
    BAGBY v DETROIT EDISON COMPANY
    Docket No. 311597.
    Submitted October 14, 2014, at Detroit.
    Decided October 23, 2014.
    Approved for publication December 16, 2014, at 9:10 a.m.
    Leave to appeal sought.
    Rosalie M. Bagby, personal representative of the estate of Dale L. Bagby II, deceased, brought an action in the Wayne Circuit Court against the Detroit Edison Company, seeking to recover damages resulting from the electrocution and death of the decedent during the course of his employment. Defendant’s motion for summary disposition was denied by the court, Jeanne Stempien, J., on the basis that plaintiff presented a genuine issue of material fact with respect to her claim for recovery under the intentional tort exception to the exclusive remedy provision of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.131(1). The Court of Appeals denied defendant’s application for leave to appeal in an unpublished order, entered September 13, 2013 (Docket No. 311597). The Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, remanded the case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. 495 Mich 983 (2014).
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    1. To recover under the intentional tort exception, a plaintiff must prove that his or her injury was the result of the employer’s deliberate act or omission and that the employer specifically intended an injury. To show that an employer specifically intended an injury, a plaintiff can provide direct evidence that the employer had the particular purpose of inflicting an injury on the plaintiff or, in the alternative, an employer’s intent can be proven by circumstantial evidence, i.e., that the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur, yet disregarded that knowledge.
    2. Constructive, implied, or imputed knowledge does not satisfy the actual knowledge requirement. An employer’s knowledge of general risks is insufficient to establish an intentional tort.
    3. A plaintiff, to establish a corporate employer’s actual knowledge, need only show that a supervisory or managerial employee had actual knowledge that an injury would follow from what the employer deliberately did or did not do.
    
      4. An injury is certain to occur if there is no doubt that it will occur. The existence of a dangerous condition does not mean an injury is certain to occur. An employer’s awareness of a dangerous condition, or knowledge that an accident is likely, does not constitute actual knowledge that an injury is certain to occur. Conclusory statements by experts are insufficient to allege the certainty of injury contemplated by the Legislature.
    5. A continuously operative dangerous condition may form the basis of a claim under the intentional tort exception only if the employer knows the condition will cause an injury and refrains from informing the employee about it. The employer’s act or failure to act must be more than mere negligence. The plaintiff must show that the employer willfully disregarded its actual knowledge that injury was certain to occur.
    6. Plaintiff failed to provide evidence that defendant had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge.
    7. To be “known” and “certain” an injury must spring directly from the employee’s duties and the employee cannot have had the chance to exercise individual volition. An employer cannot know that an injury is certain to occur when the employee makes a decision to act or not act in the presence of a known risk because the employer cannot know in advance what the employee’s reaction will he and what steps the employee will take. No supervisor could have known what decisions the decedent was going to make, so no supervisor could have had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur.
    Reversed and remanded.
    
      Edwards & Jennings, PC (Carl R. Edwards), for plaintiff.
    
      Warner Norcross & Judd LLP (by Matthew T. Nelson, Michael G. Brady, and William R. Jansen) for defendant.
    Amicus Curiae:
    
      Clark Hill PLC (by Cynthia M. Filipovich and Matthew W. Heron) for the Michigan Manufacturers Association.
    
      Before: BOONSTRA, EJ., and MARKEY and K. F. KELLY, JJ.
   PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals by leave granted the trial court’s order denying its motion for summary disposition. The court determined that summary disposition was improper because plaintiff, Rosalie M. Bagby, personal representative of the estate of Dale Lee Bagby II, deceased, presented a genuine issue of material fact with respect to her claim for recovery under the intentional tort exception of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), MCL 418.131(1). We reverse and remand.

Defendant argues that the trial court erred because there was no evidence that it had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and that it willfully disregarded that knowledge. We agree.

This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. MEEMIC Ins Co v DTE Energy Co, 292 Mich App 278, 280; 807 NW2d 407 (2011). A summary disposition motion under MCR 2.116(0(10) tests the factual support for a claim and should be granted if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. “When deciding a summary disposition motion, a court must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other documentary evidence in the light most favorable to the opposing party.” Id., citing Corley v Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 278; 681 NW2d 342 (2004). The interpretation and application of statutes are reviewed de novo. Johnson v Detroit Edison Co, 288 Mich App 688, 695; 795 NW2d 161 (2010).

Generally, the benefits provided by the WDCA are the sole remedy for employees to recover from their employers when the employees sustain work-related injuries or occupational diseases. Id. at 695-696. The only exception to this rule is when the employee can show that the employer committed an intentional tort. MCL 418.131(1); Johnson, 288 Mich App at 696. For purposes of the WDCA, an “intentional tort” is not a true intentional tort. Travis v Dreis & Krump Mfg Co, 453 Mich 149, 168; 551 NW2d 132 (1996) (opinion by BOYLE, J.). Rather, it exists

when an employee is injured as a result of a deliberate act of the employer and the employer specifically intended an injury. An employer shall be deemed to have intended to injure if the employer had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge. [MCL 418.131(1).]

Thus, to recover under the intentional tort exception of the WDCA, a plaintiff must prove that his or her injury was the result of the employer’s deliberate act or omission and that the employer specifically intended an injury. See MCL 418.131(1); Travis, 453 Mich at 169-180 (opinion by BOYLE, J.). In other words, a plaintiff must show that “an employer. .. made a conscious choice to injure an employee and . . . deliberately acted or failed to act in furtherance of that intent.” Travis, 453 Mich at 180 (opinion by BOYLE, J.).

There are two ways for a plaintiff to show that an employer specifically intended an injury. The plaintiff can provide direct evidence that the employer “had the particular purpose of inflicting an injury upon his employee.” Id. at 172. In the alternative, an employer’s intent can be proven by circumstantial evidence, i.e., that the employer “has actual knowledge that an injury is certain to occur, yet disregards that knowledge.” Id. at 173, 180.

Constructive, implied, or imputed knowledge does not satisfy this actual knowledge requirement. Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697. In addition, “[a]n employer’s knowledge of general risks is insufficient to establish an intentional tort.” Herman v Detroit, 261 Mich App 141, 149; 680 NW2d 71 (2004); see also House v Johnson Controls, Inc, 248 F Appx 645, 647-648 (CA 6, 2007). “In the case of a corporate employer, a plaintiff need only show that ‘a supervisory or managerial employee had actual knowledge that an injury would follow from what the employer deliberately did or did not do.’ ” Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697, quoting Fries v Mavrick Metal Stamping, Inc, 285 Mich App 706, 714; 777 NW2d 205 (2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted).

An injury is “certain to occur” if “there is no doubt that it will occur . . . .” Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697 (quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Travis, 453 Mich at 174 (opinion by BOYLE, J.). As the Supreme Court explained in Travis, 453 Mich at 174 (opinion by Boyle, J.):

[T]he laws of probability, which set forth the odds that something will occur, play no part in determining the certainty of injury. Consequently, scientific proof that, for example, one out of ten persons will be injured if exposed to a particular risk, is insufficient to prove certainty. Along similar lines, just because something has happened before on occasion does not mean that it is certain to occur again. Likewise, just because something has never happened before is not proof that it is not certain to occur.

In addition, “conclusory statements by experts are insufficient to allege the certainty of injury contemplated by the Legislature.” Id. The existence of a dangerous condition does not mean an injury is certain to occur. Id. An employer’s awareness of a dangerous condition, or knowledge that an accident is likely, does not constitute actual knowledge that an injury is certain to occur. Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697-698. The Supreme Court has also reasoned that an employer’s attempts to repair a machine and its repeated warnings to employees may be evidence that the employer did not have actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur. Travis, 453 Mich at 177 (opinion by BOYLE, J.). On the other hand, “[a] continuously operative dangerous condition may form the basis of a claim under the intentional tort exception only if the employer knows the condition will cause an injury and refrains from informing the employee about it.” Alexander v Demmer Corp, 468 Mich 896, 896-897 (2003).

Finally, the plaintiff must show that the defendant willfully disregarded its actual knowledge that injury was certain to occur. See MCL 418.131(1); Travis, 453 Mich at 179 (opinion by BOYLE, J.). This requirement is “intended to underscore that the employer’s act or failure to act must be more than mere negligence . . . .” Id. at 179.

Even assuming arguendo that plaintiff established a deliberate act or a conscious failure to act, she has failed to provide evidence that defendant had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur and willfully disregarded that knowledge. See MCL 418.131(1); Travis, 453 Mich at 172-173 (opinion by BOYLE, J.). First, plaintiff has not presented evidence that defendant, or a supervisory or managerial employee of defendant, had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur. Because defendant is a corporate employer, plaintiff needed to show that “a supervisory or managerial employee had actual knowledge that an injury would follow from what the employer deliberately did or did not do.” Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697, quoting Fries, 285 Mich App at 714 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Plaintiff points to several acts and omissions that allegedly resulted in Dale Bagby’s death. As discussed hereinafter, there is no evidence that a supervisor knew that any of these acts or omissions was certain to result in injury.

For example, there was evidence that Edmund Be-chard, the job supervisor, did not conduct, or inadequately conducted, a prejob briefing before Bagby and the rest of the crew began work on November 11, 2009. Such a briefing should have included discussion on the limits of protection and the hazards involved with the job. But it is speculation to conclude that the failure to conduct this briefing would result in Bagby’s death. It is even more speculative to conclude that Bechard, or any other supervisor, knew that the failure to conduct the prejob briefing would result in certain injury. The same reasoning applies to plaintiffs argument that Bagby and other employees lacked proper training. Even assuming this is true, one cannot conclude that Bagby would not have been electrocuted if he had the proper training or that defendant knew that the inadequate training of electrical maintenance journeyman (EMJ) apprentices would result in certain injury.

There was also evidence that someone had failed to return the orange barrier rope to its proper position. If it had been in its proper place, the rope would have encompassed the place where Bagby placed his ladder to change the leads. Although Bechard and another supervisor had visited the job site the day before, there was no evidence that either noticed the barrier was in the wrong place. The accident investigation team concluded that these two supervisors should have noticed this issue; however, plaintiff must establish actual knowledge. Constructive, implied, or imputed knowledge is insufficient. See Johnson, 288 Mich App at 697. In addition, it is also conjecture to conclude that Bagby would not have placed his ladder in the same area, and thus not been electrocuted, if the rope were in its proper place.

To the extent that plaintiff relies on witnesses’ statements that someone was going to get killed or injured and defendant did not prioritize safety, we must again conclude that these statements are insufficient to establish actual knowledge. “[C]onclusory statements by experts are insufficient to allege the certainty of injury contemplated by the Legislature.” Travis, 453 Mich at 174 (opinion by BOYLE, J.). In addition, defendant’s knowledge that the bus was energized at 40,000 volts and that contact or proximity to it would be dangerous, does not constitute actual knowledge that an injury would be certain to occur. “An employer’s knowledge of general risks is insufficient to establish an intentional tort.” Herman, 261 Mich App at 149.

Finally, plaintiff cannot show that defendant had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur because Bagby had many opportunities to exercise his own discretion. “To be ‘known’ and ‘certain,’ an injury must spring directly from the employee’s duties and the employee cannot have had the chance to exercise individual volition.” House, 248 F Appx at 648. An employer cannot know that an injury is certain to occur when “the employee makes a decision to act or not act in the presence of a known risk” because the employer cannot know in advance what the employee’s reaction will be and what steps he will take. Id. For example, in Herman, 261 Mich App at 150, this Court concluded that there was no evidence that the employer committed an intentional tort when the facts showed that the decedent’s electrocution and death “was the result of decedent’s momentary and tragic lapse in judgment....” Similarly, in Palazzola v Karmazin Prod Corp, 223 Mich App 141, 153; 565 NW2d 868 (1997), this Court concluded that there was no evidence that the employer committed an intentional tort when the decision to clean the tank, which led to the inhalation of harmful vapors, was made “on the spot” by a nonsupervisory employee.

In the instant case, Bagby and others made numerous decisions that, along with other factors, ultimately led to his electrocution and death. No supervisor could have known what decisions Bagby was going to make, so no supervisor could have had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur. For example, Allan McKinney, an EMJ and Bagby’s crew leader at the job site, told Bagby to work with Jeff Cooper, another EMJ apprentice, to change the leads. It appears Cooper was never told to change the leads; he was working on wiring. It also appears that Bagby did not speak with Cooper about helping him. He got the six-foot ladder, but thought it was too short. Bagby returned to McKinney and asked if a longer ladder was available. McKinney said that Richard Petersen, the other EMJ at the job site, had a longer ladder, but Bagby did not get this ladder. Bagby alone decided where to place the ladder. If he did indeed try to climb on the metal structure, that was also his own discretionary decision. The fact that no one knows exactly why Bagby happened to come close enough to the bus to be electrocuted also indicates that defendant did not have actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur.

Second, there was no evidence that an injury was certain to occur. Plaintiff asserts that because Bagby was changing leads next to a bus at 40,000 volts, he was in a continuously operative dangerous condition. “A continuously operative dangerous condition may form the basis of a claim under the intentional tort exception only if the employer knows the condition will cause an injury and refrains from informing the employee about it.” Alexander, 468 Mich at 896-897. Defendant did not refrain from telling Bagby or other employees that the line was energized and dangerous. McKinney and Petersen both reminded Bagby at different points on November 9, 10, and 11, 2009, that the line was energized. According to the accident investigation report, “the metal structure” was red-tagged, advising that one should not operate or disturb that equipment. Bagby received training on what red flags mean. Bagby also received training on the importance of keeping a safe distance from energized lines. The evidence shows that Bagby was trained on minimum safe distances about one month before he died. Thus, there is no evidence that defendant hid from Bagby or other employees the fact that the line was energized or that energized lines are dangerous.

Because there was no evidence that defendant had actual knowledge that an injury was certain to occur, there was also no evidence that it willfully disregarded that knowledge. To prove willful disregard, one must prove more than mere negligence, “e.g., failing to protect someone from a foreseeable harm.” Palazzola, 223 Mich App at 150. In this case, however, the evidence demonstrates at most that the harm Bagby sustained was foreseeable and that defendant could have protected Bagby from that harm. There is no evidence that defendant had actual knowledge the harm was certain to occur but willfully disregarded that knowledge. See MCL 418.131(1); Travis, 453 Mich at 173 (opinion by Boyle, j.).

We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

BOONSTRA, PJ., and MARKEY and K. E KELLY, JJ., concurred. 
      
       See Bagby v Detroit Edison Co, 495 Mich 983 (2014) (“[I]n lieu of granting leave to appeal, we remand this case to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted.”).
     