
    UNITED STATES of America, v. Francisco BURGOS, Appellant.
    No. 00-1059.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted May 7, 2002.
    Decided May 24, 2002.
    
      Before NYGAARD, ALITO, and ROSENN, Circuit Judges.
   OPINION OF THE COURT

PER CURIAM.

Appellant Burgos challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his conviction of conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine. Because we conclude that the evidence of conspiracy was sufficient for a jury to convict Burgos, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.

I.

According to the testimony presented at trial, Francisco Burgos was a crack cocaine dealer in Allentown, Pennsylvania. For six months leading up to the police sting, Burgos had used Tomas Carresquilla, under an arrangement approximating consignment, to distribute crack cocaine to customers. Carresquilla operated on credit from Burgos. Burgos would supply crack to Carresquilla, who would in turn sell it in small doses to customers, and then “afterwards” Carresquilla would pay Burgos for the crack that Burgos had advanced to him. SuppApp. at 20. Burgos used Jorge Vega to collect drug debts owed to Burgos. Burgos and Vega were arrested together when they met Carresquilla (who had agreed to cooperate in the police sting) to collect on a debt for crack to Carresquilla.

Burgos was charged with three criminal counts. Count 1 was conspiracy to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, Count 2 was distribution of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841, and Count 3 was use of a gun during a drug-trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 924(c). The jury convicted Burgos on all three counts. Burgos was sentenced to “186 months on each of Counts 1 and 2, to run concurrently with each other” and to “60 months on Count 3 to run consecutively to the terms imposed on Counts 1 and 2 for a total term of 246 months imprisonment.” On appeal, Burgos contests only the conviction for conspiracy (Count l). He does not challenge the convictions for Count 2 or Count 3.

II.

The only issue on appeal is whether the government presented sufficient evidence such that a reasonable jury could find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a conspiracy existed between Burgos and someone else. Appellant argues that, according to precedent in this Circuit, “the question then becomes whether this factor alone [that Burgos sold crack on credit to Carresquilla] was enough” for the jury to find conspiracy. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 9. Even if we were to accept Appellant’s characterization of the issue, we hold that the evidence of conspiracy was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict.

The elements of conspiracy are as follows: a unity of purpose between the alleged conspirators, an intent to achieve a common goal, and an agreement to work together toward that goal. See United States v. Gibbs, 190 F.3d 188, 197 (3d Cir.1999). Because direct evidence of a qualifying agreement is rare, conspiracy can be inferred from circumstantial evidence that the participants’ activities “ ‘could not have been carried on except as the result of a preconceived scheme or common understanding.’ ” United States v. Pressler, 256 F.3d 144, 149 (3d Cir.2001) (quoting United States v. Ellis, 595 F.2d 154, 160 (3d Cir.1979)).

In Gibbs, this Court listed several “factors” that courts consider to determine whether a buyer/seller of drugs was also part of a conspiracy: (1) the length of affiliation between the defendant and the conspiracy; (2) whether there is an established method of payment; (3) the extent to which transactions are standardized; and (4) whether there is a demonstrated level of mutual trust. See 190 F.3d at 199 (citations omitted). The Court offered two common indicia of mutual trust, one of which was a “credit relationship.” Id. at 200.

B.

The Gibbs Court cautioned that “[tjhough no one of these factors alone will necessarily be sufficient — without more— to establish a mere buyer’s agreement to join the conspiracy ..., the presence of one or more of these factors furthers the inference.... ” Id. at 200. Seizing on the first half of this statement, Burgos argues that because the Government established only one of the several factors in Gibbs — a credit relationship between Burgos and Carresquilla — the evidence is insufficient.

Recently, this Court in Pressler clarified that these “factors” from Gibbs are not direct proof of conspiracy. 256 F.3d at 149. Rather, “it is more accurate to say that the presence of certain facts often provides circumstantial evidence of the underlying agreement that is itself necessary to make out a conspiracy case.” Id. at 147.

In the case before us, the credit relationship between Burgos and Carresquilla was established. Because Burgos repeatedly supplied crack to Carresquilla on credit, it would be reasonable to conclude that Burgos and Carresquilla had a stake in each other’s success. The pattern by which Burgos advanced crack to Carresquilla, who paid for it only after Carresquilla had resold it, connotes mutual trust. The jury was thus entitled to reasonably infer from this evidence that Burgos and Carresquilla had entered a conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the District Court’s judgement is AFFIRMED. 
      
      . The standard of review for a challenge of insufficient evidence to support the verdict is very deferential, so Appellant has a heavy burden. This Court asks whether the record, if viewed in the light most favorable to the government, contains substantial evidence sufficient to prove the elements charged beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Iafelice, 978 F.2d 92, 94 (3d Cir.1992).
     
      
      . The Gibbs Court observed the following: A credit relationship may well reflect the kind of trust that is referenced supra, and often evidences the parties' mutual stake in each other’s transactions. By extending credit to a buyer, the seller risks the possibility that the buyer will be unable to resell the drugs: even if the buyer does successfully resell the drugs, in this generally thinly capitalized "business,” the seller will likely have to wait until the buyer collects the money from his resale before he can pay the seller back for the initial purchase. In addition, the buyer has a vested interest in the seller’s ability to maintain a good working relationship with his supplier, since the buyer will not profit unless the drugs continue to flow from the seller’s supplier to the seller.
      
        Gibbs, 190 F.3d at 200.
     
      
      . Because a conspiracy charge need not specify the defendant’s co-conspirator, Burgos’s conspiracy conviction could alternatively be upheld as an agreement between Burgos and Jorge Vega. Vega testified that he collected drug debts on behalf of Burgos, and Burgos drove Vega to their final meeting with Carresquilla to collect such a debt. This relationship and their joint collection act suggest sufficient mutual trust and agreement to uphold Burgos’ conviction for conspiracy.
     