
    DARLING v. CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS.
    ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OP APPEALS OP THE STATE OF VIRGINIA.
    No. 600.
    Argued April 15, 1919.
    Decided April 28, 1919.
    Generally speaking, private rights in land under tidal waters are subject to the right of the State to use such waters as a depository for sewage. P. 542.
    Plaintiff held oyster beds in the tidal waters of Hampton Roads by leases from the State of Virginia, under whose laws, as long as he paid rent, he was declared to have the “exclusive right to occupy” the land for twenty years, subject to any' rights of other persons previously acquired, with the State’s guaranty of an “absolute right” to continue to use and occupy it for that period. Held: That the grant, construed strictly, with reference to the public necessity in that vicinity and previous pollution ,of the water, was subject to the right of the State to authorize the City of Newport News to discharge its sewage into the Roads, and that the consequent pollution of the plaintiff’s oysters was neither (1) á taking of his property without due process, nor (2) an impairment of his contract rights, nor (3), (following the state court) a damage in the sense of the ..Virginia constitution, which requires compensation for property taken or damaged for public use. P. 543.
    123 Virginia) 14, affirmed.
    The case is stated in the opinion.
    
      
      Mr. Maryus Jones' and Mr. John Winston Read for plaintiff in error:
    The Virginia statutes give the lessee a property right (Powell v. Tazewell, 66 Virginia, 786; McCready v. Virginia, 94 U. S. 391), viz., the absolute and exclusive use and occupancy of this ground for a period of twenty years, with the right to renew for another period of twenty years, upon the same terms and conditions as set out in the original lease from the State. How then can the State afterwards grant to the city the authority to take and destroy this property without providing any compensation whatsoever? It would seem to be plain that such action not only impairs the obligation of the contract previously existing (Cooley’s Const. Lim., 6th ed., p. 328; Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87, 136; New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 Cranch, 64), but likewise takes property for public use without just compensation, which the requirement of due process of law in the Fourteenth Amendment forbids.
    [Counsel relied particularly upon the case of Huffmire v. City of Brooklyn, 162 N. Y. 584, as practically identical with this, and upon the dissenting opinion in the court below, 123 Virginia, 14, and authorities therein cited.]
    
      Mr. J. A. Massie for defendant in error.
   Me. Justice Holmes

delivered the opinion of the court.

The plaintiff in error brought this bill in equity to prevent the City of Newport News from discharging its sewage in such a way as to pollute and ruin the,plaintiff’s oysters upon his beds under the tidal waters of Hampton Roads. A demurrer was sustained by the court of first instance and on appeal by the Supreme Court of Appeals, and the bill was dismissed. 123 Virginia, 14. The material facts are few. The plaintiff holds leases of the beds from the State. The original ones were made in 1884 and 1885 for twenty years. In 1903, 1905 and 1912 they were what is called reassigned to the plaintiff by what we understand to have been new leases, by statute to be deemed continuations of the original leases. In 1896 the City of Newport News was incorporated with the grant of,the right to build sewers, which the City built in the manner complained of. The grant, coupled with Acts of 1908, c. 349, pp. 623, 624, authorizes the present discharge through Salter’s Creek into the tide waters of Hampton Roads, with the effect alleged. By § 2137 of the Code of Virginia it is provided that so long as a lessee of oyster beds continues to pay the rent reserved “he shall have the exclusive right to occupy said land for a period of twenty years, subject to such rights, if any, as any other person or persons may previously have acquired.” By § 2137a, originally Act of March 5, 1894, c. 743, § 10 (2), Acts 1893-4 pp. 840, 847, while he pays rent as required “the state will guarantee the absolute right to the renter to continue to use and occupy the same for the period of twenty years the renter acquired.” The bill alleges that if the statutes purport to authorize the destruction of the plaintiff’s oysters they are contrary to the Constitution of the United States and specifically to the Fourteenth Amendment. In the assignment of errors to the Supreme Court of Appeals the statutes are said also to violate the contract clause. Article I, § 10. The jurisdiction of this court is clear.

The fundamental question as to the rights of holders of land under tide waters does not present the conflict of two vitally important interests that exists with regard to fresh water streams. There the needs of water supply and of drainage compete. Missouri v. Illinois, 200 U. S. 496, 521, 522. The ocean hitherto has been treated as open to the discharge of sewage from the cities upon its .shores. Whatever science may accomplish in the future we are not aware that it yet has discovered any generally accepted way of avoiding the practical necessity of so using the great natural purifying basin. Unless precluded by some right of a neighboring State, such as is not in question here, or by some act of its own, or of the United States, clearly a State may authorize a city to empty its drains into the sea. Such at least would be its power unless it should create a nuisance that so seriously interfered with private property as to infringe constitutional rights. • And we apprehend that the mere ownership of a tract of land under the salt water would not be enough of itself to give a right to prevent the fouling of the water as supposed. The ownership of such land, as distinguished from the shore, wpuld be subject to the natural uses of the water. So much may be accepted from the decisions in Virginia and elsewhere as established law. Hampton v. Watson, 119 Virginia, 95; Haskell v. New Bedford, 108 Massachusetts, 208, 214; Marcus Sayre Co. v. Newark 60 N. J. Eq. 361; Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Illinois, 146 U. S. 387, 459.

The question before us then narrows itself to whether the State has done any act that precludes it from exercising what otherwise, would be its powers. On that issue wé shall not inquire more curiously than did the Supreme Court of Appeals into the statutory warrant for the leases, •'or go into relative dates, but shall assume, for the pur-' poses of decision, that the plaintiff is a lessee and is entitled to the benefit of the clauses that we have quoted from the Code. But we agree with the court below that when land is let under the water of Hampton Roads, even though let for oyster beds, the lessee must be held to take the risk of the pollution of the water. It cannot be supposed that for a dollar an acre, the rent mentioned in the Code, or whatever other sum the plaintiff paid, he. acquired a property superior tó that risk, or that by. the mere making of the léase, the State contracted, if it could, against using its legislative power to sanction one of the very most important public uses of water already partly polluted, and in the vicinity of half a dozen cities and towns, to which that water obviously furnished the natural place of discharge. See Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Illinois, 146 U. S. 387. Trimble v. Seattle, 231 U. S. 683. The case is not changed by the guaranty in § 2137a. That is directed to the possession of the land, not to the quality of the water. It is unnecessary to cite the cases that have affirmed so frequently that the construction of public grants must be very strict.

The constitution of Virginia, like some others, requires compensation for property taken or damaged for public use. Const. 1902, § 58. But this seems to be construed by the dissenting judge as well as by the court below as not including damage like this, which would not have been a wrong even without the act of the legislature. It is a question that has been subject to much debate. See for example, Caledonian Railway v. Walker’s Trustees, 7 App. Cas. 259, 293, et seq. Taft v. Commonwealth, 158 Massachusetts, 526, 548. Transportation Co. v. Chicago, 99 U. S. 635, 642. But upon that point we follow the Supreme Court of the State.

Decree affirmed,.  