
    XINJIAMEI FURNITURE (ZHANGZHOU) CO., LTD., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant.
    Slip Op. 14-17. Court No. 11-00456.
    United States Court of International Trade.
    Feb. 18, 2014.
    
      Kutak Rock LLP (Lizbeth R. Levinson and Ronald M. Wisla), Washington, DC, for plaintiff.
    Stuart F. Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Franklin E. White, Assistant Director, Douglas G. Edelschick, Trial Attorney, Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC; Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, United States Department of Commerce (Joanna V. Theiss), of counsel, for defendant.
   OPINION

EATON, Judge:

Before the court are the Department of Commerce’s (“the Department” or “defendant”) Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand in this New Shipper Review. Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand (ECF Dkt. No. 32-1) (“Remand Results”). At issue is whether the Department complied with the court’s remand order instructing it to “provide an adequate explanation, supported by substantial evidence, as to why [the data set relied upon in the Final Results to calculate the surrogate value for cold-rolled steel coil is] reliable and non-aberrational.” Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co. v. United States, 37 CIT-, -, Slip Op. 13-30, 16, 2013 WL 920276 (2013).

Plaintiff Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd. (“plaintiff’ or “Xinjiamei”) objects to Commerce’s continued use of import data from Indian HTS category 7211.2990 (“Indian Import Data”), as reported in the Global Trade Atlas (“GTA”), including questioning the Department’s use of new data placed on the record during the remand to show that the GTA Indian Import Data does not yield an aberrational average unit value (“AUV”). See Cmts. on Remand Results 2-3 (ECF Dkt. No. 34) (“Pl.’s Cmts.”).

Defendant argues that the court should not entertain plaintiffs objections because “Xinjiamei failed to exhaust its administrative remedies” when it did not comment on the Draft Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand (“Draft Results”). Def.’s Reply to PL’s Cmts. Regarding the Remand Redetermination 2 (ECF Dkt. No. 35) (“Def.’s Reply”). Defendant continues that the Remand Results comply with the court’s instructions in Xinjiamei and its determination is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.

It is undisputed that plaintiff failed to raise any of the arguments it raises here when given an opportunity to comment on the Draft Results during the proceedings on remand. Draft Results at 15 (ECF Dkt. No. 38-11) (“Interested parties will have an opportunity to comment on these draft remand results. Interested parties may submit comments to the Department by close-of-business on May 31, 2013. Any comments will be addressed in our final remand results.”). Because plaintiff did not exhaust its administrative remedies, the court will not consider the arguments it makes here for the first time. Accordingly, and because the Department has complied with the court’s instructions in Xinjiamei and its conclusions are supported by substantial evidence on the record, the Remand Results are sustained.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i) (2006). The results of a redetermination pursuant to court remand are also reviewed “for compliance with the court’s remand order.” Nakornthai Mill Public Co. v. United States, 32 CIT 1272, 1274, 587 F.Supp.2d 1303,1306 (2008).

DISCUSSION

I. Background

On July 29, 2010, at Xinjiamei’s request, Commerce initiated a new shipper review, covering a period of review (“POR”) from June 1, 2009 through May 31, 2010. Folding Metal Tables and Chairs From the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), 75 Fed.Reg. 44,767 (Dep’t of Commerce July 29, 2010) (initiation of the new shipper review); Folding Metal Tables and Chairs from the PRC, 67 Fed.Reg. 43,277 (Dep’t of Commerce June 27, 2002) (antidumping duty order). During the initial administrative proceedings, the Department selected India as the surrogate country, placed the GTA Indian Import Data on the record, and used it to generate a surrogate value for cold-rolled steel coil. Xinjiamei at -, Slip Op. 13-30, at 4. As an alternative value, plaintiff placed on the record before Commerce advertising data from one of the largest Indian steel producers, JSW Steel Limited (“JSW”). To support its alternative value, plaintiff also submitted sales data from JSW and data taken from the metals.com website showing monthly cold-rolled steel prices from Brazil (“metalprices.com Brazilian Data”), “ex factory cold-rolled steel prices from Northern Europe,” and “world export market benchmark prices.” Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 5-6 (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff argued that the Department should have used the JSW advertising data as the best available information on the record because (1) the JSW advertising data was supported by the other information plaintiff provided, and (2) because of the small quantity of imports it represented, the GTA Indian Import Data yielded an aberrational surrogate value. Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 4-6.

In the Final Results, Commerce continued to use the GTA Indian Import Data, arguing that it was within its discretion to select data based on a small quantity of imports as the best available information, so long as other evidence before the Department showed the resulting per unit values derived from GTA Indian Import Data were within a “reasonable range.” Id. at -, Slip Op. 13-30, at 6; See Folding Metal Tables and Chairs from the PRC, 76 Fed.Reg. 66,036 (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 25, 2011) (final results of anti-dumping review and new shipper review) (“Final Results”), and accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Annual 2009-2010 New Shipper Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Folding Metal Tables and Chairs from the PRC (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 18, 2011) (“Issues & Dec. Mem.”). The Department also found that the data placed on the record by plaintiff failed to show the GTA Indian Import Data to be aberrational. Xinjiamei at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 7. Moreover, Commerce rejected the use of the JSW advertised prices as the best available information because the data represented offers, rather than sales, and came from only one company. Id. The Department, however, neither expressly evaluated whether the GTA Indian Import Data yielded an aberrational AUV nor compared the AUV yielded by the GTA Indian Import Data to other market prices. Id. Rather than comparing the GTA Indian Import Data with the other evidence placed on the record by plaintiff, the Department discounted the other data sets and concluded that the GTA Indian Import Data was superior by process of elimination.

In Xinjiamei, the court remanded the Final Results, “conelud[ing] that Commerce ha[d] failed to provide a rational explanation for its selection of the GTA [Indian Import D]ata as the best available information on the record.” Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 10. Because the Department did not assess whether the GTA Indian Import Data met the Department’s own standards for reliability, the court found that Commerce had “skip[ped] a critical analytical step by failing to question the use of the GTA [Indian Import D]ata when other evidence on the record cast[ ] doubt on the reliability of its choice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The court held that “questionable data may not be chosen ‘only on the claim that the data selected was better than other data’ on the record” and that “ ‘Commerce’s analysis must do more than simply identify flaws in the data sets it rejects.’ ” Id. (quoting Mittal Steel Galati S.A. v. United States, 31 CIT 1121, 1135, 502 F.Supp.2d 1295, 1308 (2007), and Guangdong Chem. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 30 CIT 1412, 1417, 460 F.Supp.2d 1365, 1369 (2006)). Accordingly, the court remanded the case for the Department to more thoroughly explain why, in light of all of the record evidence, its selection of the GTA Indian Import Data as the best available information was supported by substantial evidence.

On remand, the court instructed that:

[Sjhould Commerce continue using the GTA [Indian D]ata, it must provide an adequate explanation, supported by substantial evidence, as to why that data is reliable and non-aberrational.... Commerce must take into account the Brazilian data, the Northern European data, the Benchmark data, the JSW advertised data, and the JSW price data.... [Commerce] shall determine a surrogate value for cold-rolled steel coil based on the best available information standard ... [and] expressly compare the merits of any acceptable data sets on the record.

Xinjiamei, at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 16. The court permitted the Department to “reopen the record to solicit any information it determines to be necessary to make its determination.” Id.

Prior to issuing the Draft Results, the Department reopened the record and added: “(1) GTA [Indian] import data from the other potential surrogate countries covering the POR; (2) Brazilian GTA export data for cold-rolled steel coil during the POR; (3) Brazilian GTA export data” covering the same period reflected in plaintiffs metalprices.com Brazilian data. Draft Results at 3. For its part, “Xinjiamei placed on the record a chart obtained from London Metal Exchange Free Data Service [ (“London Metal Exchange data”) ] showing prices for steel billet in the Far East market during the POR” which it “claimed ... further supports using the JSW [sales] prices.” Draft Results at 3. In its submission, Xinjiamei raised no arguments other than to claim that the London Metal Exchange data supported its proposed AUV and undermined the AUV calculated from the GTA Indian Import Data. See Letter from Lizbeth R. Levinson and Ronald M. Wisla, Kutak Rock LLP, to Sec’y of Commerce at 1-2, PD 10 at bar code 3130529-01 (Apr. 17, 2013), ECF Dkt. No. 38-10 (“London Metal Exchange Letter”).'

In the Draft Results, the Department “continue[d] to find that the GTA Indian import data are the best available information for valuing Xinjiamei’s cold-rolled steel coil and that the data are reliable and non-aberrational.” Draft Results at 3-4. Conceding that the HTS categories were not identical for each country at the eight-digit level used for this comparison, the Department nonetheless found that the $2.01/kg AUV for the GTA Indian Import Data that it used in the Final Results fell within a reasonable range. This was because “the GTA import AUVs covering the POR for the HTS category of cold-rolled steel that is most specific to Xinjiamei’s inputs from” Indonesia, Peru, Thailand, and Ukraine, yielded a range of $1.22/kg to $8.26/kg. Draft Results 4-5. The Department also found that the volume of imports underlying the GTA Indian Import Data, 716,835 kg, also represented “significant quantities of imports” because it “is within” the 57,070 kg to 2,301,882 kg range of import quantities imported into Indonesia, Peru, Thailand, and Ukraine. Draft Results at 5.

To further support its selection, the Department also compared the GTA Indian Import Data with “import data from the POR for HTS category 7211.29, ‘Flat-Rolled Iron Or Nonalloy Steel Products Nesoi, Under 600 Mm Wide, Hot-Rolled, Not Clad, Plated Or Coated, Únder 4.75 Mm Thick’ ” which covered cold-rolled steel from India and the other potential surrogate countries (Indonesia, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand, and Ukraine). Draft Results at 5-6. While noting that this information “is less specific than both the eight-digit HTS category used in the Final Results and the” eight-digit data used for the first comparison in the Draft Results, the Department found that this “data set is helpful because HTS category 7211.29 is harmonized at [the] six-digit level” across all of the potential surrogate countries. Draft Results at 6. Thus, to balance out its comparison across the eight-digit tariff subheadings, which were not harmonized across all of the surrogate countries, the Department also compared its selected value to the AUVs derived from the data of the six-digit subheadings, which, although less specific, are harmonized across all of the surrogate countries.

Commerce concluded that a comparison with this data set also showed that the GTA Indian Import Data fell within a reasonable range because the $2.01/kg AUV was within the range of $1.56/kg to $2.95/kg AUVs for the other potential surrogate countries. Draft Results at 6. The Department also found that the volume of imports under the GTA Indian Import Data (716,882 kg) was not aberrational because it was within the 2,808 kg to 11,500,-005 kg range of import quantities for the other surrogate countries. Draft Results at 6. In other words, the Department found that the GTA Indian Import Data’s volume and AUV were not aberrational because they were comparable to the volumes and AUVs yielded by examining imports into the other surrogate countries.

As directed by the court, the Department also specifically addressed the reliability of the JSW advertised prices. It found that the JSW advertised prices “are not the best available information because the data are less specific than GTA Indian import data and do not represent a broad industry-average price.” Draft Results at 6. Regarding specificity, the Department concluded that the JSW advertised data does not “specify the width of the cold-rolled steel coil it sells.” Draft Results at 6. By contrast, the GTA Indian Import Data “specifies the width of the cold-rolled steel coil it covers” and the covered range encompasses the width of cold-rolled steel coil Xinjiamei “used to produce subject merchandise.” Draft Results at 7. Moreover, the Department concluded that the GTA Indian Import Data represented a “broad industry-average” because that data was “collected from an official government source” and “reflects] numerous transactions between many buyers and sellers,” and that the JSW advertised data did not represent a broad industry-average because it was “based on the price from a single factory.” Draft Results at 7.

Commerce added that it found the JSW advertised data to be less reliable than the GTA Indian Import Data. According to the Department, the only record evidence that supported the JSW advertised data was from the Philippines. The Department concluded, however, that the Philippine data was too small to be reliable because “the import quantity is only 2,100 kg.” Draft Results 5. The Department thus concluded that the GTA Indian Import Data was more reliable because it was supported by record evidence from five of the other potential surrogate countries while the JSW advertised data was only supported by one, unreliable data set. Draft Results at 6, 7.

The Department also examined the JSW sales data. It determined that it could not rely on that data as it “may be distortive because the sales quantity covers all cold-rolled steel coil and sheets,” which includes products that could fall under twelve different tariff headings. Draft Results at 8. Put another way, the JSW sales data was not specific to the type of input used by plaintiff and represented sales of many different kinds of cold-rolled steel coil and sheets. The Department also faulted the JSW sales data because the AUV it yields falls outside the range of AUVs from all other potential surrogate countries except for the Philippines. As noted, Commerce concluded the Philippine data was derived from an aberrationally small number of imports. Draft Results at 8.

Also, as instructed by the court, the Department expressly considered the metalprices.com Brazilian data placed on the record by Xinjiamei prior to the issuance of the Final Results. Commerce then compared that data with the two sets of Brazilian GTA export data that the Department placed on the record on remand. Draft Results at 9. Xinjiamei’s Brazilian data from metalprices.com (which reflected nine-months that were not identical with the POR) yielded an AUV of $0.59/kg, while Commerce’s Brazilian GTA data yielded an AUV of $2.10/kg during the POR and an AUV of $2.05 during the same period as the Brazilian data from metal-prices.com. Draft Results at 9. The Department found that the Brazilian GTA export data was more reliable because that data was “derived from official government statistics” and the record contained no evidence as to how the metalprices.com Brazilian data was gathered. Draft Results at 9. The Department also concluded that the Brazilian data from metalprices.com was not the best available evidence when compared to the GTA Indian Import Data “because the data are from Brazil, not India” and India was the primary surrogate country. Draft Results at 10.

Further, in accordance with the remand instructions, the Department also considered the Northern Europe and World Export Market Benchmark data placed on the record by Xinjiamei. The Department determined that it could not rely on those prices because “[rjecord evidence does not explain how metalprices.com compiles its pricing data[,] ... whether the prices are based on commercial and actual transactions between unaffiliated buyers and sellers!,] • ■ • and whether the[ ] quantities are commercially significant.” Draft Results at 11. The Department also reiterated its reasoning in the Final Results that the Northern Europe and World Export Market Benchmark data “are not suitable because neither of the data sets covers any portion of the POR[,] ... export prices ... are not representative of the domestic or import prices paid by producers of the like product in India[,] ... [and] the Department is unable to compare and verify the export prices and quantities using other sources because the descriptions ‘Northern Europe’ and ‘world export market’ are vague and undefined.” Draft Results 11-12.

Commerce also concluded that the Northern Europe and World Export Market Benchmark data were “not the best available information on the record to value cold-rolled steel coil because” the AUVs derived from those data sets ($0.62 and $0.71) “are not within the range of AUVs for the other potential surrogate countries” for which reliable data was on the record. Draft Results 12. Thus, the Department found that these data sets were less reliable than the GTA Indian Import Data because the GTA Indian Import Data was better supported by other record evidence.

The Department also addressed the new London Metal Exchange data placed on the record by Xinjiamei during the remand proceedings. According to Commerce, that data represented “the cash buyer price of steel billet,[] not cold-rolled steel coil, in Far East markets during the POR.” Draft Results at 12. The Department rejected Xinjiamei’s claim that “steel billet [was] the type of steel used to fabricate cold-rolled steel sheet used to produce the subject merchandise” because plaintiff provided “no explanation (e.g., width, thickness, carbon level content, and processing method of the steel billet) supported by evidence to substantiate this claim.” London Metal Exchange Letter 1; Draft Results at 13. The Department then compared the London Metal Exchange AUV ($0.47/kg) to the AUV from the GTA Indian Import Data and the GTA data from the other potential surrogate countries, finding the London Metal Exchange data to be aberrational because its AUV “is not within the range of AUVs for India and the other potential surrogate countries.” Draft Results at 13. Specifically, the $0.47/kg AUV of the London Metal Exchange data is not within the $1.22/kg to $8.26/kg AUV range. Draft Results at 13. The Department further found the London Metal Exchange data unreliable because “even if Xinjiamei’s explanation” that the steel billet was used to create the cold-rolled steel sheets used by plaintiff to manufacture the subject merchandise “is correct, the prices for steel billet should be lower [that those for cold-rolled steel sheet] because [they do] not account for the additional processing necessary to produce cold-rolled steel sheets.” Draft Results at 13.

Commerce also identified several other bases for rejecting the London Metal Exchange prices as a benchmark. For example, the Department stated that it could not verify the price with “other sources because the data do not identify which countries London Metal Exchange considers to be a part of the Far East Region and the data do not include export quantities”; the Department could not determine if the data was “based on commercially significant quantities”; and “steel billet is not the input used by Xinjiamei.” Draft Results at 13. Thus, the Department concluded that the London Metal Exchange data was not the best available information on the record because it is less reliable “and may be aberrational in comparison to GTA Indian import data under HTS 7211.29.90, which is corroborated by record evidence.” Draft Results at 14.

After all of the foregoing comparisons, the Department confirmed its finding in the Final Results that the GTA Indian Import Data was the best available information on the record. Commerce found that the GTA Indian Import Data was more reliable than the JSW advertising data and JSW sales data because it was supported by the GTA data from the other potential surrogate countries and the JSW sales data and JSW advertised data “are not corroborated by reliable values and quantities.” Draft Results at 15.

The Department then provided interested parties a week to comment on the Draft Results. Draft Results at 15; Letter from Charles Riggle, Dep’t of Commerce, to Ronald M. Wisla, Kutak Rock LLP, at 1, PD 11 at bar code 3137194-01 (May 24, 2013), ECF Dkt. No. 38-11. Plaintiff filed no comments on the Draft Results and requested no extension of time to do so.

On June 14, 2013, the Department issued the Remand Results. In the Remand Results, the Department observed that “Xinjiamei provided no comments to our Draft Results. As such, we have determined not to alter the conclusions of our Draft Results and continue to find that the GTA Indian import data are the best available information for valuing Xinjiamei’s cold-rolled steel coil and that the data are reliable and non-aberrational.” Remand Results 1-2. The Department then went on to repeat its conclusions and analysis from the Draft Results nearly verbatim.

Despite the Remand Results’ express reference to Xinjiamei’s failure to comment on the Drat Results, plaintiff makes no mention of its decision not to do so in its submissions before the court. Rather, in its five-page brief, Xinjiamei argues that the Remand Results remain unsupported by substantial evidence because (1) the Department did not expressly “take into account the sample size of the [GTA Indian Import] data ... and compare it with the sales volume of the Indian domestic price data,” (2) the Department did not compare like tariff headings to like tariff headings, (3) the volume of imports under several of the GTA headings in other potential surrogate countries was smaller than the volume of imports under the GTA Indian Import Data, (4) the aggregate volume of all of the sales under all of the tariff headings in the other potential surrogate countries is “only 0.12% of JSW’s annual production and 0.012% of Indian production of cold-rolled steel sheet and coil,” and (5) the range of AUVs generated by the list of potential other surrogate countries “is so large that it is virtually meaningless.” PL’s Cmts. 2-5.

Based on these objections, Xinjiamei argues that substantial evidence could not have supported the Department’s continued use of the GTA Indian Import Data as the best available information and asks the court to “remand the case to Commerce a second time and instruct Commerce to use the POR average of JSW Steel retail prices as the surrogate value for cold rolled steel coil.” PL’s Cmts. 5. Notably, plaintiffs comments make no mention of its submission of the London Metal Exchange data.

II. Xinjiamei Failed to Exhaust its Administrative Remedies by Declining to Comment on the Draft Remand Results

“[W]here appropriate” the court shall “require the exhaustion of administrative remedies.” 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d) (2006); Yangzhou Bestpak Gifts & Crafts Co. v. United States, 716 F.3d 1370, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2013). “ ‘The exhaustion doctrine requires a party to present its claims to the relevant administrative agency for the agency’s consideration before raising these claims to the Court.’ ” Shandong Huarong Machinery Co. v. United States, 30 CIT 1269, 1305, 435 F.Supp.2d 1261, 1292 (2006) (quoting Ingman v. U.S. Sec’y of Agric., 29 CIT 1123, 2005 WL 2138576 (2005)). “This court has discretion to determine when it will require the exhaustion of administrative remedies.” Blue Field (Sichuan) Food Indus. Co., Ltd. v. United States, 37 CIT-,-, 949 F.Supp.2d 1311, 1321 (2013).

Requiring exhaustion is appropriate where doing so “can protect administrative agency authority and promote judicial efficiency.” Itochu Bldg. Prods, v. United States, 733 F.3d 1140, 1145 (Fed.Cir.2013) (citation omitted). Exhaustion can “serve judicial efficiency ... by giving an agency a full opportunity to correct errors and thereby narrow or even eliminate disputes needing judicial resolution.” Id. Thus, “[i]n litigation contesting anti-dumping determinations, the exhaustion requirement applies to a situation such as that existing in this case, in which the Department invited a party to submit comments on draft remand results.” Carpenter Tech. Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT -, -, 774 F.Supp.2d 1343, 1349 (2011).

Plaintiff has attempted to make no response to the Department’s arguments that it has failed to exhaust its administrative remedies. Xinjiamei makes no mention in its papers of any response it made to the Draft Results or of any communications with the Department that would presage the objections raised here for the first time. Indeed, plaintiff also appears to have nothing further to add to counter the Department’s position. In support of its motion to cancel oral argument, Xinjiamei stated that the issues before the court had been “adequately addressed by the parties through comment.” Unopposed Mot. to Cancel Oral Arg. 1 (ECF Dkt. No. 39). Accordingly, it is clear from the record that plaintiff failed to exhaust its administrative remedy by declining make its objections before the Department when it had the opportunity to do so in the first instance during the proceedings on remand. Nevertheless, because failure to exhaust administrative remedies is not always fatal to a party’s objections to administrative action, the court will consider the two common exceptions to the exhaustion requirement, futility and “pure question of law.” In addition, the court will address whether plaintiff had an adequate opportunity to respond to the Draft Results.

The futility exception applies where a party “would be required to go through obviously useless motions in order to preserve their rights.” Corus Staal BV v. United States, 502 F.3d 1370, 1379 (Fed.Cir.2007) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). A showing of futility requires more than “the mere fact that an adverse decision may have been likely.” Id. The factual circumstances in which the futility exception applies generally require that the plaintiff have already “put its argument on the record before Commerce” in such a manner that the agency “had heard everything on the issue that [the party] had to say.” Itochu, 733 F.3d at 1146, 1147 (finding futility applied where, prior to the preliminary results, the party had “set forth its position in comments, met with eight department officials to discuss the issue, and submitted legal support for its position”). In other words, futility can excuse a party from additional practice before the agency when it has already fully presented its arguments to the Department in some form and had those arguments rejected, but not where it declines to present the arguments at all because it believes the agency will be unlikely to accept them.

The futility exception is inapplicable here. Xinjiamei’s arguments presented before the court attack the Department’s use of the GTA data from the other potential surrogate countries to explain why the volume of the GTA Indian Import data is not aberrationally small. The data that plaintiff questions, however, was not placed on the record until the proceedings on remand. Thus, Xinjiamei’s first opportunity to respond to it was during the remand proceedings. The record is clear that plaintiff never raised any of its arguments questioning the use of this data before the Department. The only submission plaintiff made to the Department as part of the remand proceedings was to supplement the record with the London Metal Exchange data. As noted, Commerce’s rejection of that evidence is an issue plaintiff does not raise before the court.

Accordingly, this is not an instance where a plaintiff has fully made their case before the Department and additional practice before the agency would have served no purpose. At a minimum, responding to the Draft Results would have permitted the Department to clarify its position by filling in any claimed explanatory gaps (e.g., the size difference between the aggregated volume of imports under all of the GTA import data sets and the JSW sales data, whether the range of AUVs yielded by the GTA import data is too large to be meaningful, and whether the Department’s comparison between the eight-digit tariff heading used for the GTA Indian Import Data and six-digit tariff headings for all of the potential surrogate countries was impermissible). Because no argument can be made that raising these issues would have been a “useless motion,” the futility exception is not available to plaintiff.

The “pure question of law” exception applies only where the issue “can be addressed without further factual development or further agency exercise of discretion.” Itochu, 733 F.3d at 1146 (citing Agro Dutch Indus. v. United States, 508 F.3d 1024, 1029 (Fed.Cir.2007)). Put another way, “[statutory construction alone [must be] sufficient to resolve [the] case.” Consol. Bearings Co. v. United States, 348 F.3d 997, 1003 (Fed.Cir.2003). Moreover, even where the question is one of statutory construction, exhaustion may be required if the Department’s interpretation would be entitled to Chevron deference and the Department’s position was not made clear on the administrative record. Fuwei Films (Shandong) Co. v. United States, 35 CIT-,-, 791 F.Supp.2d 1381, 1384 (2011) (citing Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-45, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)) (“[I]t is always preferable to have the agency’s interpretation of the statute it is entrusted to administer set forth on the administrative record.”).

Plaintiffs objections are not pure questions of law. Indeed, no question of statutory interpretation is at issue here. Each of Xinjiamei’s objections bear on factual questions regarding whether the data relied upon by the Department was sufficiently substantial to support its determinations. Accordingly, plaintiff cannot rely on the “pure question of law” exception.

Finally, this is not a case where the plaintiff “did not have a fair opportunity to challenge these issues at the administrative level.” Qingdao Taifa Group Co. v. United States, 33 CIT 1090, 1093, 637 F.Supp.2d 1231, 1237 (2009). The Department discussed fully the new evidence in the Draft Results and its position in the Draft Results was identical to the position it took in the Remand Results. The Department’s reliance on the new evidence is what plaintiff now challenges before the court. Thus, it is apparent that the arguments made in plaintiffs five-page brief submitted to the court could have been made in the week-long comment period provided by the Department. Moreover, had plaintiff believed that it needed additional time to fully frame its objections to the Draft Results, it could have made a request for an extension of time to the Department for that purpose.

III. The Department Has Complied with the Court’s Instructions on Remand

The court instructed the Department on remand to “expressly compare the merits of any acceptable data sets on the record” and “provide an adequate explanation, supported by substantial evidence, as to why th[e] data [it selects as the best available evidence] is reliable and non-aberrational.” Xinjiamei, 36 CIT at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 16. The Department has done so here. In selecting the GTA Indian Import Data, the Department compared the AUV generated from that data to the AUVs of the same inputs if valued from other potential surrogate countries and reasonably concluded that the similarities in the values demonstrated that the $2.01 AUV was not aberrational. The Department also reasonably concluded that the GTA Indian Import Data’s volume was not aberrational by comparing it to that of the other potential surrogate countries and finding the respective import volumes to be similar. As instructed, the Department also expressly considered each other data set on the record, compared each set to the GTA Indian Import Data, and explained in each instance why it found the GTA Indian Import Data to be the best available information when compared with that data set.

As noted in Xinjiamei, in reviewing whether the Department’s selection of evidence used to calculated a surrogate value is the best available information, the “court determines not whether 'the information Commerce used was the best available, but rather whether a reasonable mind could conclude that Commerce chose the best available information.’ ” Xinjiamei, 36 CIT at-, Slip Op. 13-30, at 9 (quoting Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co., Ltd. v. United States, 652 F.3d 1333, 1341 (Fed.Cir.2011)). However, “[t]o support a surrogate value with substantial evidence, Commerce ‘must do more than simply identify flaws in the data sets it rejects.’ ” Xiamen Int’l Trade and Indus. Co. v. United States, 37 CIT -, 953 F.Supp.2d 1307,-(2013) (quoting Guangdong, 30 CIT at 1417, 460 F.Supp.2d at 1369). The Department must also “evaluate the reliability of its own choice” and explain why that choice does not yield an aberrational AUV. Shanghai Foreign Trade Enters, v. United States, 28 CIT 480, 495, 318 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1352 (2004).

The Department’s selection of the GTA Indian Import Data is supported by substantial evidence. Here, the Department has selected evidence that meets its “preference for data from a single surrogate country, [that is] publically available, represents] a broad market average, [is] contemporaneous with the POR, [is] tax exclusive, and [is] the most specific HTS category to the [input] used by Xinjiamei to produce” the subject merchandise. Remand Results at 15. Unlike in Xinjiamei, the Department has sufficiently explained why the GTA Indian Import Data does not yield an aberrational AUV. To demonstrate that the GTA Indian Import data’s AUV falls within a reasonable range, the Department compared it to the import data from the other potential surrogate countries. After finding the AUVs to be comparable in terms of both price and quantity, the Department also explained why it found that the GTA Indian Import Data is preferable to the JSW advertising data argued for by the plaintiff. The explanation for the Department’s choice, that the JSW advertising data is not comparable to the values in the import data from the other surrogate countries and is less specific to the input used by Xinjiamei, is reasonable.

Accordingly, the Department has adequately explained its selection of the GTA Indian Import Data as the best available information for Xinjiamei’s cold-rolled steel coil input and supported that conclusion with substantial evidence, in compliance with the court’s instructions.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby

ORDERED that the Department of Commerce’s Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand are sustained. 
      
      . 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l) directs the Department to value factors of production "based on the best available information regarding the values of such factors in a market economy country or countries considered [by the Department] to be appropriate.”
     
      
      . The tariff schedules of signatories to the Harmonized System Convention are required to have tariff categories "harmonized with the internationally-developed HS nomenclature up to the six-digit level, i.e., to the two-digit ‘chapter,’ the four-digit ‘heading,’ and the six-digit ‘subheading’ levels.” Victoria’s Secret Direct, LLC v. United States, 37 CIT-,-, 908 F.Supp.2d 1332, 1345 (2013) (citing Investigation with Respect to the Operation of the Harmonized System Subtitle of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 at 1 (USITC Pub. No. 2296) (June 1990)). Beyond the six-digit level each individual nation may further subdivide its tariff schedule in a manner that is not harmonized with the other signatories. The eight-digit headings that cover cold-rolled steel coil are not identical across all of the potential surrogate countries. As part of its analysis, the Department identified and compared the eight-digit headings that cover cold-rolled steel coil, even though the language and scope of those headings is not exactly the same.
     
      
      . It is worth noting that, because of its small volume, the Department excluded data from the fifth potential surrogate country, the Phil- ■ ippines, from the eight-digit level comparison. Had that data been included, however, the GTA Indian Import Data’s AUV would still fall within the range of all six potential surrogate countries. See Draft Results at 5.
     
      
      . Steel billet is "[a] semi-finished hot rolled product, usually of square section with radiused corners, produced by the hot rolling of blooms.... Billets are further processed by hot rolling into bar stock." Dictionary of Materials and Manufacturing 37 (Vernon John ed. 1990). By contrast, cold-rolled steel coil is a “finished steel product such as strip or sheet that has been wound or coiled after rolling.” See, A Guide to the Language of Steel: Coil, ArcelorMittal, http://corporate. arcelormittal.com/news-and-media/factfile/ steel-terminology (last visited Jan. 21, 2014).
     
      
      . The Chevron line of cases requires the courts to defer to the Department of Commerce's reasonable interpretation of certain ambiguous statutory provisions. See United States v. Eurodif S.A., 555 U.S. 305, 315-17, 129 S.Ct. 878, 172 L.Ed.2d 679 (2009).
     