
    The Mutual Life Insurance Company, Plaintiff, v. Robert A. Granniss, Defendant.
    (Supreme Court, New York Special Term,
    July, 1908.)
    Corporations — Officers and agents — Remedies against officers and actions to enforce their liability — Complaint in action against director.
    In an action by a corporation against one of its officers, the complaint, in which it is alleged that the defendant paid out the funds of the corporation to one whom he well knew was not authorized to receive or disburse the moneys of the corporation, nor a creditor, nor acting as agent for any creditor of the corporation nor otherwise authorized to "receive or disburse said money, sufficiently states a cause of action against the defendant, although it is not in terms alleged that the payment was made wrongfully, improvidently, carelessly, negligently or without authority.
    Demurrer to complaint.
    James McKeen, for plaintiff.
    White & Case, for defendant.
   Erlanger, J.

The defendant was' at one time a trustee and vice-president of the plaintiff. It is alleged in the complaint that during his incumbency of the office he neglected his official duty and wasted the plaintiff’s assets. Five causes of action are set up in the complaint. The fourth is attacked by demurrer as being insufficient in law, and the particular objection assigned is that it fails to charge the defendant with having made the payment therein referred to “ wrongfully, improvidently, carelessly, negligently or without authority.” The demurrant contends that, even if the defendant did pay the money, non constat such payment might well have been a loan to the person receiving it in the ordinary course of business duly authorized by the directors who had full charge of the company’s funds. The words quoted, it seems to me, carry with them no magic. It is not necessary in charging a person with fraud that that term be used. If facts sufficient are alleged, from which the inference of fraud appears, enough has been stated to sustain the pleading. And so, because there is an absence from the fourth cause of action of either or all of the words quoted, the pleading quoad the particular cause is not to be condemned, if otherwise there are sufficient averments from which the inference can clearly be drawn that the payment was unlawfully made. It is the rule and not the exception for pleaders to allege by way of conclusion that particular acts were either unlawful or negligently performed. Such averments, however, add no strength to the pleading. The Code requires a plain and concise statement of the facts and nothing more, and I think this requirement has been met. It is alleged in the cause of action to which objection is made after certain formal averments, “ that the defendant affixed his signature to a certain voucher admitting the receipt by one Olyphant of $25,000, and that by so doing he, the defendant, intended to cause and procure, and did cause and procure, the said sum to be paid to said Olyphant from the moneys of plaintiff; that the defendant then well knew that said Olyphant was not authorized by plaintiff to receive or disburse the said sum or any other moneys of the plaintiff on its behalf, nor was the said plaintiff indebted to the said Olyphant, nor was the latter at the time acting as agent or otherwise for any person or corporation to whom this plaintiff was indebted, nor authorized as such agent or otherwise to receive or disburse said money,” and that by reason and in consequence of the aforesaid conduct of the defendant the said sum was wholly lost to plaintiff. I do not see why more should have been pleaded. The clear intendment from these admitted facts is that the defendant, in violation of his duty as an officer, paid this large sum of money without any liability on the part of the plaintiff, either to the one receiving it or to any one else. True, the added words, “ that the money was lost to plaintiff,” create no cause of action. But isolated sentences are not to be taken to condemn a pleading, the whole must he taken together, and, unless a legal liability can be spelled therefrom, the pleading is unquestionably bad. I see nothing in the allegation to justify the inference “ that the payment to Olyphant might have been made in his individual capacity, as a loan under a unilateral transaction,” as is contended by counsel for the demurrant. Counsel has presented in his brief quite a plausible argument in respect of the new matter added since the pleading was amended, but his reasons are hardly sufficient to destroy the effect of the pleading, unless we go back to the time when slight technical omissions were held to be fatal. The rule of a liberal construction, in so far as it applies.to matters of form, should be carried to its fullest extent, subject, of course, to the further rule that no essential facts are to be supplied by inference alone. Coatsworth v. Lehigh Valley R. R. Co,, 156 N. Y. 451-457; Sage v. Culver, 147 id. 245. I am of the opinion that under the averments plaintiff can prove the unlawfulness of the payment to Olyphant, made through the defendant, who, at the time, as is admitted, knew that Olyphant was not entitled to the money. The demurrer is overruled, with leave to withdraw the same within twenty days after entry of interlocutory judgment upon payment of costs.

Demurrer overruled.  