
    MAIER v MAIER
    Docket No. 322109.
    Submitted December 3, 2014, at Lansing.
    Decided June 25, 2015, at 9:00 a.m.
    Leave to appeal denied 498 Mich. 882.
    Cindy Kay Maier (plaintiff) and Daniel C. Maier (defendant) were divorced in the Clinton Circuit Court in 2012. They had one child, JM, and were awarded joint legal custody, with plaintiff having physical custody and defendant having parenting time primarily on the weekends and holidays. Numerous show-cause hearings followed, and plaintiff reported to Children’s Protective Services on several occasions that defendant had abused JM. Following an extensive evidentiary hearing on a custody petition, the court, Lisa Sullivan, J., granted defendant sole legal and physical custody of JM and granted plaintiff unsupervised visitation. After a tumultuous initial visitation between JM and plaintiff and an emergency hearing, the court modified its order to require that plaintiffs visitation be supervised unless a psychological evaluation recommended otherwise. Plaintiff appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    1. The trial court fulfilled its statutory duty to consider JM’s reasonable preference regarding custody. MCL 722.23(i), part of the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., requires a court determining custody to consider the reasonable preference of the child, if the child has one. Plaintiff claimed that the trial court had erred by failing to consider JM’s reasonable preference because it did not interview him, contending that Kubicki v Sharpe, 306 Mich App 525 (2014), requires trial courts to interview the child in all but the most extraordinary circumstances. Kubicki, however, merely highlighted the longstanding principle that a court may not abrogate its responsibility to consider each of the best-interest factors enumerated in MCL 722.23 for child custody cases by using a stipulation in the case. The right to consideration of a reasonable preference attaches to the best interests of the child, not to the rights of the contestants in the custody battle. A preliminary question is always whether the child has the capacity to form a reasonable preference and, if so, has the child actually formed one. A child over the age of six is presumed to be capable of forming a reasonable preference, but not every child over that age actually has the necessary capacity. A child’s presumed capacity might be compromised by circumstances peculiar to that child’s life. Additionally, an interview is merely one avenue from which to adduce a child’s capacity to form a preference and the preference itself, and not the sine qua non from which that determination may be made. Noting that JM suffered from anxiety and adjustment disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, had been subjected to various evaluations and counseling appointments, had been exposed to inappropriate and inaccurate information, and might have been coached, the trial court declined to interview him, finding that while JM was of sufficient age to be able to form and express a preference, his fragile emotional state, coupled with significant efforts to influence his preference, rendered him unable at that time to form a reasonable preference.
    2. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by reaching a custody decision without considering plaintiffs psychological evaluation. A psychological evaluation cannot be the sole basis for overturning a trial court’s custody decision.
    3. The trial court did err by determining that plaintiffs repeated failure to abide by the court’s orders to obtain a psychological evaluation weighed against her on two best-interest factors: Factor (g), MCL 722.23(g) (mental and physical health of the parties), and Factor (Z), MCL 722.23(Z) (any other factor relevant to the dispute). Disputes regarding visitation and contempt are not a proper basis for changing custody. The error, however, was harmless. Four other best-interest factors under MCL 722.23 favored defendant without any indication of error in their consideration, and none favored plaintiff. For plaintiff to have shown that she should be awarded custody, it was not only necessary for her to show that the trial court erred in its consideration of some of the factors that favored defendant, but also that some factors favored her.
    4. Plaintiff did not show that the trial court’s actions rose to the level of bias.
    5. The trial court’s grant of parenting time was in accordance with JM’s best interests, as required by MCL 722.27a(l). A trial court should grant parenting time in a frequency and of a duration and type reasonably calculated to promote a strong relationship between the child and the parent granted the parenting time. The court may consider several factors listed in MCL 722.27a(6). The court must consider the best interests of the child, however, even if it does not explicitly address the statutory factors. The parenting-time order in this case was modified after an emergency hearing and only a week after the court’s initial ruling granting plaintiff unsupervised visitation. While the court did not explicitly go through all the factors in MCL 722.27a(6), it did state that it had reviewed and considered them.
    Affirmed.
    Child Custody — Best Interests of Child — Factors — Reasonable Preference of the Child — Interviewing the Child.
    MCL 722.23(i), part of the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., requires a trial court determining custody to consider the reasonable preference of the child, if the child has one; a preliminary question is whether the child has the capacity to form a reasonable preference and, if so, has the child actually formed one; a child over the age of six is presumed capable of forming a reasonable preference, but not every child over that age actually has the necessary capacity because his or her presumed capacity might have been compromised by circumstances peculiar to that child’s life; the statute does not require the court to interview the child in all cases, however, because an interview is merely one avenue from which to adduce a child’s capacity to form a preference and the preference itself, not the sine qua non from which that determination may be made.
    
      Speaker Law Firm, PLLC (by Liisa R. Speaker), for Cindy Kay Maier.
    
      Bailey, Smith & Bailey, PC (by Amy H. Bailey), for Daniel C. Maier.
    Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and Stephens, JJ.
   PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order awarding defendant sole physical and legal custody of the parties’ son, JM. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff and defendant married in 2002, and JM was born three years later. A little more than a year after JM was born the parties separated, but they did not finally divorce until 2012. Custody issues arose during the pendency of the divorce proceedings and resumed within months of the entry of a divorce judgment. In addition to the multiple motions for a show-cause hearing filed with the court, the parties were also involved in several Children’s Protective Services (CPS) investigations instigated by plaintiff. CPS found each report to be unsubstantiated. In 2013, a petition to change custody was filed in conjunction with a motion to show cause. The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the custody petition that spanned four months and included seven days of testimony and argument. At the close of those proceedings, the court entered an order granting defendant sole legal and physical custody of JM and granting plaintiff unsupervised visitation with a standard visitation schedule. After an acrimonious initial visitation between JM and plaintiff, the court modified its order on May 22,2014, to require that plaintiff’s visitation be supervised unless a psychological evaluation recommended otherwise. It is that order that plaintiff appeals.

II. standard of review

We review a trial court’s fact-finding to determine if it is against the great weight of the evidence. Pierron v Pierron, 486 Mich 81, 85; 782 NW2d 480 (2010). Atrial court’s determination on the issue of custody is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Shulick v Richards, 273 Mich App 320, 323; 729 NW2d 533 (2006). In child custody cases, an abuse of discretion occurs if “ ‘the result [is] so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.’ ” Id. at 324 (citation omitted).

Plaintiff asks this Court to reconsider our decision in Shulick, in which we determined that this articulation of the “abuse of discretion” standard remained the proper standard in child custody cases in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d 809 (2006), that a different articulation, the “principled outcomes” standard, was the “default abuse of discretion standard.” Shulick, 273 Mich App at 323-325. We decline. This Court’s definition of “abuse of discretion” derives from the Supreme Court’s ruling in another child custody case, Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich 382, 384-385; 94 NW2d 810 (1959). Shulick, 273 Mich App at 324-325. While Maldonado articulated a general “default” definition of “abuse of discretion,” it was Spalding that addressed the term within the specific context of child custody. “A panel of the Court of Appeals must follow the rule of law established by a prior published decision of the Court of Appeals issued on or after November 1, 1990, that has not been reversed or modified by the Supreme Court, or by a special panel of the Court of Appeals . . . .” MCR 7.215(J)(1).

In Fletcher v Fletcher, 447 Mich 871, 879-880; 526 NW2d 889 (1994), the Supreme Court stated that because the Legislature used the word “palpable” in the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., the same word the Court had used in Spalding, it must have meant to adopt the definition of “abuse of discretion” articulated in Spalding. This Court is bound to follow the precedent of the Supreme Court. See State Treasurer v Sprague, 284 Mich App 235, 242; 772 NW2d 452 (2009).

III. ANALYSIS

A. THE TRIAL COURT’S CUSTODY DETERMINATION

Plaintiff argues that the trial court’s custody determination was erroneous for numerous reasons. She argues that the court erred by failing to consider the reasonable preference of the child. She asserts that the court erred by both deciding custody before the completion of her psychological evaluation and using her failure to obtain such an evaluation as evidence in the court’s custody decision. Finally, she contends that the court was biased against her.

1. REASONABLE PREFERENCE OF THE CHILD

Plaintiffs first claim of error is that the trial court failed to consider JM’s reasonable preference because it did not interview him. Plaintiff asks this Court to hold that the recent case of Kubicki v Sharpe, 306 Mich App 525; 858 NW2d 57 (2014), requires that a trial court conduct an interview of the child in all but the most extraordinary of circumstances. In Kubicki, the Court stated, “Kegardless whether the parties wished for an interview, the court was affirmatively required to consider the child’s preference.” Id. at 544-545. In the instant case, the trial court declined to interview the child. In doing so, the court stated:

The reasonable preference of the child if the Court considers the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. [JM] turned nine during these proceedings. Neither party asked that he be interviewed. He suffers from anxiety and adjustment disorder and has been subjected to various evaluations and counseling appointments. There is a concern he struggles with ADHD. He has been exposed to inappropriate and inaccurate information and there are concerns which I will expand on later that [JM] has been coached. It is unlikely even if he were interviewed that he would be able to express a reasonable preference ....

Kubicki did not announce a new legal mandate that every child over a certain age be interviewed to ascertain a reasonable preference. Following a long line of cases, Kubicki highlighted the standing principle that a court may not abrogate its responsibility to consider each of the enumerated best-interest child custody factors on the basis of a stipulation of the adults in a case. The right to have a reasonable preference considered attaches to the best interests of the child, not to the rights of the contestants in the custody battle. The term “reasonable preference” has been defined by this Court as a standard that “exclude [s] those preferences that are arbitrary or inherently indefensible.” Pierron v Pierron, 282 Mich App 222, 259; 765 NW2d 345 (2009), affd by and quoted in Pierron, 486 Mich at 92. The Child Custody Act requires that the court consider the reasonable preference of the child, if one exists. MCL 722.23(i). A preliminary question is always whether the child has the capacity to form a reasonable preference and, if so, whether the child has actually formed a preference. A child over the age of six is presumed to be capable of forming a reasonable preference. Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich App 51, 55-56; 475 NW2d 394 (1991). Undoubtedly, “an expression of preference by an intelligent, unbiased child might be the determining factor in deciding what the ‘best interests’ of the child are.” In re Custody of James B, 66 Mich App 133, 134; 238 NW2d 550 (1975); see also Lewis v Lewis, 73 Mich App 563, 566; 252 NW2d 237 (1977), and Bowers, 190 Mich App at 56. However, no court has ruled that every child over the age of six actually has the capacity to form a preference. Just as adults may lack the capacity to give competent testimony because of infirmity, disability, or other circumstances, so may a child’s presumed capacity be compromised by circumstances peculiar to that child’s life. Additionally, an interview is merely one avenue from which to adduce a child’s capacity to form a preference and the preference itself, and not the sine qua non from which that determination must be made. Trial judges, learned in the law, are not necessarily the best persons to approach a child on this issue. Just as a protocol has been developed for interviewing child assault victims, this issue might well be best addressed with the development of an evidence-based protocol for interviewers seeking to ascertain a child’s preference for custody. Additionally, it is not uncommon for children in the midst of family reorganization to be under the care of trained mental health care professionals from whom the trial court can seek input on many of the best-interest factors, including preference.

In this case the trial court did not interview JM, but did make an implicit fact-finding that this particular child could not formulate or express a reasonable preference, one that was not based on the inherently indefensible basis of coaching and emotional distress. In making this fact-finding, the court had before it a record that included JM’s diagnosis of both depressive disorder and ADHD. Additionally, the record contained evidence of four unsubstantiated CPS complaints, testimony from therapists who opined that JM was being coached, and a traumatic visitation exchange that JM perceived to be a kidnapping. Additionally, more than one witness also testified that plaintiff voiced concerns and criticisms of defendant in the child’s presence. Accordingly, the court found that while JM was of sufficient age to be able to form and express a preference, his fragile emotional state, coupled with significant efforts to influence his preference, rendered him unable at the time to form a reasonable preference. Clearly, the court fulfilled its statutory duty. The court’s fact-finding was supported by the record and is affirmed.

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Next, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion by reaching a custody decision without considering her psychological evaluation. We disagree. Our decision in McIntosh v McIntosh, 282 Mich App 471, 472; 768 NW2d 325 (2009), makes it clear that the failure to consider a psychological evaluation cannot be the sole basis for overturning a trial court’s decision on custody. In McIntosh, this Court held that psychological evaluations “are but one piece of evidence amongst many, and are not by themselves dispositive in determining custody . . . .” Id. We explained that “psychological evaluations are not conclusive on any one issue or child custody factor” and that “[t]he ultimate resolution of any child custody dispute rests with the trial court.” Id. at 475. Moreover, in evaluating the child custody factors, the trial court may consider the relative weight of the factors and is not required to give them equal weight. Sinicropi v Mazurek, 273 Mich App 149, 184; 729 NW2d 256 (2006).

3. FAILURE TO ABIDE BY COURT ORDERS

Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by considering her repeated failure to abide by court orders to obtain a psychological evaluation. The trial court determined that plaintiffs inability to have a psychological evaluation as ordered weighed against her on two best-interest factors: Factor (g), MCL 722.23(g) (mental and physical health of the parties) and Factor (I), MCL 722.23® (any other factor relevant to the dispute). The trial court erred in its evaluation of these two factors according to our holding in Adams v Adams, 100 Mich App 1,13; 298 NW2d 871 (1980) (“Disputes regarding visitation and contempt are not a proper basis for changing custody.”). However, the error is harmless. Four other factors favored defendant without any indication of error in their consideration, and none favored plaintiff. In order for plaintiff to show that she should have been awarded custody, it is not only necessary for her to show that the trial court erred in its consideration of some of the factors that favored defendant, but also that some of the factors favored her. See Dempsey v Dempsey, 409 Mich 495, 498-499; 296 NW2d 813 (1980).

4. BIAS

Plaintiff also argues that the trial court treated her unfairly by precluding hearsay testimony from her witnesses, but not from defendant’s witnesses. In support of this argument, plaintiff cites several instances in which the court allowed defendant to testify about out-of-court statements by plaintiff that she erroneously refers to as inadmissible hearsay. These statements were not hearsay. MRE 801(d)(2). She also relies on a single instance in which the trial court allowed defendant to testify about a statement JM made that was hearsay. Even assuming that admission of this statement was erroneous, plaintiff has not shown that the actions of the trial court rose to a level of bias.

B. THE TRIAL COURT’S PARENTING-TIME DETERMINATION

“Parenting time shall be granted in accordance with the best interests of the child.” MCL 722.27a(l). A trial court should grant parenting time “in a frequency, duration, and type reasonably calculated to promote a strong relationship between the child and the parent granted parenting time.” Id. The following factors may be considered:

(a) The existence of any special circumstances or needs of the child.
(b) Whether the child is a nursing child less than 6 months of age, or less than 1 year of age if the child receives substantial nutrition through nursing.
(c) The reasonable likelihood of abuse or neglect of the child during parenting time.
(d) The reasonable likelihood of abuse of a parent resulting from the exercise of parenting time.
(e) The inconvenience to, and burdensome impact or effect on, the child of traveling for purposes of parenting time.
(f) Whether a parent can reasonably be expected to exercise parenting time in accordance with the court order.
(g) Whether a parent has frequently failed to exercise reasonable parenting time.
(h) The threatened or actual detention of the child with the intent to retain or conceal the child from the other parent or from a third person who has legal custody. . ..
(i) Any other relevant factors. [MCL 722.27a(6)J

“Orders concerning parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court’s findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.” Shade v Wright, 291 Mich App 17, 20-21; 805 NW2d 1 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The trial court must consider the best interests of the child even if it does not explicitly address the statutory factors. Id. at 31-32. The parenting-time order here was changed after an emergency hearing and only a week after the court’s initial ruling granting unsupervised visitation. While the trial court did not explicitly go through all the factors in MCL 722.27a(6), it did state that it had reviewed and considered them.

The trial court was reasonably concerned about the status of JM’s mental and emotional health when around plaintiff. In addition to the dense record that the court had from the protracted custody hearing, the court received testimony at the emergency hearing regarding plaintiffs behavior since JM had moved to defendant’s home. Plaintiff admitted sending texts to defendant threatening to terminate all insurance for the benefit of JM. Plaintiff also admitted sending a letter to JM telling him that defendant’s home was a temporary place for him. There was evidence that plaintiff told the wife of JM’s coach that defendant had physically abused JM, similar to her four previous claims of abuse to CPS. The court stated, “[P]laintiff cannot separate her own emotional distress and anxiety from her son’s, cannot act in a manner that’s in his best interest, at this time, and is, clearly, trying to undermine the defendant as a parent.” The record supports this conclusion. The trial court’s grant of parenting time was in accordance with JM’s best interests.

Affirmed.

Ronayne Krause, P.J., and K. F. Kelly and Stephens, JJ., concurred. 
      
       Section 8 of the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.28, states:
      To expedite the resolution of a child custody dispute by prompt and final adjudication, all orders and judgments of the circuit court shall be affirmed on appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight of evidence or committed a palpable abuse of discretion or a clear legal error on a major issue.
     
      
       See Foskett v Foskett, 247 Mich App 1, 9; 634 NW2d 363 (2001); Bowers v Bowers, 190 Mich App 51, 54-55; 475 NW2d 394 (1991); Daniels v Daniels, 165 Mich App 726, 730; 418 NW2d 924 (1988); Arndt v Kasem, 135 Mich App 252, 255; 353 NW2d 497 (1984); Speers v Speers, 108 Mich App 543, 545; 310 NW2d 455 (1981); Dowd v Dowd, 97 Mich App 276, 278-279; 293 NW2d 797 (1980); Troxler v Troxler, 87 Mich App 520, 523; 274 NW2d 835 (1978).
     