
    Silas Graves, App’lt, v. Lula Graves et al., Resp’ts.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department,
    
    
      Filed February 15, 1890.)
    
    Evidence—Affecting cbedibiditt of witness.
    Plaintiff claimed that his father left his property to his wife by will, on her agreeing to divide the same equally among the children. The attorney • who drew the will testified to such a conversation and agreement. On cross-examination, he admitted that thereafter, on compromise of a judgment against plaintiff, he told the holder thereof that Mrs. G. was the absolute owner of all the property, and that plaintiff would never get anything unless she chose to give it to him. Plaintiff then offered to show that such settlement was upon the voluntary offer of the judgment-creditor previously made, which was excluded. Meld, error, as, if the statement was casual, and not by way of inducing a settlement, its bearing on the witness’ credibility would be very different.
    
      Appeal from a judgment entered in Jefferson county on the 14th May, 1889, upon the decision of the Jefferson special term .June, 1888, dismissing the complaint.
    
      Levi H. Brown, for app’lt; Watson M. Rogers and John G. MeGartin, for resp’ts.
   Merwbst, J.

On the 2d January, 1884, Peleg K. Graves, then a resident of Ellisburgh in the county of Jefferson, died leaving him surviving his widow Jennette Graves and as his only heirs at law five children, of whom the plaintiff is one. On the 1st January, 1884, he made a will in due form, in and by which he gave .all his property, real and personal, to his wife Jennette absolutely ;and appointed her executrix with full power of sale. This will was admitted to probate on the 18th January, 1884. The real ■estate consisted of four farms, one of which was called the home farm and is in controversy in this action. There was, also, personal property about sufficient to pay the debts.

About the 4th March, 1886, Jennette Graves, as the court below found, executed and delivered individually, deeds of all the real estate, except the home farm, to the heirs of Peleg K. in equal shares, taking into account and charging each such advances as the testator had made to them severally in his lifetime. On the '7th August, 1886, Jennette died, having on the 10th June, 1886, •subscribed a paper, purporting to be her last will and testament, sealed and attested by two subscribing witnesses, in form as required by the statute for the execution of wills, and which instrument imports on its face to be a legal and valid will of real and personal estate. By this will Jennette Graves gave to the defendant Lula Graves, her grandchild, the home farm above referred to, and the balance of her property she gave in equal shares to the five children of herself and said Peleg El Lula Graves is an infant under the age of fourteen years, and the daughter of the defendant Charles Graves.

The claim of the plaintiff is that Peleg K. Graves, before he executed his will and on that occasion, told his wife that he wished to divide all his property amongst his children equally, giving her ample support therefrom during her life, but that he was then too sick and unable to adjust his affairs and make such division and proposed to her that he wonld will all his property to her and she should take it and make such equal division, suggesting that she retain the use of the home farm for herself and divide that by her will, and that she in response accepted such proposition, and promised him to make such division and that thereupon he in reliance thereon executed his will.

The special term declined to find the facts in accordance with this claim, and in its decision found “ that it does not appear that any agreement was made between said testator and the said Jennette Graves, by which she was to divide all said testator’s jDroperty equally between the said sons and daughter, or to take or hold the same for any trust purpose whatever; or that the provisions in said will were in any manner qualified or affected by any paroi arrangement or agreement between the testator and. the devisee, Jennette Graves.” Exception was duly taken.

In Matter of Will of O'Hara, 95 N. Y., 403, it was held that-where a person, even by silent acquiescence, encourages a testator to make a devise or bequest to him, with a declared expectation that he will apply it for the benefit of others, this has the force and effect of an express promise so to apply it, as, if he does not intend so to do, the silent acquiescence is a fraud, and in case of such a declared intention and promise, if the testator has named some certain and definite beneficiary, capable of taking the provision intended, the law fastens upon the devisee- or legatee a trust winch equity, in case of his refusal to perform,, will enforce on the ground of fraud. In such a case, it is said,, p. 413, equity acts, not because of a trust declared by the testator, but because of the fraud of the legatee; for him not to carry out the promise by which alone he procured the devise and bequest is to perpetrate a fraud upon the devisor which equity will not endure; the statutes of frauds and of wills are not in the way, for the devise is untouched, the property passes under it, but the law deals with the holder for his fraud and out of the facts raises a trust, ex maleficio, instead of resting upon one created by the testator; the fraud which justifies the equitable interference consists in the attempt to take advantage of that which has been done in performance or upon the faith of the agreement while repudiating its obligation under cover of the statute. The facts should be proved beyond reasonable question. Id., 420. See also Gilpatrick v. Glidden, 81 Maine, 137, and cases cited; Williams v. Vreeland, 32 N. J. Eq., 135, and cases in note; 1 Story Eq., § 781; 1 Jarman on Wills, 5th Am. Ed., 415, and note 2.

In the light of the O'Hara case, the question at the trial was whether the devise was made by Peleg K. Graves to his wife upon' his declared wish and expectation that she would at or before her death make an equal division of the property among their children and upon her promise to him that she would do so.

The affirmative of these propositions was with the plaintiff, and upon his part the testimony was given of Mr. Ramsdell, the attorney who drew the will and who was one of the subscribing witnesses, the other subscribing witness being dead. Testimony was also given of subsequent declarations and acts of Mrs. Graves.

The testimony of the attorney was objected to by the defendants as being within the prohibition of § 835 of the Code of Civil Procedure. As the evidence was received and considered by the court, the objection is not available here to the respondents. We must assume the testimony properly received.

The attorney testified that after the will was written, and before it was signed, there was an interview between Mr. Graves and his wife, in which he said he was very sick; that “he desired to make an equal distribution of his property among his children; that he was unable to do so then; that he wanted to will it all to her (speaking to his wife), and then she was to go on and divide it up between them as they might afterwards agree; that he was making his will so that she could deed the property and •divide it before her death to the children; thought she had better keep the home farm. He said he was making his will, giving her power to convey any part of the real estate during her lifetime, so that she could make a division by deed, so that it would not have to depend on her will to divide it, excepting the home farm, and asking her if that was satisfactory, and she said it was, and that she would do so ; he then executed the will; the home farm was to be divided by will; she was to deed the main part of the property except the home farm, divide in that way, and then the home farm she was to keep and divide it by her will between the children; after assenting to this request the will was executed and witnessed; it had been previously read over in the presence of the other subscribing witness and Mrs. Graves, to Mr. Graves.” The witness further stated that the testator said there were advances to his children the amount of which he didn’t know and he didn’t know the state of his indebtedness and the amount of his personal property, and there was no way to make an equal division except to make a will of that nature, divide it all either at the decease of his wife or then, and that he was not willing to do.

Upon cross-examination this witness testified that Mr. Graves’ request was that Mrs Graves should make the division just as soon as the estate could be settled up so she could do it, all except the home farm, and should keep that herself and divide it by will; that he said he was so sick he wanted to divide the property but was unable to do it, and that he had made his will so that she could divide it after his death, and he wished' her to do it; that he wanted it all divided equally, and asked her to do it that way and she said she would.

He also testified that, upon the occasion of reading the will in the presence of the widow and children, a few days after the death •of Mr. Graves, he presumed he said that the will gave to the widow the property to do with as she liked, and that, in March following, upon the occasion of a compromise of a judgment .against Silas Graves, one of the heirs, he presumes he said, to the holder of the judgment, that Mrs. Graves was the absolute owner of all the property, and that Silas would never get anything, unless she chose to give it to him.

A witness, Mrs. Bonney, testified that in the summer of 1884 Mrs. Graves said to her that she wanted the children to all share equally in the property, and have it as Peleg wanted it, that he had willed it to her, and the children were to share equally when :she was done with it Mrs. Spink testified that in the summer of 1885, before Mrs. Graves was taken sick, she, Mrs. Graves, said to the witness that she intended her property should be divided just the same as Peleg wanted it; that she had promised Peleg to have hers equally divided among the family, and she intended it should be done; that she had made that promise to Peleg when he made his will. Collins P. Armsbury, a conveyancer, testified that in March, 1886, Mrs. Graves called on him to transact some business between her and the children, and said that her husband “ made a will and that the matter of dividing the property with the children was left with her; that there was indebtedness against the estate, indebtedness of different members of the family, and she wished me to come there and assist them in arriving at the-different amounts due each one, and also fixing a price on the real-estate ; she wished to convey a part of it to each of the heirs; she1 said that she made an arrangement with her husband, or that she1 agreed that she would make an equal division among her children that at the time her husband made his will, “he wished to make an equal division of the property with his children, and that she pledged him she would carry it out; she did not say whether she did this before or after he made his will. ” With reference; apparently to the testimony of this witness, the case shows the following requests by the plaintiff with the action of the court thereon.

“ a. That in March, 1886, she called upon one G. E. Armsbury to assist her in making a partial division amongst said children, stating to him her husband was taken sick, made a will, expressed his wish to have made an equal division of the property amongst-the children, and the court so found.

“ b. And that she had pledged him she would crrry it out, which the court refused to find, and to such refusal plaintiff excepted, and excepts.

“c. And with his assistance in adjusting the debts, etc., in part-performance of her said promise and his wish, she executed conveyances by her individual deeds of lands to the respective children separately and during the negotiations therefor, all the children being present. Alice Ethridge objected to taking a farm her mother proposed she should, because, by so doing, she would incur so large a debt for the purchase price over and above her share in that partial division she did not know as she would be able to pay it; whereupon, in reply, Jennette Graves said: “ It would be but a little while before the rest would be divided, and that would help them out.” Then, relying upon such assurance, the several children took the parcels proposed and agreed on, and Alice giving a mortgage for $3,800 on the land conveyed to her for the price over her share. Willie and Silas also gave mortgages, each mortgage running to the mother individually. The court so found.”

This last request and finding assumes that there was a promise from Mrs. Graves to her husband, in part performance of which the division was then being made. Inferentially it would refer to the expressed wish stated in the first of the quoted findings, and would apply to the balance of the real estate.

At the trial it seems to have been understood that there was some agreement between Mrs. Graves and her husband. The following statement appears in the case: “The only question which is submitted in this case is as to the effect of the paroi agreement between Peleg Graves and his wife Jennette, concurrent with the execution of this will, as defining the nature of the estate which Jennette took under the will.”

The view of the special term was that the evidence, effective to accomplish a charge, should be of a kind and character absolutely certain and conclusive; should be of the certainty of a writing. The only witness of the transaction itself between Mr. and Mrs. Graves was the attorney, Mr. Ramsdell, and it was considered that his testimony was weakened by the character of his subsequent declarations above referred to, and that the subsequent declarations of Mrs. Graves on the subject did not sufficiently fortify the main witness to the extent of sustaining the claim of the plaintiff.

Assuming, as we must, that a partial division occurred in March, 1885, under the circumstances as found upon the request of plaintiff hereinbefore referred to, Conselyea v. Blanchard, 103 N. Y., 231; 2 N. Y. State Rep., 738, it was an act of the parties, strongly corroborative of the theory of the plaintiff. It contemplated a further division in accordance with a promise. That was a year after the death of Mr. Graves, and all the parties then acted on the theory that there was an obligation on the part of Mrs. Graves to divide at some time all the property equally between the children. I am of the opinion that sufficient force was not given by the trial court to this act of the parties. The rule followed by the special term as to the character of the evidence, was stronger than the cases warrant. The necessary facts must, as said in the O’Hara case, be found beyond reasonable question: the evidence must be clear and satisfactory.

It was found in the general findings, that Mr. Graves at the time of his death was the owner of real estate of the value of from $50,000 to $60,000, and this was considered to be a circumstance against the theory that the testator wished and the widow promised that all the real estate except the home farm should be divided by the widow in her life time.

The only evidence to sustain this finding was the testimony of Mr. Ramsdell that the real eseate had a reputed value of $50,000 to $60,000. The value in fact of that divided was shown to have been about $20,000 and of the home farm about $10,000. This is found to be all the real estate, but the case shows another parcel, a pasture lot of about fifty acres, the value of which is not shown. The argument therefore that the widow was not protected in her rights, in case of the promise as claimed, has not much foundation.

The declarations of Mrs. Graves were competent evidence not only to corroborate Mr. Ramsdell but to show what the arrangement in fact was. The testimony as to the declaration is not contradicted, the witnesses were not interested and there are no circumstances that seriously impair the testimony, or render it improbable. Kavanagh v. Wilson, 70 N. Y., 179. ¡No evidence was given on the part of the defendants.

As the case stands before us and giving proper effect to the acts of the parties on the partial division, I am of the opinion that the proofs established beyond a reasonable question that the devise in question was made upon the request of Mr. Graves to his wife to divide the same at or before her death equally between their children and her promise to him to do so.

This conclusion would call for a reversal of the judgment,

In explanation of the statement made by the witness Eamsdell at the time of the compromise and settlement of the judgment against Silas Graves, the plaintiff offered to show by the witness that the settlement was upon the voluntary offer of the holder of the judgment previously made. This was objected to by the defendants and excluded and plaintiffs excepted. This exception was well taken. The explanation was competent and material. For if the statement was only casual and not by way of inducing a settlement of the judgment, its bearing upon the credibility of the witness would be. quite different from what it would be if made to induce, a compromise and at a time when the actual situation was important to be known.

Standing alone, this exception might not be of sufficient importance to call for a reversal, but it should be considered in view of the other aspects of the case. The evidence of the witness was very important, and it was claimed that his subsequent statements impaired his credibility. The circumstances under which the statement was made should have been received.

Judgment reversed upon the exceptions and new trial ^ordered, costs of appeal to abide the event.

Hardin, P. J.

I concur in that part of the opinion of Merwin, J., which points out the error in refusing the offer by the plaintiff to show by the witness Eamsdell that the settlement of the judgment against Silas Graves was made upon the voluntary offer of the holder of the judgment previously made, and by reason of that error I think a new trial should be granted. The questions of fact involved in the case are very important, and the evidence of Eamsdell is vital upon the principal and pivotal question.

Because the principal question of fact has been once passed upon by a trial judge, a new trial before a jury upon issues settled would, perhaps, be more satisfactory. These views lead ' me to concur in the result and join Merwin, J., favoring a reversal of the judgment now before us.

The judgment should be reversed on the exceptions and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event

Martin, J.—I concur in result on ground stated in memorandum of Hardin, P. J. J.  