
    Thomas Killam, Appellant, v. The State of New York, Respondent.
    
      Letters patent without covenant as to title — they create no “just and equitable” claim against the State where there is a failure of title—chapter 155 of the Laws of 1897.
    The State of New York conveyed a certain lot by letters patent containing no covenant. Subsequently it was discovered that the title of the state to a portion of the lot was defective, and the parties claiming under such letters patent were evicted from possession of that portion under a judgment of the Supreme Court. Thereafter the Legislature, by chapter 155 of the Laws of 1897, conferred jurisdiction on the Board of Claims to hear, audit and determine the. claim arising out of the failure of title, .and provided, “If the facts proved!, before said board shall establish that damages have been sustained by said? claimant, arising or resulting as hereinbefore stated, said board shall determine-the amount of such damages and award to him such sum therefor as shall be¡ just and equitable.”
    
      Held, that the Court of Claims properly dismissed the claim, as the claimant was-not entitled to damages for the failure of title either by strict legal right or upon just and equitable principles.
    Appeal by the claimant, Thomas Killam, from a judgment of the Court of Claims in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of said court on the 20th day of September, 1899, dismissing the claimant’s claim.
    
      Richard Crowley, for the appellant.
    
      John C. Davies, Attorney-General and George H. Stevens, Deputy Attorney-General, for the respondent.
   Edwards, J.:

The State of New York, by letters patent dated July 26, 1845, granted to Daniel Cady lot No. 58 in the Canastota tract in Madison county, containing seventy-one and two-tenths acres.

Daniel Cady devised lot No. 58 to his daughter, Margaret McMartin, through whom, by mesne conveyances, Thomas Killam, the claimant, and Jason H. Howard, in 1863, acquired the title to lot.No. 58 that was conveyed to Cady.

In January, 1864, while Killam and Howard were in possession, under the deeds to them, an action was brought against them by Daniel Lewis to recover possession of seventeen and fifty-three oneliundredths acres of the said lot; and on August 23, 1869, judgment for possession was rendered for the plaintiff, which judgment 'was in January, 1872, affirmed by the General. Term of the Supreme 'Court, and Howard and Killam were evicted from the seventeen mid fifty-three one-liundredth's acres.

On June 3, 1882, Howard assigned to Killam, the claimant, all his interest in any claim by reason of failure of title to the land.

Under chapter 510 of the Laws of 1889 the claim of Thomas Killam against the State for damages arising out of the failure of title was presented to the Board of Claims, and ¡the board refused to make an award to the claimant, on the ground that “ the facts proved would not create a legal liability against the. State were the same established in a court of justice against an individual.” That .statute provided that no award should be made unless the facts proved would create such a liability.

Under chapter 155 of the Laws of 1897 the claim was again presented by .Killam to the Court of Claims, and ■ from its judgment dismissing the claim this appeal is taken.

Chapter 155 of the Laws' of 1897 confers' jurisdiction on the Board of Claims “to hear, audit and determine the claim of Thomas Killam against the State of New York for damages alleged to have been sustained by him, arising from or in conseqitence of the failure ■of title to land situate in the so-called Canastota tract in the county •of Madison and State of New York, granted to Daniel Cady under the great seal of the State by letters patent, dated the twenty-sixth •day of July, one thousand eight hundred and forty-five, * * including the actual costs and expenses incurred by the said Thomas Killam in defending such title; ” and provides that “ If the facts proved before said board shall establish that damages have been sustained by said claimant, arising or resulting as hereinbefore stated, said board shall determine the amount of such damages and award to him such sum therefor as shall be just and equitable.” The act does not contain the provision as to legal liability that was contained in the act of 1889.

The consideration for the grant of the seventy-one acres by the State to Cady is not expressed in the letters patent and does not appear in the evidence, although the counsel for the respondent contends that from the clause in the grant which reads, “ Upon condition, nevertheless, that our said grantee, his heirs or assigns, shall pay and satisfy all taxes that may have been assessed on the above-granted premises,” the proper inference is that the consideration was the payment by the grantee of the taxes on the premises-Whether or not this is correct is not material in the consideration of the question involved, and cannot affect the result.

The only authority of the Court of Claims to award damages to the claimant is derived from the statute. That authority is, in substance, to determine the amount of damages sustained by the claimant in consequence of the failure of title to the lands and to award to him “ such sum therefor as shall be just and equitable.” If the word “ damages ” in the statute be construed in its legal sense of injuries sustained by a breach of the contract, the judgment dismissing the claim of the claimant was unquestionably right. There was no breach of the contract on the part of the State. The grant to Cady did not contain any covenant of warranty, and no such covenant can be implied. Damages for failure of title to land can be recovered only on express covenants contained in the deed. (1 R. S. 138, § 140; Burwell v. Jackson, 9 N. Y. 541.)

But if the word “ damages ” be construed in the broader and more liberal sense of pecuniary loss sustained, I think the same result must follow. The Court of Claims is authorized to award only such damages for failure -of title “ as shall be just and equitable.” It must be conceded that the principles of justice and equity applicable to this claim are no different from those that could be invoked if the claim were against an individual, and the question presented, in its simplest form, is whether justice and equity require a grantor in a deed not containing any covenant to make pecuniary compensation to a grantee for loss sustained by him through failure of title. That there is no such legal liability on the grantor is well settled, and I think it equally cleár that there is no just or equitable requirement. The grantee gets all that he bargained for, that is, such title as his grantor has to the lands conveyed. He has ample opportunity for an examination of the records, and thus equal means of knowledge with the grantor as to the title, and if he accepts a deed without covenants he fully understands that he does: so at his own risk. He does not bargain for a covenant of warranty and is not justly and equitably entitled to anything more than the vendor agreed to give him. It is only on the theory that the Legislature intended to incorporate in the letters patent to' Cady a covenant of warranty that any award could possibly be made to the claimant. That such was the purpose would be a violent presumption. There are no words in the act expressing or implying such an intention nor can any reason be discovered for its existence. The grantee got all that he bargained for or expected to receive, and that his successor should be compensated for something beyond this is not required by any “ just and equitable ” principle. Such an award would be a mere gratuity.

Having reached this conclusion, the consideration of. the constitutionality of the statute in question is unnecessary.

The judgment appealed from should be affirmed.

Judgment unanimously affirmed, with costs.  