
    Michael C. MALANEY; Katherine R. Arcell; Keith Dean Bradt; Jose M. Brito; Jan Marie Brown; Robert D. Conway; Rosemary D’Augusta; Brenda K. Davis; Pamela Faust; Carolyn Fjord; Don Freeland; Ted Friedli; Donald V. Fry; Gabriel Garavanian; Harry Garavanian; Yvonne Jocelyn Gardner; Lee M. Gentry; Jay Glik-man; Donna M. Johnson; Valarie Ann Jolly; Gail S. Kosach; Rozann Kunstle; Steve Kunstle; John Lovell; Len Marazzo; Lee McCarthy; Lisa McCarthy; Patricia Ann Meeuwsen; L. West Oehmig, Jr.; Cynthia Proster-man; Deborah M. Pulfer; Sharon Holmes Reed; Dana L. Robinson; Robert A. Rosenthal; Bill Rubinsohn; Sondra K. Russell; Sylvia N. Sparks; June Stansbury; Clyde D. Stensrud; Sherry Lynne Stewart; Wayne Taleff; Gary Talewsky; Annette M. Tippetts; Diana Lynn Ultican; J. Michael Walker; Pamela S. Ward; David P. Wendell; Christine O. Whalen; Suraj Zutshi, Plaintiffs — Appellants, v. UAL CORPORATION; United Air Lines, Inc.; Continental Airlines, Inc., Defendants — Appellees.
    No. 10-17208.
    United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
    Argued and Submitted May 10, 2011.
    Filed May 23, 2011.
    Joseph Alioto, Jr., Trial, Joseph M. Alio-to, Angelina Alioto-Grace, Theresa Dris-coll Moore, Thomas Pier, Alioto Law Firm, Derek Greenfield Howard, Esquire, Jack Wing Lee, Esquire, Sean Tamura-Sato, Minami Tamaki LLP, San Francisco, CA, Julie L. Boehmke, Jeremy L. Johnson, Daniel Rees Shulman, Esquire, Gray, Plant, Mooty, Mooty & Bennett, P.A., Minneapolis, MN, Thomas Vincent Girardi, Esquire, Stephen Gerard Larson, Girardi & Keese, Los Angeles, CA, Gil D. Messina, Esquire, Messina Law Firm, Holmdel, NJ, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
    Mikael A. Abye, Patrick D. Robbins, Shearman & Sterling, LLP, San Francisco, CA, Stuart Gold, Max Shulman, Cravath Swaine & Moore, LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants-Appellees.
    
      Before: D.W. NELSON and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and DUFFY, District Judge.
    
    
      
       The Honorable Kevin Thomas Duffy, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
    
   MEMORANDUM

Plaintiffs airline travelers and travel agents moved for a preliminary injunction under §§ 7 and 16 of the Clayton Act against the merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines (collectively “Defendants”). The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion. Plaintiffs argue on appeal that the district court erred in concluding that the appropriate market for antitrust analysis is the city-pair market, rather than Plaintiffs’ proposed national market in air travel. We affirm.

To obtain a preliminary injunction, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that they are “likely to succeed on the merits.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 129 S.Ct. 365, 374, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008). Defining and proving the relevant market for antitrust analysis is a “necessary predicate” to Plaintiffs’ success on the merits of their Clayton Act claim. Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 324, 82 S.Ct. 1502, 8 L.Ed.2d 510 (1962); Fount-Wip, Inc. v. Reddi-Wip, Inc., 568 F.2d 1296, 1301 (9th Cir.1978).

In defining the outer bounds of a relevant antitrust market, we consider “the reasonable interchangeability of use or the cross-elasticity of demand between the product itself and substitutes for it.” Brown Shoe, 370 U.S. at 325, 82 S.Ct. 1502. To meet this standard, products do not have to be perfectly fungible, see United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 394, 76 S.Ct. 994, 100 L.Ed. 1264 (1956); United States v. Cont’l Can Co., 378 U.S. 441, 449, 84 S.Ct. 1738, 12 L.Ed.2d 953 (1964), but must be sufficiently interchangeable that a potential price increase in one product would be defeated by the threat of a sufficient number of customers switching to the alternate product. See Cont’l Can, 378 U.S. at 453-54, 84 S.Ct. 1738 (holding that, although not entirely fungible, metal and glass containers are in the same market because “[i]n differing degrees for different end uses manufacturers in each industry take into consideration the price of the containers of the opposing industry in formulating their own pricing policy”).

Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that the national market in air travel satisfies this standard. As the district court noted, a flight from San Francisco to Newark is not interchangeable with a flight from Seattle to Miami. No matter how much an airline raised the price of the San Francisco-Newark flight, a passenger would not respond by switching to the Seattle-Miami flight.

The city-pair market endorsed by the district court does satisfy the reasonable interchangeability standard. A price increase on a flight from San Francisco to Newark could be defeated by the threat of travelers switching to a flight from Oakland to LaGuardia. The city-pair market has also been endorsed as the most appropriate market for antitrust analysis by all academics and government agencies in the record, including the Department of Justice and the Government Accountability Office.

Because Plaintiffs failed to establish a relevant market for antitrust analysis, a necessary predicate for making a claim under § 7 of the Clayton Act, we do not reach Plaintiffs’ other arguments on appeal.

AFFIRMED. 
      
       This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
     