
    WILKINSON v. McKIMMIE.
    ERROR TO THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
    No. 273.
    Argued May 1, 1913.
    Decided June 9, 1913.
    A court of equity looks to substance rather than to form. Whether the contract of the principal has been so altered as to discharge the ^surety is to be decided according to the essentials.
    In this case held that an arrangement'-as to a reservation in a conveyanee made simply to save expense of reconveyance and which did not alter the position of the principal or his surety was not such a material change as would discharge the surety.
    36 App. D. C. 336, affirmed.
    The facts, which involve questions of liability of sureties on a bond and what constitutes a variation of contract sufficient to release them, are stated in the opinion.
    
      Mr. Charles Poe and Mr. Alfred D. Smith for plaintiffs in error.
    
      Mr. John Ridout,' with whom Mr. Wm.JE. Ambrose was on the brief, for defendants in error.
   Mr. Justice Pitney

delivered the opinion of the court.

By the judgment here under review the Court of Appeals affirmed a judgment in favor of the Messrs. McKimmie against Wilkinson and Kemp in an action upon a bond they had signed as sureties for one Horton. By an agreement in writing, the McKimmies agreed with Horton to convey to him four lots in Block 9 of Todd and Brown’s subdivision of Mount Pleasant and Pleasant Plains for $11,500, which he agreed to take and pay for as follows: To assume a mortgage of $3,000 and pay $1,000 on delivery of the deed; to reconvey to the Messrs. McKimmie two lots, each 16 feet 8 inches front on Brightwood Avenue (part of the land above described), free and clear of encumbrances, and erect on each of these lots a two-story brick dwelling, according to approved plans and specifications, within eight months from the date of the agreement, for which construction and completion, clear of mechanics’ liens or other encumbrances, Horton agreed to ffirnish a sufficient and satisfactory bond to the McKimmies; and for the balance of the purchase price, $500, Horton was to give two notes, secured by a second deed of trust upon two other lots in the tract, "upon which he is to erect houses similar to those herein described.” The agreement expressly provided that "The said houses contracted for to be constructed as aforesaid sháll be delivered upon their completion to the parties of the first part [the Messrs. McKimmie] as their property in fee simple and shall be free and clear of all encumbrances or liens.”

The bond in suit recited the agreement, and was conditioned for its faithful performance by Horton.

The opinion of the Court of Appeals (36 App. D. C. 336) sets forth the full history of the controversy and the course of the trial. We deem it necessary to mention only one of several matters that were discussed in argument before us, and that is, the contention that the plaintiffs in error were discharged from responsibility as sureties because of the fact that by arrangement made between the Messrs. McKimmie and Horton, instead of their conveying to him the two lots that were to be theirs in the outcome, and upon which he was to build the houses that were to become their property, they had, with his consent, reserved these two lots from the conveyance.

We agree with the Court of Appeals that while in form the contract required the plaintiffs to convey the whole of the land to Horton, who was to erect certain houses upon the two lots and reconvey them to the plaintiffs free and clear of encumbrances, the real purpose and effect of the agreement was that Horton was to have title to the remainder of the land in consideration of his erecting these two houses for the plaintiffs; and that, notwithstanding the form of the contract,- its essence was such that if the McKimmies had conveyed the whole plot to Horton they would nevertheless have remained in equity the owners of the two lots. For a court of equity looks to substance rather than to form.

It is hardly necessary to say that the question whether the contract of the principal has been altered so as to discharge the surety, is to be decided according to the essentials, in whatever jurisdiction it may be raised. And so we think the court correctly held that the arrangement that was made between the McKimmies and Horton, of reserving the two lots from the conveyance in order to save the expense of a reconveyance, was not a material change in the contract; that it did not alter the position of either Horton or his sureties, and therefore did not discharge the latter. Read v. Bowman, 2 Wall. 591, 603; Reese v. United States, 9 Wall. 13, 21; Cross v. Allen, 141 U. S. 528, 537.

Judgment affirmed.  