
    Estate of John K. Nickerson.
    
      (Surrogates Court, New York County,
    
    
      Filed April 8, 1889.)
    
    1. Discovery proceeding brought under § 2706 et seq. of the Code of Civ. Pro.—Burden of proof—What will be considered a withholding.
    Where one who had boarded in the same house with the decedent prior to his death took possession of certain personal property belonging to the estate and illegally sent it out of the state, the burden of proof rests upon him to show that such property is not still under his control, and where he fails to show this, but on the contrary it appears that the property is under his control, his failure to restore the property must be considered a withholding.
    S. Same—Costs — What circumstances justify the imposition of on
    RESPONDENT.
    Upon the question of costs, the facts that the respondent is an interloper, that he gained control of the property illegally, and unwillingly disclosed information with reference to its existence and whereabouts, and that he disingenuously answered the interrogatories of the examining counsel, justify imposing upon him the costs of this proceeding, which would have been avoided had he acted in a candid and impartial manner.
    '3. Same—Presumption of law
    The law presumes every act in itself unlawful to have been wrongfully intended until the contrary appears, and this presumption is not confined to criminal proceedings, but applies to civil cases as well.
    
      Baker Johnson, for E. B. Dusenbury, resp’t; Milnor & Willis, for petitioner.
   Ransom, S.

—Subsequent to the death of the decedent, the respondent, E. B. Dusenbury, who had boarded in the same house with him prior to his death, took possession of certain personal property belonging to this estate. A portion of this property has since been delivered into the custody of the surrogate, but was not so delivered until this proceeding was commenced. Two trunks and some jewelry were sent to Maine, to certain relatives of the intestate, by the respondent, who claims to have done so in accordance with the intentions of decedent as expressed to him. No claim is made that this delivery constituted a gift by the decedent to the consignees.

In fact, such a contention was expressly disclaimed by respondent’s counsel upon the first argument. When the matter was first submitted to the surrogate, a memorandum was handed down, by which the proceeding was ordered back to the assistant to take testimony upon the point whether or not this property, sent away by the respondent, is now under his control, and deferring further consideration of the application until such additional proof is taken. Nearly three hundred and fifty folios of testimony were taken pursuant to this direction.

The respondent gave no testimony tending to show that by any act of his own he sought to regain possession of the property after he became aware that his possession and disposition of the same had been illegal, and in contravention of the rights of the legal representatives of the deceased. I am of opinion that the fact having been established, that he was in possession of the property, and disposed of the same in violation of the rights of the administratrix, the burden rested upon him to show that it is not under his control. It certainly cannot be that a presumption arises in favor of the respondent that he is unable to restore the property to its proper custodian. The respondent illegally sent the property out of the state. If he cannot restore it, he is bound to show the reason why. If it is not still under his control, he is bound to show that fact and the reason therefor. Simply showing that he has sent it somewhere does not prove that he has not still dominion over it. It is conceivable that it might have been sent away by him on condition that it would be returned in certain contingencies —e. g., in case of suit against him by the administratrix. To adopt a different rule would be to hold that nothing shall be considered under a person’s control except it is in actual physical custody at the moment. Besides, it was peculiarly within the power of the respondent to adduce the proof to establish this proposition, and the elementary rule under such circumstances applies.

But independent of the burden of proof and apart from the consideration of what presumption, if any, arises, there is sufficient proof to warrant a finding that upon the request of the respondent, the property would be restored. In view of this finding, the conclusion is inevitable that the property is under his control. Knowing that by this simple, inexpensive method, without the necessity for re■sorting to legal process, he could repair his former illegal action, his failure to do so must be considered a withholding.

Upon the question of costs, the controlling fact is that the respondent is an interloper; that he gained control illegally of the property, unwillingly disclosed information with reference to its existence and whereabouts, and was disingenuous in answering the interrogatories of examining counsel.

The costs of the proceeding will be charged against the respondent, for the reason that this investigation would .have been avoided had he acted in an impartial and candid manner, and the illegal act was his by which the property was prevented from coming into the possession of the administratrix. The law presumes every act, in itself unlawful, to have been wrongfully intended until the contrary appears; and this presumption is not confined to criminal proceedings, but applies to civil cases as well (Taylor’s Evidence, § 103; Greenleaf, § 34).

His claim of having acted in good faith can only be regarded as a pretence, in view of his failure, after discovering that his conduct had been without warrant of law, to make any effort to regain possession of the property.  