
    FACTORS & FINANCE COMPANY v. THE UNITED STATES
    [No. K-13.
    Decided March 7, 1932]
    
      
      Mr. J. Gilmer Korner, jr., for the plaintiff. Messrs. Joseph J. Klein, Myron A. Finke, and Samuel M. Fisher were on the briefs.
    
      Mr. George H. Foster, with whom was Mr. Assistant Attorney General Charles B. Rugg, for the defendant. Mr. Charles F. Kincheloe was on the brief.
    Brewster, Ivins & Phillips filed a brief as amici curiae.
    
   Littleton, Judge,

delivered the opinion:

The question in this case is whether the original claim for refund could be amended after the expiration of five years from the date when the return for 1917 was due. The defendant agrees that if the claim of February 27, 1923, could be amended before it was decided by the commissioner, the plaintiff is entitled to recover.

The refund claim of February 27, 1923, was timely filed. At that time the audit of the plaintiff’s 1917 return and the matter of its tax liability were being considered by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and he had not made a final decision with reference thereto. Plaintiff could not, of course, know what the result of the audit of the commissioner would be, and the time within which a claim for refund could be legally filed was about to expire. Accordingly it duly filed the claim of February 27, 1923, duly verb fied, on the form prescribed by the Bureau of Internal Revenue, asking a refund of $177,606.04. This claim did not state any particular item or items as a ground for refund nor did it set forth any facts which would show an overpayment, but it pointed out that the tax liability for 1917 had not been decided by the commissioner and that the claim was being filed to protect the taxpayer’s rights under the pertinent statutes governing refunds and to permit the commissioner to refund any tax paid in excess of that found to be due. At the time this claim was filed there was pending before the commissioner a claim for abatement of an additional tax assessed in August, 1920, which claim had been made the subject of a field investigation and audit of taxpayer’s books and records. This abatement claim was finally allowed in part and rejected in part by the commissioner, and a certificate of overassessment showing the abatement of $3,293.89 was forwarded to plaintiff in November, 1923. The commissioner did not consider or act upon plaintiff’s claim for refund in connection with his consideration of the abatement claim.

On July 17, 1925, and before the commissioner had taken any action with reference to the refund claim of February 27, 1923, plaintiff prepared on the standard Treasury form and duly filed a claim for refund as an amendment and amplification of the earlier claim. The amended claim set forth specifically that the refund should be granted for the reason that the profits tax-should be computed under the provisions of section 210 of the revenue act of 1917, and requested the commissioner to make such computation. Section 210 provided that if the invested capital could not be-satisfactorily determined the profits tax “ shall ” be determined and computed in a certain manner. The commissioner took up the consideration of these claims. Evidence in support of the claims was furnished by plaintiff, and hearings were held in the commissioner’s office, after a consideration of which the commissioner held that the profits tax should be computed under section 210 as claimed by plaintiff, and, as a result of such computation, determined the overpayment, a part of which is here in question. In these circumstances we are of opinion that the claim of July 17, 1925, was a proper amendment and amplification of the original claim of February 27, 1923.

The statutory provisions relating to refund claims for overpayment of taxes fall into two classes: First, section 284 (a) and (b) (1) of the revenue act of 1926, and sections 3220 and 3228 (a) of the Revised Statutes, as amended, provide that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may not make a refund of overpaid taxes, after a specified period, unless a claim therefor be filed by the taxpayer. So far as a refund by the commissioner is concerned, these provisions do not require the statement in the claim of the facts or theory upon which the claim is based. He may allow such a claim upon any facts of which he may have knowledge or which he may himself obtain. Second, section 3226 of the Revised Statutes, as amended, provides that before suit can be maintained on a claim for refund a claim must be filed in accordance with the regulations. Reg. 69, art. 1304, which is in substance the same as all previous regulations under the income tax acts provides that “All facts relied upon in support of the claim should be set forth in detail under oath.”

The difference in the above statutory provisions is (a) to authorize the commissioner to make a refund of overpaid taxes, he need only have a “ claim ” therefor before him. No detailed facts need be stated by the taxpayer to enable the commissioner to allow the claim and make a refund, (b) But before the taxpayer can go into court to review the commissioner’s treatment of his case, the facts upon. which the claim is based must be brought to the attention of the commissioner, and the commissioner thus accorded the opportunity to consider the contentions that the court will have before it. The purpose of this last requirement is to spare the parties and the courts the burden of litigation in respect to the tax. The first purpose under the statutes of filing a claim for refund is to give the commissioner jurisdiction over the matter. If the commissioner is satisfied that the tax has been overpaid he could make a refund under section 284 (a) and (b) (1) if a mere informal and defective claim or a general “ blanket ” claim were timely filed with him in which no facts or grounds were stated. Bonwit Teller & Co. v. United States, 283 U. S. 258. He could not,, however, make refund after the period indicated by the-statute unless such a claim were filed, even although he had’ audited the return and found an unquestioned overpayment-Thus, the prime purpose of a refund claim is to give the-commissioner jurisdiction over the matter. He may then of his own accord give the taxpayer any relief which he-thinks proper.

However, if the taxpayer desires to protect his right to-a judicial review of the commissioner’s action, if he should not determine that a refund should be made, he should set forth the facts upon which he relies as entitling him to a; refund. Such procedure on the part of the taxpayer is required by section 3226, E,. S., and the reason for this requirement is clearly established by the decisions of Tucker v. Alexander, 275 U. S. 228; United States v. Felt & Tarrant Mfg. Co., 283 U. S. 269; Feather River Lumber Co. v. United States, 66 C. Cls. 54.

Claims for refund are analogous in theory and purpose to-processes and petitions in proceedings in courts and should, we think, be governed by the same rules of law in regard to-amendments. In our opinion a timely claim for refund fora particular taxable year, although general in terms, gives-the commissioner jurisdiction over the matter of any overpayment of tax for that year, stops the running of the statute of limitations, and the commissioner may, under the relief provisions of the statute or upon facts already in his-possession, or upon facts furnished by the taxpayer or facts-wbicb he may obtain by his own investigation, repay to the taxpayer any overpayment which he may find in respect to the tax for that particular year. We are of the opinion that the taxpayer may, by amendment or amplification prior to action upon the claim for refund or rejection thereof by the commissioner, bring to the commissioner’s attention the particular items of tax liability involved .and set forth the detailed facts relied upon; and that a timely claim for refund may thus be amended prior to rejection even though a new or an original claim might be barred by the statute of limitations. Particularly is this true when at the time of filing the refund claim the commissioner had under consideration the audit of plaintiff’s tax liability for the year in question in connection with which no decision had been made and the amount of tax which the plaintiff might be called upon to pay had not been determined. Until this determination had been made plaintiff did not know what the basis of the commissioner’s final decision would be. The Commissioner of Internal Bevenue in-his letter to the plaintiff of January 13, 1927, advising it of his decision upon the claim, referred to the claim of July 17,1925, as “ amplifying the former claim.”

The amendment of the claim for refund in this case did not set up a new cause of action. Tire provisions of the various revenue acts are mandatory in their provisions that the commissioner shall audit the return, determine the correct tax liability, collect any tax found to be due and refund -or credit any amount which has been paid in excess of the tax properly due, but it is provided that a refund of the excess tax may not be made unless claim therefor is filed within a specified time. These provisions are similar in purpose and effect to the provisions of Title IX, revenue act of 1924, and Title X, revenue act of 1926, giving the United States Board of Tax Appeals jurisdiction to determine the deficiency or overpayment in respect of the tax upon the filing by the taxpayer within sixty days of a petition in a •case where the commissioner has determined a deficiency. Upon the filing of such petition within the statutory period the board acquires jurisdiction of the tax liability for the period specified in a timely petition and may determine the correct amount of the deficiency due or the amount of any overpayment, Peerless Woolen Mills, 13 B. T. A. 1119; Peerless Woolen Mills v. Rose, 28 Fed. (2d) 661. The board has uniformly held that an incomplete or imperfect petition setting forth no grounds or facts, as required by Bule 5 of the board, may be perfected or amended after the time for filing a petition has expired. The board has also held that a taxpayer may amend his petition to restate his case with more accuracy or certainty or to correct a mistake or supply a deficiency so long as it does not thereby declare a new and different cause of action even where the time of limitation has run, and that the nature of the cause of action in general under the original petition is the determination of the correct tax for a certain period. The Peruna Co., 11 B. T. A. 1180, 1188; Marion Shairmald Sevier, 14 B. T. A. 709, 716.

The only-restriction upon the power of a tribunal to allow amendments is that it can not permit a party, by amendment, to set up a new cause of action barred by limitation over which the tribunal did not acquire jurisdiction under the original process, petition, or claim. The Commissioner of Internal Bevenue having jurisdiction under the claim filed February 27, 1923, to determine an overpayment, was not limited to the theory, grounds, or items of computation that might be the basis of determining it. He had the same authority to consider new contentions directed to the same end, i. e., the determination of the correct amount which had been erroneously collected, that a court would have to allow amendments to a pleading which did not bring in a new cause of action. The statute creates a cause of action before the Commissioner of Internal Bevenue for an overpayment of tax for a given year and not necessarily for each disputed item on or omitted from the return. See St. Louis & S. F. R. Co. v. Loughmiller, 193 Fed. 689; Illinois Surety Co. v. United States, 215 Fed. 334, 339; Swift & Co. v. United States, 67 C. Cls. 322; 14 Op. A. G. 615. Compare Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U. S. 281, decided January 4, 1932. The taxpayer may therefore so long as his claim is pending before the commissioner, and not decided, bring to the attention of the commissioner by amendment specific items and the facts with reference thereto.

Tbe defendant relies in this case upon L. O. 1116, III-l C. B. 350, published by the Solicitor of Internal Revenue in 1924. We think that opinion is not applicable here. The solicitor held that although a claim for refund might be amended, even after rejection, before the expiration of the statutory period for filing a new claim, a claim which had been rejected could not be amended after the expiration of the statutory period. This ruling was sound. Sugar Land Railway Oo. v. United States, 71 C. Cls. 628, 48 Fed. (2d) 973; Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York v. United States, 72 C. Cls. 204, 49 Fed. (2d) 662; Edward Maxson v. United States, 72 C. Cls. 335, 50 Fed. (2d) 276. If a new claim were in order, accepting amendments to the old one would be the same as accepting a new one. If the original claim had been rejected and the time for filing a new one had expired, the commissioner would be without jurisdiction to consider an amendment unless he might reconsider and ireopen his decision on the original claim.

In this case the original claim for refund was timely and, .though perhaps lacking in adequacy as to details, it gave the commissioner jurisdiction and was susceptible of amplification and amendment. By the amendment filed, before the commissioner had acted, the commissioner was fully advised as to the grounds and the facts relied upon. He was not misled. The rule is settled that a taxpayer may not bring a suit in court to collect a refund of a tax unless he •has put the Commissioner of Internal Revenue upon notice of the nature of his claim so that the commissioner may act intelligently on the claim with the facts before him and, thus, have an opportunity to correct errors and mistakes before making his decision on the claim. The logic of the situation leads to the implication that if a taxpayer has put the commissioner on notice of the nature of his claim and has placed all the facts relating thereto before the commissioner prior to his consideration or action upon such •claim, the commissioner then has full opportunity to correct •errors and mistakes and to make a proper refund without burdening the parties and the courts with unnecessary litigation. It thus follows that when a condition precedent giving rise to the rule has been met and complied with, the reason for the rule ceases and the rule itself is no longer applicable. In Tucker v. Alexander, swpra, the court said: “ The statute and the regulations must be read in the light of their purpose. They are devised, not as traps for the unwary, but for the convenience of Government officials in passing upon claims for refund and in preparing for trial. Failure to observe them does not necessarily preclude recovery.” Statutes must have a reasonable construction, and the language must be interpreted with reference to the subject matter and the general course of business to which they relate, and in such manner that the beneficent provisions of remedial laws may not be thwarted by nice technicalities not within the minds of the legislators. Lynch v. Alworth-Stephens Co., 267 U. S. 364, 370; Old Colony R. R. Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 284 U. S. 552, decided February 15, 1932. The evident object aimed at by the law was to have the proceeding for the refund of taxes actually instituted within the time limit, in order to avoid the consideration of stale claims, and not to define the manner in which they should be presented to the commissioner, or to define the limits of his authority to consider and decide matters as to the correct overpayment that might be presented by an amendment to a timely claim prior to his decision thereon. The commissioner considered these claims and after hearing the plaintiff thereon, and considering the facts and information submitted by the plaintiff, determined the overpayment in question upon the grounds specified. The plaintiff is therefore entitled to recover.

Judgment will be entered in favor of plaintiff for $19,995.44, with interest as provided by law. It is so ordered.

Green, Judge, and Booti-i, Chief Justice, concur.

Williams, Judge, dissents.

Whaley, Judge, took no part in the decision of this case.  