
    Morton R. Fox and Others, Plaintiffs, v. James Fee and John Barton, Defendants.
    
      Partition — when a judgment in, binds tmborn persons, beneficiaries under the will {adjudged to be invalid) of the original owner.
    
    The will of a testator, executed in 1867, by which he devised his entire estate to his widow for life, and after her death devised life estates in three separate parcels of land, a life estate in one parcel to each of his three sons, with remainder in each case to the children of the son, should he leave any, and, if not, to the other sons or the survivor of them, was, in an action for partition, brought by one of the sons, adjudged to be void by reason of the testator’s mental incapacity, and the title to the lands was adjudged to be in the three sons as tenants in common, subject to the widow’s dower, and the lands were decreed to be sold, the proceeds, after deducting the dower interest of the widow, to be divided among the three sons. Upon the entry of this judgment the sons executed a warranty deed of the entire premises to the widow.
    In an action subsequently brought by the children of one of the sons, the plaintiff in the partition suit, who were born after the above occurrences, to establish their title to the parcel of land devised by the will to their father for life, with remainder to his children, if any, either under the will of 1867 or under a previous will executed in 1866, having the same provisions as the will of 1867, which in terms was revoked by the will of 1867, it was
    
      Held, that the fact that the guardian ad litem of certain infant defendants in the partition suit, children of one of the uncles of the present plaintiffs (who could not, under the wills, have any interest in the land in question in this action), was appointed by a justice of the Supreme Court and not by the Supreme Court itself, and that he gave no bond, was immaterial, as the judgment in the partition suit would be effective as to those who were parties to it (the parties other than the infants being the only parties interested in the particular land here in question), even if the infants had not been made parties at all; moreover, that a judgment against infants in an action relating to real estate is not rendered void, but voidable only, by reason of the fact that a guardian ad litem, was not appointed;
    That the executrix was not a necessary party, in her representative capacity, to the partition suit, as she had, in her capacity as executrix, no title to the real estate in question;
    That the judgment in the partition suit was not void because it did not protect the rights of the unborn grandchildren of the testator, as the statute (2 E. S. 326, § 55) did not contemplate that a judgment in partition should provide for the protection of unknown or unborn persons adjudged to have no interests in the land partitioned;
    That the plaintiffs in the present action, not being born until after judgment was rendered in the partition suit, were represented by their father, the plaintiff in the partition suit;
    That the father of the plaintiffs in the present action having entered a judgment in the partition suit, in which it was adjudged that his father, the testator, was incapable, by reason of unsoundness of mind, to make the will of 1867, and “for upwards of two years next preceding the execution thereof had been continuously, without any lucid interval, of unsound mind, and was, during all the time aforesaid, entirely devoid of all testamentary and devising capacity, and incapable by reason thereof of making a valid will or devise," and that the real estate of which he died seized descended to his three sons, subject to the right of dower of his widow; and all the parties, including the guardian ad litem, having assented to the entry of such judgment, and having thereby waived an amendment to the complaint under which the will of 1866 might have been alleged to be invalid, they, and all persons represented by or claiming under them, were estopped from claiming adversely to the provisions of such judgment.
    The effect of the judgment in the partition suit, as a judgment in rent, was not considered.
    
      Motion by the defendants, James Fee and another, for a new trial made upon a case containing exceptions, ordered to be heard at the Appellate Division in the first instance upon the verdict of a jury in favor of the plaintiffs rendered by direction of the court after a trial at the Monroe Trial Term.
    This action— ejectment—was begun July 29,1896, the plaintiffs alleging that they are the owners in fee and entitled to the possession of the premises described in the complaint. The defendants answered jointly, denying each and every allegation in the complaint, except the allegation that defendants were in possession of the premises, and they allege that the defendant James Fee is the owner of the premises in fee, and that defendant John Barton is the tenant of James Fee. At the close of the evidence the court directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiffs for the possession of the land, to which direction the defendants excepted, and the court ordered that their exceptions be heard in the first instance by this court.
    All the litigants agree that Henry Fox died October 11, 1867, seized in fee of three houses and lots in the city of Rochester, known as Hos. 14, 16 and 18 Pleasant street, he being the common source of title. The lot formerly known as Ho. 18, and now as Ho. 19, is the land described in the complaint. The decedent left him surviving Henry 0. Fox, George M. Fox and Charles M. Fox, sons, his. only heirs and next of kin, all of whom were then of full age, except Charles M. Fox, who became twenty-one years of age July 28,1868. He left a widow, Eliza W. Fox, then of full age, who was the mother of said heirs, and who died in September, 1875. The decedent left a paper, executed April 15, 1867, which purported to be his last will and testament, which was admitted to probate by the surrogate of the county of Monroe Hovember 27, 1867, and recorded in Book Ho. 13 of Wills, at page 240, and letters testamentary were issued thereon to Eliza W. Fox, the executrix nominated in said will.
    By this will the decedent assumed to devise and bequeath to his widow the use of his entire estate during her life, and after her death the real estate as follows: Lot Ho. 14 Pleasant street to his son George M. Fox for life, and the remainder to his children, if he left any, but if none survived him, the remainder to the testator’s sons Henry C. Fox and Charles M. Fox, or to the survivor of them. Lot No. 16 Pleasant street to his son Henry C. Fox for life, and the remainder to his children, if he left any, but if none survived him, the remainder to the testator’s sons Charles M. Fox and George M. Fox, or to the survivor of them. Lot No. 18 Pleasant street to his son Charles M. Fox for life, and the remainder to his children, if he left any, but if none survived him, the remainder to the testator’s sons Henry C. Fox and George M. Fox, or to the survivor of them.
    May 14, 1869, Charles M. Fox, the father of the plaintiffs in this action, began an action in the Supreme Court by the personal service of a summons wherein he was plaintiff; and Eliza W. Fox, the widow of Henry Fox, George M. Fox, son of Henry Fox, and Henry C. Fox, son of Henry Fox, and Cornelia P. Fox, his wife, Maud Fox and Effie Fox, the infant children of Henry C. and Cornelia P. Fox, were defendants. In the complaint in that action,, verified June 15, 1869, it is alleged that Henry Fox died seized of the three lots hereinbefore mentioned, leaving a widow and three sons, and that he left a will which was probated November 27, 1867. It was further alleged that the devise of real estate was void because the testator was without testamentary capacity, being of unsound mine and incapable of devising realty; and it was further alleged that the three sons of Henry Fox, upon his death, each became seized in fee of an undivided third of his realty, subject to the dower right of their mother. The prayer for relief demanded a judgment that the will be declared void, and that the land be partitioned among the heirs and a gross sum be paid to the mother for her dower right. A guardian ad litem was appointed for the infant defendants, who served the usual answer, submitting the rights and interests of the infants to the protection of the court. All the other defendants made default. A reference was ordered to take proof of the facts and report to the court. The widow of Henry Fox, his three sons and his attending physician testified before the referee, and all swore to facts conclusively showing that Henry Fox was incapable of making a will. The referee reported that “ The said Henry Fox was at the time of the making and execution by him of his said last will and testament on the 15th day of April, 1867, of unsound mind, and was entirely devoid of all testamentary and devising capacity, and had been of such unsound mind for two years prior thereto, and during all that time incapable of making a will.” The evidence taken by the referee is annexed to his report, and is quite sufficient to sustain the conclusion reached by the referee.
    July 27,1869, a judgment was entered in the action adjudging that the last will and testament of Henry Fox, “ dated the 15th day of April in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and mentioned, referred to and described in the said complaint, was and is invalid, inoperative and void, and that the said Henry Fox was at the time of the making and execution thereof by him, and for upwards of two years next preceding the execution thereof had been continuously, without any lucid interval, of unsound mind, and' was during all the time aforesaid entirely devoid of all testamentary and devising capacity, and incapable, by reason thereof, of making a valid will or devise, and also that, by reason of the voidness of such will or devise, that the interests of the several and respective parties to this action are as ascertained, stated and set forth in the said report, and that the plaintiff Charles M. Fox, and the defendants Henry C. Fox and George JVI. Fox are seized of and entitled to the lands described in the said complaint and hereinafter described and of the tenements and hereditaments, and with the appurtenances as tenants in common thereof in fee simple, subject to the dower interests therein stated in such report.”
    It was further adjudged that the real estate was incapable of actual partition, and that it should be sold and a gross sum paid to the widow for her dower interest therein, and the remainder distributed among the three sons. October 8, 1870, letters of administration were granted by the surrogate of the county of "Monroe to Eliza W. Fox, widow of Henry Fox. On July 27, 1869, the same day that the judgment was entered, Henry C. Fox, Cornelia P., his wife, George M. Fox and Charles M. Fox, by a warranty deed, conveyed all the real estate left by Henry Fox, their father, and described in the judgment, to Eliza W. Fox, their mother, in consideration of “ one dollar and other good and valuable consideration,” which deed was duly recorded on the day of its date.
    August 1, 1871, said Eliza W. Fox conveyed lot Ho. 18 to Syrene T. Haseltine, in consideration of $10,000, which deed was duly recorded August 3, 1871. January 28,1882, Syrene T. Haseltine conveyed lot Ho. 18 to James Fee, in consideration of $8,250, which deed was duly recorded January 28, 1882. The defendant James Fee claims title to the lot under the foregoing chain of title.
    October 19,1871, Charles M. Fox and Mary E.-intermarried, and three children, the plaintiffs in this action, were born unto them. June 29, 1896, Charles M. Fox died intestate, leaving Mary E. Fox, his widow, Morton E. Fox, Stanley H. Fox, both of full age, and Mabel W. Fox, an infant, his sole heirs and next of kin. After the death of her husband, Mary E. Fox found in a trunk a paper executed December 27, 1866, by Henry Fox, purporting to be the last will and testament, on which was indorsed “ Cancelled this the 15th day of April, 1867. Henry Fox.” It will be observed that this indorsement bears the same date as the second will, which was admitted to probate Hovember 27, 1867. Under advice of counsel she assumed to have the will executed December 27, 1866, probated July 22, 1896, by the Surrogate’s Court of the county of Monroe.
    By this alleged will the decedent assumed to devise his real estate in precisely the same manner as he assumed to devise it in the will executed April 15, 1867. The will of December 27, 1866, was introduced in evidence in the action in the Supreme Court — “ The first will produced and proved by the witness. Made December 27, 1866.” Under both wills these plaintiffs claim title to the land in dispute.
    
      John Van Voorhis, for the plaintiffs.
    
      Theodore Bacon and Henry Selden Bacon, for the defendants.
   Follett, J.:

The defendants took no exceptions to the rulings admitting or excluding evidence on the trial, and the only question before this court arises on the exception taken by them to the direction of a verdict for the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs claim to recover possession" of this lot upon the ground that they are its owners in fee, either under the will executed April 15, 1867, by Henry Fox, or under the will executed by him December 27, 1866. The will of April 15, 1867, revoked all former wills made, and, if it is valid, the will executed December 27, 1866, was revoked and is invalid. It is an elementary rule that a plaintiff in an action of ejectment must succeed, if at all, on the strength of his own title, and that he can never succeed because of some weakness in the title of his adversary. Did the plaintiffs acquire title to the lot under the will of April 15, 1867? It is clear, I think, that, by force of the judgment of July 27, 1869, declaring the testator incompetent to devise realty, the plaintiffs in this action acquired no title to lot Xo. 18 by virtue of that will. Tinder the statutes of this State, the decree of the surrogate admitting to probate the will of Henry Fox, devising land, was not conclusive on the heirs of the testator, who could contest the validity of the devise by an action of ejectment, of partition (Laws of 1853, chap. 238, § 2), or by a special action brought to determine the validity of the devise. (Laws of 1853, chap. 238, § 1; Bowen v. Sweeney, 89 Hun, 359 ; affd., 154 N. Y. 780, and authorities cited.) In the action in the Supreme Court, which resulted in the judgment of, July 27, 1869, the widow, the heirs of the testator and all of his grandchildren, who were the only persons then in being who might by any possibility take under the will, were parties, and it seems to me that this judgment is a conclusive bar of the claim of these plaintiffs under that will.

It is contended in behalf of the plaintiffs that the judgment of July 27, 1869, is void as against these plaintiffs upon four grounds: (1) Because the guardian ad litem of the infant defendants therein was not appointed by the Supreme Court,- as required by section 2 of title 3 of chapter 5 of part 3 of the Revised Statutes, but by a justice of the Supreme Court; (2) because it does not appear that the guardian o,d litem gave a bond, as required by the 3d section of said title of the Revised Statutes (2 R. S. 317, §§ 2, 3); (3) because Eliza W. Fox, the executrix of the estate of Henry Fox, was not a party to the action in her representative capacity; (4) because the interests of the after-born grandchildren were not protected by the judgment pursuant to the Revised Statutes. (2 R. S. 326, § 55.) These objections do not affect the validity or conclusiveness of that judgment. By both wills, the realty is devised by three independent clauses; one clause devises lot Xo. 14; one clause lot Xo. 16, and another clause lot Xo. 18. The infant defendants in the Supreme Court action were the children of Henry C. Fox, and they took no interest in lot Xo. 18, the land in dispute, under either will.of their grandfather. In case Charles M. Fox, the devisee of lot No. 18, died without children, the remainder was to go to Henry C. Fox and George M. Fox, or to the survivor. No remainders were given in lot No. 18 to the children of Henry C. or- George M. Fox. Had Charles M. Fox died without children, Henry C. and George M. Fox would, under the will, have taken the remainder, had they not conveyed the land by a warranty deed, but their children would have taken nothing by force of the will. The remainders of the children of the testator were alienable, and the children of the sons of the testator did not take remainders in the devises to their uncles.

By the warranty deed executed July 27, 1869, by Henry 0. Fox,, George M. Fox and Charles M. Fox to Eliza W. Fox, the grantors are estopped, as against Eliza W. Fox and her grantees, from asserting title to any part of the premises, and in case either grantor dies without leaving children, the children of his brothers would be estopped from claiming title to the lot devised to the deceased uncle dying without children. (4 Kent’s Com. 98; Bawle Cov. chap. 11; 1 Jones B. P. 690 et seq. and cases cited; Gerard Titles [4th ed.], 530, and cases cited.) Consequently Maud Fox and Effie Fox, the infant defendants in the action under consideration, had no interest in lot No. 18 under the will when the judgment rvas rendered, nor have they at any time since had any interest therein, nor can they ever have an interest therein under the will of their grandfather, had it been held valid; and by the events which have happened, Henry C. Fox, their father, and George M. Fox, their uncle, have now no interest in lot No. 18, and never can have an interest therein under the will of their father because of their warranty deed and because Charles M. Fox died leaving children. The mere fact that persons having liens or interests in an estate partitioned are not parties, does not invalidate the judgment as to the parties to the action whose interests were adjudicated therein, and if Maud Fox and Effie Fox had not been made parties to the action, the judgment would nevertheless have been binding upon those who were parties to it.

Again, a judgment rendered against infants in an action relating to real estate is not void, but voidable only by reason of the fact that a guardian ad litem was not appointed. (Croghan v. Living ston, 17 N. Y. 218; Rogers v. McLean, 34 id. 536; McMurray v. McMurray, 66 id. 175; Clemens v. Clemens, 60 Barb. 366; affd., 37 N. Y. 59; Barnard v. Heydrick, 49 Barb. 62; Freem. Judg. [4th ed.] § 151.) For these reasons it is .quite immaterial whether their guardian ad litem was legally appointed or whether he gave a bond.

It is asserted in behalf of the plaintiffs that the executrix of Henry Fox was a necessary party in her representative capacity to the action in. the Supreme Court, and McArthur v. Scott (113 U. S. 340) is cited in support of this contention. That case arose over an estate consisting of lands and personal property, which the testator devised to his executors in trust, and directed that the income therefrom be paid to his children and grandchildren until the youngest grandchild, should he live to be twenty-one years of age, should arrive at that age, and then convey the remainder to his grandchildren in equal shares. The will was admitted to probate, and afterwards an action was brought by one of the children against the other children and all the grandchildren of the testator to annul the probate and set aside the will, and a decree was entered annulling the will and its probate. The executors were not made parties to the action. Grandchildren were afterwards born, and they brought an action to recover their interests in the estate under the will of their grandfather, and it was held that the executors and trustees, who held the legal title of the estate and were charged with the duty of protecting it, were necessary parties, and that the judgment annulling the will was not for this reason binding on the after-born grandchildren. The decision was based upon the ground that the title to the entire estate vested in the executors as trustees, and that their title could not be divested without their being made parties to the action. This case is so explained in Miller v. Texas & Pacific Railway (132 U. S. 662, 671), where the doctrine of virtual representation is expressly sanctioned. The case at bar is quite different. Hnder neither of the wills of Henry Fox did his executors take any interest in the three lots specifically devised to his sons, nor were they ever given power to sell those three lots, nor was the title to the remaining real estate of the testator, if he had any, devised to the executors under either will. They were simply given power to sell the real estate, if he had any, except said three lots. The executrix having no title to the real estate involved in the action, was not a necessary party thereto.

Is the judgment void because it did not protect the rights of the unborn grandchildren of the testator? Section 55 of title 3 of chapter 5 of part 3 of the Eevised Statutes (2 E. S. 326, § 55) provided:

“ § 55. If the persons entitled to any such estate in dower, by the curtesy, or for life be unknown, the court shall take order for the protection of the rights of such persons in the same manner, as far as may be, as if they were known and had appeared.”

The provisions of this section were incorporated into section 1572 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and the title of the Eevised Statutes relating to actions in partition was repealed by chapter 245 of the Laws of 1880. This provision is intended for the protection of unknown owners who have interests in the land partitioned, but has no application to unknown or after-born persons adjudged to have no interests in the lands partitioned. It was never intended that a judgment in partition should provide for the protection of unknown or after-born persons adjudged to have no interests in the lands partitioned. Under the Eevised Statutes legal titles could not be determined in an action of partition, though equitable titles could be. Legal titles could be determined only in an action at law, and, whenever it appeared in an action of partition that the legal title was in dispute, the action was dismissed or further proceedings suspended until the determination of the legal title. But, under chapter 238 of the Laws of 1853, the legality of devises of land, the legal title of persons claiming under a will, could be determined in an action of partition, and the section of the Revised Statutes above quoted has no application to after-born persons who are adjudged in an action brought under this statute not to have any interests in the lands involved in the action. As was said in Kent v. Church of St. Michael (136 N. Y. 10, 18) : “ There is no occasion for the court to make provision in the judgment for the persons not in esse, as they, by the adjudication of the court, never could have any interest in the land.”

Again, the plaintiffs in the case at bar were not born when the action in the Supreme Court was begun and terminated, and they were virtually represented in that action by their father, who was the plaintiff therein. (Nodine v. Greenfield, 7 Paige, 544; Cheesman v. Thorne, 1 Edw. Ch. 629; Kent v. Church of St. Michael, 136 N. Y. 10; Townshend v. Frommer, 125 id. 446; Giffard v. Hort, 1 Schoales & L. 386, 407; Miller v. Texas & Pacific Railway, 132 U. S. 662, 671; Story Eq. Pl. [10th ed.] § 144 et seq.; 1 Dan. Ch. Pl. & Pr. [6th Am. ed.] 228; Mitford & Tyler’s Pl. & Pr. 24, 264; Freem. Judg. [4th ed.] § 172.)

In case the apparent contingent interests (arising under a will) of persons born after a judgment adjudicating the invalidity of the will cannot be cut off by the doctrine of virtual or vicarious representation, a will creating such contingent interests in favor of unborn children could not be effectually adjudicated upon until all of the persons who may have future contingent interests thereunder shall be born. Such a rule would tie up the titles to real estate indefinitely and would be contrary to public policy. (Williams v. Bankhead, 19 Wall. 563, 571.)

The rule here declared is not in conflict with Monarque v. Monarque (80 N. Y. 320). In that case—an action of partition — the judgment appealed from toolc no notice of the rights of the after-born children, and it was held that, as the court below did not undertake to pass upon or protect their rights, its judgment did not bar or conclude such children. The power of the Supreme Court is distinctly recognized to decide in a proper action whether after-born children may or may not have rights, and, in case they have, to protect them by its judgment. Had it been alleged in that action that the testator’s devise was invalid, that issue might have been determined for or against after-born children ; not because they were parties, because they could not be actual parties, but upon the theory that they were virtually represented by the parties to the action. It was further held that the contingent interests of after-born children were not cut off by the judgment in Monarque v. Requa (53 How. Pr. 438), which was an action to construe the will, on the ground that the facts did not present a proper case for the construction of the will, and that though the adults in that action might, by their consent, confer jurisdiction upon the court, so as to bind themselves, they could not, by consent, confer jurisdiction over after-born children, and so conclude them.

Does the judgment cut down the will executed December 27, 1866 ? It will be conceded, that if this will had been referred to in the complaint and alleged to have been invalid, as it was not, the judgment would have been conclusive upon the question of its validity. Had the complaint been amended after the evidence was taken, by adding an appropriate allegation that this will was invalid, the judgment would have been conclusive. The widow and the three sons of Henry Fox, the testator, were parties to that action, and were of full age. The plaintiff Charles M. Fox was represented by his attorney who brought the action, and he entered the judgment which declares that his father, Henry Fox, was incapable, by reason of unsoundness of mind, to make the will bearing date April 16, 1867, and that, “ for upwards of two years next preceding the execution thereof, had been continuously, without any lucid interval, of unsound mind, and was, during all the time aforesaid, entirely devoid of all testamentary and devising capacity, and incapable, by reason thereof, of making a valid will or devise,” and that the real estate of which he died seized descended to his three sons, subject to the right of dower of his widow. Charles M. Fox estopped himself from questioning the judgment entered on his own motion. The guardian ad litem, the widow, Eliza W. Fox, George M. Fox and Henry C. Fox signed the following consent indorsed on the judgment:

“We consent that the within decree be granted and entered as within, formal notice of motion being waived.
“ Bated July 24, 1869.
“ RIPS ON & TERRY, Plaintiff’s Attorneys.
“ J. A. EASTMAN, Attorney for Infant Defendants.
“ELIZA W. FOX.
“GEORGE M. FOX.
“HENRY C. FOX.”
“A party to a civil action, who is of full age, may prosecute or defend the same, in person or by attorney, at his election, unless he has been judicially declared to be incompetent to manage his affairs.” (Code Civ. Proc. § 55; 2 R. S. 276, § 11.)

The guardian ad litem had the right to consent to an amendment to the complaint alleging the invalidity of the will under consideration, or to waive such an amendment, and the other defendants, being of full age, had the right to consent to or waive such an amendment to the complaint, and, by consenting to the judgment, have waived an amendment and have consented to the entry of a judgment striking down the will; and all persons represented by or claiming under them are estopped from claiming adversely to the provisions of this judgment. In this connection attention may again be called to the fact that this will was introduced in evidence in the action in the Supreme Court, and the two surviving sons, Henry C. and George M. Fox, who testified on the trial of this action that their father was entirely capable of making a will, testified on the former trial to facts and circumstances indicating that he was utterly incapable of making a will. Charles M. Fox, the father of these plaintiffs, testified on the trial of the first action to the same effect.

I am of the opinion that the plaintiffs failed to establish any title to, or right of possession of, the premises in dispute, and that the learned trial judge erred in directing a verdict for the plaintiffs.

This conclusion is reached without considering the effect of section 3 of title 5 of chapter 1 of part 2 of the Revised Statutes, which is incorporated into section 2628 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Hor do I deem it necessary to consider the contention of the defendants, that the judgment adjudging Henry Fox’s iucompetency for two years before his death to make a will, that he died intestate, and that his realty descended to his sons, subject to the dower right of their mother, was a judgment in rem declaring the status of Henry Fox and of his realty, and so conclusive against all the world. In Ennis v. Smith (14 How. [U. S.] 430) it was held-that a judgment distributing the estate of a decedent among his heirs and next of kin was a judgment in rem and evidence of the facts adjudicated against all the world. (See, also, Freem. Judg. [4th ed.] § 601.)

The defendants’ exception should be sustained, the verdict set aside and a new trial granted, with costs to them to abide the event.

All concurred.

Defendants’ exceptions sustained and verdict set aside and a new trial ordered, with costs to defendants to abide the event.  