
    STACY ELENA RIOS v. CHRISTOPHER FERGUSAN
    Superior Court, Judicial District of New Haven
    File No. FA-08-4039853S
    Memorandum filed December 3, 2008
    
      Stacy Elena Rios, pro se, the plaintiff.
   FRAZZINI, J.

The Internet has transformed our ways of communicating and sharing information, but content on the Internet that some find offensive or harmful has also created new and challenging issues. Everyday the news brings reports about users posting controversial or disturbing content on social networking Internet sites such as MySpace, Facebook and YouTube that are accessible worldwide. This case asks whether a person who is threatened with physical harm by an Internet posting can obtain judicial relief in the form of a restraining order to protect her from the threatened harm. More precisely, it presents the issue of whether a Connecticut court has jurisdiction to enter a restraining order under General Statutes § 46-15 against a North Carolina resident who created and disseminated a recording on the Internet on YouTube threatening a resident of this state with physical harm. Although courts in this state and beyond have repeatedly wrestled in recent years with jurisdictional issues in cases involving the Internet, the extension of jurisdiction to threatening behavior communicated over the Internet on YouTube is apparently an issue of first impression. For the reasons stated, the court finds that it has personal jurisdiction for purposes of entering such an order. The restraining order previously granted on a temporary and provisional basis is granted for six months, subject to further extension as available at law.

On September 16, 2008, the applicant, Stacy Elena Rios, filed an application for a restraining order under § 46b-15 against Christopher Fergusan, a resident of North Carolina who is the father of her four year old child. An ex parte restraining order was granted by the court, which scheduled a hearing for two weeks hence. On September 30, the applicant appeared for the hearing, but, no service having been made on the respondent, the court heard brief testimony and then continued the ex parte order for three weeks to give Rios additional time to serve Fergusan. She appeared again on October 21, when she presented satisfactory proof of personal service on Fergusan in North Carolina by a process server authorized to serve him there, although he was not in court that day. The court then heard additional evidence and found that Fergusan had subjected Rios to a continuing threat of present physical harm to her. The evidence established that Fergusan has threatened her with physical violence in the past and that she resided for a while in North Carolina but left there and returned to Connecticut earlier this year, after which he posted a video on YouTube in which he brandished a firearm in a rap song in which he states that he wants to hurt the applicant, to shoot her and to “put her face on the dirt until she can’t breathe no more.” He temporarily took the video off YouTube but then placed another video there that again threatened her. Concerned about the court’s jurisdiction over Fergusan, however, the court granted the restraining order application for an additional unspecified temporary interval while the court considered the issue.

An application for relief from abuse pursuant to § 46b-15 is a civil action. Although the courts of several states have held that restraining orders may be issued without personal jurisdiction over a respondent, the Connecticut restraining order statute explicitly requires a finding of personal jurisdiction for such an order. Section 46b-15 (e) provides in relevant part that “[e]very order of the court made in accordance with this section after notice and hearing shall contain the following language: ‘This court had jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter when it issued this protection order.’ . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 46b-15 (e). The court, therefore, must have personal jurisdiction over the respondent to issue a restraining order after notice and hearing. In determining whether personal jurisdiction can be exercised over a nonresident defendant, “[the court] must first decide whether the applicable state long-arm statute authorizes the assertion of jurisdiction over the [defendant]. If the statutory requirements [are] met, its second obligation [is] then to decide whether the exercise of jurisdiction over the [defendant] would violate constitutional principles of due process.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cogswell v. American Transit Ins. Co., 282 Conn. 505, 514-15, 923 A.2d 638 (2007).

The Connecticut long arm statute that is applicable to § 46b-15 is codified in General Statutes § 52-59b (a), which provides in relevant part: “As to a cause of action arising from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident individual . . . who in person or through an agent: (1) Transacts any business within the state; (2) commits a tortious act within the state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the act; (3) commits a tortious act outside the state causing injury to person or property within the state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the act, if such person or agent (A) regularly does or solicits business, or engages in any other persistent course of conduct, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed or services rendered, in the state, or (B) expects or should reasonably expect the act to have consequences in the state and derives substantial revenue from interstate or international commerce; (4) owns, uses or possesses any real property situated within the state; or (5) uses a computer ... or a computer network . . . located within the state.”

The portions of § 52-59b most likely to be applicable in the present case are subsections (a) (2)—committing a tortious act within the state, and (a) (3)—engaging in a persistent course of conduct. Under § 52-59b (a) (2), the court can exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident individual who “commits a tortious act within the state . . . .” General Statutes § 52-59b (a) (2). Several Connecticut courts have held that a nonresident “commits a tortious act within the state” for purposes of § 52-59b (a) (2) by sending a communication whose content may be considered tortious directly into Connecticut. See, e.g., Horniatko v. River Front Associates, LLC, Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford, Docket No. CV-04-4000332 (June 21, 2005) (Shapiro, J.) (39 Conn. L. Rptr. 566) (allegation that defendants made solicitation telephone calls to plaintiffs in Connecticut satisfies § 52-59 [a] [2]); Doe One v. Oliver, Superior Court, judicial district of Waterbury, Docket No. CV-99-0151679 (May 19, 2003) (Dubay, J.) (34 Conn. L. Rptr. 634) (allegation that a defendant sent e-mail containing offensive statements to recipients in Connecticut satisfies § 52-59b [a] [2]); Oppenheim v. Erwin, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven, Docket No. CV-00-0441611 (April 10, 2001) (Licari, J.) (29 Conn. L. Rptr. 562) (allegation defendants sent threatening letter to plaintiff in Connecticut satisfies § 52-59b [a] [2]).

In Knipple v. Viking Communications Ltd., 236 Conn. 602, 610, 674 A.2d 426 (1996), the Supreme Court held that “[f]alse representations entering Connecticut by wire or mail constitute tortious conduct in Connecticut under [General Statutes] § 33-411 (c) (4),” now General Statutes § 33-929 (f) (4). “Although in that case the court was addressing the issue of personal jurisdiction under General Statutes § 33-411 (c) (4), it cited with approval David v. Weitzman, 677 F. Sup. 95, 98 (D. Conn. 1987), in which the District Court held that the transmission of fraudulent misrepresentations into Connecticut by mail or telephone was ‘tortious conduct in Connecticut sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction under Connecticut’s long-arm [statutes], §§ 33-411 (c) (4) and 52-59b (a) (2).’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Oppenheim v. Erwin, supra, 29 Conn. L. Rptr. 564. The Supreme Court’s citation of David v. Weitzman, supra, 95, indicates that it would probably construe § 52-59b (a) (2) the same way that it has construed § 33-411 (c) (4). See Oppenheim v. Erwin, supra, 564; Cody v. Ward, 954 F. Sup. 43, 46 (D. Conn. 1997). This court concludes, therefore, that a nonresident defendant does not need to be physically present in Connecticut at the time of the commission of the alleged tortious act for him to have “committed] a tortious act within the state” for purposes of § 52-59b (a) (2).

Unlike the letter or e-mail cases, however, “[a]n internet posting ... is not ‘sent’ anywhere in particular, but rather can be accessed from anywhere in the world . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Dailey v. Popma, 662 S.E.2d 12, 19 (N.C. App. 2008). There is no Connecticut authority addressing the exercise of personal jurisdiction over nonresident individuals premised on Internet postings. “Courts in other jurisdictions, [however], when confronted with jurisdictional questions in the context of posting messages upon ... a listserve or newsgroup, have concluded that the mere posting of messages upon such an open forum by a resident of one state that could be read in a second state was not sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the latter.” Goldhaber v. Kohlenberg, 395 N.J. Super. 380, 387, 928 A.2d 948 (App. Div. 2007).

In Young v. New Haven Advocate, 315 F.3d 256 (4th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1035, 123 S. Ct. 2092, 155 L. Ed. 2d 1065 (2003), the court considered this issue in an action by the warden of a Virginia prison that by contract housed Connecticut prisoners to alleviate overcrowding in this state. The warden claimed that certain Connecticut newspapers had posted libelous articles on their Internet sites. The court examined “whether the newspapers manifested an intent to direct their website content—which included certain articles discussing conditions in a Virginia prison—to a Virginia audience.” Id., 263. It held that merely placing information on the Internet “is not sufficient by itself to [subject] that person to personal jurisdiction in each State in which the information is accessed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

“Otherwise, a person placing information on the Internet would be subject to personal jurisdiction in every State, and the traditional due process principles governing a State’s jurisdiction over persons outside of its borders would be subverted. . . . [T]he fact that the newspapers’ websites could be accessed anywhere, including Virginia, does not by itself demonstrate that the newspapers were intentionally directing their website content to a Virginia audience. Something more than posting and accessibility is needed to indicate that the [newspapers] purposefully (albeit electronically) directed [their] activity in a substantial way to the forum state .... The newspapers must, through the Internet postings, manifest an intent to target and focus on Virginia readers. (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

This is the same standard adopted by our Supreme Court in Thomason v. Chemical Bank, 234 Conn. 281, 297-98, 661 A.2d 595 (1995), to find personal jurisdiction under § 33-411 (c) over a New York bank being sued by nine Connecticut residents who were the beneficiaries of a trust managed by the bank for alleged violation of its trust obligations: “At the time the trustee bank placed the advertisements, therefore, it was foreseeable that one or more Connecticut residents would respond to the advertisements by opening a trust account with the trastee bank and thereafter would sue in Connecticut for the misadministration of that trust.” Id., 298.

As the Young court noted, moreover, premising personal jurisdiction on “Internet activity directed at [the forum state] and causing injury that gives rise to a potential claim cognizable in [that state] ... is consistent with the [standard] used by the Supreme Court in Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 104 S. Ct. 1482, 79 L. Ed. 2d 804 (1984).” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Young v. New Haven Advocate, supra, 315 F.3d 262. In Calder, a California actress brought suit there against a reporter and an editor in Florida who wrote and edited in that state a National Enquirer article claiming that the actress had a drinking problem. The Supreme Court held that California could exercise personal jurisdiction over the Florida residents because “California [was] the focal point both of the story and of the harm suffered.” Calder v. Jones, supra, 789. The writers’ “actions were expressly aimed at California,” the court stated, “[a]nd they knew that the brunt of [the potentially devastating] injury would be felt by [the actress] in the State in which she lives and works and in which the National Enquirer has its largest circulation.” Id., 789-90.

The evidence establishes in this case that Fergusan’s YouTube video is more than the mere posting of a message on an open Internet forum by a resident of one state that could be seen by someone in a second state. The evidence shows here that he specifically targeted his message at Rios by threatening her life and safety. Several Connecticut trial courts, following the logic of Thomason v. Chemical Bank, supra, 234 Conn. 281, have specifically decided the issue of personal jurisdiction against foreign corporations premised on their Internet postings on the basis of whether the corporation had specifically targeted Connecticut residents. The court concludes that the evidence here establishes a sufficient basis to find personal jurisdiction under § 52-59b (a) (2). By specifically targeting a Connecticut resident with its threats to the applicant’s life and safety and thereby creating in her a fear for her well-being, the YouTube video created by the respondent can be deemed a tortious act committed in this state.

Because § 52-59b (a) (2) permits the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Fergusan, the court must next deteimine “whether the exercise of jurisdiction over the [defendant] would violate constitutional principles of due process.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cogswell v. American Transit Ins. Co., supra, 282 Conn. 515. “As articulated in the seminal case of International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945), the constitutional due process standard requires that, ‘in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam, if he be not present within the territory of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” Cogswell v. American Transit Ins. Co., supra, 523.

“The due process test for personal jurisdiction has two related components: the minimum contacts inquiry and the reasonableness inquiry. The court must first determine whether the defendant has sufficient contacts with the forum state to justify the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 524. “The twin touchstones of due process analysis under the minimum contacts doctrine are foreseeability and fairness. ‘[T]he foreseeability that is critical to due process analysis ... is that the defendant’s conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’ ” United States Trust Co. v. Bohart, 197 Conn. 34, 41, 495 A.2d 1034 (1985), quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S. Ct. 559, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1980). “Whether sufficient minimum contacts exist for a court to have jurisdiction is clearly dependent on the facts of each particular case.” Standard Tallow Corp. v. Jowdy, 190 Conn. 48, 52, 459 A.2d 503 (1983). “Once minimum contacts have been established, [t]he second stage of the due process inquiry asks whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice—that is, whether it is reasonable under the circumstances of the particular case.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cogswell v. American Transit Ins. Co., supra, 282 Conn. 525.

Even though there is no allegation that Fergusan ever stepped foot in Connecticut, the court can exercise personal jurisdiction over him without violating the principles of due process. Rios’ application for a restraining order arises from Fergusan’s purposeful action of creating and posting a YouTube video that threatens her life and safety. He posted the video on an Internet medium that can be disseminated worldwide, but the content of the video establishes that he was purposefully directing it to the applicant in Connecticut. In this context, his posting of the video constitutes sufficient “minimum contacts” to justify the exercise of personal jurisdiction over him. See Calder v. Jones, supra, 465 U.S. 791 (“[j]urisdiction over petitioners in California is proper because of their intentional conduct in Florida calculated to cause injury to respondent in California”). Moreover, the exercise of personal jurisdiction over him does not offend traditional notions of fairness. It should have been foreseeable to Fergusan that by placing a video on YouTube threatening Rios in Connecticut, he could be haled into this state to answer an application seeking a restraining order against him.

Furthermore, Connecticut has a strong interest in protecting its citizens from domestic abuse, and the plaintiff has an obvious interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief in Connecticut. If the court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction in this case, “the unpalatable choices remaining are either to require the victim of abuse to return to the State in which the abuse occurred in order to obtain an effective abuse prevention order or, alternatively, to wait for the abuser to follow the victim to [Connecticut] and, in the event of a new incident of abuse, seek an order from a [Connecticut] court.” Caplan v. Donovan, 450 Mass. 463, 469-70, 879 N.E.2d 117, cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1018, 128 S. Ct. 2088, 170 L. Ed. 2d 817 (2008). Accordingly, the plaintiffs interest in obtaining and the state’s interest in providing relief and protection from domestic abuse outweigh any burden Fergusan may face in defending this case in Connecticut. Exercising personal jurisdiction over him is neither unjust nor otherwise violates the constitutional principles of due process. The court therefore concludes that it has jurisdiction over the respondent to enter a restraining order protecting the applicant. The restraining order previously entered on a temporary basis is granted for six months, subject to further extension as may be allowed by law. 
      
       General Statutes § 46b-15 (a) provides in relevant part: “Any family or household member . . . who has been subjected to a continuous threat of present physical pain or physical injury by another family or household member or person in, or has recently been in, a dating relationship who has been subjected to a continuous threat of present physical pain or physical injury by the other person in such relationship may make an application to the Superior Court for relief . . . .”
      Pursuant to § 46b-15 (b), “[u]pon receipt of the application the court shall order that a hearing on the application be held .... The court, in its discretion, may make such orders as it deems appropriate for the protection of the applicant and such dependent children or other persons as the court sees fit. ... If an applicant alleges an immediate and present physical danger to the applicant, the court may issue an ex parte order granting such relief as it deems appropriate. . . .” General Statutes § 46b-15 (b).
     
      
       Most of these cases have involved commercial disputes in the federal courts. See, e.g., Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Sup. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997), in which the court described the various means through which a person or corporation might use an Internet site for commercial purposes and how that use might be construed by a court when considering the issue of personal jurisdiction. “[T]he likelihood that personal jurisdiction can be constitutionally exercised is directly proportionate to the nature and quality of commercial activity that an entity conducts over the Internet. ... At one end of the spectrum are situations where a defendant clearly does business over the Internet. If the defendant enters into contracts with residents of a foreign jurisdiction that involve the knowing and repeated transmission of computer files over the Internet, personal jurisdiction is proper. . . .
      “At the opposite end are situations where a defendant has simply posted information on an Internet Web site which is accessible to users in foreign jurisdictions. A passive Web site that does little more than make information available to those who are interested in it is not grounds for the exercise of personal jurisdiction. . . . The middle ground is occupied by interactive sites where a user can exchange information with the host computer. In these cases, the exercise of jurisdiction is determined by examining the level of interactivity and commercial nature of the exchange of information that occurs on the Web site.” (Citations omitted.) Id., 1124.
      Although it acknowledged Zippo Mfg. Co. to be the “seminal authority regarding personal jurisdiction based upon the operation of an Internet web site”; (internal quotation marks omitted) Best Van Lines, Inc. v. Walker, 490 F.3d 239, 251 (2d Cir. 2007); the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has cautioned that “[w]hile analyzing a defendant’s conduct under the Zippo sliding scale of interactivity may help frame the jurisdictional inquiry in some cases ... it does not amount to a separate framework for analyzing' internet-based jurisdiction. . . . Instead, traditional statutory and constitutional principles remain the touchstone of the inquiry. ... As the Zippo court itself noted, personal jurisdiction analysis applies traditional principles to new situations.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 252.
     
      
       General Statutes § 46b-15 allows extensions of the initial restraining order for additional periods, as set forth: “(c) Every order of the court made in accordance with this section shall contain the following language: ‘This order may be extended by the court beyond six months. . . (d) No order of the court shall exceed six months, except that an order may be extended by the court upon motion of the applicant for such additional time as the court deems necessary. If the respondent has not appeared upon the initial application, service of a motion to extend an order may be made by first-class mail directed to the respondent at his or her last known address.” General Statutes § 46b-15.
     
      
       See Bartsch v. Bartsch, 636 N.W.2d 3 (Iowa 2001); Spencer v. Spencer, 191 S.W.3d 14 (Ky. App. 2006); Caplan v. Donovan, 450 Mass. 463, 879 N.E.2d 117, cert. denied, 553 U.S. 1018, 128 S. Ct. 2088, 170 L. Ed. 2d 817 (2008); Shah v. Shah, 184 N.J. 125, 875 A.2d 931 (2005).
      The Iowa Supreme Court and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, have applied a “status exception,” which allows a court to adjudicate “matters involving the status of the relationship between multiple parties even where personal jurisdiction over all of the parties is not established”; Caplan v. Donovan, supra, 450 Mass. 468; as in the case of marriage dissolutions, to the entry of a protective order. See Bartsch v. Bartsch, supra, 636 N.W.2d 3; Caplan v. Donovan, supra, 463.
      
        In Bartsch v. Bartsch, supra, 636 N.W.2d 10, the court held that aprotective order preserves the protected status afforded plaintiffs under the state’s domestic abuse statute and that “[i]f a court may constitutionally make orders affecting marriage, custody, and parental rights without personal jurisdiction of a defendant, it certainly should be able to do what the court did here—enter an order protecting a resident . . . from abuse.”
      Similarly in Caplan v. Donovan, supra, 450 Mass. 469, the court held that “[a] court order that prohibits the defendant from abusing the plaintiff and orders him to have no contact with and to stay away from her . . . serves a role analogous to custody or marital determinations, except that the order focuses on the plaintiffs protected status rather than her marital or parental status.”
      In Shah v. Shah, supra, 184 N.J. 125, the New Jersey Supreme Court reached a similar conclusion but on different grounds. It held that a court does not need personal jurisdiction to issue a temporary restraining order against a nonresident defendant as long as the order does not require the defendant to take any action “[b]ecause the issuance of a prohibitory order does not implicate any of defendant’s substantive rights . . . .” Id., 138.
      
        A prohibitory order, the court explained, “is addressed not to the defendant but to the victim: it provides the victim the very protection the law specifically allows, and it prohibits the defendant from engaging in behavior already specifically outlawed.” Id. The court further held that because a final restraining order by New Jersey statute includes such affirmative relief as the surrendering of firearms it cannot be entered in the absence of personal jurisdiction over the defendant. Id., 140.
      Finding “the distinction made by New Jersey’s highest court between prohibitory and affirmative orders [to represent] the fairest balance between protecting the due process rights of the nonresident defendant and the state’s clearly-articulated interest in protecting the plaintiff . . . against domestic violence,” the Kentucky Appellate Court likewise held that a protective order can enter against a nonresident defendant over whom the court does not have personal jurisdiction provided the order does not compel any action by the defendant. Spencer v. Spencer, supra, 191 S.W.3d 19.
      Although the Iowa Supreme Court and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court did not base their holdings on the distinction between prohibitory and affirmative orders, as the New Jersey Supreme Court and Kentucky Appellate Court did, they both acknowledged that due process prohibits an abuse prevention order issued without personal jurisdiction from imposing any personal obligations on the defendant. Bartsch v. Bartsch, supra, 636 N.W.2d 10 (“[t]he order here does not attempt to impose apersonal judgment against the defendant”); Caplan v. Donovan, supra, 450 Mass. 470 (“[d]ue process considerations do impose limits [and] ‘[i]t has long been the rule that a valid judgment imposing a personal obligation . . . may be entered only by a court having jurisdiction over the person of the defendant’ ” [citations omitted]).
      Both the Bartsch and Caplan courts also held that due process requires that the defendant receive notice and an opportunity to be heard. Bartsch v. Bartsch, supra, 636 N.W.2d 9; Caplan v. Donovan, supra, 450 Mass. 470.
     
      
       Subsection (a) (1) is inapplicable because there is no allegation that Fergusan has transacted business in Connecticut. Subsection (a) (3) is also probably inapplicable, even though Fergusan arguably committed a tortious act outside the state causing injury to a person in the state, because there is no allegation that he regularly does or solicits business, derives substantial revenue from goods used or consumed or services rendered in Connecticut, or either expects or should reasonably expect that his tortious acts would have consequences in Connecticut and derives substantial revenue from interstate or international commerce.
      The one portion of subsection (a) (3) that is possibly applicable is the provision that he “engages in any other persistent course of conduct. . . .” General Statutes § 52-59b (a) (3) (A). Subsection (a) (4) and (5) are likewise inapplicable because there is no allegation that Fergusan owns, possesses or uses any real property in Connecticut or that he either has used a computer or a computer network in Connecticut.
     
      
       Some trial courts have held, however, that for the court to exercise personal jurisdiction pursuant to § 52-59b (a) (2), “[r]egardless of where the harm is suffered . . . the defendant must be physically present within the state at the time of commission [of the alleged tortious act].” See, e.g., N.E. Contract Packers v. Beverage Service & Equipment, Inc., Superior Court, judicial district of Waterbury, Docket No. CV-100039 (June 18, 1992) (Gaff
        
        ney, J.) (6 Conn. L. Rptr. 582, 584) (finding § 52-59b [a] [2] inapplicable because codefendant made telephone call from Florida); see also Abrams v. Riding High Dude Ranch, Inc., Superior Court, judicial district of Fairfield, Docket No. CV-97-0345046 (November 21, 1997) (Skolnick, J.) (declining to exercise personal jurisdiction under § 52-59b [a] [2] because “[t]he plaintiffs have offered no proof that [the defendant] was physically present in Connecticut when the alleged misrepresentation was committed”); Whitney v. Taplin, Superior Court, judicial district of Fairfield, Docket No. CV-97-339190 (November 6, 1997) (Stodolink, J.) (20 Conn. L. Rptr. 610) (exercising personal jurisdiction pursuant to § 52-59b [a] [2] because defendant physically present in Connecticut when he made alleged misrepresentations).
      These cases have based their interpretation of § 52-59b (a) (2) on the judicial interpretation given to New York’s similar long arm statute. “Since [Longines-Wittnauer Watch Co. v. Barnes & Reinecke], 15 N.Y.2d 443, 446-64, 209 N.E.2d 68, 261 N.Y.S.2d 8 [cert. denied sub nom. Estwing Mfg. Co. v. Singer, 382 U.S. 905, 86 S. Ct. 241, 15 L. Ed. 2d 158] (1965), the New York provision has been interpreted to mean that a nonresident does not ‘commit a tortious act within the state’ unless he is physically present in the state while the tort is committed.” Cody v. Ward, 954 F. Sup. 43, 46 (D. Conn. 1997).
      The court in N.E. Contract Packers v. Beverage Service & Equipment, Inc., supra, 6 Conn. L. Rptr. 583, adopted this interpretation of § 52-59b (a) (2) in reasoning that “[s]ince [Connecticut’s] statute was enacted by the legislature using the New York statute as a model, judicial interpretation given to the New York statute has some significance.”
      In view of Knipple v. Viking Communications Ltd., 236 Conn. 602, 674 A.2d 426 (1996), however, this court concludes that our Supreme Court would not adopt the view of these cases.
     
      
       General Statutes § 33-411 (now § 33-929) is Connecticut’s long arm statute governing jurisdiction over foreign corporations. See General Statutes § 33-929. Subsection (c) (4) (now [¶] [4]) contains language nearly identical to that of § 52-59b (a) (2). General Statutes § 33-929 (f) provides in relevant part: “Every foreign corporation shall be subject to suit in this state . . . on any cause of action arising as follows ... (4) out of tortious conduct in this state . . . .” General Statutes § 33-929 (f).
     
      
       See, e.g., RJM Aviation Associates, Inc. v. London Aircraft Service Center, Inc., Superior Court, judicial district of New Britain, Docket No. HHB-CV-06-5000572S (June 17, 2008) (Gilligan, J.) (45 Conn. L. Rptr. 759, 762) (“the missing element in the present case is any evidence that the defendant's Internet web site specifically targeted Connecticut customers”); Marcoccia v. Post, Superior Court, judicial district of Fairfield, Docket No. CV-05-5000471S (May 20, 2008) (Hiller, J.) (45 Conn. L. Rptr. 572, 574) (“due to a lack of evidence of interactivity, the web site offers no grounds for the grant of personal jurisdiction”).
     
      
       In Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Sup. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997), the court aptly explained the logic underlying due process analysis: “A three-pronged test has emerged for determining whether the exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant is appropriate: (1) the defendant must have sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state, (2) the claim asserted against the defendant must arise out of those contacts, and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must be reasonable. The Constitutional touchstone of the minimum contacts analysis is embodied in the first prong, whether the defendant purposefully established contacts with the forum state. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2183-84, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528 (1985) (citing International Shoe Co. v. Washington, [supra, 326 U.S. 319]).
      “Defendants who reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with the citizens of another state are subject to regulation and sanctions in the other State for consequences of their actions. [Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. 473] (citing Travelers Health Assn. v. Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 647, 70 S. Ct. 927, 929, 94 L. Ed. 1154 [1950]). [T]he foreseeability that is critical to the due process analysis is . . . that the defendant’s conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably expect to be haled into court there. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S. Ct. 559, 567, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1980).
      “This protects defendants from being forced to answer for their actions in a foreign jurisdiction based on random, fortuitous or attenuated contacts. Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774, 104 S. Ct. 1473, 1478, 79 L. Ed. 2d 790 (1984). Jurisdiction is proper, however, where contacts proximately result from actions by the defendant himself that create a substantial connection with the forum State. [Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, supra, 471 U.S. 475] (citing McGee v. International Life Insurance Co., 355 U.S. 220, 223, 78 S. Ct. 199, 201, 2 L. Ed. 2d 223 [1957]).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., supra, 952 F. Sup. 1122-23.
     