
    Innocenzo CATANZARO, Moustafa Fawzy, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Robert Avaltroni, Individually, Michael Gilsenan, Individually, Gregory Hoag, Individually, Zoeann Campbell, Individually, Edward Skyler, Individually, James Hanley, Individually, Caswell Holloway, individually, Defendants-Appellees.
    No. 11-672-cv.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    June 27, 2012.
    
      Stephen Bergstein, Bergstein & Ullrich, LLP, Chester, NY, for Appellants.
    Susan Paulson (Francis F. Caputo, on the brief), Assistant Corporation Counsel, for Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, NY, for Appellees.
    PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI, ROBERT D. SACK and REENA RAGGI, Circuit Judges.
   SUMMARY ORDER

Plaintiffs Innocenzo Catanzaro and Moustafa Fawzy appeal an award of summary judgment in favor of the City of New York, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP”), and various City officials, on claims that they retaliated against plaintiffs for exercising their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We review an award of summary judgment de novo, construing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and resolving all ambiguities and drawing all reasonable inferences against the movant. See Pucino v. Verizon Wireless Commc’ns, Inc., 618 F.3d 112, 117 (2d Cir.2010). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

“To survive a motion for summary judgment on a First Amendment retaliation claim in the public employment context, the plaintiff must present evidence which shows [1] that the speech at issue was protected, [2] that he suffered an adverse employment action, and [3] that there was a causal connection between the protected speech and the adverse employment action.” Nagle v. Marron, 663 F.3d 100, 105 (2d Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Public-employee speech is protected by the First Amendment only when the public employee “speaks as a citizen and not ... as [an] employee. Statements made pursuant to official duties are not protected.” Id. at 106 (citing Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 164 L.Ed.2d 689 (2006)). The determination whether an employee spoke as an employee and not as a citizen is “largely a question of law for the court.” Jackler v. Byrne, 658 F.3d 225, 237 (2d Cir.2011).

Here, Fawzy, former Director of DEP’s Division of Emergency Response and Technical Assistance Unit (“DERTA”), and Catanzaro, former Deputy Director of DERTA and Director of DERTA’s Hazardous Materials Unit, claim First Amendment protection for their complaints about the City’s failure to classify DERTA employees as first-responders and to give them regular medical evaluations. Nearly all of the complaints in question were made internal to DEP and DERTA. Specifically, plaintiffs claim that they told their supervisors in October 2007, August 2008, and January 2009, that they would not order subordinates to perform assigned first-responder tasks unless these subordinates were officially designated as first-responders and received corresponding benefits and training. They also raised these concerns with DERTA union representatives in 2007 and 2008, including the president of the union in December 2008. Fawzy and Catanzaro identify two occasions when they directed their complaints outside of DEP and DERTA: (1) complaints filed with the New York State Department of Labor’s Public Employee Safety and Health Bureau (“PESH”) in January and February 2009, and (2) a telephone call Fawzy had with a member of the City Council at some point between 2007 and 2009.

We conclude, like the district court, that plaintiffs’ internal complaints were made as employees rather than as citizens and were “part-and-parcel of [their] concerns about [their] ability to properly execute [their] duties” as supervisors of DER-TA. Weintraub v. Bd. of Educ., 593 F.3d 196, 203 (2d Cir.2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, Fawzy informed his supervisors that he believed that it would be “illegal” for him to instruct his subordinates to carry out assigned tasks until the cited concerns were addressed, Fawzy Dep. at 125:18-21, and Catanzaro explained that DERTA employees would be unable to fulfill their assigned tasks without the benefits and protections a first-responder designation would provide.

The external complaints raise different questions about the scope of Fawz/s and Catanzaro’s official duties. We need not, and do not, reach these questions, as plaintiffs have failed to show the required causal connection between any possibly protected speech and any alleged adverse employment action. To make a prima facie case with respect to causation, a plaintiff must show that the record “warrants] the inference that the protected speech was a substantial motivating factor in the adverse employment action.” Dillon v. Marano, 497 F.3d 247, 251 (2d Cir.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Where a plaintiff has not alleged a specific connection between protected speech and an adverse action, “causality can be shown through a close temporal proximity between the employer’s awareness of protected conduct and the adverse action.” Nagle v. Marron, 663 F.3d at 110 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).

Plaintiffs have not presented any evidence that defendants were aware of Fawzy’s call to the City Council member so as to suggest a causal relationship between the call and the alleged adverse employment actions. Rather, Fawzy testified that he did not “push for” public City Council hearings regarding his concerns during the call because he was waiting to see if his efforts to persuade his superiors in City government would bear fruit. Fawzy Dep. at 72:15-19. Nor have Fawzy and Catanzaro established a prima facie case that DEP retaliated against them for the PESH complaint. Even if supervisors at DEP knew that plaintiffs had made the PESH complaint — the record does not clearly establish that they did — plaintiffs do not raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether this complaint, on its own, was a substantial motivating factor in the alleged adverse employment actions, particularly in light of plaintiffs’ disruptive unprotected conduct. See Gubitosi v. Kapica, 154 F.3d 30, 32-33 (2d Cir.1998) (per curiam) (concluding that short time between protected speech and termination was insufficient to establish causation where record established plaintiffs intervening misconduct).

We have considered plaintiffs’ remaining arguments on appeal and conclude that they are without merit. Accordingly, the judgment is AFFIRMED. 
      
      . Plaintiffs do not challenge the district court’s dismissal or award of summary judgment for defendants on the numerous other federal and New York State law claims they raised in their amended complaint, accordingly we deem plaintiffs' other claims abandoned on appeal. See LoSacco v. City of Middletown, 71 F.3d 88, 92-93 (2d Cir.1995).
     