
    Lessee of Daniel W. Gantly et al., Plaintiff, v. William G. and George W. Ewing, Defendants.
    A law of the state of Indiana? directing “that r eat and personal estate, taken in execution, shall sell, for the best price the same will bring at public auction and outcry, except that the fee-simple of real-estate shall not be. sold to satisfy any execution or.executions, until the rents and'profits for the term of seven ‘ years of such real estate shall have been first offerpd-for sale at public auc- . tion and outcry; and if-such rents and profits will not sell for a sum sufficient to satisfy such'execution or executions, then .the feé-simple shall be sold,” is not merely directory to the sheriff, but restrictive of his power to sell the fee-simple.
    If he sells the fee-simple without having previously offered the refits and profits, his deed is void.
    The law of Indiana, passed after the execution was issued, also required that the property should be appraised. The sheriff’s deed was not void, because ‘ of there being no.appraisement.
    This case came up on a certificate of division from the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Indiana.
    
      Tfre facts were stated by an agreement in the nature pf a special verdict, and were as follows:
    • “ On the twenty-fifth day of December, eighteen hundred and thirty-eight, one Jacob Linzee was indebted to-Daniel W. Gantly, of the city of New York, in the sum of nine hundred and nine‘dollars and eighty-two cents; and, to secure the payment of the same, Linzee then executed to Gantly a mortgage on town lot numbered one hundred' and seventy-nine, in Peru, Indiana, of which Linzee was seised in fee. At the time of the execution of the mortgage, Linzee was in possession of the mortgaged premises, and they were worth from one thousand to fourteen hundred dollars. Linzee' made default in the payment, and Gantly, on the eighth day of September, eighteen hundred and forty, obtained a decree in the state court to foreclose the mortgage; and unless the money should be paid, in sixty days, an execution was directed to be issued for the sale of the premises;
    “In January, eighteen hundred and forty-one, an execution was issued, and on the thirteenth of February following, before the. sale of the property, the appraisement-law passed, and was published the. twenty-third day of February, eightedn hundred and forty-one; on the first of March, eighteen hundred and forty-one, the sheriff, having given due notice, sold the premises at public auction, to the defendants, for seventy-six dollars, and executed a deed to'them for the same; which deed was offered in evidence to support the title of the defendants. The property was not valued, nor were the rents and profits offered for sale by the sheriff. And the court were asked to instruct the jury that; as the rents and profits had not been offered,' nor the land valued, under the statutes of Indian#, the sheriff’s deed was inoperative and void. And on this question the opinions of the judges were opposed; and on motion of plaintiff’s counsel, the point is certified to the Supreme Court, under the act of Congres#.”
    
      Cooper and White, for plaintiffs in error.
    
      Holán, for defendants in error.
    The argument on behalf of the plaintiff in error was as follows:
    The aets-of the state of Indiana, which have relation to dhe ques- - tion, are certified in the record.
    Now as Linzee made default .in the payment of the money the mortgage, was given to secure, Gantly foreclosed the mortgage in the state court, under lie provisions of the Revised Laws of Indiana, of 1831, pp. 244 and 245, and issued his execution, as required by that statute, requiring “mortgaged premises-to be sold as other lands are sold on execution.” All the proceedings, up to the time of issuing the execution, were strictly in accordance with the provisions of the statute above mentioned. And as the defendants claim as purchasers under the execution, they waive all objections to the previous proceedings. Cowper’s Rep. 46.
    
      But I contend that the sheriff’s deed to the defendants is inoperative and void, for the following reasons:
    1. Because the sheriff sold the fee-simple of the land, without having first offered the seven years’ rents and profits of the same.
    2. Because he did not have the land appraised before the sale of the same.
    . By the Revised Law of 1831, p. 235, sect; 3, it is enacted, “ That real and personal estate, taken in execution, shali sell for the best price the' same will bring at public auction and outcryexcept' that the fee-simple of real estate shall not be sold to satisfy any. execution or executions, until the rents and profits, for the term of seven years, of such real estate, shall first be offered for sale at public auction and outcry.” .
    Which appears to be a good and salutary law. t' acted to prevent the sacrifice of the fee-simple of real property, ix> the cupidity of a heartless set of speculators, who hang round sheriff’s sales, for the sole purpose of speculating off the-misfortunes of their fellow-creatures. In England the fee-simple of land' cannot be sold under execution, but die judgment-creditor can only take possession of the rents and profits, by a writ of leva-rifadas, or take his extent under an elegit, but both of which remedies he could,not resort to. A similar law I believe' still prevails in Virginia. In New York,'when' the-fee-simple has been sold under execution, the owner of the land is allowed a year from the time1 of the sale to redeem the land. In Ohio, lands are required to be appraised before they Can be sold under execution. And I never have learned that either the constitutionality, or-the policy, or.the propriety of either of the laws of New York or Ohio, have ever been questioned.
    Then,i to give a fair construction, to the statute of this state last recited, it must inevitably appear that the offering of the rents, and.profits vyas made a condition precedent by the statute to the sale of the fee-simple of the land in controversy, and that a sale, without such previous requisition having been first complied with, is null and void;
    Sheriffs in this state receive the whole of their power and authority from the statute laws of the state. They have.'no common law powers nor implied powers, and it would be dangerous to trust them with either. But, on the contrary, it has been said by the Supreme Court of this state that it may be safely presumed, by a bona fide purchaser at sheriff’s sale, that the sheriff had done his duty in obeying the directions of the statute as respects the inquest, the advertisement and sale, &c. 1 Black. 210. .
    ■ But in the present case the defendants could not be bona fide purchasers; the very idea is repelled by the gross inadequacy of the price they bid and gave for the same. - We cannot presume that the defendants supposed the rents and profits had first been offered', when the proof.is positiye that they had not been offered. Presumption can never outweigh positive proof..
    
      The improper conduct of the sheriff in 'selling property may be inquired into, in an action of ejectment- on his title, and the owner of tile land would have á right to prove on the trial that it was known to-the purchasers that the rents and' profits, had not been offered for sale by the sheriff. 4 Black. 228.
    _. In the. present case, as the property was sold for a price grossly inadequate; and the sheriff never offered the rents-and profits; as is proved on the trial, every presumption is against the defendants.
    1 now come to the second point,, that the property had not been appraised before the sale was made. ' ■ '
    It appears from the testimony certified of record, that-the execution under which the- properly in question was' sold, was issued in -January, a. d. 1841; that oh the 13th of February, and before the. sale,'the legislature-passed the appraisement law; and-that-the same ..was published--on-the 23d of February; a. d, 1841, being five days before the sale of the property in question,--by the'sheriff, to the defendánts; which law was in force, and was, by the 14th section of the" same, to take effect from and after its passage. Vicie Law of 1841, p. 130-132.
    ' In the case of Tredwav v. Gapin, 1 Blackford, 299, “ it was said by the Supreme Court, that from the time a statute is published in print, by authority, at any place.within.the state, it takes effect in every part of it, unless 1he act itself otherwise directs.”
    This statute being in force at and'before the time of sale of the property in question, by the sheriff to the defendants, the defendants have no title to the.premises, unless they show that it had been •strictly complied with; the .6th section of which statute is as follows: “That hereafter no real property shall be sold on execution for less than for one-half its cash value at the time of such salé. ” And the 7'th . section of the same law points out the form of the appraisement and return at the cash value at the time of the appraisement; which statute is not "only directory to the sheriff, but it in positive and direct terms prohibits any sale of land under execution, unless the statute has first been complied with. -
    In the casé of Tweedy v. Pickett, 1 Day’s Rep. 109, it was. decided by .the Supreme Court of Connecticut, that, “ in order to máke out a title to land, by the levy of an execution, it must be shown the appraisers were indifferent freeholders,- and that they were sworn according to law.” And in the case of Mitchell v. Kiruand, 7 Conn. Rep. 229, thé law is laid down to the effect following: o • “The acquisition of title by execution -being a proceeding in in-vitum, the requisites of which are prescribed by positive law, in de-. rogation of the common law, a strict compliance with these'reqúi- , sites is indispensable to a transfer of the title;” Vide also, the cas? of the. United States v. Sladé, 2. Mason, 70.
    And by the statute of Indiana, approved January 6jh, 1821-, (Laws of 1820-, 1821, p. 4,) it is enacted “that no real property shall be sold for less than one half of its real value, by virtue of any execution which may hereafter issue on a judgment which,has heretofore been rendered, or which may hereafter be rendered,” &c.
    Shortly afterwards the Supreme Court of Indiana were called on . to give a proper construction to the last mentioned statute,, and it decided that a bid and sale .of land offered at sheriff’s sale under execution under that statute, where the purchaser did not bid half the appraised value of the land, and a sheriff’s deed under such a bid and sale, were void, and- conveyed no title to-the purchaser. Vide Harrison et al. «. Doe, on the demise of Rapp, 2 Black. 1; which casé, I think, clearly settles the construction of the recent ap-praisement law, and is in accordance with the cases cited in Connecticut, and the case in Mason’s Reports. And they all go to establish the position taken, that, inasmuch as the land was not appraised before the sale,.the sheriff’s deed to the defendants is inoperative and void."
    If the title to the defendants be good under this deed, they (the defendants) get the- property for less than a tenth part of the value, and Gantly will have to lose nine-tenths of the money Linzee has so long ajidJustly owed him; which, Ijhink, clearly shows the sale by the sheriff to the defendants to be fraudulent and void.
    In the third resolution in Fermor’s case,-3 Co. Rep. 78, the court said that “the-common law doth so abhor fraud and covin, that all acts, as well judicial as others, and which of themselves are just and l'awfrd, yet being mixed with deceit, are in judgment of law wrong and unlawful.”
    The question whether a deed be fraudulent and void as to creditors, may be examined and decided in an action of ejectment. 2 Black; Rep. 230.
    It would be unnecessary to produce further authority in support of the second objection to the deed of the sheriff in this case.
    It has, however, been contended by the counsel for the defendants, that the appraisement law of our state, of 1841, is unconstitutional, and, therefore, that the lessor of the plaintiff has no right to complain of its violation; and the case of Bronson v. Kinzie et ah, 1-How. 311, is by them referred to to support their position. But I am wholly at a loss to find out the least'spark of resemblance between the cases. If Gantly (the lessor) had bought the property in question for a nominal price, without the same having first been appraised, -and Linzee commenced a suit against him to recover the property, it might have raised a different question to that now before your honours. But, in the present case, the defendants bought the land at sheriff’s sale in violation of the -appraisement law, after the same was in force. The appraisement- law, at the time of the purchase, was the law of the land, entered into and became a part of the contract between the. defendants and the sheriff, and if it was unconstitutional, it would make the argument so much the stronger for setting aside the sale.
    A law may be constitutional in its application to some cases, and void as to others. • 8 Peters, 94. The law might have been Unconstitutional between Gantly and Linzee,and constitutional between the defendants and the sheriff.
    
      JEloban, for defendants in error, after' stating the case, proceeded as follows:
    From ihe above -statement, which is taken word for word from that of' the plaintiff in error, it appears that the title of the defendants in error to the premises in dispute is admitted, unless the sheriff’s deed is inoperative, and the deed is assailed upon these-grounds: first, because the sheriff sold the fee-simple of the land without first having offered the seven years’ rents and profits of the same — and this is supposed to be required by the act of the legislature of Indiana of 1831, sections 3 and 18. It must be premised that this law.'is prior in date to that of the mortgage, which was in 1838. It will appear from the law itself that it applies only to executions on judgments at law; section 18 applies to decrees in equity, which provides that sales under them are to take place at public vendue to the highest bidder, as on execution on judgments at law. In the .nature of things a law of this kind'could not apply to a chancery decree,- which orders a specific thing to be done in a manner by the law itself expressly declared to be, as the court may determine “ in the premises between the parties, as may be right and just.” -I do not deem, it necessary on this.point to do more than to refer the honourable court particularly to section 18 of the law, where the sale of the land and the making of an unencumbered ‘deed to the purchaser are spoken of* but no mention of a valuation of the land, or restriction of the court* first to order the sale of the rents and profits for seven years, before decrees of the unconditional sale of the premises.
    The second objection is, that the land was not appraised, pursuant to the act of the legislature of Indiana.of February 13,1841,' which requires,- as it appears, that land shall not be sold on execution,, except after being appraised, and then only after more'than half the value- is bid.
    The first answer to this is, that the. law applies to sales on executions, which, in Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 Howard, 311, is admitted not to apply to sales under mortgage foreclosures.
    But if the law be admitted, and be particularly framed, to apply ■ to a case of this kind — still it is clearly unconstitutional. The law of Indiana is of 1841; the date of the mortgage 1838. I shall refer your honours qnly to Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 Howard, 311, where the leading cases are referred to on this subject; Green v. Biddle, Stur-gesw. Crowningshield, Ogden v. Saunders; these cases, as laboriously and ably argued as any on record, decide this general principle, that a state law which materially varies the well ascertained remedy upon a contract, is as to contracts in existence at the time of its passage, in the sense of the amendment of the Constitution, a law impairing the obligation of a contract, and which in consequence no state has a right to pass; Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 Howard, 311, applies this principle specifically to a case of the very character now under consideration, and decides that a law extending the time of credit under a mortgage foreclosurej and prohibiting the sale of the mortgage premises, unless- after valuation, and unless they produce a certain sum or value, as such an invasion of the ascertained reme? dy, at the date of the contract, or mortgage, -{and rendered in legal contemplation a part of the compact between the parties,) as to come within the prohibition intended by the Constitution. This law prohibits the sale of the premises,until it may bn made to' produce oné-half its value by assessment, which may never be.
   Mr. Justice CATRON,

delivered the opinion of the court.

This case comes before us on a certificate of. division from the Circuit Court- for the district of' Indiana. As the facts fully appear, in the statement of the reporter, they- need not be repeated at large here. The action was an ejectment; the defendants set up a sheriff’s deed, and the cou'rt was asked-to instruct the jury that the deed-was void for.two reasons: First, because the rents and profits had not been offered for sale, before the fee-simple was sold: Se- ■ cond, nor had the land been valued under the statutes "of Indiana before, the sale was made.

The .first ground of objection involves the construction of the 3d section of the act -of February 4, 1831, which is in the following words:

’ “ That 'real and personal estate, taken in execution, shall sell for the best price the same will bring at public auction and outcry, except that the fee-simple of real estáte shall not be sold to satisfy any execution or executions, until the rents and profits-for the term of seven years of such real estate shall have first been offered for sale at public auction and outcry; and if such rents and profits will bring a sum sufficient to satisfy the execution or executions levied thereon,’ the sheriff, or other officer, selling the, same, shall make to the purchaser thereof a deed conveying to such purchaser a term of seven years in'and to such real estate; and moreover forthwith deliver-immediate and. actual possession thereof; and if such rents and profits will not sell for a sum sufficient to satisfy such execution or exe- . cutions, then the fee-simple, or other estate, of the execution defendant or defendants; shall be sold,'and a deed, conveying the same to the purchaser thereof, shall be executed by the officer selling the same.?’

By this provision the sheriff, was governed in making the sale; if it was merely directory to the officer, then the deed cannot be assailed; but if it contains an inhibition to sell’the fee,, until the rents and profits are first offered, and the authority to sell the fée in this instance, did not exist before, then the sale was void: as it is admitted on the record, that the rents and profits .were not offered by the sheriff.- Had this fact no't been established,-then we are of opinion the court would have been bound ’ to presume the sheriff did his duty, and that the sale, and deed founded on it, were valid: .they being prima facie valid, the proof to assail them must come from the opposing -side', be it negative or affirmative. This is the general rule applicable to all proceedings of courts where they have and exercise general'jurisdiction; and of this description-is the court of Indiana, from which the execution issuédí This being, conceded, the question is, -Does the established.fact annul .the sale ? At common law the fee in lands by a fieri faciasris not subject to sale; the sheriff’s -authority to sell in this country is in the nature of a naked power conferred • by- statute ; he takes no title in the land by the levy, as he does in- goods, and can confer none on the purchaser, if power to sell is wanting.- We admit if the words -of a law are doubtful, the sale should' be. supported; and the .benefit of any Obscurity in the statute be given to the purchaser, lest he should be ' misled in cases where a general power is given to tjie sheriff to sell, and this is limited.by indefinite restrictions; and that the safer rule is to hold,such restrictions • to be directory. ’Further than this,, no general rule need'be asserted.' Giving- the act in question the benefit of these favourable intendments, and what .authority did it confer on the sheriff?

The general power to sell lands at auction and outcry is given, but then follows the explicit restriction, that the fee-simple, shall not be sold until' the rents and' profits 'shall have been first offered at public auction and outcry; if they bring the amount of- the execution, the sheriff is to convey to the purchaser the term of seven years and put him forthwith into, possession. Had the power to -sell stopped here, then no authority, to convey the fee could exist ;' and the question is when did the power arise ? We think, on the failure-of the sheriff to gét a bid of the whole amount of the levy for a term of’ seven years; as before, the fee could not.be sold. Nor can we see how the legislature could have.made the exception more explicit, unless negative language had been used, repeating the inhibition; and for'* this there was no necessity, as the statute conferred a power not known to the common law, and which could only be given affirmatively, and which was not given at all, save with the positive restriction imposed in advance.

To treat the exception as directory to the sheriff would violate, as it seems to us, the general spirit of the laws of Indiana ;■ they cautiously endeavour to maintain'debtors in possession and to preserve their houses, at the same time that a remedy is afforded to creditors against' lands. It not being onr province, however, to construe the state laws on this point, so as to ¿ive any binding effect to the adjudication on the courts of Indiana, we forbear to go into an examination in- detail of what we suppose to be the policy of that stated

One consideration has been much pressed on us, to wit, That the' purchasers here are not proved to have had notice of a failure on the part of the sheriff to offer the term of seven years for sale first; It' is admitted if-such notice had been proved, the sale would be void.

In our opinion the purchaser must be held to notice..' The statute contemplates a sale of- the term; or an offer to sell it, and a failure, and thip at public outcry, at the saíne time and place, and immediately preceding the sale of the fee: fie who goes to purchase and is present at .the sale, and does purchase, rarely' if ever can want actual knowledge, as the open outcry and public auction of the term is to be as notorious as that by which the fee is sold; and even should the purchaser of the latter not be.present at the opening of the vendue, the slightest dihgence would command information whether the requisite previous step had been taken. To treat a bidder at the sale in any of its stages', as an innocent purchaser, we think would be dealing with him in a manner too indulgent; as it is quite certain in no other instance could the. doctrine of innocent purchaser be applied to one having equal opportunities of knowledge, aside from any duty imposed on’ him to acquire it.. Furthermore: this would in almost every case of the kind narrow down the -issue to a single point — whether the purchaser had ór had not notice; leaving the jury to determine on the validity of the title, 'by the exercise óf an undefined discretion; its verdict being founded on an exception in pais, and on one the legislature did not see proper to make. This is a question of power, and the answer to the suggestion rests on this. The sheriff’s duties' are plainly prescribed; if he has no power to sell, vrant of knowledge on part of the purchaser could not confer it, and ho such contingency can be let in to help his deed.

It is insisted the question has been settled by the Supreme Court of Judicature of Indiana, in the case of Doe v. Smith, 4 Blackford’s Rep. 228, that the. purchaser at execution sale takes a good-title to the fee, although the land had not been previously offered, for sale by the sheriff for the rents and profits of a term of seven years.

That case does not so settle the point as to satisfy us. It applies to a sale, made pursuant to the act of January -30,1824, sect. 3; it; is in substance like that set forth above, of 1831, but much less stringent and precise in its terms of exclusion, so that the first might be held directory to the officer,-and the last an inhibition, if the-decision was to the precise effect contended for, which it is not. For another reason we suppose the question not to be settled in Indiana.. The certificate of division, although not exclusively contrary to the assumption that the question has been settled, must still be treated by us as. assuming prima fade, that the construction of the statute is open, and that it requires settlement here for the purposes of the case ; as. to no other end could the question be brought here in its present form.

It is proper to remark, that it would be our duty on this point to follow the construction of the Supreme Judicial Court of Indiana, had it settled any; and this we would the more cheerfully do from the confidence we have in that tribunal; but nothing can be deemed as settled by the court of last'resort in a state, unless it has adjudged the direct question; or unless the subject has, in an indirect form, and at various times, been brought before such court, and treated as conclusively settled, and not open to controversy. This not appearing to be the case, it is certified to the Circuit Court that the sheriff’s deed is void for the reasons stated.

2. The next question .certified is, whether the sheriff’s deed-is void, because the land was not valued according to the statute of Indiana before the sale took place.

Linzee owed Gandy, who took a mortgage on a town Jot, of which Linzee was sei ed in fee. This occurred’ in 1838. The debt was for $909, and the property mortgaged worth more than the debt. Linzee made default, and Gantly filed his bill to foreclose: In September, 1840, he obtained a decree of foreclosure,,on which an execution issued in January, 1841. On the 13th of February following, the appraisement law was passed. The sheriff sold the property on the 1st of March, 1841, to the defendants.

. 1'. The act of 13th February provides, that the debtor may redeem real estate sold under execution founded on a judgment or decree, at any’timeiwithin twelve months from the day of sale, by paying the money into the clerk’s office, with interest' thereon, at the rate of twelve and a half per cent.

2: That junior encumbrances may redeem in like manner.

3. That if the judgment debtor neglected, or Was unable to take tire stay by the laws tiren in force, the property should be sold on a credit, equal to the stay, and bond be taken by the officer selling, for the purchase money:

4. That thereafter no property should be sold on execution for less than one half of its cash value at the time of the sale, to be ascertained by three freeholders at the instance of the officer: and if the property did not sell for half the value, the fact was to be returned on the execution, and another might issue subject to the same conditions.

The decree ordering foreclosure was made ifi conformity to the existing laws, at the date of the mortgage, and of the decree.' An execution sale was the appropriate mode of foreclosure, and this without any of the restrictions contained in the act of February 13,1841. The dfecree followed the provisions of the 18th section of the act of 1831, chap. 36. The contract of mortgage v?as a vested interest, and its main incident a right to have the land applied in discharge of the debt, either by an execution executed, as on a judgment at law, or in some form of remedy substantially equal. The new remedy, prescribed by the act of 1841, changed the contract, and required among other things that the mortgaged premises should not be sold to satisfy the debt unless they were first valued, and one-half of that value was bid for them.' If the legislature could make this alteration in the contract, and in the decree enforcing it, so it could declare the property should bring its entire value, or that it should not be sold at all; thereby impairing, or defeating the obligation under the disguise of regulating the remedy. This court held in Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 How. 319, that the .right, and a remedy substantially in accordance with the right, were equally parts of the contract, secured by the laws of the state where it was made; and that a change of these laws, imposing conditions and restrictions on the mortgagee, in the enforcement of. his contract, and which .affected its substance, impaired the obligation, and could not prevail ; as an act directly jirohibifed, could not be done indirectly. This being the settled doctrine of the court, and applying as forcibly to the case before us,.as' it did to the one cited,,we answer'to the second ground of objection, that the sheriff’s deed is not void on this ground, although no valuation of the property was made before the sale. ■  