry standards for proper oil clean-up. (Id. )
      
     
      
       Section 344 has been applied in several contexts relating to prevention of or warning about negligent third acts of patrons and independent contractors. Read, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579.
     
      
       Notably, there is a “general agreement among the circuits that: (1) proof merely of the occurrence of a fall on a floor within business premises is insufficient to show negligence on the part of a proprietor; (2) proof, only that, the floor on which the fall occurred had present thereon water, oil, mud, snow, etc., is similarly insufficient; and (3) the res ipsa loquitur doctrine is inapplicable in [Section 344] cases...” See R.D. Hursh, Liability of proprietor of store, office, or similar business premises for injury form fall on floor made slippery by tracked-in or spilled water, oil, mud, snow, and the like, 62 A.L.R.2d 6, 2 (2009).
     
      
       It is undisputed that Speedy checked the premises for spills minutes before Joseph’s fall and that Speedy had posted warnings that patrons should be cautious of spills. We defer to the trial court’s factual findings concerning the adequacy of the warnings. (App. 11.)
     
      
       Comment (b) to Section 344 provides,
      ‘Third persons’ include all persons other than the possessor of the land, or his servants acting within the scope of their employment. It includes such servants when they are acting outside of the scope of their employment, as well as other invitees or licensees upon the premises, and also trespassers on the land, and even persons outside of the land whose acts endanger the safety of the visitor.
      
        Id.; see also Kenny v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transp. Authority, 581 F.2d 351, 354 (3d Cir. 1978).
     
      
       The Third Circuit has specifically held that although causation is generally a question of fact, that “the question becomes an issue of law when there is no evidence from which a jury could reasonably find the required proximate, causal nexus between the careless act and the resulting injuries.” Port Auth. v. Arcadian Corp., 189 F.3d 305, 319 (3d Cir. 1999).
     
      
       (App. 61.)
     
      
      
        Vazquez v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82445, at *12-13 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 5,2010) (like the Virgin Islands, “the Restatement (Second) ofTorts § 344 and its comment (f) have long been the law in Pennsylvania”).
     
      
      
         See, e.g., Vazquez v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82445, at *12-13 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 5, 2010) (interpreting Section 344 and holding that, when the danger that caused plaintiffs harm is traceable to acts of the possessor of land or his agents, the plaintiff does not need to prove that the possessor had notice of such danger); see also Little v. Butner, 186 Kan. 75, 348 P.2d 1022, 1028-1029 (Kan. 1960) ([wjhere condition of floor is traceable to proprietor’s own act, proof of notice is unnecessary).
     
      
      
        See also Parker v. McCrory Stores Corp., 376 Pa. 122, 101 A.2d 377, 377-78 (Pa. 1954) (department store cannot be expected to inspect “every minute or every five minutes every entrance, aisle, corridor and stairway in the store, in order to instantly clean up and eliminate every wet or possibly slippery, or possibly dangerous condition and every puddle which might be found to exist anywhere in the store”).
     
      
       The record also reveals that Joseph frequented the gas station almost every day for approximately one year prior to the accident and that during that period, warning signs were posted.
     
      
      
        Read v. Sam’s Club, concerned a Section 344 plaintiff who slipped and fell on a small puddle of clear liquid in the frozen food aisle of a store. 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579, at *1. The plaintiff submitted statistical evidence showing how often slips and fall accidents occurred at the store. Id. 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579, at *17. The court in Read concluded that the statistical evidence failed to support a showing that slip and fall accidents caused by third parties were sufficiently frequent at the store to constitute notice of third party negligence; and rendered summary judgment against the plaintiff on his Section 344 claim. Id. 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37579, at *17-18.
     