
    William Campbell and Thirty-seven others, Plaintiffs in Error, v. Clement Boyreau.
    This'court has heretofore decided, in several cases,, that, in order to bring the ' questions of law before this court by writ of -error; the facts! must be fouud in', 
      ■ the court below by a jury, by a general or special verdict, or must be agreed upon in a case stated.
    And also, that where the parties agree that the court shall decide questions both of law and fact, none of the questions decided, either of fact or law, caa be reviewed by this court on á writ of error.
    The practice in Louisiana is an exception to this general rule, as that practice is sanctioned by the act of Congress which requires the courts of the United
    ■ States to conform to the practice of the State'courts.
    • This case was brought up by writ of error from the Oiréuit Court of the United States for the northern district of California.-
    The case having been decided by this court upon a point of practice, it is necessary to state only so much of it as to show how the point of practice arose.
    It was a suit in the nature of an ejectment, brought by Boyreau to recover all the undivided half of an undivided eighteenth part of that certain tract of land; rancho, or farm, known as the “ Rancho San Leandro,” situate in the county of Alameda, State aforesaid, bounded as follows: on the north by the San Leandro creek; on the west by the bay of San Erancisco; on the south by the San Lorenzo creek; and on the east by a line commencing on the southern bank of the San Leandro creek, at a point on said bank, from whence a line bearing south, 29 degrees east, will .strike the eastern bank of a lagoon, situated about six or seven chains south of said creek, thence running ■dn said line about two hundred and sixty-two (262) chains, parallel with a ridge of hills running from the San Leandro creek to the,San Lorenzo creek, at a point at the base of the foot hills on the said creek.
    Upon the trial, thb whple ease was submitted to the court, a jury beipg expressly waived by agreementpf parties; and the evidence and arguments of counsel being heard, the court proceeded to find a long history of .facts, which is set forth in the record. The copy of the grant offered in evidence excluded land on the east occupied by the Indians, and the court, in its finding, ran the east line in such a way as. to exclude two of the defendants, ;who were pronounced-not guilty. All the evi denee necessary for the court to make up its opinion upon this point, and also upon other facts in the case, would seem to belong more appropriately to a jury.' The -second bill of exceptions contained the elaborate opinion of the court, in which. questions of fact and questions of law were all decided. ,
    The case was argued for the defendant in error in this court
    by Mr. Brent and Mr. Crittenden, who,
    upon the point in question, contended that the finding by the Court of the facts was as binding on the plaintiffs in error as if the facts were stated in a special verdict.’
   Mr. Chief Justice TANEY

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is an action of ejectment (although the pleadings, are not in the form' prescribed by the common law) to recover a tract of land called San Leandro, situated in California. It was brought in the Circuit Court of the United States for that district. The- parties agreed to waive a trial of the facts by a jury, and that the facts as well as the law should be. decided by the court, upon the evidence adduced by the parties.

In pursuance of this agreement, evidence was offered on. both sides ; and the court proceeded to decide the facts in dispute, and-then proceeded to decide the questions of law arising on the facts so’ found by the court; and finally gave judgment against the plaintiffs in error, who were defendants in the court below. And this writ of error is brought to revise that ’ judgment.

It appeals by the transcript that several exceptions to the opinion of the court were taken at the trial by the plaintiffs in error — some to the admissibility of evidence, and others to the construction and legal effect which the court gave to certain instruments of writing. But it is unnecessary to state them particularly; for it has been repeatedly decided by this court, that, in the mode of proceeding which the parties have seen propet to adopt,'none of the questions, whether of fact or of law, decided by the court below, can be re-examined and revised in this court upon a writ of error.

It will be sufficient,, in order to show the grounds upon which this doctrine has been maintained, and how firmly it has been settled in this court, to refer to two or three recent cases, without enumerating the various decisions previously made, which maintain the same principles. The point was directly decided in Gould and others v. Frontin, 18 How., 135; which, like the present, was a case from California, where a court of the United States had adopted the same mode of proceeding with that followed in the present instance. And the decision in that case was again reaffirmed in the case of Suydam v. Williamson and others, 20 How., 432; and again in the case of Kelsey and others v. Forsyth, decided at the present term.

Indeed, under the acts of Congress establishing and organizing the courts of the United States, it is clear that the decision could not be otherwise ; for, so far as questions of law are concerned, they are regulated in their modes of proceeding according to the rules and principles of the common law, with the-single exception of the courts in the State of Louisiana, of which we shall presently speak.. And by the established and familiar rules and principles which govern common-law proceedings, no question of the law can be reviewed and re-examined in an appellate court upon writ of error, (except only where it arises upon the process, pleadings, or judgment, in the cause,) unless the facts are found by a jury, by a general or special verdict, or are admitted by the parties, upon a case Btated in the nature of a special verdict stating the facts, and referring the questions of law to the court.

The finding of issues in fact by the court upon the evidence is altogether unknown to a- common-law court,- and cannot be recognised as- a judicial act. Such questions are exclusively, within the province of the jury; and if, by agreement of párties, the questions of fact in dispute are submitted for decision to the judge upon the evidence, he does not exercise judicial authority in deciding, but acts rather in the character of an arbitrator. And this court, therefore,,cannot regard thé facts so found as judicially determined in the court below,' nor examine the questions of law, as if those facts had been conclusively determined by a jury or-settled by the admission of the parties. Nor can any exception be taken to an opinion, of the court upon the admission or rejection of testimony, or upon any other question of law which may grow out of the evidence, unless a jury was actually impanelled, and the exception reserved while they were still at the bar. The statute which gives the exception in a trial at common law gives it only in such cases. And as this court cannot regard the facts found by the judge as having been judicially determined in the court below, there are no facts before us upon, which question's of law may legally and judicially have arisen in the inferior court, and no questions, therefore, open tó oúr revision as an appellate tribunal. • Consequently, as the Circuit Court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the parties, and there is no question of law or fact open to our re-examination, its judgment must be presumed to be right, and on that ground only affirmed.

The cases referred to in the argument, which were brought up by writs of error to a Circuit Court of Louisiana, do not apply to this case. The act of Congress of Muy 26, 1824, (4 Stat., 62,) adopted the practice of the State courts in the courts of the United States.' And a writ of error to a Circuit Court of that State, therefore, is governed by different principles from, a like writ to the Circuit Court of any other State. And as, by the laws of Louisiana, the facts, by consent .of parties, may be tried and found by the court without the intervention of a jury,- this court is bound, upon a writ of error, to regard them as judicially determined, and treat them; as if they had been found by the .special verdict; and the questions of law which arise on them are consequently open to the revision of" this eour-t. ‘

But the practice in relation to the decisions in that State is añ exception to the general rules and principles which regulate the proceedings of the courts of the United, States; nor can the laws or the practice of any o‘ther State authorize a proceeding.in the courts of the United States different from that which was' established by the acts of 1789 and 1808, and the subsequent laws carrying out the same principles and modes of proceeding.

Upon the grounds above stated, the judgment in this case must be affirmed. But it must at tbe same time be understood that this court express no opinion as to tbe facts or tbe law as decided by the Circuit Court, and that the whole case is open to re-examination and revision here, if the questions of fact or law should hereafter be brought legally before us, and in a shape that would enable this court to exercise its appellate jurisdiction.  