
    Ahmed Mohammad AJAJ, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of American, Dan L. Dove, “FNU” Allen, “FNU” Gravette, Kathleen Hawk, Michael Cooksey, Stan Yates, “FNU” Wade, “FNU” Vining, “FNU” Paul, “FNU” Chartier, “FNU” Berry, Defendants.
    C.A. No. 0:03-3776-CMC-BM.
    United States District Court, D. South Carolina.
    March 19, 2007.
    
      Ahmed Mohammad Ajaj, Florence USP, Florence, CO, Pro se.
    Barbara Murcier Bowens, U.S. Attorneys Office, Robert David Garfield, Matthew B. Rosbrugh, Davidson Morrison and Lindemann, Daniel R. Settana, Jr., McKay Cauthen Settana Martin and Addison, Columbia, SC, for Defendants.
   OPINION AND ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

CURRIE, District Judge.

This matter is before the court on Plaintiffs pro se complaint arising out of his incarceration at the Federal Correctional Institution in Edgefield, South Carolina (“FCI-Edgefield”). While not so limited, his claims relate primarily to his confinement in the Special Housing Unit (“SHU”) from August 31, 2001 through September 4, 2001, and again from September 11, 2001 until his transfer to FCI-Florence in August 2002. FCI-Florence is located in Colorado.

In accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(b) and Local Civil Rule 73.02(B)(2)(d), DSC, this matter was referred to United States Magistrate Judge Bristow Marchant for pre-trial proceedings and a Report and Recommendation on any dispositive motions. On September 7, 2006, Magistrate Judge Marchant issued a Report and Recommendation (“Report”) addressing various dispositive motions including motions to dismiss and for summary judgment. The Report recommended that Plaintiffs claims relating to his confinement in the FCI-Edgefield SHU from August 31, 2001 through September 4, 2001, be allowed to proceed to the extent they were pursued against Defendants Paul and Berry. The Report recommended that the motions to dismiss or for summary judgment be granted to the extent that claim was pursued against Defendant Allen and as to all Defendants as to all other claims. The Magistrate Judge advised Plaintiff of the procedures and requirements for filing objections to the Report and Recommendation and the serious consequences if he failed to do so.

Defendants Paul and Berry filed objections to the Report, asserting that the claims against them should not be allowed to proceed. These objections are based, in part, on their assertion of a qualified immunity defense.

Plaintiff filed objections to the remaining recommendations. These objections are supported by extensive materials which the court allowed to be filed subject to later determination as to whether they should be considered. See Dkt No. 395. The court also afforded Plaintiff significantly more than the normal time to file his objections and supporting materials and made other accommodations relating to the service of documents to insure that Plaintiff was afforded the maximum opportunity to fully present his objections. See Dkt No. 393 (granting Plaintiff additional sixty days to file objections); Dkt No. 395 (quoted in n. 2 above — relieving Plaintiff from any obligation to serve Defendants with copies of his submissions in this action).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Magistrate Judge makes only a recommendation to this court. The recommendation has no presumptive weight, and the responsibility to make a final determination remains with the court. See Mathews v. Weber, 423 U.S. 261, 96 S.Ct. 549, 46 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976). The court is charged with making a de novo determination of any portion of the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge to which a specific objection is made. The court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the recommendation made by the Magistrate Judge or recommit the matter to the Magistrate Judge with instructions. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b).

After reviewing the record of this matter, the applicable law, the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge, the objections of the parties, and the voluminous materials submitted by Plaintiff along with his objections, the court agrees with the conclusions of the Magistrate Judge as to all recommendations and, with one exception, for the reasons stated. As to some recommendations, the court writes further to address Plaintiffs recent evi-dentiary submissions. As to Plaintiffs tenth objection, the court declines to adopt one basis for the recommended ruling, but otherwise adopts the Magistrate Judge’s reasoning and ultimate recommendation. Accordingly, the court adopts and incorporates the Report and Recommendation by reference in this Order except to the extent indicated below.

DISCUSSION

I. PAUL AND BERRY OBJECTIONS

Defendants Paul and Berry raise two objections. Their first objection challenges the Magistrate Judge’s failure to recommend that they be granted summary judgment based on their assertion of a qualified immunity defense. Their second objection challenges consideration of an equal protection basis for Plaintiffs claim given his failure to expressly assert such a theory. The court finds both objections to be without merit.

Allegations at Issue. The allegations relevant to this claim are described by Defendant Berry in his objections as follows:

Taking the facts most favorably to Plaintiff, Defendant Paul called the officer on duty in Plaintiffs housing unit pretending to be of Middle Eastern descent and seeking information about Plaintiff. Defendant Berry was present when Defendant Paul made the phone call. Plaintiffs name was arbitrarily chosen from the front page of an inmate roster. After the call, the unit officer reported the event to a supervisor. At that time, Defendants Paul and Berry “panicked,” and failed to immediately report the incident to the shift supervisor.
* * *
The record clearly reflects that Defendants Paul and Berry’s sole motivation behind the telephone call was their desire to play a joke on a particular, fellow co-worker. The nature of the prank was that Defendant Paul’s voice would be disguised to be that of a Middle Eastern dialect so that they could get a reaction out of their co-worker. The subsequent actions by the prison employees were primarily impulsive and reactionary— the co-worker became anxious and notified his supervisor while both Defendants Paul and Berry got scared and failed to seek out their supervisors to own up to their involvement.
... Defendant Berry concedes that his involvement or participation in the decision to utilize a dialect of a particular foreign-based origin or ethnicity was plainly immature and inappropriate. However, the phone call, while indeed insensitive toward Middle Eastern sensibilities in a universal sense, was not intended or designed to personally discriminate against Plaintiff, rather, to play a prank intended to trick or embarrass a targeted co-worker in some fashion.

Dkt No. 394 at 1-2.

Except as to the motivation and the foreseeability of the prison official’s response to the call, this description of events is a fairly accurate statement of the facts taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. The evidence regarding motivation is discussed below under “Equal Protection Theory.” As to the foreseeability of the response, it is important to add that the call was made either on or to a secure line, thus causing prison officials to believe that their system or security had been breached. The reaction, placing Plaintiff in the SHU for several days until the event could be investigated, does not strike this court as unforeseeable given the nature of the call and the offense for which Plaintiff had been convicted (involvement in the first World Trade Center bombing).

Qualified Immunity. In support of their qualified immunity defense, Defendants characterize their actions as being a practical joke gone awry. Thus, they do not suggest that they were engaged in any action falling within the scope of their official duties or that any reasonable prison guards in their position would have believed that the conduct was within the scope of their authority. This, alone, precludes summary judgment in their favor on the qualified immunity defense, if not precluding the defense altogether. See In re Allen, 106 F.3d 582 (4th Cir.1997).

As the Fourth Circuit explained in In re Allen:

Before permitting an official to claim qualified immunity a court must determine that the official’s acts were not clearly established to be beyond the scope of his authority. The defendant official bears the burden of demonstrating that the conduct of which the plaintiff complains “falls within the scope of the defendant’s duties.” Shechter v. Comptroller of New York, 79 F.3d 265, 268 (2d Cir.1996); Rich v. Dollar, 841 F.2d 1558, 1563 (11th Cir.1988) (holding that for immunity an official “must first prove that ‘he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred.’ ”) (quoting Zeigler v. Jackson, 716 F.2d 847, 849 (11th Cir.1983)); see also Mackey v. Dyke, 29 F.3d 1086, 1095 (6th Cir.1994) (finding that “defendants bear the initial burden ... [of] showing] they were acting within their discretionary authority at the time in question”); Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 502 n. 36 (D.C.Cir.1983) (“It is clear that the scope of authority requirement is a prerequisite to any application of official immunity whatever the level of protection asserted or the nature of the claim involved.”); Barker v. Norman, 651 F.2d 1107, 1124-25 (5th Cir.1981) (to claim qualified immunity, a defendant official must show that “the complained-of actions were undertaken pursuant to the performance of his duties and within the scope of his discretionary authority”). But, in order to ensure that public officials are adequately protected from liability, an official’s conduct falls within his authority unless a reasonable official in the defendant’s position would have known that the conduct was clearly established to be beyond the scope of that authority.

In re Allen, 106 F.3d at 594.

As noted in Leverette v. Bell, 247 F.3d 160, 164-65 (4th Cir.2001), an official will not be found to have committed an action which was “clearly established to be beyond the scope of [his or her] authority” simply because the action was improper or illegal. Instead, the court considers “whether a reasonable official in [the same] position should have known that the conduct was clearly established to be beyond the scope of her authority.” Id. (finding search which required plaintiff to “strip, squat and cough” fell within this standard in part because it did not directly contravene policy prohibiting body cavity searches).

In the present case, Berry and Paul do not suggest that any reasonable officer would have believed that the relevant actions were within the scope of his or her authority. Under their characterization of events, the actions were merely a prank. There is, moreover, no suggestion that the call served any work-related purpose. Thus, they do not satisfy the threshold requirement for application of the qualified immunity defense, even though their actions may have been enabled by their role as prison guards. See generally, Rossig-nol v. Voorhaar, 321 F.Supp.2d 642 (D.Md. 2004) (finding qualified immunity unavailable to law enforcement officers who allegedly interfered with First Amendment rights of newspaper publisher while off-duty even though the actions were sufficiently connected to their role as law enforcement officers to support a finding that they acted under color of law).

Even if these Defendants could satisfy the threshold requirement discussed above, they would not be entitled to summary judgment on their qualified immunity defense. This is because their qualified immunity defense rests on a characterization of the events which is not the only reasonable interpretation of them.

Specifically, Paul and Berry assert that Plaintiff, a person of Middle Eastern descent, was merely the subject of a joke, while the “target” was a fellow officer they intended to trick or embarrass. The essence of the “joke” was a call to the targeted officer using a Middle Eastern accent and inquiring about the subject inmate (Plaintiff), who happened also to be of Middle Eastern descent. They further assert that they did not intend for the inmate selected as the subject to suffer any consequence as a result of the joke, and that any injury he did suffer resulted only because they panicked after realizing their joke had gone awry and, thereafter, failed to take action to prevent harm.

The evidence, however, allows for a different interpretation of the facts. First, the accent used in the call was Middle Eastern. Plaintiffs name also suggests he is of Middle Eastern origin. When combined, these two facts allow for a reasonable inference that Plaintiffs name was not selected arbitrarily, as Paul and Berry claim, but based on his apparent ethnicity or national origin. There is also evidence that Plaintiffs ethnicity and origin were well known within the prison, further supporting this inference. Finally, at least one of these two Defendants allegedly had made disparaging comments to Plaintiff prior to this incident which related to his national origin or ethnicity (calling him a “towel head”). Plaintiff also claims that such comments were combined with excessive and unnecessary searches from this guard which, in combination, may suggest an ethnicity or national origin-based animosity predating the August incident. In light of these combined facts, a jury could reasonably conclude that Plaintiff was, in fact, selected either as the target, or at least the “subject,” of the call precisely because of his known ethnicity or national origin.

As noted in the Report, it has long been settled that “[prisoners are protected under the Equal Protection Clause ... from invidious discrimination.” Report at 57 (citing Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974)). These rights, extend, for example, to claims based on denial of a right to participate in specific prison work assignments based on race. LaBounty v. Adler, 933 F.2d 121, 123 (2d Cir.1991) (holding that an inmate “has no right to any particular prison job, but prison officials cannot discriminate against him on the basis of his race in work assignments”).

In a recent decision, a district court relied on LaBounty in concluding: first, that an inmate stated a claim for punitive denial of work assignments based on race and religion; and, second, that the relevant right was clearly established prior to the events in question which occurred in September 2002. Bussey v. Phillips, 419 F.Supp.2d 569, 581 & 588 (S.D.N.Y.2006). Because the latter finding was based on LaBounty, a 1991 decision, it follows that the right was also established, at least in the Second Circuit, before the events at issue in this action which occurred in August 2001.

As summarized in Bussey,

The Equal Protection Clause directs [governmental] actors to treat similarly situated people alike. Giano v. Senkowski, 54 F.3d 1050, 1057 (2d Cir.1995)[.] ... Specifically, the Equal Protection Clause “bars the government from selective adverse treatment of individuals compared with other similarly situated individuals if ‘such selective treatment was based on impermissible considerations such as race, religion, intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious or bad faith intent to injure a person.;’ ” Bizzarro v. Miranda, 394 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting LeClair v. Saunders, 627 F.2d 606, 609-10 (2d Cir.1980)). To prove an equal protection violation, a plaintiff must demonstrate intentional or purposeful discrimination, directed at an identifiable or suspect class. See Giano, 54 F.3d at 1057.

Bussey, 419 F.Supp.2d at 581.

The question, therefore, becomes whether selecting Plaintiff as the target or subject of the call constitutes “invidious discrimination,” similar to the work assignment discrimination referenced above. When all of the evidence is considered in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the court believes that it does because the evidence allows for a reasonable inference that Plaintiff was selected as the target rather than the subject of the claimed “joke.” Even if only the subject, the evidence allows a reasonable inference that he was selected because of his ethnicity or national origin and that at least one of the two guards involved had previously treated Plaintiff in a manner suggesting an ethnicity or origin-based animus. It is, finally, reasonable to conclude that the guards were aware that the call would likely have adverse consequences for Plaintiff.

Equal Protection Theory. These Defendants’ second objection rests on the argument that the Magistrate Judge erred by considering a legal basis for relief (allegations of an equal protection violation) not expressly set forth in the complaint. In light of the liberal rules applied to pro se complaints, the court rejects this argument.

II. PLAINTIFF’S OBJECTIONS

Plaintiff has asserted thirteen separate objections in his 109 page objection memorandum. See Dkt Nos. 407 & 408. In addition, he has filed over one thousand pages of supporting materials which include but are not limited to: responses to discovery requests; affidavits or declarations by Plaintiff and others; excerpts from Plaintiffs deposition; documentary evidence of Plaintiffs administrative complaints; copies of Bureau of Prisons policies and related regulations; and case law reprints. See Dkt No. 409 at 2-6 (indexing the 147 exhibits); Dkt Nos. 409^45 (exhibits). While some of the documents submitted as exhibits are self-authenticating, Plaintiff has not offered the support for their introduction required by the docket text order reflected at Dkt No. 395 (quoted above at n. 2). Thus, they are not properly before the court. The court does not, however, rely on this inadequacy in reaching the result set forth in the remainder of this order as it concludes that the proffered evidence is insufficient to present a genuine issue of material fact even if properly before the court.

The court does, however, note that much of what is offered adds little to the eviden-tiary record. For example, many of the documents are duplicative of each other or material already in the record, or are copies of case law, rather than evidence.

Other submissions are of questionable evidentiary value and, in any event, add little to the factual record. This is the case as to two lengthy sets of answers to written interrogatories given by two federal inmates: Robert W. Best and Carl E. Hopkins. See Dkt No. 410 at 8-42 (Best responses); & Dkt No. 410 at 44-60 (Hopkins responses, partial) & Dkt No. 411 at 1-27 (Hopkins responses, continued). These interrogatory responses are signed under penalty of perjury, and are presented as “true and correct to the best information, knowledge, memory, and belief’ of the respondent. Dkt No. 410 at 42; Dkt No. 411 at 27. They do not, however, purport to be based on first-hand knowledge. Moreover, many of the matters to which they refer (conditions in Plaintiffs isolation cell) would not likely be matters as to which other inmates would have firsthand knowledge.

Even if accepted as a prediction of admissible evidence, these responses add little to the relevant record because much of what they contain relates to matters which are not in dispute (ie., when Plaintiff was placed in the SHU, how he was viewed by other inmates, and the basic limitations placed on inmates in the SHU), or merely duplicates Plaintiffs own statements of fact, which have been accepted as true for purposes of the present motion. Moreover, as with many of Plaintiffs assertions of fact, the statements contained in these declarations suffer from a lack of adequate specificity to present a genuine issue of material fact. See, e.g., Best response to interrogatory No. 115 (Dkt 410 at 38) (responding to inquiry whether he ever complained to prison officials “about the high level of noise in the SHU or other conditions of confinement” as follows: ‘Tes. I was told I needed to stay out of SHU if I didn’t like the conditions.”).

Finally, the affirmative responses in the declarations are, in several critical instances, contrary to Plaintiffs deposition testimony. They cannot, therefore, be considered for the purpose of contradicting Plaintiffs own statements of fact as to matters which he would personally have been in the best position to observe. Compare, e.g., Best response to interrogatory 62 (Dkt 410 at 22) (responding “yes” to inquiry whether it “[i]s true that on October 9, 2001, Ajaj was forced to sleep and live in dry cell with walls and bed smeared with human feces”) with Ajaj deposition at 149-50 (Dkt No. 418 at 28-29) (responding to inquiry relating to his “feces” allegations that it was “not [a] large amount, you know, it’s just in — in the edges of the bed, the food slot, certain areas .... corners of the windows” and conceding that any feces that had been left behind was a result of inmates doing an inadequate job of cleaning when they had been required to clean up after themselves — Plaintiffs basis for concluding the limited amount of substance he found was feces is not explained).

First Objection. In his first objection, Plaintiff argues that the Magistrate Judge failed to afford the proper degree of deference to Plaintiffs submissions, given the liberal standards applied to pro se actions. He further argues that the Report is contrary to an earlier Report in which the Magistrate Judge recommended denial of a motion to dismiss (or denial without prejudice of an early summary judgment motion) based on application of a deferential standard.

This argument misapprehends the critical distinction between a motion to dismiss, where all allegations of fact are accepted as true, and a motion for summary judgment, where the record evidence is taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff. Having fully reviewed the Report and record evidence as of the time of issuance of the Report, the court concludes that the Magistrate Judge properly applied the relevant standard.

Further, as discussed below, the court reaches the same result even if all subsequently submitted materials are considered. This conclusion makes it unnecessary to decide whether the materials subsequently submitted should be accepted as part of the record.

Second Objection. In his second objection, Plaintiff argues that the Magistrate Judge failed to properly consider the evidence that Plaintiff was exposed to a constant high noise level while in the SHU and that this led to chronic sleep deprivation, thus supporting either a constitutional or negligence (Federal Tort Claim Act) claim. The undersigned disagrees.

Plaintiffs evidence relating to the noise level relates not to any artificially created noise level, but to the banging of bars, loud noises made by inmates, and late night conversations between prisoners. See Dkt No. 409 at 64-71 (Plaintiff depos. at 29-36); Dkt No. 411 at 20-21 (quoted below). While Plaintiffs evidence is sufficient to suggest that the noise level was unpleasant and annoying, it is not sufficient to establish either a constitutional or negligence claim.

This is evidenced, in part, by Plaintiffs contemporaneous complaint seeking an administrative remedy for the noise problems in which Plaintiff stated:

I respectfully request[ ] that the administration increase programs; activities and provide reading materials to help the inmates to stay busy in positive activities instead of banging and screaming all night. Also I request that the administration consider allowing inmates at SHU to have radios. This will help decrease the high level of noise.

Dkt No. 411 at 20-21. See also Dkt No. 409 at 66 (Plaintiff depos. at 31 — stating that he also sought removal of the mentally ill inmates from the SHU as a means of reducing the noise level).

The administration’s response acknowledged that “the noise level in SHU can, at times, be higher than in the general population,” but noted no other complaints had been received. Dkt No. 411 at 22. It further explained that reading materials and limited programs were available (the latter being limited due to “the violent and disruptive nature of inmates housed in SHU”), and indicated that staff would “be instructed to monitor the noise level ... to assess whether or not it requires staff intervention.” Id. Plaintiffs request for a “radio to offset the noise level” was denied because “local policy prohibits radios in SHU for security reasons.” Id.

Nothing in the Plaintiffs evidence as to the noise level suggests that Plaintiff was subjected to an “objectively ‘sufficiently serious’ ” condition or that a named Defendant faded to take action to correct such a condition with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Shakka v. Smith, 71 F.3d 162, 166 (4th Cir.1995). Neither is there any evidence to contradict Defendants’ evidence that the actual noise level was tested and found to be within allowable tolerances.

Moreover, Plaintiffs requested forms of relief do not support an inference that the noise level was actually excessive and harmful, as opposed to merely being annoying and unpleasant. See generally Lunsford v. Bennett, 17 F.3d 1574, 1580 (7th Cir.1994) (“Subjecting a prisoner to a few hours of periodic loud noises that merely annoy, rather than injure the prisoner does not demonstrate a disregard for the prisoner’s welfare.”). Most particularly, his request for a radio, not only for himself but for others, indicates more of a desire to mask annoying noises (as his request was interpreted by the administration), rather than to reduce an unhealthy noise level.

Having considered the Plaintiffs objections and all additional evidence which he has submitted, the court rejects this objection and adopts the rationale and recommendation of the Report as to the noise-related allegations.

Third through Eighth Objections. The court has carefully reviewed Plaintiffs third through eighth objections which relate to his allegations of denial of dental care, failure to accommodate and protect religious rights, inadequate clothing and exposure to the cold, unhygienic conditions, excessive force and denial of access to the courts. The court finds each of these objections to be without merit, even after consideration of the additional evi-dentiary submissions. The court, therefore, adopts the rationale and recommendation of the Report as to each of these sets of allegations.

The court further notes that a number of the allegations contained within these objections are belied by Plaintiffs recently submitted evidence. For example, Plaintiff continues to assert that he was “forced to live in a feces-covered cell that was infested with ants.” Dkt No. 407 at 35 (Sixth Objection). The assertions relating to feces far overstate Plaintiffs own testimony that he found feces on the edges of the bed and corners of the windows, and that this resulted from inadequate earlier cleaning by inmates. See Plaintiff depos. at 149-50 (Dkt No. 418 at 28-29) (quoted above at 12). Such testimony is inconsistent with either the assertion that the cell was “covered” in feces, or that any Defendant intentionally placed Plaintiff in a “feces-covered cell.”

Similarly, Plaintiffs allegations relating to an ant infestation are inconsistent with his deposition testimony regarding how he came to be bitten. His claims that one or more Defendants were consciously indifferent to his serious medical needs during the same period are, likewise, belied by the records which establish that Plaintiff at times received medical attention when he requested it, and at other times refused medical evaluation or treatment offered by prison staff. See Dkt No. 416 at 86 & 87 (noting Plaintiffs refusal to be evaluated by a physician’s assistant on October 10, 2001 and a refusal to be weighed on October 11, 2001); Dkt No. 419 at 8 (indicating Plaintiff given medication for back pain twice on October 7, 2001). See also Dkt No. 419 at 40-41 (Plaintiffs January 10, 2002 Request to Staff acknowledging his refusal to receive medical care from Physician’s Assistant Lamb). The hunger strike, apparently coupled with the refusal to be evaluated in his cell, led to a forced move for medical evaluation. See Dkt No. 418 at 10.

Plaintiff also complains that he was denied a mattress while in the dry cell, but conceded in his deposition that he was allowed the mattress between the hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Plaintiff depos. at 154 (Dkt No. 416 at 78). Similarly, he alleges that he was denied blankets but, in his deposition, conceded that he did not recall if he got the blankets back after they were taken. Id. See also Plaintiff depos. at 153 (Dkt No. 418 at 32) (conceding that a complaint relating to blankets involved a lieutenant taking “some” blankets from Plaintiff when he had more than one).

Ninth Objection. Plaintiffs ninth objection relates to the recommendation that summary judgment be granted as to any claim against Defendant Allen relating to the “prank” call by Paul and Berry. This objection rests on Plaintiffs allegations that Allen failed to adequately respond to Plaintiffs prior complaints that Berry was singling Plaintiff out for harsher treatment in the form of overly frequent and zealous searches (no specifics are given other than that Plaintiff felt that Berry was “trying to search my own bones”) and made comments relating to Plaintiffs “case” and “nationalities.” Plaintiff depos. at 96 (Dkt No. 422 at 103). See also Plaintiff depos. at 98-100 (Dkt No. 422 at 105-07) (stating Berry called him a “terrorist” and “towel head” in front of other inmates). The evidence of prior complaints to Allen consists of Plaintiffs assertion that, while in the lunch line, he advised Allen that Berry was singling him out for searches and that Alen promised to “take care of it.” Plaintiff depos. at 119-23 (Dkt No. 422 at 124-28).

Accepting these facts as true, and assuming Alen took no corrective action despite promising to do so, there remains insufficient evidence to tie Alen to the alleged equal protection violation, whether through a negligence or other theory. Most critically, the evidence would not support a jury finding that Mien’s failure (if any) to correct Berry’s earlier taunts and excessive searches was legally causative of Berry and Paul’s decision to engage in the distinctly different behavior which led to Plaintiffs first placement in the SHU. To the extent any connection might be made, it could only be under a negligence theory which cannot stand for the reasons set forth in the Report. See Report at 62 (addressing FTCA prohibition on any award of damages “for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury”).

The court, therefore, finds Plaintiffs ninth objection to be without merit and adopts the reasoning and recommendation of the Report as to these claims.

Tenth Objection. In his tenth objection, Plaintiff asserts that the Magistrate Judge erred by failing to review the evidence relating to Plaintiffs “solitary confinement” claim (for the period beginning September 11, 2001). The undersigned agrees with the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion as to this claim and part, but not all, of his analysis.

The court disagrees with the Magistrate Judge’s analysis only to the extent it rested on an alternative ground that the claim addressed by the tenth objection was, necessarily, foreclosed by the prior decision in Ajaj v. Smith, C/A 0:02-2417 (“Ajaj I”). See Dkt No. 389 at 52-53. In reviewing this court’s decision in Ajaj I, the Fourth Circuit held that the action (which challenged Plaintiffs treatment at FCI-Edge-field, including his placement in the SHU) was properly construed as a claim under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). Ajaj, 108 Fed.Appx. 743 (4th Cir.2004). It further held that the claim was mooted by Plaintiffs transfer to FCI-Florence because Plaintiff had only sought equitable relief. Given the modified basis on which the Fourth Circuit affirmed the earlier decision of this court, that earlier decision would not be dispositive of Plaintiffs present claim for damages. This conclusion does not, however, cast any doubt on the first basis for summary judgment on this claim addressed in the Report which is adopted by this court.

Plaintiff also asserts that the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 125 S.Ct. 2384, 162 L.Ed.2d 174 (2005), requires a different result. In Wilkinson, the Court found that inmates did have a liberty interest in avoiding assignment to a state’s supermax prison. In reaching this conclusion, the court carefully distinguished the supermax facilities from normal segregation units on three grounds. First, inmates in the supermax facility were “deprived of almost any environmental or sensory stimuli and of almost all human contact.” 545 U.S. at 214, 125 S.Ct. 2384. Second, they were assigned for “an indefinite period of time, limited only by [the] inmate’s sentence.” Id. Third, once assigned to supermax “[i]nmates otherwise eligible for parole lose their eligibility while incarcerated” at the facility. Id. at 215, 125 S.Ct. 2384. After noting other onerous conditions of confinement, including that the cells were lighted 24 hours per day, the court stated: “While any of these conditions standing alone might not be sufficient to create a liberty interest, taken together they impose an atypical and significant hardship within the correctional context.” Id. at 224, 125 S.Ct. 2384.

While the conditions of Plaintiffs confinement in the SHU at FCI-Edgefield were more restrictive than those applied to inmates in the general population, they were not nearly so restrictive and atypical as those at issue in Wilkinson. The court, therefore, agrees with the Magistrate Judge that Plaintiff did not have a liberty interest in remaining out of the SHU, even if Wilkinson is considered for purposes of addressing this action for damages.

For the reasons set forth above, the court adopts the recommendation of the Report that Defendants be granted summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claim that he was improperly transferred to the SHU on September 11, 2001 and held there until his transfer to FCI-Florence. The court rests this determination on the first rationale set forth in the Report as further addressed above.

Eleventh and Twelfth Objections. Plaintiffs eleventh and twelfth objections are without merit.

Thirteenth Objection. In his thirteenth objection, Plaintiff assets that he has been unfairly disadvantaged in the presentation of his case. The undersigned disagrees. Plaintiff has been afforded numerous extensions and other accommodations to allow him to adequately prepare and present his case. The numerous exhibits proffered in support of these objections demonstrate the adequacy of those accommodations.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the court adopts the Report and Recommendation of the Magistrate Judge, based on the analysis stated therein, with the one limited exception set forth above and as supplemented by this order. Summary judgment shall, therefore, be entered for all Defendants on all claims with the exception of an equal protection-based Bivens claim asserted against Defendants Paul and Berry relating to the telephone call leading to Plaintiffs August 2001 placement in the SHU.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

MARCHANT, United States Magistrate Judge.

This action has been filed by the Plaintiff, pro se, pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971), alleging violations of his constitutional rights, as well as pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-2680, et. seq. Plaintiffs original Complaint filed December 16, 2003 was amended pursuant to a supplement filed July 15, 2005. See Order filed November 4, 2005 [setting forth which claims contained in Plaintiffs supplemental Complaint are properly before this Court].

The Defendants Hawk and Cooksey filed a motion to dismiss on December 28, 2005. As the Plaintiff is proceeding pro se, a Roseboro order was entered by the Court on January 3, 2006, advising Plaintiff of the importance of a dispositive motion and of the need for him to file an adequate response. Plaintiff was specifically advised that if he failed to respond adequately, these Defendants’ motion may be granted.

On February 1, 2006, the Defendant Paul filed a separate motion for summary judgment, following which a second Rose-boro order was issued on February 13, 2006. Along with numerous requests for extensions of time, on March 10, 2006 Plaintiff filed motions and declarations to deny Paul’s motion for summary judgment and Hawk and Cooksey’s motion to dismiss. Thereafter the Defendants (with the exception of the Defendants Paul and Berry) filed a “supplement” to their original motion for summary judgment, which had been filed on May 24, 2005 (that motion had been stayed pending completion of discovery by order of the Court filed June 30, 2005). The Defendant Berry then filed a separate motion for summary judgment on March 24, 2006. A third Roseboro order was issued by the Court on March 27, 2006, and Plaintiff filed “motions” to deny these summary judgment motions on April 3, 2006.

Plaintiff has also filed numerous motions to stay and/or for extensions of time, and on May 30, 2006 Plaintiff was granted until July 31, 2006 to file any additional responses he wished to file to the outstanding motions to dismiss or for summary judgment. See Order filed May 30, 2006 (text order). Plaintiff thereafter filed a response in opposition to the Defendants’ Hawk and Cooksey’s motion to dismiss on June 2, 2006. No additional filings purporting to be responses to the Defendants’ dispositive motions have been received. Defendants’ motions are now before this Court for disposition.

Background and Evidence

Plaintiff alleges in his verified Complaint that in 2001, while he was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution in Edgefield, South Carolina, he was unlawfully placed in solitary confinement. Plaintiff further alleges that during the time of this confinement, August 31, 2001 through September 4, 2001, he was “subjected to constant taunts, harassment, physical and mental pain as a result of the harassment and my unlawful [ ] placement in solitary confinement.” Plaintiff alleges that after he was released from solitary confinement on September 4, 2001, he discovered in November 2001 that the Defendants Berry and Paul had called his unit officer on August 31, 2001 pretending to be of Middle Eastern descent. Plaintiff alleges that the purpose of this phone call was to create fear among prison security, and that his placement in solitary confinement was as a result of this telephone call. Plaintiff alleges that he had complained to the Defendant Allen about Berry’s “unprofessional behavior” prior to August 31, 2001, but that Allen had ignored his complaints and failed to take any action. Plaintiff alleges that Allen’s failure to act further encouraged Berry and other officers to continue their unprofessional conduct toward him.

Plaintiff alleges that on September 11, 2001, he was ordered back into solitary by Defendants Hawk and Cooksey “without any disciplinary proceeding or security justification and in violation of the Bureau of Prison’s own rules and regulations.” Plaintiff alleges that this conduct violated his “liberty interest in remaining in the general population.” Plaintiff further alleges that from September 11, 2001 through October 30, 2001, the Defendants Hawk, Cooksey and Dove unlawfully denied him access to the Courts, his attorneys, his jailhouse lawyer, and “the outside world” in violation of his right to due process. Plaintiff alleges that from October 9, 2001 through October 16, 2003, the Defendants Dove, Yates, Allen, Gravette, Wade, Vining, and Finnerty “subjected me to constant torture, taunts, harassment, physical and mental torment and denied me my basic human needs without any due process.” He also alleges that, from September 11, 2001 through August 26, 2002, he was “exposed to constant high noise level that cause me a chronic sleep deprivation,” and that the Defendants Dove, Yates, Allen, Gravette, Wade, Vining, and Smith failed to take any corrective action to reduce the high noise level in the special housing unit.

Plaintiff next alleges that from the period February 1, 2001 through June 27, 2002, the Defendants Dove, Yates, Allen and Irving denied him access to dental care, and that as a result he developed “infections and abscesses.” Plaintiff alleges that from September 11, 2001 through August 26, 2002, the Defendants Dove, Yates, Allen, Smith and Chartier also denied him his “basic religious rights,” and that during this same period of time, he was “placed ... under conditions to my physical and mental health ..., denied ... procedural due process ..., [and] denied ... access to [his] jail-house and legal assistants.” Plaintiff seeks monetary damages. See generally, Verified Complaint.

In the verified supplement to his Complaint, in which Plaintiff asserts claims against the United States under the FTCA, Plaintiff alleges that his being subjected to high noise levels was negligent and a violation of the standard of care owed to the Plaintiff, and that the Defendant’s negligence exposed him to “constant high level of noise that caused [Plaintiff] to suffer from sleep deprivation, chronic insomnia and other physical and mental suffering ....” from September 11, 2001 through August 26, 2002. Plaintiff also alleges that the Defendants failed to provide him with proper dental care between February 1, 2001 and June 27, 2002, which care fell below the “minimum standards of acceptable professional practice.” Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants’ failure in this regard resulted in him developing “infection[s], abscesses and pain,” resulting in “serious, permanent and continuing injuries and damages.... ” Finally, Plaintiff complains that the Defendants were negligent in failing to protect him from physical and mental abuses from government employees and agents, all as outlined in his original Complaint. See generally, Plaintiffs Supplement to his Complaint; see also Order filed November 4, 2005 [setting forth what claims from Plaintiffs supplement to his Complaint are properly before this Court]. Plaintiff again seeks monetary damages, as well as redesignation to a different facility.

In support of summary judgment in the case, the Defendants have submitted voluminous evidence and exhibits. This material establishes that Plaintiff was incarcerated at FCI Edgefield from February 1, 2001 through August 28, 2002 following his conviction in 1994 as being part of the original World Trade Center bombing plot. Defendants’ Exhibits A, I, J. The Defendant Tyrone Allen has submitted an affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit I) wherein he attests that he is Associate Warden of Programs at FCI Edgefield. Allen attests that Plaintiff was one of six persons convicted in the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993, and that because of Plaintiffs status and the uncertainty as to how the general population would react toward him, Plaintiff was placed in the prison’s special housing unit (SHU) following the second attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, where he remained pending his transfer to Colorado on August 28, 2002. Allen attests that this placement was for Plaintiffs own personal protection, as well as to maintain the safe and orderly operation of the prison. Allen attests that he never tortured, taunted, harassed, or subjected Plaintiff to physical and/or mental pain at any time, and that he does not recall Plaintiff complaining to him about being subjected to unprofessional behavior by the Defendant Berry prior to August 31, 2001. Allen attests that there was an incident between Plaintiff and Berry on August 31, 2001 where Plaintiff stated that Berry acted unprofessionally toward him, and that Plaintiff was thereafter placed in the SHU pending an investigation of the matter by the Office of Internal Affairs.

Allen further attests that, with respect to the period October 9, 2001 through October 16, 2001, Plaintiff was placed in ambulatory restraints in the observation cell in SHU because of his disruptive behavior and conduct of destroying government property. Allen attests that on October 9, 2001, Plaintiff deliberately flooded his cell by blocking up the toilet and then continually flushing the toilet, causing water to overflow onto the cell floor. Allen attests that Plaintiff was removed from his cell and placed into an observation cell, following which Plaintiff became disruptive in the observation cell by breaking off the sprinkler head from the fire protection unit, causing the cell to flood with water. See Defendants’ Exhibit F (Response to Administrative Remedy). Allen attests that, due to Plaintiffs continuous disruptive behavior, a use of force team placed him in ambulatory restraints, but that even while in ambulatory restraints, Plaintiff told staff that he would continue his disruptive behavior if removed from the restraints. Id. The following day (October 10, 2001) Plaintiff attempted to break the sprinkler head in the observation cell, threw his food tray on the range floor from the food slot, and slipped the belly chain from his waist while in ambulatory restraints. Id. Plaintiff was warned that further actions would result in his being placed in soft, four point restraints.

Allen attests that by October 12, 2001, Plaintiff had refused his eighth consecutive meal and complained of stomach pain, following which he was taken to the Health Services Department and a medical assessment was performed. Plaintiff later agreed to eat after a court order for forced feeding was obtained. See also Plaintiffs Exhibit H [Order of the Honorable Margaret B. Seymour, United States District Judge]. Allen attests that there is no documentation from this time period to support Plaintiffs claims that he was tortured, taunted, harassed, or subjected to physical and mental pain by him [Allen] or any other Defendant.

With respect to Plaintiffs allegations that he was exposed to a constant high level of noise which caused him sleep deprivation, Allen attests that he has no knowledge that any such allegations were expressed to executive staff until Plaintiff filed a formal administrative remedy on June 17, 2002. Allen attests that the log book maintained by staff does not reflect any complaints by the Plaintiff of not being able to sleep due to noise, and that in fact a significant number of log entries indicate Plaintiff slept in normal amounts and patterns. Allen further attests that Plaintiff never personally complained to him about the noise level, even though he spoke to Plaintiff periodically during his routine SHU visits. Allen also attests that he does not personally provide dental care to inmates, nor does he recall Plaintiff personally complaining to him about being denied dental care. Allen attests that when Plaintiff filed an administrative remedy on or about May 19, 2002 complaining about not receiving dental care, the Defendant Dove referred Plaintiff to the BOP’s policy specifying that only urgent dental care is provided for inmates in the special housing unit. Plaintiff then informed medical staff he had an urgent dental complaint, and he was seen and evaluated by the chief dental officer on June 27, 2002 for complaints of a tooth ache. Allen attests that Plaintiff was given an antibiotic and pain medication accordingly.

As for Plaintiffs allegations concerning the denial of basic religious rights, Allen attests that he does not personally provide religious guidance to inmates, nor does he recall Plaintiff complaining to him about being denied his basic religious needs. When Plaintiff filed an administrative remedy alleging he was being denied a visit from an Islamic Imán and other religious opportunities, this was the first time (to Allen’s knowledge) that Plaintiff had made such a request. Allen attests that the Religious Services Department arranged for Plaintiff to speak with a Bureau of Prisons staff Iman for religious counseling, that he was provided with a holy Koran (the only Arabic literature available), and that he was permitted to purchase religious personal property items from the commissary that were authorized in administrative detention. Allen attests that Plaintiff was not, however, allowed a Miswak and a radio, because these were unauthorized items while housed in administrative detention. Allen attests that the administrative remedy shown on Plaintiffs forms indicates Plaintiff was also provided the opportunity to conduct his prayer sessions and the opportunity to conduct Ju-mah prayer alone in his cell, and that Plaintiff was given the same access to religious items as the other inmates in administrative detention. Finally, Allen attests that he has no knowledge of Plaintiff being denied procedural due process, access to a jailhouse lawyer, or being subjected to conditions harmful to his physical and mental health. See generally, Allen Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit I); Defendants’ Exhibit AZ, pp. 109-118.

The Defendant Kahle Vinning has also submitted an affidavit, wherein she attests that she is a lieutenant at FCI Edgefield. Vinning attests that during the time period of October 9, 2001 through October 16, 2001, documentation reflects that Plaintiff was placed in ambulatory restraints in the observation cell in SHU because of his disruptive behavior or destroying government property, all as was also set forth by Allen in his affidavit. Vinning further attests to the same facts as were set forth by Allen with respect to Plaintiffs refusing food and being seen by the medical staff. As for Plaintiffs complaints of being exposed to a constant high level of noise, Vinning attests that Plaintiff never expressed any such complaints to her personally. Vinning further attests that Plaintiff was under constant staff supervision during the time period he was in the SHU, that a log book was maintained of Plaintiffs daily routine, and that there is no record that Plaintiff made complaints of not being able to sleep due to noise, and in fact the records contain a significant number of log entries indicating that Plaintiff slept in normal amounts and patterns. See generally, Vinning Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit J).

The Defendants have also submitted an affidavit from Roy Lathrop, who attests that he is employed as a paralegal at FCI Edgefield. Lathrop attests that he has reviewed the log books maintained on the Plaintiff, Register No. 40637-053, from September 11, 2001 to August 28, 2002. Lathrop attests that Plaintiff was under constant staff supervision during that period of time, and that there are no entries in these log books that Plaintiff ever complained about not being able to sleep due to noise, while a significant number of log entries indicate Plaintiff slept in normal amounts and patterns. Lathrop further attests that there is no evidence in these records to show that Plaintiff complained to Allen, Vinning, or the Defendant Fin-nerty, about the noise level in the SHU or that any Defendant ignored such complaints. See generally, Lathrop Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit L).

The Defendant Alex Chartier has also submitted an affidavit wherein he attests that he is employed as the supervisory chaplain at FCI-Edgefield, and in this capacity is responsible for the overall supervision of all religious activities at the institution. Chartier confirms that Plaintiff was placed in the SHU following the second attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, but attests that he is not responsible for decisions made regarding Plaintiffs placement in the SHU. Chartier attests that, due to the gravity of Plaintiffs position following the September 11, 2001 attack, all decisions regarding his status were made by the executive staff of the institution and the Special Investigative Agent (SIA).

Chartier further attests that, although Plaintiff makes a conclusory statement in his Complaint that he [Chartier] denied Plaintiff basic religious rights, Plaintiff does not actually identify what he was purportedly denied. Chartier attests that Plaintiff was given the same access to religious items as other inmates in administrative detention, and that Plaintiff never made a request to the Religious Services Department to have a visit or phone call from an Islamic representative. Chartier attests that the first he heard of such a request was after Plaintiff filed an administrative remedy alleging he was being denied a visit from an Iman along with other complaints. Chartier attests that, following the filing of Plaintiffs administrative remedy, the Religious Services Department made arrangements for Plaintiff to telephonically speak with a BOP staff Iman for religious counseling, and that Plaintiff had already been provided with a holy Quran, which was the only Arabic literature available. Plaintiff had also already been permitted to purchase religious personal property items from the commissary that were authorized in administrative detention, although he was not allowed a Miswak and a radio because these were unauthorized items. Plaintiff was, however, provided the opportunity to conduct his prayer sessions and the opportunity to conduct Jumah prayer alone in his cell. Chartier attests that he has never violated any of Plaintiffs constitutional rights, including his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion. See generally, Chartier Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit P).

An affidavit has also been filed by Kevin Joy, a unit manager at FCI Edgefield. Joy attests that his duties include overall supervision of unit staff on a housing unit, and that during Plaintiffs time in administrative detention in the SHU he was afforded the same opportunities of all inmates who are in administrative detention. Joy further attests that Plaintiff had progress reviews in accordance to policy, as well as access to his Unit Team when different staff from the Team made mandatory rounds in the SHU. Joy attests that Plaintiff was also provided the opportunity to utilize the SHU law library or request other books and documentation from the Education Department, that he had access to medical personnel who made rounds in the SHU daily, and that he was given access to the courts and his attorney. See generally, Joy Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit Q); Rippon Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit C, Attachment G).

The Defendant Dan Dove has submitted an affidavit wherein he attests that during much of the relevant time period he was the Warden at FCI Edgefield, where he was charged with supervising the operation of the institution. Dove attests that as Warden, he delegated daily operational authority to associate wardens and department heads, that he therefore did not personally provide medical or dental attention to inmates, nor was he directly involved in the provision of religious services to inmates. Dove attests that he was responsible for reviewing and signing all administrative remedies filed by inmates at the institution, and that when an administrative remedy was filed it was assigned to the appropriate department head for investigation. Dove attests that he did not personally investigate matters raised in an inmate’s administrative remedy, but did ensure the final response was accurate and within policy prior to signing it.

Dove attests that after the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001, he had Plaintiff placed in the SHU for his own protection as he was concerned for Plaintiffs safety given his prior crime and terrorist activities. Dove attests that he submitted paperwork to the Southeast Regional Director on October 26, 2001 to have Plaintiff redesignated to Colorado in order to meet his security needs in the post 9-11 world. Plaintiff was thereafter transferred to Colorado on August 28, 2002.

Dove attests that the September 11 attack lead to an intensive nationwide crackdown on suspected terrorists and a heightened security status that continues to this day. As a convicted member of this terrorist network, and in light of Plaintiffs criminal history and participation in the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center, Dove attests that Plaintiff was placed in a higher security status on September 11, 2001, and that thereafter guidance from the Central Office was given to all institutions on how to handle inmates and detainees associated with the terrorist group responsible for the September 11 attacks. Dove attests that, based on this guidance, Plaintiffs status, and the uncertainty as to how the general population would react towards him, Plaintiff remained in administrative detention at FCI Edgefield pending his transfer. Dove specifically attests that he was concerned that Plaintiff might be targeted by other inmates because of his association with the group responsible for the 9/11 attacks and his earlier involvement in the World Trade Center bombing, and that housing Plaintiff in the SHU was, in his best correctional judgment, the prudent thing to do.

Dove attests that while Plaintiff was housed in the SHU, he was afforded the same opportunities as any other inmate in administrative detention, including access to the administrative remedy program, which he frequently utilized. Plaintiff also had periodic progress reviews and a weekly detention review in accordance with policy, as well as access to him [Dove], the associate wardens, department heads, and his Unit Team during the mandatory weekly rounds in the SHU. Dove attests that Plaintiff was provided with the opportunity to utilize the SHU law library or to request other materials from the Education Department, that he had daily access to medical staff, and that he was able to communicate with the courts and his attorneys through correspondence, visiting, and the telephone. See Defendants’ Exhibit AZ, pp. 134-147.

Dove attests that he never tortured, taunted, harassed, or subjected Plaintiff to physical and/or mental pain, nor did he allow his staff to do so. Dove attests that during the time period Plaintiff alleges he was mistreated (October 9-16, 2001), he was placed in mandatory restraints due to his disruptive behavior after he had flooded two cells on the same day. Dove attests that ambulatory restraints were used to try and calm Plaintiffs behavior, and that once he stopped trying to flood his cell and threatening harm to others the restraints were removed. Dove also attests that Plaintiff never personally complained to him about the noise level in the SHU, even though he spoke to Plaintiff periodically during his weekly SHU visits. Dove attests that he also does not recall Plaintiff personally complaining to him about being denied dental care, but that once Plaintiff filed an administrative remedy complaining about not receiving dental care on May 19, 2002, he reviewed his claim and denied same after an investigation by the Health Services Administrator revealed dental staff were addressing Plaintiffs needs. See Defendants’ Exhibit AZ, pp. 80-91.

With respect to religious materials, Dove attests that he does not personally provide religious guidance to inmates, but that in any event he does not recall Plaintiff ever complaining to him about being denied his religious needs during his weekly visits to the SHU. Plaintiff did file an administrative remedy alleging he was being denied religious rights, which Dove attests he denied after an investigation showed Plaintiff was given the same access to religious items as the other inmates in administrative detention. Plaintiff also filed an administrative remedy on November 13, 2001 alleging he was being denied access to the courts, his attorneys, and legal materials, which Dove attests he denied after an investigation revealed that Plaintiff was able to maintain contact with his attorneys by telephone. Dove attests that, initially after 9/11 and upon directions from the Central Office, all correspondence (via the use of mail) was restricted due to national security concerns, but that shortly thereafter these mail restrictions were imposed, the restrictions were lifted with respect to legal correspondence. When Plaintiff filed an administrative remedy requesting legal materials be provided to him, Dove attests that he denied this remedy after an investigation revealed staff were in full compliance with national policy regarding providing legal materials to inmates in the SHU. See generally, Dove Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BQ); Defendants’ Exhibit AZ, pp. 19, 21, 23.

The Defendant Joseph Smith has also provided an affidavit, wherein he attests that from June 16, 2002 through January 24, 2004, he was the Warden at FCI Edge-field. Smith attests that Plaintiff was an inmate at FCI Edgefield for only a short time during his tenure as Warden, and that he has been named as a Defendant because Plaintiff alleges he [Smith] mistreated him while he was housed in the SHU from the time Smith arrived (June 16, 2002) until Plaintiffs departure on August 26, 2002. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that he [Smith] failed to address Plaintiffs complaints about the noise level and denied him access to the courts and legal assistance as well as certain religious items.

Smith attests that when he arrived at FCI Edgefield on June 17, 2002, Plaintiff was being housed in the SHU for his own protection pending transfer to a higher security prison. Smith attests that he was aware of the reasoning behind this placement, and that be believed it appropriate pending his transfer to Colorado. Smith attests that while Plaintiff was housed in the SHU, he was afforded the same opportunities as any other inmate placed in administrative detention, that he had access to executive staff and department heads as well as his Unit Team, that he was provided access to the administrative remedy program, that he had periodic progress and weekly detention reviews in accordance with policy, that he was provided the opportunity to utilize the SHU law library or request materials from the Education Department, that he had access to medical staff on a daily basis, and that he was given access to the courts and his attorneys through the use of correspondence, visiting, and the telephone.

Smith attests that Plaintiff filed a formal administrative remedy on June 17, 2002 complaining about the noise level in the SHU, which Smith attests he denied after an investigation indicated that the noise level in the SHU can, at times, be higher than in the general population, but that there was no indication the noise level was causing any harm. See Rippon Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit S, Attachment Exhibit B). Smith attests that, other than filing that one administrative remedy, Plaintiff never complained to him about the noise level or about lack of sleep, even though he periodically spoke to the Plaintiff during his weekly SHU visits. Smith attests that he also does not recall Plaintiff personally complaining to him about being denied his basic religious freedoms, nor did he have any knowledge that any of his subordinates were engaged in conduct that posed a risk to Plaintiffs safety or violated his constitutional rights. See generally, Smith Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BR).

The Defendant James Wade has provided an affidavit wherein he attests that during the time period set forth in the Complaint, he was a lieutenant at FCI Edgefield. Wade attests that, as a lieutenant, he was not responsible for the decision made regarding Plaintiffs placement in the SHU, or the decision thereafter for Plaintiff to remain in the SHU until his transfer to Colorado. Wade attests that he was not the SHU lieutenant, so he did not have much contact with Plaintiff during the time period referenced in the Complaint, and that to the best to his knowledge he was only involved with the Plaintiff on October 12, 2001, when he supervised moving Plaintiff from the SHU to the Health Services Department. Wade attests that this was done because Plaintiff had refused to eat eight (8) consecutive meals and was complaining of abdominal pain. Wade attests that he ensured that necessary staff were available to move Plaintiff, and was present with him during the entire process, during which time no one touched or spoke to Plaintiff in an inappropriate manner.

Wade attests that he never subjected Plaintiff to conditions which caused him physical and/or mental pain, that he never harassed, tortured or taunted him, and that Plaintiff never personally complained to him about the noise level in the SHU causing him to suffer sleep deprivation, nor did he engage in any inappropriate behavior or violate Plaintiffs constitutional rights. See generally, Wade Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BS).

The Defendant S.A. Yates has submitted an affidavit wherein he attests that he was Associate Warden at FCI Edgefield during the relevant time period, where his job included direct supervision of various department heads. Yates attests that he was involved in the initial decision to place Plaintiff in the SHU and that he fully supported that decision. Yates attests that he believes Plaintiff being in the SHU on 9/11 and thereafter ensured his safety from other inmates who might have wanted to harm him. Yates attests that he has never subjected Plaintiff to physical and/or mental pain, has never harassed or tortured him, and has never knowingly allowed staff to do so either.

With respect to Plaintiffs allegations that he was mistreated from October 9-16, 2001, Yates attests that during this time period Plaintiff was placed in ambulatory restraints due to his disruptive behavior of flooding his cell and threatening staff. However, as Associate Warden of Operations, Yates attests that he was not involved in the decision to place Plaintiff in ambulatory restraints. Yates attests that he made weekly rounds in the SHU where he directly spoke to Plaintiff, and that Plaintiff never personally complained to him about suffering sleep deprivation because of alleged high levels of noise in the SHU, that he does not recall Plaintiff personally complaining to him about being denied religious items or requesting a visit from an Iman, nor does he recall Plaintiff personally complaining to him about being denied dental care. Yates attests that, as the Associate Warden of Operations, he had oversight responsibility for the Health Services Department, which includes dental, and that if an inmate had complained to him about not receiving dental care, he would have ensured that his complaints were addressed by dental staff.

Finally, Yates attests that, immediately after 9/11, the BOP Central Office directed that all correspondence of convicted terrorists be restricted due to national security concerns, including legal mail. These restrictions applied to the Plaintiff because of his prior conviction in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Yates attests that Plaintiff was, however, able to maintain contact with his attorneys by telephone, and that shortly after the mail restrictions were imposed, they were modified to allow legal correspondence. See generally, Yates Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BU).

The Defendant Tim Gravette has also provided an affidavit wherein he attests that during the relevant time period he was a captain at FCI Edgefield from August 1999 to December 2001, where his duties included direct supervision of the Central Services Department (i.e, Custody). Gravette attests that he was not involved in the initial decision to place Plaintiff in the SHU, but that he was involved in the decision to keep Plaintiff in the SHU pending his transfer to a higher security institution. Gravette attests that Plaintiffs placement in the SHU on 9/11 ensured his safety from other inmates who might have wanted to harm him because of his ties to the terrorist group responsible for the 9/11 attack. Gravette attests that he has never tortured, taunted, harassed, or subjected Plaintiff to any physical or mental pain, nor has he allowed his staff to do so.

Gravette attests that on October 9, 2001, Plaintiff began deliberately flooding his cell, following which he was removed from his cell and placed in an observation cell. Plaintiff then broke the sprinkler head from the fire protection unit, causing the observation cell to flood with water, and that due to this continuous disruptive behavior a Use of Force Team placed him in ambulatory restraints. Gravette attests that, while in ambulatory restraints, Plaintiff told staff that he would continue his disruptive behavior if removed from restraints. Thereafter, on October 10, 2001, while still in ambulatory restraints, Plaintiff attempted to break the sprinkler head in the observation cell again, and later that day threw his food tray out of his cell onto the range floor. Plaintiff also slipped the belly chain from his waist while in ambulatory restraints, and was warned that such further actions would result in his being placed in soft, four point restraints. Gra-vette attests that on October 11, 2001 Plaintiff began to respond to staffs questions and displayed less hostility, and the ambulatory restraints were removed. See Defendants’ Exhibit D, pp. 5-12.

Gravette attests that ambulatory restraints include handcuffs, a waist chain, a black box, and leg irons. The black box is a hard plastic box placed over the lock apparatus that runs between the inmate’s handcuffs, but does not cover the hand. Gravette attests that the chain is locked in the back so that the inmate’s hands, restrained by handcuffs in the black box, are pulled against his stomach, and that this is done to prevent inmates from attempting to pick the locks on their handcuffs. Gra-vette attests that when an inmate is in ambulatory restraints, he is still free to move around in his cell, and that policy states that these restraints should remain on an inmate until self-control is regained.

Gravette attests that Plaintiff never personally complained to him about the noise level in the SHU disrupting his sleep, even though he spoke to Plaintiff periodically during his frequent SHU visits. Gravette further attests that, immediately after 9/11, the BOP Central Office directed that all correspondence of convicted terrorists be restricted due to national security concerns, including legal mail, and that these restrictions applied to the Plaintiff. Gra-vette attests that Plaintiff was, however, able to maintain contact with his attorney by telephone, and that shortly after these mail restrictions were imposed, they were modified to allow legal correspondence. See generally, Gravette Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BV).

As part of Defendants’ supplemental filing of March 16, 2006, Defendants submitted an affidavit from Elmer Harris, Safety Manager at FCI Edgefield. Harris attests that all BOP facilities must comply with the standards set forth by the American Correctional Association (ACA), including standards regarding noise levels. Harris attests that pursuant to Section D of the ACA (Environmental Conditions), noise level in inmate housing units are not to exceed 70 dBA (A Scale) in the daytime and 45dBA (A Scale) at night. Harris attests that a noise survey conducted on October 31, 2001 in the sleeping areas of the SHU at FCI Edgefield between 2:00 a.m. and 4:30 a.m. showed a noise level from 38 dBA to 44 dBA, which is in compliance with ACA standards.

Harris further attests that FCI Edge-field is also required to comply with ACA Section D (Sanitation and Hygiene), and that pursuant to this requirement a Safety Pest Control Log Book is used for monitoring this requirement. Harris attests that the Log Book for the time period of September 11, 2001 through August 28, 2002 indicates that on January 4, 2002, safety personnel treated the SHU with .5% Tempo II for ants, which was Pest Control Work Order No. 249. Harris attests that this was the only date during the relevant time period that eradication was required, and that he does not recall the Plaintiff ever personally complaining to him regarding either the noise level in the SHU or about his cell being infested with ants. See generally, Harris Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BW).

The Defendant W. Irving has also submitted an affidavit, wherein he attests that he is the staff Dental Officer at FCI Edge-field. Irving attests that, in his Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that he [Irving] denied him access to dental care from February 1, 2001 through June 27, 2002, but that he [Irving] is not familiar with the Plaintiff. Irving attests that he never examined or refused to examine the Plaintiff while he was incarcerated at FCI Edgefield, and that Plaintiffs dental records show that Plaintiff only requested services from dental staff at FCI Edgefield on one occasion. Specifically, Irving attests that on June 27, 2002 Plaintiff complained of a tooth ache, at which time he was examined by Chief Dental Officer Sweeting, who provided Plaintiff with appropriate care including a prescription for pain medication and an antibiotic.

Irving further attests that, prior to being seen in June 2002, Plaintiff had filed an informal resolution form contending that he was being denied medical and dental treatment, which had been forwarded to Irving for a response. Irving attests that, in his response, Plaintiff was referred to the dental policy that allows inmates in the SHU to receive only emergency treatment, such as an extraction, or temporary filling with sedative dressing to relieve pain. Plaintiff was further informed that there had been no information provided to dental by the physician assistant who made daily medical rounds in the SHU that Plaintiff was having any dental trouble. Irving attests that to the best of his knowledge his response was forwarded back to Plaintiffs unit staff, and that he [Irving] never received anything else from the Plaintiff or on behalf of the Plaintiff requesting dental care. See generally, Irving Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit BY), with Attachment A [referring to Plaintiffs Dental Records, Defendants’ Exhibit M] and Attachment B [Informal Resolution Form, Defendants’ Exhibit AZ],

As part of Defendants’ supplemental filing, the Defendant Allen provided a second affidavit wherein, in addition to the information already provided in his initial affidavit, Allen further attests that Plaintiffs Complaint of August 31, 2001, wherein Plaintiff complained that staff had acted unprofessionally toward him which resulted in Plaintiffs placement in the SHU pending an investigation, was against both Berry as well as the Defendant Paul. As attested to in his first affidavit, Allen attests that this incident was referred to the Office of Internal Affairs. With respect to Plaintiffs complaints that he was denied procedural due process or denied access to the courts or legal assistance, Allen attests that in order to make sure Plaintiffs rights were not violated, the executive staff at FCI Edgefield appointed staff member Chris Clark to address Plaintiffs daily needs, such as taking him to recreation five days a week if he wanted to go outside; allowing Plaintiff to call his attorneys, courts, etc.; making sure Plaintiff had his property including a Quran, a prayer rug, prayer oil, a cassette player to listen to Arabic tapes of Quran, etc.; taking Plaintiff to the SHU law library; and delivering Plaintiffs legal and social mail to him daily. See generally, Allen Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit CA).

The Defendant Dove has also provided a second affidavit, wherein he provides as an attachment a copy of the October 1, 2001 memorandum from the BOP [titled “Guidance for Handling of Terrorist Inmates and Recent Detainees”], directing that all inmates who had been convicted of, charged with, associated with, or in any way linked to terrorist activities be placed in administrative detention. Dove also relates that, to ensure Plaintiffs rights were not violated, staff member Chris Clark was appointed to address Plaintiffs daily needs. Dove attests that Clark did not directly communicate Plaintiffs concerns to him, nor did he discuss any of the administrative forms he signed for the Plaintiff with Dove prior to signing the forms. See generally, Dove Supplemental Affidavit (Defendant’s Exhibit CB).

The Defendant Chartier also submitted a supplemental affidavit, to which he has attached numerous exhibits. Chartier attests that Plaintiff was provided with the following while he was housed in administrative detention from September 11, 2001 through August 28, 2002 in order for his religious needs to met: 1) the Religious Services Department made arrangements for Plaintiff to telephonically speak with a BOP staff Iman for religious counseling [see Attachment A (Inmate Request to Staff Member dated February 15, 2002) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, p. 6) and Attachment B (First Request by Defendants to Plaintiff for Admissions, Response No. 5) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, pp. 10-11) ]; 2) Plaintiff admits he was provided with a holy Quran and at least one book on the Muslim faith while in the SHU at FCI-Edgefield [see Attachment B (First Request by Defendants to Plaintiff for Admissions, Responses Nos. 1 & 2) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, pp. 8-9) and Attachment C (Inmate Request to Staff Member dated January 11, 2002) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, p. 15]; 3) the Religious Services Department provided Plaintiff with twenty-four (24) audio tapes of the first portion of the Quran recited in Arabic called the Arabic Recitation of Holy Quran, and advised Plaintiff that the second portion of the tapes (twenty-four more tapes) would be provided to him when he returned the first tapes [see Attachment B (First Request by Defendants to Plaintiff for Admissions, Response No. S) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, pp. 9-10) and Attachment D (Response to Interrogatories, No. 10(b)) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, p. 22) ]. Chartier attests that Plaintiff was provided a tape player to listen to the tapes provided to him by the Religious Services Department [see Attachment E (Inmate Request to Staff Member dated January 21, 2002) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, p. 36) ]; 4) Plaintiff was permitted to purchase religious personal property items from the commissary that were authorized in administrative detention [see Attachment F (copies of commissary receipts) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, pp. 37-73) and Attachment G (commissary list, including numerous religious items) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, 74-88) ]; 5) Plaintiff was provided the opportunity to conduct his prayer sessions and the opportunity to conduct Jumah prayer alone, both in his cell and while in the outdoor recreation area [see Attachment D (Response No. 25(f)) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, p. 32) ]; 6) Plaintiff was provided the opportunity to participate in Ramadan and partake of the meals served to inmates observing Ramadan [see Attachment H (Form 292s dated from November 16, 2001 through December 15, 2001) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, pp. 90-97) ]. Chartier attests that at the start of Ramadan, he provided a list of Muslim inmates in the SHU and general population to the Food Services Department so that a sack meal would be provided each day during Ramadan and a hot meal could be served to such inmates on the list, including the Plaintiff, after sundown [see Attachment D (Response No. 20) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, p. 29) ]; and that 7) Plaintiff was provided access to all three chaplains who routinely made rounds in the SHU [see Attachment I (Interrogatory 070) (Defendants’ Exhibit CC, pp. 98-99) ]. Chartier attests that, between himself and the other two staff chaplains, they visited the SHU a total of 147 times between September 11, 2001 and August 26, 2002, with Chartier personally visiting the SHU 36 times. See generally, Chartier Supplemental Affidavit with Attached Exhibits (Defendants’ Exhibit CC).

Defendants have also submitted an affidavit from Christopher Clark, wherein he attests that during the relevant time period he was assigned to the Special Investigative Services (SIS) Office as an SIS Technician. Clark attests that following September 11, 2001 and the Plaintiffs placement in the SHU, executive staff at FCI Edgefield appointed him to address Plaintiffs daily needs to ensure that his constitutional rights were not violated. Clark attests that, during this period of time, Plaintiff was his responsibility. Clark attests that, five days a week, he offered Plaintiff recreation if he wanted to go outside; allowed Plaintiff to call his attorneys, courts, etc., on the unmonitored phones in the lieutenant’s office; ensured that Plaintiff had his property including a Quran, a prayer rug, prayer oil, a cassette player to listen to Arabic tapes of the Quran, etc.; that he personally took Plaintiff to the SHU law library on numerous occasions; and that he personally delivered Plaintiffs legal and social mail to him on a daily basis. Clark further attests that when Plaintiff complained that he did not have access to an Imán, he assisted in arranging for Plaintiff to telephonically speak to an Imán at USP Coleman. Clark attests that, to his recollection, Plaintiff spoke to this Iman four or five times in June 2002.

Clark attests that, during this period of time, Plaintiff often requested that he sign statements regarding his conditions of confinement, but that at no time did he investigate the assertions made by Plaintiff in those requests, nor did he confer with the Warden or his supervisors prior to signing the documents drafted by the Plaintiff. Clark further attests that Plaintiff was provided telephonic and written access to the courts and to his attorneys during the time period wherein he was assigned to the Plaintiff, and that Plaintiff was also provided access to the law library, religious materials, recreation opportunities, and legal and social mail. Finally, Clark attests that he never witnessed any staff taunting, harassing, or subjecting Plaintiff to mental or physical pain, and that if anything Plaintiff was afforded “Cadillac” treatment during this time period in that he had one staff person [Clark] directly assigned to him to address his needs to ensure that his constitutional rights were met. See generally, Clark Affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit CD).

Finally, Tami Rippon (supervisory attorney at FCI-Edgefield) has provided a supplemental affidavit wherein she attests that during part of the time Plaintiff was housed in the SHU a video camera was set up outside his cell to record Plaintiffs behavior, as well as his contacts and interaction with prison staff. Rippon attests that she personally reviewed every videotape for the period October 9 through October 11, 2001, and that none of the surveillance footage ever shows any Defendant in this action or any other BOP staff member engaging in any improper or inappropriate behavior towards the Plaintiff. Rippon attests that no staff member taunts, harasses, or abuses Plaintiff in any manner, and that there is no indication of any type of torture or any other improper contact on these tapes. Rippon attests that the videotapes for this period were converted to DVDs (77 in all) and were provided to the Plaintiff in discovery. See generally, Rippon Affidavit (Defendant’s Exhibit CE).

In support of his separately filed motion for summary judgment, the Defendant Paul has submitted portions of Plaintiffs deposition taken November 3, 2005. With respect to Plaintiffs claims of physical and/or mental pain allegedly suffered as a result of being placed in the SHU between August 31, 2001 and September 4, 2001, Paul argues that Plaintiff failed to specify any such injuries during his deposition, notwithstanding having been given numerous opportunities to do so. See Plaintiffs Deposition, pp. 86, 129. Plaintiff did testify about being called names, such as “terrorist” and a “towel head”; which he testified “hurt [his] feeling[s]” and was “not [their] business”. Plaintiffs Deposition, pp. 99-100 (Defendants’ Exhibit BZ, pp. 4-5). Paul argues, however, that even if such testimony was true, these incidents fail to set forth a viable claim for damages. Paul further argues that Plaintiffs testimony that he was subjected to an undue number of searches and was denied certain items of property, including a mattress for part of one night, also fail to set forth a viable claim. See Plaintiffs Deposition, pp. 59, 64-66, 80 (Exhibit 2 to Defendant Paul’s Motion for Summary Judgment).

The Defendant Berry has also submitted excerpts from Plaintiffs deposition as an attachment to his separately filed motion for summary judgment, and makes similar arguments about Plaintiff having failed to set forth sufficient facts in his deposition testimony to survive summary judgment. See generally, Plaintiffs Deposition, pp. 98-102. Defendant Berry has also submitted an affidavit, wherein he attests that

on 8-31-01, at approximately 8:00 p.m., a telephone call was made from the Contact room to the B-2 unit officer. The call was made directly for the unit officer. The inmate’s name was selected from the front page of [unintelligible]. After the official received the call, he reported the situation to the supervisor. After the supervisor was informed, we both panicked, without reporting the situation to our supervisor. The call was made for a joke, for the unit officer, not the inmate.

See generally, Berry Affidavit.

Berry has also submitted a copy of his response to the Plaintiffs request for admissions, wherein Berry responded, inter alia, as follows:

Question: On August 31, 2001, you made a telephone call to Plaintiffs unit officer.
Response: This Defendant admits that, as a controlroom officer, telephone calls are routinely made to unit officers. However, this Defendant denies that he made the particular call giving rise to suit.

See Defendants’ Exhibit (Response to Request for Admissions).

For his part, Plaintiff has submitted substantial filings during the course of the pretrial litigation of this case, and the undersigned has reviewed this docket in an attempt to cull out Plaintiffs evidence. The undersigned has initially reviewed Plaintiffs response to the Defendants’ original motion to dismiss [Document No. 73], filed in August 2004. Plaintiff also filed a “supplemental response” to the Defendants’ original motion on October 20, 2004 [Document No. 88], with voluminous exhibits, and those exhibits have also been examined to determine the extent any of those exhibits deal with Plaintiffs claims on the merits. Many of those exhibits deal with the question of whether Plaintiff had exhausted his administrative remedies and/or obtained proper service on the Defendants, as those were the primary matters at issue in the Defendants’ initial motion to dismiss. However, these exhibits do include various prison grievance/ request for administrative remedy forms wherein Plaintiff sets forth his complaints about being housed in the SHU, and his desire to be released from the SHU, which have been considered by the undersigned.

Plaintiff argues in these documents that he is in no danger from the general population, and that he has always been treated well by the other inmates. The fact that Plaintiff disagreed with the Defendants’ decision, however, does not in and of itself constitute a violation of Plaintiffs constitutional rights or the Federal Tort Claims Act. See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 1. Plaintiff also complains in these exhibits about the conditions of his confinement, arguing that he was being denied “sufficient clothes and blankets” which exposed him to excessive cold, that he didn’t have a mattress for a number of days, and similar complaints. Included in Plaintiffs materials is a copy of a West Chester Medical Center discharge summary dated February 3, 1999, on which the attending physician noted that Plaintiff should avoid exposure to excessive cold since he only had one lung, making him more susceptible to lung diseases. See Plaintiffs Exhibit 2, p. 3.

There is also a copy of a request to staff form dated January 11, 2002, addressed to the Defendant Chartier, wherein Plaintiff requests Islamic materials from the chaplain library in the Arabic language. This form contains a response from Chartier dated February 15, 2002, as follows:

Our Islamic books are all very similar as far as basic instruction. We have only a small portion of our Muslim library actually written in Arabic, and those [unintelligible] are very basic. In light of this, we will be willing to examine additional opportunities to get some Arabic books, but this will take some time. We will get back to you as soon as these items can be made available to you.

Plaintiffs Exhibit 2, p. 7.

Other request to staff member forms concern Plaintiffs request to see an Iman, to purchase certain items from the commissary, to have a prayer schedule, and to be placed in a “dry cell” for religious reasons. Id, at pp. 8-11. The responses to these requests generally reflect that prison staff were working on and/or considering Plaintiffs requests. Id. Plaintiffs Exhibit 2 also contains a request to staff form dated January 11, 2002, wherein Plaintiff requests to be allowed to attend Jumah prayer. This form shows a response dated February 15, 2002 as follows: “Given your current housing situation, your request is denied.” Id, p. 16. There are also various request to staff forms wherein Plaintiff writes (for confirmation purposes) that he had never been charged with any rules violations or threatened by other inmates, all of which are signed by Chris Clark “to the best of my knowledge, the above stated is true”. Id., pp. 12-15.

Pages 17 through 25 of Plaintiffs-Exhibit 2 are various documents relating to Plaintiffs medical care. In one form, dated May 15, 2002, Plaintiff complains that sick call is being conducted under conditions preventing medical privacy and meaningful evaluations because inmates can easily listen to his medical complaints when he speaks to the SHU physician assistant. The disposition for this complaint reads: “Mr. Ajaj, the HSA and I appreciate you sharing your concerns about privacy in SHU. We have informed the SHU PA of this matter and he will make sure that your medical complaints or concerns about privacy will be taken care of. He will be handing you a form where you can write down what you need for sick call that day.” In another form, Plaintiff complains that medication he has been receiving for an ear infection was not helping, and requests that he be seen by Dr. “Korwen”. The disposition form on this document reads “your name will be placed on the call out for evaluation. Watch call out daily.” On yet another form, dated January 10, 2002, Plaintiff complains that he is being denied medical help because he did not want to deal with Physician’s Assistant Lamb, who Plaintiff complains shows “clear prejudice, hatred and unprofessional behavior toward me.” The disposition on this form reads: “You are afforded the opportunity to make sick call on a daily basis. Through sick call, your medical needs can be addressed. Therefore, you are not being denied medical care.” In another document, dated January 30, 2002, Plaintiff complains that the medication brought to him the previous evening had been brought by PA Lamb, who in turn gave the medication to SHU Officer Manson to give it to him through the slot in his door. Plaintiff states in this document that he refuses to accept any medication, treatment or examination by PA Lamb due to his “clear prejudice and unprofessional behavior toward me since Sept. 11, 01.” Plaintiff complains that Lamb’s prejudice towards him might lead him to tamper with his medication. The response to this complaint reads as follows: “Be advised that it is your decision not to take the medication delivered by the evening PA. We are not refusing medical treatment.”

Page 26 of Plaintiffs Exhibit 2 is a request to staff form dated October 29, 2001 wherein Plaintiff complains about the law library in the Special Housing Unit. Specifically, Plaintiff complains that there are no BOP program statements and policies available, other than two policies about the use of force and restraints, and the rights of pregnant female inmates, and that there is also no typewriter. The disposition section of this form reads as follows:

This is in response to you inquiry concerning the law library in the Special Housing Unit. The bi-annual inventory was conducted on the library in June 2001. All items that were missing have been replaced. All program statements were present at the time of the inventory. Education staff will double check on the status of these program statements on their next rounds.
In answer to your inquiry concerning a typewriter in SHU, it has been determined that a typewriter is a security risk. Therefore, a typewriter will not be place[d] in the SHU library. Also, documents submitted to the courts do not need to be typed. Therefore, inmates in SHU must write their documents legibly.

Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2, p. 26.

In a second request to staff form (undated), Plaintiff continues to complain about not having access to a typewriter, as well as that he wants access to his “jailhouse lawyer”, who he describes as “one of the inmates in the general population” who was acting as his jailhouse lawyer prior to his being placed in the SHU. The disposition section of this form, dated November 14, 2001, reads as follows:

This is in response to your above inquiries. First, you do not have access to a typewriter while in the Special Housing Unit. You may handwrite your documents and the courts will accept them in this manner.
Second, you do not have access to other inmates while in the Special Housing Unit. We cannot allow them to send things to you in segregation nor do we deliver materials to them.

Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2, p. 27.

Exhibit 4 to Plaintiffs filing of October 20, 2004 is a FTCA claims form dated February 24, 2003, wherein Plaintiff complains about Berry and Paul allegedly fabricating an incident on August 31, 2001 in which they called his unit officer (Mr. Morgan) pretending that they were from the Middle East seeking information about him, following which he was subjected to a “shake down” and placed in the Special Housing Unit. Plaintiff further asserts in this claim form that an investigation revealed that Berry and Paul were the ones who actually called his unit officer, pretending that they were from the Middle East, which caused him to be placed in the SHU. Plaintiff claims in this form that Berry had a history of harassing him while he was working as an offices in the FCI Edgefield compound, and that he had complained “many times” about Berry’s unprofessional conduct prior to August 31, 2001. Plaintiff also contends that the prison administration failed to take any corrective action or to check their computer records prior to placing him in the SHU.

Exhibit 7 to Plaintiffs filing of October 20, 2004 is an informal resolution form dated November 2, 2001, wherein Plaintiff complains that he was “denied all my basic religious needs in SHU. This constitutes violation of the First Amendment right.” The correctional counselor’s comments on this form state “talked to the chaplain. Chaplain has not received any [unintelligible] or any other request for anything special for your religious rights. Talked to Chaplain Chartier he states for the inmate to place his request for anything on this matter.”

Plaintiffs Exhibit 8 is another informal resolution form, dated March 6, 2002, wherein Plaintiff states “I filed this complaint against the lack of care by the Health Service Department. The Health Service dentist is not providing filling or teeth cleaning for the inmate’s housed in SHU.” The correctional counselor’s comments on this form read “inmate is not happy with the dental service he has received while in SHU.” I talked to SHU [ ] Rosario & her statement is [as follows]: “BOP policy states that only emergency treatment, that is extraction, temporary filling with sedative necessary to relieve pain will be provided while inmate is in SHU. There has been no information provided to dental by SHU — PA that inmate is having dental [unintelligible]”.

Plaintiffs Exhibit 9 is an informal resolution form dated November 2, 2001, wherein Plaintiff complains about “the use of the restrain as tool of torture at SHU.” There was no counseling on this particular form, as it was apparently directed to someone who was not Plaintiffs counselor at the time of the incident in question. A second informal resolution form, dated November 19, 2001, again deals with complaints about the law library. Several other informal resolution forms bear the notation that Plaintiff raises issues that are unable to be resolved at that level. One informal resolution form, dated October 31, 2001, has Plaintiff complaining about being denied a radio. Counselor’s comments for that form state that Plaintiffs “radio was denied due to security reasons.” This form also provides: “Talked to inmate Ajaj about trying to get it for him. Inmate Ajaj was not satisfied either way.”

Exhibit 10 to Plaintiffs filing of October 20, 2004 consists of more requests to staff forms wherein Plaintiff asks Chris Clark to confirm that he is being held in the SHU and that he is complaining about his treatment.

Plaintiffs Exhibit 11 is a copy of a memorandum dated October 17, 2001 from Dr. J.A. Serrano, concerning a medical evaluation of the Plaintiff. This memorandum relates to Plaintiffs hunger strike in September/October 2001. The memorandum notes that Plaintiff was brought to the Health Services Department by the Force Cell Move Team for evaluation, since he was only drinking fluids and not eating solids. The form notes that Plaintiff had been “brought to the Observation Room area walking with assistance of the Team.” The memo further indicates that it was explained to the Plaintiff that he presented signs of malnutrition, whereupon he agreed to voluntarily drink “Resource Plus and Pedialyte.” Another form, dated October 9, 2001, is a memorandum on the use of force from Operations Lieutenant Vin-ning. This form states that Plaintiff was placed in restraints on October 9, 2001, following which he assisted in escorting Plaintiff to a holding cell without incident.

The Court has also reviewed Defendant Paul’s response to Plaintiffs interrogatories, which were filed by the Plaintiff on March 16, 2006, wherein Paul states that he knew on September 1, 2001 that the BOP was seeking information about the phone call, and that he was questioned about it on September 3, 2001. See Attachment to Plaintiffs Motion to Compel (Court Document No. 311).

Plaintiff also filed several responses to the' Defendants’ dispositive motions. In a “motion and declaration” filed March 10, 2006 (Document No. 295), Plaintiff complains about the status of discovery in this case, and that he has not been provided adequate evidence to establish his claims. No information or evidence concerning his claims is submitted, however. In a second “motion and declaration” filed March 10, 2006 (Document No. 296), Plaintiff makes many of these same arguments. The undersigned notes that Plaintiffs discovery motions and like matters have been ruled on in separate orders during the course of the pretrial litigation of this case.

In a “motion and declaration” filed April 3, 2006 (Document No. 327), Plaintiff continues to complain about his lack of discovery in this case, and also complains that he has been unable to find all of the documents relevant to his claims since his release from the Special Housing Unit in Colorado in December 2005. In a second “motion and declaration” filed that same date (Document No. 328), Plaintiff again complains about the status of discovery in this case.

Finally, in a response filed June 2, 2006 (Document No. 373), Plaintiff makes various arguments as to why the motion to dismiss filed by the Defendants Hawk and Cooksey should not be granted, including his pro se status, that jurisdiction over these two Defendants has been properly established, and that the case against these two Defendants is even possibly subject to transfer. Again, however, no evidence or exhibits are provided in conjunction with this filing.

Discussion

Summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Rule 56(e), Fed.R.Civ.P. The moving party has the burden of proving that judgment on the pleadings is appropriate. Once the moving party makes this showing, however, the opposing party must respond to the motion with “specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial.” Rule 56(e), Fed.R.Civ.P. Further, while the Federal Court is charged with liberally construing a complaint filed by a pro se litigant to allow the development of a potentially meritorious case, see Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 92 S.Ct. 1079, 31 L.Ed.2d 263 (1972); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), the requirement of liberal construction does not mean that the Court can ignore a clear failure in the pleadings to allege facts which set forth a Federal claim, nor can the Court assume the existence of a genuine issue of material fact where none exists. Weller v. Dep’t of Social Services, 901 F.2d 387 (4th Cir.1990).

I.

(.Bivens Claim)

Since Plaintiff is a federal prisoner, his constitutional claims are evaluated under Bivens v. Six Unknoim Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, supra, which established a direct cause of action under the Constitution of the United States against federal officials for the violation of federal constitutional rights. Bivens, 403 U.S. at 397, 91 S.Ct. 1999. A Bivens claim is analogous to a claim brought against state officials under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; therefore, caselaw involving § 1983 claims is applicable in Bivens actions, and vice versa. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994); Bolin v. Story, 225 F.3d 1234, 1241-1242 (11th Cir.2000); Campbell v. Civil Air Patrol, 131 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1310, n. 8 (M.D.Ala.2001). As the named Defendants are federal officials, they are subject to suit under Bivens for damages in their individual capacities.

1) Medical Claim. With respect to Plaintiffs medical claim regarding his dental care, in order to survive summary judgment and proceed with this constitutional claim in this Court, Plaintiff must present evidence sufficient to create a material issue of fact as to whether any named Defendant was deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976); Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970; Sosebee v. Murphy, 797 F.2d 179 (4th Cir.1986); Wester v. Jones, 554 F.2d 1285 (4th Cir.1977); Russell v. Sheffer, 528 F.2d 318 (4th Cir.1975); Belcher v. Oliver, 898 F.2d 32, 34 (1990). After careful review of the affidavits and other exhibits presented to this Court, the undersigned finds and concludes that, whatever Plaintiff may think about the level of care he received, he has failed to submit evidence sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether his constitutional rights were violated.

First, it must be noted that Plaintiffs allegations concerning his dental care are set forth in his verified complaint in only a general and conclusory manner. For example, he alleges in ¶ 17 of his Complaint that “[djuring the time period of February 1, 2001, through June 27, 2002, Defendants Dan L. Dove, Stan Yates, Allen and Irving denied me access to dental care as result I developed infections and abscesses.” Similarly, in the second cause of action of his supplement to his Complaint, he again only generally alleges in a conclusory fashion that during the relevant time period he was denied adequate dental care, resulting in an infection, abscesses and pain. However, Plaintiff has provided no medical evidence to support these allegations, and the Court is not required to simply accept as true general or conclusory claims and allegations absent any factual or evidentiary support. See Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, 92 L.Ed.2d 209 (1986)[Courts need not assume the truth of legal conclusions couched as factual allegations.]; Bender v. Suburban Hospital, Inc., 159 F.3d 186 (4th Cir.1998); Morgan v. Church’s Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir.1987)[“Even though pro se litigants are held to less stringent pleading standards than attorneys the court is not required to ‘accept as true legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences.’ ”].

While Plaintiff has provided some exhibits relating to his medical care, these documents do not show a violation of his constitutional rights. Plaintiffs Exhibit 8 (to his filing of October 20, 2004) notes only that Plaintiff was advised (after complaining that the Health Service dentist was not providing filling or teeth cleaning services) that BOP policy provides that only emergency treatment is provided to inmates while they are in the SHU. This document does not reflect that Plaintiff had any serious medical needs to which any Defendant was being deliberately indifferent. As for the remainder of Plaintiffs exhibits pertaining to his medical care, they do not even relate to his dental claim. Rather, they merely reflect Plaintiffs complaints regarding his privacy and his dislike of the Defendant Lamb. See Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2, pp. 17-25. Again, none of these exhibits show that Plaintiff was suffering from any serious dental condition (or any other medical condition) to which any Defendant was being deliberately indifferent.

Conversely, Allen attests in his affidavit that Plaintiff was seen and evaluated by the Chief Dental Officer on June 27, 2002 for complaints of a toothache, and was given an antibiotic and pain medication accordingly. Dove attests in his affidavit that, after Plaintiff filed an administrative form complaining about not receiving dental care on May 19, 2002, he reviewed and denied Plaintiffs claim after an investigation by the Health Services Administrator determined dental staff were addressing Plaintiffs needs. See Defendants’ Exhibit AZ, pp. 80-91. The Defendant Irving, the Staff Dental Officer at FCI Edgefield, attests in his affidavit that a review of Plaintiffs dental records show that Plaintiff only requested services from the dental staff at FCI Edgefield on one occasion, that being on June 27, 2002 when Plaintiff complained about a toothache. Irving attests that Plaintiff was examined by Chief Dental Officer Sweeting, who provided Plaintiff with appropriate care, including a prescription for pain medication and an antibiotic. See also, Defendants’ Exhibit M [Excerpts from Plaintiff’s Medical Records]. Irving further attests that, while Plaintiff had filed an informal resolution form contending that he was being denied medical and dental treatment, that there had been no information provided to the dental office by the physician assistant who made daily medical rounds in the SHU that Plaintiff was having any dental trouble. Plaintiffs dental records, which substantiate Irving’s statements, are attached to his affidavit. See Defendants’ Exhibit BY, and Attachments A & B; see also Defendants’ Exhibit O.

In sum, the medical records and other evidence, including Plaintiffs own exhibits, provide no support for his medical claim. While Plaintiff was obviously dissatisfied with the dental care provided in the SHU, for a purposes of a constitutional claim, whether or not Plaintiff was provided with the care he desired or requested is immaterial. Jackson v. Fair, 846 F.2d 811, 817 (1st Cir.1988) [the Constitution “does not guarantee to a prisoner the treatment of his choice.”]; see also Brown v. Thompson, 868 F.Supp. 326, 329-330, n. 2 (S.D.Ga. 1994); Miltier v. Beorn, 896 F.2d 848, 851 (4th Cir.1990) [A physician’s actions only rise to the level of deliberate indifference when the treatment provided is “so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.”]; Casey v. Lewis, 834 F.Supp. 1569, 1583 (D.Ariz. Apr.5, 1993)[“[A] mere delay in medical care, without more, is insufficient to state a claim against prison officials for deliberate indifference.”].

As there is no evidence before the Court sufficient to give rise to a genuine issue of fact as to whether, during the relevant time period, any named Defendant was deliberately indifferent to a serious dental condition from which the Plaintiff was suffering, this claim should be dismissed. See Levy v. State of Ill. Dept. of Correction, No. 96-4705, 1997 WL 112833 (N.D.Ill. March 11, 1997) [“A defendant acts with deliberate indifference only if he or she ‘knows of and disregards’ an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.’ ”], quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970.

2) Excessive Force Claim. Plaintiff also generally sets forth what is assumed to be an excessive force claim, in particular a complaint about having been placed in ambulatory restraints on or about October 9 through October 16, 2001. When reviewing allegations of excessive force, the Court must consider 1) the need for the application of force, 2) the relationship between the need and the amount of force that was used, 3) the threat to the staff and inmates as reasonably perceived by the prison officials on the basis of the facts known to them, 4) the efforts made to temper the severity of a forceful response, and 5) the extent of the injuries suffered by the prisoner. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 321, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986). See Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 7, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992) [the core judicial inquiry is whether force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm]; see also United States v. Cobb, 905 F.2d 784 (4th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1049, 111 S.Ct. 758, 112 L.Ed.2d 778 (1991); Taylor v. McDuffie, 155 F.3d 479 (4th Cir.1998); Norman v. Taylor, 25 F.3d 1259, 1263 (4th Cir.1994); Fuentes v. Wagner, 206 F.3d 335, 342 (3d Cir.2000); Wilson v. Williams, 83 F.3d 870, 873 (7th Cir.1996) [applied to pretrial detainee]; Thomas v. Sawyer, No. 3:97-2475, 1999 WL 155704 at *3 (N.D.Tex. Mar. 11, 1999); Moore v. Martinez County Jail, No. 98-731, 1998 WL 602113 at *2 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 4, 1998).

Here, the evidence before the Court shows that, with regard to the incident during which Plaintiff was placed in ambulatory restraints in October 2001, this action occurred after Plaintiff had deliberately flooded his cell by blocking up the toilet and then continually flushing the toilet, causing water to overflow onto the cell floor. Even after Plaintiff had been removed from his cell and placed into a separate observation cell, he continued his disruptive behavior by breaking off the sprinkler head from the fire protection unit, causing that cell to flood with water. Plaintiff was then placed in ambulatory restraints. See generally, Defendants’ Exhibits E, pp. 5-12, I, J, BQ, BU, & BV. While Plaintiff has submitted some exhibits dealing with this incident; see Plaintiffs Exhibits 9 (Informal Resolution Form dated November 2, 2001) and Plaintiffs Exhibit 11 (Memorandum on Use of Force dated October 9, 2001); neither of these exhibits provide any evidence to substantiate any claim by the Plaintiff that he was a victim of excessive use of force. Certainly, the allegations of Plaintiffs Complaint, wherein he makes such general and conclusory statements as that he was subject to “constant torture” and “physical and mental torment” are not sufficient to support this claim. Papasan, 478 U.S. at 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932, Bender, 159 F.3d 186; Morgan, 829 F.2d at 12. See also Strickler v. Waters, 989 F.2d 1375, 1380-1381 n. 9 (4th Cir.1993) [the mere incantation of physical and mental injury, of course, is inadequate to survive a motion for summary judgment]; Johnson v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028, 1033 (2d Cir.1973) [“not every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge’s chambers, violates a prisoner’s constitutional rights”]; Williams v. Benjamin, 77 F.3d 756, 761 (4th Cir.1996) [because prison officials are entitled to use appropriate force to quell prison disturbances, and because these officials oftentimes must act under pressure without the luxury of a second chance, in order for a prisoner to prevail on an Eighth Amendment claim he must demonstrate that officials applied force maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm].

Therefore, to the extent Plaintiffs case includes an excessive use of force claim, it is without merit and should be dismissed.

3) Claim for Denial of Religious Rights. With respect to Plaintiffs religious claim, Plaintiff alleges in his Complaint that “[d]uring the time period of September 11, 2001 through August 26, 2002, Defendants Dan L. Dove, Stan Yates, Allen, Smith and Chartier denied me my basic religious rights.” Complaint, ¶ 18. This is the only allegation with respect to Plaintiffs religious claim contained in his verified Complaint, while the admitted portions of Plaintiffs supplement to his Complaint do not even address his religious claim. See Plaintiffs Supplement to his Complaint; see also Order filed November 4, 2005 (Document No. 187).

Plaintiff has submitted some exhibits which deal with his religious complaints; however, none of these exhibits is sufficient to survive summary judgment on this claim. Plaintiffs exhibits essentially confirm that he made requests to see an Iman, obtain Islamic materials, and similar types issues, with the responses to these requests invariably indicating or bearing notations that the prison was attempting to work with or address his concerns. See generally, Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2, pp. 7-11. The only denial of a request shown in Plaintiffs exhibits is Plaintiffs request to be allowed to attend Jumah prayer. Id., p. 16. Given that, at the time, Plaintiff was an inmate in maximum security, the denial of such a request is not surprising, nor is it a violation of Plaintiffs constitutional rights. Courts afford deference to prison officials in the administration of prisons, particularly when, as is the case here, the inmates being dealt with are inmates in administrative segregation or “lock-up”. Davie v. Wingard, 958 F.Supp. 1244, 1249-1251 (S.D.Ohio 1997); cf. Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5, 20, 101 S.Ct. 173, 66 L.Ed.2d 163 (1980); Torcasio v. Murray, 57 F.3d 1340, 1355 (4th Cir.1995); cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1071, 116 S.Ct. 772, 133 L.Ed.2d 724 (1996); Hayes v. Marriott, 70 F.3d 1144, 1146 (10th Cir.1995). See generally Sweet v. South Carolina Department of Corrections, 529 F.2d 854, 859 (4th Cir.1975) (en banc) [describing federal court’s deference to prison administrators on all administrative matters unless the condition rises to the level of a constitutional violation]. The only other significant exhibit submitted to the Court with respect to Plaintiffs religious claim is his Exhibit 7 (an informal resolution form dated November 2, 2001), wherein Plaintiff complains that he was “denied all of my basic religious needs in SHU. This constitutes violation of the First Amendment right.” As previously noted, the response section on this form indicates that the correctional counselor spoke to the Chaplain, who had not received any special request relating to Plaintiffs religious rights, but that Plaintiff could submit such requests. Again, the undersigned can discern no constitutional violation in this exhibit. Courts have long held that religious practices may be restricted by prison authorities if the restrictions imposed are reasonably related to legitimate, penological interests, and Plaintiffs evidence is not sufficient to establish a violation of Plaintiffs First Amendment right to free exercise of religion, cf. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89-90, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987) [discussing four-factor test to be utilized when assessing reasonableness of regulation which impinges on a First Amendment right]; Savko v. Rollins, 749 F.Supp. 1403, 1409 (D.Md.1990) [Limitation on the amount of in-cell religious reading material contained in prison regulation is constitutional under Turner standards]; O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 107 S.Ct. 2400, 96 L.Ed.2d 282 (1987); Cruz, 405 U.S. at 319, 92 S.Ct. 1079; Ali v. Dixon, 912 F.2d 86 (4th Cir.1990), reh’g denied, 1990 U.S.App. LEXIS 18440 (4th Cir.1990); Sweet v. South Carolina Department of Corrections, 529 F.2d 854 (4th Cir.1975); Howard v. Smyth, 365 F.2d 428 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 988, 87 S.Ct. 599, 17 L.Ed.2d 449 (1966); Muhammad v. Lynaugh, 966 F.2d 901, 902-903 (5th Cir.1992); Sanders v. Cherry, 968 F.2d 1218, 1992 WL 146586 (7th Cir.1992).

Even if the Court were to consider this claim under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), no violation has been established. The RLUIPA provides that no government shall impose a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person residing in or confined to an institution unless the government demonstrates that imposition of the burden on that person 1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest, and 2) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest. See 2 U.S.C. § 2000cc-l(a). Here, Plaintiff has not made a showing that the Defendants imposed a substantial burden on his religious exercise, and even if he had, the Defendants have submitted numerous exhibits and affidavits to support their contention that Plaintiffs religious rights were not violated, and indeed were accommodated, all as have been previously set forth and discussed herein, supra. See generally, Defendants’ Exhibits I, P, BQ, BR, CA, CB with Attachment A, CC with Attachments A-I, and CD. In particular, the Defendant Chartier’s supplemental affidavit (Defendants’ Exhibit CC) sets forth in significant detail, with attached exhibits to verify, the lengths prison administration and staff went to to ensure that Plaintiffs religious needs were met. Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, *709, 125 S.Ct. 2113, 161 L.Ed.2d 1020 (2005) [“Lawmakers supporting RLUIPA were mindful of the urgency of discipline, order, safety, and security in penal institutions and anticipated that courts would apply the Act’s standard with due deference to prison administrator’s experience and expertise.”]; Hoevenaar v. Lazaroff, 422 F.3d 366, 367 (6th Cir.2005)[“RLUIPA is similar to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA) in that the court must determine whether the plaintiff is likely to succeed in demonstrating that the regulation in issue imposes a substantial burden on his religious exercise. Assuming the Plaintiff makes this initial showing, the court next considers whether the regulations meet strict scrutiny, i.e., the regulation must be ‘the least restrictive means’ towards furthering ‘a compelling government interest.’ [citations omitted] Again, this test is the same as that previously imposed under RFRA.”].

Hence, while controlling precedents make clear that an inmate’s desire to practice his religion is not forfeited by virtue of their imprisonment, under the facts and evidence before this Court, Plaintiff has failed to establish a sufficient issue of material fact as to whether his constitutional rights have been violated to survive summary judgment, nor does the undersigned find that any violation has been established under the RLUIPA. This claim is without merit and should be dismissed.

4) Noise Level in the SHU. With respect to Plaintiffs complaints about the level of noise in the SHU, Plaintiff devotes two paragraphs to this claim in his verified Complaint. In Paragraph 15, Plaintiff alleges that “[d]uring the time period of September 11, 2001, through August 26, 2002, I was exposed to constant high noise level that caused me a chronic sleep deprivation.” In Paragraph 16, Plaintiff alleges that the “Defendants Dan L. Dove, Stan Yates, Allen, Gravette, Wade, Vinning and Smith failed to address complaints about high noise level and failed to take any measure to reduce the high noise level in the Special Housing Unit.” Plaintiffs first cause of action in the supplement to his Complaint expands on this claim, alleging that during the time period cited Plaintiff was “exposed to constant high level of noise that caused him to suffer from sleep deprivation, chronic insomnia and other physical and mental suffering”, and that prison administrators failed to take appropriate action to correct this condition. See generally, Supplement to Complaint, (First Cause of Action). However, as is the case with the other causes of action previously discussed, Plaintiff fails to provide any specifics or evidence to support these general and conelusory claims and statements, or to show that the noise levels in the SHU during his period of incarceration there were such as to violate his constitutional rights.

In order to prevail on this claim, Plaintiff would need to show that he was subjected to an “objectively significantly serious” condition, and that a named Defendant with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind” failed to take action to correct this condition. See Shakka v. Smith, 71 F.3d 162, 166 (4th Cir.1995) [in order to state a constitutional violation, the deprivation alleged must not only be “objectively significantly serious”, but the Defendant must also have acted with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind”]. Here, the only actual evidence provided to the Court shows that the noise level in the SHU was within an approved range. See Defendants’ Exhibit BW. Plaintiff has provided no evidence to show otherwise. Indeed, he has provided no evidence on this issue at all. See Rish v. Johnson, 131 F.3d 1092, 1096 (4th Cir.1997) [“only extreme deprivations are adequate to satisfy the objective component of an Eighth Amendment claim regarding conditions of confinement”]; Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 1979, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994) [noting that nothing in the evidence presented to the court showed that plaintiff was ever denied the minimal civilizad measure of life’s necessities, or that any defendant engaged in conduct “for the very purpose of causing harm or with the knowledge that harm [would] result”]; Bagola v. Kindt, 131 F.3d 632, 646 (7th Cir.1997) [“Although prison officials need not intend that a known risk will actually harm an inmate, they must intentionally ignore this known risk in order to be liable under the Eighth Amendment.”]; Lunsford v. Bennett, 17 F.3d 1574, 1580 (7th Cir.1994) [“Subjecting a prisoner to a few hours of periodic loud noises that merely annoy, rather then injure the prisoner does not demonstrate a disregard for the prisoner’s welfare.”]; cf. Levy, 1997 WL 112833[“A defendant acts with deliberate indifference only if he or she ‘knows of and disregards’ an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.’ ”], (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970). Therefore, this claim is without merit and subject to dismissal.

5) Access to Court Claim. Plaintiff also alleges that he was denied access to the courts in violation of his constitutional rights. This claim is set forth in two paragraphs in Plaintiffs verified Complaint. In Paragraph 13, Plaintiff alleges that “[d]uring the time period of September 11, 2001 through October 30, 2001, Defendants Kathleen Hawk, Michael B. Cooksey and Dan L. Dove unlawfully denied me access to courts, my attorneys, my paralegal, my jailhouse lawyer, my family and the outside world without due process.” In Paragraph 21, Plaintiff alleges that these same Defendants, plus the Defendants Yates, Allen, Gravette and Smith, denied him access to his jailhouse and legal assistance.

Even though set forth in a verified Complaint, these general and conelusory allegations are, for the reasons previously set forth, insufficient to maintain a claim for denial of access to the courts. With respect to Plaintiffs exhibits, page 26 of Plaintiffs Exhibit 2 is a request to staff form dated October 29, 2001, wherein Plaintiff is complaining about the lack of BOP program statements in the law library and about the lack of a typewriter. The response to that request was that all program statements were present in the law library at the time of the last inventory, but that education staff would double check on the status of those program statements, while Plaintiff was advised that he had no right to a typewriter. Page 27 of Plaintiffs Exhibit 2 is another request to staff form, wherein Plaintiff requests access to his “jailhouse lawyer”, and again complains about not having access to a typewriter. The response to that form indicates that Plaintiff does not have access to other inmates while in the Special Housing Unit, and (again) that he is not entitled to access to a typewriter. Plaintiffs only other relevant exhibit is an informal resolution form dated November 19, 2001 (part of Plaintiffs Exhibit 9), which again deals with complaints about the law library.

This evidence does not show that Plaintiff was denied access to the courts in violation of his constitutional rights. As a maximum security inmate, prison officials were certainly within their rights to deny Plaintiff access to inmates from the general population. Farmer v. Carlson, 685 F.Supp. 1335, 1344-1345 (M.D.Pa.1988) [Plaintiff seeking the aid of other inmates foreclosed by reasonable requirements of prison security]; Anderson v. County of Kern, 45 F.3d 1310, 1316 (9th Cir.1995) [Prison officials have legitimate penological interests in Administrative Segregation, and they must be given “wide-ranging deference” with respect to their need to maintain order, discipline, and “institutional security”], reh’d denied, 75 F.3d 448 (9th Cir.1995), cert. denied, County of Kern v. Anderson, 516 U.S. 916, 116 S.Ct. 306, 133 L.Ed.2d 210 (1995); see also Defendants’ Exhibit BP [Program Statement 1315.07 (Inmate Legal Activities), which provides, in part, that inmates may voluntarily assist other inmates in the preparation of legal documents, but that inmates are not permitted to act as legal counsel for each other, and, further, that the warden may at any time impose restrictions on an inmate’s assistance to another inmate in the interest of security, good order, or discipline, and that for reasons of security, inmates in the SHU have limited access to other inmates on that unit and no access to general population inmates]. Plaintiff is also not entitled to access to a typewriter. Carroll v. North Carolina Dep’t of Corrections, 941 F.2d 1206, 1991 WL 158146 (4th Cir.1991) [pro se prisoners may hand write legal papers for submission to the court]; Sasnett v. Dep’t of Corrections, 891 F.Supp. 1305 (W.D.Wis.1995), aff'd., 91 F.3d 1018 (7th Cir.1996), cert. granted, judgment vacated on other grounds, 521 U.S. 1114, 117 S.Ct. 2502, 138 L.Ed.2d 1007 (1997); Taylor v. Coughlin, 29 F.3d 39, 40 (2d Cir.1994); Wenzler v. Warden of GRCC, 949 F.Supp. 399, 401 (E.D.Va.1996)[“The right of access to the courts does not encompass a right to possess a typewriter”]. Certainly, nothing in the Defendants’ evidence and exhibits shows that Plaintiff is being denied any access to the courts. See generally, Defendants’ Exhibits AZ, pp. 19, 117-118, 120-123; see also Exhibits I, BQ, BR, BU and EV. The fact that Plaintiffs use of the mail was temporarily restricted immediately after the September 11, 2001 attack, but was thereafter lifted with respect to legal correspondence, does not in and of itself constitute evidence that Plaintiff was denied access to the courts for purposes of a constitutional claim. Hossman v. Spradlin, 812 F.2d 1019, 1021 (7th Cir.1987) [Such a conclusory allegation is insufficient to survive summary judgment in the absence of a showing of actual prejudice resulting from a lack of meaningful access to the courts.].

In any event, in order to state a claim for denial of access to the courts, Plaintiff must allege both a denial of court access and some prejudice resulting from the denial of access. Strickler v. Waters, 989 F.2d 1375, 1382-1383 (4th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 949, 114 S.Ct. 393, 126 L.Ed.2d 341 (1993); Magee v. Waters, 810 F.2d 451, 452 (4th Cir.1987); Shango v. Jurich, 965 F.2d 289, 293 (7th Cir.1992). In addition to Plaintiff failing to show that he lacked access to the Courts during the relevant time period, he has not shown that he suffered any prejudice as required by the applicable caselaw as regards this claim. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 351—352, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) [While a prison inmate retains a right to the courts, to establish a claim he must allege that he suffered actual injury as a result of Defendant’s actions. An inmate cannot establish relevant actual injury simply by alleging that “his prison’s law library or legal assistance program is sub par is some theoretical sense.”]. Plaintiffs general and conclusory allegations that he suffered harm because he lacked access to legal materials, standing alone, are not sufficient to maintain this claim, particularly in light of the undersigned’s findings discussed hereinabove. Cochran v. Morris, 73 F.3d 1310, 1317 (4th Cir.1996) [dismissal of access to court claim proper where inmate relied on conclusory allegations and failed to identify any actual injury]; White v. Boyle, 538 F.2d 1077, 1079-1080 (4th Cir.1976); Salahuddin v. Jones, 992 F.2d 447, 449 (2d Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 902, 114 S.Ct. 278, 126 L.Ed.2d 229 (1993); Proffitt v. United States, 758 F.Supp. 342 (E.D.Va.1990); see Magee, 810 F.2d at 452 [“courts have required a showing by a complaining prisoner of actual injury or specific harm to him before a claim of lack of access to the courts will be sustained.”]. Therefore, Plaintiffs claim against the Defendants based on lack of access to the courts is without merit and should be dismissed.

6) Placement in the SHU. Plaintiffs complaints about being placed in the SHU involve two separate placements: one for the August 31, 2001 through September 4, 2001, and a second from September 11, 2001 until his transfer to Colorado. This claim is subject to three (3) separate analy-ses.

First, as a general matter, it can be stated that Plaintiffs arguments that he had a “liberty interest” in remaining in the general population, or that his placement in the SHU for security reasons without a hearing violated his constitutional rights, are without merit. Plaintiff had no constitutionally protected “liberty” interest in remaining in the general population. See generally, Slezak v. Evatt, 21 F.3d 590 (4th Cir.1994) [the Constitution vests no liberty interest in inmates retaining or receiving any particular security or custody status as long as the conditions or degree of confinement is within the sentence imposed], cert. denied, 513 U.S. 889, 115 S.Ct. 235, 130 L.Ed.2d 158 (1994); Neal v. Shimoda, 131 F.3d 818, 828 (9th Cir.1997)[“[A] prisoner does not have a constitutional right to be housed at a particular institution, ..., [or] to receive a particular security classification....”]; Neals v. Norwood, 59 F.3d 530, 533 (5th Cir.1995)[“[A] prison inmate does not have a protectable liberty or property interest in his custodial classification and an inmate’s disagreement with a classification is insufficient to establish a constitutional violation.”]; Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 468, 103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983) [“The transfer of an inmate to less amenable and more restrictive quarters for non punitive reasons is well within the terms of confinement ordinarily contemplated by a prison sentence.”] ; see also Adams v. Rice, 40 F.3d 72, 75 (4th Cir.1994); cf. Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995) [holding that disciplinary segregation did not present the type of atypical, significant deprivation in which a state might create a liberty interest]; Beverati v. Smith, 120 F.3d 500 (4th Cir.1997) [Inmates confinement in Administrative Segregation did not impose such an atypical hardship so as to implicate a liberty interest]; Jackson v. Bostick, 760 F.Supp. 524, 528 (D.Md.1991); Mikeska v. Collins, 900 F.2d 833 (5th Cir.1990); James v. Reno, 39 F.Supp.2d 37 (D.D.C.1999); Moody v. Daggett 429 U.S. 78, 88 n. 9, 97 S.Ct. 274, 50 L.Ed.2d 236 (1976); Locklear v. Holland, 194 F.3d 1313, 1999 WL 1000835 at *2 (6th Cir.1999) [Prisoners generally do not have a due process liberty interest in their placement and classification while incarcerated]; Unger v. Crabtree, 98 F.3d 1347, 1996 WL 588500 (9th Cir.1996) [“Because federal prisoners have no protected liberty interest in their custody classification levels, [Petitioner’s] numerous challenges to his classification level are unavailing in this forum”]; Luken v. Scott, 71 F.3d 192, 193 (5th Cir.1995) [holding administrative segregation placement is not a deprivation of a constitutionally cognizable liberty interest], cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1196, 116 S.Ct. 1690, 134 L.Ed.2d 791 (1996).

To the extent Plaintiff is asserting a due process claim, placement of an inmate in maximum security for non-punitive reasons again does not implicate the Constitution. Underwood v. Luoma, 107 Fed.Appx. 543, 544-45, 2004 WL 1859098 at *2 (6th Cir.2004) [“A Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process claim depends upon the existence of a constitutionally cognizable liberty or property interest with which the state has interfered.”]; Montanye v. Haymes, 427 U.S. 236, 242, 96 S.Ct. 2543, 49 L.Ed.2d 466 (1976) [if a prisoner’s confinement is within terms of the sentence imposed upon him and does not violate other constitutional provisions, “the Due Process Clause does not in itself subject an inmate’s treatment by prison authorities to judicial oversight”]; Posey v. Dewalt, 86 F.Supp.2d 565, 571 (E.D.Va.1999) [“Put simply, petitioner has not stated a due process claim because he has no protected liberty interest in a particular classification within BOP ....”], appeal dismissed by, 215 F.3d 1320 (4th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 971, 121 S.Ct. 411, 148 L.Ed.2d 318 (2000); Jordan v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 191 Fed.Appx. 639, 649-50 (10th Cir.2006) [“Generally, ‘the transfer of an inmate to less amenable and more restrictive quarters for nonpunitive reasons is well within the terms of confinement ordinarily contemplated by a prison sentence,’ and therefore, ‘administrative segregation is the sort of confinement ... inmates should reasonably anticipate receiving at some point in their incarceration’ and does not invoke an interest independently protected by the Due Process Clause.”] (quoting Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 468, 103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983)); Ferola v. Director of South Carolina Dep’t of Corrections, No. 03-2918, 2006 WL 2475396 at * 17 (D.S.C. Aug. 24, 2006).

Second, with respect to Plaintiffs placement in the SHU on September 11, 2001, the undersigned notes that the constitutionality of Plaintiffs placement in the SHU following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center has already been litigated in this Court as a habeas claim and found to have passed constitutional muster. See Ajaj v. Smith, C/A 0:02-2417; Aloe Creme Laboratories, Inc. v. Francine Co., 425 F.2d 1295, 1296 (5th Cir.1970) [This Court may take judicial notice of its own records.]. Plaintiffs denial of relief on this claim was affirmed by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. Ajaj v. Smith, 108 Fed.Appx. 743 (4th Cir.2004), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 913, 125 S.Ct. 1621, 161 L.Ed.2d 293 (2005). Therefore, this claim is without merit and should be dismissed. Aloe Creme Laboratories, Inc., 425 F.2d at 1296 [The District Court clearly had the right to take notice of its own files and records and it had no duty to grind the same corn a second time. Once was sufficient.]. See also Prows v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 981 F.2d 466, 468-469, n. 3 (10th Cir.1992) [BOP has authority to designate inmate’s place of confinement], cert. denied, 510 U.S. 830, 114 S.Ct. 98, 126 L.Ed.2d 65 (1993); Barden v. Keohane, 921 F.2d 476, 483 (3d Cir.1990) (same); Leibowitz v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 729 F.Supp. 556, 561 (E.D.Mich.1989) [“Following a conviction, the trial judge cedes all jurisdiction over a convicted federal defendant to the United States Bureau of Prisons.... The Bureau of Prisons enjoys almost absolute discretion over assignment, transfer, and conditions of confinement.”], aff'd without opinion, 914 F.2d 256 (6th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 963, 111 S.Ct. 1589, 113 L.Ed.2d 653 (1991).

Third, with respect to Plaintiffs claim regarding his placement in the SHU from August 31, 2001 through September 4, 2001, Plaintiff alleges in his verified Complaint that after he had served that time in the SHU, he discovered that the Defendants Berry and Paul had called his unit officer on August 31, 2001, pretending to be of Middle Eastern descent and seeking information concerning the Plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that the purpose of this phone call was to “create fear that the prison security was breached by Middle Eastern people”, and that as a result of this telephone call he was placed in solitary confinement. Plaintiff further alleges that the Defendant Berry had a history of harassing him, and that prior to August 31, 2001 he had complained many times to the Defendant Allen about Berry’s unprofessional behavior, but that Allen ignored his complaints and failed to take any action. Plaintiff alleges that this only encouraged Berry and other officers to continue acting unprofessionally towards him. See generally, Complaint, ¶¶ 3-7.

Defendant Allen denies that Plaintiff ever complained to him about Berry’s conduct towards him prior to August 31, 2001; Defendants’ Exhibit I, ¶ 5; and there is no documentary evidence before the Court to support Plaintiffs general and conclusory statement in his Complaint that he did so. However, it is undisputed that Plaintiff did file a complaint against Berry as a result of his being placed in the SHU on August 31,2001. Id.; see also Defendants’Exhibit AZ, pp. 6-9. Allen attests that, once this matter was brought to his attention, he referred the incident to the Office of Internal Affairs for investigation, a contention supported by the other exhibits presented to the Court. Id. The evidence further reflects that an investigation was conducted; however, the results of that investigation were not disclosed to the Plaintiff, nor have they been disclosed to the Court. See Defendants’ Exhibit AZ, pp. 6-9; see also Plaintiffs Exhibit I [FTCA Claim Form], For his part, the Defendant Berry denied in requests to admit that he made the particular call giving rise to this lawsuit; however, without disclosing the specifics of the phone call at issue, he does concede in his affidavit that a phone call was made “for a joke”. Both Berry and the Defendant Paul otherwise argue that, regardless of how Plaintiff ended up in the SHU on August 31, 2001, he was not thereafter held under conditions which violated his constitutional rights, citing to Plaintiffs own deposition testimony. See generally, Plaintiffs Deposition, pp. 59, 64-66, 80, 86, 98-102, 129.

After review of this matter, the undersigned finds that, although the Plaintiff has named Associate Warden Allen as a Defendant under this cause of action, no evidence has been presented to show that Allen played any role in this purported phone call or in any of the events leading up to Plaintiffs transfer to administrative segregation on August 31, 2001. The evidence further reflects that, after receiving Plaintiffs complaint filed as a result of his placement in the SHU, Allen referred the matter for investigation. Therefore, there is no basis for including Allen as a party Defendant under this claim. As for Berry and Paul, while the undersigned agrees that Plaintiff has failed to submit evidence sufficient to show a separate Eighth Amendment violation with respect to the conditions under which he was held in the SHU from August 31, 2001 through September 4, 2001; see discussion, infra; whether or not Plaintiff having been placed in the SHU due to allegedly wrongful conduct by the Defendants Berry and Paul in and of itself amounts to a constitutional claim is a separate issue. Cf. Ashley v. Seamon, 32 Fed.Appx. 747, 749 (7th Cir.2002) [retaliatory acts by prison officials against an inmate may in and of themselves rise to the level of a constitutional violation, even if their actions would not independently have violated the Constitution]; Nigro v. Wilson, 122 F.3d 1073, 1997 WL 542008 at *2 (9th Cir.1997) [prisoner’s placement in administrative segregation based on his national origin may state a constitutional claim]; Leslie v. Doyle, 868 F.Supp. 1039, 1044 (N.D.Ill.1994) [A commitment to segregation on the mere whim of a correctional officer for no penological purpose at all may violate Fourth Amendment.]; Nettles v. Griffith, 883 F.Supp. 136, 144 (E.D.Tex.1995) [discussing damages for wrongful placement in solitary confinement or administrative segregation]; Allah v. Seiverling, 229 F.3d 220, 225 (3d Cir.2000) (indicating placement in administrative segregation could be adverse action).

Considered in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, the evidence before this Court is sufficient to create at least an inference that on August 31, 2001 the Defendants Berry and Paul engaged in conduct that was directed at the Plaintiff based on his national origin or ethnicity, and which resulted in Plaintiff being placed in administrative segregation for four (4) days. Hence, to the extent these Defendants’ conduct was motivated by a class-based discriminatory animus, a question of fact has been presented as to whether Plaintiff was subjected to a violation of his right to equal protection. Jones v. Ray, 279 F.3d 944, 946-947 (11th Cir.2001) [“To establish an equal protection claim, a prisoner must establish that (1) he is similarly situated with other prisoners who received more favorable treatment; and (2) his discriminatory treatment was based on some constitutionally protected interest such as race.”]; Nigro v. Wilson, 1997 WL 542008 at *2 [“Classifications based on national origin are subject to strict scrutiny, and will only be sustained if they are suitably tailored to a compelling interest”]; see generally, Pravda v. City of Albany, 956 F.Supp. 174, 179-181 (N.D.N.Y.1997); cf. Buford v. Sutten, No. 04-C-959-C, 2005 WL 756092 at * 3 (W.D.Wis. Mar. 29, 2005); Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 396 (6th Cir.1999) [in the prison context, transfer to administrative segregation can constitute an “adverse action” for purposes of a constitutional claim]. While Defendants may argue that, even if Plaintiff has stated a constitutional claim, he suffered no compensable damages because of the short period of time he spent in the SHU (four days), the undersigned is unable to decide this question as a matter of law. Cf. Patterson v. Cough- lin, 905 F.2d 564 (2d Cir.1990) [inmate may be entitled to at least nominal damages as a result of wrongful confinement in segregation; case remanded for trial to establish proper amount of damages, which was a factual question].

Finally, as for the Defendants Berry and Paul’s contention that they are entitled to qualified immunity under this claim, this defense does not apply where the constitutional right alleged to have been violated was clearly established at the time and the facts show that it would have been “objectively reasonable” for the Defendants to know that their conduct would violate that right. Bailey v. Kennedy, 349 F.3d 731, 739 (4th Cir.2003); see generally, Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). It can certainly be said that it was clearly established in August 2001 that prison guards could not discriminate against prisoners based on their race or ethnicity. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974) [“Prisoners are protected under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from invidious discrimination.”]; cf. Bussey v. Phillips, 419 F.Supp.2d 569, 588 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.10, 2006) [Although prisoner had no clearly established right to a particular' prison job, his removal from a certain job could violate Equal Protection Clause if based on racial discrimination.]. With respect to the second prong of the qualified immunity test, the undersigned again cannot find as a matter of law that an “objectively reasonable” officer would not have realized that the conduct at issue here would violate that right. Scott v. Churchill, 377 F.3d 565, 571 (6th Cir.2004) [“Qualified immunity should be judged based on the actions of the officer and the reasonably foreseeable consequences of those actions”]. Considered in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, whether Berry and/or Paul should have reasonably foreseen that their actions might result in adverse consequences for the Plaintiff, including his placement in administrative segregation, is a question of fact for the jury. Therefore, these two Defendants’ motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs Bivens claim over having been placed in the SHU for four days in late August/early September 2001 should be denied.

7) Claim Relating to General Conditions of Confinement. Plaintiff also generally complains about the conditions under which he was held while he was in the SHU at FCI Edgefield. In addition to his previously discussed complaints dealing with the noise level, the condition of the law library, his religious claim, and his complaint about having spent a period of time in ambulatory restraints, Plaintiff complains about not having a mattress for a number of days, that his cell was too cold, and that he was not given sufficient clothes and blankets. See Plaintiffs Exhibit 2, p. 3.

To the extent any of the other complaints or grievances cited by the Plaintiff in his pleadings have not been addressed in the discussion of his individual causes of action as set forth herein-above, these additional complaints or grievances are also subject to dismissal. Plaintiff has failed to present any evidence to establish an Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim with respect to these issues. See generally Strickler v. Waters, 989 F.2d 1375, 1379, 1381 (4th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 949, 114 S.Ct. 393, 126 L.Ed.2d 341 (1993); Shakka, 71 F.3d at 166.

During the time period set forth in the Complaint, Plaintiff was a maximum security inmate in a federal correctional facility. He was not in a hotel. It should be expected that conditions in such a setting are oftentimes less than ideal. Lunsford v. Bennett, 17 F.3d 1574, 1581 (7th Cir.1994); Hadley v. Peters, 70 F.3d 117, 1995 WL 675990 *8 (7th Cir.1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1111, 116 S.Ct. 1333, 134 L.Ed.2d 484 (1996) [“prisons are not required to provide and prisoners cannot expect the services of a good hotel.”] (quoting Harris v. Fleming, 839 F.2d 1232, 1235 (7th Cir.1988)). See also Smith v. Bessinger, C/A No. 0:96-2217-23BD [Report and Recommendation]. In any event, Plaintiffs allegations, such as that he suffered “physical abuse” or that it was “cold” in his cell, are so general and conclusory and otherwise lacking in evidentiary support that they simply fail to set forth a viable constitutional claim. Papasan, 478 U.S. at 286, 106 S.Ct. 2932 [courts need not assume the truth of legal conclusions couched as factual allegations]; Rish, 131 F.3d at 1096 [“only extreme deprivations are adequate to satisfy the objective component of an Eighth Amendment claim regarding conditions of confinement”]; cf. Chavis v. Fairman, 51 F.3d 275, 1995 WL 156599 at * 5-6 (7th Cir.1995) [“generally, even dramatic restrictions on outdoor exercise do not violate [the due process clause] so long as prisoners have ample opportunity to enjoy indoor activity”]; Wilson v. Timko, 972 F.2d 1348, 1992 WL 185446, at *2 (9th Cir.1992) [temporary restriction of amenities was not cruel and unusual punishment]; Alberti v. Klevenhagen, 790 F.2d 1220, 1228 (5th Cir.1986) [Eighth Amendment does not require “the provision of every amenity needed to avoid mental, physical, or emotional deterioration.”]; Cochran, 73 F.3d at 1317; White, 538 F.2d at 1079-1080; Salahuddin, 992 F.2d at 449, cert. denied, 510 U.S. 902, 114 S.Ct. 278, 126 L.Ed.2d 229 (1993); Proffitt, 758 F.Supp. 342. Therefore, to the extent Plaintiff has asserted any claims which have not previously been addressed in this Report and Recommendation, the undersigned finds that any such claims are without merit and should be dismissed.

II.

(FTCA Claim)

Plaintiff is also asserting some of his claims under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C. § 2671-2680. Specifically, in the supplement to his Complaint Plaintiff alleges that the high level of noise he was subjected to in the SHU as well as the Defendant USA’s failure to provide him with appropriate or adequate dental care constitute violations of the FTCA, as does the Defendant USA’s failure to protect him from “physical and mental abuses by its employees and agents”, in particular from the actions of the Defendants Berry and Paul. Plaintiff alleges that the Defendant USA’s employees and agents were negligent, that they breached the standard of care, and that “[t]he negligent acts and omissions of Defendant USA’s employees and agents are and have been the direct and proximate cause of serious, permanent and continuing injuries and damages to [Plaintiff]”. See generally, Supplement to Plaintiffs Complaint [setting forth Plaintiff’s federal tort claims].

The FTCA waives sovereign immunity and allows suits against the United States for personal injuries caused by governmental employees acting within the scope of their employment. Under this act a plaintiff may recover monetary awards from the United States for damages “caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope ... of ... employment.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). Whether any government employee was negligent is to be determined “in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred”, in this case South Carolina. Id.

In order to prove negligence in South Carolina, Plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that 1) the Defendant had a legal duty of care; 2) the Defendant failed to discharge that duty; and 3) the Defendant’s breach proximately caused him injury. Goode v. St. Stephens United Methodist Church, 329 S.C. 433, 494 S.E.2d 827, 834 (1997); Hubbard v. Taylor, 339 S.C. 582, 529 S.E.2d 549 (2000). Plaintiff is required to show negligence with reasonable certainty, not through mere conjecture, and he may not attempt to prove negligence through the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. Eickhoff v. Beard-Laney, 199 S.C. 500, 20 S.E.2d 153 (1942); Crider v. Infinger Transportation Co., 248 S.C. 10, 16, 148 S.E.2d 732 (1966). Plaintiff may show an affirmative legal duty of care to him arising from a statute if the plaintiff is a member of the class of persons the statute is intended to protect, and the essential purpose of the statute is to protect the plaintiff from the kind of harm he suffered. Rayfield v. South Carolina Dep’t of Corrections, 297 S.C. 95, 374 S.E.2d 910, 914 (1988). Here, an affirmative legal duty of care towards the Plaintiff does exist by virtue of 18 U.S.C. § 4042, which provides that the Bureau of Prisons “shall ... provide suitable quarters and provide for the safekeeping, care and subsistence of all persons charged with or convicted of offenses against the United States.”

After careful review of the evidence in this case, discussed herein supra, and consideration of the standards required to succeed on a tort claim in this Court, the undersigned does not find that Plaintiff has set forth evidence of a viable federal tort claim sufficient to survive the Defendant United States’ motion for summary judgment. With respect to Plaintiffs claims concerning the noise level in the SHU and his dental care, he has failed to set forth any evidence that the Defendant failed to discharge its duty of care with respect to these claims, or was in any way negligent with respect to these claims. Indeed, the only evidence presented to this Court with respect to the noise level within the FCI Edgefield SHU during the period of Plaintiff’s confinement shows that the noise level was within the guidelines set by the American Correctional Association, while the evidence concerning Plaintiffs dental claim shows that the BOP policy in place at the time (Program Statement 6000.05, § 5(c)(1) and (2)) states that only emergency dental care is to be pro-vided to inmates confined in the SHU. See Defendants’ Exhibits BW, BX, BY. Further, as previously discussed herein, Plaintiff has failed to provide any evidence that he suffered any injuries as a result of these claims.

With respect to Plaintiffs claim that he was placed in the SHU as a result of a “joke” phone call made by one or more of the Defendant USA’s employees, even assuming that this conduct may have constituted a breach of the Defendant’s legal duty of care and is sufficient to give rise to a genuine issue of fact as to whether Plaintiff was placed in the SHU due to these employees’ negligent conduct, Plaintiff has again failed to show any injury he suffered as a result of this conduct. The undersigned has previously found that Plaintiffs general and conclusory claims about the overall conditions of his confinement while in the SHU fail to state a claim and are without merit and, unlike is the case with his constitutional claim, Plaintiffs mere placement in the SHU, standing alone, is not an “injury” for purposes of a tort claim. Cf. Harper v. Showers, 174 F.3d 716, 719 (5th Cir.1999) [finding that a prisoner complaining about his placement in administrative segregation failed to demonstrate a physical injury as required by § 1997e(e) sufficient to support a claim for monetary damages]. Hence, Plaintiffs failure to show that any of the actions allegedly taken by these employees resulted in any actual injury to him is fatal to his tort claim.

Finally, to the extent Plaintiff requests some type of declaratory or injunc-tive relief in addition to any monetary damages, injunctive relief is not available under the FTCA. see Estate of Trentadue v. United States, 397 F.3d 840, 863 (10th Cir.2005)[“[T]he District Court lack[s] subject matter jurisdiction under the FTCA to provide injunctive and declaratory relief’]; see also 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). Therefore, Plaintiffs claims under the FTCA are without merit, and should be dismissed.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, it is recommended that the Defendant Berry and Paul’s motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs Bivens claim concerning his placement in the SHU on August 31, 2001 be denied. In all other respects, the Defendants’ motions for summary judgment should be granted.

September 7, 2006. 
      
      . To the extent any of Plaintiffs claims relate to his transfer to FCI-Florence, or conditions of confinement at Florence, they are not properly before this court. See Ajaj v. Smith, 108 Fed.Appx. 743 (4th Cir.2004) (holding that "Ajaj did not have a protected liberty interest in remaining at FCIEdgefield” and finding that this court was "without jurisdiction over anyone with responsibility for ... conditions” at FCI-Florence, in part because no one with responsibility over that facility was named in that action, but noting that the decision was "without prejudice to Ajaj’s right to challenge the conditions of his [FCI-Florence] confinement in the district court in Colorado").
      
     
      
      . The text of this order reads as follows:
      Plaintiffs motion to reconsider his motion for extension of time to respond to the motion for summary judgment or to allow the submission of additional evidentiary materials (Dkt No. 391) is granted in part and denied in part. The court will not reconsider the denial of the extension as it relates to the Report and Recommendation. Plaintiff may, however, file the additional evidentiary materials with his objections to the Report and Recommendation. These materials shall he accompanied by an appropriate cover document signed by Plaintiff under penalty of perjury which addresses the source and authentication of the evidentiary materials as well as the reason(s) for the delay in submission. If Defendants challenge Plaintiffs assertions as to dates of receipt of any relevant document, they shall obtain and provide the relevant portions of the log addressed by Dkt No. 169, supported by appropriate affidavit. The court will determine whether to consider the additional evidentiary materials when it addresses the objections to the Report and Recommendation. Plaintiff does not need to serve Defendants with a copy of the documents referenced herein as they will be available to Defendants through the court’s electronic filing system.
      Dkt No. 395 (emphasis added).
     
      
      . Paul and Berry assert that Plaintiff's name was "arbitrarily chosen,” as the subject of the joke, "from the front page of an inmate roster,” and that he was not selected based on his national origin or ethnicity.
     
      
      . Other conclusions are also certainly possible, including that any animosity directed toward Plaintiff by this guard related to the basis of Plaintiff's conviction, particularly given that Plaintiff asserts that the same guard also called him a "terrorist.”
     
      
      . Bussey, a non-white Muslim, alleged that he was denied the right to return to his former job after being disciplined for a prison violation, but that white non-Muslims were allowed to return to their former jobs under similar circumstances. Bussey, 419 F.Supp.2d at 582.
     
      
      . Each of the cases cited in this excerpt from Bussey was decided before August 2001 or quotes from a case which was decided prior to that date.
     
      
      . This comment is not meant to suggest that the submission of the material was improper, only that it does not add to the evidentiary record to the extent that might otherwise be suggested by the sheer bulk of the material.
     
      
      . Indeed, it seems highly predictable, if not inevitable, that allowing radios to be used by inmates would raise the overall noise level.
     
      
      . Plaintiff alleges that the "dry cell” in which he was kept was infested with ants and that he suffered ant bites as a result which, in turn, required medical treatment. Dkt No. 407 at 38. Because they relate to Plaintiff's time in the "dry cell,” these allegations necessarily relate to the period from October 9 to 16, 2001. Asked whether he reported the ant problem at the time, Plaintiff failed to answer directly, stating instead: "I believe I also filed about it.” Plaintiff depos. at 156 (Dkt No. 418 at 35-36). Plaintiff conceded that he did not attempt to kill the ants himself, but instead allowed them to bite him, because of his religious beliefs. Plaintiff depos. at 158 (Dkt No. 418 at 35-36) (explaining "Mohammad told us not to kill ants, you know ... [That's] why, you know, I wasn’t able to do anything”). Nonetheless, the substance of his complaint is that the prison should have sprayed the ants.
      As to his resulting injury, Plaintiff testified that the medical records would reflect the cream he was given to treat the ant bites. The only indication of any such treatment during the relevant time frame is a prescription for hydrocortisone cream written on November 1, 2001, at least two weeks after the period when Plaintiff alleges he was bitten. That prescription was written for "bumps on buttocks [and] thighs,” making no reference to ant bites. Dkt No. 418 at 1 & 3. Moreover, there are medical records which do relate to the time Plaintiff was in the dry cell. These refer only to medical problems resulting from Plaintiff's hunger strike. See, e.g., Dkt No. 418 at 10.
     
      
      . In this document, Plaintiff states that P.A. Lamb has "for the last few months ... showed clear prejudice, hatred and unprofessional behavior toward me,” although no specifics are offered. Plaintiff further states that, despite his complaints, arrangements have not been made for him to work with another medical professional. The prison's response to this complaint states: "You are afforded the opportunity to make sick call on a daily basis. Through sick call, your medical needs can be addressed. Therefore, you are not being denied medical care.”
     
      
      . In this portion of the Report, the Magistrate Judge stated:
      [T]he constitutionality of Plaintiff's placement in the SHU following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center has already been litigated in this Court as a habeas claim and found to have passed constitutional muster.... Plaintiff's denial of relief on this claim was affirmed by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.... Therefore, this claim is without merit and should be dismissed.
      Dkt No. 389 at 52-53.
     
      
      . Wilkinson was decided after the events at issue in this action. It cannot, therefore, be considered in deciding what rights were clearly established at the relevant time. Consequently, even if construed as Plaintiff desires, Wilkinson would not support a finding in Plaintiff’s favor because the Defendants subject to this claim would be entitled to qualified immunity.
     
      
      . Plaintiff did, however, file yet another motion for an extension of time on July 20, 2006. That motion has been denied by separate order.
     
      
      . This case was automatically referred to the undersigned United States Magistrate Judge for all pretrial proceedings pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) and (B) and Local Rule 73.02(B)(2)(d) and (e), D.S.C. The Defendants have filed motions to dismiss and for summary judgment. As these are dispositive motions, this Report and Recommendation is entered for review by the Court.
     
      
      . The facts and evidence are considered and discussed hereinabove in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, the party opposing summary judgment. Pittman v. Nelms, 87 F.3d 116, 118 (4th Cir.1996).
     
      
      . In this Circuit, verified complaints by pro se prisoners are to be considered as affidavits and may, standing alone, defeat a motion for summary judgment when the allegations contained therein are based on personal knowledge. Williams v. Griffin, 952 F.2d 820, 823 (4th Cir.1991). Plaintiff has filed a verified Complaint. Therefore, the undersigned has considered the factual allegations set forth in the verified Complaint in issuing a recommendation in this case.
     
      
      . Plaintiff is currently incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Florence, Colorado.
     
      
      . Plaintiff alleges that, although he is now in the federal penitentiary in Florence, Colorado, he is still in solitary confinement.
     
      
      . This was not the successful terrorist strike of September 11, 2001, but was the previous unsuccessful attempt at destroying the World Trade Center in 1993. See Defendants’ Exhibits I, J.
      
     
      
      . Allen goes on to attest that Plaintiffs ambulatory restraints were removed after he displayed less hostility toward staff. Allen Affidavit, ¶ 6.
     
      
      . Dan Dove, who is' now retired, was the Warden from August 13, 2000 through June 15, 2002. Dove Affidavit.
      
     
      
      . Chartier further attests that the SHU had religious books on the SHU book cart, and that Plaintiff was also provided the opportunity to request more religious books from the Religious Services Department, although he does not recall if Plaintiff requested such books. See Attachment D to Chartier Supplemental Affidavit [Response to Interrogatories, Response No. 10(b) (Defendants' Exhibit CC, p. 22)].
     
      
      . Clark attests that, as these calls were unmonitored, there is no record of those calls.
     
      
      . Although the undersigned has generally reviewed the case docket, a complete review of every filing by the Plaintiff in this over 300 docket entry case has not been conducted. It was Plaintiff’s responsibility to identify relevant, admissible evidence to support his claims. Rule 56 does not impose upon the District Court a duty to sift through the record in search of evidence to support a litigant’s arguments on summary judgment. Forsyth v. Bair, 19 F.3d 1527, 1537 (5th Cir.1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 871, 115 S.Ct. 195, 130 L.Ed.2d 127 (1994); Malina v. Baltimore Gas & Elec., 18 F.Supp.2d 596, 604 (D.Md.1998); Hayes v. North State Law Enforcement Officers Assn, 10 F.3d 207, 215 (4th Cir.1993), cert. denied sub nom, Price v. City of Charlotte, 520 U.S. 1116, 117 S.Ct. 1246, 137 L.Ed.2d 328 (1997).
     
      
      . That original motion sought dismissal of claims and/or various Defendants based on procedural grounds, such as lack of exhaustion of administrative remedies and lack of subject matter and personal jurisdiction, as well as on some other grounds such as re-spondeat superior and qualified immunity. Although the Defendants raise many of these same procedural service and exhaustion issues in their current motion(s), as those matters were already addressed in the undersigned’s Report and Recommendation issued November 3, 2004, and the Court's Order of February 24, 2005, they have not been rediscussed in this present Report and Recommendation. Rather, this Report and Recommendation deals with Plaintiff’s claims on the merits.
     
      
      . Some of the Defendants argue, inter alia, that Plaintiffs claims should be dismissed because they have only been sued in their official capacities. However, giving Plaintiff's pleadings the liberal construction to which they are entitled, the undersigned has assumed for purposes of summary judgment that Plaintiff's damages claims have been asserted against the named Defendants in their individual capacities. Cruz v. Beto, supra.
      
     
      
      . Plaintiff does not specifically mention this particular incident in the allegations of his Complaint or supplement to his Complaint; however, it is discussed at length as part of the evidence submitted in this case.
     
      
      . To the extent Plaintiff is, in addition to physical abuse, also complaining about verbal harassment or taunting, even if there was evidence to support such a claim, no constitutional violation has been shown. Sluys v. Gribetz, 842 F.Supp. 764, 765, n. 1 (S.D.N.Y.1994), aff'd, Sluys v. Gribetz, 41 F.3d 1503 (2d Cir.1994); Shabazz v. Cole, 69 F.Supp.2d 177, 199-200 (D.Mass.1999) [“Although this court does not condone the verbal abuse [Plaintiff] received ... verbal threats and insults between inmates and prison officials are a 'constant daily ritual observed in this nation’s prisons.’ ”]; (quoting Shabazz v. Pico, 994 F.Supp. 460, 474 (S.D.N.Y.1998)). See also Batista v. Rodriguez, 702 F.2d 393, 398 (2d Cir.1983); Siglar v. Hightower, 112 F.3d 191, 193 (5th Cir.1997); Malsh v. Austin, 901 F.Supp. 757, 763 (S.D.N.Y.1995) ["Verbal assault [or abuse], standing alone, is not a ... cognizable injury in a § 1983 civil rights action”]; Shelly v. Johnson, 684 F.Supp. 941, 946-947 (W.D.Mich.1987), aff'd, 849 F.2d 228 (6 th Cir.1988) [alleged harassment and threats even with a guard pointing a loaded gun at an inmate did not rise to the level of constitutional violation]; Collins v. Cundy, 603 F.2d 825, 827 (10th Cir.1979) [holding that verbal harassment or abuse, where sheriff laughed at Plaintiff and threatened to hang him, was not sufficient to state a constitutional deprivation under § 1983]. Cf. Ayala v. Terhune, 195 Fed.Appx. 87, 91 (3rd Cir.2006) [Plaintiff's “allegations of verbal abuse, no matter how deplorable, do not present actionable claims under § 1983.”] (citing Ivey v. Wilson, 832 F.2d 950, 954-955 (6th Cir.1987)).
     
      
      . Unrelated portions of the holding in Hewitt v. Helms have been superannuated by later caselaw. This portion of the holding in Hewitt v. Helms has not been superannuated by later caselaw.
     
      
      . To the extent Plaintiff seeks a permanent injunction under Bivens with regard to any of the conditions existing in the FCI Edgefield SHU, as Plaintiff has now been transferred to Colorado, this claim also fails. Roe v. Operation Rescue, 919 F.2d 857, 864 (3rd Cir.1990) ["to establish a present case or controversy in an action for injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show that he or she is likely to suffer future injury from [the] defendant’s threatened illegal conduct”]; Herman v. Holiday, 238 F.3d 660, 665 (5th Cir.2001) [Plaintiffs request for injunctive relief became moot when he was transferred.].
     
      
      
        . In order to obtain relief in federal court under the FTCA, a litigant must first have exhausted their administrative remedies. See 28 U.S.C. § 2675; McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113, 113 S.Ct. 1980, 124 L.Ed.2d 21 (1993) [''The FTCA bars claimants from bringing suit in federal court until they have exhausted their administrative remedies.”]. The United States does not contest exhaustion of administrative remedies in this case. See Defendants’ Supplement to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, filed March 26, 2006, at p. 3.
     
      
      . Defendants represent that this was the Program Statement in place in December 2004, during the time period relevant to Plaintiff's Complaint.
     
      
      . Respondents represent that this policy has been recognized by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) as meeting the national standard of care. However, no supporting document showing this fact was filed.
     
      
      . Construed liberally, it may be that Plaintiff seeks monetary compensation for the mental or emotional distress allegedly experienced as a result of his being placed in the SHU, and not just for any alleged physical injuries. However, under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2), Plaintiff cannot recover monetary damages for mental or emotional injury without a prior showing of physical injury:
      No person convicted of a felony who is incarcerated while awaiting sentencing or while serving a sentence may bring a civil action against the United States or an agency, officer, or employee of the Government, for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.
      Therefore, to the extent Plaintiff is asserting a claim for mental or emotional injuries, it is without merit and should be dismissed. See Cassidy v. Indiana Dept. of Corrections, 199 F.3d 374, 376 (7th Cir.2000); Taylor v. United States, No. 06-00039, 2006 WL 2350165 at *3 (W.D.Va. Aug. 11, 2006) ["The plain language of the statute [§ 1997e(e)] makes no distinction, between different types of civil actions filed by inmates ... [t]he FTCA specifically prohibits inmates from filing suit against the United States 'for mental or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.' ”] (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(2)).
     