
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Pasquale Leonardi, Appellant.
    Under the provision of the Penal Code (§22) declaring that “ whenever the actual existence of any particular purpose, motive or intent is a necessary element to constitute a particular species or degree of crime, the jury may take into consideration the fact that the accused was intoxicated at the time in determining the purpose, motive or intent with which he committed the act,” •where it appears upon the trial of an indictment for murder in the first degree that the defendant was intoxicated when he committed the homicide, the jury should be instructed that if the intoxication had extended so far in its effects that the necessary intent, deliberation and premeditation were absent, the fact of intoxication must be considered, and a verdict rendered in accordance therewith. In such a case the intoxication need not be to the extent of depriving the accused of all power of volition or of all ability to form an intent.
    Upon the trial of an indictment for murder it appeared that the homicide was committed by defendant without provocation and without motive, and that he was very much intoxicated at the time. The court charged in substance that if defendant had intelligence enough to know right from wrong, that the act he committed was wrong, he was responsible; but if he was bereft of reason, sense and judgment,.and acted without knowledge or intent as to the result of his acts, he was irresponsible, and that this was all the court would Say as to the intoxication of defendant bearing upon his capacity to distinguish between right and wrong, but that it would speak thereafter upon the subject of intoxication as bearing upon the question of motive. Subsequently the court charged that if defendant was sober enough to know what he was about, that the act was wrong, then his intoxication and motive would both exist, and the one would not destroy the other; that he must be so completely intoxicated in order to be excused as to be destitute of the capacity to realize the wrongful nature of the act, that his acts were wholly aimless and without purpose. Held, error.
    (Argued October 9, 1894;
    decided October 23, 1894.)
    Appeal from judgment of the Court of Oyer and Terminer of Montgomery county, entered upon a verdict rendered November 23, 1893, which convicted the defendant of the crime of murder in the first degree.
    The facts, so far as material, are stated in the opinion.
    
      
      Louis H. Reynolds for appellant.
    The learned trial justice, in his charge to the jury, erred in reference to the defendant’s conduct at the time of the assault. (People v. Rego, 36 Hun, 132; Code Crim. Pro. § 420 ; Chapman v. E. R. Co., 55 N. Y. 579; People v. Kelly, 35 Hun, 296.) The learned trial justice, in charging the jury, erred in his reference to the defendant’s intoxication. (Penal Code, § 22; People v. Fish, 125 N. Y. 136.) The motion for a new trial should have been granted. (Code Crim. Pro. §§ 465, 528; Penal Code, § 22.)
    
      Leonard F. Fish for respondent.
    The facts proven clearly established premeditation and deliberation. (People v. Fish, 125 N. Y. 136; People v. Conroy, 97 id. 62; Leighton v. People, 88 id. 117; People v. Beckwith, 103 id. 360; People v. Pallister, 51 N. Y. S. R. 723; People v. Majone, 91 N. Y. 211; People v. Hawkins, 109 id. 411; People v. Kelly, 22 N. Y. S. R. 969 ; People v. Cignarale, 110 N. Y. 23 ; People v. Clark, 7 id. 385 ; People v. Sullivan, Id. 400; People v. Rodgers, 19 Wend. 606 ; Fitzgerald v. People, 37 N. Y. 413 ; McKee v. People, 36 id. 113; Willis v. People, 32 id. 715 ; Kenny v. People, 31 id. 330.) The alleged intoxication is no defense. (People v. Fish, 125 N. Y. 136 ; Willis v. People, 32 id. 715 ; Kenny v. People, 31 id. 330 ; People v. McLeod, 1 Hill, 377; People v. Flanigan, 86 id. 554; People v. Rodgers, 18 id. 9; Rex v. Meakim, 7 C. & P. 297.) The motion to the trial court for a new trial was properly denied. (People v. Davis, 46 N. Y. S. R. 215 ; People v. Noonan, 38 id. 357; People v. Leighton, 1 N. Y. C. R. 469; People v. Johnson, 110 N. Y. 134; Code Crim. Pro. § 465, subd. 7.) It is unnecessary to prove motive. (People v. Wezza, 125 N. Y. 741; People v. Fish, Id. 146; People v. Conroy, 97 id. 75; McKee v. People, 36 id. 115.)
   Peckham, J.

The defendant appeals from the judgment of the Montgomery Oyer and Terminer entered upon the verdict of a jury convicting him of the crime of murder in the first degree. He was convicted of the killing of one Conover by stabbing him with a knife. The defendant is an Italian about twenty-four years of age. On the afternoon of September 12, 1893, in one of the streets of Amsterdam, he met the deceased and inflicted upon him the wounds from which he died in the course of a few days. The killing was done publicly, in the presence of a number of people, and so far as the deceased was concerned it was wholly without provocation, and, as counsel contended, it was also without motive.

There was .evidence upon the part of the defendant that he was" very much intoxicated at the time, and the material question in this case arises over the charge of the judge as to the proper effect to be given to this fact. It would seem that the counsel for the defendant had maintained before the jury that defendant was substantially insane, and, therefore, irresponsible at the time he committed the deed, or if not insane that he was so far intoxicated as not to have been guilty of murder ' in the first degree.

Further elaboration of the facts preceding and surrounding the killing is unnecessary in order to appreciate the bearing of the remarks of the learned judge in his charge to the jury upon the question of intoxication.

The judge charged upon the defense of insanity that if the defendant had intelligence enough to know right from wrong as to the character of the act which he committed, knew that it was wrong, he was responsible ; but if he were bereft of reason, intelligence, sense and judgment and acted without knowledge or intent as to the result of his acts he was an irresponsible person. Ho criticism can be passed upon this portion of the charge. The judge then said that that was all he, should say as to the intoxication of the defendant bearing upon his knowledge of right and wrong, of his capacity to distinguish between right and wrong and to know whether the act of stabbing and killing Conover was wrong, but that he should speak thereafter upon the subject of intoxication as bearing upon the question of motive.

His charge thus far, it is seen, was confined to the question of drunkenness as an excuse, so far as to render the person irresponsible as an insane person, or as one wlxo was so far intoxicated as to be wholly unaware of the act committed by him, or of its nature or extent. Then other matters were touched on by the learned judge, and subsequently he charged the jury with great ability and clearness upon the law in regard to the grade of the crime, the fact of premeditation and deliberation and the time necessary to elapse in order to-constitute the higher grade of the crime of murder. All this was done with great fairness and in a manner which left nothing to be desired. He then continued Ms charge upon the-fact of intoxication with regard to this portion of the case as follows:

“ How, that is all I propose to say on that branch of the case except with respect to intoxication. Of course the defendant must, in order to be found guilty of murder in the first degree, or indeed of any degree of murder, have the intention to kill have some motive perhaps — the law does not, however, require that any motive shall be proved, and perhaps I ought to correct my statement by saying that it is proper for you to look into the testimony closely for the purpose of discovering-a motive. It is not necessary that you should find it. It is alleged on the part of the defendant that the prisoner did not, in consequence of intoxication, have any motive; that he did not have any such sufficient intention to kill as would constitute murder in the first degree, and that he was not capable of so deliberating as to be guilty of murder in the first degree. These are questions for you to consider upon all the evidence. I express no opinion with respect to it. It is not my province to express any opinion with reference to a question of that: nature. It is a question of fact for you to determine, and I am only required to state the rules of law which you ought to have in your minds in reaching your determination. If he was sober enough to know what he was about, and that the act was wrong, then his1 intoxication and his-motive would both exist and the one would not destroy the other. If his intoxication made him more excitable and led him the more readily and easily to commit the. crime, to form the intent and. to reach a conclusion, as the result of deliberation upon it, then his intoxication would not help him. He must be so completely intoxicated in order to be excused as to be destitute of the capacity to realize the wrongful nature of his act; that his acts are wholly aimless and without purpose. I might illustrate the idea which I have in mind and am trying to present to you by referring to the testimony in x relation to (his brother) Pietro’s acts upon the streets. As I before remarked, there does not seem to be much question but what Pietro was very much intoxicated. And among the other acts which are spoken of - by witnesses as having been done by Pietro is the act of standing on the street and picking up stones and throwing them down again with violence. How what motive could he have had for picking up stones and throwing them down on the street ? That .seems to me to be very much like an aimless, purposeless act of •a man who does not know what he is about, who is doing something without any motive, and I speak of it to impress upon your minds, if I can, a correct notion of the extent of the intoxication under which a man must rest in order to make his acts purposeless acts. He must strike something like the wild beasts, bereft of sense, intelligence, judgment and reason, that act according to a purposeless impulse. You are to consider how well the evidence satisfies you that the defendant Pasquale had reached that aimless and purposeless condition.” At common law drunkenness was not only not an excuse for •crime, but evidence of intoxication while, admissible, and to be considered in some cases, was yet generally of no avail. If a man made himself voluntarily drunk it Avas no excuse for any crime he might commit while he was so, and he had to take the responsibility of his own voluntary act. If the assault were unprovoked, the fact of intoxication would not be allowed to affect the legal character of the crime. The fact of intoxication was not to be permitted to be even considered by the jury upon the question of premeditation. These principles are stated in many cases in this court. (People v. Rogers, 18 N. Y. 9; Kenny v. People, 31 id. 330; Flanigam v. The People, 86 id. 554.)

The strict rule of the common law has, however, been slightly relaxed by our Penal Code, the twenty-second section of which reads as follows:

“ No act committed by a person while in a state of voluntary intoxication shall be deemed less criminal by reason of. his having been in such condition. But whenever the actual existence of any particular purpose, motive or intent is a necessary element to constitute a particular species or degree of' crime, the jury may take into consideration the fact that the accused was intoxicated at the time in determining the purpose, motive or intent with which he committed the act.”

Under this section it has been held by this court that it is not proper to charge the jury that the mere fact of intoxication is necessarily evidence even tending to show an absence of premeditation and deliberation. Such fact, the court said, might tend in some cases to show absence, while in others it. might not. We held that it was now simply the duty of the judge to leave it to the jury to take into consideration the question of intoxication determining the motive or intent of the accused, and whether he acted with deliberation and premeditation. (People v. Mills, 98 N. Y. 176.) We do not. think that under this statute the intoxication need be to such an extent as to necessarily and actually preclude the defendant from forming,an intent or from being actuated by a motive, before the jury would have the right to regard it as having any legal effect upon the character of defendant’s act. Any intoxication, the statute says, may be considered by the jury and the decision as to its effect rests with them. That a man may be. even grossly intoxicated and yet be capable of forming an intent to kill or do any other criminal act is indisputable, and if, while so intoxicated, he forms an intent to kill and carries, it out with premeditation and deliberation, he is without doubt guilty of murder in the first degree, and the jury should, when such a defense is interposed, be so instructed. It is a most important and far-reaching statute in its possible effects, and the jury ought to be warned that where the criminal act is fairly and clearly proved, the fact of intoxication as furnishing evidence of the want of the criminal intent which, the proof might otherwise show, should be considered by it with the greatest care, caution and circumspection, and such fact ought not to be allowed to alter the •character or grade of the criminal act unless they have a fair and reasonable doubt of. the existence of the necessary criminal purpose or intent after a consideration of such evidence of intoxication. The safety of society depends to a large extent upon the due administration of our criminal law, and the voluntary intoxication of an accused person should be most cautiously considered before arriving at a conclusion that it has in any way altered the character or grade of a criminal act. It ought always to be borne in mind that by the terms of the very statute, cited no act committed by a person while in a state of voluntary intoxication shall be deemed less criminal by reason of his having been in such condition. In other words, it should still be remembered that voluntary drunkenness is never an excuse for crime. In People v. Fish (125 N. Y. 136) it was held that under this section of the Penal Code, if the accused be sober enough to and do form an intent and so deliberate upon and premeditate the crime, then he is responsible the same as if he had been perfectly sober, and that he is guilty even though intoxicated. By our statute deliberation and premeditation are necessary constituents of the crime of murder in the first degree, and if by reason of intoxication the jury should be of opinion that the deliberation or premeditation necessary to constitute murder in the first degree did not exist, the crime is reduced to a lower grade of murder, or in the absence of any intent to kill, then to manslaughter in some of its grades. The intoxication need not be to the extent of depriving the accused of all power -of volition or of all ability to form an intent. The jury should be instructed that if the intoxication had extended so far in its effects that the "necessary intent, deliberation and premeditation were absent, the fact of such intoxication must be considered and a verdict rendered in accordance therewith. In the portion of. the charge of the learned judge which has been above set forth we fear that he required evidence of the existence of too great a degree of intoxication before the jury were permitted to find the absence of the necessary intent or degree of deliberation or premeditation. I have endeavored to state what the rule is in such eases.

There was no exception taken to the charge of the judge, and under the old system the defendant would be without remedy here, although we might feel convinced that the judge had erred in a material portion of the charge. But the statute now provides for a direct review by this court of a judgment upon a verdict of conviction of murder in the first degree. Where justice demands it we can grant a new trial although no exception appears in the case. Errors, however, even of a material nature, if unexcepted to upon the trial, are not necessarily ground for granting a new trial by this court. In the absence of exceptions, unless the record shows that the ends of justice really require a new trial, it will not be granted, even though some legal or material error may have occurred upon the trial. These principles are decided in several cases. (People v. Driscoll, 107 N. Y. 414; People v. Lyons, 110 id. 618; People v. Kelly, 113 id. 647.)

In this case the error in the charge was of the most vital nature, and although possibly it may be open to the claim that it was given with reference to the question as to what amount of intoxication formed an excuse to the defendant, yet we are fearful that the jury may have been misled and may have thought that the language appertained to the subject of considering the extent of the intoxication of the defendant with reference to the intent with which he struck the blows.

Taking all the facts and circumstances of the case into consideration as they appear in this record, we think the demands of justice will be best subserved by giving the defendant the benefit of a new trial.

The judgment must, therefore, be reversed and a new tidal granted.

All concur.

Judgment reversed.  