
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Albert Mayer, Appellant.
    First Department,
    June 4, 1909.
    Crime — evidence — leading question —trial — right to sum up — improper charge.
    Evidence upon the trial of an indictment for a violation of section 303 of the Penal Code examined, and held, not to sustain a judgment of conviction.-
    Where the principal witness for the People, whose testimony was so confused • and contradictory that no reliance could be placed thereon, has testified on cross-examination that he did not make certain statements to his mother in a specified interview, the defendant is entitled to ask the mother directly, whether the boy made the statements which wore/in contradiction to his testimony on the trial, and an exception to the exclusion of the testimony upon the ground that the question was leading is well taken." •
    The constitutional right of a defendant in a criminal case to appear by counsel necessarily includes a reasonable time in which counsel may comment upon the testimony and submit to the jury the reasons why the defendant should not be convicted.
    It is an abuse of discretion and a violation of the defendant’s rights for the trial judge .to limit counsel to fifteen minutes in his summing up in a criminal case where a'conviction would subject the defendant to an imprisonment of twenty years in a State prison.
    Where in a criminal action there is some evidence to carry the case to the jury, it is error to charge that there is no reason, “except through sympathy or an improper motive of some kind, ^irrespective of the evidence, why the jurors cannot agree.”
    The comments and attitude of the court and its treatment of the defendant’s attorney in a criminal action examined, and held, to require a reversal of a judgment of conviction.
    Appeal by the defendant, Albert 'Mayer, from a judgment of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace in and for the county of New York in favor of the plaintiff, rendered on the 30th day of October, 1908, convicting the defendant of a violation of section 303 of the Penal Code, and also from orders rendered on the 30th day of October, 1908, denying the defendant’s motions for a new trial and in arrest of judgment.
    
      Clark L. Jordan, for the appellant.
    
      E. Crosby Kindleberger, Deputy Assistant District Attorney, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J:

From the nature of the crime charged and the evidence given to sustain it, any discussion of the evidence upon which the jury have rendered a verdict of guilty would be improper in an opinion to be-published. I will simply indicate the conclusion at which I have arrived from an examination of this record.

The principal witness against the defendant was a boy about fourteen years of age, residing with his parents in the city of New York. Upon both his direct and cross-examination his testimony was so confused and contradictory, he at one time asserting and at another denying facts in relation to this crime, that no reliance can be placed upon his testimony, and the district attorney concedes-that it was insufficient to convict if not corroborated. His final story, however, seems to be that the occurrence happened in a back room of the defendant’s apartment, away from the street, after it was dark,; and with no light in the room. The witness testified again and again that the defendant did nothing to him in the kitchen or in the front room — the front room meaning the room that had windows facing on the street; that the occurrence happened in. the bedroom; that there was no light there, and that it was entirely dark at the time. All this happened on the 13th of June, 1908. As to this testimony the witness was entirely uncorroborated. No one is alleged to have seen this, occurrence except the boy,-and in view of the utter unreliability of the evidence that he gave, irrespective of the necessity of corroboration, I do not think it would be sufficient to justify the conviction. The evidence offered as corroborating the boy was insufficient of itself to convict the defendant.; was consistent with innocence of this crime ■ charged; and considering the whole case made out by the People, and in view of the testimony of the defendant and the boy’s mother, I think the judgment should be reversed on the ground that the People have not made out a case of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt which justified a conviction. Even if the evidence to justify the court in submitting the question to the jury was sufficient, I think the record discloses the fact that the: defendant did not have a fair trial, and that the attitude of the court towards the defendant and his counsel during the whole trial was such' that the defendant did not have an opportunity of fairly presenting his defense so that the jury could fairly and intelligently pass upon the question as to his innocence or guilt.

When the People rested the defendant made a motion that the court direct the jury to acquit, when the court at once said: “ The motion is denied; there is no use of arguing that.” The defendant then called the boy’s mother as a witness, and the mother was asked whether, after the boy was in custody, she had a talk with him and asked him whether the defendant had done anything" improper to him. That was objected to as leading and the objection sustained. One or ‘two other questions were asked of the same character, which were also objected to, when the court stated to defendant’s counsel: “Mow, if you persist in this Course of leading the witness, I will take some action after this trial is over, and I warn you no„t to waste our time further by putting leading questions again and again, after I have just sustained the objection to at least four of such questions, right put together. And I think your manner is a contempt of court, and will so consider it if you continue it, and, at the conclusion of this trial, I will take up the matter, if you continue. If you think that you can ask leading questions after I have excluded them at least four tinies, I will see whether you can or not.” On the cross-examination of the boy, his attention had been called to •this interview, and he had been asked whether he had made these statements to his mother. Counsel for the defendant was entitled to directly ask the witness whether the boy had made the statements to the witness that he denied having made,-and which were in direct contradiction to the testimony that he had given upon the trial. The exception to the exclusion of that testimony was well taken, and certainly the counsel had not subjected himself to such a rebuke from the court with a threat of punishment in putting questions which were competent.

Upon the examination of the defendant his counsel attempted to show the witness a plan of the apartment showing the location of the different rooms, when the court interposed and refused to allow his counsel to show him the plan, and even refused to allow the counsel to hand the plan to the witness for the purpose of identifying it.

At the close of the trial the court seems to have confined the counsel to fifteen minutes in summing up a case where a conviction would subject the defendant to an imprisonment for twenty years in the State’s prison.

During the summing up of the district attorney, counsel for the defendant submitted that the district attorney had not .the-right to comment on the absence of the defendant’s employer from the stand, or any other witness, whereupon the court interposed: “ The District Attorney has the right, in view of the fact that the defendant took the stand, and other witnesses took the stand, to draw any deduction that he pleases from the presence or absence of witnesses, or from any testimony that has been introduced in the case, or might have been introduced in the case.”' To that the counsel for the defendant took an exception.

At the conclusion of the summing up of the assistant district attorney, counsel for the defendant asked the court to allow him to-put his exception on the record as to the court’s limiting him to fifteen minutes in addressing the jury in a case of this importance, when the court interrupted, saying: “Well, if you had given us less talk about what you loved, you could have finished your argument in the given time. The time was fixed in advance, and if you had devoted your time to summing up on the evidence, and had not spent so much .of your time in expressing your opinion, you could have finished. The District Attorney finished in ten minutes.” And when counsel for the defendant stated : “ But, if your Honor please, in view of the —,” the court again interposed, saying: “I will fine you for contempt if you interrupt again. You are apparently trying to influence the jury by trying to make it appear that the Court is harsh or oppressive. What have your expressions of opinion and of your likes and dislikes to do with the case % What has it to do with the case that the counsel says he loves boys and dogs ? And the counsel’s opinions on those or any other subjects are of no consequence in this case. The question here is one of fact for the jury, based on the evidence, and Upon .nothing else, and I make these remarks on account of the counsel’s conduct in this respect.”

These comments of the court were not justified by the record, and, together with the fact that the court refused to give counsel a fair time in which to sum up the case to the jury, its conduct appears to us to have been harsh and oppressive. While recognizing fully the discretion that the court has in relation to the conduct of a ease, and to the time which counsel shall be allowed to take in submitting the questions to the jury,-the right' of a defendant in a criminal case to-appear by counsel is protected by the Constitution (art. 1, § 6), and that necessarily includes a reasonable time in which to comment upon the testimony and submit to the jury the reasons why the defendant should not be convicted. ■ To refuse to allow counsel a reásonable and proper time to sum up to the jury was an abuse of discretion and a violation of the fundamental rights of the defendant.

In submitting the case to the jury, I think the court was unfair to the defendant in its comments upon the defendant’s testimony and that of the boy, and as to the testimony of the witnesses who furnished what was called the corroborating evidence. At the end of the charge counsel for the defendant objected to the judge’s comments upon the evidenóe. After the jury had been out for some time they returned into court, stating that there was no possible chance for their agreeing, whereupon the court said to the jury: “ The Court is very doubtful of the truth of that statement, though the man who wrote it believed it, of course. But the evidence'is such that the jury ought not to have any difficulty whatever in coming to a conclusion. A lot of filth was disclosed in this case, and it is not for the public interest that this case should be tried again. It is the duty of every juror to discuss the evidence in the case with his fellow-jurors, and, as I said to you before, to-day, any juror who refuses to do that, or bases his opinion lipón prejudice or sympathy, or anything but the evidence in this case, is guilty of a grave crime against the law of this State. You have heard all the evidence in this case, and the question is, is the defendant guilty- or not guilty on the evidence; and there is no reason, within my view, except through sympathy or an improper motive of some kind, irrespective of the evidence, why the jurors cannot agree.” Counsel for the defendant excepted to that portion of the charge which said that there was no reason on which this jury should disagree.

I think this was an extreme statement to make to the jury. Considering the nature of the testimony in this case, if there had been evidence to carry the case to the jury, it was a case in which a conscientious juror might well have had a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant was guilty of the crime charged. It was entirely improper for the court to say that in such a case there is no reason, within my view, except through sympathy or an improper motive of some kind, irrespective of the evidence, why the jurors cannot agree.” That certainly was not a correct statement of the law. There was imposed upon each juror the duty of coming to an independent judgment as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and the court had no right to say to any juror that his refusal to agree with his fellows was evidence of sympathy or improper motive of some kind.

These extracts from the record have been quoted as an illustration of the court's attitude throughout the case, its treatment of defendant’s counsel and its attitude towards the defense. We are satisfied that the defendant was not permitted fairly to present his case to the jury, and that an atmosphere was created by the comments of the judge during the trial upon the conduct of the defendant’s counsel and the evidence in the case, as well as by the court’s statement of the evidence to the jury, which makes it our duty to set aside the verdict and direct a new trial.

There were errors in rulings upon testimony which present serious questions, but which, in view of the conclusion at which we have arrived, it is not necessary to discuss.

The judgment is, therefore, reversed and a new trial ordered.

McLaughlin, Houghton and Scott, JJ., concurred; Laughlin, J., concurred in result.

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.  