
    In the Matter of Awarding Letters of Administration on the Estate of John Haley, Deceased.
    (Surrogate’s Court, Erie County,
    November, 1897.)
    Letters of ad-ministration may be refused a widow who cannot read or write English nor count money.
    The provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure .(§ 2612, subd. 5), allowing a surrogate, in his discretion, to refuse to grant letters testamentary or of administration to a person unable to read or write the English language, may properly be invoked to the exclusion from administration of a widow, and in favor of the son of the testator by a former marriage where it appears that besides being unable to-read or write our language the widow cannot count money.
    Two petitions for letters of administration filed—rby son and wife of deceased. '
    Bissell, Carey & Cooke, for petitioner, John J. Haley.
    Parker & Hotchkiss, for petitioner, Bridget McGraw Haley.
   Marcus, S.

John Haley left a widow and four sets of children, nine in all. The only adults are descendants of the first wife, and range in age from 22 to 40 years. The petitioning widow is the fourth wife of deceased, and is 27 years of age. . The only adult son petitions this court for letters-of administration, to be issued to himself. The widow likewise asks that she be appointed administratrix, and that one of her counsel be joined with her, as well as the stepson, as a representative of the family. The widow, further, consents to waive her right to administration providing her counsel be joined with the son of the deceased, as coadministrator of the estate. The fairness of this offer seems to appeal at once for a quick disposition of the question, .aside of the statutory direction, but for the condition, that the widow is -unable to read or write the English language. Her illiteracy is further burdened by a density that is hard to comprehend, since she is unable even to count money. The discretion of the surrogate is, therefore, asked to be exercised against the widow, and in favor'of the son, under subdivision 5 of section 2612 of the Code.

From a careful examination of. the cases in this state, I have • been unable to find any precedent. 3STo reported cases throw any light upon the conditions existing when this discretion has been exercised, if ever at all. The principle is clear, that the policy of-the law is to grant administration directly to those most interested in the estate. The amount of interest is assumed to make such person conserve his own advantage by a studious attention "to the duties enjoined. Apart from -the statutory regulations, which determine what persons are entitled-to administration, and which of course must be- observed in appointing administrators, the dis- ' cretion vested in probate courts is governed by the principle that administration should be committed to those who are the ultimate beneficiaries —=■ those to whom the property would go after administration. The statute makes it the duty of the surrogate to issue letters to persons in the order named therein, if they are by law competent to serve. The statute further provides who should be deemed competent, and the general rule, seems to be that every person is competent unless declared to be incompetent by statute, and that no new causes of disqualification may be added to those prescribed by the statute. The statute, which directs admin.istration in cases of intestacy to be granted to relatives of the deceased who succeed to the personal property in the order named therein, carries out the rule stated. There is, however, an exception. . When a.person, otherwise entitled to letters, is unable to read or write the English language, the surrogate, in his discretion, may refuse to grant such letters. It has been urged upon the part of the widow that the statutory priority must be recognized, unless there be also a statutory disqualification, and that letters should only be withheld by the court where the applicant is disqualified by the statute, and the disqualification must appear to be something which would put in jeopardy the proper administration of the estate. I am mindful that the exercise of discretion in favor of the petitioning son, and against the widow, invades a right, long recognized by the law, yet, if statutory priority alone should control, and the statutory disqualification be necessarily shown, the rules would then be fixed, letters be granted to the widow, as a matter of right, and there would be no discretion left to be exercised by the surrogate. I am not prepared to say that the widow, petitioner, would be a positive danger, nor can I satisfy myself that she would be of any assistance or purpose in the winding up of this estate. While it is true no new disqualification can be added to those specified in the statute, yet any person applying for letters, deficient in capacity to manage or ability to perform duties necessarily incumbent upon them, lacking the requisite understanding to be ¡directed intelligently — when a person is so evidently unsuitable, unable to read or write, it seems a reasonable exercise of discretion to refuse the granting of letters.

I have nothing to do with the feeling existing in this family. A proper bond will protect the interests of all concerned.

The petition, of Bridget McGraw Haley is, therefore, denied, and letters of administration may be granted to John J. Haley, upon his filing a bond, to be approved by this court, in the ■ sum of $20,000.

Decreed accordingly.  