
    The People of the State of New York, Plaintiff, v. James Gallagher, Defendant.
    (Supreme Court, Herkimer Trial Term,
    March, 1908.)
    Indictment — Joinder and separation of counts and election — Offenses connected or growing out of same transaction; necessity of election. Larceny — Under the Penal Code1—Property subject to larceny. Forests — Statutory regulations of forest preserve — Hot intended to supersede provisions of Penal Code applicable thereto.
    An indictment which charges the defendant with the crime of grand larceny in stealing logs from the State lands of the forest preserve is not fatally defective because it also contains statements, leading up to the commission of such crime, that the defendant entered upon such lands and severed the logs from the realty’ for the purpose and with the felonious intention of stealing them, thereby charging him also with the commission of a misdemeanor; nor should the prosecution be compelled to try the defendant first for the misdemeanor and leave the serious offense of grand larceny to a subsequent hearing.
    Timber upon State lands falls within the description of property so as to make the person who steals it guilty of larceny, notwithstanding the provision of the Constitution which forbids the sale of land in the forest preserve and the timber thereon.
    The Legislature, in enacting the Forest, Fish and Game Law, did not intend to provide another remedy to be invoked against trespassers upon and despoilers of the State lands than the provisions of the Penal Code, nor to render such provisions relating to the crime of larceny inapplicable thereto.
    Demtjbbeb to indictment. The opinion states the case.
    Rush F. Lewis, District Attorney, for people.
    Thomas D. Watkins, R. S. Johnson and A. T. Wilkinson, for defendant.
   Devendorf, J.

Ultimately the questions raised by the demurrer are (1) that two distinct crimes (grand larceny and misdemeanor, under section 640 of the Penal Code) are alleged in the indictment, and (2) that the facts stated do not constitute the crime of grand larceny in any degree.

The indiement is for grand larceny in the first degree. It, in substance, charges the defendant with entering upon State lands of the forest preserve, in Herkimer county, and stealing five thousand logs therefrom, which defendant and his agents had severed from the realty for the purpose and with the felonious intention of stealing; and it is further charged that the defendant then and there did steal and carry away and appropriate to his own use such logs, to the number of five thousand and of the value of five thousand dollars, and thereby deprived the people of the State and the State of New York, the true owners thereof, of their property and of the use and benefit thereof.

The defendant says the indictment is fatally defective because the crimes of grand larceny and misdemeanor, in cutting and severing the trees from the land, are pleaded in the same count.

I am aware of the fact that the indictment must charge but one crime, except a crime may be charged in separate ■ counts to have been committed in a different manner and by different means; and, where the acts complained of may constitute different crimes, such crimes may be charged in separate counts. Code Grim. Pro. §§ 278, 279.

I regard the allegations in the indictment, with reference to the entry on State lands and the cutting of the trees thereon by defendant, as simply allegations of fact leading to the charge that the defendant, after the trees were cut, appropriated them to his own use and stole them. It may well be inferred from the allegations of the indictment that it was intended to be expressed and stated therein that the defendant, in entering upon the land in question and severing the trees therefrom, was simply preparing the condition of things surrounding him for the commission of the serious crime of grand larceny. It may be said that the thief, to steal the tray of diamonds, removes but a small piece of glass in the window which is between him and the object of his crime; ■yet he commits the crimes of both burglary and larceny; and I think the law would hesitate to say that a one-count charge, accusing him of larceny, would be defective because it alleged facts stating how the larceny was committed.

In the indictment at bar, .grand larceny is the only crime charged or sought to be charged; and its language, in effect, is to accuse the defendant of entering upon State lands, putting property thereon in a condition so it could be removed, and then stealing it.

It is not material who severed the trees from the land; and, because defendant is alleged to have been a party to it, preparing for the crime of larceny, the prosecution should not be compelled to try him first for severing from the realty and leave the serious offense, that of grand larceny, to a subsequent hearing. I have come to the conclusion that but one crime is charged against the defendant and that the indictment in that regard should stand.

As to the second ground of demurrer, the counsel for the defendant puts it in plain language, stripping it of all legal verbiage, as follows: “ That it is not larceny, within the meaning of section 528 of the Penal Code, for any person to cut and carry away timber from State lands.” Let us first see how larceny is defined in the statute. Section 528 of the Penal Code provides as follows: “A person who, with the intent to deprive or defraud the- true owner of his property, or of its use and benefit thereof, or to appropriate the same to the use of the taker, or of any other person, either, (1) Takes from the possession "of the true owner, or of any other person * * * or appropriates to .his own use, or that of any person other than the true owner, any money, personal property, thing in action, evidence of debt or contract, or article of value of any kind * * * steals such property and is guilty of larceny.”

It is further provided that a person is guilty of grand larceny in the first degree who steals property "of the value of more than five hundred dollars, in any manner whatever; and is guilty of grand larceny in the second degree, if, under circumstances not amounting to grand larceny in the first degree, he steals property of the value of more than twenty-five dollars. The stealing of twenty-five dollars or less, if not brought within the language of either of the provisions of grand larceny in the first and second degree, is petit larceny.

'Section 537 of the Penal Code, which is contained within chapter 4, title 15, of such Code wherein is embodied the provisions with reference to larceny, provides as follows: “All the provisions of this chapter apply to cases where the thing taken is a fixture or a part of the realty, or any growing tree, plant, or produce, and is severed at the time of the taking, in the same manner as if the thing had been severed by another person at a previous time.”

It will be observed, therefore, that the provisions of law defining larceny are made to apply to any growing tree or fixture which is severed at the time of the taking, as though it had been severed by another person at a previous time.

The defendant’s counsel says that such provisions of the Penal Code cannot apply to the case at bar, because timber upon State lands does not fall within the description of property as defined by well settled legal authorities, and that the one vital element which gives life to property is the right to dispose of it — that property is nothing more than the rights attached to it.

In effect, as I view it, it is urged that the people, so to speak, cut the ground from under their own feet when they placed in the present State Constitution the following: “ The lands of the State, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve, as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands that shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or destroyed.” Hence it is said that the owner, the people of the State, has no right to sell or dispose of the property and, therefore, the principal requisite of property, as used in the larceny statute, is entirely absent, and he who wrongfully and unlawfully takes and appropriates such timber, it may be to the value of thousands of dollar’s, cannot be accused or convicted of larceny.

If that contention is correct, the people are nearly powerless to prevent destruction by removal or theft of their large and valuable forests.

It does not appear to he seriously questioned that the people of the State own the forest preserve; but it is said, as above stated, that, because of the provision in the Oonstitution which forbids the sale of land in such preserve and the timber thereon, the preserve and all it contains have ceased to. possess the quality or identity of property.

I cannot agree with that line of reasoning. I think, generally speaking, considering the Oonstitution in its present form, that the forest and lands of the forest preserve have a value and still remain property in every sense of the word, and that the people have a right to the benefit and use thereof, and that he who trespasses upon such 'preserve, prepares a way for the destruction or removal of the forest by cutting down the trees and then removes them from such lands, with intent to take them from the people, and appropriates them to his own use, is guilty of larceny.

If my position, considering the present language of the Constitution, is too extreme, I would suggest, in answer to the argument that the property in the forest preserve ceased to he such because of said constitutional provision, that it is absolutely within the power of the people to amend or change the Constitution; and that they would have the power, if they saw fit so to do, to bring about a sale of the forest property; and that right, which they certainly have reserved to themselves, gives them a present interest of value in the forest lands.

There is but one other question, which perhaps was not discussed or even seriously mentioned, and that is, whether it was the intention of the Legislature, when it created section 222 of the Forest, Fish and Game Law, to provide another remedy to be invoked against -trespassers upon and despoilers of the State lands in lieu of the larceny statute.

This was not intended, as such statute does not expressly refer to any provision of the Penal Code; and it would not be effectual to either repeal, alter or amend any of the provisions of the said Code without explicit reference thereto. Penal Code, § 728.

The demurrer is, therefore, overruled and leave given to the defendant to enter a plea.

As the questions presented by the other three indictments are the same, the same disposition is made thereof and the defendants in each case permitted to enter a plea.

Ordered accordingly.  