
    Derry LABORDE, et al. v. Kirby M. PECOT, et al. Kenyawn Augustine, et al. v. New Horizon Kids Quest, IV, Inc., et al. Kenyawn Augustine, et al. v. Kirby M. Pecot, et al. Louis and Jennifer Blalock, et al. v. New Horizon Kids Quest, IV, Inc., et al.
    Nos. CW 2005-285, CW 2005-304, CW 2005-330, CW 2005-365, CW 2005-369, CW 2005-374, CW 2005-376, CW 2005-401, CW 2005-406, CW 2005-407, CW 2005-1011, CW 2005-1044, CW 2005-1057.
    Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Third Circuit.
    Nov. 2, 2006.
    
      See also 873 So.2d 1 and 351 F.Supp.2d 519.
    Raymond L. Brown, Jr., Lottie L. Bash, Gold, Weems, Bruser, Sues & Rundell, APLC, Alexandria, LA, for Gremillion Corrugated, LLC.
    Steven Claude Judice, Chad Sullivan, Keogh, Cox & Wilson, Ltd., Baton Rouge, LA, for Larry Stockwell Heating & Air-Conditioning, Federated Mutual Insurance Company.
    David J. Schexnaydre, Wade Dillard Rankin, Edward J. Lassus, Jr., Mary E. Lord, Pajares & Schexnaydre, LLC, Cov-ington, LA, for Fulcrum Insurance Company.
    Ralph R. Alexis, III, Porteous, Hainkel & Johnson, LLP, Harry E. Forst, New Orleans, LA, Christopher T. Grace, III, Metairie, LA, for Coastal Air Balance, Inc.
    William B. Baggett, Wells T. Watson, Baggett, McCall, Burgess, Watson & Gau-ghan, Lake Charles, LA, Eugene A. Ledet, Jr., Rivers, Beck, Dalrymple & Ledet, Alexandria, LA, Tristón Kane Knoll, Jerold Edward Knoll Jr. Esq., The Knoll Law Firm, Marksville, LA, for Louis Blalock, et al., Derry Laborde, et al., Kenyawn Augustine, et al.
    Terrence L. Brennan, Keith J. Berger-on, Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles, LLP, New Orleans, LA, for Atrium Vinyl Products.
    Richard D. Chappuis, Jr., Kristen Broussard Menard, Hoai T. Hoang, Voor-hies & Labbé, Lafayette, LA, Kirby M. Pecot, d/b/a Pecot & Co. Architects Design Professional Ins. Co.
    Simone Chachere Dupre, Voorhies & Labbé, Lafayette, LA, for Kirby M. Pecot.
    Dominic Joseph Gianna, Michael Otis Waguespack, Alan Dean Weinberger, Mid-dleberg, Riddle, & Gianna, New Orleans, LA, Lawrence J. Duplass, Claire A. Breaux, Andrew D. Weinstock, Duplass, Zwain, Bourgeois & Morton, APLC, Me-tairie, LA, Whitney A. Klein, Christopher Carton, McCarter & English, Newark, NJ, for The Trane Company.
    
      Gary M. Zwain, Kevin R. Derham, Du-plass, Zwain, Bourgeois & Morton, APLC, Metairie, LA, for Jefferson Sprinkler Company, Inc.
    Jerry J. Falgoust, Dauzat, Falgoust, Ca-viness and Bienvenu, Opelousas, LA, for D.W. Fire Stopping, Inc.
    Ronald J. Fiorenza, Provosty, Sadler, deLaunay, Fiorenza & Sobel, APC, Alexandria, LA, for Alvarez Donnoway-Pas-sons, Inc.
    John P. Doggett, Zebulon M. Winstead, Provosty, Sadler, deLaunay, Fiorenza & Sobel, APC, Alexandria, LA, for Dixie Roofing and Sheet Metal Company, Inc., Century Insurance Group, Colony Insurance Company.
    R. Joshua Koch, Jr., Spyridon, Koch, Palermo & Doman, LLC, Metairie, LA, for Tunica-Biloxi Indians, Paragon Casino Resort.
    Rachelle Deckert Dick, Forrester, Jordan & Dick, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, for Tunica-Biloxi Indians of Louisiana, Paragon Casino Resort.
    Milton O’Neal Walsh, Walsh & Bailey, Baton Rouge, LA, for Security Insurance Company of Hartford.
    William L. Melancon, Dawn M. Fuqua, Joseph T. Puhekker, Melancon & Associates, LLC, Lafayette, LA, for Security Insurance Co. of Hartford, M & E Consulting, Inc.
    Leigh Haynie, Joseph Joy & Associates, Lafayette, LA, for M & E Consulting, Inc., Security Insurance Company of Hartford.
    Gary Paul Kraus, Richard Joseph Petre, Jr., Onebane Law Firm, Lafayette, LA, for Security Insurance Company of Hartford, Gunn Electric Company, Inc.
    Michael P. Maraist, Onebane Law Firm, Lafayette, LA, for Gunn Electric Company, Inc.
    Thomas Edward Loehn, Charles K. Chauvin, Boggs, Loehn & Rodrigue, New Orleans, LA, for Design Tex Group.
    DeWitt T. Methvin, Jr., Alexandria, LA, for State Farm Insurance Company.
    Larry A. Stewart, Stafford, Stewart & Potter, Alexandria, LA, for Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., F.L. Crane & Sons, Inc.
    Charmagne A. Padua, Jay M. Lonero, Larzelere Picou Wells Simpson Lonero, LLC, Metairie, LA, for TIG Insurance Company.
    Rodney M. Rabalais, Rabalais & Roy, Marksville, LA, for Tunica Biloxi Construction Co.
    Patrick J. Hanna, Rabalais, Hanna & Hebert, Lafayette, LA, for Tunica Biloxi Construction Co.
    Charles A. Schutte, Jr., Guglielmo, Marks, Schutte, Terhoeve & Love, Baton Rouge, LA, for Signlite, Inc.
    Robert A. Vosbein, Adams and Reese, LLP, New Orleans, LA, for Continental Casualty Company.
    John B. Davis, Adams and Reese, LLP, Baton Rouge, LA, for Continental Casualty Company.
    David A. Hurlburt, George D. Ernest, III, Hurlburt, Privat & Monrose, APLC, Lafayette, LA, for Berg, Inc.
    Lourdes Estevez Martinez, Lugenbuhl, Wheaton, Peck, Rankin & Hubbard, ALC, New Orleans, LA, for Travelers Indemnity Company.
    James H. Gibson, Allen & Gooch, Lafayette, LA, for New Horizon Kids Quest, Inc.
    Matthew J. Ungarino, Ungarino & Ec-kert, LLC, Ray F. Lucas, III, Lafayette, LA, for Specialty Surplus Insurance Company.
    David I. Bordelon, Ungarino & Eckert, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, for Specialty Surplus Insurance Company.
    
      David K. Nelson, George T. Hawthorne, Jeffrey N. Boudreaux, Kean, Miller, Hawthorne, D’Armond, McCowan & Jarman, LLP, Baton Rouge, LA, for Custom Metal and Siding, Dwayne Whatley.
    Roy M. Mosley, CNA Environmental & Mass Tort, San Francisco, CA, for CNA Insurance Company.
    Richard G. Duplantier, Jr., Stephen J. Moore, Michael D. Lonegrass, Galloway, Johnson, Tompkins, Burr & Smith, New Orleans, LA, for CNA Insurance Company, McElroy Metal, Inc.
    D. Patrick Daniel, Jr., Mark R. Pharr, III, Galloway, Johnson, Tompkins, Burr & Smith, Lafayette, LA, for McElroy Metal, Inc.
    David P. Salley, Glen E. Mercer, Salley, Hite, Rivera & Mercer, New Orleans, LA, for Zurich American Insurance Company.
    Christopher S. Hardy, Penny & Hardy, APLC, Lafayette, LA, for Republic Vanguard Insurance Company.
    Keith C. Armstrong, Scott C. Barney, Chaffe McCall, LLP, Baton Rouge, LA, for Senergy, Inc.
    Bonita K. Preuett-Armour, Armour Law Firm, LLC, Alexandria, LA, for G.W. Moreau Metal Buildings, Glen Moreau, State Farm Insurance Company.
    Richard T. Musgrave, Musgrave, Mc-Lachlan & Penn, LLC, New Orleans, LA, for Western World Insurance Company, JES, Inc.
    S. Aaron Siebeneicher, Johnson & Sie-beneicher, Alexandria, LA, for Western World Insurance Company, JES, Inc.
    Michael D. Rubenstein, Kenneth T. Wallace, Liskow & Lewis, APLC, New Orleans, LA, for Sellers & Josephson, Inc.
    John T. Walsh, Lathrop & Gage, L.C., St. Louis, MO, for Sellers & Josephson, Inc.
    Before the Court En Banc: ULYSSES GENE THIBODEAUX, Chief Judge, SYLVIA R. COOKS, JOHN D. SAUNDERS, OSWALD A. DECUIR, JIMMIE C. PETERS, MARC T. AMY, MICHAEL G. SULLIVAN, GLENN B. GREMILLION, ELIZABETH A. PICKETT, BILLY H. EZELL, J. DAVID PAINTER, and JAMES T. GENOVESE, Judges.
   AMY, Judge.

hThe defendants filed applications for supervisory writs with this court after the trial court denied their exceptions of no right of action and various other exceptions. This court granted the writs, noting both that La.R.S. 22:655 does not provide for direct action in state court against the insurer of a party claiming sovereign immunity and that the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe is an indispensable party to the state court matter as previously held in Bonnette v. Tunica-Biloxi Indians d/b/a Paragon Casino Resort, 02-919 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/28/03), 873 So.2d 1. The Louisiana Supreme Court denied in part and granted in part the plaintiffs’ related writ application and remanded the matter for reconsideration of the question of indispensability. For the following reasons, we deny the defendants’ writ applications and remand for further proceedings.

Factual and Procedural Background

This matter stems from the construction of a hotel at the Paragon Casino Resort in Marksville, Louisiana. Paragon is allegedly owned and operated by the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana. The general contractor for the Paragon construction project was Tunica-Biloxi Construction Company. Adjacent to the hotel, Paragon housed a daycare center owned and operated by New Horizon Kids Quest, IV, Inc. In 2002, former employees and customers of Paragon and New Horizon brought suit against the Tribe, New Horizon, and subcontractors involved in the construction of Paragon’s North Tower Hotel. The plaintiffs alleged that toxic mold developed shortly after the hotel’s opening, causing them injury. The Tribe filed an exception of subject matter jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity. The non-Tribe defendants also filed exceptions, contending that the Tribe was an indispensable 12party to the suit. The trial court granted the exceptions. The decision was affirmed by a panel of this court in Bonnette v. Tunica-Biloxi Indians d/b/a Paragon Casino Resort, 02-919 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/28/03), 873 So.2d 1.

The matter is again before this court as the present four matters were filed while Bonnette, 873 So.2d 1, was pending. These suits involve the same plaintiffs and defendants, as well as additional plaintiffs and defendants. However, the Tribe’s insurer, TIG Insurance Company, was named as a defendant rather than the Tribe in three of the suits. The plaintiffs named neither TIG nor the Tribe in the fourth matter.

The defendants filed numerous exceptions in the first three matters, including no right of action, lack of indispensable party and related exceptions such as res judicata and lis pendens. After this court issued Bonnette, finding the Tribe to be an indispensable party and affirming the dismissal of the suits involved therein, the trial court conducted a hearing involving the four new lawsuits and took the matters under advisement. The trial court ultimately denied the defendants’ exceptions of no right of action and lack of indispensable party, as well as the remaining exceptions.

On writs of review, this court reversed the trial court’s denial of the exceptions of no right of action and lack of indispensable party, dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims as follows:

The trial court erred in denying the exceptions of no right of action and failure to join an indispensable party. Louisiana Revised Statute 22:655 does not provide for direct action in state court against the insurer of a party claiming sovereign immunity. Additionally, the Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe is an indispensable party to the litigation in state court. Bonnette v. Tunica-Biloxi Indians d/b/a Paragon Casino Resort, 02-919 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/28/03), 873 So.2d 1. Accordingly, the | Rtrial court’s ruling is hereby reversed and set aside, and plaintiffs’ claims against the defendant are hereby dismissed.

See Laborde v. Pecot, unpublished writ opinions rendered June 29, 2005 bearing docket numbers 05-285, 05-304, 05-330, 05-365, 05-369, 05-374, 05-376, 05-379, 05-381, 05-384, 05-401, 05-406, and 05-407. See also Laborde v. Pecot, unpublished writ opinions rendered January 5, 2006 and bearing docket numbers 05-986, 05-1011, 05-1017, 05-1044, 05-1052, 05-1057, 05-1072, 05-1090.

The plaintiffs applied for writs to the Louisiana Supreme Court. The supreme court denied in part and granted in part the application and explained:

Denied in part, granted in part. There is no error in that portion of the court of appeal’s ruling dismissing the Tribe’s insurers). See La. R.S. 22:655(B). However, with respect to the defendants other than the Tribe’s insurer(s), the case is remanded to the court of appeal for reconsideration of the applicable factors under La.Code Civ. P. art. 641 in light of La. Civ.Code arts. 2323 and 2324, as interpreted in Dumas v. State, 02-0563 (La.10/15/02), 828 So.2d 530.

See Laborde v. Pecot, 05-2254 (La.3/17/06), 925 So.2d 522; Laborde v. Pecot, 06-0290 (La.3/17/06), 925 So.2d 523. Thus, the matter arrives at this court for further consideration in light of the supreme court’s instructions.

Discussion

The defendants each offer their own opposition to the trial court’s denial of the exceptions. In sum, the question before the court, at this point, is whether the Tribe is a necessary party pursuant to La.Code Civ.P. art. 641, and, if so, whether Article 642 requires dismissal of the action against the remaining defendants in light of the breadth of La.Civil Code arts. 2323 and 2324.

I/Fhe plain wording of La.Code Civ.P. arts. 641 and 642 indicates that, in certain circumstances, dismissal of an action against remaining defendants may be appropriate if a necessary party cannot be joined. The articles provide:

Art. 641. Joinder of parties needed for just adjudication

A person shall be joined as a party in the action when either:

(1) In his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already parties.
(2) He claims an interest relating to the subject matter of the action and is so situated that the adjudication of the action in his absence may either:
(a) As a practical matter, impair or impede his ability to protect that interest.
(b) Leave any of the persons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring multiple or inconsistent obligations.

Art. 642. Determination by court whenever joinder not feasible

If a person described in Article 641 cannot be made a party, the court shall determine whether the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed. The factors to be considered by the court include:
(1) To what extent a judgment rendered in the person’s absence might be prejudicial to him or those already present.
(2) The extent to which the prejudice can be lessened or avoided by protective provisions in the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or by other measures.
(3) Whether a judgment rendered in the person’s absence will be adequate.
(4) Whether the plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder.

In Bonnette, 873 So.2d 1, this court worked through the analysis required by these articles. The conditions of Article 641 were found to be satisfied, as the Tribe could not be joined due to its immunity in state court and, thus, relief would be limited to [¿the fault apportioned, if any, between the remaining defendants. The court also noted that the Tribe’s absence would impair its ability to protect its interest and, furthermore, that, should the matter be pursued in tribal court, the parties risked the possibility of multiple or inconsistent obligations. Finding the Tribe necessary under the criteria of Article 641, the panel turned to Article 642 and found that circumstances warranted dismissal due to the considerations of Paragraphs (3) and (4).

The possibility of dismissal through application of La.Code Civ.P. arts. 641 and 642, and as found applicable in Bonnette, appear to be in high tension with La.Civ. Code arts. 2323 and 2324, which provide:

Art. 2323. Comparative fault

A. In any action for damages where a person suffers injury, death, or loss, the degree or percentage of fault of all persons causing or contributing to the injury, death, or loss shall be determined, regardless of whether the person is a party to the action or a nonparty, and regardless of the person’s insolvency, ability to pay, immunity by statute, including but not limited to the provisions of R.S. 23:1032, or that the other person’s identity is not known or reasonably ascertainable. If a person suffers injury, death, or loss as the result partly of his own negligence and partly as a result of the fault of another person or persons, the amount of damages recoverable shall be reduced in proportion to the degree or percentage of negligence attributable to the person suffering the injury, death, or loss.
B. The provisions of Paragraph A shall apply to any claim for recovery of damages for injury, death, or loss asserted under any law or legal doctrine or theory of liability, regardless of the basis of liability.
C. Notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraphs A and B, if a person suffers injury, death, or loss as a result partly of his own negligence and partly as a result of the fault of an intentional tort-feasor, his claim for recovery of damages shall not be reduced.

Art. 2324. Liability as solidary or joint and divisible obligation

A. He who conspires with another person to commit an intentional or willful act is answerable, in solido, with that person, for the damage caused by such act.
|fiB. If liability is not solidary pursuant to Paragraph A, then liability for damages caused by two or more persons shall be a joint and divisible obligation. A joint tortfeasor shall not be liable for more than his degree of fault and shall not be solidarily liable with any other person for damages attributable to the fault of such other person, including the person suffering injury, death, or loss, regardless of such other person’s insolvency, ability to pay, degree of fault, immunity by statute or otherwise, including but not limited to immunity as provided in R.S. 23:1032, or that the other person’s identity is not known or reasonably ascertainable.
C. Interruption of prescription against one joint tortfeasor is effective against all joint tortfeasors.

In Dumas v. State ex rel. Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, 02-0563 (La.10/15/02), 828 So.2d 530, the supreme court considered a case in which the family of a man who died following a bicycle accident brought a wrongful death and survival action against the State, alleging that the bicycle accident was caused by a roadway defect. In an amended answer, the State alleged that the medical negligence of the hospital where the victim was treated was the sole cause of his death. The plaintiffs filed a motion to strike the amended answer and asserted that the allegations of any subsequent negligence were immaterial and irrelevant and arguing that the original tortfeasor was the legal cause of any injury arising from subsequent medical treatment. The trial court granted the motion to strike. The first circuit affirmed. The supreme court granted the State’s writ application and reversed the granting of the motion to strike in light of Articles 2323 and 2324. The court explained:

Article 2323 provides that “[i]n any action for damages ..., the degree of percentage of fault of all persons causing or contributing to the injury, death, or loss shall be determined, regardless of whether the person is a party to the action or a nonparty.... The [foregoing] provisions ... shall apply to any claim ... asserted under any law or legal doctrine or theory of liability, regardless of the basis of liability.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, this article clearly requires that the fault of every person responsible for a plaintiffs injuries be compared, whether or not they are parties, regardless of the legal theory of liability asserted against each person.

17Likewise, the language of Article 2324(B) is equally clear. It provides that, in non-intentional cases, liability for damages caused by two or more persons shall be a joint and divisible obligation. Each joint tortfeasor shall not be liable for more than his degree of fault and shall not be solidarily liable with any other person for damages attributable to the fault of that other person. This provision abolishes solidarity among non-intentional tortfeasors, and makes each non-intentional tortfeasor liable only for his own share of the fault, which must be quantified pursuant to Article 2323.

In this case, the State alleges that a portion of the damages sought by plaintiffs was caused by medical malpractice on the part of the health care provider treating Mr. Dumas for the injuries he sustained in the bicycle accident. Pursuant to Article 2323, the fault of both the State and the allegedly negligent health care providers should be determined notwithstanding the fact that the health care providers are nonparties. Under Article 2324(B), if a jury determines that both the State and the health care providers negligently injured Mr. Dumas and plaintiffs, then the liability between them will be a joint and divisible obligation, they will not be solidarily liable, and each joint tortfeasor will be liable only for his portion of fault. The comparative fault article La.C.C. art. 2323, makes no exceptions for liability based on medical malpractice; on the contrary, it clearly applies to any claim asserted under any theory of liability, regardless of the basis of liability. There is no conflict between either Article 2323 or Article 2324(B) and the Medical Malpractice Act that could be fairly classified as “absurd.” Accordingly, we find the clear language of Articles 2323 and 2324(B), applied as written, leads to the inescapable conclusion that the State in this case must be allowed to put on evidence related to the health care provider’s alleged fault as part of its defense. While we recognize that these articles, which substantially impede the ability of an injured party to obtain full recovery of his damages, are in derogation of established rights and are to be strictly construed, Touchard, 617 So.2d at 892, we simply cannot construe their unmistakably clear language in a contrary manner without overstepping our role as jurists.

Id. at 537-38 (footnotes omitted).

While Dumas addressed the apparent expansiveness of Articles 2323 and 2324, it did not address the apparent conflict between the dismissal of the case anticipated by Article 642 and Article 2323’s requirement of apportionment of fault between all actors. Neither did Dumas involve the question of an actor who is beyond the jurisdiction of the court due to sovereign immunity. This case involves all of these elements and presents the challenge of interpreting these seemingly conflicting |sarticles in light of one another. See La.Civ.Code art. 13, which instructs that: “Laws on the same subject matter must be interpreted in reference to each other.” Moreover, as noted in Dumas, 828 So.2d 530, the judiciary may not disregard the public policy decisions on which legislation is based, nor may it reweigh the balance of interests and policies previously struck by the legislature.

The parties’ submissions indicate that, since Bonnette however, the circumstances surrounding this case have changed. Recall that, in Bonnette, the court explained that the Tribe was a necessary party due, in part, to the risk of multiple or inconsistent obligations stemming from the possibility of a proceeding in tribal court. Subsequently, in a related matter in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, the trial court determined that the land on which the hotel was constructed was not Indian Country until after construction. See Tunica-Biloxi Indians of Louisiana v. Pecot, 351 F.Supp.2d 519 (W.D.La.2004). Thus, the possibility of tribal court proceedings related to activities during that time period has been eliminated as has the risk of multiple or inconsistent verdicts/obligations stemming from these ancillary proceedings.

This case now requires a different analysis than that employed in Bonnette as the crucial element of the possibility of tribal court proceedings has been eliminated from the analysis required by La.Code Civ.P. art. 641. Further, when we examine Article 642(4) in light of this development, it is apparent that there is no longer the possibility that the plaintiffs “will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder.” Rather, with this element eliminated, Article 642(3), which asks “[wjhether a judgment rendered in the person’s absence will be adequate[,]” becomes central to the analysis. Articles 2323 and 2324 indicate that the legislature has positively identified a verdict comparatively assessing the fault of all actors as 19adequate. In the present iteration of this lawsuit, Article 642 no longer requires dismissal of this action against the remaining defendants. The trial court did not err in denying the defendants’ exceptions.

We also note that there are defendants remaining who contend that their involvement in this matter stems from injury incurred on tribal property and did not arise until after the construction of the hotel and, therefore, their involvement is outside the scope of Pecot, 351 F.Supp.2d 519. However, we find no error in the denial of the exceptions of these defendants. Rather, the filings before us do not indicate that further proceedings are likely, or even possible, against these defendants in another forum. In this respect, these defendants have not met their burden of proving entitlement to dismissal under Articles 641 and 642.

DECREE

For the foregoing reasons, the writ applications are denied. Costs of this proceeding are assessed to the relators. The matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.

WRIT DENIED. REMANDED. 
      
      . We recognize that Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure Articles 641 and 642, as amended in 1995, no longer classify parties as “necessary” or “indispensable.” Instead, the articles consider "joinder” of a party. See also La.Code Civ.P. art. 927. However, the filings in this matter continue to frame the question as one of indispensability, a term that is particularly descriptive here due to the question of whether dismissal is appropriate.
     
      
      . We have not considered arguments outside of the supreme court's specific remand instructions.
     