
    Edward Valk and Others, Appellants, v. Erie Railroad Company, Respondent.
    First Department,
    February 5, 1909.
    Carrier — exemption from liability for loss by fire •— conflict of laws — . when laws of place of shipment govern — rule in Illinois.
    Where an entire contract-for the shipment of goods from the State of Illinois to the city of Hew York was made in the former State and the goods were there delivered, the validity of a clause in the bill of lading releasing the carrier ■ "from liability for damage to the property by fire must be determined according to the laws of Illinois, although the goods were destroyed in this State. ■
    As by the laws of Illinois such exemption from liability is not binding whether the delivery is to be made within or without the State, unless accepted in ■writing by the shipper, or unless he expressly assents thereto, the shipper or the consignee as'assignee of the shipper’s rights may hold the carrier for a violation of his duty to carry safely where there has been no written accept- ■ aneé or express assent to the exemption clause.
    As a ¡general rule, the validity and construction of a contract of affreightment are to be determined by the.law of the place where it is made, although the delivery is to tie made in another State, unless a mutual intention of the parties to have it governed by the law of the other State be clearly shown.
    Appeal by the plaintiffs, Edward Yalk and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered m the office of the clerk of the county of Hew York on the 12th day of May, 1908, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from- an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 26th day of May, 1908, denying the plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes. ,
    
      Grant C. Fox [Stanley Holcomb Molleson with him on the brief], for the appellants.
    
      Ogden L. Mills [Frederic B. Jennings and William C. Cannon with him on the brief], for the respondent.
   Laughlin, J.:

This is an action by the consignees of goods against a common carrier for the destruction of the goods by fire while in transit. The property in question consisted of 100 tierces of grease. It was consumed by fire during the night of the 8th of December, 1905, while in the warehouse of the defendant on the dock at Buffalo where it had been unloaded ten days before from the defendant’s steamer Rochester by which it had been transported from Chicago to Buffalo under a through bill of lading for Hew York.

The defendant owns and operates a railroad from the city of Buffalo to the city of Hew York and a line of steamboats known as the Union Steamboat Line for the transportation of freight on the great lakes.

The property was delivered by Adler & Oberndorf in their stock yards in the city of Chicago to the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific Eailway Company on the 6th day of Hovember, 1905, to be delivered to the Union Steamboat Company at the Sixteenth street dock of the Eock Island Eailway Company in said city. Adler & Oberndorf on the same day delivered the receipt which they had received" from the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific Eailway Company to the Horthrop Commission Company, an Illinois corporation whose place of business was in the city of Chicago, and the latter company, by the usual indorsement on the receipt, directed the shipment of the goods to the city of Hew York and delivered the receipt to the defendant in the city of Chicago for that purpose. On the same day the defendant issued a bill of lading for the shipment of the goods from Chicago to. Hew York, consigned to the order of the Horthrop Commission Company at Hew York, with the notation on the bill of lading to notify the plaintiffs. Evidence was introduced in behalf of the defendant tending to show, that although the bill of lading was issued to the Horthrop Commission Company on the 6th day of Hovember, 1905, the goods were not actually received' from the Eock Island Eailway Company until the tenth of the same month. The goods were then loaded on the steamer Rochester which sailed on the twelfth day of Hovember, but owing to rough, stormy weather, was delayed in her passage and did not arrive in Buffalo until the twenty-sixth of Hovember. The goods were unloaded into the defendant’s warehouse two days later. Evidence was given On the part of the defendant tending to show that it became necessary to store the goods in the warehouse until the time of the fire owing to a congestion of freight, which was so great that the defendant’s supply of cars, which was adequate in ordinary times, was wholly inadequate for the emergency.

The bill of lading contains conditions releasing the, carrier from liability for damage to the property caused by fire. The court ruled upon the trial that these provisions formed a part of the contract of shipment and became, binding upon the shippers by the mere delivery to them of the bill of lading, and instructed the jury, in effect, that the common-law liability of the defendant, as a carrier, was limited by these provisions to loss by fire caused by its own negligence. The plaintiffs insisted that these provisions of the bill of lading formed no part of the contract of shipment and were not binding upon them, because they were never duly accepted by them or by their authorized agents in the manner and form required by the laws of the State of Illinois to make them a binding part of the contract. The undisputed evidence showed that by virtue of statutory law of the State of Illinois, as construed by the court óf last resort of that State, such provisions in" a bill of lading either for a shipment where delivery was to be made within or without the State formed no part of the contract unless accepted in writing by the shipper, or unless it appeared that the shipper expressly assented thereto. There is no evidence of such acceptance or assent in the casé at bar. There was no statutory provision in this State forbidding a common carrier to thus limit its liability without the express consent of the shipper, and the rule is here well settled that the shipper becomes bound by the provisions of the bill of lading which is delivered to him or to his duly authorized agent without any.express assent thereto on his part either in writing or otherwise. The court evidently deemed this rule'controlling in the case at bar, upon the theory that as delivery was to be made in this State the parties must be deemed to have contracted with reference- to the laws of New York. If the law of the State of Illinois governs this contract then, as already observed, these special provisions by which the defendant attempted to limit its common-law liability are not valid, and the defendant remained liable as an insurer of the goods. We are of opinion that the court erred in applying the law of the State of New York in determining what this, contract was. The goods' were in the State of Illinois, the shipment took place there, all negotiations for the contract were had there, the contract was there made and delivered, and the shippers resided there and the action is brought in their right by the plaintiffs, who claim an assignment of the bill of lading, and the defendant, having been, doing business in that State, is, for the purpose of making contracts, to be deemed a resident thereof. (See Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., 129 U. S. 397, 445-448.)

There can be no doubt that if the goods had been destroyed by fire while in the possession of the carrier, in the. State of Illinois, and an action had been brought on this bill of lading, it would have been held that the-provisions of the bill of lading, by which the defendant attempted to limit its common-law liability, were void and constituted no part of the contract, inasmuch as they were not accepted or assented to by the shipper. The terms and provisions of a given contract must be the same in the State where the contract is to be executed as in the State where it- is made. Of course it is competent for parties to contract with reference to the laws of the place of performance, and that is quite common where performance- is to be wholly within another State or country; but this contract was not wholly to be performed within the State of New York, and it is not reasonable to infer that the shippers, who resided and transacted business in Chicago, and are presumed to have been familiar with the. laws of that State relating to the question now under consideration, intended to contract.with reference to the law of the State of New York. This was an entire contract for the safe transportation of the goods throughout the journey and for the delivery thereof at the point' of destination, -and it imposed a continuous duty upon the carrier to be performed in the different States tlirough which the route passed. (Robertson V. National Steamship Co., 1 App. Div. 61; Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., supra ) 6 Cyc. 430 ; Illinois Cent. R. R. Co. v. Beebe, 174 Ill. 13. And see Dike v. Erie R. Co., 45 N. Y. 113; Faulkner v. Hart, 82 id. 413, 417, 418.) The Faulkner Case (supra) states the rule to be that, where a contract is to be performed in two or more States or countries, the laws of each govern its interpretation with respect to that part to be performed within each particular jurisdiction respectively. But here the question is what were the jirovisions of the contract. It would seem too plain for argument that its provisions must be the same in every State. The casé of Curtis v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co. (74 N. Y. 116), is. distinguishable upon the ground that there the question was not what contract was made by the parties,, but whether a statute of Pennsylvania, limiting the liability of a carrier with respect to baggage^ governed in an action against the carrier for a failure to deliver baggage in- the State of New York, under the implied contract made with the passenger- by the purchase of his ticket and the checking of the baggage. That case has been followed in Williams v. C. R. R. Co. of N. J. (93 App. Div. 582), which was another baggage case, but it has been distinguished upon this ground by the Supreme Court of the United States, in Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co. (supra). The general rule is that- the validity and construction of a contract of affreightment is to be determined by the law of the place where it is made, although a delivery of the, goods is to be made in another State or country, unless a mutual' intention of the parties, to have it governed by the laws of the other State or country be clearly shown. (2 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 834; Robertson v. National Steamship Co., supra; Liverpool Steam Co. v. Phenix Ins. Co., supra; which on this point .is cited with approval in China Mutual Ins. Co. v. Force, 142 N. Y. 90, 100; Grand v. Livingston, 4 App. Div. 589 ; affd., 158 N. Y. 688;. First Nat. Bank of Toledo, v. Shaw, 61 id. 283. See, also, Union Nat. Bank v. Chapman, 169 N. Y. 538; Hachadoorian v. L.& N. R. R. Co., 128 App. Div. 171.) The Circuit Court of Appeals of the United States, in an action against this defendant for property destroyed by the same lire, lias applied this rule and field that- the law of the place of shipment governs upon this precise point as to whether provisions in the bill of lading restricting the common-law liability of the Carrier became a binding part of the contract. (Erie R. R. Co. v. Pond Creek Mill & E. Co., 162 Fed. Rep. 878.)

The action- is not founded merely on a failure of the defendant to deliver the goods in New York, but it is based upon the. fact that the goods were consumed by fire while in transit, which was a violation of defendant’s duty to carry them safely.

We are of opinión, therefore, that the learned court erred and that the law of the State of Illinois governs with respect to determining what the contract of shipment was.

It follows that the judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide the event.

Patterson, P. J., McLaughlin, Houghton and Scott, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.  