
    No. 8631.
    The State of Louisiana ex rel. E. A. Luminais vs. The Judges of the Civil District Court for the Parish of Orleans.
    A mandamus will not issue to compel the Judges of the Civil District Court of the Parish, of Orleans to approve the salary now due of one of their officers, for a particular amount, when their refusal to thus approve is predicated on an act of the legislature reducing such salary twenty per cent.
    The Judges could be compelled, by mandamus to act on such an application 5 but not to act in a particular manner. To do so would be to divest them of their judicial discretion.
    Application for Mandamus.
    P. JE. & O. J. Théard and 6. II. TMard, for the Relator:
    1. Act 21 of 1882, amendatory of Act 47 of 1880, makes it the duty of the Judges of the Civil District Court for the Parish of Orleans to approve the warrants for the salaries of the minute clerks, docket clerks and record clerks of said Court, when signed by the clerk. Mandamus is the proper remedy to enforce the performance of that duty. C. P. 829, 834, 830.
    2. This Court, under Article 90 of the Constitution, has jurisdiction of this'matter. 32 An. 549, 553, 719, 774, 1256; 33 An. 146, 180, 358, 832, 1201, 1381. There is no inferior tribunal to which relator could apply for redress.
    3. Relator’s salary is fixed by Act 130 of 18a0 at eighteen hundred dollars per annum.
    4. Act 108 of1882, entitled “ an Act to ñx the salaries of all deputies and employees who are paid out of the Judicial Expense Fund,” and purporting to reduce relator’s salary twenty per cent., is violative of Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution.
    5. The object of Act 108 of 1882, is either “to amend Act 130 of 1880, and to reduce the salaries of the employees of the Civil and Criminal District Courts and Court of Appeals of the Parish of Orleans,” or to amend Acts 130, 131, 115, 94 and 66 of 1880, and to reduce the salaries of all the employees who are paid out of the Judicial Expense Fund.” Is either of these objects is expressed in the title. The law is unconstitutional. 4 An. 297; 5 An. 91, 94; 6 An. 605 j 23 An, 720; 33 An. 63; Const. Art. 29 ; Cooley’s Const. Dim. p. 141.
    6. The effect of Act 108 of 1882 is to amend Act 130 of 1880 only. There is no clue to that in the title.
    7. A law which purports to ñx salaries by a reduction of twenty per cent, on amounts previously fixed by statutes which are not repealed, is in reality an amendatory law which should specify in its title the laws aménded, and should re-enact and publish them at length as amended. The omission to do so makes the statute unconstitutional. Article 30, Const, of 1879.
   The opinion of the Court was delivered by

Poché, J.

The Relator seeks by mandamus to compel the Respondents to approve his voucher, for his salary as docket clerk of the Civil District Court, for the month of August, 1882, at the rate of one hundred and fifty dollars a month.

Relator’s salary had been fixed at $150, by Act 130 of 1880, and was reduced twenty per cent, by Act 108 of 1882, and the Judges’ refusal to approve his voucher for the month of August last, for one hundred and fifty dollars, was predicated on the last mentioned act.

But Relator charges that said Act is unconstitutional, and avers that the plain ministerial duty of Respondents was to approve his voucher, in accordance with the provisions of the Act of 1880.

A compliance with Relator’s demand would necessitate from Respondents a declaration of the unconstitutionality of Act No. 108 of. 1882, and the mandamus which we are asked to grant in the premises, must be preceded by such a declaration on our part.

In other words, we are asked by this proceeding to command Respondents to decide that Act No. 108 of 1882 is unconstitutional, null and void.

The record shows that Respondents have not failed or refused to perform the plain duty of approving Relator’s voucher as required by. law; but that they have refused to approve his voucher, for the reason that said voucher does not comply with the provisions of the law regulating the subject matter.

The mandamus which, we would issue, at the instance of Relator, would not have the legal effect of compelling the Respondent Judges to perform the duty of approving a voucher for the salary of one of , their officers, but would go to the extent of compelliug them to judicially determine that the proposed object of the legislature to reduce such salary was illegal and of no effect. We are clear in our conviction; that we are powerless to grant any such relief, as this would be tantamount to our assuming original jurisdiction of the matter. We have frequently held that we were clothed with the power to compel the Judge of an inferior court to render a judgment, but that we were powerless to dictate to him what judgment he should render.

Thus, in the case of the State ex rel. Wise vs. Taylor, Judge, 32 An. 977, we declined to interfere with the judicial discretion of the inferior Judge who had refused to sign an order of seizure and sale, on the ground that his refusal was a judicial act, which could be reviewed by an appeal only.

. In the case of the State ex rel. Ames vs. Judge, 32 An., (O. B. 53, p. 43,) not reported, we refused to compel the District Judge to homologate the proceedings of a family meeting; holding that the Judge could be compelled to act on the petition for homologation of the proceedings, but could not be compelled to decide in a particular manner. See also, State ex rel. New Orleans vs. Judge, 32 An. 549; State vs. Judge, 5 Robinson, 161.

In the present case, the Judges of the Civil District Court could be compelled by mandamus to act on Relator’s application for their approval of his voucher; but to compel their approval, when they have acted on the application, and have refused their approval, would -be to dictate the judgment which they should have rendered, and such an act would divest them of their judicial discretion. State vs. Dunlap, 5 M. 271; State vs. Judge Second District Court, 13 An. 481; Same vs. Same, 13 An. 483; Same vs. Same, 15 An. 113; 15 An. 164.

' If the performance of an act by a Judge, which must be preceded by and predicated on his conclusion on the alleged unconstitutionality of an act of the legislature, is not a judicial act, it would be difficult to conceive of an ex-parte order of a Judge which would fall under .the definition.

Although these views have not been urged in defense by the Respondents, they forcibly present themselves at the threshold of this investigation, and lead to the inevitable conclusion that Relator has entirely mistaken his remedy.

The writ of mandamus herein prayed .for is, therefore, refused, at Relator’s costs.

Concurring Opinion.

Fenner, J.

While approving the decree rendered in this cause, I cannot concur in the reasons assigned in the opinion of the majority of the Court.

I do not regard the action of the Judge, in discharging the function imposed on him by law, of approving the warrant of the clerk for his salary, as a juclieial act, in the sense or spirit in which it is treated in the majority opinion.

Abbott defines “judicial,” as “pertaining to the administration of justice in courts,” “judicial authority,” as “the official right to hear and determine questions in controversy,” “judicial decision,” as “the determination of a court or a judge in a cause.”

Judicial discretion only arises in the exercise of judicial authority, which presupposes the existence of some cause or controversy submitted to the Judge for decision in the customary form of judicial proceedings.

It is manifest that the function imposed upon the Judge of approving the warrants of the clerk, as a condition precedent to their payment at the treasury, possesses none of the characteristics of judicial action in the sense referred to. It contemplates no proceeding whatever in court, nor any record-thereof in the court. It might he performed by the Judge at any time and anywhere, on the street, or even in a different parish or State, or country. If any controversy exists, it is solely between the clerk and the Judge himself.

The clerk has the absolute right to have his salary, as provided by law, paid; and it is the absolute duty of the Judge to approve his warrants therefor. When the clerk demands of the Judge the performance of this duty, and the Judge refuses, a controversy arises between the clerk and the Judge himself, which the Judge cannot determinefor himself, but which the clerk has the right to refer, like other controversies, to the determination of competent judicial power. The Judge has no discretion in the matter, except that discretion which every man has to determine for himself, primarily, what are his rights and obligations ; hut if that determination be contested by the adverse claimant, in the exercise of a like primary liberty, the latter has the right to invoke a settlement of the controversy by the judicial power.

If these views he correct, however, the Relator herein must, never-’ theless, be denied the relief sought at our hands, because we have no original jurisdiction of such a case, and for this reason, I concur iu the. decree.

I am not called upon to express any opinion as to whether a duty of this kind can be imposed by law upon Judges of the' District Court, under Art. 92 of the Constitution. That- question, and its hearing upon the rights of parties, should only be decided when properly presented.  