
    Caroline A. Rhodes, Plaintiff, v. William W. Caswell, Defendant.
    
      Surrogates decree — binding on unborn remaindermen — a voidable sale of real property by executors is made valid by a decree passing their accounts and. by the acceptance of the proceeds—powers in this respect of a trustee of personalty — distillation between a trustee of real estate and a trustee of personalty—when an equitable conversion takes place.
    
    A decree of a surrogate made in a proceeding for the judicial settlement of the accounts of executors, to which all living persons interested in the estate are made parties, adjudging that the price realized on the sale by the executors of certain of the testator’s real estate to the wife of one of the executors was the full and fair value of the property, and the acceptance by the interested parties, with knowledge of the infirmity in the sale, of their distributive shares as fixed by the decree, operates as a ratification of the sale which is conclusive upon possible remaindermen who were not in being at the date of the decree.
    "Where the will under which the executors were acting created an equitable conversion of the testator’s real estate, the acceptance by a trustee appointed by the will of the proceeds of sale which constituted the corpus of the trust fund, operates as a ratification of the voidable conveyance and concludes all the beneficiaries whom the trustee represents, including unborn remaindermen.
    A will which, after directing the executors to divide the testator’s residuary estate into three parts, “ to pay” one part to each of two designated persons, and “ to pay ” the third part to a trustee after retaining the amount of certain notes, requires the trustee to invest the same in bonds, mortgages and other securities, and then provides “I hereby authorize and empower my executors hereinafter named to sell and dispose of any part or all of my estate, either real or personal, at public or private sale,” creates an equitable conversion of the realty into personalty.
    The distinction between a trustee of real estate and a trustee of personal estate, with reference to his power to bind the beneficiaries by acts concerning the trust estate, considered.
    Submission of a controversy upon an agreed statement of facts, pursuant to section 1279 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
    
      William A. McQuaid, for the plaintiff.
    
      David B. Ogden, for the defendant.
   Cullen, J.:

The controversy submitted to the court for determination relates to the title to a tract of land in Westchester county, fór the sale of which the plaintiff has entered into a contract with the defendant. If the plaintiff’s title is good and marketable, judgment is to be rendered in her favor for a specific performance of the contract; if not, judgment is to be rendered for the defendant for the recovery of the payment made bjr him on account of the purchase money, and for his expenses in the examination of the title.

Jane A. Fuller died December 13, 1894, seized in fee simple of a tract of land which includes the premises in controversy, leaving a will by which she disposed of her property as follows:

“ Ninth. I direct my said executors to divide all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate into three equal parts and to dispose of them as follows: I direct my said executors to pay over one of said equal one-third parts to my daughter Caroline A. Rhodes, or to her children, share and share alike, if she should then be dead leaving issue surviving. I direct my said executors to pay over one other of said equal one-third parts to my daughter Kate Helena Belcher, or to her children, share and share alike, if she should at the time of my death be dead, but leaving issue surviving her. I direct my executors to dispose of the remaining one of the aforesaid equal one-third parts as follows: To pay over the same to the aforesaid Hew York Life Insurance and Trust Company after deducting therefrom and retaining iu their hands two-thirds of the amount due to me at the time of my death upon all notes held by me at the time of my death, made to me by my daughter Mary S. Rushmore for money loaned or hereafter loaned by me to her, and I direct said Hew York Life Insurance and Trust Company to hold the amount so paid over to them by my executors in trust for the following uses and purposes: To invest the same upon bond and mortgage on real estate or in first mortgage bonds of railroad companies which have not prior to said investment and within five years thereof, defaulted in the payment of interest on their first mortgage bonds ; or to invest the same in such securities as said Trust Company is authorized by law to invest trust funds ; and to pay the income therefrom semiannually to my daughter Mary S. Rushmore during the ¡period of her natural life, and upon her death, to pay over said principal sum so held in trust to her children, share and share alike, the issue of any deceased child of hers to receive the share which would have gone to its parent, if living at the time of the death of my said daughter Mary S. Rushmore, and I further direct my said executors to pay over to my daughters Caroline A. Rhodes and Kate Helena Belcher, one-half to each, the two-thirds of the amount of the notes due to me from my said daughter Mary S. Rushmore and held by me at the time of my death, and deducted and retained by my executors as I have above directed, and to cancel said notes.
“ Tenth. I hereby authorize and empower my executors hereinafter named to sell and dispose of any part or all of my estate, either real or personal, at public or private sale.”

She appointed her two sons-in-law, Bradford Rhodes and Zachariah Belcher, and her cousin, George R. Howe, executors of her will. Under the power of sale the executors, on March 18,1896, conveyed the tract to the plaintiff, who is the wife of the executor Bradford Rhodes, for the sum of $67,000. On July 6, 1896, the executors filed their account in the Surrogate’s Court, wherein they charged themselves with the amount received on said sale, and instituted proceedings for its judicial settlement. There were made parties to this proceeding all the legatees and next of kin or heirs at law of the deceased, including the four infant children of Mrs. Rushmore. Objections were made to tire account, but on October 24, 1896, a decree was made by the surrogate which adjudged that the price obtained on the sale of the land was its full and fair value, which settled the accounts of the executors, and directed a distribution of the fund in court. Mrs. Rhodes, Mrs. Belcher and the Hew York Life Insurance and Trust Company each received the distributive share as determined by the decree of the surrogate. In April, 1899, Mrs. Belcher and Mrs. Rushmore executed a confirmatory deed to the plaintiff.

It is claimed by the defendant, and not strenuously controverted by the plaintiff, that the sale by the executors to the plaintiff was voidable at the election of any of the parties in interest, because she was the wife of one of the executors. We shall, therefore, without any discussion, assume /the correctness of this proposition. But it is insisted on the part of the plaintiff that the decree of the surrogate and the acceptance by the parties of their shares of the proceeds of sale, with knowledge of the original infirmity of the sale, have ratified the sale, so that its validity is not subject to be hereafter impeached. As to the estoppel of the decree of the Surrogate’s Court, counsel for the plaintiff relies on the authority of Mutual Life Ins. Co. of N. Y. v. Schwaner (36 Hun, 373; affd. in 101 N. Y. 681, on the opinion of Mr. Justice Daniels at the General Term). In that case executors had sold real estate under a power, of sale to a dummy, who conveyed it back to themselves. After the executors had acquired title individually to the property, they mortgaged it. The property was subsequently sold under the foreclosure of a prior mortgage made by the testator, and on the sale a surplus was realized. In proceedings to obtain the surplus moneys, the contest was between the second mortgagee and the beneficiaries under the will, who claimed that the sale by the executors to themselves was fraudulent in law and voidable. These beneficiaries were infants at the time of the decree. It was held that as by the statute (Code Civ. Proc. § 2726), the executors were required to account in the Surrogate’s Court for the proceeds of any sale of the real estate of their testator, the decree of the surrogate on such an accounting was conclusive as to the validity of the sale. It is sought to distinguish the present case from the one cited, because here the trust estate may upon the death of Mrs. Ruslimore vest in persons not now in being, and hence not parties to the proceeding before the surrogate. We think that this fact does not take the case without the authority of the Schwaner case. If it be assumed that a decree of the surrogate on an accounting of the proceeds of a sale can validate a sale by executors otherwise voidable, we think that the same rule must obtain in that litigation as in others; that is to say, that if all the proper living persons are made parties to it, persons not in esse are concluded by the judgment In Kent v. Church of St. Michael (136 N. Y. 10, 17) it is said: “ Where an estate is vested in persons living, subject only to the contingency that persons may be born who will have an interest therein, the living owners of the estate, for all purposes of any litigation in reference thereto and Affecting the jurisdiction of the courts to deal with the same, represent the whole estate, and stand not only for themselves, but also for the persons unborn.” Heferring to this declaration, it is said in Kirk v. Kirk (137 N. Y. 510, 516): “ Whatever doubt there may have been upon this point lias been put to rest, and the further discussion of the question foreclosed by the recent decision of this court in Kent v. Church of St. Michael.” The learned counsel for the defendant questions the correctness of the grounds on which the opinion in the Schwmier case proceeded. We shall not follow him ' in his discussion, as ive regard the affirmance of the case by the Court of Appeals, on the opinion of the General Term, conclusive upon us.

We are also of the opinion that apart from the question of the effect of the decree of the surrogate, the receipt by the trust company of the proceeds of sale ratified the conveyance to the plaintiff and concluded all the beneficiaries under the trust which the company represented. The doctrine “ that an acceptance by the beneficiary of the proceeds of a sale made by a trustee or donee of a power indirectly to himself "x" * * with full'knowledge, and by persons free from disability, would be such an affirmance ” (Boerum v. Schenck, 41 N. Y. 182, 190), is not denied. But it iscoutended that an acceptance by the trustee does not conclude the remainder-men who are entitled to receive the principal upon the termination of the trust. The question of how far the action of a trustee can bind persons interested in the trust estate, in our judgment depends on the estate of the trustee. Ordinarily, in a trust in lands, where the trust is to receive and apply the profits to the use of the beneficiary during life, and the remainder is given to others, the trustee takes only an estate for the life of the beneficiary, and he can no more conclude the remaindermen than if the estate had been a legal. instead of an equitable one. But where the trustee is to convert the land into money, and the remaindermen are not to receive land, but only the proceeds of it, the estate of the trustee is a fee, and his conduct as to the land may conclude all the beneficiaries of the trust.. On this ground it was held in Bennett v. Garlock (79 N. Y. 302) that the Statute of Limitations having run against the trustee, barred the title of the remaindermen who were to share in the proceeds of sale. So, also, it was held in Delafield v. Barlow (107 N. Y. 535) that remaindermen whose interests were of the character hitherto described were not necessary parties to a partition action. We think it plain that the testator, by her will, directed an equitable conversion of her realty. The case is much stronger than that of Delafield v. Barlow. While the power of sale given to the executors is in its terms only discretionary, the language of the gifts to the two daughters directly and to the trustee in favor of the third, clearly evidences the intent that such gifts should be made only in money. The executors are directed to “pay over” one equal third-part to each of two daughters. As to the trust share they are directed to “ pay over ” the same to the trustee, who is enjoined “ to hold the amount so paid over to them ” and “ to invest the same upon bond and mortgage,” etc. The learned counsel for the defendant contends that, assuming that the only interest which the ultimate remaindermen take under the will is not in the land itself but in its proceeds, still the same rule applies to the trust in the proceeds as would obtain in a similar trust of real property, and that the interest or estate of the remaindermen in the fund is not represented by the trustee, but is independent of his estate. This claim, we think, is erroneous. The rule in cases of personalty and in those of realty is not the same. “If, however, the subject-matter of the gift to trustees is personal estate, the whole legal interest will vest in them without words of limitation. They may generally dispose of personal estate absolutely, being compelled to account for it.” (Perry Trusts, § 318.) There is an authority in this State limiting the doctrine quoted. In Nicoll v. Walworth (4 Den. 385) a long term of years in certain real estate was conveyed to a trustee to receive the rents and profits and apply them to the support of a beneficiary during 'her life, and after the death of the beneficiary the grantor gave them to his natural daughter. It was held that the trustee only took an estate for life, and that on the decease of the beneficiary the unexpired term vested in the daughter. The court treated the case as a trust of realty. But assuming that a trust may be created in personalty in which the estate of the trustee would be confined to tlie duration of the trust, we think it can be only so created in a specific chattel or chose in action, which may endure beyond the trust term. Where the trust estate is of the character of that given by this testator, a fund that is to be invested and necessarily reinvested, the securities representing which the trustee may collect or dispose of, we think the doctrine laid down by Mr. Perry must obtain. We have never known of a remainderman being made a party plaintiff to an action brought by a trustee for the foreclosure of a mortgage executed to him as such trustee. If in such a foreclosure judgment went against the trustee, it would hardly be questioned that the judgment would be conclusive on the remaindermen. In trusts of this character, we think it must be considered that the whole title to the trust fund is in the trustee, and that all the remaindermen have is the right to an account. The estate of such a trustee is similar to that of an executor or administrator who, as far as third parties are concerned, is regarded as having the whole title. (Lockman v. Reilly, 95 N. Y. 64.) By the will the trustee was to receive from the executor, not the land, but money, and the ultimate remaindermen at the termination of the trust are. to receive from the trustee not the money which the latter received from the executor, but either the securities in which by the will that money has been invested, or the money which will arise from the sale of the securities. We are of opinion that the right to affirm or avoid the sale made by the executors to the wife of one of their number, vested wholly in the trustee, so far as the one-third share it represents is concerned, and that its acceptance of the proceeds has ratified the sale and concluded every one interested or that may be interested in the trust fund. Of course all this is said of the power of the trustee on the assumption that there has been neither fraud nor collusion in its action.

There should be judgment for the plaintiff on the agreed statement of facts, with costs.

All concurred.

Judgment for plaintiff on agreed statement of facts, with costs.  