
    UNITED STATES of America v. Jerrad K. ALLEN, Appellant.
    No. 05-3171.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) March 31, 2006.
    Filed April 7, 2006.
    
      Laura S. Irwin, Office of United States Attorney, Pittsburgh, PA, for United States of America.
    Thomas R. Ceraso, New Kensington, PA, for Jerrad K. Allen.
    Before: SMITH and COWEN, Circuit Judges, and ACKERMAN, District Judge.
    
    
      
       The Honorable Harold A. Ackerman, United States District Judge for the District of New Jersey, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION OF THE COURT

ACKERMAN, District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on an appeal from a criminal conviction and sentencing following Appellant Jerrad K. Allen’s guilty plea to all counts of a three-count indictment alleging (1) possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine, (2) carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, and (3) possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Allen filed a pretrial motion to suppress evidence of the drugs and firearm on Fourth Amendment grounds, and Chief Judge Donetta W. Ambrose denied the motion. The District Court sentenced Allen to a term of imprisonment of 120 months on counts 1 and 3, to be served concurrently, and 60 months on count 2, to be served consecutively. In his plea agreement, Allen preserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. The sole issue on appeal is whether the District Court properly denied the motion to suppress. This Court has appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We now affirm.

I.

On August 6, 2003, City of Pittsburgh police officers were investigating an individual named Anthony Swann for suspected narcotics offenses. Working with a confidential informant (“Cl”), the officers arranged to conduct a drug buy/bust. At the appointed time, the Cl called Swann and ordered nine ounces of cocaine. The Cl informed the officers that Swann would likely arrive in a white Lincoln or a white Lexus, but that he might also arrive in a jitney. If Swann arrived with another male, the Cl warned, the officers should exercise caution because the second person could have a gun in the vehicle.

The Cl drove to the agreed-upon location, and the officers set up surveillance. Officers observed a burgundy Ford F150 truck, occupied by Allen and Swann, arrive and park next to the Cl’s car. Swann emerged from the passenger side of the truck and entered the Cl’s vehicle, leaving Allen behind the wheel of the idling truck. Shortly thereafter, the Cl flashed the brake lights of his car, signaling to the officers that the Cl had observed the drugs.

Upon seeing the Cl’s signal, officers approached the parked cars. While other officers approached Swann, Detective Provident of the Pittsburgh Police Department approached the driver’s side of the truck where Allen remained seated. Detective Provident identified himself with his badge and ordered Allen out of the truck. As Allen emerged, Detective Provident patted around Allen’s waist and immediately discovered a loaded handgun concealed in Allen’s waistline.

While keeping his hand on Allen’s handgun, Detective Provident ordered Allen to he on the ground. Once Allen was on the ground, Detective Provident asked Allen whether he had a permit for the firearm, and Allen responded that he did not. At that point, Detective Provident removed the handgun and placed Allen under arrest. An incidental search revealed that Allen also was carrying a quantity of crack cocaine and $2,860 in his left pocket.

II.

In reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we review the underlying factual findings for clear error, and we exercise plenary review over the district court’s application of the law to those facts. United States v. Lockett, 406 F.3d 207, 211 (3d Cir.2005).

The District Court found, based on the facts described, that Detective Provident performed a valid investigatory stop and search of Allen pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). A Terry stop is justified when an officer has reasonable suspicion, based on specific and articulable facts and rational inferences from those facts, that criminal activity may be afoot. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000); Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868. In such circumstances, the officer may conduct a limited search of the outer clothing of the person or persons with whom he is dealing for the presence of weapons. Terry, 392 U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868. Any weapons found in the course of such a search are generally admissible as evidence against the person from whom they were taken. Id. at 31, 88 S.Ct. 1868.

A court will measure the reasonableness of an officer’s suspicion by what the officer knew before conducting the search. Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 271, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 L.Ed.2d 254 (2000). When making this inquiry, a court must examine the totality of the circumstances confronting the officer at the time of the stop-and-frisk. United States v. Bonner, 363 F.3d 213, 217 (3d Cir.2004). The officer’s experience and knowledge should figure prominently into the court’s analysis. United States v. Nelson, 284 F.3d 472, 482 (3d Cir.2002) (noting that the Supreme Court has “accorded great deference to the officer’s knowledge of the nature and the nuances of the type of criminal activity that he had observed in his experience, almost to the point of permitting it to be the focal point of the analysis”).

At the time he performed the search of Allen, Detective Provident had 17 years of experience with the Pittsburgh Police Department, 16 of which were as a narcotics detective. He testified at the suppression hearing that firearms are often involved in narcotics offenses. For this reason, he testified, narcotics detectives routinely “secure” the scene of an arrest by checking individuals at the scene for weapons. Here, the officers knew from the Cl that if a second person accompanied Swann to the scene, that person probably would have a firearm. Indeed, Officer Provident testified that the Cl told officers “that if there was a second person, they would definitely be part of the drug transaction. If they were having a firearm or carrying it, they are there to protect the person they are with.” (App. Vol. 2 at 58.) Therefore, it is clear that when the officers observed Allen accompanying Swann to the scene of the buy/bust, and later saw the Cl’s signal indicating that Swann had brought the narcotics, they had reasonable suspicion to justify a Terry search of Allen.

We perceive no legal significance in the Cl indicating to officers that Swann might arrive at the scene in a white Lincoln or Lexus, when in fact he arrived in a burgundy Ford truck. The Cl also told officers that Swann might arrive in a jitney, and at the suppression hearing Officer Provident testified to his understanding that a jitney could be any vehicle. (App. Vol. 2 at 55-56.) Therefore, the fact that Allen arrived in a burgundy Ford truck is not inconsistent with the Cl’s information and need not have dispelled the officers’ reasonable suspicion.

Allen cites Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 329, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990), for the proposition that officers acting on information provided by an informant may not conduct a Terry stop absent indicia of reliability. In White, the Supreme Court held that an anonymous tip, corroborated by independent detective work, may provide sufficient indicia of reliability to justify a Terry stop. Id. at 326-27, 110 S.Ct. 2412. If White helped to define the boundary between a mere hunch and reasonable suspicion, the instant case surely falls well on the side of the latter. Here, police were not reacting to an anonymous tip. They were working with a live informant who police understood had conducted previous deals with Swann. Officers were present when the Cl phoned Swann to arrange the sale. When Swann appeared at the appointed time and location, and the Cl signaled to officers that Swann had brought the drugs, the Cl’s information was corroborated. Therefore, we think that the totality of the circumstances, viewed in light of the officers’ specialized experience, easily corroborated the Cl’s information and justified Detective Provident’s reasonable suspicion.

III.

We find that Detective Provident possessed reasonable suspicion based on specific and articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot, and executed a near-textbook Terry stop-and-frisk before placing Allen under arrest. We will therefore AFFIRM the District Court’s Order denying Allen’s motion to suppress evidence of the firearm and crack cocaine.  