
    UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. William MOREHOUSE, Appellant.
    No. 08-1136.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) Jan. 5, 2009.
    Filed: March 31, 2009.
    
      George S. Leone, Esq., Steven G. Sanders, Esq., Office of United States Attorney, Newark, NJ, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
    Peter M. Carter, Esq., Office of Federal Public Defender, Newark, NJ, for Defendant-Appellant.
    Before: CHAGARES, HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges and GARBIS, District Judge.
    
      
       The Honorable Marvin J. Garbis, Senior District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION OF THE COURT

GARBIS, District Judge.

Appellant, William Morehouse (“More-house”), convicted on a plea of guilty to possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), appeals from the imposition of a 120-month sentence.

For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm.

I.

Because we write exclusively for the parties, we will recount only those facts essential to our decision.

In 2006, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“I.C.E.”) agents, as part of “Operation Predator,” focused on an internet site that offered subscribers access to child pornography. I.C.E. agents identified Morehouse as a subscriber, searched the hard drive of his computer and found more than 250 images of child pornography.

Morehouse was charged and agreed to plead guilty to a violation of § 2252A(a)(5)(B). The plea agreement referred to the possibility of an enhanced sentence under subsection (b)(2) of § 2252A that provides:

Whoever violates ... subsection (a)(5) shall be ... imprisoned not more than 10 years, ..., but, if such person has a prior conviction ... under the laws of any State relating to aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward ... such person shall be ... imprisoned for not less than 10 years nor more than 20 years.

At sentencing, the Government submitted evidence that, in 1977, Morehouse had been convicted of sexual assault on a child in violation of a Colorado statute that then provided:

Any actor who subjects another not his or her spouse to any sexual contact commits sexual assault on a child if the victim is less than 15 years of age and the actor is at least four years older than the victim.

Colo.Rev.Stat. § 18-3-405(1) (1973 & 1976 Cum.Supp.).

The sentencing judge held that the conviction rendered Morehouse subject to an enhanced sentence under subsection (b)(2) and imposed the mandatory minimum 120-month sentence.

On appeal, Morehouse contends, that:

1. The Colorado offense was not a predicate offense under subsection (b)(2).
2. The sentencing judge should have made an inquiry beyond an examination of the text of the Colorado statute.
3. Judicial fact finding of a prior conviction violated his Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury.

In Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), the Supreme Court held that the determination of whether a prior conviction qualifies as a predicate offense for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), § 924(e), requires a “formal categorical approach,” meaning that sentencing courts must look “only to the statutory definitions of the prior offenses, and not to the particular facts underlying those convictions.” 495 U.S. at 600, 110 S.Ct. 2143. However, in a narrow range of cases, such as those in which there has been a conviction under a statute that could criminalize conduct broader than that subject to enhancement, courts may look beyond the statutory definition to the “indictment or information and jury instructions.” Id. at 602, 110 S.Ct. 2143.

In Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005), the Supreme Court addressed the question of what a sentencing judge should consider when determining whether a prior conviction for burglary qualified as a predicate offense under ACCA, a determination that could not be made solely based upon the statutory text. The Supreme Court held that, in such an inquiry, the sentencing court is limited to reviewing “the terms of the charging document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant, or to some comparable judicial record of this information.” Id. at 26, 125 S.Ct. 1254.

Although Taylor and Shepard arose under the ACCA, we have applied the Taylor/Shepard framework in other contexts. See United States v. Siegel, 477 F.3d 87, 90-93 (3d Cir.2007) (determining whether a prior offense qualifies as a crime of violence under USSG § 4B1.2) and United States v. Galo, 239 F.3d 572, 578-79, 581-83 (3d Cir.2001) (determining under § 2251(d) whether a prior conviction was one “relating to the sexual exploitation of children”). Therefore, the Taylor/Shepard framework should be applied in the instant case.

Morehouse argues that, because subsection (b)(2) defines its predicate offenses by using the words “aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward,” there is a requirement that the prior conviction be for a crime that includes the elements of analogous federal offenses, i.e. § 2241 (aggravated sexual abuse), § 2242 (sexual abuse), and § 2243 (sexual abuse of a minor or ward). Each of these federal sex crimes could be committed only if the ' defendant acted “knowingly.” The Colorado statute under which Morehouse had been convicted did not include an element that the offense be committed knowingly. Thus, Morehouse argues, the Colorado statute could have been violated by actions that would not constitute a predicate offense under subsection (b)(2). Hence, the sentencing judge should have undertaken a Shepard inquiry looked outside the text of the Colorado statute.

This Court agrees with the other circuits that have rejected the notion that the terms in subsection (b)(2) must be defined by reference to federal sex crimes. See United States v. Sinerius, 504 F.3d 737, 742 (9th Cir.2007) (considering § 2252A(b)(l), a provision materially indistinguishable from § 2252A(b)(2)); United States v. Hubbard, 480 F.3d 341, 348 (5th Cir.2007) (considering the same provision).

This Court holds that the sentencing judge was not required to find that the specific conduct for which Morehouse was convicted would constitute a violation of specific federal statutes. Rather, to apply the enhancement under subsection (b)(2), the sentencing judge need only have concluded that the Colorado statute relates to “aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward.” Galo, 239 F.3d at 581.

The Supreme Court has defined the phrase “relating to” as meaning “to stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring into association with or connection with.” Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383-84, 112 S.Ct. 2031, 119 L.Ed.2d 157 (1992) (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1158 (5th ed.1979)). This Court has also given a broad interpretation to the term “relating to.” See, e.g., Yong Wong Park v. Attorney General, 472 F.3d 66, 72 (3d Cir.2006) (interpreting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(R)).

In the instant case, it was appropriate for the sentencing judge to apply a “formal categorical approach,” and look “only to the statutory definition[] of the prior offense[ ]; and not to the particular facts underlying th[at] convietion[ ].” Taylor, 495 U.S. at 600, 110 S.Ct. 2143. The Colorado statute under which Morehouse was convicted defined a crime that was related to “aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward.”. Thus, the sentencing judge properly concluded that Morehouse was subject to an enhanced sentence under § 2252A(b)(2).

II.

Morehouse, hoping that there will be a change in the current state of the law, contends that the sentencing judge violated his Sixth Amendment right to trial by jury by finding the fact of his prior conviction. In light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998) and our decision in United States v. Vargas, 477 F.3d 94 (3d Cir.2007), we must reject this claim. Although the Supreme Court has questioned its decision in Almendarez-Torres, it has yet to be overruled. See, e.g., Shepard, 544 U.S. at 27, 125 S.Ct. 1254 (Thomas, J., concurring) (arguing “a majority of the Court now recognizes that Almendarez-Torres was wrongly decided”); Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000) (explaining “it is arguable that Almendarez-Torres was incorrectly decided”). Thus, Almendarez-Torres continues to bind our decisions.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the District Court. 
      
      . Statutory references herein are to Title 18 of the United States Code except when there is specific reference to Colorado Revised Statutes, Colo.Rev.Stat.
     
      
      . Subsection references are to subsections of 18 U.S.C. § 2252k.
      
     
      
      . The statute was later amended to add the requirement that the offense was committed knowingly.
     