
    
      In re Marshalship for the Southern and Middle Districts of Alabama.
    
      (District Court, M. D. Alabama.
    
    February, 1884.)
    1. SUr'Tnation sou Office by the President — Rejection by Tins Senate C< xciAMVE — Rev. St. § 1708.
    A'here the senate of the United States rejects the nomination of a person for an ollice made by the president its action is conclusive. Rev. St. § 1768.
    
      2. Pi!) SIDKNT OK THE UNITED STATES — POWER TO SUSPEND OFFICERS AND TO M iKf. Temporary Appointments. — Rev. St. § 1768.
    iev. St. § 1768, authorizes the president to suspend an officer, and lo make a le iporary appointment to fill the vacancy thus created until the end of five nt ct session o£ the senate.
    3. Peí tod of Temporary Appointment by President of United States to Pi an Vacancy in Office-Rule when Vacancy Occurs through Buspen-sk n of Officer.
    V commission issued by the president of the United States to fill a vacancy in an office, during a recess of the senate, continues until the end of the next sc sion of congress, unless sooner determined by the president, even though i.L ; person commissioned shall have been in the mean time nominated to the oi ico, and his nomination rejected by the senate; and this rule applies where tli 3 vacancy occurs through 1he suspension of an officer.
    4. Tit 'Porart Appointment by President of thb; United States — Effect of R ifusal of Senate to Confirm Temporary Appointee for Permanent A ‘pointment — Effect of Refusal on Suspended Officer.
    Hie temporary appointment of a person to an office by the president of the U dted States is not terminated by the refusal of the senate to confirm him for tl 3 permanent appointment, and the powers of a suspended officer whose posi-ti ii he occupies are not revived by such refusal.
    
      5. Suspension of Officer by President; of the United States — Sufficient Reason Presumed.
    When the president of the United States suspends a person from office, his reasons will be presumed to be sufficient.
    Heard on Motion of Mathias C. Osborn, former marshal, to be recognized and held by the court as now entitled to resume the duties of that office. 1
    
      Sami. F. Bice, for motion.
    
      Geo. Turner and Geo. H. Patrick, contra.
    
   Beuoe, J.

Mathias C. Osborn was nominated by the then president of the United States to the senate for the office of marshal of the Middle and Southern districts of Alabama, and was confirmed by the senate in the year 1880.' He qualified by taking the oath and giving the bend, as required by law, and continued to hold and exercise the duties of the office of United States marshal for th,e Middle and Southern districts of Alabama until the seventeenth day of March, 1883, when he was suspended from the office by the order of the president of the United States, and Paul Strobach was designated to perform the duties of the office in the mean time. Paul Strobach qualified by giving the bond and taking the oath of office required by law, and entered upon the discharge of the duties of the office, and has continued to discharge the duties of the office from that date-until the present time. The suspension of Osborn, and the designation of Strobach to perform the duties of the office, occurred during the recess of the senate ; and the suspension of Osborn was on terms until the end of the next session of the senate, and the designation of Paul Strobach was to perform the duties of the office in the mean time, subject to all the provisions of law applicable thereto.

The president of the United States, within 30 days after the commencement of the present session of the senate, in December last,. nominated Paul Strobach to the senate for the marshalship, in the place of the suspended officer, Osborn; and on the fifth day of the-present month of February, 1884, the senate rejected the nomination of Paul Strobach for the office to which the president had nominated him to the senate. That this rejection is conclusive against Mr. Strobach for the office of marshal, under what may be called a permanent appointment, meaning by that a nomination by the president and confirmation by the senate, is quite clear, because the statute provides (section 1768) that “if the senate, during such session, shall refuse to advise and consent to an appointment in the place of any suspended officer, then, and not otherwise, the president shall nominate another person, as soon as practicable, to the same session of the senate for the office.” But the question is, what effect has this rejection of the senate of the nomination of Paul Strobach to the office-of marshal, at and during the present session of the senate, upon what may be called his temporary appointment, or his designation by the president to perform the duties of the office during the suspension of Ma shal Osborn? Tho president’s power to suspend is not questioned and his power to make what is called a temporary appointment i i not questioned. The first clause of section 17(58 of tho lie-vised Í tatutes provides:

“J)uj mg any recess of the senate, tho president is authorized, in his discretion to suspend any civil officer, appointed by and with the advice and consen. of tho senate, * * until tho end of the next session of the senate, air i to designate some suitable person * * * to perform the duties of such suspended officer in the mean time. * * *”

The statute then authorizes the president to suspend and make a tempo ary appointment until the end of the next session of the senate, ai d he has done so, Mr. Strobach being that appointee, and ho holds lie office now under such appointment. The senate has not acted i ipon that temporary appointment, nor does it appear that the senate has any power or authority, under existing law, to act directly upon s íeh temporary appointment or designation. True, if tho president n iminates, and the senate confirms the nomination, then the person so nominated and confirmed to the office could qualify, take the office, md so cut short the term of tho temporary appointee, and Mr. Strobe ch could not hold the office against such appointee. But Mr. Osbori does not stand in that position to tho office, for, though ho has been nominated and confirmed to the office, yet he has also, since i hen and during a recess of the senate, been suspended by the presid ¡nt of the United States from the office of marshal until tho end ol the present session of tho senate, and, in doing so, the president v as acting clearly within the authority conferred upon him by law. This power given by law to the president was, no doubt, given for goi d reasons. It will occur to any one, on a moment’s reflection, that tl e good of the public service might very often render it imperative that the president should have and exercise such power; and, under existing law, the senate, when it convenes, has no more power or aut iiority to act upon the president’s order suspending an officer under section 1767, than it had to act upon the designation of the persoi by the president to perform the duties df the office in the mean lime.

The idea that seems to underlie tho argument of counsel for the motioi' is that when the president suspends an officer and makes a tempo 'ary appointment in the recess of the senate, then, upon the meeting of the senate, it must act upon such suspension and temporal'; appointment; and if the senate declines concurrence in such suspei sion and appointment, then the suspended officer forthwith resum is the functions of the office, and the temporary appointment is at once terminated. That is an error, perhaps a popular one, a ad may grow out of the fact that such was the provision of the first t mure of office act of congress, approved March 2, 1867. But that a at was materially modified and changed by a subsequent act of congress, approved April 5, 1869, which is the law as we now have it in sections 1767-1769 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.

An examination of the act of April 5, 1869, shows that the clauses restrictive of the president’s power, in the act of March, 1867, were omitted from the later act, which does not provide that the president, when he suspends an officer and designates some suitable person to perform temporarily the duties of such office, that it shall be until the next meeting of the senate, and until the case shall he voted on by the senate, but the language is, until the end of the next session of the senate; nor does the present act require the president, within 20 days after the first day of the meeting of the senate, to report to the senate such suspension, with the evidence and reasons for his action in the case; nor is it provided in the present law that if the senate shall refuse to concur in such suspension, such officer so suspended shall forthwith resume the functions of his office, and the powers of the person so performing the duties in his stead shall cease. These clauses restrictive of the president’s power, found in the first tenure of office act, were repealed by the later act and are not now the law; and the original act was passed, and subsequently modified and changed, for reasons familiar to those who were actors in, or are students of the history of, that time.

These acts to which reference has just been made are of comparatively recent date, and there is, perhaps, but little judicial authority upon their construction; but a number of authorities have been cited upon the power of the president under article 2 of section 2 of the constitution of the United States, which provides that “the president shall have power to. fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.” Section 1769 of the Revised Statutes of the United States provides: “The president is authorized to fill all vacancies which may happen during the recess of the senate, by reason of death or resignation or expiration of term of office, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session thereafter. * * *” The language used in the constitution and in section 1769, in reference to the power of the president to fill vacancies, is very much the same language used in the act under consideration, authorizing the.president to make temporary appointments in cases of suspended officers. The authorities on this subject — that is, the nature and duration of a temporary appointment made by the president to fill a vacancy — are that a commission issued by the president during a recess of the senate continues until the end of the next session of congress, unless sooner determined by the president, even though the person commissioned shall have been in the mean time nominated by the president to the office and his nomination rejected. U. S. v. Kirkpatrick, 9 Wheat. 721; Case of Isaac Hill, 2 Op. Attys. Gen. 336; Gilpin v. O'Neil, 8 Int. Rev. Rec. 137; Ex parte Hennen, 13 Pet. 230.

It is ¡aid this is not a vacancy, and it is true that it is not a vacancy i i the absolute sense, such as results from the death, resignation, 01 expiration of term of office of the incumbent of the office, as eontem dated by section 1769 of the Revised Statutes. In a case of the sus lensiou of an officer there are contingencies upon the happening of \ liich the suspended officer may resume the duties of the office; that is, where the senate fails or refuses consent and advice to the nornim tions for office made by the president, and if this failure or refusal continues until the end of the session, and the former incumbent’s ime has not then expired, he will then, and-not till then, resume Hie duties of the office. Whether it be a vacancy caused by the de:dh, resignation, or expiration of term of office of the incumbent o the office, or whether it be a suspension of an officer by the presidí nt under section 1768, in either case the duration of the temporary appointment is the same; it is to the close of the session of the senate, subject, as we have seen, to a concurrence of opinion and at don by the president and the senate, by the nomination and confinj lation of a person other than the rejected nominee to the position.

Bom 3 confusion arises because the same person designated for the tempo' ary appointment was in this case nominated to the senate'for the pe manent appointment; but suppose the president, after having design ited Mr. Strobach for the temporary appointment, had nominated tfr. T. for the permanent appointment, and the senate had rejected Mr. T., just as it lias rejected Mr. Strobach, for the permanent appoir fcment, could it be held that the rejection by the senate of Mr. T. for tin permanent appointment affected the temporary appointment of Mr, S. ? To ask the court to terminate the temporary appointment < f Mr. Strobach because the United States senate has rejected him fc c the permanent appointment, is to ask the court to act without law or logic; and the proposition is not only to do that, but also to termii ate the suspension of Mr. Osborn, and authorize him to resume the du des of the office, which is equally without the authority of law. The ai iswer to all that is that the president of the United States has, for reí sons which the court will presume to have been sufficient, sus-pende' ! Mr. Osborn until the close of the present session of the senate, ai d has designated Mr. Strobach as a suitable person to perform the du des of the office in the mean time. The Case of Embry, 100 U. S. 580, is relied on by both sides in support of their respective positii ns. That case is not conclusive here, because the question here v as not involved, and barely touched upon in the opinion of the court.

The result of these views is that the motion is denied.  