
    Gordon, Executor, v. Greening.
    Opinion delivered January 10, 1916.
    1. Administrators — executors—compensation—stipulation in will. —A 'testator may limit the compensation to be received toy .the executor of his will, by the terms of the will, and Kirby’s Digest, § 134, providing for 'compensation .to be paid an executor, will apply only when the will does not otherwise provide.
    2. Administration — refusal of executor to serve. — If the person or persons named in a will decline to serve, letters of administration, with the will annex'ed, shall he granted to the person to whom administration would have been granted had there been no will.
    Appeal from Ouachita Circuit Court; G. W. Smith, Judge;
    affirmed.
    
      Gcmghcm & Sifford, for appellant.
    Under onr Constitution and laws, a testator has no power by "will to fix the compensation of an executor, and thus divest the probate court of its .statutory power to allow commissions. The authorities are conflicting. 124 ■ Ual. 45; N. Y. fl. 523; 38 App. Div. 473; 183 Pa. 296; 1 Ashm. 317; 1 Walker 77; 150 Pa. 301; 69 Ky. 648 (6 Bush); 9 Id. 421; 140 S. W. 1056; 76 Id. 15. But in Arkansas the probate court may allow commissions in addition to the compensation fixed by the will. Art. 7, section 1, 'Constitution; Kirby’s Digest, § 1340; 14 Ark. 298; 91 Id. 76; 42 'S. W. 753, etc. A testator can not interfere with our administration statutes and take from the probate court its discretion, but, if so, a proper construction of the will does not pretend to fix the executor’s fees. 14 Ark. 300.
    
      Thomas W. Hardy, for appellees.
    The testator has the right to fix the compensation of his executor in his will, and the executor is .bound by it if he qualifies .and acts under the will. 23 Ark. 795; 14 Id. 298; 42 Ala. 409; 69 Ky. 648; 13 La. Ann. 193; 8 Metcalf (Mass.) 566; 125 Penn. 544; 181 Id. 478; 125 Cal. 195; 124 Id. 45; 112 S. W. 120; 8 Paige, N. Y. 412; 38 N. Y. App. Div. 473; 126 N. Y.- 285; 18 Cyc. 1143. “It is the duty of courts to so construe a will as to give effect to the intention of the testator as expressed in the language used. ’ ’ 90 Ark. 154; 3 Pet. IT. S. 346; 117 IT. S. 471; 93 Ya. 320; 4 Pick. 198; 40 Cyc. 1382.
    The amount fixed as to compensation was reasonable, but reasonableness has absolutely nothing to do with the issue involved. A person named as executor can decline to qualify, but if he accepts he is bound by the terms of the will.
   Smith, J.

George L. Eitchie, a citizen of Camden, died in the fall of the year 1913, leaving an estate valued at more than $400,000 which consisted of a mercantile business in the city of Camden, which he had carried on for many years, during that time selling almost entirely on a credit to many customers in Ouachita and other counties, many with security and many without. .The amount furnished yearly from his store was between $25,-000 and $40,000, and the number of his customers wa.s " around 300. The notes and stock of goods at the time of his death inventoried a little over $63,000. The balance of the estate consisted of lands, stocks, bonds and notes of different people, some wholly, and some partly, se'Cured.

Before his death, he made and executed a will which, except four specific bequests to distant relatives of small amounts, divided his estate equally into twenty-one parts.

The will directed that the estate might be kept together for the period of three years, and that the mercantile business should be carried on for three years for the purpose of realizing as much as possible from it.

George E. Gordon, who is the appellant here, was appointed executor in said will. He was one of the nephews of the testator, and one of the twenty-one legatees, receiving an equal share with the other legatees.

Prior to the death of the said testator, appellant had been bookkeeper in the store for a number of years, and was well acquainted with the business affairs’ of the testator, and had been paid a salary of $100 per month.

At the end of the first year of appellant’s services as executor of said estate he filed his settlement with the probate court, showing the distribution of the sum of $164,-745.97 to the legatees. In said settlement the probate court allowed appellant $150 per month as manager of the mercantile business, 'and 'his expenses for carrying on the same, and 2 per cent, commission on the amount distributed.

Certain of the légatees filed exceptions to the allowance of the 2 per cent, commission. These exceptions were overruled by the probate court, and an appeal was duly prosecuted to the circuit court, where, upon a trial anew, the exceptions were sustained, and the executor was directed to charge himself back with the '2 per cent, allowed him as commissions, and this 'appeal has been duly prosecuted from that judgment.

The exceptions to the allowance of this commission were grounded on the last paragraph of the will, which reads as follows:

“I direct that my said executor, George R-. Gordon, shall for three years after my death continue the mercantile business in which I am now engaged, with the end in view of realizing as much as possible from the indebtedness due me from the various parties whom I am now, and will then be, furnishing or supplying, after which time the notes and accounts and stock of merchandise may be sold" by my said executor at public or private sale. For his services in continuing the said business and winding up said' estate he shall receive the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars per month for such time as he may be so engaged.”

Two questions are presented: The first is the right of a testator to fix the compensation to be paid his executor. The second is whether the testator fixed appellant ’s compensation.

"While there is some‘conflict in the authorities, the great weight of authority sustains the proposition that a testator can fix the compensation of his executor.

In support of the contrary view, appellant cites and relies upon the case of Frazer v. Frazer, 76 S. W. 15. That was a case decided by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, and the facts were that the testator directed that the executor serve without compensation, yet upon filial settlement he was allowed compensation. It appears, however, that the provision of the will, ¡that the executor should serve without compensation, was inserted in the will by reason of an advantage given the executor, who was a son of the testator, in the division of the estate, which he did not obtain by reason of 'the widow’s refusal to take under the will. The court there said that, because of this refusal, and the consequent defeat of the testator’s intention, compensation would be allowed, but the court .also said, “But under the circumstances of the case, we do not think 'that he (the executor) ought to have anything near ■the statutory compensation, ’ ’ and in the opinion there the court called attention to the fact that there were several decisions of that court in which it had been held that the executor was not entitled to anything as compensation, where the will provided that no compensation should be paid.

The relation of testator and executor created by a will, is one of great trust and confidence, 'and we see no reason why ¿ testator should, not only be allowed to name his executor, but should not also be allowed to fix his compensation. At common law an executor was not allowed compensation, but that rule has been changed in this State by statute. Section 131 of Kirby’s Digest provides the maximum compensation to be allowed administrators and executors, but this section must be construed to apply when the will has not otherwise provided. 'Certainly, if the will fixed a greater compensation than that allowed by statute, it would not be contended that only the statutory commissions could be allowed. If the executor named in the will is- not willing to serve for the compensation fixed by the will, he is not required to,serve, but may decline to do so. If the person or persons named in the will decline to serve, the statute expressly provides that letters of administration, with the will annexed, shall be granted to the person to whom administration would have been granted had there been no will. Section 12, Kirby’s Digest.

We are not now called upon to decide what the commission of an administrator would -be under those circumstances, as that question is not presented. It is sufficient for -the decision of this case to say that the appellant had the option of serving for the compensation named in the will, or of declining to serve. Ordinarily the compensation is not fixed by the testator, in which event the compensation is fixed by the court in such sum as is found to be fair and just, not exceeding, however, the limitations fixed-by section 134 of Kirby’s Digest.

The proof shows that after appellant qualified as executor, he employed a man to perform the duties which he had performed in the lifetime of his uncle, and all of the services which were rendered by him were rendered as executor,.that is, he did those things which would have been done had some other person been named instead of himself.

We think the proper interpretation of the paragraph set out above is that the testator intended that his executor should receive as full compensation “for his services in continuing the said business and winding up said estate,” the sum of $150 per month. It was contemplated that this service would probably continue for the period of three years, in which' event a total compensation of $5,400 would be earned. The testator intended that this sum should be full compensation for all services rendered by his executor, and the judgment of the court below will, therefore, be affirmed.

Hart, J., dissents.  