
    CASCADIA WILDLANDS, Center for Biological Diversity, and Audubon Society of Portland, Plaintiffs, v. John KITZHABER, in his official capacity as Governor of Oregon and Chair of the State Land Board; Ted Wheeler and Kate Brown, in their official capacity as members of the State Land Board; Doug Decker, in his official capacity as Oregon State Forester with the Oregon Department of Forestry; Louise Solliday, in her official capacity as Director of the Department of State Lands; John Blackwell, in his official capacity as Chair of the Oregon Board of Forestry; Sybil Ackerman, Cindy Deacon Williams, Nils Christoffersen, Tom Insko, Gary Springer, and Steve Wilson, in their official capacity as Board Members of the Oregon Board of Forestry; Tom Savage, in his official capacity as District Forester for the Astoria District; Jim Young, in his official capacity as the District Forester for the Coos District; Andy White, in his official capacity as the District Forester for the Forest Grove District and Dan Goody, in his official capacity as the District Forester for the Tillamook District, Defendants, v. Oregon Forest Industries Council, a non-profit corporation, Douglas Timber Operations, a non-profit corporation, Hampton Tree Farms Inc., an Oregon Corporation, Seneca Sawmill Company, an Oregon Corporation, and Scott Timber Co., an Oregon Corporation, Defendant-Intervenors, v. Association of Oregon Counties, Defendant-Intervenor.
    Case No. 3:12-cv-00961-AA.
    United States District Court, D. Oregon.
    Nov. 19, 2012.
    
      Christopher G. Winter, Tanya M. Sanerib, Crag Law Center, R. Scott Jerger, Field & Jerger, LLP, Susan Jane M. Brown, Western Environmental Law Center, Portland, OR, Daniel Kruse, Attorney at Law, Nicholas Stanton Cady, Cascadia Wildlands, Eugene, OR, Attorneys for plaintiffs.
    Christina L. Beatty-Walters, Darsee Staley, Oregon Department of Justice, Portland, OR, Attorneys for defendants.
    Dominic M. Carollo, Ronald S. Yoekim, Law Offices of Ronald S. Yoekim, Rose-burg, OR, Scott W. Horngren, American Forest Resource Council, Julie A. Weis, Haglund Kelley Jones & Wilder LLP, Portland, OR, Attorneys for defendant-intervenors.
   OPINION AND ORDER

AIKEN, Chief Judge:

This matter comes before the Court on motions for dismissal brought by State of Oregon defendants Kitzhaber et al (State defendants) and defendant-intervenors Oregon Forest Industries et al (defendantintervenors). See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Plaintiffs Cascadia Wildlands et al (plaintiffs) oppose the motions. Having reviewed the parties’ briefs, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the motions for dismissal.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs’ Complaint alleges that State defendants are violating Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g), by (1) authorizing timber sales on specific tracts of forestland in Tillamook, Clatsop and Elliot State Forests; (2) approving forest management plans (FMP’s), implementation plans (IP’s), and annual operation plans (AOP’s) which result in logging that causes the unpermitted “take” of marbled murrelets; and (3) approving, adopting and implementing a “take avoidance” policy that causes unpermitted “take” of marbled murrelets. State defendants and defendant-intervenors move for the dismissal of the second portion of plaintiffs’ Complaint. All defendants (defendants) also seek dismissal of plaintiffs’ claim as to each of the individually-named Oregon Board of Forestry members on grounds of absolute legislative immunity, and as to each of the named members of the State Land Board and Louise Solliday on grounds of failure to allege actionable conduct. Defendant-intervenors additionally move for dismissal of the portion of plaintiffs’ claim challenging the State’s “take avoidance” policies.

STANDARD

Where plaintiff “fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” the court must dismiss the action. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must allege “enough facts to state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). For the purposes of a motion to dismiss, the complaint is liberally construed in favor of plaintiff and its allegations are taken as true. Rosen v. Walters, 719 F.2d 1422, 1424 (9th Cir.1983). Bare assertions, however, that amount to nothing more than a “formulaic recitation of the elements” of a claim “are conclusory and not entitled to be assumed true.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 680-81, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). Rather, to state a plausible claim for relief, the complaint “must contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts” to support its legal conclusions, Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216, reh’g en banc denied, 659 F.3d 850 (9th Cir.2011).

DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs allege that, based on the forest management structure, State defendants are causing the take of marbled murrelets. While plaintiffs argue that they have only alleged a single all-encompassing claim in their Complaint, the Court is inclined to agree with defendants that plaintiffs have in fact alleged at least three separate but related claims. First, plaintiffs allege that some defendants are causing the take of marbled murrelets by auctioning specific timber sales. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 3, 172, 179. Second, plaintiffs allege that some State defendants are causing a take by their “approval, adoption, and implementation” of forest management plans and policies which call for increased logging in the state forests at issue. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶3, 5, 137. Third, plaintiffs allege that the “take avoidance” policy itself causes take. See, e.g., id. at ¶¶4, 6, 190. Plaintiffs have also requested leave to file an amended complaint “if the Court finds any merit in [defendants’ motions.” Pis.’ Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 42. For the most part, plaintiffs have declined to specify which particular defendants are allegedly responsible for the above listed violation of the ESA. Accordingly, the Court is left to determine whether plaintiffs have sufficiently pled facially plausible claims with regard to each State defendant.

I. Forest Management Policy and Planning Structure

Oregon’s state forests are governed by a three-tiered management structure. Compl. ¶ 81. At the highest level are the FMP’s, which are intended to guide forest management policy for 40 or more years. Id. The two FMP’s at issue in this case are the Northwest FMP and the Elliot State FMP. Id. at ¶¶ 136, 146. FMP’s are reviewed and adopted by the Oregon Board of Forestry through administrative rule-making. Id. at ¶ 37; OAR 629-035-0105(2)(a), (c). The next level is the district-wide IP’s, which set out ten-year management plans. Compl. ¶ 81. The Northwest FMP governs the districts of Tillamook, Forest Grove, and Astoria (and includes the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests); the Elliot State FMP governs the Coos District (and includes the Elliot State Forest). Id. at ¶¶ 41, 81, 136. At the lowest level, the districts develop AOP’s each year which are used to “describe smaller-scale, more specific management activities within the planning area.” Id. at ¶ 81; OAR 629-035-0030(1).

The Oregon Department of Forestry and the Oregon Board of Forestry have primary authority over the majority of the Tillamook and Clatsop forests. Compl. ¶ 82. Two percent, however, of the Clatsop forest is Common School Fund lands, which is managed by the Oregon State Land Board and Oregon Department of Lands. Id. The State Land Board and Department of Lands own the majority of Elliott State Forest, which are also Common School Fund lands. Id. at ¶ 83. The State Land Board and Department of State Lands have, by contract, delegated management of the Elliott State Forest to the Oregon Department of Forestry and Board of Forestry, including planning and authorizing logging activities, as well as creating and approving AOP’s. Id. Defendant Doug Decker, in his capacity as Oregon Department of Forestry State Forester, is responsible for managing state-owned forest lands, including selling forest products from those lands. Id. at ¶ 38. He also develops FMP’s, IP’s and AOP’s, has the authority to designate land for fish and wildlife conservation, and is authorized to modify timber sale contracts. Id. Defendants Tom Savage, Jim Young, Andy White, and Dan Goody, in their capacity as District Foresters, are responsible for overseeing the management of State Forests in their respective districts and approving IP’s and AOP’s. Id. at ¶ 41. They are also responsible for ensuring ESA compliance and approving the design of reserves set aside for marbled murrelets under the State’s “take avoidance” policy which are called Marbled Murrelet Management Areas (MMMA’s). Id.

II. ESA STATUTORY SCHEME

The ESA is “the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species ever enacted by any nation.” TVA v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 180, 98 S.Ct. 2279, 57 L.Ed.2d 117 (1978). The ESA provides protections for the conservation of threatened and endangered species. 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-44. Section 9 of the ESA, and regulations promulgated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, makes it unlawful for “any person” to “take” any threatened or endangered species of fish or wildlife, or for any person “to attempt to commit, solicit another person to commit, or cause to be committed” any such “take.” 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B); 50 C.F.R. §§ 17.21,17.31.

“Take” means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct. 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19). “Harm” means an act which actually kills or injures wildlife, including significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding or sheltering. 50 C.F.R. § 17.3. “Harass” means an intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to disrupt normal behavioral patterns. Id. The “take” prohibition of the ESA applies to all ^persons, including any officer, employee, agent, department, or instrumentality of ... any state. 16 U.S.C. § 1532(13). The species at issue in this suit, the marbled murrelet, is a small sea bird which nests and reproduces in mature inland forests. Compl. ¶¶ 53-63. As a threatened species, the marbled murrelet is protected under Section 9 of ESA. Compl. ¶ 64; 50 C.F.R. §§ 17.31(a), 17.21(a).

III. Claim Against State Forester Decker

Defendants do not contend. that plaintiffs have failed to state a claim under ESA related to the specific auctioned and/or noticed timber sales. Pl.’s Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 6. The Court understands this statement to mean that defendants do not dispute the inclusion of State Forester Decker, at least insofar as he is responsible for “selling forest products” from state-owned forest lands. Compl. ¶ 38. Therefore, Mr. Decker will remain a defendant to the suit notwithstanding the motions to dismiss.

IV. Claim Against: Oregon Board of Forestry

Defendants argue that the Court should dismiss the claim against each of the individually-named Board of Forestry members on the grounds of absolute legislative immunity. It is well established that legislators are absolutely immune from civil suit for actions taken in their official lawmaking capacity. Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 U.S. 44, 48-49, 118 S.Ct. 966, 140 L.Ed.2d 79 (1998); Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 807, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). The Supreme Court has extended legislative immunity to officials outside of the legislative branch who perform quasi-legislative functions. Bogan, 523 U.S. at 55, 118 S.Ct. 966; see also Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 440 U.S. 391, 405, 99 S.Ct. 1171, 59 L.Ed.2d 401 (1979). Legislative immunity extends both to claims for damages and claims for injunctive relief. Cmty. House, Inc. v. Boise, Idaho, 623 F.3d 945, 959 (9th Cir.2010).

Plaintiffs contend that courts have distinguished claims brought against officials in their individual capacities from claims brought against officials in their official capacities, and have held that absolute immunity does not apply to officials sued in their official capacity for injunctive relief. Plaintiffs cite several cases to support their assertion, but those cases are inapposite. For example, the issue in Fry v. Melaragno, 939 F.2d 832 (9th Cir.1991), was whether official, not legislative, immunity was appropriate for a Special Assistant United States Attorney and Internal Revenue Service Officials. Similarly, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) v. United States, 870 F.2d 518 (9th Cir.1989), involved actions by Immigration and Naturalization agents, not legislators; Ashelman v. Pope, 793 F.2d 1072 (9th Cir. 1986)(en banc), discussed judicial and prosecutorial immunity. In Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985), the issue was whether state law enforcement officers, the city, the county, and the state of Kentucky were immune from suit; legislative immunity was not at issue.

In Hanford Executive Mgmt. Employee Ass’n v. City of Hanford, 2011 WL 5825691, *16, *18 (E.D.Cal. Nov. 17, 2011), the court held that defendants, city council members, were entitled to absolute immunity in their individual capacities, but did not address whether defendants were entitled to absolute immunity in their official capacities. Finally, while Kaahumanu v. Cnty. of Maui, 315 F.3d 1215 (9th Cir.2003), discussed legislative immunity, the court found that legislative immunity did not apply because the challenged action was non-legislative. Id. at 1223-24. In short, plaintiffs have not presented any authority examining ■ legislative immunity which undermines the established rule that legislative officials sued in their official capacities are entitled to legislative immunity, including injunctive relief. Cmty. House, 623 F.3d at 959.

Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that even if defendants are entitled to legislative immunity, the motion to dismiss still fails because they have not met their burden of establishing that the actions of the Board of Forestry members are indeed legislative. Absolute immunity attaches only to actions taken “in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.” Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 376, 71 S.Ct. 783, 95 L.Ed. 1019 (1951). “Whether an act is legislative turns on the nature of the act, rather than on the motive or intent of the official performing it.” Bogan, 523 U.S. at 54, 118 S.Ct. 966. Therefore, this Court must evaluate whether Defendants’ actions, when “stripped of all considerations of intent and motive,” were legislative rather than administrative or executive. Id.

The Ninth Circuit has formulated a four-step test to determine whether an act is legislative for the purposes of establishing absolute immunity. The court must consider: (1) whether the act involves ad hoc decision making or the formulation of policy; (2) whether the act applies to a few individuals or to the general public; (3) whether the act is formally legislative in character; and (4) whether the act bears all the hallmarks of traditional legislation. Kaahumanu, 315 F.3d at 1220 (internal quotations omitted).

Here, the challenged Board of Forestry acts were its adoptions of 2010 and 2011 revisions to the Northwest and Elliot FMPs that called for increased logging in order to increase revenues. Compl. ¶¶ 136, 137, 146, 147. An action may be found to be ad hoc if it is not part of a general policy formulation. See Bechard v. Rappold, 287 F.3d 827, 830 (9th Cir.2002). Plaintiffs allege that the Board of Forestry “reviews and adopts” FMP’s as administrative rules, Compl. ¶ 37, that the Board adopted revisions to the Northwest FMP in 2010, Compl. ¶ 136, and that the Board adopted revisions to the Elliott State FMP in 2011, Compl. ¶ 146. The Board of Forestry is charged to supervise forest policy and management. See Or. Rev.Stat. § 526.016(1). The rules adopted by the Board must comply with the Administrative Procedures Act (APA). It appears, based on the pleadings, that the members of the Board of Forestry adopted the FMP revisions pursuant to statute and in accordance with the APA, creating a general policy for forest management that includes increased logging over a relatively long period of time. See OAR 629-035-0105(a)(c). In the Court’s view, the action is a part of a broad forest management policy. This factor therefore weighs in favor of a legislative act for immunity purposes.

The second factor is whether the conduct at issue applies to the public at large, or merely to an individual or narrow group of individuals. Plaintiffs argue that “the Board is not passing rules applicable to the public at large but rather making decisions pursuant to existing state regulation about how specific parcels or state-owned lands will be managed.” Pis.’ Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 31-32. Plaintiffs, however, do not contend that the Board of Forestry is making decisions as to specific parcels of land. Rather, the allegation is that, by adopting a revised FMP that generally allows a ten percent increase in logging over a number of years, certain tracts of land will necessarily be impacted resulting in a take of marbled murrelets. Compl. ¶¶ 136, 138, 145, 146, 147. Even assuming plaintiffs’ contention is true, the adoption of FMP’s does not impact only a single individual or a defined group of individuals; adopting statewide rules for management of State forests clearly impacts the public at large. In other words, the Board’s action was not targeting an individual or group of individuals; rather, the action was part of the statutory scheme for long-term management of wide-ranging forest lands. This factor also weighs in favor of legislative activity.

The final factors of the test are whether the action taken was formally legislative in character and whether it bears the hallmark of traditional legislation. “Exercise of legislative power depends not on [an action’s] form, but upon ‘whether they contain matter which is properly to be regarded as legislative in character and effect.’ ” INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 952, 103 S.Ct. 2764, 77 L.Ed.2d 317 (1983) (internal citation omitted). The Court agrees with defendants that, by adopting management plans, Board of Forestry members created rules of general application that are statutory in nature and arise out of a need to regulate conduct and management in state forests. See Supreme Ct. of Va. v. Consumers Union of the US., Inc., 446 U.S. 719, 721, 100 S.Ct. 1967, 64 L.Ed.2d 641 (1980) (Supreme Court of Virginia acted in a legislative capacity by promulgating rules of general application that were statutory in character and arose out of a need to regulate conduct for the protection of citizens). The Court also agrees with defendants that the Board’s actions bore the hallmark of traditional legislation in that they reflected discretionary, policymaking decisions implicating the balancing act of priorities inherent in forest management. See Bogan, 523 U.S. at 55-56, 118 S.Ct. 966.

In sum, each of the four factors weighs in favor of finding the Board of Forestry members’ adoption of the revised FMP’s to be a legislative activity. Accordingly, the members of the Board of Forestry are absolutely immune from suit in their official capacities. The individual members of the Board of Forestry, including the'Chair of the Board of Forestry, are therefore dismissed.

V. Claims Against State Land Board and Department of State Lands Director Louise Solliday

Defendants argue that the portions of the claim against members of the State Land Board and the Director of the Department of State Lands, Louise Solliday (State Lands), should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. Mot. Dismiss at 13. Defendants argue that insofar as State Lands have delegated management authority of the Elliott State Forest to the Oregon Board of Forestry and the Oregon Department of Forestry, that plaintiffs have not, and cannot, allege facts identifying actions taken by members of State Lands that are grounds for liability. Id. at 13-14. Additionally, pursuant to State regulations, it was the Oregon Board of Forestry who adopted the Northwest FMP, which therefore limits State Lands’ potential management liability. Id. Plaintiffs argue, however, that they have indeed alleged numerous instances of actionablé conduct by State Lands in their Complaint. Pis.’ Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 32-33.

As a threshold matter, each of the conduct allegations that Plaintiffs point to in support, employ the categorical term “defendants,” rather than referencing a particular defendant. Plaintiffs submit that by categorically naming “defendants” in many of its allegations, they are explicitly alleging actionable conduct against all defendants. Id. at 39. However, this does not appear accurate. For example, the allegation in paragraph 161 could be fairly read to include any number of the defendants, depending on how “management” is interpreted; management might mean the highest-level management such as the governor or one of the board member defendants, or alternatively it could mean the State Forester or a District Forester, or some combination thereof.. Moreover, the Court is unable to locate any factual basis in the Complaint for the assertion that State Lands have “adopted a ten-year implementation plan,” “hire[d] contractors to perform surveys of potential iharbled murrele.t habitat,”, and “created MMMAs of a size or shape that fail to support marbled murrelet nesting .behaviors.” Compl. ¶¶ 114, 125, 185. Rather, those functions are only performed by the District Foresters and possibly the. State Forester. Id. at ¶¶ 38, 41.

Plaintiffs’ categorical allegations are, therefore, neither clear nor effective. While reviewing plaintiffs’ Complaint and briefing, the Court was left to wonder which individual defendants plaintiffs were referring to, knowing that various defendants have different roles and responsibilities in State forest management. Id. at ¶¶ 36-41. Categorical allegations are particularly problematic considering the legal standard of these motions, which requires facts sufficient to state a plausible — not merely conceivable — claim on its face. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Defendants suggest that the Court resolve this matter by examining the allegations of conduct that pertain specifically to the State Lands to determine whether a proper claim has been stated against them. Defs.’ Reply to Mot. Dismiss at 18-19. This seems a prudent approach.

The State Land Board oversees the management of the Department of Lands forests, which includes nearly all of Elliot State Forest and two percent of Clatsop State Forest. Compl. ¶¶ 39, 82, 83. However, the State Land Board delegates its management to the Oregon Department of Forestry, including planning and authorization of logging activities and AOP’s, in Elliot State Forest. Id. at ¶ 83. Director of State Lands Louise Solliday “also oversees the management of Department of State Lands Forests” and “assists her Department in carrying out the work of the State Land Board.” Id. at ¶ 40. It appears that State Lands has retained direct management over only two percent of Clatsop State Forest. Id. at ¶ 82. However, while plaintiffs list specific timber sales on MMMA’s in Clatsop Forest which could, hypothetically, support a plausible claim, there are no facts which necessarily connect those MMMA’s with the two percent that State Lands appear to actively manage. Id. at ¶ 166. Furthermore, the Oregon Board of Forestry adopted the Northwest FMP which includes all of Clatsop State Forest, so based on the Complaint, it is impossible to say what role, if any, State Lands has in actively managing land in Clatsop State Forest.

The Court is equally unable to find facts sufficient to maintain a claim against State Lands under a proximate cause analysis. It is well accepted that proximate cause is an element of ESA Section 9 claims. Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Comtys., 515 U.S. 687, 700 n. 13, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 (1995); see also Seattle Audubon Soc’y v. Sutherland, 2007 WL 1300964, *11 (W.D.Wash. May 1, 2001)(“Sweet Home established that proximate causation is a relevant consideration of the ESA inquiry”). The ESA’s language itself infers proximate causation: “it is unlawful for any person ... to commit ... or cause to be committed [an ESA violation].” 16 U.S.C. § 1538(g). In the context of the ESA, proximate cause issues entail determining whether the alleged injury — here, take of marbled murrelets — is fairly traceable to the challenged action of Defendants. See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000).

Plaintiffs allege that, by delegating management of Elliot State Forest and a portion of Clatsop State Forest, State Lands proximately caused the alleged injury when that land is managed by a third party in accordance with policies which proximately cause take. Pis.’ Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 32. Plaintiffs cite several cases where state officials have been found liable under the ESA for causing take under a proximate cause theory. Id. at 23-24. However, the common thread of those cases is that liability was established by the state actor(s) who directly authorized the conduct which caused take. For example, in Seattle Audubon, the court found that state foresters could be liable for a take of spotted owls by approving certain forest applications, which was a condition precedent to logging. 2007 WL 1300964 at *12. Similarly, a state forester was enjoined for directly authorizing timber sales that were reasonably likely to result in take of coho salmon in Pac. Rivers v. Brown, 2002 WL 32356431, *12 (D.Or. Dec. 23, 2002). In Strahan v. Coxe, 127 F.3d 155, 163-64 (1st Cir.1997), state officials were liable for issuing commercial fishing licenses which were likely to harm northern right whales.

These cases illustrate that state officials can indeed be liable for directly authorizing third-party activities, such as logging, that are likely to result in take. However, at least in regards to State Lands, plaintiffs want to go further and find liability beyond the direct authorization of third-party activities.- Essentially, plaintiffs ask the Court to find that the State Lands is liable by authorizing a third party, in this case the Board of Forestry and Department of Forestry, to authorize a fourth party (private loggers) to conduct activities which are likely to cause take. While it may be true that proximate cause can involve more than a single cause, plaintiffs’ allegation lacks specificity. For example, plaintiffs argue that their Complaint alleges actionable conduct, but the examples plaintiffs provide are paragraphs which employ the categorical “defendants,” and, as discussed, above, are therefore not persuasive in establishing specific action by State Lands. Plaintiffs’ only remaining allegation is that State Lands is responsible for the vague task of “overseeing mam agement,” but actual management appears to be carried out by the Board of Forestry and Department of. Forestry. Compl. ¶¶ 39, 40, 82, 83.

To establish proximate causation, plaintiffs must still present a direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged, and the link between the two cannot be too remote, purely contingent, or indirect. See Day v. United Parcel Serv., 829 F.Supp.2d. 969, 975 (D.Or.2011) (citing Hemi Group, LLC v. City of N.Y., 559 U.S. 1, 130 S.Ct. 983, 989, 175 L.Ed.2d 943 (2010)(internal quotations omitted)). Plaintiffs do not allege that State Lands have engaged in misconduct by directly authorizing logging activity which causes take, or by authorizing the Board of Forestry and Department of Forestry to manage State Lands’ forests. Further, plaintiffs do not allege that State Lands has engaged in misconduct by developing or adopting the FMP’s, IP’s, or AOP’s. In fact, the Court can find no allegations of misconduct specifically attributable to the State Lands in the Complaint. Therefore, plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to state a plausible claim for relief. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. The portion of the. claim against State Lands is therefore dismissed.

VI. District Foresters

Defendants argue that plaintiffs have also failed to establish a causal link between the IP’s and AOP’s that call for increased logging, and the specific timber sales that allegedly violate the . ESA. Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. Dismiss, at 11-12. The Complaint alleges that the District Foresters are responsible for approving and implementing IP’s and AOP’s, ensuring compliance with the ESA, and approving the designs of marbled murrelet reserves (MMMA’s). Compl. ¶41. The issue, then, is whether plaintiffs have..alleged facts sufficient to show that the District Foresters have proximately caused take by approving/implementing IP’s and • AOP’s, proximately caused take by designing/approving MMMA’s, or otherwise failing to ensure compliance with the ESA.

Unlike the allegations against the State Lands defendants, plaintiffs’ allegations against the District Foresters are supported by facts that create a plausible claim for relief based on proximate causation. First, the District Foresters are alleged to have directly developed and approved District IP’s and AOP’s that have recently been revised to increase timber harvests. Id. at ¶¶ 41, 81, 186-51. IP’s, and particularly AOP’s, directly dictate the amount of logging authorized by describing “smaller-scale, more specific management activities within the planning area.” Pl.s.’ Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 11 (quoting OAR 629-035-0030(1)). The AOP’s include “detailed specifications for each [of the] individual timber sales, including the location, acreage, type of harvest prescription (e.g. clearcut or thinning), and identification of [MMMA’s]” implicated by each sale. Id.; Compl. ¶ 81. District Foresters, moreover, are tasked with approving the design of MMMA’s pursuant to certain guidelines, including the State’s “take avoidance” policy. Compl. ¶¶ 41, 122-123. In the Court’s view, the District Foresters’ duties are directly linked to the subsequent timber sales. Thus, plaintiffs have presented facts sufficient to allege that the State Foresters may proximately cause take by approving the design of MMMA’s and specifying timber sale units which do not comply with ESA requirements, and result in take when those units are sold. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 163-66, 169-70, 179, 181-83, 186-88, 195-96.

While it is unclear if it is the State Forester or the District Foresters who “create” timber sale units, the Court construes the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiffs for the purpose of this motion, and finds that insofar as the District Foresters approve/adopt/implement AOP’s— which set out detailed specifications for timber sales and MMMA’s — plaintiffs have sufficiently stated a claim. Although the Court understands the link between the District Foresters’ actions and timber sales as perhaps somewhat more attenuated than the connection between the State Forester’s actions and timber sales, the District Foresters’ ESA compliance requirement creates a connection

Under Section 11(g)(1)(A) of the ESA, citizen suits are limited to actions seeking “to enjoin any person, including the United States and any other governmental instrumentality or agency” who is in violation of the Act. 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)(1)(A). Defendant-intervenors suggest that when applied to Section 9 of the ESA, Section 11(g)(1)(A) only allows citizen suits seeking to enjoin a person from causing “harm”: an “act which actually kills or injures wildlife.” 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B), (g); 50 C.F.R. § 17.3. However, defendant-intervenors’ interpretation of these statutes involves only the application of the ESA’s definition of “harm,” as applied to take, and ignores the definition of “harass.” The ESA prohibits take of any such species, not merely harm of any such species. 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B). Take can occur via harm or harassment; harassment includes any “intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife” by disrupting normal behavior patterns. 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19); 50 C.F.R. 17.3. Therefore, while defendant-intervenors are correct to assert that habitat modification does not constitute harm unless it actually kills or injures wildlife, it is at least conceivable that significant logging operations may nonetheless cause take by harassing wildlife whether or not wildlife is killed or injured, as plaintiffs allege. Compl. ¶ 162. In other words, the Court is not convinced by defendant-intervenors’ argument that “some concrete actual injury or death must ‘actually occur for habitat modification to constitute take.” Intervs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. Dismiss at 7. Based on the plain language of the statutes, some concrete actual injury or death must occur for habitat modification to constitute harm.

Even so, it is unclear to what extent this line of argument benefits plaintiffs. Assuming an omission by a person is actionable under the ESA, plaintiffs maintain that they are not arguing that “the State ‘must’ adopt policies ‘aimed at avoiding violations of section 9’ ” or that the State’s murrelet policies “ ‘are inadequate to prevent take.’ ” Pls.’. Resp. to Mot. Dismiss at 28. Given plaintiffs’ assertion that they are also not raising a “facial challenge” to the policy, it is unclear to the Court what plaintiffs hope to achieve by arguing that the policy itself causes take.

Plaintiffs suggest that their take avoidance policy claim is analogous to the claim made in Pac. Rivers, where the State Forester was alleged to have consistently approved logging practices that caused take of salmon. Pac. Rivers, 2002 WL 32356431 at *4. However, the Pac. Rivers court found in that plaintiffs had stated a claim against the State Forester because he approved logging operations which caused take, not against the policy the State Forester was following. Id. at *12. As discussed above, the Court accepts the proposition that the State Forester may be liable under the ESA when he directly authorizes an activity, such as logging, which causes take. The Court is even willing to accept, at least for purpose of this motion, that District Foresters, who fail to comply with the ESA in approving MMMA’s and otherwise execute and im-plement operation plans, might be liable for proximately causing take. However, none of the cases plaintiffs rely on holds that a policy or regulation alone causes take.

Therefore, to the extent that plaintiffs are alleging a claim against the take avoidance policy alone, the Court finds that, although the policy at issue may be factually relevant to plaintiffs’ claims challenging the District Foresters’ creation of timber units and the State Forester’s timber sales, plaintiffs have not alleged facts which support the independent claim that the policy itself causes take. That claim is therefore dismissed.

Finally, since defendant-intervenors have agreed to withhold further argument on the issue of whether or not the preparation of a Habitat Conservation Plan or Incidental Take Permit is potentially an appropriate remedy, the Court declines to address this matter at this time.

CONCLUSION

State defendants’ motion to dismiss (doc. 48) is GRANTED as to Board of Forestry members John Blackwell, Sybil Ackerman, Cindy Deacon Williams, Nils Christoffersen, Tom Insko, Gary Springer, and Steve Wilson on grounds of legislative immunity; and as to State Land Board members John Kitzhaber, Ted Wheeler, Kate Brown, and Director of the Department of State Lands Louise Solliday for failure to sufficiently plead a claim under the ESA. The motion is DENIED as to State Forester Doug Deckér and District Foresters Tom Savage, Jim Young, Andy White, and Dan Goody. Defendant-intervenors’ motion to dismiss (doc. 50) is GRANTED with regard to the “take avoidance” policy and DENIED in all other respects. The parties’ requests for oral argument are DENIED as unnecessary. Finally, plaintiffs are GRANTED leave to file an amended complaint within twenty days of the date of this opinion.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . The Court recognizes defendant-intervenors' observation that plaintiffs’ allegations are limited to primarily alleging "harm;” however, the Court disagrees, as most of plaintiffs' allegations allege "take.” See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 4-7, 195-96; Intervs.’ Reply to Mot. Dismiss at 9 n. 1. At the same time, the Court agrees with defendant-intervenors that plaintiffs mis- . stated the law by asserting that "[h]arm includes both an intentional or negligent act or omission.” Pis.’ Resp. to Mot. Disnjiss at 27. The correct statement of law is that harass includes both an intentional or negligent act or omission. 50 C.F.R. § 17.3.
     