
    Brian GORSLINE, Dawn Gorsline, Paul Batkowski and Michele Batkowski v. BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF FAIRFIELD TOWNSHIP v. Inflection Energy, LLC and Donald Shaheen and Eleanor Shaheen, His Wife
    Appeal of: Brian Gorsline, Dawn Gorsline, Paul Batkowski and Michele Batkowski
    No. 67 MAP 2016
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued: March 8, 2017 Decided: June 1, 2018
    Joshua Martin Bloom, Esq., Joshua M. Bloom and Associates, P.C., for Amicus Curiae International Union of Operating Engineers, Local No. 66, et al.
    Scott Everett Coburn, Esq., Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors, for Amicus Curiae Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors.
    Marcia Lynn Telek DePaula, Esq., Steptoe & Johnson PLLC, for Amicus Curiae The Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, et al.
    Howard Grossinger, Esq., Grossinger Gordon Vatz, LLP, for Amicus Curiae Laborers' District Council of Western Pennsylvania.
    Robert Maxwell Junker, Esq., Babst, Calland, Clements & Zomnir, P.C., for Amicus Curiae Marcellus Shale Coalition.
    Jonathan Mark Kamin, Esq., Goldberg, Kamin & Garvin LLP, for Amicus Curiae Peters Township, South Fayette, Township, David M. Ball, Brian Coppola.
    Adam Kron, Esq., for Amicus Curiae Delaware Riverkeeper Network, Clean Air Council, Environmental Integrity Project.
    Blaine Allen Lucas, Esq., Babst, Calland, Clements & Zomnir, P.C., for Amicus Curiae Marcellus Shale Coalition.
    Kevin Jon Moody, Esq., Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association, for Amicus Curiae Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association.
    Gretchen Elizabeth Moore, Esq., Strassburger McKenna Gutnick & Gefsky, for Amicus Curiae Robinson Township, Washington County and Mount Pleasnt Township, Washington County.
    Christopher R. Nestor, Esq., Overstreet & Nestor, LLC, for Amicus Curiae American Petroleum Institute.
    John Michael Smith, Esq., Smith Butz, L.L.C., for Amicus Curiae Peters Township, South Fayette, Township, David M. Ball, Brian Coppola.
    Andrew Francis Szefi, Esq., Allegheny County Law Department, for Amicus Curiae County of Beaver, and the County of Alleghney and Rich Fitzgerald.
    Jordan Berson Yeager, Esq., Esq. Curtin & Heefner LLP, for Amicus Curiae Delaware Riverkeeper Network, Clean Air Council, Environmental Integrity Project.
    George Jugovic Jr., Esq., Mark Charles Szybist, Esq., Citizens for Pennsylvania's Future, for Appellant.
    James Michael Wiley, Esq., McCormick Law Firm, for Appellee.
    James John Kutz, Esq., Post & Schell, P.C., Susan J. Smith, Esq., The Law Office of Susan J. Smith, for Intervenors-Appellees.
   SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

OPINION

JUSTICE DONOHUE

In this discretionary appeal, we consider whether the Commonwealth Court erred in reversing the decision of the Lycoming County Court of Common Pleas, which, in turn, had reversed the decision of the Fairfield Township Board of Supervisors (the "Board") to allow for the drilling, construction, development and operation of unconventional natural gas wells as a conditional use in a district zoned Residential-Agricultural ("R-A"). As the evidentiary record in this case does not support the Board's decision, and because the proposed use is not similar to any permitted use in the R-A district, as required under the Fairfield Township Zoning Ordinance (the "Ordinance"), we reverse the decision of the Commonwealth Court.

Section 3.1 of the Ordinance defines an R-A district as follows:

This District is generally intended for application to rural development areas where public and sewer facilities are not presently available and may not be available in the near or immediate future. The purpose of the regulations for this district is to foster a quiet, medium-density residential environment while encouraging the continuation of agricultural activities and the preservation of prime farmland. To this end, lot sizes are based upon the need to safeguard the health of the citizens by requiring ample space for the placement of on-lot sewage and water facilities, but yet providing for reduction of these minimum requirements where public sewer and/or water systems are developed. Industrial uses are discouraged in this district; compatible public and semi-public uses such as schools, churches, and recreational facilities are provided for; and higher density residential development may be permitted under certain conditions.

Id.

Inflection Energy, LLC ("Inflection") submitted to the Board a "Zoning and Development Permit Application" (the "Application") seeking permission for a "drilling, completion, production and operation of multiple gas wells" use on a 59.877-acre parcel of land located on Quaker State Road in Montoursville, Pennsylvania and owned by Donald and Eleanor Shaheen (the "Shaheen Pad"). Application, ¶ 4. The Shaheen Pad is located in Fairfield Township's R-A district. The Application proposed to improve the existing farm access road with a stone access drive from Quaker State Road/T-855 to the pad site, a level pad, well head, and a temporary water impoundment area with sediment and erosion controls.

Because the Ordinance does not identify "drilling, completion, production and operation of multiple gas wells" as a permitted or conditional use in the R-A district, the township zoning officer referred Inflection's Application to the Board for further consideration pursuant to section 12.18 of the Ordinance, sometimes referred to as its "savings clause." Section 12.18 provides in full as follows:

Whenever, under this Ordinance, a use is neither specifically permitted [n]or denied, and an application is made by an applicant to the Zoning Officer for such a use, the Zoning Officer shall refer the application to the Board of Supervisors to hear and decide such request as a conditional use. The Board of Supervisors shall have the authority to permit the use or deny the use in accordance with the standards governing conditional use applications set forth in Section 14.2 of this Ordinance. In addition, the use may only be permitted if:
12.18.1 It is similar to and compatible with the other uses permitted in the zone where the subject property is located;
12.18.2 It is not permitted in any other zone under the terms of this Ordinance; and
12.18.3 It in no way is in conflict with the general purposes of this Ordinance.
The burden of proof shall be upon the applicant to demonstrate that the proposed use meets the foregoing criteria and would not be detrimental to the public health, safety and welfare of the neighborhood where it is to be located.

Ordinance, § 12.18.

The central issue in this appeal is whether the Board erred in finding, and the Commonwealth Court erred in affirming, that Inflection satisfied the requirement in subsection 12.18.1 that the proposed use was "similar to" other uses allowed in the R-A district. In its Application, Inflection did not identify any use allowed in the R-A district that it considered to be "similar to" the drilling and operation of industrial shale gas wells.

At the first of two public hearings on Inflection's Application, Inflection presented Thomas Erwin ("Mr. Erwin"), its senior field operations manager, as an expert in the design, permitting and development of natural gas wells. Mr. Erwin testified that the Shaheen Pad would be 300 by 350 feet in size during drilling and completion of the gas wells, and after drilling and completion it would be reduced to approximately 150 by 150 feet. N.T., 10/7/2013, at 12. He described the property as being used to farm corn, unimproved by houses, and including a stream and wetlands. Id. at 10-11. There was one residence within 1000 feet of the Shaheen Pad and over 125 residential drinking water wells and a large residential development within 3000 feet of the pad. Id. at 23-24. Mr. Erwin was uncertain as to how many gas wells would ultimately be drilled on the Shaheen Pad. He believed it likely that two wells would be drilled initially, and depending on the results, Inflection could subsequently drill more. Id. at 12-13. He testified that Inflection would also construct a two-million-gallon water impoundment area and an eight- by twelve- by twenty-foot building to house a separator. Id. at 13, 15.

Mr. Erwin testified that Inflection had received approval for four other gas wells in the R-A district in Fairfield Township, but provided no other information about these wells or the approval process related thereto. Id. at 20. A neighboring resident, however, testified to her knowledge that the other wells were "much further from residential areas" than the proposed Shaheen Pad-testimony the Board found to be credible. N.T., 11/4/2013, at 67; see Board Op., Findings of Fact, ¶ 42.

With respect to the issue of similarity of use in connection with subsection 12.18.1 of the Ordinance, counsel for Inflection asked Mr. Erwin two questions regarding whether Inflection's proposed use may constitute a "Public Service Facility" use. The Ordinance, which permits "Public Service Facility" uses (as conditional uses) in all three of Fairfield's zoning districts, defines the term as follows:

The erection, construction, alteration, operation or maintenance of buildings, power plants or substations, water treatment plants or pumping stations; sewage disposal or pumping plants and other similar public service structures by a utility, whether publicly or privately owned, or by a municipal or other governmental agency, including the furnishing of electrical, gas, communication, water supply and sewage disposal services.

Ordinance, § 2.2. In response to counsel's questions, Mr. Erwin offered the following contradictory responses:

[Counsel for Inflection]: And what is the proposed use in that district? What do you plan on-
[Mr. Erwin]: Oil and gas development.
[Counsel for Inflection]: And is that proposed use classified as a public service facility under the [O]rdinance?
[Mr. Erwin]: No.
[Counsel for Inflection]: It fits the definition as a public service facility under the Fairfield Township Zoning Ordinance, is that correct?
[Mr. Erwin]: Yes.

N.T., 10/7/2013, at 8. Mr. Erwin was not asked to explain his inconsistent answers, including how the proposed use could not be classified as a "public service facility," yet simultaneously met the Ordinance's definition of that term. Mr. Erwin offered no other testimony relevant to the similarity of use issue.

At the second hearing, in response to questions posed by members of the public that were beyond the scope of Mr. Erwin's expertise and knowledge, Inflection presented geologist Thomas Gillespie, its director of regulatory affairs and environmental and health safety, as an expert in water resources and gas development. N.T., 11/4/2013, at 6. Mr. Gillespie offered no testimony or evidence relevant to the similarity of use issue.

At both evidentiary hearings, neighboring residents, many of whom were knowledgeable about oil and gas development activities (either from working in the industry or from their familiarity with other wells), cross-examined Inflection's two witnesses (Mr. Erwin and Mr. Gillespie) and also testified in opposition to Inflection's Application. The residents offered testimony regarding the negative impact the proposed use would have on those who lived near the Shaheen Pad; the absence of criminal background checks for nearly all of the individuals working on the Shaheen Pad; sediment control; the potential for a "controlled kick;" the lack of protections for the neighboring residents' drinking water and wetlands; prior DEP citations received by Inflection and other companies conducting fracking activities in the area; the potential for earthquakes; and a study by researchers from Duke University concluding that Pennsylvania's waterways contain excess levels of radioactivity because of fracking activities. See id. at 45-46, 78-79; N.T., 11/4/2013, at 14, 32, 36, 38, 42, 45-48, 57; see also Gorsline Exhibit-1.

The Board approved the Application by a two-to-one vote, granting Inflection a conditional use permit for its proposed gas wells use, contingent upon Inflection's compliance with certain conditions designed to minimize the harmful effects of the drilling. The Board found that Inflection's proposed use was not an allowed use in any of the township's three zoning districts and was thus governed by the savings clause in section 12.18. The Board broadly found, without explication or explanation, "that the criteria for review set forth in Section[ ] 12.18 ... [has] been sufficiently satisfied[.]" Board Op., Conclusions of Law, ¶¶ 3, 20. The Board made no specific findings in support of this conclusion of law, and with respect to subsection 12.18.1, it neither referenced the subsection nor identified any permissible use in the R-A district that it found to be similar to the use proposed by Inflection.

Brian Gorsline, Dawn Gorsline, Paul Batkowski and Michele Batkowski (collectively, "Objectors"), local residents of the Pines Development in Fairfield Township, appealed the Board's decision to the Lycoming County Court of Common Pleas. See 53 P.S. 11002-A(a) (providing for land use appeals to be taken to the court of common pleas in the judicial district in which the land is located). The trial court held oral argument but did not take any additional evidence. The trial court first acknowledged that its standard of review with respect to zoning decisions when it does not take additional evidence is that the findings of the governing body below "shall not be disturbed by the court if supported by substantial evidence." Gorsline v. Bd. of Supervisors of Fairfield Twp. , 40 Pa.D & C.5d 478, 482, 2014 WL 12755819 (C.P. Lycoming 2014) (citing 53 P.S. § 11005-A ). With respect to similarity of uses (subsection 12.18.1), Inflection argued to the trial court that its drilling operation constituted a "public service facility." Citing to a lack of substantial evidence to support this conclusion, the trial court disagreed and reversed the Board's decision. Id. at 486-89. The trial court observed that the Board had offered no explanation regarding the manner in which Inflection's proposed fracking use was "similar to" a "public service facility," and noted that Inflection would not be providing any public service, as it "is not constructing these wells to furnish natural gas to the residents of the Pines Development, or even Fairfield Township." Id. at 489-90.

Inflection and the Shaheens (collectively referred to as "Inflection") appealed to the Commonwealth Court. Referencing the Board's "detailed findings of fact," but citing to none, the Commonwealth Court found that the common pleas court erred in concluding that Inflection had not met its burden of proof on the question of whether the proposed use was similar to permitted uses in an R-A district under section 12.18.1. Gorsline v. Bd. of Supervisors of Fairfield Twp. , 123 A.3d 1142, 1151 (Pa. Commw. 2015). Instead, the intermediate appellate court found that Inflection's proposed use was similar to and compatible with a "public service facility" use and/or an "essential service" use based on its prior decision in MarkWest Liberty Midstream & Resources, LLC v. Cecil Twp. Zoning Hrg. Bd. , 102 A.3d 549 (Pa. Commw. 2014) (" MarkWest "), which it found to be "directly on point." Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1151-52.

In MarkWest , the applicant filed an application for a special exception to operate a natural gas compressor station in Cecil Township's (Washington County) light industrial district. MarkWest , 102 A.3d at 553. The local zoning ordinance provided that in order for MarkWest to obtain the special exception, it had to show that its use, inter alia, was "of the same general character" as uses permitted in the light industrial district. Id. at 554. In its application, MarkWest asserted that its use was "of the same general character" as an "essential service" use, as defined by the local ordinance. Id. The record before the zoning board in MarkWest established that the proposed use was for the collection and transmission of natural gas to market-the company would not be drilling (fracking). Id. at 552 n.2, 557. The zoning hearing board denied the application; MarkWest appealed the decision and the Commonwealth Court reversed. The Commonwealth Court found that the phrase "of the same general character" in the ordinance did not require a level of similarity approaching an identity of uses, and was instead satisfied if the two uses were of the same "general" character. According to the Commonwealth Court, the natural gas compressor station use at issue was sufficiently similar to an "essential service" use and/or a "public service facility" use, as all three involved public facility uses furnishing gas service to the public pursuant to public regulation. Id. at 558-59.

In the case sub judice, the Commonwealth Court found that the Ordinance's definitions of "public service facility" and "essential services" were similar to the definitions of the same terms in the ordinance at issue in MarkWest . Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1152. It thus concluded, without elaboration or reference to any evidence of record, that "[p]recisely as in MarkWest , Inflection's proposed use satisfies the requirement set forth in 12.18.1 of the Zoning Ordinance that it 'is similar to and compatible with other uses permitted in the zone where the subject property is located.' " Id. The Commonwealth Court further held, again without discussion or citation to the record, that Inflection's evidence "was in no way rebutted, and the Board has already authorized Inflection's other wells in the R[-]A District." Id.

Objectors filed a petition for allowance of appeal to this Court, which we granted to address the following:

(1) Does the Commonwealth Court's decision below, that an industrial shale gas development is similar to and compatible with uses expressly permitted in a[n] R-A District, conflict with this Court's decision in Robinson [I] ?
(2) Did the Commonwealth Court commit an error of law in deciding that an industrial shale gas development is similar to and compatible with a "public service facility" in an R-A District when the Township made no factual finding or legal conclusion to that effect, the record contains no substantial evidence to support that determination and the company's own witness testified that shale gas development was not similar to a "public service facility" in an R-A District?
(3) Did the Commonwealth Court improperly decide that MarkWest [ ], wherein it held that a compressor station is similar to and compatible with a "public service facility" in a Light Industrial District, also compels the conclusion that an industrial shale gas development is similar to and compatible with a "public service facility" in an R-A District designed for quiet, residential development and not industrial land uses?
(4) Did the Commonwealth Court commit an error of law by relying on prior conditional use approvals that the Township issued for uses not expressly permitted in the R-A District, in order to support its decision that an industrial shale gas development is similar to and compatible with uses expressly permitted in the R-A District?

Gorsline v. Bd. of Supervisors of Fairfield Twp. , 635 Pa. 591, 139 A.3d 178 (2016) (per curiam) (emphasis original).

We address the final three issues raised by Objectors, which are interrelated and, we conclude, dispositive of this case. Because we may decide this case on non-constitutional grounds, we decline to decide Objectors' first issue, relating to this Court's decision in Robinson I based on a claimed violation of substantive due process rights and the Environmental Rights Amendment of the Pennsylvania Constitution (Article I, Section 27 ). See Blake v. State Civil Serv. Comm'n , --- Pa. ----, 166 A.3d 292, 297 (2017) (recognizing that constitutional questions should not be decided if the case can be resolved on alternative, non-constitutional grounds).

In their brief filed with this Court, Objectors assert that the Board made no findings of fact with respect to the requirements of subsection 12.8.1, and instead reached the bald conclusion that Inflection somehow satisfied its burden of proof without identifying any similar permitted use in the R-A district. Objectors' Brief at 23, 28. Objectors contend that the record does not support the Commonwealth Court's conclusion that the propose use is similar to a "public service facility" use, and note that this was a legal conclusion made in the first instance by the Commonwealth Court, not the Board. Id. at 24. Inflection did not identify any similar use in its 170-page Application, and the only evidence presented to the Board regarding a potentially similar use ("public service facility") was Mr. Erwin's response to a leading question, which directly contradicted his prior response to essentially the same question. Id. at 24-26.

Objectors state that the Commonwealth Court's conclusion that MarkWest was controlling in this matter was error because it addressed a proposed use in a different zoning district that had a very different purpose. Id. at 29-33. Further, to the extent the Commonwealth Court relied on the conditional use permits the Board previously granted for four other gas wells in the R-A district, Objectors assert that this too was error, as such reliance would effectively amend the Ordinance to allow for gas development in the R-A district without requiring Inflection to meet its burden of proof under the savings clause for a use not authorized in the district. Id. at 34-38.

Inflection and the Board, conversely, both assert that the Commonwealth Court's decision is fully supported by the record and applicable law. Inflection asserts that the Commonwealth Court's reliance on MarkWest was proper because of the similarity between the cases: both involved an application for a permit under the respective ordinance's savings clause; both ordinances required a consideration of similarity between the proposed use and the uses permitted in the zone; and the ordinances contained identical definitions of what constitute "public service facility" and "essential services" uses. Inflection's Brief at 29. Inflection further asserts that its proposed use in this case is similar to uses that are permitted by the Ordinance in an R-A district, including a "public service facility" use and an "essential services" use. Id. at 38. In so arguing, Inflection states that its proposed use will "serve the general public producing and piping natural gas to the public for their use and consumption." Id. at 39. Finally, Inflection argues that its proposed use is "identical to" other natural gas wells that have been granted conditional use permits by the Board within the R-A district, thus demonstrating that the Board, in reaching its decision in this case, "reasoned that the proposed use is 'similar and compatible with the other uses permitted in the zone.' " Id. at 36.

Whether a proposed use falls within a given category specified in a zoning ordinance is a question of law. Southco, Inc. v. Concord Twp. , 552 Pa. 66, 713 A.2d 607, 609 (1998). Thus, appellate review is limited to determining whether the lower court committed an error of law. Id. As with all questions of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See Buckwalter v. Borough of Phoenixville , 603 Pa. 534, 985 A.2d 728, 730 (2009). We may only disturb the Board's factual determinations if they are not supported by substantial evidence, and by "substantial evidence" we mean such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Valley View Civic Ass'n v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment , 501 Pa. 550, 462 A.2d 637, 642 (1983).

Based upon our review of the record in this case, we must conclude that the trial court correctly applied its standard of review in finding that the Board's decision to grant Inflection's Application was not supported by substantial evidence. With respect to similarity of use, the trial court held that Inflection's limited testimony on this issue (from Mr. Erwin) was "conclusory and not supported by any factual evidence whatsoever." Gorsline , 40 Pa.D & C.5d at 488.

[Mr. Erwin] testified that Inflection's proposed use was not classified as a public service facility under the Ordinance. Transcript, 10/7/13, at 8. Apparently dissatisfied with that answer, Inflection's counsel then asked the following leading question, "It fits the definition as a public service facility under the Fairfield Township Zoning Ordinance, is that correct?" After this prompting, [Mr. Erwin] said, "Yes." There was absolutely no explanation for [Mr. Erwin's] arguably inconsistent answers. The definition of a public service facility was not discussed or alluded to and no testimony was provided to show how Inflection's proposed use fits the definition. There was just a bald, conclusion statement that the use fit the definition of a public service facility.

Id. at 489 (emphasis in original). As a result, and in the absence of any findings of fact by the Board regarding similarity of use, the trial court concluded, and properly so, that Inflection had not met its burden of proof (substantial evidence) with respect to subsection 12.18.1 of the Ordinance.

In reversing the trial court's decision, the Commonwealth Court, without explanation or citation, insisted that the record contained "detailed findings of fact." Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1151. As noted, however, the Board's decision contained no findings of fact whatsoever with respect to similarity of use. The Commonwealth Court further maintained that the trial court, in reviewing Mr. Erwin's testimony, improperly acted as the factfinder and substituted its credibility determinations for those of the Board. Id. We must again respectfully disagree. The Board made no credibility determinations with respect to the two questions posed to Mr. Erwin regarding "public service facilities," as it did not even mention this testimony in its opinion. Thus, there was no possibility of "substitution." The trial court likewise did not make any credibility determinations of its own, as instead it merely concluded that the contradictory nature of Mr. Erwin's testimony provided no "substantial evidence" to support the Board's conclusion that Inflection had satisfied its burden of proof with respect to subsection 12.18.1.

The Commonwealth Court's reliance upon its decision in MarkWest was error. We take no issue with the distinction in MarkWest , based upon the language of the local ordinance at issue in that case, between substantially identical uses and uses that are of the "same general character." MarkWest , 102 A.3d at 558-59. As explained herein, however, Inflection's proposed gas wells use is not, in any material respect, of the "same general character" as any allowed use in the R-A zoning district, including the "public service facility" and "essential services" uses referenced by the Commonwealth Court. Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1152.

In summarily concluding to the contrary, the Commonwealth Court did not carefully examine the language of the two definitions. By its definitional terms, a "public service facility" involves "public service structures by a utility ... or by a municipality or other governmental agency ." Ordinance, § 2.2 (emphasis added). Likewise, "essential services" are the facilities and related equipment of a "public utility."Id. (emphasis added). Inflection is clearly not a municipality or a government agency, but rather is a private, for-profit commercial business. It is also not a public utility. In Crown Communications , this Court held that when a zoning ordinance (like the Ordinance at issue here) does not define "public utility,'' the term "shall be understood to mean any business activity regulated by a government agency in which the business is required by law to: 1) serve all members of the public upon reasonable request; 2) charge just and reasonable rates subject to review by a regulatory body; 3) file tariffs specifying all of its charges; and 4) modify or discontinue its service only with the approval of the regulatory agency. Crown Communications , 705 A.2d at 431-32 ; see generally Robinson II , 147 A.3d at 587. Unquestionably, Inflection's gas well operations do not satisfy any of these requirements.

Moreover, while Inflection now states that its proposed use will "serve the general public producing and piping natural gas to the public for their use and consumption," Inflection's Brief at 39, Inflection's use "for the general public" is materially different from the "public service facility" and "essential services" uses defined in the Ordinance. The word "public" in "public service facility" unquestionably refers to the local residents of Fairfield Township, as the definition of the term refers to, inter alia, power plants, water treatment plants, sewage disposal plants, and other similar public service structures, to furnish the public with "electrical, gas, communication, water supply and sewage disposal services." Ordinance, § 2.2. Likewise, the definition of "essential services" references gas, electrical communications, steam, fuel, or water transmission or distribution systems as are "necessary for the health, safety, and general welfare of the community." Id. As such, the public nature of "public service facility" and "essential services" uses is inherently local in nature-namely, to provide services for the benefit of residents in Fairfield Township's R-A district in connection with residential and agricultural uses in that district. Inflection, conversely, while representing that it "serves the general public," offered no evidence, and the Board made no findings of fact, that its extraction of natural gas is in any respect for the benefit of the residents of the R-A district, Fairfield Township, or even Lycoming County.

Fundamentally, the Ordinance was adopted "in consideration of the character of the municipality, its various parts and the suitability of the various parts for particular uses and structures," and its general purpose is to, inter alia, "encourage the most appropriate use of land, conserve and stabilize the value of property; provide adequate open spaces for light and air[.]" Ordinance, §§ 1.4.1; 1.4.2. This statement of purpose is echoed in the R-A zone definition, which reflects that such zones are meant to be quiet, of medium density, and supportive of residential and agricultural activities-while discouraging industrial uses. See id., § 3.1. The Ordinance permits "public service facility" and "essential service" uses in the R-A district to promote residential and agricultural development in that part of the township. Ordinance, § 4.2.2.16. In other words, "public service facility" and "essential service" uses are allowed because they provide the necessary infrastructure for residential and agricultural development in the R-A district, including public utility services (water, sewage, electricity, natural gas, water treatment) as well as more general uses that support residential and agricultural development (e.g., hospitals, bed and breakfast inns, public recreation and agricultural businesses).

Seen in this light, Inflection's proposed use is plainly not of the "same general character as, or "similar to," "public service facility" or "essential services" uses. Inflection's proposed gas wells use provides no public or essential services to the residents of the R-A district, and provides no infrastructure that supports and promotes residential and agricultural development in Fairfield Township. Inflection's proposed use is intended solely for Inflection's own commercial benefit, and not in any respect for the benefit of furthering the expressed goals of Fairfield Township's R-A district. It is not similar to a "public service facility" because it provides no public service to R-A residents, and it is not similar to "essential services" because it provides no services that are essential to residential and agricultural development in Fairfield Township. Instead, it is a purely industrial use of the type the Ordinance expressly discourages in the R-A district.

Finally, the Commonwealth Court's reliance on the Board's prior grants of conditional use permits for other gas wells in an R-A district to satisfy subsection 12.18.1's requirement of similarity of use was also error. Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1152 ("the Board has already authorized Inflection's other wells in the R-A District"). In this regard, we first note that the record in this case contains very little information about the previously permitted wells. Inflection's evidence regarding these other gas wells was limited to the following exchange between counsel for Inflection and Mr. Erwin:

[Counsel for Inflection]: And you have received approval for other wells in that same zoning district in this Township?
[Mr. Erwin]: Yes.
[Counsel for Inflection]: Prior to this hearing?
[Mr. Erwin]: Yes.
[Counsel for Inflection]: And on how many occasions?
[Mr. Erwin]: I believe it's at four wells now. The Greg Harris well, Mussina, and the two Eck wells.

N.T., 10/7/2013, at 19-20. There was no evidence presented about the proposed uses claimed for these wells; the permitted use(s) the Board found to be similar to those proposed uses; whether public hearings were held regarding these other wells; if there were public hearings, what evidence was presented, if any, in opposition to the proposed uses (and by whom); or any details about the wells themselves, e.g., their location, their proximity to residences, etc. A neighboring resident testified that the other wells were not similarly situated to the Shaheen Pad, as they were located a greater distance from residential areas. N.T., 11/4/2013, at 67. In summarily concluding that Inflection had satisfied its burden of proof with respect to subsection 12.18.1, the Board did not mention its prior grants of other conditional use permits for gas wells uses. To the contrary, its only reference to these permits in its opinion was to identify the above-noted difference in location between the previously permitted wells and the Shaheen Pad. See Board Op., Findings of Fact, ¶ 42 (noting that "of the proposed well pad sites proposed by [Inflection] to date within the Township, the proposed Shaheen Pad is the closest in distance to a significant number of single family residential homes").

We must agree with the arguments of the Objectors on this issue. Because the Ordinance does not expressly authorize a gas wells use in any of the Township's three zoning districts, such a use cannot enjoy any presumption of being "similar to" uses that are permitted in those districts, and section 12.18 clearly places the burden of proof with respect to similarity of use on the applicant. The statutory language of section 12.18 neither states nor suggests that the issuance of prior site-specific conditional use permits under that section of the Ordinance relieves an applicant of its obligation to satisfy its burden of proof with respect to section 12.18 in its entirety. A contrary decision would effectively raise a prior ruling to the status of a zone-wide amendment of the language of section 12.18, and would deprive local residents and property owners in the district of any meaningful opportunity to oppose the issuance of a new conditional use permit. Inflection may not bootstrap its prior granted conditional use permits into a presumption of validity of every subsequent application that it files.

Applying our standard of review, we hold that the Board's conclusion that Inflection satisfied its burden of proving that its proposed use was similar to a permitted use in an R-A district is not supported by the record. In so ruling, this decision should not be misconstrued as an indication that oil and gas development is never permitted in residential/agricultural districts, or that it is fundamentally incompatible with residential or agricultural uses. As the Dissent fairly acknowledges, in Robinson I a plurality of this Court recognized that the protection of environmental values is a "quintessential local issue that must be tailored to local conditions." Dissenting Op. at 395 n.6 (quoting Robinson I, 83 A.3d at 979 ). To this end, the Municipalities Planning Code permits the governing body of a municipality to amend its zoning ordinances to permit oil and gas development in any or all of its zoning districts. 53 P.S. § 10601. The governing body must, however, actually amend its zoning ordinances to permit drilling in designated areas, setting forth whatever limitations and conditions it decides are appropriate for the protection of its citizenry. What a governing body may not do, however, and what the Fairfield Township Board of Supervisors did in this case, is to permit oil and gas development in residential/agricultural districts without first enacting the necessary amendments, based upon a clearly inadequate evidentiary record and no meaningful interpretative analysis of the language of its existing zoning laws.

For these reasons, we reverse the decision of the Commonwealth Court.

Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Todd and Wecht join the opinion.

Justice Dougherty files a dissenting opinion in which Justices Baer and Mundy join.

DISSENTING OPINION

JUSTICE DOUGHERTY

My review of the record reveals there was sufficient evidence to support the decision of the Fairfield Township Board of Supervisors (the "Board") to allow the conditional use in this case. Therefore, I must respectfully dissent.

In a case like this one, where the common pleas court did not take additional evidence, appellate review is limited to determining whether the Board abused its discretion or erred as a matter of law, and we may not disturb the Board's fact findings if they were supported by substantial evidence. See 53 P.S. § 11005-A (if record includes findings of fact made by governing body whose action is brought up for review and court does not take additional evidence, findings of governing body shall not be disturbed if supported by substantial evidence); Visionquest Nat'l, Ltd. v. Bd. of Supervisors of Honey Brook Twp. , 524 Pa. 107, 569 A.2d 915, 918 (1990) ("appropriate scope of review for this Court, in a denial of conditional use permit, is limited to whether an abuse of discretion or an error of law has been committed"). Substantial evidence is defined as "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Valley View Civic Ass'n v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment , 501 Pa. 550, 462 A.2d 637, 640 (1983). In such a case, the Board is the fact-finder and the "sole judge of credibility" and the weight of evidence in conditional use proceedings. Nettleton v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of the City of Pittsburgh , 574 Pa. 45, 828 A.2d 1033, 1041 n.10 (2003).

Under Section 12.18.1 of the Fairfield Township Zoning Ordinance of 2007 (the "Ordinance"), Inflection Energy, LLC ("Inflection") was required to show the proposed gas well was "similar to and compatible with other uses permitted" in the R-A district in order to obtain a conditional use permit. FAIRFIELD TWP. ZONING ORDINANCE , § 12.18.1. Although Inflection's expert testimony could have been more precise, Thomas Erwin, Inflection's expert witness, did state the proposed gas well is similar to a public service facility, which is expressly listed as a conditional use in the R-A district. FAIRFIELD TWP. ZONING ORDINANCE , § 4.2.2.16. Erwin testified that although the proposed Shaheen Pad would not be precisely classified as a public service facility it nevertheless fits the definition. Notes of Testimony ("N.T.") 10/7/2013 at 8. The Board concluded this evidence of similarity-together with the rest of the record and its own expertise and knowledge of other R-A district uses-was sufficient to support the conditional use permit. See, e.g., Board Op., Conclusions of Law ¶ 18 ("Given that [sic ] nature of the proposed oil and gas well pad use as detailed in [Inflection's] Application, provided [Inflection] fully complies with the materials provided in its Application and constructs its well pad as detailed in the Application, the Board of Supervisors believe it appropriate to approve the Application subject to the following conditions as set forth in Paragraph [1]9 below."); Id. at ¶ 19(l) ("The conditional use approval is contingent upon compliance with all design standards and specifications set forth in Application and/or as otherwise testified to during hearing including but not limited to representations regarding light, noise and odor.").

The common pleas court vacated, reversed and set aside the Board's decision, concluding Erwin's testimony regarding the similarity of the proposed use to a public service facility was "arguably inconsistent." Gorsline v. Bd. of Supervisors of Fairfield Twp. , 40 Pa.D. & C.5d 478, 489, 2014 WL 12755819 (C.P. Lycoming 2014). The Commonwealth Court reversed on the basis that the common pleas court improperly acted as the factfinder and substituted its credibility determination for that of the Board. Gorsline v. Bd. of Supervisors of Fairfield Twp. , 123 A.3d 1142, 1151 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015).

The learned majority maintains the Commonwealth Court erred because the common pleas court did not substitute its own credibility determinations for that of the Board. The majority further opines the Board did not make a specific credibility determination regarding this portion of Erwin's testimony, and further, the common pleas court did not actually make any credibility determinations, but merely concluded the "contradictory nature" of Erwin's testimony did not provide substantial evidence to support the Board's decision. Majority Opinion, at 385-86. However, a careful reading of the Board's decision reveals that, in reaching its legal conclusion Inflection satisfied "the criteria set forth in Sections 12.18," Board Op., Conclusions of Law ¶ 20, the Board did not reject Erwin's testimony-and instead implicitly accepted it. Nettleton , 828 A.2d at 1041 n.10 (Board is fact-finder and "sole judge of credibility" and weight of evidence in land use proceedings). In my view, and as correctly observed by the Commonwealth Court, the common pleas court inserted itself as the factfinder substituting its own judgment regarding the weight and persuasiveness of Erwin's testimony by characterizing Erwin's testimony as "arguably inconsistent." Such action is inconsistent with the applicable standard of review. Visionquest , 569 A.2d at 918 (trial court's standard of review of Board's decision, where court does not take additional evidence, is limited to determining whether there was an abuse of discretion or error of law). See also Nettleton , 828 A.2d at 1041 n.10 (Board is fact-finder and "sole judge of credibility" and weight of evidence in land use proceedings).

Additionally, the majority improperly reduces the evidence available to the Board regarding the proposed use to a short colloquy between Erwin and Inflection's lawyer. Majority Opinion, at 385-86, citing Gorsline , 40 Pa.D. & C.5th at 489 (quoting N.T. 10/7/2013 at 8). The majority ignores the substantial documentary evidence also submitted by Inflection including its Project Statement, the Shaheens' Oil & Gas Lease Assignments, Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Erosion and Sediment Control Plan, Post-Construction Stormwater Plan and Antidegradation Analysis (ESCGP-2) Application, ESCGP-2 Drawings, DEP Preparedness Prevention and Contingency Plan, DEP Permit Application to Drill and Operate an Unconventional Well, an aerial photographic plat depicting water wells within 3000 feet of the proposed well pad, as well as the testimony of Thomas B. Gillespie, a professional geologist and Inflection's director of regulatory affairs. This additional evidence, in conjunction with the Board's knowledge and expertise regarding other uses and conditions existing in Fairfield Township, form the basis for the Board's conclusion Inflection met its burden. See Marshall v. City of Philadelphia , 626 Pa. 385, 97 A.3d 323, 332-33 (2014) ("Based on the record before it, as well as its expertise in and knowledge of local conditions, the ZBA was certainly entitled to infer that the building could not be used for any permitted purpose without major, prohibitively expensive renovation."); Huntley & Huntley, Inc. v. Borough Council of the Borough of Oakmont , 600 Pa. 207, 964 A.2d 855, 866 (2009) (local zoning laws recognize and reflect "the unique expertise of municipal governing bodies to designate where different uses should be permitted in a manner that accounts for the community's development objectives, its character" and special nature of particular parts of community); Southco, Inc. v. Concord Twp ., 552 Pa. 66, 713 A.2d 607, 609 (1998) ("Whether a proposed use, as factually described in an application or in testimony, falls within a given category specified in zoning ordinance is a question of law."); Luke v. Cataldi , 593 Pa. 461, 932 A.2d 45, 53 (2007) (the issuance of conditional use permits requires individual determination made upon consideration of specified standards and criteria).

In reaching the opposite conclusion based on the record before the Board, the majority relies upon Crown Communications v. Zoning Hearing Board of the Borough of Glenfield , 550 Pa. 266, 705 A.2d 427 (1997), to bolster its position the proposed gas wells are not of the "same general character" as any use permitted in the R-A district. The majority's reliance upon Crown Communications is misplaced. In that case, this Court granted allocatur to determine "whether private business entities may be considered public utilities for zoning purposes when the applicable zoning ordinances do not define 'public utility.' " 705 A.2d at 429, 430-431. It was necessary to answer that question because the ordinance in Crown Communications required the permit applicant to be a "public utility," which was an undefined term. The Court set forth a test for determining whether an applicant qualifies as a public utility, when the ordinance fails to provide a definition. Unlike the Crown Communications ordinance, the Ordinance at issue here does not require the applicant to qualify as a public utility and the Board's interpretation of its own Ordinance is entitled to deference in this regard. See FAIRFIELD TWP. ZONING ORDINANCE , § 2.2; Broussard v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment , 589 Pa. 71, 907 A.2d 494, 500 (2006) ; ("courts ordinarily grant deference to the zoning board's understanding of its own ordinance").

Respectfully, the majority also misapprehends the object of the "similar to" analysis. The American Heritage Collegiate Dictionary (3rd Ed. 2000) at 1270 defines "similar" as "[r]elated in appearance or nature; alike though not identical." The proposed use need not be expressly classified as one of the uses listed in the Ordinance. Rather, the proposed use must be "similar to" other uses permitted in the district. The phrase "similar to" does not mean "the same as," and the requirement of "similarity" does not mandate that the proposed use be identical to the definitions included in the Ordinance. Similarity requires only that the proposed use be related in nature to other uses permitted in the RA-district. In this case, the proposed use is intended to provide natural gas for public consumption in a manner similar to a public service facility which furnishes gas services. See Swift v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Abington Twp. , 16 Pa.Cmwlth. 356, 328 A.2d 901, 902-03 (1974) (because "similar use" is undefined, permissive nature of phrase requires that it be taken in its broadest sense). But there is nothing in the definition of either public service facility or essential service which requires that an applicant transmit natural gas directly to the end user in order to qualify for a conditional use permit. To assert otherwise would require this Court to impermissibly read words into the Ordinance. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b).

Moreover, in my view, the majority's reading of the Ordinance is unduly restrictive. Section 12.18.1 requires the Board to determine whether the proposed gas well is similar to and compatible with other uses permitted in the R-A district, but it does not require the Board to identify which of those uses it considers similar and compatible. The Board is authorized to consider all the possible uses allowed in the district either as permitted uses or conditional uses. 53 P.S. § 10603.1 (zoning ordinance language shall be interpreted in favor of property owner and against implied extension of restriction). The majority is correct that Section 3.1 of the Ordinance states the purpose of regulations for the R-A district is to "foster a quiet, medium-density residential environment while encouraging the continuation of agricultural activities and the preservation of prime farmland." FAIRFIELD TWP. ZONING ORDINANCE , § 3.1. However, other parts of the Ordinance such as Sections 2.2, 4.1 (Purpose of the R-A District), and 4.2 (Permitted Uses and Conditional Uses) provide additional guidance which should also inform our interpretation. Latimore Twp. v. Latimore Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd. , 58 A.3d 883, 887 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013) ("A zoning ordinance should be construed so that none of its language is superfluous."); Anter Assocs. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Concord Twp. , 17 A.3d 467, 469 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011) ("[W]e must attempt to construe a zoning ordinance to give effect to all its provisions.").

For example, Section 4.2 allows a wide variety of uses in the R-A district which are neither residential nor agricultural uses per se , such as forestry activities, essential service facilities, public or quasi-public uses, public service facilities, hospitals, hospital administration and support services, nursing or retirement facilities, professional offices, and commercial recreation. And, rather than being placed within an exclusively residential subdivision, this particular gas well would be located on a nearly sixty-acre parcel, which is currently used and will continue to be used for farming, there is only one residence within 1000 feet, and the remainder of the residences within 3000 feet are separated from the well location by terrain which contains two streams, wetlands, and is rolling and forested in sections. See N.T. 10/7/2013 at 10-11 (describing area in vicinity of proposed gas well). One of the stated purposes of the R-A district is to encourage development that does not require the installation of public facilities such as water or sewer services, FAIRFIELD TWP. ZONING ORDINANCE , § 4.1, and utility infrastructure is not needed for operation of the proposed gas well. Moreover, Section 4.1 of the Ordinance should be read together with Section 2.2, which addresses rural resource areas, and which is a type of zoning district or an overlay district; it is not a "use" as stated by the majority. Majority Opinion, at 382-83 n. 8. A rural resource area exists where public infrastructure services are not provided but where agriculture, timbering, mining, quarrying and other extractive activities may occur. FAIRFIELD TWP. ZONING ORDINANCE , § 2.2. Given the explicit authorization of agricultural and forestry activities and the lack of public infrastructure in the district, in my view, it is reasonable to consider the R-A district as analogous to a rural resource area.

Although Section 3.1 of the Ordinance states "[i]ndustrial uses are discouraged" in the R-A district, industrial uses are clearly not forbidden. Pursuant to the Ordinance, the proposed use is a gas well-not the temporary construction and drilling activities which are necessary to establish that use, and which may be characterized as "industrial" in nature. In re Thompson, 896 A.2d 659, 671 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006) ("Zoning only regulates the use of land and not the particulars of development and construction.") quoting Schatz v. New Britain Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Adjustment , 141 Pa.Cmwlth. 525, 596 A.2d 294, 298 (1991) (emphasis in original). Inflection presented evidence (apparently believed by the Board) that once construction is completed the proposed gas wells are essentially a passive use. Evidence indicated one pickup truck per week would visit the gas well once it is in operation, the well pad itself would measure 150 feet by 150 feet with one small building on it, and the existing agricultural use would continue on the remainder of the parcel.

The question before the Board in conditional use proceedings is whether the planned ultimate use is "consistent with the public interest as defined in the standards established." 1 Ryan, Pennsylvania Zoning Law and Practice , § 5.1.8 (2001). See also Luke, 932 A.2d at 53 (issuance of conditional use permits requires individual determination made upon consideration of specified standards and criteria). Zoning ordinances are to be construed liberally and interpreted broadly to allow the widest possible use of land. Southco, 713 A.2d at 609 ; Upper Salford Twp. v. Collins , 542 Pa. 608, 669 A.2d 335, 336 (1995).

In this case the Board decided the proposed use was similar to and compatible with other uses permitted in the R-A district, although it did not specify a particular use permitted in the R-A district to which the proposed gas well was similar. Board Op., Conclusions of Law ¶ 20 ("criteria for review set forth in Sections 12.08, 14.2.5 and 12.1 have been sufficient[ly] satisfied in that the application as submitted by the Applicant with the imposed conditions meets the requirements of the Ordinance for conditional use approval"). The majority considers this misstep by the Board as fatal to its decision. However, the Commonwealth Court reached its own more specific legal conclusion based on the very same record adduced before the Board. The Commonwealth Court examined the language of the Ordinance's definitions of "public service facility" and "essential service," both of which encompass natural gas-related uses and structures, and determined the proposed gas well was similar to other uses permitted in the R-A district. Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1152.

In concluding the proposed development, as modified by the Board's conditions, was generally similar to and compatible with other uses permitted in the R-A district, the Board recognized the district does not only authorize strictly residential and agricultural uses but also a wide variety of other uses such as forestry activities, recreational facilities, including theatres and go-cart tracks, office buildings, hospitals, and public service facilities that furnish electric, gas and sewage services. The Commonwealth Court acknowledged the proposed gas well was not the "same as" a public service facility, but was similar because it was of the same general character as a public service facility. Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1152 ; 53 P.S. § 10603.1 ("In interpreting the language of zoning ordinances to determine the extent of the restriction upon the use of the property, the language shall be interpreted, where doubt exists as to the intended meaning of the language written and enacted by the governing body, in favor of the property owner and against any implied extension of the restriction."). In my view, the Commonwealth Court was correct and, applying the proper standard of review, I would affirm its determination the Board did not err in granting Inflection's application.

Justices Baer and Mundy join. 
      
      The natural gas wells in this case were being constructed to extract natural gas from Marcellus Shale. This is done by hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as "fracking." As we previously explained in Robinson Twp. v. Commonwealth , 637 Pa. 239, 147 A.3d 536 (2016) ("Robinson II "), fracking involves "pumping at high pressure into the rock formation a mixture of sand and freshwater treated with a gel friction reducer, until the rock cracks, resulting in greater gas mobility." Id. at 543 n.4 (quoting Robinson Twp. v. Commonwealth , 623 Pa. 564, 83 A.3d 901, 914-15 (2013) (plurality) ("Robinson I ") ). In Robinson I , a plurality of this Court described fracking operations as an industrial use involving "air, water, and soil pollution; persistent noise, lighting, and heavy vehicle traffic; and the building of facilities incongruous with the surrounding landscape." Robinson I , 83 A.3d at 979. In a concurring opinion, Justice Baer was even more descriptive, explaining that "these industrial-like operations include blasting of rock and other material, noise from the running of diesel engines, sometimes nonstop for days, traffic from construction vehicles, tankers, and other heavy-duty machinery, the storage of hazardous materials, constant bright lighting at night, and the potential for life-and property-threatening explosions and gas well blowouts." Id. at 1005 (Baer, J., concurring).
     
      
      The Ordinance divides Fairfield Township, Lycoming County, into three zoning districts: R-A, General Commercial, and Industrial. See Ordinance, § 3.1.
     
      
      Permitted uses in an R-A district include: accessory uses or structures; agriculture; single-family detached dwellings; essential services (which require no permit); family-based group homes; family daycare homes; forestry activities; home occupation; hunting camps or seasonal dwellings; and "no impact" home-based businesses. Ordinance, § 4.2.1. Conditional uses that are allowed in an R-A district include: agricultural businesses; bed and breakfast inns; cluster subdivision or planned residential development; daycare centers; multi-family dwellings; multi-family housing developments; townhouses; two-family dwellings; funeral homes; group care facilities; hospitals, hospital administration and support uses; manufactured or mobile home parks; nursing, retirement or assisted living facilities; parking lots and garages; professional offices; public service facilities or public or quasi-public uses; commercial recreation; and public recreation. Id. , § 4.2.2; see also id. , § 12.1 (setting forth general criteria that apply to conditional uses).
     
      
      A "controlled kick" is the burning of excess gas at a well that has "flames shooting out the top." N.T., 10/7/2013, at 38. The testifying resident had observed this occurring at another gas pad operated by Inflection. Id. Mr. Erwin stated that Inflection did not "anticipate doing it" at the Shaheen Pad, but acknowledged that Inflection "did not anticipate doing that" at the other facility either. Id.
     
      
      The trial court further found, based on the evidence presented before the Board, that the evidence was insufficient to support the Board's finding that the proposed use would "in no way" conflict with the general purposes of the Ordinance as required by section 12.18.3 and that there was substantial evidence presented that "the use will adversely affect the health, welfare and safety of the neighborhood." See Gorsline , 40 Pa.D. & C.5d at 490-503.
     
      
      The Board did not appeal the decision, but filed a brief in support of Inflection.
     
      
      The Ordinance defines "essential services" as: "Public utility facilities that do not require enclosure in building, including gas, electrical, steam, telephone, or water distribution systems; and including related equipment such as poles, towers, wires, mains, sewers, pipes, conduits, cables, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, traffic signals, hydrants, and other similar equipment." Ordinance, § 2.2.
     
      
      In reversing the trial court's determination that Inflection had also failed to prove that its proposed use was in conflict with the general purposes of the Ordinance, as required by section 12.18.3, the Commonwealth Court indicated that no such conflict existed because the Ordinance "expressly authorizes the extraction of minerals." Gorsline , 123 A.3d at 1152. In so ruling, however, the Commonwealth Court cited to the definition of a "rural resource area," noting that the definition of this term refers to "mining, quarrying and other extractive industries." Id. at 1152 & n.10. While the Ordinance defines the term, however, it does not designate any of the township's zoning districts as a "rural resource area."
      The Commonwealth Court also cited section 603(i) of the Municipalities Planning Code, which requires the "reasonable extraction of minerals," 53 P.S. § 10603(i). This requirement is apparently satisfied in the Ordinance pursuant to its allowance of "surface mining" as a conditional use in the Industrial district. Ordinance, § 6.2.3.12. Before the trial court, Objectors attempted to argue that Inflection could not seek a conditional use permit under the Ordinance's savings clause (section 12.18) because the Ordinance's definition of "surface mining" permitted the extraction of "minerals" and defined "minerals" to include "oil and natural gas." Ordinance, § 2.2. The trial court ruled, however, that "surface mining" did not include the drilling of underground mine openings, as Inflection proposed to do, and thus agreed with the Board that Inflection's proposed gas wells use was not allowed in any of its zoning districts (and thus subject to approval pursuant to the savings clause in section 12.18).Gorsline , 40 Pa.D & C.5d at 478. The parties did not appeal this ruling to the Commonwealth Court.
     
      
      The Delaware Riverkeeper Network, Clean Air Council, and Environmental Integrity Project ("Environmental Amici") and Peters Township, South Fayette Township, David M. Ball, and Brian Coppola ("Township Amici"), advance arguments, inter alia, in support of Objectors' claim that the Commonwealth Court's reliance on MarkWest was error. Environmental Amici argue that Commonwealth Court's reliance on MarkWest was erroneous because of the differences between (1) the ordinances at issue, (2) the activities (mineral extraction vs. facilitation of transport/processing of minerals), and (3) the districts themselves (light industrial vs. R-A). Environmental Amici's Brief at 33-34. Further, Environmental Amici note that the MarkWest court "relied heavily on an analysis of the testimony and the ordinance provisions," while the Commonwealth Court in the case at bar failed to do so entirely. Id. at 34-35. Township Amici advocate for this Court to reverse the decision in MarkWest , contending that the holding should be invalidated as "simply incorrect." See Township Amici's Brief at 29-33.
     
      
      See Board's Brief at 9 (adopting Inflection's brief on the issues addressed in this Opinion "in its entirety").
      Amicus briefs in support of the Board and Inflection were filed by: (1) Robinson Township, Washington Township, and Mount Pleasant Township; (2) the County of Beaver, the County of Allegheny, and Rich Fitzgerald; (3) Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors; (4) the Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, the Washington County Chamber of Commerce, the Williamsport/Lycoming Chamber of Commerce, and the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry, (5) the International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 66 and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Locals 5, 81, 163, 712 and 812 ("Union Amici"); (6) Laborers' District Council of Western Pennsylvania; (7) the Marcellus Shale Coalition; (8) the Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association; and (9) the American Petroleum Institute. The majority of the arguments advanced by these amici support points made by the Board and Inflection in their briefs that do not pertain to the question of the similarity of uses or they raise new arguments not advanced by the parties in support of affirming the Commonwealth Court's decision.
      Of relevance to the determinative question in this appeal, the Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association asserts that natural gas production is similar to a "public service facility" and identifies numerous consumer products that depend on oil and gas production. Pennsylvania Independent Oil & Gas Association's Brief at 9 & Appendix B. Union Amici assert that the Commonwealth Court correctly found that Inflection's proposed use was similar to a "public service facility" based on Mr. Erwin's testimony stating the same. Union Amici's Brief at 4-5. Union Amici further support the Commonwealth Court's reliance on MarkWest because in both instances, "the applicants demonstrated that their proposed uses were similar to other uses that were expressly permitted in the district at issue. Id. at 6 (citing MarkWest , 102 A.3d at 556 ). Lastly, Union Amici state that the Commonwealth Court did not base its decision solely on the fact that the Board had previously granted conditional use permits for gas wells, and that this evidence was properly considered because it corroborated the conclusion that the Board conducted the requisite analysis here. Id. at 7.
     
      
      Consistent with the Commonwealth Court, the learned Dissent insists that the trial court "inserted itself as the factfinder" by characterizing Mr. Erwin's testimony as "arguably inconsistent." Dissenting Op. at 391-92. Inconsistency aside, given Inflection's failure to develop a factual record regarding possible similarities between its proposed use and uses that are allowed in the R-A district, Mr. Erwin's conclusory answers at best amounted to unsupported lay opinion in response to leading questions that sought legal conclusions. As such, they lacked any evidentiary value with respect to similarity of use. The trial court explained its rejection of the testimony on this basis. 40 Pa.D & C.5d at 489 ("The definition of a public service facility was not discussed or alluded to and no testimony was provided to show how Inflection's proposed use fits the definition. There was just a bald, conclusion statement that the use fit the definition of a public service facility.").
      The Dissent also lists other evidence in the record, including, inter alia, the project statement, an erosion and sediment control plan, an aerial photographic plat and Mr. Gillespie's testimony, as further support for the Board's decision. Dissenting Op. at 392. Conspicuously absent, however, is any reference by the Dissent to documentary evidence or testimony in these items of record that is relevant to the similarity of use issue. As noted above, for example, while Mr. Gillespie testified extensively at the second public hearing, he offered no testimony or other evidence relevant to the similarity of use issue.
      Finally, I agree with the Dissent's recognition that in making land use decisions, municipal governing bodies should be permitted to bring to bear their expertise and knowledge of local conditions. Dissenting Op. at 392-93. They must do so on a sufficiently developed factual record, however, and their determinations with respect to questions of law (e.g., proposed uses) are subject to judicial review.
     
      
      In its brief filed with this Court, Inflection also argues that its gas wells use is similar to a "public or quasi-public use," which the Ordinance defines as follows:
      Uses or structures designed, intended or arranged for the use of service of the general public, although the fees and conditions of such use may be determined and regulated by the operator thereof, e.g., Banks, Post Offices, Churches, Cemeteries, Schools, Community Centers, Firehalls, Municipal building, Community Sewer and Water treatment facilities and other uses of the same general character.
      Ordinance, § 2.2. As the uses set forth in this definition (e.g., banks, churches, schools) are clearly intended to be local in nature and for the benefit of the residents of Fairfield Township, we likewise reject Inflection's contention that this use is "similar to" its proposed gas wells use.
     
      
      See Cellco P'ship v. N. Annville Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd. , 939 A.2d 430, 435 (Pa. Commw. 2007) (rejecting Verizon's contention that construction of a cellphone tower was "similar to" a "public utility exemption" because it would "advance Verizon's ability to compete in a marketplace," and "there is an important difference between public and commercial benefits").
     
      
      Contrary to the Dissent's contention, we do not take the position that oil and gas drilling/development may never occur in a district unless a township amends its zoning ordinance to expressly allow the use, or that applicants may never seek a conditional use permit for this use pursuant to a local ordinance's savings clause. Where an applicant develops a sufficient evidentiary record to establish similarity of use, nothing prevents a local governing body from granting permission for a use not expressly allowed or disallowed in a particular district. Instead, we hold only that in the present case, given the stark differences between the proposed use and those uses expressly allowed in the R-A district (including "public service facilities" and "essential services") as well as Inflection's failure to even attempt to breach this divide through the development of a factual record, the Board erred in granting a conditional use permit under the Ordinance's savings clause.
     
      
      I also disagree with the majority's decision not to address the first issue we accepted for review in this appeal, i.e. , whether the Commonwealth Court's reinstatement of the Board's approval of a shale gas well as a conditional use in an R-A district conflicts with this Court's seminal decision in Robinson Township v. Commonwealth , 623 Pa. 564, 83 A.3d 901 (2013). See Gorsline v. Bd. of Supervisors of Fairfield Twp. , 635 Pa. 591, 139 A.3d 178 (2016) (per curiam ). I recognize courts usually avoid determining the constitutionality of statute, if other grounds are available to resolve the issue. Commonwealth v. Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc. , 607 Pa. 406, 8 A.3d 267, 271 (2010) ("[I]t has long been the policy of this Court to avoid constitutional questions where a matter can be decided on alternative, non-constitutional grounds.") (citations omitted). Here, however, we have not been asked to opine on the constitutionality of a statute, ordinance, or regulation, but rather the applicability and scope of our prior decision in Robinson Township to the facts before us. In my view, this important question was the sole issue of first impression accepted by the Court, and the remaining issues decided today involve mere error review, which is generally not this Court's function. See generally Pa.R.A.P. 1114.
     
      
      The Ordinance defines "public service facility" as:
      The erection, construction, alteration, operation or maintenance of buildings, power plants or substations, water treatment plants or pumping stations; sewage disposal or pumping plants and other similar public service structures by a utility, whether publicly or privately owned, or by a municipal or other governmental agency, including the furnishing of electrical, gas, communication, water supply and sewage disposal services.
      Fairfield Twp. Zoning Ordinance , § 2.2.
      Additionally, the Ordinance defines "essential service" as:
      Public utility facilities that do not require enclosure in a building, including gas, electrical, steam, telephone, or water distribution systems; and including related equipment such as poles, towers, wires, mains, sewers, pipes, conduits, cables, fire alarm boxes, police call boxes, traffic signals, hydrants, and other similar equipment.
      Id.
     
      
      The majority dismisses Erwin's testimony on the ground that it constituted "lay opinion" elicited "in response to leading questions that sought legal conclusions." Majority Opinion, at 386 n. 11. I note Section 554 of the Local Agency Law, 2 Pa.C.S. § 554, specifically provides "[l]ocal agencies shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence at agency hearings, and all relevant evidence of reasonably probative value may be received...." As a practical matter, local agency hearings such as a conditional use hearing are more informal in nature than the typical adversarial proceeding.
     
      
      To the extent the Board's awareness of Inflection's other wells in the Township impacted its conditional use decision in this case, the prior approvals could ostensibly form part of the Board's knowledge and expertise in local conditions, development patterns, the benefits and detriments of gas production, and the necessary and appropriate conditions that should be imposed upon an applicant; all of these factors properly lie within the Board's consideration. Marshall, 97 A.3d at 332-33 ; Huntley , 964 A.2d at 866.
     
      
      Indeed, Erwin's expert testimony can be viewed as inartfully making this exact point: the proposed well is not expressly "classified" as a permitted use in the R-A district, but it "fits the definition" in the sense it is similar to one of those uses. N.T. 10/7/2013 at 8. Specifically, Erwin testified as follows:
      Q: And what is the proposed use in that district? What do you plan on-
      A: Oil and gas development.
      Q: And is that proposed use classified as a public service facility under the ordinance?
      A: No.
      Q: It fits the definition as a public service facility under the Fairfield Township Zoning Ordinance, is that correct?
      A: Yes.
      Id.
     
      
      Moreover, this Court has not ruled that natural gas development is always inherently incompatible with residential uses. See, e.g ., Huntley, 964 A.2d at 866-68 (borough council improperly denied conditional use permit for natural gas well on ten-acre parcel in R-1 (single family residential) district, when ordinance authorized extraction of natural gas as conditional use in that district). In addition, the General Assembly has recognized that gas development is not per se incompatible with agricultural uses. See, e.g ., Section 914.1(c)(6)(i) of the Agricultural Area Security Law, 3 P.S. § 914.1(c)(6)(i) ("An agricultural conservation easement shall not prevent: ... [t]he granting of leases ... or the issuing of permits ... for the exploration, development, storage or removal of ... oil and gas by the owner of the subject land ...."); Section 6(c.1)(1) of the Pennsylvania Farmland and Forest Land Assessment Act of 1974, 72 P.S. § 5490.6(c.1)(1) ("Land subject to preferential assessment may be leased or otherwise devoted to exploration for and removal of gas and oil ....").
      Nor does Robinson Township preclude the conditional use the Board permitted here. In fact, one of the plurality opinion's central holdings invalidated Section 3304(b) of the Oil and Gas Act of 2012, 58 Pa.C.S. § 3304(b), which mandated the allowance of a specific land use (oil and gas operations) in all areas of the state without regard for local conditions that may make such use incompatible with existing uses, and thus violate citizens' constitutional rights. 83 A.3d at 979. In doing so, the Court emphasized protection of environmental values is a "quintessential local issue that must be tailored to local conditions." Id. The Court explained that, by requiring municipalities to permit certain uses everywhere, the legislature removed "local government's necessary and reasonable authority to carry out its trustee obligations by prohibiting the enactment of ordinances tailored to local conditions." Id. at 982 n.58.
      Appellants claim Robinson Township held natural gas development is inherently incompatible with residential uses and its impacts can never be mitigated through the imposition of conditions, but, in my view, appellants read Robinson Township too broadly in this regard. Appellants' interpretation would supersede existing local ordinances, which specifically allow natural gas development as a permitted use, conditional use, or as a special exception in residential and mixed use zones under specifically enumerated legislative provisos, designed to take into account actual "conditions on the ground" in those places. Such an interpretation frustrates the purpose of the Municipalities Planning Code, which authorizes municipalities to develop local zoning ordinances. See, e.g ., 53 P.S. § 10603.1 (where doubt exists as to extent of land use restriction, local ordinances should be interpreted in favor of property owner).
      Pursuant to this legislative scheme, the Board designed, adopted, and enacted its Ordinance describing the R-A District-"[i]n consideration of the character of the municipality, its various parts and the suitability of the various parts for particular uses and structures." Fairfield Twp. Zoning Ordinance , § 1.4.1. The expressed purpose of the Ordinance is to promote the "public's health, safety, morals, and the general welfare, [and] encourage the most appropriate use of land...." Id. , § 1.4.2. In the conditional use context, these land use goals are attained when a governing body determines-through its zoning hearing process-the applicant has either satisfied or not satisfied the particular requirements included in a zoning ordinance for the grant of a conditional use permit. In this case, Inflection was obligated under the Ordinance to satisfy the particular requirements found in Sections 14.2 and 12.1 relating to conditional uses, to demonstrate under Section 12.18 its proposed gas well was similar to and compatible with other uses permitted in the R-A district, and also that the gas well in no way conflicted with the general purpose of the Ordinance. Under the circumstances presented here, where I view the record as sufficient to support the Board's decision, I would find no conflict between the Commonwealth Court's decision and Robinson Township.
     
      
      Respectfully, the majority's suggestion the Board may allow the proposed use in the R-A district only by amending its Ordinance is incorrect. See Majority Opinion, at 389-90. Section 12.18 of the Ordinance, which is known as a "savings clause," authorizes approval of uses that are neither specifically permitted nor denied by the Ordinance as conditional uses where certain criteria are met. Nothing in the Municipalities Planning Code precludes approval under such a conditional use scheme.
     