
    United States Trust Company of New York, as Trustee, etc., Resp’t, v. James Drake Black, et al., Resp’ts, et al., App’lts.
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed April 23, 1895.)
    
    1. Will—Construction.
    Where a testator uses the same expression in different «parts of his will, it is a question of intention whether he means precisley and definitely the same thing thereby ; the context or the facts surrounding the subject may • show such intention to be different in the different places in the will where the same expression is used.
    2. Same.
    Construction of the words “residuary estate” in the will sought to be construed in this action.
    Appeal from judgment of the general term of the supreme court in the first judicial department, entered upon an order which affirmed a judgment in favor of plaintiff entered upon a decision of the court on trial at special term.
    This action was brought by the plaintiff, as trustee, under the third clause of the will of Mary Hopeton Drake, deceased, for the purpose of settling its accounts. In order to settle them, a construction of the will of the testatrix above named becomes necessary. The testatrix died in June,-1884, and her will and codicil were duly admitted to pr.obate by the surrogate of New York county and letters testamentary issued to one Benjamin 0. Wet-more, the executor named in these instruments. By the second clause of her will, the testatrix proceeds to execute a power of appointment in the disposition of certain real estate which had been devised to her for life by her father and which consisted of eleven houses and lots in the city of New York. Two of these lots she devised to a grandson of the sister of her late father, and she accompanied the devise with this language: “But if he shall have died before me and none of his lawful issue shall survive me, .then I direct that the said property shall form part of' my residuary estate, and be disposed of as hereinafter directed in relation to that estate.” In the same way the testatrix disposed of various houses and lots to various devisees, ending each devise in the same general form, that in case the devisee should die before the testatrix and leave no lawful issue surviving, then the property thus devised should form “ part of my residuary estate and be disposed of as hereinafter directed in relation to that estate.” In one instance contained in the last subdivision of clause second, probably through inadvertence, this direction is omitted. By the third clause of the will, the testatrix directed the sale of two of her houses in the city of New York, and out of the proceeds the executors were directed to pay to James F. Evans a certain sum in full payment of a bond held by him, and the balance remaining of the proceeds of the sale of these houses was to be deposited with the United States Trust Company in the city of New York, which was directed to hold the same in trust and invest it and keep it invested upon such securities as the trust company might deem safe, and pay the interest and income to the said Evans during his natural life, and upon his death leaving lawful issue him surviving, the principal sum was given to his then living lawful issue; and in case Evans refused to accept payment of the bond held by him, then the whole sum realized from the sale of the real estate was to be deposited with the trust company, and the interest of the whole of it paid to Evans during his life, and after his death the remainder to his issue, as above stated. The clause then continued: “And in case said James F. Evans shall die leaving no lawful issue him surviving, then I order and direct that the principal of said trust fund shall form part of my residuary estate, and the same be disposed of as the same is hereinafter disposed of.”
    By the fourth clause the testatrix devised another house and lot to another devisee, and that is another instance in which she failed to provide for the death of the devisee and the failure of = issue before her own death. The fifth and sixth clauses contain matter of no importance here. The language of the seventh clause is as follows: “ Seventh. ° All the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, both real and personal, I order and direct my executor hereinafter named, or whoever shall undertake the execution of my will, to sell at public or private sale or sales, and at such time or times as they may think for the best interest of my estate, and to convert the same into cash. * * * Out of the proceeds of such sale or sales I order and direct my said executor to pay over the following amounts to the,,following persons and parties respectively ; and I do hereby give and bequeath the same as follows : ” Here follow some twenty different bequests to legatees, in varying sums of ten thousand, five thousand and one thousand dollars, and amounting to more than one hundred thousand dol- ' lors. Among the provisions in the seventh clause, the testatrix provides for the payment of a sum to the plaintiff as trustee for Esther M. Behin during her life, and she then continues: “ Upon her death I direct that the said trust fund shall fall into and be disposed of as part of my residuary estate.” Another sum was provided upon similar trusts for Emily Hancock in this same seventh clause. The last provision of the seventh clause is as follows : “ And 1 give to each of the grandchildren of Sarah A. Lawrence and Susan A. Drake one thousand dollars, if living at my death.”
    The eighth clause of the will reads as follows: “ After the payinent of the above-mentioned legacies and the provisions made as above directed for the annuities, I order and direct my said executor to pay over out of the residue of the proceeds of sale of my residuary estate the following legacies, which I give to the following persons and incorporations, viz.: ” Then follows a list of some fifteen different charitable institutions to which are given legacies of $5,000 each; the clause then continues as follows:' “ All the rest and residue of my said residuary estate not herein otherwise disposed of I order and direct my said executor to pay over, and I give and bequeath the same to the above-mentioned James Drake Black, Mary Hopeton Drake and Mary Hopeton Smith absolutely, share and share alike.” These three residuary legatees had already been named in the will as devisees of some portion of the estate of the testatrix.
    By the fourth clause of the codicil of the testratrix the name of Hopeton Drake Atterbury was added to the three names above-mentioned as residuary legatees, so that they consisted of four instead of three, as provided for in the will. The testatrix by the next clause of her will appointed an éxecutor and revoked all other wills.
    The property directed to be sold under the provisions of the third clause in the will of the testatrix was sold by the executor, and out of the proceeds of sale Mr. Evans accepted the amount of $37,000 directed.to be paid to him as full payment of the bond of the testatrix held by him, and a balance of a little over $54,000 was realized and was paid by the executor to the plaintiff as trustee under the provisions of this third clause of the will. The trustee paid the interest arising from this sum to Mr. Evans up to the time of his death, which occurred a short time before the commencement of this action, and he left no issue surviving him, so that the provision in the third clause of her will by which, in that event, the testatrix ordered and directed that the principal of said trust fund shall “form part of my residuary estate, and the same to be disposed of as the same is hereinafter disposed of,” comes into effect.
    Proceeding to carry out the provisions of the will the executor sold the property of the testatrix other than that provided for in the clauses preceding the seventh clause of the will and there has been realized from the sale enough to pay all the legatees named in the seventh clause with' the exception of five of those who are named in the last portion of said seventh clause as the grandchildren of Sarah Lawrence and Susan A. Drake. Five of those grandchildren have not been paid their legacies. As to most of the legacies named in the eighth clause nothing has been paid upon them and in the case of a few of those legatees a small portion only of the legacies given to them has been paid. The executor' has become a defaulter and has absconded with nearly forty thousand dollars of the estate, and there is nothing now left with which to pay the specific legacies bequeathed to those various societies named in the eighth clause of the will unless this sum of $54,000 now on deposit with the plaintiff trust company is applicable to their payment pro rata under the terms of the will in question. The plaintiff asked the directions of the court as to the proper disposition of this fund.
    The special term gave judgment directing the plaintiff after retaining proper compensation.as trustee, etc., to pay this amount to the four last-named individuals in the eighth clause, who are determined to be the residuary legatees referred to in the third clause of the will and as such entitled to this money. The corporations named in the eighth clause appealed from that decree to the general term of the supreme court, where the same was affirmed, and they have now appealed to this court.
    
      E. N. Taft for American Seamen’s Friend Society, app’lt; Mornay Williams for Baptist Home Society, app’lt; Robert S. Minturn for New York Female Auxiliary Bible Society et al., app’lts ; A. R. Dyett for Presbyterian Home for Aged Women, app’lt; Julien T. Davies and Herbert Barry for Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society, app’lt; Cephas Brainerd, Jr., for Young Men’s Christian Association, app’lt; William H. Harris and E. L. Fancher for New York Institution for Deaf and Blind, app’lt; Alexander B. Crane for Atterbury et al., app’lts; James C. Carter and George H. Balkam for resp’ts.
   Peckham, J.

I think this judgment should be affirmed. The case seems to me a reasonably clear one. The whole estate of the testatrix was quite large and she made distinct and specific devises of certain and separate portions of her real estate to different members of her late father’s family, making provision at the same time in regard to each of them (with one or two probably inadvertent exceptions), for possible lapse or failure to take, so that in such case the devise should fall into and be disposed of as part of her residuary estate. Having made the provisions which are set forth in the will, up to the seventh clause, she then treated of the whole balance of her estate and provided for its substantially immediate sale. In describing that portion of her estate which remained after the disposition which she had made of her property in the preceding clauses of her will, she speaks of it in the seventh clause as “all the rest, residue and remainder” of her estate, both real and personal. By the use of such language it seems to us she did not mean that this portion of her property which she was providing should be sold and converted into cash, was to be regarded as her “residuary estate,” within the meaning of that term as used by her in the third and other clauses of her will preceding the seventh. On the contrary, it was language which she was using for the purpose of creating a fund out of which was to come the payment of specific legacies to various persons and institutions. It is true she provided that the residue of her property should be sold, but it was only to create this fund. In the seventh clause the testatrix named certain persons and' institutions who (out of these proceeds of sale) should be paid the sum sped tied, and she then provided in the eighth clause for the payment of the specific legacies therein named out of the balance of the proceeds of the sale ordered by her. All these specific legacies named in the seventh and eighth clauses of the will might be paid out of this fund and a balance still remain. Unless some disposition were made of a possible residuum, the will did not provide for a complete disposition of her property. What she called her “residuary estate” in one part of the seventh clause might, therefore, in that event, be to some extent undisposed of and there might be danger of the testatrix, as to such residue, dying intestate. The language now alluded to and contained in the latter part of clause eight prevents the happening of this event, for it disposes of “ all the rest and residue of my said residuary estate not herein otherwise disposed of,” by giving the same to the legatees therein named. Undoubtedly, when the testatrix here uses the expression “ all the rest and residue of my said residuary estate not herein otherwise disposed of,” she refers to that portion of her estate which was the proceeds of the sale of the property directed to be made by virtue and under the provisions of the seventh clause of the will of the testatrix, and which was in some sense her residuary estate, and these four persons would not, under that language alone, take this fund. But this last provision in clause eight makes a true residuary estate, and these'are true residuary legatees, because in addition to language which gives them the residuum of that property, they would, in the contingency specified, take the property described in the preceding clauses by virtue of the directions therein contained. The residuary estate referred to by the testatrix in the clauses preceding the seventh is, as we think, the residuary estate which she assumes will remain after the payment of these specific legacies referred to in the seventh and eighth clauses of the will. I have no doubt that such was the intention of the testatrix. She undoubtedly expected that her estate would prove sufficient to pay all those specific legacies which she provided for in the seventh and eighth clauses of her will. It cannot be supposed that she sat down and went through the form of disposing of property by will which she believed at the same time would be insufficient to pay such legacies. No such foolish and useless intent should be imputed to her. She believed that there would still be left a sum unprovided for, the disposition of which was to be made by this final provision already alluded to, and which would dispose of a true and final residuum. Assuming that the testatrix supposed that the fund to be created from the sale of her property would be sufficient to pay these various legacies what other estate would exist than that which would remain after such payments? What other estate could she mean when speaking of her “ residuary estate ” in the second, third and other clauses preceding the seventh, except the estate which she was giving to these residuary legatees named in the last portion of the eighth clause? In a certain sense that portion of the estate she ordered sold in the seventh clause was a residuary'estate, because she directed all of the estate to be sold not heretofore disposed of. Out of a sale of this estate which she thus describes she provides a fund for the payment of specific legacies, and the residue to these four persons. But when she is providing for a possible failure of any of the various devises given in the second, third and other clauses, and directs that they shall fall into and form part of her residuary estate, to be disposed of as that estate is disposed of, I cannot doubt that in such case the residuary estate she speaks of and which she has in mind is that which she assumes will exist after payment of legacies, and which will go to these four residuary legatees above-named. In the two trusts created by her in the seventh clause, there was a life tenant in each for whom the particular trust was created, and that life tenancy might remain for years, and it certainly cannot be believed that the testatrix had in mind a possible failure of assets to pay legacies, and the failing in of a life estate years after her death, and the application of the fund towards the satisfaction of these specific legacies, and it is to be noted that these two trusts are created in this very seventh clause where it is claimed the real residuary estate is thereby created. The trust funds are raised out of a sale of the “ rest, residue and remainder of ” her estate, and yet she directs those trust funds after the death of the cestui que trust to be disposed of as part of her “ residuary estate.” Is it not plain that she means by those words, that residuary estate mentioned in the latter part of clause eight ? This construction adds strength to that contended for in the third clause.

• Various other reasons I think suggest themselves for the construction we give to the words residuary estate ” when used in the clauses of the will preceding the seventh clause, but it is not necessary to refer to them in detail. We cannot say, as a matter of law,that testators always mean precisely and definitely the same thing when they use the same expression in different parts of their wills. It is a good rule to say that generally' they do. It is always, however, a question of intention, and that intention the context or the facts surrounding the subject may show to be different in different places, although the same expression may be used in both. By virtue of the provisions made in the third clause of this will the fund therein spoken of must go to the four persons named in the latter portion of the eighth clause and in the codicil as residuary legatees, because I have no doubt that the testatrix so intended by the use at that time of the expression “ residuary estate.” Under this construction the charitable institutions have no title to any portion of this fund.

I have read the various briefs of the counsel who have appeared for these institutions and filed briefs in this court. They are exceedingly able presentations of their views. Without assuming to answer at length many of the objections to our construction of the will of the testatrix which are therein urged, we think none of them is tenable and that the judgments of the courts below should be affirmed, with costs to the plaintiff and the guardians. ad litem of the infant defendants, payable ont of the fund.

All concur.

Judgments affirmed.  