
    UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John FRANKLIN, Defendant-Appellee. United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Franklin, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 17-6291, No. 17-4135
    United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
    Argued: December 7, 2017
    Decided: January 22, 2018
    Amended: February 7, 2018
    ARGUED: John Walter Sippel, Jr., OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Mary Elizabeth Davis, DAVIS & DAVIS, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Stephen M. Schenning, Acting United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant.
    Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, KEENAN, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
   Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

PER CURIAM:

A federal jury found John Franklin guilty of numerous charges arising from his participation in two armed carjackings. Due in large part to lengthy mandatory mínimums, Franklin received a 414-month sentence. In his motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Franklin argued that a flawed jury instruction required him to be resentenced. The district court granted Franklin’s motion in part and resenteneed him to 246 months. In reaching its conclusion, the district court applied an incorrect legal standard. We remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

In this case, Franklin was prosecuted under two theories of guilt: aiding and abetting and Pinkerton liability. The jury verdict did not reveal whether Franklin’s convictions were based on the aiding and abetting instruction or Pinkerton liability. The aiding and abetting instruction given to the jury is now invalid. See Rosemond v. United States, — U.S.-, 134 S.Ct 1240, 1243, 188 L.Ed.2d 248 (2014).

“If the jury was instructed on alternative theories of guilt and may have relied on an invalid one,” courts review for harmless error and determine whether the instructional flaw “had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 555 U.S. 57, 58-59, 129 S.Ct. 530, 172 L.Ed.2d 388 (2008) (per curiam) (quoting Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993)).

In reviewing Franklin’s convictions under Pinkerton liability, the district court incorrectly applied plain-error review. Because the jury received instructions on two alternative theories of liability, harmless-error review was proper. We express no view on whether Franklin is entitled to habeas relief, but rather remand to the district court for a proper application of Brecht in the first instance. See Hedgpeth, 555 U.S. at 62, 129 S.Ct. 530.

REMANDED 
      
      . Whoever aids and abets the commission of a federal offense is punishable as a principal, See 18 U.S.C. § 2.
     
      
      . Pinkerton liability, set forth in Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 647, 66 S.Ct. 1180, 90 L.Ed. 1489 (1946), "makes a person liable for substantive offenses committed by a co-conspirator when their commission is reasonably foreseeable and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” United States v. Ashley, 606 F.3d 135, 142-43 (4th Cir. 2010).
     
      
      . Franklin also appeals the new sentence imposed by the district court, arguing that it violated the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. But because Franklin’s entitlement to resentencing will be reexamined on remand, we need not decide his sentencing argument. See United States v. Rodriguez, 433 F.3d 411, 416 n. 8 (4th Cir. 2006) (declining to decide defendant’s constitutional challenge to his sentence because the Court vacated and reversed the sentence).
     