
    Willie Earl BEDFORD, Petitioner-Appellee, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF the STATE OF ALABAMA and Charlie E. Jones, Respondents-Appellants.
    No. 90-7266.
    United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
    Feb. 19, 1991.
    
      Cecil G. Brendle, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Montgomery, Ala., for respondents-appellants.
    John Charles Robbins, Poison, Jones & Robbins, Poison, Jones, Bowron & Robbins, P.C., Birmingham, Ala., for petitioner-ap-pellee.
    Before KRAVITCH and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and ATKINS , Senior District Judge.
    
      
       Honorable C. Clyde Atkins, Senior U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Florida, sitting by designation.
    
   ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

I. STATEMENT OF THE CASE

In the fall of 1971, appellee Willie Earl Bedford (“Bedford”) allegedly committed a murder. On March 2, 1972, Bedford pled guilty to first degree murder and two other offenses, assault with intent to murder and assault with intent to ravish. The judge who accepted the guilty plea advised Bed-ford of the charges against him and otherwise took all steps necessary to ensure that the plea of guilty was voluntarily entered, save one. The trial judge did not inform Bedford of his right to request youthful offender status under the then newly enacted Alabama Youthful Offender Act, Ala. Code § 15-19-1 et seq. (“the Act”). Although the decision whether to grant youthful offender status is discretionary with the trial judge, the judge has a mandatory duty to “inform eligible defendants of the provisions of the Youthful Offender Act.” Coleman v. Alabama, 827 F.2d 1469, 1473 (11th Cir.1987) (citing Robinson v. State, 429 So.2d 682 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1983); Clemmons v. State, 56 Ala.App. 275, 321 So.2d 237 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1974), aff'd., 294 Ala. 746, 321 So.2d 238 (1975)). After Bedford entered his plea of guilty, he was sentenced to life imprisonment on the first degree murder count, and to concurrent sentences of 20 years on each of the other two counts.

Bedford subsequently attempted to file a direct appeal in the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals (the “direct appeal”). However, the state moved to dismiss the appeal on the basis of untimely filing of the notice of appeal. The court granted the state’s motion to dismiss without explanation. See Rl-6 Exhibit C.

Bedford first presented the claim that his guilty plea was involuntary because he was not informed of the provisions of the Act (the “Coleman claim”) in an October 15, 1987 petition for post-conviction relief filed in the Circuit Court of St. Clair County, Alabama under Ala.R.Crim.P. 20 (the “rule 20 petition”). The state moved to dismiss the rule 20 petition, arguing that Bedford’s Coleman claim was procedurally barred because it was not raised at trial or on direct appeal, and that Bedford was not entitled to relief because he committed the crime before the Act’s effective date. Rl-6 Exhibit A at 7. The circuit court, without explanation, granted the state’s motion to dismiss. Rl-6 Exhibit A at 9. Bedford then filed a timely notice of appeal in the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals (the “rule 20 appeal”). In his notice of appeal, Bedford again raised the Coleman claim. However, Bedford failed to file a brief in the Alabama appellate court. The state, in its brief, pointed out that Bedford neglected to file a brief. The appellate court affirmed the circuit court without explanation. See Bedford v. State, 531 So.2d 63 (1988) (table).

Bedford subsequently filed the instant action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, asserting his Coleman claim. Although the state argued that the claim was procedurally barred, thé district court granted the writ. The district court found that the Alabama court’s affirmance of the circuit court’s dismissal of the rule 20 petition without explanation did not satisfy Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989). The state renews its procedural default argument on appeal. The state also argues that prejudice arising from the lapse of time since Bedford’s guilty plea should have led the district court to dismiss the petition under Rule 9(a) of the Rules Governing § 2254' Cases (“rule 9(a)”).

• ' II. DISCUSSION

A. The Procedural Default Issue

The state argues that Bedford’s Coleman claim is procedurally barred because Bedford’s direct appeal was dismissed for failure to file a timely notice of appeal and because the rule 20 appeal was dismissed for failure to file a brief. With regard to the direct appeal, although we might agree that that appeal was dismissed on the procedural ground urged by the state, the Coleman claim was not presented to any Alabama court until Bedford filed the rule 20 petition in 1987. Therefore, Bedford’s Coleman claim is procedurally barred only if the rule 20 appeal was dismissed on grounds of procedural default.

In Harris v. Reed, supra, the Court held that a state procedural default is not an adequate and. independent state ground of decision barring federal review in the absence of a clear and express statement by the state court relying on the procedural default to deny relief. The state urges that the rule 20 petition was dismissed because Bedford failed to file a brief. Although recognizing that the court did not state this ground expressly, the state argues that Ala.R.App.P. 45B “require[s] issues to be presented in brief on appeal or else be procedurally barred.” Brief of Appellant at 8 (citing Johnson v. State, 500 So.2d 494 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1986); Vinzant v. State, 462 So.2d 1037 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1984)). Therefore, the state contends; the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals clearly and expressly dismissed the rule 20 appeal on grounds of procedural default, 'i.e., for failure to file a brief, because rule 45B requires this disposition in all cases. Alabama law and Harris v. Reed require that we reject the state’s argument.

Ala.R.App.P. 45B provides:

In those criminal cases in which the death penalty has not been imposed, the Court of Criminal Appeals shall not be obligated to consider questions or issues not presented in briefs on appeal,

(emphasis added). An older version of the same rule provided:

In all cases appealed to the Court of Criminal Appeals, except those in which the death penalty has been imposed, the Court of Criminal Appeals shall consider only questions or issues presented in briefs on appeal.

(emphasis added).

The Alabama Supreme Court had occasion to consider the applicability of the old rule to a situation where the petitioner filed no brief in Hoppins v. State, 451 So.2d 365 (Ala.1983). Despite the use of the seemingly mandatory word “shall” in the old rule, the court held that the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals still retained discretion to consider issues in cases where the petitioner filed no brief. Id. at 365. After the Hoppins decision, the state legislature amended the old rule, i.e., inserted the words “shall not be obligated,” “so that this rule will agree with the holding in Hoppins v. State." Ala.R.App.P. 45B comment. In addition, Ala.R.App.P. 2(a)(2), the vehicle by which appeals are dismissed, see, e.g., Crenshaw v. State, 565 So.2d 1284, 1285 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1990), provides that “an appeal may be dismissed ... if an appellant fails to file [a] brief.” (emphasis added). See Watts v. State, 337 So.2d 91, 91 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1976) (“It should be noted that Rule 2(a)(2) states that an appeal may be dismissed for failure of the appellant to file a brief. Such dismissal is not mandatory.”) (emphasis in original). See also Ala.R.App.P. 2 committee comments (“In criminal cases, because of constitutional requirements and with due regard for the fundamental rights of a defendant, the interplay between available penalties for noncompliance with the rules, on the one hand, and suspension of the rules, on the other hand, is left to the sound discretion of the court of criminal appeals.”) (emphasis added). In the face of this clear evidence that the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals has discretion to consider issues on appeal despite the lack of an appellant’s brief, the state’s argument— that the court was required to dismiss the rule 20 appeal — -has absolutely no merit.

The state’s argument that the Court of Criminal Appeals exercised its discretion not to hear Bedford’s rule 20 appeal also lacks merit. Initially, we note that even the lower state court’s resolution of Bed-ford’s rule 20 petition was ambiguous. The lower court dismissed the case without explanation in the face of the state’s alternative arguments that the Coleman claim was procedurally barred and that Bedford was not entitled to relief on the merits. On appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed. That affirmance was ambiguous for two reasons. First, the lower court’s dismissal was ambiguous and therefore it is unclear exactly what the appellate court was affirming. Second, the Court of Appeals’ usual practice in cases where it decides not to hear a case because no brief was filed is to dismiss the appeal, not to affirm. See, e.g., Crenshaw v. State, 565 So.2d 1284, 1285 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1990) (no brief; appeal dismissed); Lacy v. State, 565 So.2d 287, 288 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1990) (same). Therefore, under Harris v. Reed, we hold that because there was no “clear and express” statement by the state court relying on a state procedural default, Bed-ford’s Coleman claim is not procedurally barred.

B. The State’s Prejudice Argument

The state argues that the lengthy delay between the time that Bedford pled guilty and the instant habeas petition prejudiced its ability to respond to the petition under rule 9(a). The state points out that, because of the delay, Bedford’s trial counsel cannot remember whether he informed Bedford of the possibility of youthful offender status, and that the trial judge and Bedford’s mother, both potential witnesses to what transpired at the plea proceeding, are dead. The district court found that the state did not meet its burden of showing prejudice in light of the fact that the failure of the trial judge to inform Bedford of the Act was evident from the record. We agree with the district court.

To support its argument, the state cites the Advisory Committee notes to rule 9(a), which provide that the passage of more than five years from the time of the judgment of conviction to the time that the federal habeas petition is filed creates a rebuttable presumption of prejudice to the state. However, in Lawrence v. Jones, 837 F.2d 1572, 1575 (11th Cir.1988), a case cited by the state, the court “refuse[d] to accept the state’s invitation to presume unreasonable delay merely because five years have elapsed between the conviction and the writ of habeas corpus.” The Lawrence court based this holding on Congress’ express rejection in the final rule of the five year presumption that appeared in rule 9(a) as proposed by the Supreme Court. See H.R. No. 1471, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 1, 5, reprinted in, 1976 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 2478, 2481

(“The legislation amends Rule 9(a) in both the § 2254 rules and the § 2255 rules by deleting the language relating to the rebuttable presumption after 5 years and the calculation of the five year period. The Committee believes that it is unsound policy to require the defendant to overcome a presumption of prejudice and that the legislation brings rule 9(a) into conformity with other provisions of law.”)

See also Hill v. Linahan, 697 F.2d 1032, 1035 n. 3 (11th Cir.1983). The Lawrence court also placed the burden of showing prejudice on the state. Lawrence at 1574-75.

In order to show prejudice, the state must show: (1) that the petitioner’s delay was unreasonable; (2) that it has suffered some particularized prejudice; and (3) that the prejudice was caused by the delay. Lawrence at 1575. Although the almost 18-year delay in the instant case was probably unreasonable, the fact that certain potential witnesses are dead and that the trial attorney has sustained a loss of memory are not sufficient to meet the requirement that the state show particularized prejudice where we have what appears to be a complete record of the plea proceeding. See Rl-6 Exhibit C. The transcript of the plea proceeding is devoid of any reference to the Alabama Youthful Offender Act.

Therefore, because the instant case is a clear example of a violation of Coleman v. Alabama, 827 F.2d 1469 (11th Cir.1987), a conclusion which the state does not contest, we AFFIRM the district court’s well-reasoned decision to grant the writ. 
      
      . The record does not reveal the nature of the crime.
     
      
      . Section 15-19-1, which became effective on February 10, 1972, provides:
      (a) A person charged with a crime which was committed in his minority but was not disposed of in juvenile court and which involves moral turpitude or is subject to a sentence of commitment for one year or more shall, and, if charged with a lesser crime may be investigated and examined by the court to determine whether he should be tried as a youthful offender, provided he consents to such examination and to trial without a jury where trial by jury would otherwise be available to him. If the defendant consents and the court so decides, no further action shall be taken on the indictment or information unless otherwise ordered by the court as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
      (b) After such investigation and examination, the court, in its discretion, may direct that the defendant be arraigned as a youthful offender, and no further action shall be taken on the indictment or information; or the court may decide that the defendant shall not be arraigned as a youthful offender, whereupon the indictment or information shall be deemed filed.
      In Coleman v. Alabama, 827 F.2d 1469, 1474-75 (11th Cir.1987), this court ruled that the Alabama Youthful Offender Act applied, as in the instant case, where the defendant committed his crime before the Act’s effective date but entered a guilty plea after such date.
     
      
      .In Coleman, we held that the failure of the trial judge to inform the defendant of the provisions of the Youthful Offender Act renders the guilty plea involuntary and thus constitutionally infirm under the Due Process Clause. Coleman at 1472-74. In the instant case, the state does not argue that Bedford is not entitled to relief on the merits if he was not so informed at the plea proceeding. Rather, as discussed below in text, the state argues that Bedford’s claim is procedurally barred and that the length of time that has passed since the 1972 plea has prejudiced its ability to respond to the petition. See Rules Governing § 2254 Cases 9(a).
     
      
      . The latter claim, of course, fails under Coleman. See note 2, supra.
      
     
      
      . Actually, before Bedford filed the notice of appeal, he filed a habeas corpus petition in federal court. That petition, which is not at issue here, was dismissed because the time to appeal in the Alabama action had not expired and thus state remedies were not yet exhausted.
     
      
      .Bedford might have presented this claim in a 1978 state coram nobis petition, which was denied. However, the state does not contend that it was presented then, and has not provided a record of that proceeding in the record on appeal.
     
      
      . The state also argues that Harris v. Reed, supra, is not applicable here because Bedford’s Coleman claim was never presented to the Alabama courts. See Harris v. Reed, 109 S.Ct. at 1043 & n. 9 ("[The] rule [that the last state court rendering a judgment in the case clearly and expressly state that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar] necessarily applies only when a state court has been presented with the federal claim_”). See abo id. at 1046-47 (O’Connor, J., concurring).
      Although it may be true that the Alabama courts may deem an issue as not presented where no brief is filed, see, e.g., Lacy v. State, 565 So.2d 287, 288 (Ala.Ct.Crim.App.1990), it is clear, as discussed in the text below, that the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals has discretion to consider issues despite the lack of a brief. The Harris v. Reed exception, which may be applicable where "no state court was ever given the opportunity to pass on either the procedural posture or the merits of the constitutional claim,” Harris v. Reed, 109 S.Ct. at 1047 (O’Connor, J., concurring), is inapplicable to the instant case. The Alabama appellate court did have such an opportunity because Bedford presented the Coleman claim in the notice of appeal. Moreover, the instant case does not present a situation where the petitioner has "bypass[ed] state postconviction remedies entirely in the hope that the lack of a state court decision as to the applicability of the State’s procedural bar would be treated as 'ambiguity.’” Harris v. Reed, 109 S.Ct. at 1047 (O’Connor, J., concurring). Therefore, the question in the instant case is not whether Bedford’s Coleman claim was ever presented to the state courts, but rather, whether when the claim was presented the state courts declined to hear it by reason of a procedural bar.
     
      
      . We recognize that the Watts court’s reliance on 15 Ala.Code § 389 (current version at Ala. Code § 12-22-240) is no longer valid. Section 12-22-240’s requirement that the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals search the record for error in all criminal cases was abolished by the 1982 adoption of Ala.R.App.P. 45B. Biddie v. State, 516 So.2d 846, 847 (Ala.1987) ("Rule 45B abolished the ‘search the record’ requirement of § 12-22-240"); Hoppins v. State, 451 So.2d 365, 365 (Ala.1983) (same). However, Whtis’holding that dismissal of an appeal for failure to file a brief is not mandatory remains the law. In Hoppins, the Alabama Supreme Court reaffirmed that the Court of Criminal Appeals has discretion not to dismiss an appeal in the same paragraph in which it recognized that rule 45B superceded § 12-22-240. Hoppins, 451 So.2d at 365.
     
      
      . In addition, the Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure require a dismissal of an appeal only when the notice of appeal is not timely filed. Hardeman v. Mayfield, 429 So.2d 1097 (Ala.Ct.Civ.App.1983). The state does not argue that Bedford did not file a timely notice appealing the dismissal of the rule 20 petition.
     
      
      . Rule 9(a) provides:
      A petition may be dismissed if it appears that the state of which the respondent is an officer has been prejudiced in its ability to respond to the petition by delay in its filing unless the petitioner shows that it is based on grounds of which he could not have had knowledge by the exercise of reasonable diligence before the circumstances prejudicial to the state occurred.
     