
    Walter I. Herron and Charles W. Ramm Herron, an Infant, by Walter I. Herron, his Guardian ad litem, Appellants, v. Emil E. Passailaigue, Appellee.
    
    Division B.
    Opinion Filed October 27, 1926.
    Petition for Rehearing Denied December 6, 1926.
    ' 1. A State court is not’ bound by a decree of divorce granted in another state if the record in the foreign court shows no personal service on the defendant and no appearance by him. The court may, however, by comity, be required to give it force and effect unless there is some good and valid reason to the contrary.
    2. Comity is defined as the practice by which one court follows the decisions of another court on a like question, though not bound by the law of precedents to do so.
    3. The rules of comity may not be departed from, unless in certain cases for the purpose of necessary protection of our own citizens, or of enforcing some paramount rule of frablic policy.
    4. The very basis of comity is the principle that we ought to give the decrees of other states that force and effect which we would wish them to give ours, but neither the full faith and credit clause or the rule of comity prevent a collateral attack on a foreign judgment for the purpose of determining the applicability of either.
    5. The right of every state under the Constitution of the United States to regulate the matter of marriage and divorce within its own borders and to defend it against encroachment, and to fix and declare the matrimonial status of its own citizens is well settled, and the full faith and credit provision of the Constitution of the United States is not to be construed so as to defeat this right.
    6. There are cases in this country which hold that the domicile of the husband is also the domicile of the wife, and that she could have no other, but the great weight of authority supports the rule that when it becomes proper or necessary, a wife may acquire a separate domicile from that of her husband for the purpose of a suit for divorce by her. ■
    7. The rule is well settled that the term “residence,” “residing” or equivalent terms, when used in statutes or actions or suits relating to taxation, right of suffrage, divorce, limitations of actions and the like are used in the sense of “legal residence” ; that is to say, the place of domicile or permanent abode as distinguished from temporary residence.
    S. The granting of divorces is a proper subject for legislation when either of the xiarties at the time of the divorce is a resident of, or domiciled within the territorial jurisdiction of the legislature.
    9. The general rule governing the comity of nations is that in a proper case the laws and judicial proceedings of one state will be enforced in another state provided they do not involve anything immoral, contrary to general policy, or violative of the conscience of the state called upon to give them effect.
    10. The finding of the fact of domicile, or residence for the purpose of' domicile, by the court making the decree raises a very strong presumption that it existed. After a lapse of time and especially after the rights of other persons have intervened on the faith of the decree, the clearest and most satisfactory proof should be required to overcome the presumption.
    11. When the record of a foreign divorce proceeding does not • purport to be a copy of the “complete record of all the proceedings and papers in said cause” and no fraud is charged and the right to the divorce is not denied, nor is it charged that the law, policy or morals of this state have heen violated in connection with granting the divorce' and the divorce is based on a ground valid in this state and the chancellor decreed the law and the evidence to be in favor of the one seeking the divorce, this court will assume that the chancellor passed on the question of domicile, accrual of the cause of action, residence and the sufficiency of the service as required in the foreign state and will give the divorce effect by comity in this state.
    An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hillsborough County; F. M. Robles, Judge.
    Reversed.
    
      D. C. McMullen and L. King Carrufhers, for Appellant.
    
      MacFarlane, Pettingill, MacFarlane & Fowler, for Appellee.
   Terrell, J.

The amended bill of complaint submitted in this cause March 2nd, 1925, among other things alleges that on and prior to July 24th, 1918, Charles W. Ramm lived in Charleston, South Carolina, and was possessed of an estate valued at more than forty thousand dollars ($40,-000.00); that the said Charles W. Ramm left a last will and testament duly probated whereby he devised all his estate to his widow, Annie D. H. Ramm, for her natural life, with power of disposal for investment or re-investment, and at her death to Florrie Amelia Ramm, a legally adopted daughter. Annie D. H. Ramm was named as executrix in said will, to which position she qualified and continued to act till her death on February 7th, 1924.

The bill further alleges that complainant, Emil E. Passailaigue and Florrie Amelia Ramm were married in Charleston, South Carolina, November 30th, 1907, and that he (complainant) continued to be the lawful spouse of said Florrie Amelia Ramm until January 2nd, 1924, when she died intestate leaving as her heir at law the complainant and her son Charles W. Ramm Herron; that under the law of South Carolina the right of complainant in the estate of his- deceased wife would be an undivided one-third interest in fee, but that since the assets of the estate of Charles AY. Ramm had been converted into money and invested in Florida the title thereto by descent is governed by the laws of Florida (Sec. 3618, Rev. Gen. Stats, of Fla., 1920), under which complainant would inherit one-half, and Charles AY. Ramm Herron the other half.

It is also alleged in the bill that while acting as executrix of the estate of Charles AY. Ramm, the said Annie D. H. Ramm moved to Florida and invested the money derived from the assets of said estate in Tampa realty; that at her death she left a last will and testament devising all the said property to her grandson, the defendant Charles W. Ramm Herron, conditioned on his arrival at the age of twenty-one years, and in case he died before reaching that age said property should be equally • divided between her nephew George Feran, Sophia Feran and the defendant AValter I. Herron, and that she named the said AValter I. Herron executor of her said last will with full power to convey all the estate left by the said will in his hands.

The bill prays that it be decreed that Annie D. H. Ramm took only a life estate under the will of Charles AV. Ramm, with power of disposition for the purpose of investment and re-investment, and that at her death the remainder in her possession became the absolute property of the said Florrie Amelia Passailaigue (nee Ramm); that the complainant Emil E. Passailaigue be entitled to an undivided one-half interest in all the property so remaining in the possession and control of said Annie D. H. Ramm by inheritance from the said Florrie Amelia Passailaigue, and that an accounting be taken by order of the court to determine what amounts were due complainant from rents and property already disposed of by Annie D. H. Ramm that she purchased with the proceeds of the estate of the said Charles W. Ramm.

The answer admits most of the material allegations of the bill, but resists the relief sought by complainant Passailaigue on the ground that Florrie Amelia Passailaigue obtained a decree of divorce from her husband, the said Emil E. Passailaigue, on the 19th day of February, A. D. 1916, in the First Judicial District Court of Caddo Parish, State of Louisiana, by which said decree of divorce the bonds of matrimony between them was forever dissolved and the said Florrie Amelia Passailaigue was authorized to assume her maiden name. Following the answer, by leave of the court first had, complainant amended his amended bill of complaint by attaching thereto a certified copy of the record of the divorce proceedings in Louisiana whereby Florrie Amelia Passailaigue was divorced from Emil E. Passailaigue, the appellee in this cause. Defendants demurred to the amended bill as' amended. The demurrer was overruled, and this appeal is from the order overruling said demurrer.

Analysis of the foregoing facts discloses that the questions raised in this case turn oar the validity of the divorce graarted in Louisiana.

The defendant’s demurrer was overruled on the theory that the Louisiana divorce in this State was “of aro force as to complainaart’s property rights uaader the allegatioar of the bill of complaint.” The effect of the ruling oai the demiarrer was to hold that the coiarts of this State would not by comity recognize the validity of a decree of divorce obtained in another State on the showiarg añade in the amended bill of complaint as amended. Appellants admitted at the bar that no claim to validity was made as to the Louisiana divorce under the full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution, but they contended earnestly that it should be given effect here under the rule of comity

Section One of Article IY of the Federal Constitution requires that full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. Congress may prescribe the effect of such acts, records and judicial proceedings and the manner in which they may be proven. Pursuant to this provision of the Federal Constitution, the Federal law requires that State courts recognize the judgments of the courts of other States to the same extent as it does its own (U. S. Comp. St. Par. 1519) ; but a State court is not bound by a decree of divorce granted in another State if the record in the foreign court shows no personal service on the defendant and no appearance by him. The court may, however, by comity, be required to give it force and effect unless there is some good and valid reason to the contrary. Davis v. Davis, 17 Colo. 37, 197 Pac. Rep. 241; Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U. S. 562, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 525; Felt v. Felt, 59 N. J. Eq. 606, 45 Alt. Rep. 105, 49 Atl. Rep. 1071, 47 L. R. A. 546; Gildersleeve v. Gildersleeve, 88 Conn. 689, 92 Atl. Rep. 684; DeBouchel v. Candler, 296 Fed. Rep. 482.

Bouvier defines comity as the practice by which one court follows the decisions of another court on a like question, though not bound by the law of precedents to do so. In Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U. S. 113, 40 L. Ed. 95, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 139, the Supreme Court of the United States defined comity as neither a matter of absolute obligation nor of mere courtesy and good will, but it is the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having dire regard both to international duty and convenience, and to the rights of its own citizens or of other persons who are under the protection of the laws.

In Guarantee Trust & Safe Deposit Co. v. Philadelphia, R. & N. E. R. Co., 69 Conn. 709, 38 Atl. Rep. 792, 38 L. R. A. 804, the court held that the rules of comity may not be departed from, unless in certain cases for the purpose of necessary protection of our own citizens, or of enforcing some paramount rule of public policy. Vanbuskirk v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 14 Conn. 583, 586.

In his Conflict of Laws, paragraph 5, Minor recites what he conceives to be the exceptions to the application of the principle of comity as follows:

“There may be five instances wherein it is generally considered that the municipal law of the state where the question is raised (lex fori) forbids the enforcement of a foreign law: (1) Where the enforcement of the foreign law would contravene some established and important policy of the state of the forum; (2) where the enforcement of such foreign law would involve injustice and injury to the people of the forum; (3) where such enforcement would contravene the canons of morality established by civilized society; (4) where the forum law is penal in its nature; and (5) where the question relates to real property.”

It will thus be seen that while the Act of Congress of May 26th, 1790, (U. S. Comp. St., Par. 1519) as to full faith and credit requires us to recognize the judgment of other states to the same extent as we do oUr own, the very basis of comity in matters like this is the principle that we ought to give the decree of other states that force and effect which we would wish them to give ours, but neither the full faith and credit clause or the rule of comity prevent a collateral attack on a foreign judgment for the purpose of determining the applicability of either.

No principle of law is better settled than this: The right of every state under the constitution of the United States to regulate the matter of marriage and divorce within its own borders and to defend it against encroachment, and to fix and declare the matrimonial status of its own citizens, and the full faith and credit provision of the constitution is not to be construed so as to defeat this right, nor is the provision applicable at all save to judgments rendered with jurisdiction which is the power to adjudge, and jurisdiction may be collaterally inquired into. DeBouchel v. Candler, 296 Fed. Rep. 482; Davis v. Davis, 17 Colo. 37, 197 Pac. Rep. 241; Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U. S. 562, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 525; Gildersleeve v. Gildersleeve, 88 Conn. 689, 92 Atl. Rep. 684; Pennoyer v. Neff, 85 U. S. 714, 24 L. Ed. 565.

It is contended by appellee that the divorce granted in Louisiana cannot be given effect by comity in this State because it is void for the following reasons: (1) It was not shown that Florrie Amelia Passailaigue ever acquired a domicile in Louisiana or that the acquisition of a separate domicile was compelled by Emil E. Passailaigue, her husband. (2) It was not shown that the alleged cause of divorce accrued after Florrie Amelia Passailaigue became a resident of Louisiana. (3) It was not shown that Florrie Amelia Passailaigue was married in Louisiana, that she had acquired a matrimonial domicile there, or that the cause of action accrued there.

There are cases in this country which hold that the domicile of the husband is also the domicile of the wife, and that she could have no other, but the great weight of authority supports the rule that when it becomes proper or necessary, a wife may acquire a separate domicile from that of her husband for the purpose of a suit for divorce by her. The following cases apply this rule: Cheever v. Wilson, 9 Wall. (U. S.) 108, 19 L. Ed. 604; Hekking v. Pfaff, 82 Fed. Rep. 403; Chapman v. Chapman, 129 Ill. 386, 21 N. E. Rep. 806; Dunham v. Dunham, 162 Ill. 589, 44 N. E. Rep. 841, 35 L. R. A. 70; Hill v. Hill, 166 Ill. 54, 46 N. E. Rep. 751; Smith v. Smith, 43 La. Ann. 1140, 10 South. Rep. 248; Succession of Benton, 106 La. 494, 31 South. Rep. 123; Harding v. Alden, 9 Greel. (Me.) 140, 23 Am. Dec. 549; Harteau v. Harteau, 14 Pick. (Mass.) 181, 25 Am. Dec. 372; Frary v. Frary, 10 N. H. 61, 32 Am. Dec. 395; Ditson v. Ditson, 4 R. I. 87; DeBouchel v. Candler, 296 Red. Rep. 482; Schouler on Marriage, Divorce, Separation & Domestic Relations, Vol. 2 (6th ed.) 1751. In Cheever. v. Wilson, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States stated the rule as follows j The rule is that she may acquire separate domicile whenever it is necessary or proper that she should do so. The right springs from the necessity for its exercise and endures as long as the necessity continues. The proceedings for a divorce may be instituted where the wife has her domicile. The place of the marriage, of the offense and the domicile of the husband are of no consequence.

The bare comment made on this rule by the Supreme Court of the United States was: “ It is so well settled that it would be idle to discuss it.”

Some of the courts go so far as to say that from the time of delictum which would justify the wife in leaving her husband, she should be treated as a person who has the right to fix her own domicile, and the husband should not be permitted to assert this fiction of law against her. Burtis v. Burtis, 161 Mass. 508, 37 N. E. Rep. 740.

The rule announced in Cheever v. Wilson, supra, and supported by the authorities there cited, is unquestionably the reasonable one and is approved by this court. We have read carefully all the Louisiana cases cited, in briefs of appellants and appellee, besides many others, and while isolated statements in some of them are a little difficult to reconcile, there seems to be no doubt that the rule here approved is the rule in that State. In Mathews v. Mathews, 157 La. 930, 103 South. Rep. 267, some of the Louisiana cases as they apply to this case are discussed and reconciled. See also Lepenser v. Griffing, 146 La. 584, 83 South. Rep. 839, and Smith v. Smith, 43 La. Ann. 1140, 10 South. Rep. 248; Cooley’s Const. Lim. (4th ed.) 502; Barber v. Barber, 21 How (U. S.) 582, 16 L. Ed. 226.

It seems to be well-settled law in Louisiana that neither separation from bed and board or divorce can be had by either spouse for a cause which arose prior to the acquisition of the Louisiana domicile. Mathews v. Mathews, supra. But in the instant case the record shows that while the ground for divorce had its origin in the State of South Carolina it continued after domicile or residence for the purpose of domicile was acquired in Louisiana. This was evidently the view of the chancellor granting the divorce.

On the question of whether or not Mrs. Passailaigue had acquired her domicile in Louisiana at the time her petition for divorce was filed the petition alleges that she was ‘ ‘ residing” in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Appellant contends that “residing” in Caddo Parish is not the equivalent of a “domicile” there. In this connection appellee does not seem to be supported by the authorities. The rule is well settled that the term “residence,” “residing” or equivalent terms, when used in statutes or actions or suits relating to taxation, right of suffrage, divorce, limitations of actions and the like are used in the sense of “legal residence”; that is to say, the place of domicile or permanent abode as distinguished from temporary residence. Downs v. Downs, 23 App. Cas. D. C. 381; Hamill v. Talbott, 81 Mo. App. 210; Graham v. Graham, 9 N. D. 88, 81 N. W. Rep. 44; Michael v. Michael, 34 Tex. Civ. App. 630, 79 N. W. Rep. 74; DeMeli v. DeMeli, 120 N. Y. 485, 24 N. E. Rep. _, 17 Am. S. Rep. 652; McShane v. McShane, 45 N. J. Eq. 341, 19 Atl. Rep. 465; Brundred v. Del. Hoyo, 20 N. J. L. 328; Connolly v. Connolly, 33 S. D. 346, 146 N. W. Rep. 581; Miller v. Miller, 88 Vt. 134, 92 Atl. Rep. 9; Barber v. Barber, 151 N. Y. S. 1064, 89 Misc. Rep. 519; Fleming v. Fleming, 36 Nev. 135, 134 Pac. Rep. 445; Sneed v. Sneed, 14 Ariz. 17, 123 Pac. Rep. 312; Cohen v. Cohen, 3 Boyce (26 Del.) 361, 84 Atl. Rep. 122; Gildersleeve v. Gildersleeve, 88 Conn. 689, 92 Atl. Rep. 684; 2 Schouler on Marriage, Divorce, Separation and Domestic Relations (6th ed.) 1748.

It is next contended that the Louisiana divorce is void because the court did not acquire jurisdiction of the defendant Emil E. Passailaigue.

■ In suit for divorce in Louisiana where the defendant is absent from the State, service is made on such absent defendant by virtue of Act No. 296 of 1910 of the Laws of that State, which reads:

“That in any action for separation from bed and board or divorce, where defendant is absent from the state, or in case of reconvention, where the plaintiff is absent from the state; and in actions for divorce based on a judgment of' separation from bed and board when the adverse party is absent from the state, the court having jurisdiction over the cause shall, upon application by any party in interest, appoint a curator ad hoc to represent such absent party, and all proceedings shall be had contradictorily with said curator ad hoc, and any judgment or divorce may be rendered against said curator ad hoc as might be rendered against his principal as if he were present in person in open court.”

The record here shows that a curator ad hoc was regularly appointed to represent Emil E. Passailaigue, and the plain provisions of the act are that any judgment may be rendered against him as might be rendered against the principal if he were present in court.

Since each State has the unquestioned right under the Constitution of the United States to regulate the question of marriage and divorce within its own borders and to defend it against encroachment, and to fix and declare the matrimonial status of its own citizens, we think it well within the power of the State of Louisiana to adopt the act so quoted as a means of reaching with process, absent defendants in divorce suits. The granting of divorces is a proper subject for legislation when either of the parties at the time of the divorce is a resident of, or domiciled within the territorial jurisdiction of the legislature. Maynard v. Hill, 125 U. S. 190, 31 L. Ed. 654, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 723.

Maynard v. Hill, supra, was precipitated as a result of an act passed by the Territory of. Oregon peremptorily divorcing D. S. Maynard and Lydia A. Maynard, his wife, without reference to service or notice of any kind. In passing upon the validity of this act the court, among other things, said:

“When the contracting parties have entered into the married state, they have not so much entered into a contract as into a new relation, the rights, duties and obligations of which rest not upon their agreement, but upon the general law of the State, statutory or common, which defines and prescribes those rights, duties and obligations. They are of law, not of contract. It was a contract that the relation should be established, but, being established, the power of the parties as to its extent or duration is at an end. Their rights under it are determined by the will of the sovereign as evidenced by law. They can neither be modified nor changed by any agreement of parties. It is a relation for life, and the parties cannot terminate it at any shorter period by virtue of any contract they may make. The reciprocal rights arising from this relation, so long, as it continues, are such as the law determines from time to time and none other. ’ ’ ' And again: ‘ ‘ ‘ It is not, then, a contract within the meaning of the clause of the Constitution which prohibits the impairing the obligation of contracts. It is, rather, a social relation, like that of parent and child, the obligations of which arise not from the consent of concurring minds, but are the creation of the law itself, a relation the most important, as affecting the happiness of individuals, the first step from barbarism to incipient civilization, the purest tie of social life, and the true basis of human progress. ’ ’

See also Maguire v. Maguire, 7 Dana (Ky.) 181, text 183; Ditson v. Ditson, 4 R. I. 87; text 101; Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714, 24 L. Ed. 565. A careful study of Maynard v. Hill, supra, further discloses that the status of its citizens for purposes of divorce is one that has always been deemed within the province of the Legislature to regulate and control.

It is not shown or attempted to be shown that the law providing for the appointment of a curator ad hoc violates any general law or policy of the State of Louisiana. It is shown that this method of effecting service on non-resident defendants has been often approved by the Courts of that State, and in the absence of any showing to the contrary, we are well within the decided cases in assuming it to be in accord with proper practice, and that the ctorator ad hoc did his duty and complied with the requirements of the law, and where it was possible to do so, corresponded with the absentee. 1 C. J. 356; Thompson v. Thompson, 226 U. S. 551, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 129.

It is last contended that the divorce granted in Louisiana cannot be recognized by comity in this State because of alleged defects in the petition therefor.

In Joyner v. Joyner, 131 Ga. 217, 62 S. E. Rep. 182, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 647, the Supreme Court of Georgia, speaking through Mr. Justice Beck, on the subject of comity, said: “The general rule governing the comity of nations is that in a proper case the laws and judicial proceedings of one State will be enfgrced in another State provided they do not involve anything immoral, contrary to the general policy, or violative of the conscience of the State called upon to give them effect. Eubanks v. Banks, 34 Ga. 407; Cox v. Adams, 2 Ga. 158.

Further discussing the question of comity in Joyner v. Joyner, but quoting from Cox v. Adams, supra, the same court said:

“The comity of nations cannot be recognized as capricious, — as depending upon arbitrary whims or tyrannic impulses. It has grown into a system whose sanctions are reason, religion, and the common interests of all, for the violation of which states are amenable to the public sentiment of the world. The rules admitted by civilized states upon this subject are founded not only in convenience, but necessity. Without them commerce could not exist between states * * * The whole system of agencies, purchases, and sales, mutual credits, and transfers of negotiable instruments depends upon the jus gentium. In fact, nothing so much distinguishes civilized from savage states as this comity of nations. What is here said, as to the necessity of a wise and uniform system of comity between the states as regards trade and commerce, is equally applicable to the subject of marriage and divorce. Especially in the United States, where, from our position as a confederation of independent sovereignties, contiguous, but each with its own distinctive municipal law of divorce, the necessity for such a rule of comity becomes manifest. ’ ’

In the case at bar the appellee by permission of the chancellor amended his bill by attaching thereto a certified copy of the divorce proceedings in Louisiana. These proceedings show that the petitioner grounded her right to divorce from the appellee solely on the ground of adultery. The appellee offered no denial of the charge against him, but seeks to invalidate the divorce solely on the ground of alleged defects in the petition. He alleges the petition to be defective in that it does not show that petitioner had acquired her domicile in Louisiana; that it does not show that the cause for divorce arose in Louisiana; that proper or legal advice was had on appellee, and that it does not show the required residence of appellant in Louisiana.

The law of Louisiana seems to embrace no specification as to the length of time one must be a resident or citizen of that State before being eligible to bring a suit for divorce on the ground of adultery or for sentence to infamous punishment (See Art. 139 and citations, page 56 Merrick’s Revised Civil Code of Louisiana.) But even if it, under the facts in this case, since the chancellor found the law and the evidence to be in favor of Florrie Amelia Passailaigue, in the absence of any contrary showing, we do not feel that we would be warranted in holding the divorce invalid on this ground. This reasoning in addition to what has been said in this opinion applies with equal force to the objection as to domicile and service by appointment of a curator ad hoc. It is true that the petition for divorce alleges that the adultery on the part of appellee was commenced in South Carolina, but it also alleges that it continued into the residence of Florrie Amelia Passailaigue in Louisiana. We think this is sufficient. The basis for the divorce was a ground fully recognized in this State. As against the finding of the chancellor that the law and the evidence were with Florrie Amelia Passailaigue there is insufficient showing in the record to warrant this court in holding the divorce invalid.

There are other reasons equally as persuasive as the foregoing which impel us to hold the Louisiana divorce good. It is shown in the record that the appellee married Florrie Amelia Pássailaigue (nee Ramm) in 1907; that they lived together as man and wife till sometime in 1911 or 1912; when he abandoned her and absconded with a lewd woman with whom he continued to live in open adultery; that Florrie Amelia Passailaigue subsequently took up her residence in Louisiana, where she secured the divorce here attacked in 1916; that she later moved to Florida where she became a citizen, married another and gave birth to appellant Charles W. Ramm Herron, and died in 1924. The citizenship and marriage in Florida were undertaken and the will here involved was executed on the strength of the Louisiana divorce. Now, eight years after this divorce, and fourteen years after the appellee abandoned his wife, during all of which time, so far as the record shows, he was living in adultery with a lewd woman, was contributing nothing, nor had he offered to contribute anything to the support and maintenance of his lawful wife, and by his own statement did not know of her whereabouts, he comes into court, seeks to have the divorce declared null and void, though it had been proceeded under all these years, thereby making an adultress and bigamist of his former wife and bastardizing her child, all because of the probability of his participating in the division of a certain estate which it is not shown that he contributed one penny to accumulate.

The finding of the fact of domicile, or residence for the purpose of domicile by the court making the decree raises a very strong presumption that it existed. After a lapse of time and especially after the rights of other persons have intervened on the faith of the decree, the clearest and most satisfactory proof should be required to overcome the presumption. In other circumstances, less convincing evidence may suffice. DeBouchel v. Candler, 296 Fed. Rep. 482; succession of Benton, supra. In the case at bar many years have elapsed since the decree, the rights of third parties have intervened, the right to the decree is not denied, yet appellee attempts to have it declared void on alleged bare irregularities and bald statements of his without any proof whatever, when no policy or law of this State is shown to be violated. The Louisiana court adjudged the proceedings correct, and we think on the showing here we must assume that they were correct. Thompson v. Thompson, 226 U. S. 551, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 129.

Divorce in some form has existed since the beginning of history. Under the Mosaic law the husband could write the wife a bill of divorcement when she was at liberty to go and become another man’s wife. Under early Roman law divorce was subject to the caprice of the husband, but later was by agreement of both parties. In modern times in civilized countries divorce has been subject to regulation by the State or church in control. Except as granted by Ecclesiastical Courts and Acts of Parliament in rare cases, divorce was unknown to the common law. The first general Act of Parliament authorizing divorces was enacted more than eighty years after the Declaration of Independence. Divorces in this country were first granted by Special Acts of the Legislature, and later by general statutory provisions. No branch of the law has become more intricate and has given rise to more complex results. If both parties are living in the same State the situation is easy; but when they have separated and live in different States, ’what court has jurisdiction? Here is the point of clevage.between two lines of decision in this country: The first of which is that no judgment is good without personal service, and the second is, that marriage is a res and the court of the matrimonial domicile has full jurisdiction.

Bearing in mind these two conflicting theories of jurisdiction and the law as enunciated in the cases cited, we think the following rules governing the recognition - of foreign divorces may be stated as being well settled: (1) If the husband obtains a divorce in the State of the matrimonial domicile, such a divorce is entitled to full faith and credit under Section 1 of Art. 4 of the Federal Constitution. Even though rendered on constructive service; Thompson v. Thompson, supra. (2) If the husband abandons the wife without cause the matrimonial domicile remains with the wife and she may obtain a divorce there on constructive service that will be binding anywhere. Parker v. Parker, 222 Fed. Rep. 186; Hall v. Hall, 123 N. Y. S. 1056. (3) The rule is well supported that a decreee of divorce by a court not having actual jurisdiction of both parties and of-the subject matter does not come under-the protection of the full faith and credit clause of the Federal Constitution. Perkins v. Perkins, 225 Mass. 82, 113 N. E. Rep. 841, L. R. A. 1917B 1028, and cases cited. (4) If the husband after separation establish his domicile in a State other than the State of the matrimonial domicile he may obtain a divorce under the law of that State, but it will be binding in no other State. Perkins v. Perkins, supra. (5) If the wife after separation removes to another State and acquires a domicile there, she may obtain a divorce by constructive or substituted service under the law of that State binding only in said State.

Decrees of divorce covered by rules four and five, the one in the instant case being covered by the latter, while not entitled to full faith and credit in other States, may generally be given effect by comity in such States if not subversive of their policy or interests. 2 Schouler on Marriage( Divorce, Separation and Domestic Relations (6th ed.) ; DeBouchel v. Candler, supra; Ditson v. Ditson, supra; Felt v. Felt, supra; Dunham v. Dunham, supra; Davis v. Davis, supra; Kenner v. Kenner, 139 Tenn. 211, 201 S. W. Rep. 779; Joyner v. Joyner, supra; Perkins v. Perkins, supra; Gildersleeve v. Gildersleeve, supra.

The Louisiana divorce was based on adultery, a valid ground in this State. In decreeing the law and the evidence to be in favor of the petitioner, we are bound to assume that the chancellor passed on the question of domicile, accrual of the cause of action, residence and the sufficiency of the service as required by the law of that state. Thompson v. Thompson, and Felt v. Felt, supra. No fraud is charged, nor is it charged that the law, policy or morals of this State have been violated in connection with the granting of the divorce, the right to which is not denied. No exception to the application of the rule of comity is shown, and the record of the divorce proceedings from Louisiana does not purport to be a copy of the complete record of all the proceedings and papers in said cause. ’ ’

We find nothing in law or fact to support the contention of appellee. We think there is sufficient showing to give the divorce effect by the rule of comity in this State, so the decree of the chancellor is reversed, with directions to enter his decree accordingly.

Reversed.

Brown, C. J., and Elias and Buford, J. J., concur.  