
    Gary STEWART, Appellant v. DISTRICT ATTORNEY FOR the EIGHTEENTH CIRCUIT COURT DISTRICT FOR the STATE of Mississippi, Appellee.
    No. 2003-CA-02582-COA.
    Court of Appeals of Mississippi.
    Aug. 23, 2005.
    Rehearing Denied Dec. 13, 2005.
    Certiorari Denied March 16, 2006.
    
      Carroll Rhodes, Hazlehurst, attorney for appellant.
    Eugene M. Harlow, Laurel, attorney for appellee.
    Before LEE, P.J., MYERS and BARNES, JJ.
   MYERS, J.,

for the Court.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

¶ 1. Gary Stewart is an African-American resident of New Orleans, Louisiana, where he has lived his entire life. At the time of his arrest in Louisiana, on bad check charges brought in Mississippi, Stewart was working for both the New Orleans Aviation Board and Office Depot. Stewart lost his job with Office Depot as a result of being arrested and jailed in Mississippi.

¶ 2. Around February 2, 1997, Stewart lost his wallet which contained his Louisiana personal identification card. Stewart reported his identification card as lost and was issued a replacement. The identification card lost had his Social Security number, name, picture, date of birth, expiration date, class title, and class letter. Stewart did not have a driver’s license at the time his wallet was lost.

¶ 3. An unidentified white male found Stewart’s wallet and, using the information contained on Stewart’s identification card, obtained a fake personal identification card using Stewart’s identifying information. The fake personal identification card had a picture of a white male but contained Gary Stewart’s Social Security number and stated the individual’s name as “Gary Stewart.”

¶ 4. The white male used this fake identification card to establish a checking account at Great Southern National Bank in Hattiesburg, Mississippi under Gary Stewart’s name and Social Security number and, using this account, wrote checks in an amount totaling $6,890.42. As a result, grand juries for the January and February 1998 terms of the Second Judicial District of the Circuit Court of Jones County, Mississippi returned indictments against Stewart, on false pretense charges stemming from the bad checks.

¶ 5. On January 3, 2000, a new district attorney took office and one' of the tasks the new regime undertook was to try and locate some of the people who were indicted by prior grand juries. One such file was that of Gary Stewart, which contained a photograph of the white male involved in writing the checks, as one of the businesses which accepted an invalid check obtained a copy of the identification card the imposter was using.

¶ 6. Stewart was working at the New Orleans International Airport when he was contacted by his mother. Stewart’s mother informed him that the Louisiana State Police had visited her, leaving a telephone number for Stewart to contact them. Stewart contacted the Louisiana State Police and was informed that they had “received a complaint from Mississippi that somebody was writing checks in [his] name,” and that he needed to come to the station to obtain a new driver’s license number. Stewart by this time had acquired a driver’s license. When Stewart arrived at the Louisiana State Police station, he was arrested for committing false pretenses in Mississippi.

¶ 7. Stewart remained imprisoned in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, until he was extradited to Jones County. During his ten day incarceration at the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriffs Office, Stewart alleges that he became ill because he was unable to obtain his insulin medication for, .his diabetic condition.

¶ 8. On March 9, 2000, Stewart had an initial appearance before Circuit Court Judge Billie Joe Landrum on the false pretenses indictments. Stewart was denied bail and his preliminary hearing was scheduled for March 28, 2000. Stewart obtained an attorney and was released on bail on March 14, 2000.

¶ 9. On March 23, 2000, the photo of the imposter was located in one of approximately ten files the 'district attorney’s office had on Gary Stewart. Mel Riley, an investigator for the district attorney’s office, wrote the Mississippi Department of Public Safety requesting a driver’s license photograph of Gary Stewart, with a certain driver’s license number. The Department of Public Safety sent Riley a copy of a photograph of the white male ■ who obtained the fake identification card using Stewart’s personal information. Upon realizing that the wrong individual had been arrested, on March 28, 2000, Judge Land-rum dismissed the false pretense charges against Stewart.

¶ 10. Stewart filed this complaint in the Circuit Court of the First Judicial District of Hinds County on May 16, 2001, against the Department of Public Safety for the State of Mississippi, the District Attorney’s Office for the Eighteenth Circuit Court District, the Jones County, Mississippi Sheriffs Department, the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriffs Department, and John Does “A” through “Z.” In his complaint, Stewart asserted claims of false arrest, unreasonable seizure, and violation of his due process rights stemming from his unlawful arrest by the defendants. Stewart’s claims against the'Jones County, Mississippi Sheriffs Department and the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriffs Department were settled prior to trial. Further, Stewart entered an agreed order on January 30, 2002, dismissing the Department of Public Safety for the State of Mississippi and transferring the case to the Second Judicial District of Jones County, Mississippi. The remaining defendant of Stewart’s complaint was the District Attorney’s Office for the Eighteenth Circuit Court District.

¶ 11. Circuit Court Judge Robert G. Helfrich was appointed as special judge to preside over the case, as Judge Landrum had recused himself. The district attorney filed a motion for summary judgment on Stewart’s claims on March 6, 2003. The court granted the motion on October 31, 2003. Aggrieved by the trial court’s grant of summary judgment against his claims, Stewart appeals raising the following four issues:

I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT APPLIED THE PROPER STANDARD IN DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT SUMMARY JUDGMENT WAS PROPER?
II. WHETHER THE ACTIONS OF THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY WERE WITHIN THE SCOPE OF HER DUTIES, AND THUS DISCRETIONARY, AND WERE HER ACTIONS OBJECTIVELY REASONABLE?
III. WHETHER THE DOCTRINES OF JUDICIAL IMMUNITY, GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY, AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY UNDER THE MISSISSIPPI TORT CLAIMS ACT BAR STEWART’S ACTION AGAINST THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY?
IV. WHETHER THE ACTIONS OF THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY VIOLATED PLAINTIFF’S CONSTITUTIONAL OR STATUTORY RIGHTS?

¶ 12. Although this case presents a very unfortunate series of events which befell Stewart, this Court finds no reversible error, and therefore we affirm.

LEGAL ANALYSIS

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶ 13. Stewart essentially raises one key issue, which is whether or not summary judgment was proper, and advances four arguments as to why he contends summary judgment was improper. In addressing Stewart’s positions, we will maintain his arguments as he presents them in order to clearly address each of his contentions. As such, the standard of review for each of the sub-issues, addressed as separate issues, is the same, which is stated as follows:

This Court applies a de novo standard of review to a grant of summary judgment by the trial court. The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made. Russell v. Orr, 700 So.2d 619, 622 (Miss.1997). A motion for summary judgment lies only when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. M.R.C.P. 56(c). This Court does not try issues on a Rule 56 motion; it only determines whether there are issues to be tried. Townsend v. Estate of Gilbert, 616 So.2d 333, 335 (Miss.1993). The presence of fact issues in the record does not per se entitle a party to avoid summary judgment. “The court must be convinced that the factual issue is a material one, one that matters in an outcome determinative sense ... the existence of a hundred contested issues of fact will not thwart summary judgment where there is no genuine dispute regarding the material issues of fact.” Simmons v. Thompson Mach. of Miss., Inc., 631 So.2d 798, 801 (Miss.1994) (citing Shaw v. Burchfield, 481 So.2d 247, 252 (Miss.1985)).

Leffler v. Sharp, 891 So.2d 152, 156(¶ 9) (Miss.2004).

I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT APPLIED THE PROPER STANDARD IN DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT SUMMARY JUDGMENT WAS PROPER?

DISCUSSION

¶ 14. The proper standard for determining whether or not to grant a party’s motion for summary judgment is addressed by Rule 56(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 56(c) states:

The judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,’ and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, ’ show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.

¶ 15. In order to adequately address whether or not the trial judge correctly addressed this standard, a brief explanation of the materials which the trial judge relied upon in making his decision is warranted. In its motion for summary judgment, the district attorney contends that Stewart lacks a cause of action in light of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act, as codified by Mississippi Code Annotated §§ 11-46-1 through 11-46-23 (Rev.2002). In support of this contention, the district attorney attached as exhibits the capias issued by the Jones County Circuit Court, the waiver of extradition signed by Stewart, the transcript of Stewart’s arraignment hearing, a copy of Stewart’s bond, the transcript of Stewart’s motion to dismiss, the order releasing Stewart on bond, the deposition of Stewart, and the deposition of Mel Riley, an investigator for the district attorney’s office. In addition to these exhibits, the district attorney attached numerous authorities supporting the position that qualified immunity is applicable under the present circumstances.

¶ 16. The record does not reflect that the trial judge improperly construed the evidence in the light most favorable to the state agency, nor does the record support Stewart’s theory that all reasonable inferences were drawn in the State’s favor. Therefore, it cannot be stated that the trial judge misconstrued the applicable standard in reviewing a motion for summary judgment.

¶ 17. Stewart also argues that the trial court’s grant of the district attorney’s motion for summary judgment was improper in light of Mississippi Code Annotated §§ 25-31-6 (Rev.2003) and 19-25-35 (Rev.2003). Mississippi Code Annotated § 25-31-6 addresses the qualifications, powers and duties, and method of removal for legal assistants to district attorneys and states as follows:

Legal assistants to district attorneys shall be regularly licensed and practicing attorneys having been duly admitted to practice before the supreme court of the State of Mississippi, and shall have the power and authority, under the direction and supervision of the district attorney, to perform all of the duties required of that office. Said legal assistants may be removed at the discretion of the duly elected and acting district attorney, or for cause by the senior circuit judge of the district.

Stewart argues that the assistant district attorney who located his file and passed along his identifying information so that he could be apprehended, exceeded the statutory authority granted to his position. Stewart contends that by passing along this information, the assistant district attorney was acting as a part of the executive branch of government, namely as a sheriffs deputy. Mississippi Code Annotated § 19-25-35 which sets forth the duty of the sheriff to attend courts, incarcerate persons, and to execute orders and decrees, states as follows:

The sheriff shall be the executive officer of the circuit and chancery court of his county, and he shall attend all the sessions thereof with a sufficient number of deputies or bailiffs. He shall execute all orders and decrees of said courts directed to him to be executed. He shall take into his custody, and safely keep, in the jail of his county, all persons committed by order of either of said courts, or by any process issuing therefrom, or lawfully required to be held for appearance before either of them.

¶ 18. As stated by this statute, the sheriff possesses the power to make arrests. Stewart takes a great leap in logic by stating that the assistant district attorney involved in this matter was functioning as the sheriff or a member of the sheriffs department. In support of this argument, Stewart contends that the United States Supreme Court decision of Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. 478, 111 S.Ct. 1934, 114 L.Ed.2d 547 (1991), is analogous to the case sub judice. We find Bums to be distinguishable.

¶ 19. In the Bums decision, the Supreme Court found that there is limited immunity for a state prosecutor. In Bums, the state prosecutor gave advice to the local police force stating that a confession which was given under hypnosis was likely enough for probable cause. The prosecutor then participated in the probable cause hearing, in which a search warrant was sought, without disclosing that the confession was induced by hypnosis. The Supreme Court held that the prosecutor’s participation in the probable cause hearing was covered by the prosecutor’s grant of immunity, though the prosecutor’s rendering of legal advice to the police department exceeded the scope of immunity. Although the Bums decision stands for the proposition that one protected by governmental immunity can lose such immunity upon exceeding the scope of his or her responsibilities, Stewart fails to demonstrate how the assistant district attorney in this case has done acts which would be outside of the scope of governmental immunity as codified by the Mississippi Tort Claims Act.

¶ 20. Stewart contends that the assistant district attorney, by referring the name and social security numbers of individuals, against whom indictments had been returned by the grand jury, so that the police might apprehend those individuals, exceeded the authority of her position. Stewart argues that the assistant district attorney was acting as a law enforcement officer by participating in Stewart’s arrest. The record shows that the assistant district attorney did not perform the arrest but, rather, passed on the information contained in the indictments returned against one going by the name of Gary Stewart with the same Social Security number as the Appellant, so that the individual could be apprehended. This information was required by law enforcement so that an arrest could be made, and passing this information along was not beyond the scope of the assistant district attorney’s duties, as her office possessed the indictments. Therefore, this issue is without merit.

II. WHETHER THE ACTIONS OF THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY WAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF HER DUTIES, AND THUS DISCRETIONARY, AND WERE HER ACTIONS OBJECTIVELY REASONABLE?

DISCUSSION

¶ 21. In his second argument, Stewart presents the same argument as presented in his first. Stewart argues that by relaying his name and Social Security number to the legal authorities, the assistant district attorney exceeded the powers granted to her by Mississippi Code Annotated §§ 25-31-6 and 25-31-11. Stewart expands on this argument by contending that the office of the district attorney is vicariously hable for the actions of its assistant district attorney and others working within its office, because the actions taken by the assistant district attorney were not discretionary, as defined by the Mississippi Tort Claims Act in Mississippi Code Annotated § ll-^46-9(l)(d) (Rev. 2002), which states that:

(1) A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and scope of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim:
(d) Based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a governmental entity or employee thereof, whether or not the discretion be abused;....

¶ 22. In support of his argument, Stewart cites the case of Bridges v. Pearl River Valley Water Supply District, 793 So.2d 584 (Miss.2001), which held “[i]n determining whether governmental conduct is discretionary the Court must answer two questions: (1) whether the activity involved an element of choice or judgment; and if so, (2) whether the choice or judgment in supervision involves social, economic or political policy alternatives.” Id. at 588(¶ 15) (citing Jones v. Miss. Dep’t of Transp., 744 So.2d 256, 260 (¶¶ 9-10) (Miss.1999)).

¶ 23. Stewart has misapplied the test set forth in Bridges and Jones. In discussing the first part of this two-part test, Stewart simply alleges:

The statute creating the D.A.’s Office and legal assistants did not contain any authority or direction on assisting in the arrest of persons indicted for crimes. Therefore, the activity that Ms. Lowe and the secretary for the D.A.’s office were involved in[,] ... giving information to law enforcement officers and assisting in the arrest of Gary Stewart[,] were [sic] not an activity that involved an element of choice or judgment.

Stewart then states that although the activity does not involve an element of choice or judgment, assuming the first part of the two-part test was met, that the second part was not met, as “the choice or judgment did not involve social, economic or political party alternatives.” This test is misapplied, as the district attorney is directly charged with performing the conduct complained about which Stewart complains. Miss.Code Ann. § 25-31-11(1).

¶ 24. As stated in Issue I, neither the district attorney’s office nor any of its employees assisted in the actual arrest of Stewart. Rather, Stewart’s identifying information contained in the indictments was given to the law enforcement officers so that Stewart could be apprehended. Mississippi Code Annotated § 25-31-6 (Rev. 2003), authorizes this conduct of the assistant district attorney, of which Stewart complains. Section 25-31-6 states as follows:

Legal assistants to district attorneys shall be regularly licensed and practicing attorneys having been duly admitted to practice before the supreme court of the State of Mississippi, and shall have the power and authority, under the direction and supervision of the district attorney, to perform all of the duties required of that office.

(emphasis added).

¶ 25. It is the direct function of the district attorney’s office to participate in grand jury investigations in accordance with Mississippi Code Annotated § 25-31-13 (Rev.2003). Further, it is a requirement of prosecuting cases that the information contained in the indictments be given to the applicable law enforcement office so that an arrest may be made. It cannot be said that the assistant district attorney operated outside of the scope of her employment, and she is, therefore, entitled to the protections afforded her by the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. As such, we find this issue is without merit.

III. WHETHER THE DOCTRINES OF JUDICIAL IMMUNITY, GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY, AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY UNDER THE MISSISSIPPI TORT CLAIMS ACT BAR STEWART’S ACTION AGAINST THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY?

DISCUSSION

¶ 26. Stewart next separates out as an individualized argument the contention that the assistant district attorney exceeded the scope of duties prescribed to her by statute and is, therefore, no longer protected by the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. Having already addressed this issue, we will not do so again. We have already determined that the assistant district attorney did not exceed the scope of her authority; therefore, this issue is without merit.

IV. WHETHER THE ACTIONS OF THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY VIOLATED PLAINTIFF’S CONSTITUTIONAL OR STATUTORY RIGHTS?

DISCUSSION

¶27. Stewart last contends that the actions of the assistant district attorney and her secretary violated his Fourth Amendment rights, as they lacked probable cause for his arrest. As stated above, neither of these individuals were involved in Stewart’s actual arrest. Rather, Stewart’s identifying information was given to law enforcement officials so that Stewart could be detained pursuant to the eleven indictments returned against him. Further, upon realizing that the wrong “Gary Stewart” had been arrested, the charges against Stewart were dismissed. As noted by the dissent, upon discovering that the State had arrested the wrong person, the charges against Stewart were not dismissed for several days. Although if this statement is taken at face value, it would appear that Stewart remained incarcerated during this time, but it should be noted that he had been released on bond prior to discovering that the wrong Gary Stewart had been arrested. Further, the hearing did not occur sooner due to Stewart’s scheduled hearing which was quickly approaching. With the fact that Stewart was released on bond awaiting a. scheduled hearing, it cannot be stated that Stewart was harmed by this delay in having the charges dropped.

¶28. As each of the issues raised by Stewart are related, it is now proper to address the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decision of Sanchez v. Swyden, 139 F.3d 464 (5th Cir.1998), which addresses the previous issues, as well as the present issue of constitutional and statutory rights. The facts of Sanchez are very close to the facts of the case sub judice. In the Sanchez decision, Oscar Sanchez brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against a multitude of public officials, claiming that his twenty six hour detention violated his due process rights.

¶ 29. In August 1992, Sanchez arrived at Houston’s Intercontinental Airport from Mexico and passed through the United States Customs Service. While passing through Customs, an agent matched his name and physical description to a warrant issued from Cheatham County, Tennessee. Due to the outstanding warrant, Sanchez was detained so that Customs could determine whether “Oscar F. Sanchez” was indeed still wanted in Cheatham County.

¶ 30. That evening, the Cheatham County’s Sheriffs Department informed Customs that Oscar F. Sanchez was still wanted and faxed copies of photographs, fingerprint copies, and other identifying information, which noted the presence of a rose tattoo on Sanchez’s left shoulder, to Customs. The Houston Police Department then took custody of Sanchez pursuant to the authorized “fugitive hold.”

¶ 31. Later that day, Sanchez was brought before a Harris County, Texas probable cause court, where Sanchez refused to waive extradition proceedings. It was during this proceeding that Sanchez proclaimed his innocence, and it was discovered that Sanchez lacked the tattoo as described in the information received from Cheatham County. The judge ordered Sanchez to be held until his identification could be confirmed. Upon comparison of the fingerprints received from Cheatham County and those of Sanchez, it was determined that Sanchez had been improperly detained and he was released. Sanchez then brought a § 1983 action against the numerous individuals involved in his ordeal, alleging that he had been deprived of a clearly established constitutional right and that those involved in detention had acted unreasonably. These are essentially the same arguments presented in the case sub judice.

¶ 32. Without detailing each element of the Sanchez opinion, some points relied upon by the Fifth Circuit in making the decision to grant summary judgment to the defendants warrant discussion, as those same points are applicable in the case before us. First, in determining whether a defendant is entitled to qualified immunity as a matter of law, it must first be ascertained “whether an official’s conduct deprived a ... plaintiff of a ‘clearly established’ constitutional or statutory right.” Sanchez, 139 F.3d at 466. “The constitutional right must be sufficiently clear to put a reasonable officer on notice that certain conduct violates that right.” Id. In this case, the charges against Stewart were immediately dropped upon confirmation that an improper person had been detained.

¶ 33. Though available, the picture of the wanted Gary Stewart was not discovered in the approximately ten files pertaining to Stewart, and this picture was not confirmed with the Department of Public Safety as the information on file until notice was given by Stewart’s attorney. The assistant district attorney’s actions, ■ of which Stewart complains, were based upon the fact that many indictments for a Gary Stewart with a certain Social Security number were in her possession. The district attorney who passed the information along to the Jones County Sheriffs Department was not present at Stewart’s initial appearance and was not involved in his case until the hearing to dismiss the charges. The assistant district attorney would never have had the opportunity to discover that the wrong individual was in custody, as she had no personal encounter with Stewart prior to dismissing the charges.

¶ 34. Although failure to discover the single picture in one of the multiple files may indicate a slight degree of negligence, it cannot be stated that overall, the actions of the assistant district attorney were not objectively reasonable. The Fifth Circuit has stated, “a public official may successfully assert the defense of qualified immunity even though the official violates a person’s civil rights, provided the official’s conduct was objectively reasonable.” Id. Furthermore, as reasoned by the United States Supreme Court, although at times the end result is harsh, the policy upon which immunity is founded is sound. The basis for a grant of immunity is that public officials may become hesitant to fully discharge their professional duties for fear of subsequent litigation. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 555, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 18 L.Ed.2d 288 (1967).

¶ 35. Although an argument may be made that the district attorney would at a minimum be placed upon constructive notice by the presence of the perpetrator’s photograph in one of the multiple files, when looking at the case as a whole, the district attorney’s negligence was minimal. At Stewart’s arraignment, Stewart never put the court or any of its officers on notice that the improper individual was in custody. The transcript of Stewart’s arraignment is as follows:

THE COURT: Gary Stewart?
[Mr. Stewart approaches the bench]
THE COURT: Gary Stewart, is that you?
DEFENDANT STEWART: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: All right, [sic]
[DEFENDANT DULY SWORN BY THE DEPUTY CIRCUIT CLERK, JOYCE BUSH]
THE COURT: Mr. Stewart, it looks like you are charged with several offenses here of false pretense. Are they all false pretense?
MR. HEDGEPETH: Yes, Your Hon- or.
[QUESTIONS PROPOUNDED THE DEFENDANT BY THE COURT:]
Q. Mr. Stewart, are you represented by an attorney?
A. No, sir.
Q. ' Do you wish to be represented by an attorney on these charges?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do you have the money to hire an attorney with?
A. No, sir.
Q. How long have you been in jail?
A. Uhm....
OFFICER MAX DAVIS: Judge, he’s been in our jail since Monday or Tues.day.
A. I believe I came on Monday.
OFFICER MAX DAVIS: He was in jail in New Orleans — Metairie, Louisiana, and we picked him up down there and brought him back.
Q. Do you want to get your own attorney? Is that what you said? Do you have the money to hire an attorney with? Do you have somebody that you want to hire as your attorney?
A. Yeah, I can get one from New Orleans.
Q. From New Orleans?
A. I’ve been trying to get an attorney there.
Q. I don’t think I’m really following you. Are you going to get you an attorney? Are you going to hire you an attorney to represent you on these matters?
A. Yes, I am.
Q. Well, do you want to wait until the attorney gets here before you plead on these matters?
A. Nah, I’ll go on with my plea.
Q. All right. Do you plead guilty or not guilty to all of these offenses before the Court?
A. Not guilty.
Q. All right. You need to get with your attorney because these cases will be set for trial. When is the next trial date?
DEPUTY CLERK, JOYCE BUSH: The next First District date will be July 24.
Q. July 24 will be your trial in Ellis-ville, and the next down here is what?
DEPUTY CLERK, JOYCE BUSH: March 28 for Second District.
Q. March 28. So you need to get you an attorney.
THE COURT: All right.
A. Do I have a bond set?
Q. Do what?
A. Do I have a bond set?
Q. Have you ever been convicted of a felony before?
A. No.
Q. Where do you live?
A. I live in New Orleans.
Q. Well, your attorney will have to take that up with the Court whenever he gets here. Whenever you get an attorney, he’ll take that up with me about your bond.
THE COURT: All right, [sic]

(emphasis added).

¶ 36. As the transcript demonstrates, Stewart never informed the court, the district attorney, or any official involved in his prosecution that the improper Gary Stewart had been detained. Rather, he waited until he had secured the services of an attorney to bring this fact to light. With this fact in mind, the law clearly states that “neither law nor equity helps or pities one that sleeps on his rights.” Carter v. Spencer, 5 Miss. 42 (4 Howard 42) (1839).

¶ 37. Some of the statements of the dissent require clarification. It’s stated by the dissent that “[w]hile there was a warrant issued for a Gary Stewart, it was a warrant for a white Gary Stewart.” We believe this statement is trying to convey the fact that the individual who was actually wanted pursuant to the capias was the white “Gary Stewart,” the one guilty of the crimes. This sentence can also be misinterpreted to mean that the capias stated that the individual sought was white and yet, a black individual was arrested. It should be noted that race was not present on the capias. Mel Riley testified to this fact as follows:

Q. Since this Gary Stewart who’s sitting here, the African-American Gary Stewart, has been released from those charges, but he was picked up on these indictments, have there been any attempts to have new capiases issued for the white Gary Stewart?
A. I can’t — I can’t answer that. I know capiases wouldn’t have the race on them anyway, so it wouldn’t matter there.

This was further supported by the testimony of Stewart who stated:

Q. Did any of the capias documents, Gary, that you looked at indicated — the capias documents were those documents that they — is this [sic] the documents that they showed you when you were in court — well, excuse me — when you were incarcerated in Jones County? Remember you told me the transportation—
A. (Deponent examining document.) Yeah. This is the — yeah, this is.
Q. Did any of those documents reflect the race of the person they were arresting that you recall?
A. Talking about in Jones County?
Q. Yeah.
A. No, I didn’t see no race on here. It just got my name and Social Security number on some of them.

¶ 38. Lastly, the dissent feels that the discrepancy in birth dates from the wanted “Gary Stewart” and the arrested Gary Stewart clearly proves negligence by the district attorney’s office. During Riley’s deposition, he testified that this is not an uncommon event and would not raise a glaring red flag. The applicable portion of Riley’s deposition is as follows:

Q. Could you, Mr. Riley, tell us about that conversation.
A. Okay. What happened, I got a call. I don’t know what time it was. I was asleep. So it was late at night. And I don’t go to bed until about 10, 10:30. He said — and he was obviously talking to law enforcement on another phone because he said they have Gary Stewart. Do we still want him? And I said, “Well, if that’s the Gary Stewart, yes, if that’s the right one.” He said, well, the birth dates are not the same, but he said the Social Security numbers match up. And I said, okay. Then he said — there’s a pause there for a minute. Then he says, ‘Well, they say this is [sic] got to be him cause he’s doing the same thing down here.” And I said, “Well, if that’s him, bring him to Mississippi then.”
Q. When they said that there were two difference Social Security numbers, did you—
A. There was — no, it was not two different Social Security numbers. His date of birth did not match.
Q. Okay. The date of births, excuse me.
A. But that’s not uncommon for us. I can go through the jail roster and pick up the same guy in there with dozens of dates of birth.

¶ 39. Further, the dissent is at a loss as to how the district attorney’s office could allow a person of a different race to remain incarcerated under the charges. As stated previously, Stewart only told the sheriffs officers in both Orleans Parish and Jones County that he had never been to Jones County, Mississippi. Each time he expressed this to the officers, they told him to tell the judge or tell someone who was in a position to remedy the situation. Stewart failed to do this. The only individual who had any indication that there could potentially be a problem was Riley. Riley testified that he never went to see Stewart while he was incarcerated because Riley was aware that Stewart was represented, or soon to be represented, by counsel. Riley stated that he would be unable to speak to Stewart if he was represented so he never had an opportunity to see the individual incarcerated. Riley testified to this fact as follows:

Q. I was going to ask you, between March the 6th and March the 9th, before he had his preliminary hearing, did you attempt to go talk to him?
A. I didn’t attempt to go talk to him because I knew he had an attorney. Once he got in our jail, we found out that he had — he was gonna hire his own attorney, so I never talked to him.
Q. Did you go back and check any of the other files?
A. No. There was no reason to.
Q. You sure you had the right man?
A. At that time I was sure it was the right man.

¶ 40. Based upon Stewart’s actions, and the information known to the district attorney’s office, it cannot be stated that any of the actions taken were unreasonable. With the public policy consideration in mind, which calls for a prosecutor’s ability to practice law without the constant fear of being sued, as well as Stewart’s conduct, to hold the district attorney liable for the actions in this case would be an unjust result. As expressed by the Fifth Circuit, “A constitutional violation does not occur every time someone feels that they have been wronged or treated unfairly.” Sanchez, 139 F.3d at 467 (quoting Shinn ex rel. Shinn v. College Station Indep. Sch. Dist., 96 F.3d 783, 786 (5th Cir.1996)). The case sub judice is one such instance. Therefore, the defense of qualified immunity is applicable and the district attorney’s office has incurred no liability to Stewart.

¶ 41. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF JONES COUNTY GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLANT.

KING, C.J., LEE, P.J., CHANDLER, GRIFFIS, AND BARNES, JJ., CONCUR. IRVING, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY BRIDGES, P.J., AND ISHEE, J.

IRVING, J.,

DISSENTING:

¶ 42. I cannot agree with the majority that Gary Stewart’s due process rights were not violated. Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 43. In 1998, Stewart, who is black and lives in Louisiana, was indicted on ten counts of false pretense stemming from a check writing spree in which a white male using Stewart’s identity passed several worthless cheeks in and around Laurel, Mississippi. At the time of the indictment, the district attorney’s office had a picture of the white male posing as Gary Stewart. This picture was in the files of the district attorney’s office when Stewart was arrested in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 24, 2000, pursuant to a capias issued by the Circuit Court of Jones County on February 27, 1998, and on March 31, 1998.

¶ 44. When Stewart was arrested on February 24 2000, the Louisiana authorities advised the Mississippi authorities that the Gary Stewart whom the Louisiana authorities had arrested did not have the same birth date as the Gary Stewart who was the subject of the arrest warrant. Melvin Riley, the chief investigator for the district attorney’s office, was one of the Mississippi authorities who was advised of this fact. According to Riley, upon learning of this discrepancy, he checked the files on Gary Stewart which were being maintained in the district attorney’s office, yet he did not discover that the Gary Stewart that they were looking for was white and not black.

¶ 45. It is beyond my comprehension how the majority can conclude on these facts that the failure on the part of the district attorney’s office to discover the picture in its file may indicate only a slight degree of negligence and that the actions of the district attorney’s office were objectively reasonable. It seems quite obvious to me that the district attorney’s office was not only guilty of negligence but was guilty of gross negligence and a reckless indifference to Stewart’s right not to be deprived of his liberty without proper due process.

¶ 46. It is also significant that even though the district attorney’s office was placed on notice immediately upon Stewart’s arrest that it may have nabbed the wrong man, it was also content to allow the charges to linger against Stewart for a least five days after the district attorney’s office had finally located in its office the picture of the white male. Its explanation was that since Stewart had a hearing coming up five days later, it just decided to wait until then. The majority glosses over this fact as unimportant in the overall scheme of things. I guess in the view of the majority it was okay to force Stewart to make another trip from New Orleans to Laurel, Mississippi to get done what the district attorney’s office could have and should have done without any further action on Stewart’s part.

¶ 47. Illegal detention by way of false arrest and imprisonment is a tort of constitutional dimensions if the circumstances indicate that the failure to act on exculpatory information is more than simple negligence. Sanchez v. Swyden, 139 F.3d 464, 469 (5th Cir.1998).

¶ 48. The majority suggests that, at best, there was only slight negligence on the part of the district attorney’s office because the picture was obtained during a previous administration, and a new administration was in place when Stewart was arrested. Such explanation is not enough. When Stewart was first arrested in Louisiana on February 24, 2000, he protested that he was not the one who had committed the offenses. Similarly, when he was transported from Louisiana to Laurel Mississippi, he protested that he was not the one who had committed the charged crimes. In fact, Stewart stated that he had never been to Mississippi.

¶ 49. As already mentioned, the very night that Stewart was arrested the chief investigator for the district attorney’s office was told that the birth date of the arrested Stewart did not match the birth date of the Stewart who was the subject of the indictment. This discrepancy was certainly enough to prompt a thorough investigation by the district attorney’s office and the sheriffs office to determine if they had the right man. That did not happen until a month later and not until after Stewart had bonded out of jail and presented proof via his employment records that he was at work in New Orleans when the checks were written in Laurel, Mississippi.

¶ 50. Again, the majority apparently dismisses as insignificant the fact that the birth date of the arrested Stewart and the birth date of the Stewart in the indictment were different. In apparently concluding that the discrepancy regarding the birth dates was insignificant, the majority favorably quotes the chief investigator for the district attorney’s office: “But that’s not uncommon for us. I can go through the jail roster and pick up the same guy in there with dozens of dates of birth.” While the birth date discrepancy normally may not have been uncommon, in this case, it was extraordinarily significant. The significance of the birth date discrepancy lies in the fact that the information supplied to the Louisiana authorities to make the arrest was supplied by the district attorney’s office, and the Louisiana authorities acted on that information in making the arrest. When the Louisiana authorities made the arrest, they determined that the arrested Stewart’s birth date did not match the birth date of the Stewart in the information supplied by the district attorney’s office. In this instance, and under these circumstances, how can it legitimately be argued that the failure of the district attorney’s office to timely investigate the birth date discrepancy did not amount to gross negligence and that its actions were “objectively reasonable.”

¶ 51. The explanation given by witness Riley, and embraced by the majority, to support the notion that the actions of the district attorney’s office were reasonable, even in light of the office’s failure to timely investigate the birth date discrepancy, makes no logical sense. The source of the Louisiana authorities’ information was not a jail roster, which often contains the unverified birth dates of arrestees, but credible information supplied by the district attorney’s office. It is important to observe that this information had to come from the files being maintained in the district attorney’s office. Where else would the district attorney have gotten the birth date of the perpetrator except from the copy of the identification card given to the district attorney’s office by one of the merchants who took one of the worthless checks from the individual posing as Gary Stewart and obtained a copy of his identification card, along with a clear picture of the individual.

¶ 52. The majority, in attempting to assuage the potential legal consequences flowing from the failure of the district attorney’s office to timely investigate further upon being advised of the birth date discrepancy, states that the chief investigator for the district attorney’s office, Melvin Riley, never had an opportunity to see the incarcerated Stewart and thus learn Stewart’s racial identity. The majority explains that Riley chose not to attempt to talk to Stewart because Riley knew that Stewart “was gonna [sic] hire his own attorney.” The fallacy of this explanation is readily apparent. You do not have to talk to a black person to learn his racial identity. Observing the individual is usually enough. Moreover, the affidavit of the arresting officer in Louisiana — which was filed with the circuit clerk of Jones County on March 8, 2000 — identified the arrested person as “one Gary Stewart, B/M, DOB/6-12-1967, 6-1, 250 lbs., black hair, brown eyes, SOC/ [ XXX-XX-XXXX ], Louisiana driver’s license # 005310151.” It does not take one well versed in police jargon to know that the designation “B/M” refers to a black male. Although Riley was not asked during his deposition whether he ever inspected the arresting documents which were forwarded from Louisiana, it seems logical to me that someone in the district attorney’s office would have. This seems especially true in light of the fact that the Louisiana authorities had informed the district attorney’s office that the birth date of the Gary Stewart on the supplied documents did not match the birth date of the Gary Stewart that they arrested.

¶ 53. I should also comment on the majority’s attempt to place all of the responsibility on Stewart for his being detained for more than three weeks while the district attorney’s office had information and access to information that clearly proved that Stewart was not the wanted individual. The majority believes that Stewart should have protested loudly at his arraignment that he was not the Gary Stewart who was being sought by the Jones County authorities. Well, I do not know how Stewart could have been more eloquent or clear than he was when, at his arraignment, he answered “not guilty” when the court asked him how did he plead to the charges. After all, he had protested, to no avail, to the arresting authorities in Louisiana and to the Jones County sheriff deputy that he did not commit the acts and had never been in Mississippi. What else could be reasonably required of Stewart, a law abiding citizen, who had no familiarity with the criminal justice system. Are some citizens required to prove their innocence, or is the state required to prove the guilt of all citizens? The majority improperly focuses on Stewart’s inactions when the focus should be on the inactions of the district attorney’s office which was callously indifferent to the rights of this black individual.

¶ 54. It appears to me that there is certainly a material issue of fact as to whether the actions of the district attorney’s office constitute simple negligence or gross negligence. Thus, the final question is whether the district attorney and his assistants are immune from liability under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act notwithstanding their possible gross negligence in this case.

¶ 55. The majority agrees with the circuit court that immunity is appropriate. The circuit court found that Stewart’s claims are “barred by the doctrine of governmental immunity, judicial immunity and/or sovereign immunity and [that the district attorney] is exempt from liability under the provisions of Miss.Code Ann. § 11 — 46—9(l)(a)(b)(e)(d) and (f).”

¶ 56. The referenced code section and subsections state:

(1) A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and scope of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim:
(a) Arising out of a- legislative or judicial action or inaction, or administrative action or inaction of a legislative or judicial nature;
(b) Arising out of any act or omission of an employee of a governmental entity exercising ordinary care in reliance upon, or in the execution or performance of, or in the failure to execute or perform, a statute, or ordinance or regulation, whether or not the statute, ordinance or regulation be valid;
(c) Arising out of any act or omission of an employee of a governmental entity engaged in the performance or execution of duties or activities relating to police or fire protection unless the employee acted in reckless disregard of the safety and well-being of any person not engaged in criminal activity at the time of injury;
(d) Based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a governmental entity or employee thereof, whether or not the discretion be abused;
* * *
(f) Which is limited or barred by the provisions of any other law;

¶ 57. It is readily apparent that subsection (a) is inapplicable. The arrest of Stewart, based on inaccurate data, does not arise out of a legislative or judicial action or an administrative action or inaction of a legislative or judicial nature. While there was a warrant issued for a Gary Stewart, it was a warrant for a Gary Stewart with a birth date of May 3, 1959, not for a Gary Stewart with a birth date of June 12, 1967. More importantly, even conceding arguendo that the arrest may have arisen out of a judicial action, it was not the initial arrest but the illegal continued detention of Stewart that gave rise to this cause of action. Had the district attorney adequately investigated the matter of the mistaken identity when he was told that the birth dates did not match, Stewart would have been left without a cause of action. A reasonable period of detention is permitted by the law to allow law enforcement authorities time to establish the identity of the person arrested.

¶ 58. It also seems to me that subsections (c) and (d) are inapplicable. First, the district attorney is not a policeman or fireman, and his duties do not relate to or involve police or fire protection. Clearly, subsection (c) is applicable to policemen and firemen, not to district attorneys. But even if it could be legitimately argued that an employee of the district attorney’s office, in passing information to the sheriffs department regarding an indictment for the purpose of effecting the arrest of the person indicted, is engaged in the performance or execution of duties or activities relating to police or fire protection, immunity under subsection (c) is not appropriate if the employee acted in reckless disregard of Stewart’s safety and well-being. In my opinion, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to how the actions of the district attorney may properly be classified.

¶ 59. Subsection (d) is clearly not applicable because the act of passing on information to the sheriffs department concerning an indicted person in order to have the person arrested, is an act ministerial in nature and is not an act involving the exercise or performance of a discretionary function. While the decision to indict or not indict Stewart was the exercise of a discretionary function, once he was indicted, the actions taken to have him arrested were ministerial.

¶ 60. As to subsection (f), the circuit court did not cite or identify any other law that would bar Stewart’s claim. I can think of none. Therefore, I think subsection (f) is also inapplicable.

¶ 61. Having eliminated all of the subsections relied upon by the circuit court except subsection (b), I turn to this subsection. It seems to me that subsection (b) is the most appropriate provision of the Mississippi Tort Claims Act which may have applicability to our facts. As previously noted, this subsection provides that a government entity and employee are not liable for any claim arising out of any act or omission of an employee of a governmental entity if the employee exercises ordinary care while relying upon, executing, or performing or failing to execute or perform, a statute, ordinance, or regulation, whether or not the statute, ordinance or regulation be valid.

¶ 62. Assisting the sheriff department in effecting the arrest of indicted individuals by providing pertinent information about the indicted person is certainly, in my judgment, a part of performing the statutory duties of a district attorney. However, as the statute plainly states, immunity is available only if the employee uses ordinary care in executing the duties of the office.

¶63. In this case, reasonable persons can differ on the question of whether the district attorney’s office, considering the totality of the facts here, employed ordinary care in its actions which led to the arrest and detention of Stewart. Given the standard of review which we must employ in summary judgment cases, I believe the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment. I would reverse and remand for a trial on the merits.

BRIDGES, P.J., AND ISHEE, J., JOIN THIS SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. 
      
      . Initially, Stewart was denied bond. However, several days later, he was granted bond.
     
      
      . The person posing as Gary Stewart with the birth date of May 3, 1959 is white and is the person who committed the crimes. The Appellant, who is black, birth date is June 12, 1967.
     