
    In the Matter of Gary Nicholson et al., Appellants-Respondents, v State Commission on Judicial Conduct et al., Respondents-Appellants. (And 5 Other Proceedings.)
    Argued April 23, 1980;
    decided July 1, 1980
    
      POINTS OF COUNSEL
    
      Maurice N. Nessen and Susan C. Ervin for appellants-respondents.
    I. The commission has shown no compelling need for the intrusions that it would work upon First Amendment freedoms by its administrator’s amended complaint and the investigation based on it. (Buckley v Valeo, 424 US 1; Gibson v Florida Legislative Committee, 372 US 539; Monitor Patriot Co. v Roy, 401 US 265; California Bankers Assn. v Shultz, 416 US 21; Bates v State Bar of Ariz., 433 US 350; N. A. A. C. P. v Alabama, 357 US 449; Bates v Little Rock, 361 US 516; Shelton v Tucker, 364 US 479; Pollard v Roberts, 283 F Supp 248, 393 US 14; Broadrick v Oklahoma, 413 US 601.) II. Apart from free speech issues, charge 3 of the administrator’s amended complaint is constitutionally defective under the Fourteenth Amendment: it is the product of a "perfectly vague” canon. (Coates v City of Cincinnati, 402 US 611; Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 US 104.) III. State law bars the commission’s investigation at this juncture: (i) Canon 7 is not the law; (ii) charge 2 is not a complaint of judicial misconduct; (iii) the commission’s investigation invades the jurisdiction of the State Board of Elections; (iv) appellants have not had a fair opportunity to challenge the commission’s use of an illegal first proceeding; and (v) the commission has not offered, as far as we have been allowed to see, a proper factual foundation for its inquisition. (Matter of Horn Constr. Co. v Fraiman, 34 AD2d 131, 29 NY2d 559; Matter of Sussman v New York State Organized Crime Task Force, 48 AD2d 154, 39 NY2d 227; Carlisle v Bennett, 268 NY 212; Matter of Temporary State Comm. on Living Costs & Economy v Bergman, 80 Misc 2d 448; Long Is. Coll. Hosp. v Catherwood, 23 NY2d 20; Matter of Gaglia v Starr, 59 AD2d 839; Matter of McPherson v New York City Housing Auth., 47 AD2d 828; People v Payne, 50 AD2d 840; Finn’s Liq. Shop v New York State Liq. Auth., 24 NY2d 647, 396 US 840; Silverthorne Lbr. 
      
      Co. v United States, 251 US 385; People v Arocho, 85 Misc 2d 116.)
    
      Raymond S. Hack, Gerald Stern and Seth Halpern for respondents-appellants.
    I. The investigation by the commission of the conduct of Surrogate Marie M. Lambert with respect to the allegations of the amended administrator’s complaint is valid under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. (Buckley v Valeo, 424 US 1; Morial v Judiciary Comm. of State of La., 565 F2d 295, 435 US 1013; Halleck v Berliner, 427 F Supp 1225; Matter of Schamel, 46 AD2d 236, 36 NY2d 713; Elrod v Burns, 427 US 347; Matter of Spector v State Comm. on Judicial Conduct, 47 NY2d 462; Matter of Bolte, 97 App Div 551; People v Byron, 17 NY2d 64; People v Hochberg, 62 AD2d 239; People v La Carrubba, 46 NY2d 658.) II. The commission has acted in full compliance with the law of the State of New York. (La Rocca v Lane, 37 NY2d 575; Matter of State of New York v King, 36 NY2d 59; Matter of Nigrone v Murtagh, 36 NY2d 421; Matter of Jerry v Board of Educ., 75 Misc 2d 461, 44 AD2d 198, 35 NY2d 534; Matter of Greater N. Y. Corp. of Seventh Day Adventists v Commission on Human Rights of City of N. Y., 27 NY2d 898; Matter of Dondi v Jones, 40 NY2d 8; Young Men’s Christian Assn. v Rochester Pure Waters Dist., 37 NY2d 371; Wirtz v Laborers’ Union, 389 US 477; United States v Nixon, 418 US 683.) III. Section 45 of the Judiciary Law does not require sealing of the record of court proceedings. (People v Jelke, 308 NY 56; Cunningham v Stern, 93 Misc 2d 516; Matter of Hynes v Lerner, 44 NY2d 329.)
   OPINION OF THE COURT

Per Curiam.

This appeal involves a challenge under the Federal Constitution and State law to the authority of the New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct to investigate alleged improprieties by Marie Lambert in the conduct of her 1977 campaign for election as Surrogate of New York County.

The litigation has a tortured history, originating in oral and written complaints received by the commission concerning the solicitation of members of the Bar for attendance at a fund-raising event held on December 4, 1977 by Surrogate Lambert’s supporters. The commission determined to investigate and, in June, 1978, subpoenaed Gary Nicholson, Surrogate Lambert’s former campaign manager. Nicholson moved to quash the command to appear and produce documents concerning the 1977 campaign, urging First Amendment and State law grounds. On appeal from the denial of that motion, the Appellate Division sustained the subpoena insofar as it sought testimony and records concerning the December 4, 1977 fund raiser, finding that the inquiry was properly initiated by a written complaint about lawyer solicitations received by the commission as required by subdivision 1 of section 44 of the Judiciary Law. As to the remaining requests, the court held the appeal in abeyance and remitted to Special Term for an ex parte, in camera hearing to determine whether they were relevant to the investigation on an existent complaint (67 AD2d 649). Final decision by the Appellate Division was rendered following the hearing: the original complaint, while justifying the investigation into the December 4 event, did not authorize an inquiry into the entire campaign. The decision was without prejudice to a wider investigation if supported by a proper written complaint (Judiciary Law, § 44, subd 1) or the filing of an administrator’s complaint (Judiciary Law, § 44, subd 2) based on information concerning the entire campaign and not simply the complaints about the December 4 fund raiser (68 AD2d 851).

During the pendency of the Nicholson appeal, the commission received information concerning alleged campaign improprieties by Surrogate Lambert and her supporters, as well as alleged judicial misconduct following election. In March, 1979, an administrator’s complaint was filed, averring possible improper activities beyond the December 4 fund raiser. During the course of the commission investigation, subpoenas were issued to five former campaign workers: Joseph Krinsky, Shirley Krinsky, Vincent Catalfo, Carmelo Albino and Lorenzo De Luca, appellants here. They refused to answer questions unrelated to the December 4 fund raiser. Prior to and after the filing of the administrator’s complaint, the commission requested Surrogate Lambert’s appearance to answer questions. She was unable to appear.

In April, the commission filed an amended administrator’s complaint, alleging that (1) in connection with her 1977 campaign, Surrogate Lambert engaged in and attended fund-raising activities, acquainted herself with the identities of her contributors and otherwise improperly participated in the campaign; (2) during and after the campaign, cash contributions in excess of $100 were accepted, and expenses and contributions were not properly reported; and (3) after assuming office, Surrogate Lambert exercised her power of appointment on the basis of favoritism and not solely on the basis of merit, appointing contributors and others based on political considerations. The commission resubpoenaed Nicholson and also moved to compel the five campaign workers to comply with the subpoenas served by answering all questions relating to the allegations in the administrator’s complaint.

Nicholson and Lambert thereafter, by order to show cause, commenced an article 78 proceeding to enjoin further proceedings by vacating the administrator’s complaint. Motions were brought on seeking, among other relief, to consolidate the article 78 proceeding with the proceedings to compel compliance by the five campaign workers, to quash the subpoenas issued to Nicholson, to void the request for Surrogate Lambert’s appearance, and to seal the record. Following an ex parte hearing to determine the basis for the expanded investigation, Special Term granted the motions to consolidate and seal the record and denied further relief except to the extent of enjoining commission proceedings under item 2 of the complaint on the ground that there was no allegation of misconduct by a Judge.

On appeal, the Appellate Division modified, over a partial dissent, to the extent of vacating the injunction against investigating conduct with respect to item 2, thereby dismissing the article 78 petition in all respects. That court found from the record and the prior determinations no impediment to permitting the continuation of the investigatory stage of the proceedings, as the commission’s authority, the basis of the investigation and the relevancy of the requested disclosure were sufficiently demonstrated (72 AD2d 48). Nicholson, Surrogate Lambert and the five campaign workers now appeal the determination adverse as to them and the commission cross-appeals from the sealing of the record. For reasons that follow, and to the extent indicated, we modify.

As a preliminary matter, it must be determined whether an article 78 petition seeking relief in the nature of prohibition lies in these circumstances. Invocation of the extraordinary remedy of prohibition is appropriate "only when there is a clear legal right” (Matter of Dondi v Jones, 40 NY2d 8, 13) and only when the body or officer "acts or threatens to act without jurisdiction in a matter over which it has no power over the subject matter or where it exceeds its authorized powers in a proceeding over which it has jurisdiction” (Matter of State of New York v King, 36 NY2d 59, 62). The remedy is available to prevent only judicial or quasi-judicial action (Matter of Dondi v Jones, supra, at p 13; Matter of B. T. Prods. v Barr, 44 NY2d 226); it may not be sought to control merely legislative, executive or administrative acts (see People ex rel. Bender v Milliken, 185 NY 35; Matter of Kaney v New York State Civ. Serv. Comm., 190 Misc 944, affd 273 App Div 1054, affd 298 NY 707; Note, Writ of Prohibition in New York— Attempt to Circumscribe an Elusive Concept, 50 St John’s L Rev 76, 84). Even when the petition presents a "substantial claim” of an absence of jurisdiction or an act in excess of jurisdiction, prohibition still may be deemed inappropriate after consideration of such factors as the "gravity of the harm which would be caused by an excess of power” or "whether the excess of power can be adequately corrected on appeal or by other ordinary proceedings at law or in equity” (La Rocca v Lane, 37 NY2d 575, 579; Matter of Wilcox v Dwyer, 48 NY2d 1003; see Note, 50 St John’s L Rev, at pp 97-98).

It must be emphasized that prohibition is not available to correct mere errors of law, procedural or substantive, in litigation (see Matter of State of New York v King, 36 NY2d 59, 62, supra). It is, rather, the means to prevent an arrogation of power in violation of a person’s rights, particularly constitutional rights (see Matter of Lee v County Ct. of Erie County, 27 NY2d 432, 437-438). Thus, the presentation of an arguable and substantial claim of such an excess of power generally results in the availability of a proceeding in the nature of prohibition (see La Rocca v Lane, supra, at p 581). It is immaterial to this basic determination whether the claim is determined adversely to the petitioner on the merits. That relief ultimately might be denied does not preclude the proceeding.

It cannot be disputed that the commission is vested with authority to investigate improprieties by members of the judiciary (see NY Const, art VI, § 22). The claim here, however, is that the investigation into allegedly improper campaign activities has a chilling effect on the exercise of First Amendment rights. The claim seeks to vindicate rights of political expression and association long cherished in our constitutional scheme (see Buckley v Valeo, 424 US 1, 25). If indeed the investigation impermissibly chills the exercise of these rights, the commission would be acting in excess of power and prohibition would be the appropriate remedy. That the issues could be raised on appeal from any disciplinary action taken is not a persuasive reason in this instance for denying the availability of the remedy. Thus, we may entertain the instant proceeding seeking prohibition.

We turn then to the merits of the application challenging on First Amendment grounds the commission’s authority to investigate the conduct of the 1977 campaign. It is urged that the investigation, the allegations supporting it and the rules of conduct upon which those allegations purportedly are based represent unconstitutional interferences with protected rights of political expression and association. The apparent basis for this contention is that the investigation, seeking disclosure of the details of campaign activities, itself impinges upon associational freedoms; that a judicial candidate has the unfettered "right” to solicit funds directly or participate in the solicitation; and that the prohibition against political appointments inhibits persons who might be in a position to receive such favored treatment from exercising their right to express support for the candidate. These arguments are unpersuasive.

Of course, the rights of political expression and association are at the heart of the First Amendment (see Buckley v Valeo, supra, at p 25). But not every interference with these rights, not every regulation of a political campaign, violates the constitutional command (see CSC v Letter Carriers, 413 US 548, 567). Even significant restrictions on protected First Amendment rights "may be sustained if the State demonstrates a sufficiently important interest and employs means closely drawn to avoid unnecessary abridgment of associational freedoms” (Buckley v Valeo, supra, at p 25). A proper analysis calls for examination of the degree of interference with the First Amendment interests, the strength of the governmental interest justifying the restriction and the means chosen to prevent the asserted evil (see Morial v Judiciary Comm. of State of La., 565 F2d 295, cert den 435 US 1013).

There can be no doubt that the State has an overriding interest in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary. There is "hardly * * * a higher governmental interest than a State’s interest in the quality of its judiciary” (Landmark Communications v Virginia, 435 US 829, 848 [Stewart, J., concurring]; see, also, Morial v Judiciary Comm. of State of La., supra; cf. Trafelet v Thompson, 594 F2d 623, cert den 444 US 906). Charged with administering the law, Judges may not actually or appear to make the dispensation of justice turn on political concerns (cf. CSC v Letter Carriers, 413 US 548, supra). The State’s interest is not limited solely to preventing actual corruption through contributor-candidate arrangements. Of equal import is the prevention of the "appearance of corruption stemming from public awareness of the opportunities for abuse” (Buckley v Valeo, supra, at p 27; CSC v Letter Carriers, supra).

It is in light of these overriding interests that the investigatory activities of the body charged with policing the conduct of Judges must be examined. To further the State’s interest, the commission, when aware of acts which may constitute misconduct, must be free to conduct an investigation to determine whether formal charges are warranted. That such an investigation may touch upon political and associational rights is not sufficient to abort the investigation in its nascent stage. Misconduct by a Judge or judicial candidate cannot be shielded from scrutiny merely because it takes place in the political forum. The First Amendment implications, if any there be, are far outweighed by the State’s interest in the integrity of its judiciary.

Nor does the compelled disclosure sought by the commission impermissibly impinge upon the free exercise of associational rights protected by the First Amendment. It is undisputed that "significant encroachments on First Amendment rights of the sort that compelled disclosure imposes cannot be justified by a mere showing of some legitimate governmental interest * * * [T]he subordinating interests of the State must survive exacting scrutiny * * * [TJhere [must] be a 'relevant correlation’ or 'substantial relation’ between the governmental interest and the information required to be disclosed” (Buckley v Valeo, 424 US 1, 64, supra, quoting, Bates v Little Rock, 361 US 516, 525, and Gibson v Florida Legislative Comm., 372 US 539, 546 [footnotes omitted]). Under this test, the disclosure sought here passes constitutional scrutiny.

Comprehensive disclosure requirements for political contributions and expenditures similar to New York’s (see, e.g., Election Law, § 14-102) withstood constitutional attack in Buckley. Such requirements were there justified by the governmental interests in providing the electorate with information about the source of funds and manner of expenditures, in deterring actual corruption and its appearance, and in detecting violations of permissible restrictions on the conduct of the campaign (Buckley v Valeo, supra, at pp 66-68). Most of the information sought by the subpoenas is no more than is statutorily required and thus, disclosure may not be avoided.

Those demands that go beyond the statutory requirements also must be obeyed. The State’s substantial concern for the subject of the investigation outweighs the claimed burdens on associational freedom asserted here. In furtherance of the interest in ferreting out corrupt practices, the commission may legitimately request information about solicitations for contributions and attendance at fund raisers. There is more than adequate support in the record to establish the requisite relationship between the disclosure sought and the issues to be clarified. It is not enough to avoid compelled disclosure of information relevant to the legitimate subject of inquiry merely to assert its potentially chilling effect (see Buckley v Valeo, supra, at pp 71-72). While public disclosure in the abstract might deter participation by some, or subject supporters to harassment or coercion, there must be some concrete demonstration at least of "a reasonable probability” (id., at p 74) of injury occasioned by disclosure (see Buckley v Valeo, supra; N. A. A. C. P. v Alabama, 357 US 449). No such showing has been made here.

In further support of the claim that the commission in this investigation is acting in excess of power, appellants assert that the substantive allegations in the complaint, which may form the basis for formal commission action, work an unconstitutional interference with First Amendment rights. Arguing that the First Amendment is violated by the proscriptions against direct fund solicitations by a judicial candidate and appointments based on political considerations, appellants conclude that there is no lawful basis for the commission’s inquiry. We view appellants’ challenge as an indirect attack upon a determination that certain activities may constitute judicial misconduct and conclude that the arguments are insufficient to warrant restraining the commission’s activities and indeed are premature.

Whatever the source of the commission’s determination to investigate, we can discern nothing in the investigation, the official action here challenged, which impermissibly burdens the exercise of those rights. If at all, it is the proscription itself or a sanction imposed for its violation that impairs the asserted rights. But we have here a challenge merely to an investigation into conduct that may warrant the filing of formal charges of misconduct. No formal charges have yet been filed. Whether and in what circumstances charges of improper fund-raising activities or judicial favoritism ultimately can be sustained against a First Amendment challenge need not now be decided. The mere filing of an administrator’s complaint, alleging improprieties in the conduct of an election campaign and its aftermath, simply has too remote an impact on protected rights of political expression to support the instant claim.

In sum, we conclude that the First Amendment does not preclude this investigation. While we would not hesitate to restrain official action that threatens to chill the exercise of First Amendment rights, no such result attends the investigation. Accordingly, the article 78 petition seeking prohibition was properly dismissed.

We turn then to the issues involved in the motions to quash and to compel compliance with the commission subpoenas. Appellants urge a litany of grounds to invalidate the instant investigation. However, a motion to quash or to compel compliance raises only the issues of the authority of the investigating body and whether the inquiry falls within the scope of that authority (see Matter of Sussman v New York State Organized Crime Task Force, 39 NY2d 227; Matter of Santangello v People, 38 NY2d 536; Matter of La Belle Creole Int., S. A. v Attorney-General of State of N. Y., 10 NY2d 192; Carlisle v Bennett, 268 NY 212). Under this standard, the subpoenas must be obeyed. The Commission on Judicial Conduct is authorized by the New York State Constitution to "receive, initiate, investigate and hear complaints with respect to the conduct, qualifications, fitness to perform or performance of official duties of any judge or justice of the unified court system” (NY Const, art VI, § 22, subd a). The commission "may determine that a judge or justice be admonished, censured or removed from office for cause, including, but not limited to, misconduct in office * * * and conduct, on or off the bench, prejudicial to the administration of justice” (id.). The Judiciary Law implements the constitutional authorization and establishes the commission, granting it broad investigatory and enforcement powers (see Judiciary Law, §§ 41, 42, 44). Specifically, the commission must investigate following receipt of a complaint, unless that complaint is determined to be facially inadequate (Judiciary Law, § 44, subd 1), and may on its own motion initiate an investigation upon the filing of a written complaint signed by the administrator of the commission (Judiciary Law, § 44, subd 2).

It is thus evident that the statute and Constitution give the commission broad power to inquire into the conduct of a Judge. Quite simply, so long as the commission, in good faith, is investigating the conduct of a Judge, the commission is acting within the scope of its authority and a subpoena issued pursuant thereto is not subject to challenge. A witness called before the commission may not go beyond this inquiry to avoid compliance by attacking the specific allegations upon which the investigation is based.

Thus, we need not decide whether direct fund solicitation involves judicial impropriety or the appearance of impropriety or whether appointments based on political considerations rather than merit may sustain a charge of misconduct. Any constitutional and State law implications of these issues may be the subject of judicial scrutiny if and when a disciplinary sanction is imposed following a proceeding brought on formal charges. The instant proceeding is simply an improper vehicle for review of these issues.

Appellants further contend that the commission has failed to demonstrate the evidentiary predicate for the allegations in the complaint and thus, the subpoenas must fail. We disagree. To sustain the subpoenas, the commission need only make a preliminary showing that the information sought is reasonably related to a proper subject of inquiry (see Matter of Sussman v New York State Organized Crime Task Force, 39 NY2d 227, 231, supra; Matter of La Belle Creole, Int., S. A. v Attorney-General of State of N. Y., 10 NY2d 192, supra). That has been amply demonstrated. It is of no concern to a mere witness whether the commission is in possession of sufficient information to warrant the institution of formal proceedings. We emphasize that the amended administrator’s complaint here in issue represents only the initiation of a commission investigation of judicial impropriety. To require the commission to come forward with facts that would support a charge would be to restrict unnecessarily the commission’s power to inquire into judicial misconduct. Indeed, such a requirement would render the commission ineffective as the instrument through which the integrity of the judiciary is assured. We decline to authorize such a result.

Finally, we reach the issue raised by the cross appeal— the propriety of sealing the record in this proceeding. Section 45 of the Judiciary Law provides that with certain exceptions, "all complaints, correspondence, commission proceedings and transcripts thereof, other papers and data and records of the commission shall be confidential and shall not be made available to any person except pursuant to section forty-four.” The Judge who is the subject of the complaint may request in writing that "copies of the complaint, the transcripts of hearings by the commission thereon, if any, and the dispositive action of the commission with respect to the complaint * * * shall be made available for inspection and copying to the public, or to any person, agency or body designated by such judge” (Judiciary Law, § 45). Section 44 requires confidentiality of the transcript made with respect to all proceedings at which testimony or statements under oath are taken, except as permitted by section 45 (Judiciary Law, § 44, subd 3). It is only after the commission has completed its action and the record has been transmitted to the Court of Appeals that "the determination of the commission, its findings and conclusions and the record of its proceedings shall be made public and shall be made available for public inspection” (Judiciary Law, § 44, subd 7).

The Appellate Division ruled that the scheme of confidentiality for commission proceedings required sealing of the court records. We disagree in this respect. True, the Legislature established strict rules of confidentiality to prevent premature disclosure. But the scheme applies only to matters before the commission and nothing in the statute can be read as applying to matters brought before the court.

The public policy of this State is to ensure awareness of judicial proceedings (see Judiciary Law, § 4; Matter of Westchester Rockland Newspapers v Leggett, 48 NY2d 430). While in an appropriate case a court may draw on its power to seal its own records (cf. Matter of Dorothy D., 49 NY2d 212; Matter of Todd H., 49 NY2d 1022), a blanket rule requiring the sealing of all court records involving proceedings by the commission is unjustified in the absence of legislative mandate. The Appellate Division erroneously substituted its judgment for that of the Legislature in perceiving the need for sealing. Its rule is no less than the judicial creation of a category of court proceedings that is to be shielded from public scrutiny. Public access to court records need not and should not signal access to the commission’s internal proceedings. Indeed, such precautions as in camera hearings, utilized in this case, preserve confidentiality. If the Legislature deems it necessary to extend the proscription against disclosure to judicial proceedings connected with those of the commission, it may do so (cf. CPL 190.50, subd 7). However, a rule requiring such extraordinary relief should not come from this court.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be modified to the extent of reversing so much thereof as ordered the sealing of court records, with costs to the New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct, and, as so modified, affirmed.

Fuchsberg, J.

(dissenting in part). As the majority points out, no charges have been leveled against the Surrogate. Rather, what we have before us are no more than proceedings incident to an investigation, however initiated, under the omnibus power the commission has been granted to look into complaints (NY Const, art VI, § 22, subd a).

Nevertheless, and mindful though I am of our practice of refusing to issue advisory opinions in ordinary appeals, because this court is uniquely possessed of plenary powers in such matters (Matter of Spector v State Comm. on Judicial Conduct, 47 NY2d 462) and also is charged with the extraordinary responsibility for the approval of rules of conduct governing the Judges of this State (NY Const, art VI, § 20, subd b), I would have preferred that we express our views, even at this early stage, on at least two subjects, one substantive in nature and the other procedural. In doing so, I also cannot help but reflect that appropriate guidance at this point might make it unnecessary to ever have to deal with the at best difficult balance called for when we are forced to choose between the State’s interest in policing the conduct of its Judges, on the one hand, and the exercise of the fundamental First Amendment privileges of political expression and association, on the other.

The first of these would treat with Canon 7 (subd B, par [2]) of the Code of Judicial Conduct. Involved to a greater or lesser extent in each of the three items which are the subject matter of the commission’s inquiry, it reads: "A candidate, including an incumbent judge, for a judicial office that is filled by public election between competing candidates should not himself solicit or accept campaign funds, or solicit publicly stated support, but he may establish committees of responsible persons to secure and manage the expenditure of funds for his campaign and to obtain public statements of support for his candidacy.”

It must be remembered that the Surrogate originally was an independent candidate for election to the office she now holds. It is argued that, absent the support of political machinery or the possession of personal wealth, the opportunity and means of making one’s view and virtues known to the electorate in heavily populated New York City may be insuperable without the financial and personal aid of others.

Whatever be the relative merits of the elective versus the appointive method for selecting of Judges — and our Nation’s history shows there have been times when we have tired of each — the fact is the elective system was then, as it is now, the one mandated for this office by our State Constitution. Unless a means test or an alternative means to finance election campaigns is devised and adopted, it seems obvious then that serious questions must arise. For, like it or not, realistically, if not constitutionally, this impediment to a candidate’s right to "speak” and to the concomitant public right to "hear” could very well impose "substantial and direct restrictions on the ability of candidates, citizens, and associations to engage in protected political expression” (Buckley v Valeo, 424 US 1, 58-59). It may even take the strict scrutiny test beyond its outer limits.

It is interesting therefore to note that the commission, whose task it is to enforce rather then create our codes of judicial ethics, with commendable candor, has had occasion to report: "The intent behind keeping a judge from knowing his contributors is obvious: to avoid the impression that, if elected, the judge will administer his office with a bias toward those who supported his candidacy. The requirement of public filing practically defeats that intent. So does the fact that a candidate who runs for judicial office chooses his treasurer and those who will be instrumental in raising funds on his behalf. It is unrealistic to expect that a political figure seeking any office would not know the names of at least his most generous contributors. A judge should have access to his list of contributors and should take steps to insure that he does not violate any of the specific standards or the rule against appearances of impropriety.” (NY State Comm on Judicial Conduct, Ann Rep, Jan. 1978, at pp 63-64).

I turn now briefly to a second matter, the vagueness, indeed absence, of any significant detail that would cast meaningful light on the substance of the inquiry. Granted that, on its face, this may be no more than the summary language of the Constitution commands at this stage, fairness would seem to dictate that in an ethical inquiry in which the target, rightfully, is to be held to the highest standard of conduct, where the subject matter is almost sure to partake of the subtle and the sensitive, and where the preferred outcome is an early and adequate explanation, the Judge who is its object should not be kept in the dark.

Finally, fairness again, it seems to me, requires that since "appearances” more often are the product of the publicity rather than that of the underlying conduct, a Judge should not have to pay the price of privacy for the privilege of pursuing her rights.

Meyer, J.

(dissenting in part). I disagree with respect to the sealing of court records and would affirm without modification. The court has inherent power to seal its own records and since refusing to do so unfairly disadvantages a Judge under investigation who wishes to challenge the commission’s authority, by requiring him to forfeit his right to confidentiality if he does so, I would hold as did the Appellate Division that the record should be sealed pending completion of the investigation.

Chief Judge Cooke and Judges Jasen, Jones and Wachtler concur in Per Curiam opinion; Judge Fuchsberg dissents in part and votes to modify in a separate opinion; Judge Meyer dissents in part and votes to affirm in a memorandum in which Judge Gabrielli concurs.

Order modified, with costs to the State Commission on Judicial Conduct, in accordance with the opinion herein, and, as so modified, affirmed. 
      
       Contrary to appellants’ assertion, Special Term was not required to conduct an adversary hearing in camera to determine the factual and legal predicate for the investigation. Subdivision 3 of section 44 and section 45 of the Judiciary Law provide for the confidentiality of preliminary commission proceedings. Such restrictions serve the dual purpose of protecting the confidentiality of complainants and witnesses, thus, ensuring the more effective functioning of the commission, and of protecting the Judge under investigation from injury to reputation resulting from the exposure of unjustified complaints (see Landmark Communications v Virginia, 435 US 829, 835, supra). While a Judge is given the power to waive confidentiality following dispositive action of the commission on the complaint (see Judiciary Law, § 45), that power is not unlimited at the preliminary stages of an investigation. At that point, the commission’s interest in encouraging the filing of complaints and in witness participation is entitled to protection against premature disclosure. The ex parte hearing here to determine the commission’s investigatory power and the basis for and relevancy of the requests was proper (cf. Matter of Hynes v Lemer, 44 NY2d 329).
     