
    Christopher GUTTERIDGE and Applied Energy Partners, LLC, Appellee v. J3 ENERGY GROUP, INC., t/d/b/a J3 Energy Group and Stephen Russial, Appellants
    No. 3397 EDA 2013
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued August 2, 2016
    Filed: May 17, 2017
    
      Joseph G. Zerbe, Pottsville, for Russial, appellant.
    Jeffrey S. Feldman, Jenkintown, for ap-pellee.
    BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., PANELLA, J., SHOGAN, J., LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and OTT, J.
   OPINION BY

LAZARUS, J.:

J3 Energy Group, Inc. (J3) and Stephen Russial (Russial) (collectively Appellants/Defendants) appeal from the judgment entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County in favor of Christopher Gutteridge (Gutteridge) and Applied Energy Partners, LLC (AEP) (collectively Appellees/Plaintiffs), in the amount of $343,887.00. After careful review, we affirm.

The underlying facts of the case are as follows. In 2004, Gutteridge formed AEP, which sold electronic motor controls and energy saving lighting products to commercial and industrial customers. AEP conducted its business through approximately fifteen sales agents known as channel partners. Channel partners who had their own businesses would buy products from AEP at discounted prices and sell them to their customers at higher prices. Channel partners who did not have their own businesses were paid a commission by AEP for the sales they generated.

The case before us arises out of business dealings between AEP and J3. Gutteridge formed AEP in 2004, and Russial founded J3, a corporation, in 2002, J3 provides energy procurement and demand response services to commercial and industrial clients.

Gutteridge and Russial met in 2007; in March 2008, they developed a plan whereby AEP would use its channel partners to provide J3’s services to its customers. They discussed forming a joint venture called the Energy Buyers Group (the Group); the Group’s members would benefit from lower electric supply costs that the Group would negotiate for them. Gutter-idge, through AEP, had a sales network that called upon manufacturers, which Russial did not have, and Russial had technical knowledge and expertise within the energy procurement industry, which Gut-teridge did not have. See N.T. Trial, 6/12/12, at 36, 44.

Gutteridge and Russial agreed that they would divide the revenue generated by the Group as follows: 60% to J3 and 40% to AEP. However, in the beginning, the revenue would be divided 65% to J3 and 35% to AEP because J3 would be heavily involved in closing the sales, while the AEP channel partners were learning about energy procurement and demand response services. Additionally, AEP would pay the channel partners 20% of the total revenue, and retain a net commission of 15%.

At an AEP meeting in January 2008, Gutteridge introduced the channel partners to Russial and J3. At training sessions in January and May 2008, the Group concept was discussed, and Russial explained how J3’s services worked and how to sell them. Only two of the channel partners, Lori Porreca (owner of.Al Restoration, Inc., and A1 Energy, Inc.) and Herb Keaton (owner of Plastic Machinery Sales), sold the Group’s services; they were the sole channel partners with customers in the PPL utility area, which was scheduled to become deregulated in January 2010.

At the initial meetings in 2008, Russial told the channel partners that it was important for the Group to reach 50 megawatts of purchasing volume because that was the amount needed to secure optimum pricing from energy suppliers. On February 25, 2009, Russial sent an email confirming that the Group had reached this threshold.

Although Gutteridge maintained that he and AEP made significant efforts to market the Group, Russial became dissatisfied with AEP’s performance with respect to AEP’s efforts to develop and train a sales force to market J3’s energy services. On March 9, 2009, Russial sent Gutteridge an email setting forth a proposal that J3 compensate A1 Restoration, Plastic Machinery-Sales and AEP channel partner Mark Burton directly for any sales they close. Under the new proposal, J3 would pay AEP a 10% or 20% referral fee for any sales generated by channel partners other than Porreca, Keaton or Burton, depending on the extent of Appellants’/Defendants’ involvement. This referral fee was less than the share being paid to AEP under the existing arrangement. The proposal also included a requirement that AEP sign a non-compete agreement for any existing or new clients of the Group.

On April 21, 2009, Russial sent an email to Gutteridge informing him that Russial would not make any payments to AEP from J3 unless Appellees/Plaintiffs agreed to sign a document prepared by Russial that would include a non-compete clause for any customers secured by Porreca, Keaton or Burton. AEP never signed a new agreement with J3, and J3 never paid AEP for any of the revenues generated from the Group joint venture.

Appellants/Defendants voluntarily paid channel partners Porreca and Keaton directly for their services, rather than Ap-pellees/Plaintiffs. They also had Porreca and Keaton sign non-compete agreements, which caused Appellees/Plaintiffs to lose two key channel partners, and resulted in the customers Porreca and Keaton had obtained for the Group becoming direct customers of J3. Despite the fact that the parties manifested intentions to ultimately reach an agreement to form Energy Buyers Group and then market that entity to prospective clients for the sale of energy procurement and demand response services, Russial unilaterally transformed the relationship in order to develop a direct association with the most committed AEP channel partners, Porreca and Keaton.

Gutteridge and AEP commenced this action against Russial and J3 by filing a writ of summons on August 14, 2009. They filed a complaint on May 10, 2010, raising several counts against Appellants/Defendants, including promissory estoppel, breach of contract, unjust enrichment, breach of implied duty of good faith and tortious interference with contractual rights. Following a four-day non-jury trial before the Honorable William P. Mahon, the court issued a verdict on June 30,2013, in favor of Appellees for $343,887.00 on the counts of unjust enrichment and promissory estoppel.

All parties filed motions for post-trial relief. The trial court did not rule on the post-trial motions within 120 days, and on November 25, 2013, Appellants filed a praecipe for entry of judgment on the verdict. Judgment was entered, and this timely appeal followed.

Appellant Stephen Russial has filed a substituted brief on appeal before this Court en banc. He raises the following issues for our review:

1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or commit an error of law in holding Appellant, Stephen Russial, who was the shareholder and corporate officer of J3[], personally liable for any amount under the theories of unjust enrichment/promissory estoppel or any other basis?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or commit an error of law in finding liability against Appellant, Stephen Russial, under the theory of unjust enrichment?
3. In the event Appellant, Stephen Russial, or both Appellants, did in fact have liability to the Appellees under the legal theory of unjust enrichment, did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or commit error an of law and apply the wrong measure of damages?
4. Did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or commit an error of law in finding liability against Appellant, Stephen Russial, or both of the Appellants, under the theory of promissory estop-pel?
5. In the event Appellant, Stephen Russial, or both of the Appellants, did in fact have liability to the Appellees under the legal theory of promissory estoppel, did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or commit an error of law and apply the wrong measure of damages?
6. In the event the Superior Court affirms liability of Appellant, Stephen Russial, or both the Appellants, under unjust enrichment and/or promissory es-toppel and affirms that the Appellees were entitled to damages based on lost commissions as opposed to reliance damages, was the amount of the trial court’s verdict excessive and an abuse of discretion and/or an error of law?

Substituted Brief of Appellant Stephen Russial, at 4-6.

Our standard of review in non-jury cases is limited to:

a determination of whether the findings of the trial court are supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court committed error in the application of law. Findings of the trial judge in a non-jury case must be given the same weight and effect on appeal as a verdict of a jury and will not be disturbed on appeal absent error of law or abuse of discretion. When this Court reviews the findings of the trial judge, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the victorious party below and all evidence and proper inferences favorable to that party must be taken as true and all unfavorable inferences rejected.

Company Image Knitware, Ltd. v. Mothers Work, Inc., 909 A.2d 324, 330 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted). Additionally, this Court has stated that we will respect a trial court’s findings with regard to the credibility and weight of the evidence “unless the appellant can show that the court’s determination was manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and capricious or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.” J.J. DeLuca Co. v. Toll Naval Associates, 56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa. Super. 2012), quoting Ecksel v. Orleans Const. Co., 360 Pa.Super. 119, 519 A.2d 1021, 1028 (1987).

Russial first asserts that the trial court abused its discretion and committed an error of law by holding Russial personally liable for the judgment entered against J3. For the following reasons, we find no error.

At trial, Gutteridge testified that he and Russial had done business together in the first half of 2007, and that during a road trip to Pittsburgh in the fourth quarter of 2007, they discussed forming the Group. See N.T. Trial, 6/12/12, at 160.

Q: At your deposition I remember asking you[,] when you met Steve Russial[,] were you aware of his company, J3 Energy Group, Inc., were you aware of that company?
A: Yes.
Q: And were you aware that the company was a corporation?
A: No, not specifically, but I assumed so.
Q: Mr. Gutteridge, I’m handing you your deposition on January 6, 2012 of this year. I’m bringing your attention to page 26, lines 14 through 21. Would you read those and let me know when you’re finished?
A: “Let’s talk about that. One of my clients is J3 Energy Group[,] Inc. Were you aware of J3 Energy Group, Inc. when you started dealing with Mr. Rus-sial?”
“Yes.”
“Were you aware that that was a corporation?”
‘Yes.”
Q: I also asked you if, when you were dealing with Mr. Russial, were you dealing with him in his capacity as president of this corporation — of his corporation. You don’t remember what your answer was?
A: I don’t remember what my answer was, but when I first met Mr. Russial, I was dealing with him personally. At the point that we started setting up the Energy Buyers Group, it was Applied Energy Partners[-] J3 venture.
Q: I’m going to approach you one more time.
If I show you, again, page 26, the last three lines, and then your answer on the top of your deposition testimony?
A: Yes. You asked me in my dealings with Mr. Russial was he always dealing as president of J3 and I said I assumed so.
Q: Thank you.

N.T. Trial, 6/13/12, at 8-10 (emphasis added).

The trial court credited Gutteridge’s testimony that, when he first met Russial, Gutteridge believed that he “was dealing with him personally.” N.T. Trial, 6/13/12, at 10. The court also heard Gutteridge’s deposition testimony in which he stated that he assumed he was dealing with Rus-sial as president of J3. Id. Gutteridge testified that “[a]t the point that we started setting up the Energy Buyers Group, it was Applied Energy Partners[-] J3 venture.” N.T., 6/13/2012, at 10.

The court specifically notes in its Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b) opinion that, “Gutteridge initially entered into the business relationship with .,. Russial.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 4. Clearly, the court believed Gutteridge’s testimony that he was dealing with Russial personally. The court stated that it “finds credible the testimony of ... Gutteridge when considered against that of ... Russial.” Id. at 1.

The'court found further support for its conclusion of personal liability in the following exchange that took place during Gutteridge’s cross-examination:

Q: Would you admit that neither you nor your company AEP has a written contract with either J3 Energy Group, Inc. or Mr. Russial?
A: Formal written contract, no.
Q: In your dealings with J3 Energy Group, did J3 Energy Group make it clear several times to you that it wanted a written contract in order to continue a business relationship with AEP?
A: Yes, and I made the same representations in reverse.
THE COURT: Mr. Gutteridge, I thought I heard testimony earlier on direct examination that Mr. Russial said to you that there was no need to do this in written form, as long as the respective obligations of the parties were well defined?
A: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: So at what point in time did the idea of having a written docu-merit come into being? Because apparently early on there wasn’t one, and it wasn’t being pursued.
A: No. You’re right. After, I guess, March or so of 2008, is when the issue came up of should we form a separate legal entity to run the Energy Buyers Group. And [counsel for Appellants’/Defendants’] advice at. the time was we didn’t need that. But into the fall and the rest of the year 2009, the issue of how we should formalize the relationship came up a number of times over. '

N.T. Trial, 6/13/12, at 10-11.

The court found that Russial and Gut-teridge discussed the formation' of the Energy Buyers Group as a joint venture between AEP and J3, but never executed written contracts. The court found no express contract, as there was insufficient evidence of “mutual assent.” Based on this testimony, the court concluded that, once the parties were unable to come to a written agreement with respect to the Group, it was “perfectly reasonable for ... Gut-teridge to believe that the formation’of the sales and marketing relationship between himself and ... Russial was ongoing and continued despite their inability to formalize the creation of the Energy Buyérs Group.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 4 (emphasis added),

“In a non-jury trial, the factfin-der is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence, and the Superior Court will not disturb the trial court’s credibility determinations.” Triffin v. Dillabough, 552 Pa. 550, 716 A.2d 605, 607 (1998). See also Miller v. C.P. Centers, Inc., 334 Pa.Super. 623, 483 A.2d 912, 915 (1984). “Assessments of credibility and conflicts in evidence are for the trial court to resolve; this Court is not permitted to reexamine the weight and credibility determinations or substitute our judgments for those of the factfinder.” Turney Media Fuel v. Toll Bros., 725 A.2d 836, 841 (Pa. Super. 1999). “The test is not whether this Court would have reached the same result on the evidence presented, but rather, after due consideration of the evidence the trial court found credible, whether the trial court could have reasonably reached its conclusion. Terletsky v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 437 Pa.Super. 108, 649 A.2d 680, 686 (1994).,

Here, the court’s conclusion, that Gut-teridge was dealing with Russial individually and that Gutteridge and Russial were parties to a failed business deal, is' supported by evidence that the trial court deemed credible. Mindful of our limited role as an appellate court, we may not disturb that , conclusion. See Turney Media Fuel, supra; Terletsky, supra. See also Company Image Knitwear, supra (when reviewing findings of trial judge in non-jury trial, evidence is viewed in light most favorable to victorious party below and all evidence and proper inferences favorable to that party must be taken as true and all unfavorable inferences rejected).

Appellants/Defendants next assert that the trial court abused its discretion or committed an error of law by finding liability against Russial under the theory of unjust enrichment. We find no error or abusé of discretion.

“Unjust enrichment” is essén-tially an equitable doctrine. Styer v. Hugo, 422 Pa.Super. 262, 619 A.2d 347 (1993). It is well-established that “[c]ourts sitting in equity hold broad powers to grant relief that will result in an equitable resolution of a dispute.” Williams Twp. Bd. of Supervisors v. Williams Twp. Emergency Co., Inc., 986 A.2d 914, 921 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). In addition, “a trial court must formulate an equitable remedy that is consistent with the relief requested ...” Id. (citing North Mountain Water Supply Co. v. Troxell, 232 Pa. 155, 81 A. 157 (1911)).

In Stoeckinger v. Presidential Financial Corp. of Delaware Valley, 948 A.2d 828 (Pa. Super. 2008), this Court held that:

A claim for unjust ’enrichment arisés from a quasi-contract. “A quasi-contract imposes a duty, not as a result of any agreement,- whether express or implied, but in spite of the absence of an agreement, when one party receives unjust enrichment at the expense of another.” AmeriPro Search, Inc. v. Fleming Steel Co., 787 A.2d 988, 991 (Pa. Super. 2001).
The elements of unjust enrichment are benefits conferred on defendant by plaintiff, appreciation of such benefits by defendant, and acceptance and retention of such benefits under such circumstances that it would be inequitable for .defendant to retain the benefit without payment of value. Whether the doctrine applies depends on the unique factual circumstances of each case. In determining if the doctrine applies, we focus not on the intention of the parties, but rather on whether the defendant has been unjustly enriched-
Styer v. Hugo, 422 Pa.Super. 262, 619 A.2d 347, 350 (1993) (quotation marks omitted).

Stoeckinger, 948 A.2d at 833.

“To sustain a claim of unjust enrichment, a claimant must show that the party against whom recovery is sought either wrongfully secured or- passively received a benefit that it would be unconscionable for her to retain.” Torchia v. Torchia, 346 Pa.Super. 229, 499 A.2d 581, 582 (1985) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The application of the doctrine depends on the particular factual circumstances of the case at issue, In determining if the doctrine applies, our focus is not on the intention of the parties, but rather the most critical element of this equitable doctrine, which is whether the enrichment of the defendant is unjust. “The doctrine does not apply simply because the defendant may have benefited as a result of the actions of the plaintiff.” Styer, 619 A.2d at 350.

Here, the trial court found credible evidence that Russial committed wrongful acts by breaking his promises to Appel-lees/Plaintiffs after Appellees/Plaintiffs performed services in reliance on those promises. As a result, Russial kept all of the revenues from the Group, obtained through Appellees’ efforts, and secüred exclusive relationships with AEP’s most productive channel partners.'

The trial court found credible the evidence that Appellees/Plaintiffs expended considerable efforts attempting to develop the Energy Buyers Group and to persuade its AEP partners and their customers to market and purchase Appellants’/Defendants’ services. The court found that, despite the fact that Russial had expressed disappointment with AEP’s sales and marketing efforts, Russial had promised Ap-pellees/Plaintiffs 35% of the revenues, and

[a]fter AEP and its partners produced considerable income for [them, Russial and J3] then decided that a relationship could be formed directly with AEP Partners Porreca and Keaton without the need for AEP or Gutteridge. Russial had obtained the services of the most committed AEP Partners and set out to develop a direct relationship with them and impact adversely their relationship with AEP. Russial unilaterally determined that he would pay directly - to Porreca and Keaton the percentage of sales commission that AEP was obligated to pay them as a result of their sales efforts for [Russial and J3’s] services.

Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 4-5 (emphasis added).

The court found Appellees/Plaintiffs also presented credible evidence that the benefits that Appellants/Defendants secured unjustly were equal to the amount of money Appellees/Plaintiffs would have received had Appellants/Defendants not unilaterally altered the agreed 65%/35% revenue split arrangement. See Exhibit P-64 (showing total revenue for both procurement and demand services through December 31, 2011, totaling $982,537.00). The trial court determined that Gutteridge and AEP had an expectation of payment for services performed, that Russial wrongfully kept revenues obtained through Appel-lees/Plaintiffs’ efforts, and that it would be inequitable for Appellants/Defendants to retain the benefits of that revenue without payment of value. See Wiernik v. PHH U.S. Mortgage Corp., 736 A.2d 616, 622 (Pa. Super. 1999). Accordingly, the trial court determined that Appellants/Defendants were unjustly enriched by retaining 35% of that amount, or $343,887.00.

Russial also argues that even if the trial court did not err in finding liability under unjust enrichment, the court abused its discretion and/or committed an error of law by applying the wrong measure of damages. Russial argues the verdict was excessive and improperly calculated, and that the court improperly awarded damages “based on unpaid commissions, as opposed to reliance damages[.]” Appellant’s Brief, at 26. Russial contends that, at most, Appellees/Plaintiffs were entitled to a commission of fifteen percent, which is the net they would have earned after paying commissions to A1 and/or Plastic Machinery Sales. Additionally, Russial notes that “J3 did, in fact, pay the twenty (20%) percent .commission to A1 Energy and Plastic Machinery Sales.” Appellant’s Brief, at 27. Russial claims that the court’s damages award is “perplexing” because it awarded damages on a “contract basis of 35% of gross revenues, instead of trying to determine a reasonable value for whatever services, if any, the AppelleesITPlaintiffs] provided” to Appellants/Defendants. Id. at 45. Accordingly, Russial asserts “the court’s verdict of $343,887.00, which was calculated by the trial court by taking 35% of the gross sales of $982,537.00, should be reduced to no more than $147,380.55, which is 15% of the gross sales figure of $982,537.00.” Id. We find no error.

Russial has been enriched, unjustly, and the measure of damages is the value of the benefits conferred; that is, Russial must make restitution to Appellees/Plain-tiffs in quantum meruit. AmeriPro Search Inc. v. Fleming Steel Co., 787 A.2d 988 (Pa. Super. 2001). The value was 35% of the revenue, which included Appel-lees’/Plaintiffs’ obligation to compensate the channel partners for their commissions on those revenues. The fact that Russial may have unilaterally decided to pay directly to Porreca and Keaton the 15% commission that AEP was obligated to pay them is, as the trial court noted, “not part of this litigation.” See Verdict, 7/3/13, at n.4. “[Appellants’/Defendants’] willingness to pay AEP’s sales commissions to Porreca and Keaton [does] not entitle them to a ‘credit’ against any claims that [Appellees/Plaintiffs] have against [Appellants/Defendants,] nor does it relieve [Appellants/Defendants] of any sales commission obligations that [they] may have to Porreca and Keaton.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 5.

Russial has produced no evidence that the channel partners have released Appel-lees/Plaintiffs from their commission obligations. Therefore, had the trial court discounted the damages award to offset the commissions Appellants/Defendants paid to the channel partners, Appellees/Plain-tiffs would be left responsible for paying commissions without having received full compensation.

Russial next asserts that the trial court abused its discretion or committed an error of law by finding liability under the theory of promissory estoppel.

Our Supreme Court has explained the doctrine of promissory estoppel as follows:

Where there is no enforceable agreement between the parties because the agreement is not supported by consideration, the doctrine of promissory estop-pel is invoked to avoid injustice by making enforceable a promise made by one party to the other when the promisee relies on the promise and therefore changes his position to his own detriment. [Restatement (Second) Contracts] § 90; see, e.g., Shoemaker v. Commonwealth Bank, 700 A.2d 1003, 1006 (Pa. Super. 1997). In order to maintain an action in promissory estoppel, the aggrieved party must show that 1) the promisor made a promise that he should have reasonably expected to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee; 2) the promisee actually took action or refrained from taking action in reliance on the promise; and 3) injustice can be avoided only by enforcing the promise. Id. As promissory estoppel is invoked in order to avoid injustice, it permits an equitable remedy to a contract dispute.

Crouse v. Cyclops Industries, 560 Pa. 394, 745 A.2d 606, 610 (2000).

Russial argues “there was no evidence presented by Appellees and the trial court made no findings in its Verdict or Opinion finding any of the three elements of promissory estoppel against either Appellant, especially Appellant Stephen Russial.” Appellant’s Brief, at 46. We disagree.

Here, the court found evidence that Appellants/Defendants made promises to Ap-pellees/Plaintiffs that were expected to induce action by Appellees/Plaintiffs. The court found credible testimony that: (1) Russial personally promised a revenue sharing arrangement to Gutteridge; (2) their personal business relationship continued while they attempted to formalize the Group buying arrangement involving their companies; and (3) J3 promised AEP that in exchange for marketing its business, it would pay a percentage of the revenues generated from AEP so that AEP could pay commissions to its existing sales force.

There was also evidence that Appellants’/Defendants’ promises induced Appel-lees/Plaintiffs to take various actions. As. a result of Russial’s promises, Gutteridge introduced Russial and J3 to the AEP channel partners, who made several sales calls to potential customers to market the Group. Furthermore, Gutteridge testified that AEP only sought to become involved in the demand response and procurement market based on Appellants’/Defendants’ promises to enter into the shared revenue arrangement. N.T. Trial, 6/12/12, at 187.

Lastly, the court concluded that “[equity demands that [Appellees/Plaintiffs] recover on the theory of promissory estoppel to the extent that [Appellants/Defendants] are unjustly enriched by 35% of the revenues that would otherwise be paid to [Ap-pellees/Plaintiffs].” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 4. In other words, permitting recovery on the promise is the only way to avoid injustice. See Crouse, supra.

This conclusion is supported by the testimony deemed credible by the trial court, that only once the Group met its target of 50 megawatts of purchasing volume, Appellants/Defendants decided they were unhappy with Appellees’/Plaintiffs’ work. Appellants/Defendants then refused to pay Appellees/Plaintiffs unless they signed an agreement that would cut them out of the Group and allow Appellants/Defendants to use the AEP. sales force for their exclusive gain. Appellees/Plaintiffs rejected this offer, and Appellants/Defendants then refused to pay the already agreed-to 35% of the revenues generated by the channel partners, which amounted to $343,887.

Appellants/Defendants then began paying AEP’s two most productive and committed channel partners, Porreca and Keaton, directly for their services and had them sign non-compete' agreements to the detriment of Appellees/Plaintiffs. Appel-lees/Plaintiffs thus lost the ability to sell to Porreca and Keaton’s clients, including the ability to sell them the services of their new vendor for energy procurement services, World Energy.

Russial argues there was no injustice in this case because “Appellees[/Plaintiffs] did not perform as they represented they would or could[.].” Appellants’ Brief, at 47. Relying heavily on his own testimony, Rus-sial claims “Appellees[/Plaintiffs] failed to identify 12 to 14 sales agents, as they represented they could do.” Id. Russial also claims that Appellees/Plaintiffs purported to have a network of agents who could sell J3’s services without J3 being involved in training or operating the network or closing sales. However, in light of the trial court’s statement that it “finds credible the testimony of ... Gutteridge when considered against that of []Rus-sial,” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 1, Russial’s contention that no injustice occurred fails. The court had before it Gut-teridge’s credible testimony that it was only when the 50 megawatt goal was reached, and the Group was about to realize revenues, that. Appellants/Defendants communicated any dissatisfaction with Ap-pellees’/Plaintiffs! efforts, and then engaged in conduct to lure away Appel-lees’/Plaintiffs’ most successful channel partners. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not err in concluding that the doctrine of promissory estoppel applied in this matter.

Russial next argues that even if the trial court correctly found liability under the theory of promissory estoppel, it should have awarded only reliance damages to Appellees/Plaintiffs. Russial argues that “any recovery under promissory es-toppel would be for reliance damages, i.e., damages incurred in reliance of the alleged promise.” Appellant’s Brief, at 49.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 90(1), Comment d, provides, in relevant part:

A promise binding under this section is a contract, and full-scale enforcement by normal remedies is often appropriate. But the same factors which bear on whether any relief, should be granted also bear on the character and extent of the remedy. In particular, relief may sometimes be limited to restitution or to damages or specific relief measured by the extent of the promisee’s reliance rather than by the terms of the promise.

Accordingly, the general rule is that a plaintiff should be awarded the value of the defendant’s promises unless equity dictates otherwise. Although Rus-sial cites Banas v. Matthews Int’l Corp., 348 Pa.Super. 464, 502 A.2d 637 (1985), for the general proposition that “any recovery under promissory estoppel would be for reliance damages,” Appellant’s Brief, at 49, he paints with too broad a brush. Rather, as our Supreme Court noted, a promissory estoppel remedy may be limited as justice requires. Lobolito, Inc. v. North Pocono Sch. Dist., 562 Pa. 380, 755 A.2d 1287, 1292 n.10 (2000). Therefore, the issue is whether the trial court correctly found that the instant case does not involve equitable considerations that would justify deviating from contract damages.

Here, the trial court heard evidence regarding the sales and marketing activities that Appellees/Plaintiffs performed in reliance on Russial’s promises. It also heard testimony regarding the losses that Appel-lees/Plaintiffs sustained as a result of relying on those promises. Under these circumstances, the court concluded that the damages which are necessary to prevent injustice and to put Appellees/Plaintiffs in the position in which they would have been had Russial not unilaterally altered his relationship with Appellees/Plaintiffs, were the benefit of their bargain. We agree this was appropriate, and Russial has not demonstrated any equitable concerns that would justify a lesser, alternative calculation of damages.

Lastly, Russial claims that the verdict of $343,887.00 was excessive and/or improperly calculated. We have disposed of this argument already and find that Russial’s claim is of no merit.

As the trial court explained, Russial refused to abide by what had been agreed upon as the 65%/35% split, and unilaterally altered the arrangement and developed an exclusive direct relationship with Por-reca and Keaton to Plaintiffs’/Appellees’ detriment. We agree with the trial court’s reasoning that “[Appellants’/jDefendants’ willingness to [allegedly] pay AEP’s sales commissions to Porreca and Keaton do[es] not entitle them to a ‘credit’ against any claims that [Appellees/]Plaintiffs have against [Appellants/]Defendants[,] nor does it relieve [Appellees/]Plaintiffs of any sales commission obligations that it may have to Porreca and Keaton.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 5 (emphasis added). Russial points to nothing in the record to support a finding that Porreca and Keaton have released AEP from its commission obligations. We find no error. See Lesoon v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 898 A.2d 620 (Pa. Super. 2006) (duty of assessing damages is for factfinder, whose decision will not be disturbed on appeal unless record clearly shows caprice, partiality, prejudice, corruption, or other improper influence); see also Delahanty v. First Pennsylvania Bank, 318 Pa.Super. 90, 464 A.2d 1243, 1257 (1983) (“In reviewing the award of damages, the appellate courts should give deference to the decisions of the trier of fact who is usually in a superior position to appraise and weigh the evidence.”).

Judgment affirmed.

President Judge Gantman, President Judge Emeritus Ford Elliott, President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Panella, and Judge Ott join the Opinion.

Judge Bowes files a Concurring and Dissenting Opinion in which Judge Shogan and Judge Olson join.

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION BY

BOWES, J.:

While I agree with my distinguished colleagues that Christopher Gutteridge and Applied Energy Partners, LLC (“AEP”) are entitled to judgment, we differ as to the amount of that judgment and against whom it should have been entered. I believe the record fails to factually or legally support the imposition of personal liability against Stephen Russial. At all relevant times, Mr. Russial was acting in his capacity as the President of his corporation, J3 Energy Inc. Furthermore, since the amount of the recovery was based at least in part on the equitable theory of unjust enrichment, the same equitable considerations militate in favor of deducting from the award the commissions J3 already paid to Lori Porreca and Herb Keaton. Hence, I would vacate the judgment and remand the matter to the trial court to enter judgment against J3 Energy Inc. only, in an amount reflecting a deduction for the commissions J3 paid to Porreca and Keaton.

The trial court found that Mr. Russial and Mr. Gutteridge were engaged in a personal business relationship. It based its finding on Mr. Gutteridge’s testimony that when he first met Mr. Russial, “I was dealing with him personally.” N.T. 6/13/12, at 10. The personal nature of the relationship was further supported, according to the- trial court, by Mr. Gutteridge’s testimony that, in March of 2008, the issue arose “should we form a separate legal entity to run the Energy Buyer’s Group.” Id. at 11. Although counsel for J3 Energy advised that it was not necessary, Mr. Gutteridge testified that “the issue of how we should formalize the relationship came up a number of times over.” Id. The trial court acknowledged that there were ongoing discussions regarding the formation of a joint venture between AEP and J3. It concluded, however, that, since there was no written agreement, it was “perfectly reasonable for Plaintiff Gutteridge to believe that the formation of the sales and marketing relationship between himself and Defendant Russial was ongoing and continued despite their inability to formalize the creation of the Energy Buyers Group.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 4.

The majority characterizes the trial court’s finding that Mr. Gutteridge and Mr. Russial were engaged in a personal business relationship as a credibility determination and declines to disturb it. I submit that there is no credibility dispute. The record establishes that Mr. Gutteridge and Mr. Russial were acting at all relevant times on behalf of AEP and J3 in pursuing the joint venture and Mr. Gutteridge’s testimony is entirely consistent with that scenario. The record reveals the following.

Mr. Gutteridge knew Mr. Russial before they broached the subject of a joint venture between their companies. Mr. Gutter-idge also was aware that J3 Energy was Mr. Russial’s company, and he understood that the corporation “was a consulting firm, providing those sorts of services, bill audition, power factor correction, that type of thing.” N.T., 6/12/12 at 34. It was “during a road trip to Pittsburgh in the fourth quarter of 2007” that they first discussed the joint venture. Id. at 32. Mr. Gutteridge was quick to point out that when they created the Energy Buyers Group, it was as a joint venture between Applied Energy Partners and J3 Energy. Id. at 10. AEP would supply sales and marketing services through its channel partners to obtain members; J3 Energy would contribute its energy expertise to manage a pool of energy and a demand response program. Their joint venture would be called Energy Buyers Group.

In a February 2008 email to Lori Porre-ca and other AEP channel partners, Mr. Gutteridge characterized the venture: “Steve Russial’s company, J3 Energy, and Applied Energy Partners will be jointly promoting and operating the ‘Energy Buyers Group’ throughout the mid-Atlantic states (PJM electrical region).” Exhibit P-2. Promotional materials and member agreements described Energy Buyers Group as a “joint venture composed of Applied Energy Partners and J3 Energy.” The Energy Buyers Group membership agreements bore the logos of both Applied Energy and J3 Energy. According to Mr. Gutteridge, they included the logos of both entities “[bjecause throughout the whole period we were introducing the Energy Buyers Group to every single customer as a joint venture between Applied Energy and J3.” N.T., 6/12/12, at 77. He also explained that either he or Mr. Russial could sign the agreements on behalf of the joint venture in their capacities as principals for Applied Energy and J3.

The initial financial arrangement between Applied Energy and J3 Energy provided that commissions on sales would be paid to J3 Energy. That corporation would pay Applied Energy thirty-five percent of the gross revenue. Id, at 79. Applied Energy would pay commissions to its channel partners from its share of the commission.

Although Mr. Gutteridge and Mr. Rus-sial spoke in terms of “I,” “we,” and “you” when they discussed the joint venture, it is apparent that they were dealing on behalf of their companies, AEP and J3. As Mr. Gutteridge explained, “At the point that we started setting up the Energy Buyers Group, it was Applied Energy Partners J3 venture.” Id. at 10. This exchange during the cross-examination of Mr. Gutteridge illustrates that point.

Q: At your deposition I remember asking you when you met Steve Russial were you aware of his company, J3 Energy Group, Inc., were you aware of that company?
A: Yes.
Q: And were you aware that the company was a corporation?
A: No, not specifically, but I assumed so.
Q: Mr. Gutteridge, I’m handing you your deposition on January 6, 2012 of this year. I’m bringing your attention to page 26, lines 14 through 21. Would you read those and let me know when you’re finished?
A: “Let’s talk about that. One of my clients is J3 Energy Group Inc. Were you aware of J3 Energy Group, Inc. when you started dealing with Mr. Russial?”
‘Yes.”
“Were you aware that that was a corporation?”
“Yes.”
Q: I also asked you if, when you were dealing with Mr. Russial, were you dealing with him in his capacity as president of this corporation — of his corporation. You don’t remember what you answer was?
A: I don’t remember what my answer was, but when I first met Mr. Russial, I was dealing with him personally. At the point that we started setting up the Energy Buyers Group, it was Applied Energy Partners J3 venture.
Q: I’m going to approach you one more time. If I show you, again, page 26, the last three lines, and then your answer on the top of your deposition testimony?
A: Yes. You asked me in my dealings with Mr. Russial was he always dealing as president of J3 and I said I assumed so.
Q: Thank you.

N.T., 6/13/12, at 8-10 (emphasis supplied).

I submit that personal communications between corporate principals regarding their businesses’ participation in a joint venture do not constitute a business deal between individuals. At all relevant times, Mr. Russial was acting on behalf of his corporation, J3, and Mr. Gutteridge was acting as president of AEP, in discussing and forming the joint venture. This is entirely consistent with the fact that “a corporation must, act through agents.” See Red Vision Sys. v. Nat’l Real Estate Info. Servs., L.P., 108 A.3d 54, 60 (Pa.Super. 2015); see also Peters Creek United Presbyterian Church v. Wash. Presbytery, 90 A.3d 95, 113 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2014) (a corporation acts through its officers, shareholders or members).

AEP and J3 Energy, acting through their principals, pursued the joint venture as they attempted to finalize the terms of their arrangement. The trial court concluded that when they failed to execute a formal written contract, it was “perfectly reasonable for ... Gutteridge to believe that the formation of the sales and marketing relationship between himself and ... Russial was ongoing and continued despite their inability to formalize the creation of the Energy Buyers Group.” Trial Court Opinion, 6/11/14, at 4.

The trial court mistakenly concluded that because AEP and J3 did not execute a formal written agreement, the business relationship defaulted to one between Mr. Gutteridge and Mr. Russial personally. I submit there was a business relationship between AEP and J3, as evidenced by their common pursuit of members in Energy Buyers Group. Admittedly, the relationship stumbled, but technically, the absence of a formal written agreement was not legally required. A joint venture is a

“special combination, of two or more persons where, in some specific venture, a profit is jointly sought without any actual partnership or corporate designation”: 30 Am. Jur., Joint Adventures, § 3. The existence or non-existence of a joint venture depends upon what the parties intended in associating together. It must arise from a contractual basis, although the contract need not be express but may be implied from the acts and conduct of the parties. Tq constitute a joint venture certain factors are essential: (1) each party to the venture must make a contribution, not necessarily of capital, but by way of services, skill, knowledge, materials or money; (2) profits must be shared among the parties; (3) there must be a “joint proprietary interest and right of mutual control over the subject matter” of the enterprise; (4) usually, there is a single business transaction rather than a general and continuous transaction,

McRoberts v. Phelps, 391 Pa. 591, 138 A.2d 439, 443-444 (Pa. 1958). Whether a joint venture exists depends on the specific case, “and no fixed nor fast rule can be promulgated to apply generally'to all situations.” Id. The association can be one of corporations; which “by contract, express, or implied, agreed to engage in a common enterprise for their mutual'profit.” Gold & Co. v. Northeast Theater Corp., 281 Pa.Super. 69, 421 A.2d 1151, 1155 n.1 (1980).

The trial court concluded that AEP and J3 failed to reach a meeting of the minds on the specific terms of the joint venture and neither party challenges that finding on appeal. Nonetheless, the court imposed liability upon J3 Energy Inc. based on its breach of.- promises to AEP and unjust enrichment. I believe that characterizing the business relationship herein as a personal one between Mr. Gutteridge and Mr, Russial, and imposing personal liability on Mr. Russial, is legally irreconcilable with the court’s concomitant finding of liability against J3 Energy Inc. based on its relationship with Applied Energy. It does not follow that when those two entities failed to reach a formal joint venture agreement, the relationship devolved into a personal one between the principals.

The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to Mr. Gutteridge and AEP, the prevailing parties below, establishes that Mr. Gutteridge and Mr. Russial were acting at all times on behalf of their respective companies in seeking to forge a joint venture. This was a failed business deal between J3 Energy and AEP, rather than Mr. Russial and Mr. Gutteridge. There is no factual or legal basis to impose personal liability against Mr. Russial, and thus, I would vacate the judgment and remand with directions to the trial court consistent with that finding.

The trial court invoked equitable remedies to ensure that the Defendants were not unjustly enriched and ordered them to make restitution in the amount of thirty-five percent of the revenue. The majority sanctions the trial court’s refusal to credit against that amount the commission payments J3 made to Lori Porreca and Herb Keaton since the latter had not released Mr. Gutteridge and AEP from its obligation to pay such commissions. I believe equitable principles favor an offset for the payments J3 made to Porreca and Keaton even in the absence of a release. By not crediting the payments, the trial court has unjustly enriched Mr. Gutteridge and AEP as there is no viable legal means for Lori Porreca and Herb Keaton to recover again against those parties. Judge Technical Servs., Inc. v. Clancy, 813 A.2d 879, 887 (Pa.Super. 2002) (“An injured party cannot recover twice for the same injury, based on the theory that double recovery results in unjust enrichment.”).

For all of the foregoing reasons, I would vacate the judgment and remand for proceedings consistent herewith. 
      
      . Appellant/Defendant J3 filed a motion to withdraw the appeal as to J3 only, averring J3 is now “under common ownership with PlaintiffiAppellee [AEP].” We grant J3's motion to withdraw the appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1973. Additionally, Appellees/Plaintiffs have filed a motion to strike portions of Appellants’/Defendants’ brief. We deny this motion.
     
      
      . At trial, Gutteridge defined “procurement” as follows:
      The business of helping the end-user consumer buy their electricity or natural gas most advantageously. Ten or 15 years ago all utilities were fully regulated and you had no choice. Over the last ten or 15 years various states have become deregulated, so now end[-]user consumers can buy their own electricity from ten to 15 different potential suppliers.
      N.T. Trial, 6/12/12, at 31.
     
      
      . At trial, Gutteridge defined "demand response” as follows:
      The business where a utility will pay a large electrical user to curtail their usage on days when the electrical grid has a'high load, which are nearly always summer afternoons. If the load on the grid gets too high, they send out a message. And those people who have signed up for demand response, and who will be paid for doing it, agree to curtail their use during those periods.
      
        Id. at 30.
     
      
      . PPL, formerly known as PP&L, or Pennsylvania Power and Light, is an energy company headquartered in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
     
      
      . The other large utilities in Pennsylvania, PECO and MetEd, were scheduled to deregulate in January 2011.
     
      
      . The trial court entered judgments in favor of Appellants/Defendants on Appellees/Plain-tiffs’ claims for breach of contracVimplied duty of good faith and tortious interference with contractual relations. See Verdict, 7/3/13. The court found no mutual assent. Id. at n.4. See Bair v. Manor Care of Elizabeth-town, PA, LLC, 108 A.3d 94, 96 (Pa. Super. 2015) (touchstone of any valid contract is mutual assent and consideration). Those judgments have not been appealed.
     
      
      . Appellant/Defendant J3 has withdrawn its appeal from the judgment entered against it.
     
      
      . We also note that in their Answer and New Matter to Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint, filed 1/26/11, Appellants/Defendants do not allege "payment” as an affirmative defense. See Pa.R.C.P. 1030(a) ("Except as provided by subdivision (b), all affirmative defenses including but not limited to the defenses of ... payment ... shall be pleaded in a responsive pleading under the heading "New Matter!.]” See also Pa.R.C.P. 1032(a) ("A party waives all defenses and objections which are not presented either by preliminary objection, answer or reply, except a defense which is not required to be pleaded under rule 1030(b)[,]”).
     
      
      . The trial court did not pierce the corporate veil to impose personal liability against Mr. Russial.
     
      
      
        . I am aware that a corporate officer is subject to liability for breaching a promise extended not in his corporate capacity, but in his individual capacity. See Loeffler v. McShane, 372 Pa.Super. 442, 539 A.2d 876, 879 n.3 (1988). There is no evidence in the record that Mr. Russial’s promises or representations about revenue sharing were made in- anything other than his corporate capacity.
     