
    Case 62 — -Action to Enforce a Lien for Cost of Street Improvement
    Sept. 26.
    Bodley, &c., v. Finley’s Exr., &c.
    APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT, CHANCERY DIVISION.
    Judgment for Plaintiffs and Defendants Appeal.
    Reversed.
    Bvidehc e — Opinions—Municipal Corporations — Dedication of Street — Street Assessments — Set-Off.
    Held: 1. Exceptions were properly sustained -to portions of a deposition which, were opinions of the witness upon questions of law.
    2. No lien can arise against Abutting property for the cost of improving that part of a street which had not been dedicated.
    3. A set-off may be pleaded -against the claim of a contractor for the cost of a street improvement, though the governmental power of taxation is exercised in favor of the contractor.
    STROTHER & GORDON, JOHN B. BASKIN and F. W. MORANCY, FOR APPELLANTS.
    MAXWELL DAYIiS and LANE & BURNETT, for appellees.
    (No briefs in the record.)
   Opinion of the court by

JUDGE DuRELLE

Reversing.

This suit was brought to enforce a lien claimed' to exist upon the contiguous property for the cost of improving Floyd street, in Louisville, from Magnolia to Burnett avenue. Under the rulings of this court in Zabel v. Orphans’ Home, 92 Ky., 89 (13 R., 385), 17 S. W., 212, 13 L. R. A., 668, and Nevin v. Gaertner (20 R., 1022), 48 S. W., 153, it would seem that the petition was defective. No demurrer was interposed to the petition, but an answer and counterclaim were filed, contesting appellees’ right to recover upon the following grounds: First, because a portion of that part of Floyd street improved under the ordinance was not a. public or dedicated street; second, that appellant, Temple Bodley, held an unpaid note, executed 'by the contractor, Michael' Gleason, and two others, for $341.46 and interest, which he sought to set off against the warrant against his property; third, that appellants, Ellen Bodley and Temple Bodley, made a contract with Michael Gleason in February, 1891, by which Gleason agreed to fill within six months thereafter a triangular lot owned by the Bodleys on the east side of Floyd street, so as to bring it two feet above the grade of Floyd street, and, in case of failure on Gleason’s part to perform his contract, to pay the Bodleys 25 cents per cubic yard of earth necessary to complete the filling; that Gleason failed to perform the contract, and that 4,356 cubic yards of earth were required to complete the filling, whereby Gleason became indebted to the Bod- , leys in the sum of $1,089, — which sum also was sought to be made a counterclaim against the warrant against the property of the Bodleys, — the amount of earth necessary to complete the contract having been ascertained in the mode provided for in the contract, by the certificate of an engineer agreed upon; fourth, that other lots of the Bodleys were greatly damaged in the sum of $5,000. by reason of Gleason’s failure to perform his contract by filling the triangular lot, and this sum was also set up as a counterclaim. In the chancellor’s opinion, he found against the Bodleys’ contention as to the dedication of the portion of Floyd street which they maintained had never been dedicated. He based his opinion upon the testimony of C. C. Roe and two deeds referred to in his opinion. It appears, however, that subsequent to the filing of the opinion the submission was set aside, and certain exceptions filed to parts of the deposition of Roe, which were sustained before the judgment appealed from was rendered, and seem to have been properly sustained upon the ground of incompetency, the portions excepted to being largely opinions of the witness upon questions of law. After the elimination of the part of Roe’s testimony to which exceptions were sustained, we are unable to find any evidence in the record of a dedication of the street upon which the- northern part of the improvement was made. One of the deeds referred to was executed some two years after the improvement. The other deed referred to contains a reservation as against the public of any right to have Floyd street opened or dedicated until some of the grantees under the instrument should cause it to be done. It 'would seem that the chancellor was mislead into treating Roe’s testimony as in the record after the exceptions ■had been sustained. Upon the return of the case appellees should, under the circumstances, be permitted to 'amend their petition, and also to make further preparation upon the question of dedication. If a part of the street was not, in fact, dedicated, no lien can arise against the abutting property for the cost of the improvement of that part.

This brings us to a consideration of the question whether; a set-off or counterclaim can be pleaded against a suit upon an assessment for local improvement. In Purdy v. Drake, (17 R., 819), 32 S. W., 939, the question was presented, but not decided, as the set-off there attempted to be pleaded was not sustained by the proof. In Dill. Mun. Corp., section 810, it is said: “As to agreements between the corporation .and a contractor to do the work the abuttors or property owners on whom the expense falls are not parties, but are brought into direct relation with the proceeding for the local improvement for the first time when the assessment is made. An assessment is a tax levied by the corporation upon property to defray the expenses of the improvement, and the suit to collect it (though brought by the contractor under authority given for that purpose) is not the subject of set-off or counterclaim.” The cases: cited in support of the text above quoted are California cases, to the effect, in general, that such an assessment is-a tax “levied by the corporation upon certain property to defray the expenses of the improvement of a street adjacent to the property.” Said the court, in Mimmelman v. Spanagel, 39 Cal., 398: “The origin, obligatory force, and whole nature of a tax is such that it is impossible to conceive of a demand that might be set off against it, unless expressly so authorized by statute. No case has been cited, and probably none can be found, which authorizes a defendant, when sued for a municipal assessment or tax, to set up a counterclaim.” Undoubtedly, this reasoning applies with full force not bnly to cases of general taxation, but also to- cases where the municipality is asserting against a citizen a claim for a special assessment for local improvement, for which it has paid, or become bound to the contractor. On grounds of public policy, the sovereign in the exercise of the power of taxation for governmental purposes must not be compelled to stay its proceedings in order to adjust its indebtedness to a citizen. And in this State, while we hold that these special assessments are not included under the designation of taxation in certain constitutional provisions, wTe nevertheless recognize that their imposition is an exercise of the sovereign power of taxation. Richardson v. Mehler (Ky.) 63 S. W., 957. But is any public policy violated in permitting a set-off against the claim of a contractor in whose favor this governmental power has been exercised? In such case a contract is entered into by the municipality, on behalf of the abutting property holders, with a contractor, for the making of the- improvement. Under the statute this is held to give the contractor a lien upon such property for the contract price of the work. If, when he seeks to enforce' his lien, the property holder is permitted to set off a demand against him, this does not in any wise interfere with the exercise of the governmental power, nor with the progress of the improvement. This claim is not one by the government, or by the municipality in the exercise of delegated governmental power. It is a private claim, for the enforcement of which a statutory lien is given. The only ground of public policy against the allowance of such a set-off would be the possibility that a prospective contractor indebted to one or more abutting property holders might either refrain from bidding or make a higher bid than he would make If such set-off were not allowed. This objection does not seem to us very forcible, for we must assume that each contractor knows of the existence of all legal demands against him, and we can not assume that he intends to avoid their payment. We reach the conclusion, therefore, that on proper showing a set-off may be allowed against a claim for street improvement in such cases as it would be allowed against the assertion of other liens upon property not having their origin in the exercise of governmental power. For the •reasons given, the judgment is reversed with directions to allow appellees to amend their petition, and for further preparation and proceedings consistent with this opinion.  