
    William S. Barnes and Others, Respondents, v. The Long Island Railroad Company, Appellant.
    ■ Second Department,
    October 5, 1906.
    Carrier — conflict of laws — Constitution of Kentucky as to common-law liability of carrier construed — effect of undervaluation of goods by shipper. .
    The Constitution of the State of Kentucky providing that “no common carrier "shall be permitted to contract for relief from its common-law liability ’’ does not invalidate a contract of carriage whereby the shipper gets the benefit of reduced rates by undervaluing the goods shipped, and under such circum-
    
      stances a carrier accepting the goods in Kentucky is liable only for the amount of the shipper’s valuation, although the goods were destroyed by the carrier’s negligence. Such contract does not relieve a carrier from common-law liability, for at common law a shipper who falsely undervalues Ms goods cannot hold a carrier for the real value.
    A contract executed in and to be performed in the State of New York relieving a carrier from common-law liability is valid.
    Appeal by the defendant, The Long Island Bailroad Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiffs, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Queens on the 23d day of May, 1905, in part upon the verdict of a jury and in part upon the decision of the court rendered after a’trial at the Queens County Trial Term, as amended, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 23d day of May, 1905, denying the defendant’s motion' for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      William C. Beecher [Joseph F. Keany with him on the brief], for the appellant.
    
      William Lindsay [Edwin L. Kalish with him on the brief ], for the respondents.
   Woodward, J.:

The plaintiffs delivered twenty-nine yearling colts and fillies to the Adams Express Company at Lexington, Ky., under a written contract with the said company for through shipment' by it to Sheepshead Bay, JST. Y., the freight being paid in advance. During the time that the said colts and fillies were in transit over the defendant’s lines an accident occurred resulting in injury to- many of these animals, and the verdict of the jury clearly establishes the negligence of the defendant, charging it with liability, the jury having assessed the damages at $30,000.

The contract under which these animals were received and shipped by the Adams Express Company provided, among other things: “Twenty horses, consigned to John Miller at Sheepshead Bay, B. Y., for the sum of three hundred and twenty-five dollars and-cents, Which charge is fixed by and Jbased upon the value of said animals as declared by the shipper, as hereinafter mentioned. (2) And in consideration of the premises, said parties agree that the shipper, before delivering the said animals to said express company, demanded to be advised of the rates .to be charged for the carriage of said animals’as aforesaid, and thereupon was offered by said express company alternative rates proportioned to the value of said animals, such value to be fixed and declared by the shipper, and according to following tariff and charges * * *. (5) The shipper in order to avail himself of said alternative rates, and in consideration thereof, being asked by the express company to value said animals,' now declares the values hereinafter mentioned to be the true values of said animals so to be shipped, as follows, to wit: Twenty horses, value $75 each.”

There can be no doubt that a contract of this character would be valid in the State of Hew York if the contract was executed here and. to be performed in this State ; but it was Urged upon the trial that under the provisions of section 196 of the Constitution of the State of Kentucky this contract was void, and this view was accepted by the learned trial court (47 Misc. Rep. 318), constituting, we believe, the only serious question in this case. If the contract was void in the State of Kentucky; if it had no vitality at the place of its execution, under the facts here involved, it may be deemed settled by authority that it could not limit the liability of the defendant, which was, by the terms of the contract, to have the same exemptions as the express company. (Grand v. Livingston, 4. App. Div. 589.) On the other hand, if the contract was valid in Kentucky, and not in conflict with the laws of this State and its public policy, the judgment appealed from cannot be sustained, and the defendant is entitled to a reversal of the judgment.

The section of' the Constitution of Kentucky relied upon to invalidate the contract under which the shipment was made, and which expressly limited' the liability of the defendant to the agreed value of the horses, provides that no common carrier shall be’permitted to contract for relief from its common law liability.” The question is, what construction is to be qiut upon this language ? Is it broad' enough to invalidate the contract entered, into in Kentucky ? Leaving out Of consideration the language of the contract in so far as it attempts to make of the express company a forwarder rather than a common carrier under the principle that the law will not permit that to be done by indirection which may not be done directly, is the language of the Kentucky Constitution intended to invalidate such a contract as was concededly made, and permit the plaintiffs to get the benefit of reduced rates of transportation upon a false valuation, and then to charge the defendant with the value of the animals as they proved to be worth after they had been injured through the latter’s negligence? We think not, for the common law never sanctioned fraud.

The limitation of the Constitution of Kentucky is that “ no common carrier shall be permitted to contract for relief from its common law liability ; ” that is, it shall not be permitted to contract that it shall not be liable for a breach of those duties and obligations which the common law imposes; but the contract here under consideration does not seek to give the express company, or those for whose benefit the stipulation was made, “ relief from its common law liability ; ” it merely seeks to limit the liability to the value as given by the shipper for the purpose of getting concessions in rates, and this the common law has always sanctioned. Chancellor Kent, . who undoubtedly understood the common law, in. his Commentaries (2 Kent’s Comm. [14th ed.] *603) lays down the proposition that the “ common carrier is responsible for the loss of a box or parcel of goods, though he be ignorant of the contents, or though those contents be ever so valuable, unless he made a special acceptance. But the rule is subject to a reasonable qualification, and if the owner be guilty of'any fraud or imposition in respect to the carrier, as by concealing the value or nature of the article, or deludes him by his own carelessness in treating the parcel as a thing of no value, he cannot hold him liable for the loss of the goods. Such an imposition destroys all just claim to indemnity, for it goes to deprive the carrier of the compensation which he is entitled to, in proportion to the value of the article intrusted to his care, and the consequent risk which he incurs ; and it tends to lessen the vigilance that the carrier would, otherwise bestow.” (See Hart v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 112 U. S, 331, 340, and authorities there cited ; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. v. Solan, 169 id. 133, 135 ; Calderon v. Atlas Steamship Co., 170 id. 272, 278, 279, and authorities there cited.)

In the case now before us the contract does not attempt to avoid liability under the common law; it merely seeks to limit its liability to the valuation which the plaintiffs, through their agent, fixed as the basis of computing the freight charges^ which charges-were materially less because of the valuation of $75, than they would have been if the value had been placed' at $2,000 each, as the evidence now shows them to have been worth'. The express company ■accepted the animals for shipment under a special acceptance, and the plaintiffs could not avail themselves of the fraudulent valuation for the purpose of getting a concession in rates, and then hold the defendant liable for the higher value when an accident has occurred. The contract provided merely what the common law has recognized as the rule governing common, earners, and it in no wise contravenes the Constitution of Kentucky. It follows, therefore, that the judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, for the value of the horses as fixed by the. evidence, cannot he sustained.

The judgment and order should, therefore, be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event, unless within twenty days plaintiffs stipulate to reduce the recovery of damages to the sum of $2,400, in which case the judgment as reduced should be unanimously affirmed, without costs of this appeal to either party.

Jenks, Hooker and Hiller, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order -reversed and new trial granted, costs to ■ abide, the event, unless within twenty days plaintiffs stipulate to reduce the recovery of damages to the sum of $2,400, in which case the judgment as reduced is unanimously .affirmed, without costs of this appeal to either party.  