
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant v. Jerome KING, Appellee
    No. 13 EAP 2018
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Submitted: January 15, 2019 Decided: July 17, 2019
   JUSTICE BAER

Jerome King ("Appellee") timely filed a petition pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA"), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541 - 9546, claiming, inter alia , that he is entitled to a new trial because his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. In connection with this petition, Appellee submitted to the PCRA court a motion to preclude the Commonwealth from privately interviewing his trial counsel, who allegedly refused to cooperate with Appellee's attempt to prepare for PCRA litigation and, instead, was collaborating with the Commonwealth. The PCRA court entered an order granting the motion, and the Superior Court affirmed that order. This Court granted allowance of appeal to consider whether the lower courts correctly concluded that the Commonwealth should be prevented from privately interviewing a PCRA petitioner's trial counsel under the circumstances presented in this matter. For the reasons stated below, we hold that, given the circumstances relevant to this appeal, the PCRA court did not abuse its discretion by barring the Commonwealth from privately interviewing trial counsel. Consequently, we affirm the Superior Court's judgment.

The factual and procedural histories underlying this appeal are protracted and largely immaterial to the discrete issue presently before this Court. Thus, we will summarize the matter only to the extent necessary to understand the pertinent issue. In September of 2006, a jury convicted Appellee of, inter alia , first-degree murder, and for that conviction, the trial court sentenced him to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The Superior Court affirmed the judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. King , 959 A.2d 405 (Pa. Super. 2008). Appellee did not seek further review of his judgment of sentence.

In October of 2009, Appellee, acting pro se , timely filed a PCRA petition. The PCRA court appointed counsel to represent him. PCRA counsel filed an amended PCRA petition and various supplements thereto, alleging, inter alia , that Appellee's trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to seek a cautionary instruction related to prior bad acts evidence that the Commonwealth presented to the jury at trial.

After a second appeal regarding Appellee's PCRA petition, the Superior Court remanded the case to the PCRA court with directions to hold an evidentiary hearing to address the aforementioned claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Commonwealth v. King , 125 A.3d 462 (Pa. Super. 2015) (unpublished memorandum). However, before that hearing could occur, Appellee filed in the PCRA court the motion germane to this appeal, which he entitled "Motion to Preclude the Commonwealth from Conducting an Out-of-Court Interview of Trial Counsel in Advance of the Evidentiary Hearing" ("Motion to Preclude").

In this motion, Appellee averred that, in a letter dated August 5, 2015, PCRA counsel asked trial counsel whether he had any strategic reason for failing to seek a cautionary instruction regarding the Commonwealth's prior bad acts evidence. Appellee asserted that trial counsel never responded to the letter, causing PCRA counsel to leave two messages on trial counsel's answering machine asking for a response to the letter. Trial counsel allegedly did not respond to these messages either. PCRA counsel sent trial counsel another letter dated August 28, 2015, and again, trial counsel allegedly failed to respond.

In terms of a legal argument, Appellee acknowledged that trial counsel can defend himself against his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel and that Appellee waived the attorney-client privilege as to that claim. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(d)(3) ("When a claim for relief is based on an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel as a ground for relief, any privilege concerning counsel's representation as to that issue shall be automatically terminated."). However, citing to the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct, Appellee explained that trial counsel nonetheless has a continuing duty of loyalty to Appellee, his former client, and that trial counsel is precluded from divulging any attorney-client confidences outside of the information related to Appellee's specific claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Indeed, relying on the American Bar Association's Ethics Opinion 10-456, Appellee suggested that "a waiver of privilege resulting from the filing of an ineffective assistance claim does not constitute informed consent to the lawyer's voluntary disclosure of client information outside a judicial or similar proceeding." Motion to Preclude, at 3 (internal quotation marks omitted). Based upon these legal concepts and the circumstances presented in this case, Appellee asked the PCRA court to enter an order precluding the Commonwealth from communicating with trial counsel prior to the evidentiary hearing.

The Commonwealth filed a response to Appellee's motion. It first explained that Appellee has waived his attorney-client privilege as to his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and that trial counsel is entitled to defend himself against this claim. The Commonwealth highlighted that Appellee failed to provide any binding precedent to support his position that the Commonwealth should be prohibited from speaking to trial counsel. For example, the Commonwealth noted that this Court has never endorsed or adopted the American Bar Association's Ethics Opinions. The Commonwealth also protested that every time a court orders an evidentiary hearing on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the Commonwealth speaks to the trial counsel whose representation is at issue to prepare for the hearing. Lastly, the Commonwealth pointed out that PCRA counsel has twice before filed motions like Appellee's Motion to Preclude, and according to the Commonwealth, both of those motions were denied.

On October 6, 2015, the PCRA court entertained oral argument on Appellee's Motion to Preclude. The following day, the court entered an order granting the motion. In support of its order, the court cited, inter alia , trial counsel's alleged refusal to communicate with PCRA counsel and the narrowness of the issue to be explored during the evidentiary hearing, i.e. , whether trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to seek a cautionary instruction regarding the prior bad acts evidence that the Commonwealth presented at trial. The Commonwealth filed a notice of appeal and a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on October 29, 2015. The PCRA court subsequently issued an opinion in support of its decision.

In a published opinion, the Superior Court affirmed the PCRA court's order precluding the Commonwealth from interviewing trial counsel. Commonwealth v. King , 167 A.3d 140 (Pa. Super. 2017). The court characterized the PCRA court's order as a discovery order, noting that it reviews discovery orders in PCRA appeals for an abuse of discretion. As to the merits of the Commonwealth's claim that it has the right to interview trial counsel, the Superior Court first observed, as previously explained herein, that a PCRA petitioner waives the attorney-client privilege only as to information relevant to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Relying on this Court's decisions in Commonwealth v. Harris , 612 Pa. 576, 32 A.3d 243 (2011), and Commonwealth v. Flor , 635 Pa. 314, 136 A.3d 150 (2016), the Superior Court explained that this Court has refused to allow the Commonwealth to obtain information from trial counsel that falls outside of this limited waiver of the attorney-client privilege.

According to the intermediate appellate court, " Harris and Flor demand that the PCRA court vigilantly guard against disclosure of 'privileged materials' in out-of-court interviews with individuals who performed work for the defense or in discovery proceedings outside the courtroom." King , 167 A.3d at 147-48. Indeed, the court opined that, when the Commonwealth seeks to interview privately a professional who formerly worked in the criminal defense of a PCRA petitioner, it may be incumbent for the PCRA court to enter an order prohibiting such an interview to eliminate the possibility of that professional exposing client confidences. Thus, the Superior Court held that the PCRA court was within its discretion when, under the facts of this case, it precluded the Commonwealth from privately interviewing trial counsel based on these concerns, stating, "A private interview between prosecutors and trial counsel could easily become a freewheeling inquiry into privileged matters that fall outside the scope of the ineffectiveness claims raised by Appellee." Id. at 148. The Superior Court bolstered its conclusion that the PCRA court's decision was within its discretion by suggesting that the PCRA court had the authority to avert trial counsel's potential breach of the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct, which, generally speaking, preclude counsel from revealing information related to the representation of clients.

Continuing on this theme, the Superior Court explained that the particular circumstances of this case suggest that trial counsel, if left unchecked, could well share Appellee's confidences and secrets with the Commonwealth in violation of counsel's ethical duties. In support of this statement, the intermediate appellate court cited, inter alia , Appellee's assertion that trial counsel advised PCRA counsel to contact the District Attorney's Office with any further questions. Thus, the court opined that the PCRA court properly exercised its discretion to enjoin the Commonwealth from speaking with trial counsel "in view of trial counsel's uncooperative attitude towards PCRA counsel[.]" Id. at 149.

In closing, the Superior Court noted that the parties argued at length in their appellate briefs regarding whether the American Bar Association's Ethics Opinion 10-456 barred trial counsel from speaking to the Commonwealth outside of a courtroom setting. Because the intermediate appellate court already had identified independent reasons upon which to affirm the PCRA court's order, it declined to address the applicability of this opinion to the case at bar. For these reasons, the Superior Court affirmed the PCRA court's order and remanded to that court for further proceedings.

The Commonwealth petitioned this Court for allowance of appeal, which we granted to address the following question, as phrased by the Commonwealth:

Did the Superior Court commit a significant and potentially far-reaching error of law when, in contravention of Pennsylvania law and the greater weight of authority nationally, it issued a published decision holding that PCRA courts may bar the Commonwealth from speaking with [a defendant's] trial counsel prior to evidentiary hearings on defense claims that counsel provided ineffective assistance?

Commonwealth v. King , 646 Pa. 277, 184 A.3d 946 (Pa. 2018). Before answering this question, we define our standard of review. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to put the PCRA court's order in the appropriate legal context.

The PCRA court's order precludes the Commonwealth from engaging in discovery insomuch as it prevents the Commonwealth from further communicating with trial counsel for purposes of preparing for PCRA litigation. Thus, the order can best be described as a "protective order" as that term is used in the discovery process. Cf. "Protective Order" Definition, Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (defining "protective order" as a "court order prohibiting or restricting a party from engaging in conduct (esp. a legal procedure such as discovery) that unduly annoys or burdens the opposing party or a third-party witness"). As the PCRA court's order, at its essence, relates to discovery, we will review it for an abuse of discretion. See Commonwealth v. Williams , 624 Pa. 405, 86 A.3d 771, 787 (2014) ("Appellate courts review PCRA discovery orders for an abuse of discretion.").

Regarding the parties' arguments to this Court, we observe that they correctly agree that Appellee has waived his attorney-client privilege as it relates to his specific claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(d)(3) ("When a claim for relief is based on an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel as a ground for relief, any privilege concerning counsel's representation as to that issue shall be automatically terminated."). When the parties' arguments are deconstructed to their simplest elements, each party contends that the other party's position is unsupported by the law. On the one hand, the Commonwealth insists that Appellee cannot provide any binding authority for the proposition that the Commonwealth should be precluded from interviewing trial counsel for the purpose of preparing for an evidentiary hearing to examine whether Appellee is entitled to a new trial based upon that counsel's alleged ineffective stewardship. On the other hand, Appellee maintains that the Commonwealth cannot produce any legal authority to demonstrate conclusively that it has the right to unfettered access to Appellee's former counsel.

To some extent, both parties appear to be correct. Our research indicates that nothing in the law specifically prohibits the Commonwealth from interviewing trial counsel when that counsel's representation of a PCRA petitioner is under scrutiny, and there is no blanket rule that establishes that the Commonwealth should have unconstrained access to trial counsel. In fact, the PCRA itself is silent as to issues regarding discovery, and our Rules of Criminal Procedure speak only broadly to discovery requests made in the context of PCRA proceedings, disallowing all discovery except upon leave of court after a showing of exceptional circumstances in non-capital cases and upon leave of court after a showing of good cause in capital cases. Pa.R.Crim.P. 902(E)(1) & (2), respectively.

Consequently, it is jurisprudentially sound to place such matters in the discretion of PCRA courts. Stated differently, we hold that, when a PCRA court is presented with a request to limit the Commonwealth's access to trial counsel, it is incumbent upon the court to consider the totality of the circumstances and carefully exercise its discretion to craft an order that balances the interests of the parties.

Here, the parties shared an interest in accessing trial counsel for purposes of preparing for an evidentiary hearing that would address a single, rather straightforward claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Yet, Appellee presented the PCRA court with a motion to preclude the Commonwealth from further communicating with trial counsel. Appellee's request was premised upon allegations that trial counsel outright refused to provide PCRA counsel with any information to prepare for the litigation of Appellee's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Appellee further averred that trial counsel's actions suggest that, despite his unwillingness to assist Appellee, he was agreeable to providing pertinent (and perhaps impertinent) information to the Commonwealth.

In response, the Commonwealth did not simply argue that, under the specific circumstances of this case, the PCRA court should not preclude the Commonwealth from further meeting with trial counsel, nor did the Commonwealth suggest some sort of "middle ground" remedy, as it does in its brief to this Court. See Commonwealth's Brief at 22 (asserting that, "under the 'middle ground' approach endorsed by ... this Court in Flor , it would be appropriate for a PCRA court to enter an order restricting the lawyers' conversation and document review to the ineffectiveness claim, and to enforce that order via contempt sanctions and disciplinary referrals in the event of a violation"). Rather, the Commonwealth's argument was more absolutist in that it advocated that the PCRA court could never limit the Commonwealth's access to trial counsel when that counsel's stewardship is the focus of a PCRA claim. See , e.g. , Commonwealth's Letter in Response to the Motion to Preclude, 9/29/2015, at 3 (stating that "[n]othing in the PCRA qualifies or circumscribes the manner in which an attorney accused of ineffectiveness may 'reveal [the] information'

related to the claim of ineffectiveness").

Faced with these allegations and arguments, the PCRA court entered an order granting Appellee's Motion to Preclude. The court primarily grounded its order in the particular circumstances of this case. Specifically, the court noted: (1) Appellee's Motion to Preclude and the Commonwealth's response thereto; (2) that trial counsel has a continuing duty to his former client regardless of Appellee's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel; (3) that "trial counsel appears to have exhibited a total lack of cooperation or even communication with post-conviction counsel;" (4) that "the scope of the inquiry by the Commonwealth at the evidentiary hearing will be narrow, given the sole issue on remand from the Superior Court, and therefore efficiency in preparation for that hearing is not, in actuality, a factor in this case;" (5) that it "is mindful of the paramount importance of the attorney-client relationship in our legal system;" and (6) "the Commonwealth having communication with trial counsel at this juncture may unnecessarily create other issues[.]" PCRA Court Order, 10/7/2015.

We note that, in affirming the PCRA court's order, the Superior Court relied upon case law and, to some extent, the Pennsylvania Rules of Professional Conduct; however, we conclude that disposition of this appeal need not touch upon those matters. Importantly, however, the Superior Court correctly recognized that it was charged with reviewing a discovery order for abuse of discretion. King , 167 A.3d at 146 ("We review discovery orders in PCRA cases for an abuse of discretion."). In this regard, the court ultimately determined that no abuse of discretion occurred in this case. We concur with that conclusion.

In short, the PCRA court was faced with allegations that trial counsel refused to cooperate with Appellee in preparation for an evidentiary hearing but, at the same time, counsel purportedly was cooperating with the Commonwealth's preparation for the same hearing. Faced with these allegations, the PCRA court, learned in the law, entered an order crafted to the specific arguments presented by the parties and the particular circumstances of this case, placing both parties in a similar posture regarding their interests in being prepared to litigate a discrete claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Simply put, the Commonwealth has failed to persuade both the Superior Court and this Court that such an order constitutes an abuse of discretion. For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

Chief Justice Saylor and Justices Todd and Mundy join the opinion.

Justices Donohue and Mundy file concurring opinions.

Justice Dougherty files a dissenting opinion.

Justice Wecht did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.

JUSTICE DONOHUE, Concurring

I concur in the result of the Majority's decision. Specifically, I agree with the Majority that the PCRA court did not err in precluding the Commonwealth from conducting an out-of-court interview with trial counsel in advance of the PCRA evidentiary hearing, and that the Superior Court's decision should be affirmed. I also agree with the Majority that the preclusion order at issue should be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. I cannot, however, join in the Majority's application of that standard. The Majority evaluates the trial court's exercise of its discretion solely on the facts and without any consideration of the relevant law. In my view, a trial court's discretion is cabined by the substantive legal framework that it is required to apply. See Commonwealth v. Norton , --- Pa. ----, 201 A.3d 112, 123-130 (2019) (Donohue, J., dissenting). As I explained in Norton , "discretion itself is not the governing legal standard." Id. at 125 n.3.

The Majority correctly recites the fundamentals of the abuse of discretion standard, which requires the appellate court to determine whether the trial court "has reached a conclusion which overrides or misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will." Majority Op. at 512 n.3 (citing Norton , 201 A.3d at 120 ). This Court has explained that "the term 'discretion' imports the exercise of judgment, wisdom and skill so as to reach a dispassionate conclusion, within the framework of the law , and is not exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the [trial] judge." Commonwealth v. Gill , --- Pa. ----, 206 A.3d 459, 466 (2019) (emphasis added). Because a trial court's discretion is cabined by the "framework of the law," the facts alone do not control appellate review.

The PCRA court acted within its discretion in determining that a preclusion order was warranted, as it appropriately considered both the facts and the relevant law. The Majority notes that there is no law that directly addresses whether the Commonwealth may interview trial counsel in order to prepare for a PCRA evidentiary hearing regarding claims of trial counsel's ineffectiveness. Majority Op. at 512-13. In addressing the issue, however, the PCRA court relied upon case law emphasizing the importance of the attorney-client privilege, which aims to " 'foster a confidence between attorney and client that will lead to a trusting and open dialogue' - particularly in the criminal field." PCRA Court Opinion, 1/22/2016, at 8-9 (citing Commonwealth v. Chmiel , 558 Pa. 478, 738 A.2d 406, 423 (Pa. 1999) ). The PCRA court concluded that the law therefore requires that all communications by a client to his attorney for the purpose of obtaining advice "shall be strictly privileged." Id. at 9 (citing Chmiel , 738 A.2d at 423 ). The PCRA court also examined the Rules of Professional Conduct, which prohibit lawyers from revealing information related to the representation of their clients, id. at 8 (citing Pa.R.P.C. 1.6(a) ), even after the termination of the attorney-client relationship. Id. at 10 (citing Pa.R.P.C. 1.9(c) ).

In reviewing the PCRA court's decision, the Superior Court also called upon the relevant legal framework. See Commonwealth v. King , 167 A.3d 140, 142 (Pa. Super. 2017). It observed that raising a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel constitutes a limited waiver of the attorney-client privilege, but only "as to that issue [.]" Id. at 146 (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(d)(3) ) (emphasis in original). It also relied upon the relevant jurisprudence from this Court, Commonwealth v. Harris , 612 Pa. 576, 32 A.3d 243 (2011), and Commonwealth v. Flor , 635 Pa. 314, 136 A.3d 150 (2016), which reaffirm the "issue-specific" nature of the waiver. Id. at 148.

Harris and Flor demonstrate that this "Court has refused to permit the Commonwealth to obtain information that falls outside the scope of the waiver[,]" and that "the PCRA court must craft its discovery orders to safeguard this information." Id. at 147, 148. The Superior Court read Harris and Flor together with section 9543(d)(3) of the PCRA Act, as establishing that a PCRA court must vigilantly guard against disclosure of privileged materials. Having identified the relevant legal framework, the Superior Court turned to the factual circumstances of this appeal, and concluded that the trial court "correctly determined that a preclusion order was necessary." Id . at 148.

The Superior Court also stated that Rules of Professional Conduct 1.6 and 1.9, read together with Pirillo v. Takiff , 462 Pa. 511, 341 A.2d 896, 904-05 (1976), provided an independent basis for the PCRA court's order. King , 167 A.3d at 148 (citing Pa.R.P.C. 1.6, 1.9). In Pirillo , this Court recognized that a trial judge has the power and duty to supervise the conduct of lawyers practicing before him. "A court is not bound to sit back and wait for a probability [of an impairing conflict] to ripen into a certainty; it may restrain conduct which has the potential for evolving into a breach of ethics before such conduct becomes ripe for disciplinary action." Pirillo , 341 A.2d at 905. Applying this legal framework to the pending matter, the Superior Court thus determined that the "PCRA [court] was not 'bound to sit back and wait' for any ethical lapse[,]" but instead had the discretion to enjoin ethical misconduct in advance. King , 167 A.3d at 149. The Superior Court thus affirmed the PCRA court's order on two grounds - first, based on its interpretation of the relevant legislative framework considered in conjunction with Harris and Flor , and second, based on the Rules of Professional Conduct and the duty of the trial court to restrain violations thereof.

In contrast, the Majority here looks only to the factual circumstances of this appeal, merely indicating that it is "jurisprudentially sound to place such matters in the discretion of the PCRA courts." Majority Op. at 513, 514 (finding that "disposition of this appeal need not touch on" case law or the Rules of Professional Conduct). Such an approach runs counter to the established view that " 'discretion' imports the exercise of judgment, wisdom and skill so as to reach a dispassionate conclusion, within the framework of the law[.]" Gill , 206 A.3d at 466. Moreover, we did not grant discretionary review to determine whether the trial court erred in its consideration of the facts of this case. Instead, we granted review to determine whether the Superior Court's affirmance of the PCRA court's order was in "contravention of Pennsylvania law and the greater weight of authority nationally," and whether the lower courts properly applied the law to the circumstances at hand. Commonwealth v. King , 646 Pa. 277, 184 A.3d 946 (Pa. 2018) (per curiam).

This case thus offers an opportunity to clarify the substantive law in this area and apply it to the facts of this case. A PCRA court, faced with a motion to prohibit the Commonwealth from conducting an ex parte interview of trial counsel, should exercise its discretion guided by the following considerations. First, the PCRA court's determination must be consistent with our precedent requiring protection of confidential information revealed within the scope of the attorney-client relationship. See Chmiel , 738 A.2d at 414 (recognizing that Pennsylvania law protects the attorney-client privilege as "the most revered of the common law privileges"); Flor , 136 A.3d at 158 (same). The PCRA court should be mindful of trial counsel's ongoing duty to his former client, including his duty to maintain the confidentiality of information related to his representation of the client. Pa.R.P.C. 1.6(a). Pertinent to PCRA claims, such confidentiality persists except in the limited circumstances where the lawyer "reasonably believes" disclosure is necessary "to respond to allegations in any proceeding concerning the lawyer's representation of the client[.]" Pa.R.P.C. 1.6(c)(4). Therefore, the PCRA court's considerations must take into account the limited nature of the waiver of the attorney-client privilege on PCRA review. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(d)(3) (providing that an individual raising a claim for collateral relief "based on an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel" automatically terminates "any privilege concerning counsel's representation as to that issue ") (emphasis added); Flor , 136 A.3d at 160 ("requir[ing] strict adherence to our precedent protecting privileged communications"). As the Superior Court recognized, "Harris and Flor demand that the PCRA court vigilantly guard against disclosure of 'privileged materials' in out-of-court interviews with individuals who performed work for the defense or in discovery proceedings outside the courtroom." King , 167 A.3d at 147-48 (citing Flor , 136 A.3d at 160 ; Harris , 32 A.3d at 253 ).

In consideration of these legal principles and the facts presented, the PCRA court clearly acted within its discretion. I thus concur in the Majority's decision to affirm the PCRA court's ruling, as the PCRA court appropriately considered the applicable legal framework, including strict adherence to the attorney-client privilege and the limited nature of the waiver of the attorney-client privilege when seeking PCRA relief.

JUSTICE MUNDY, Concurring

I join the Majority opinion. I agree with the Majority's conclusion that the PCRA court did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting the Commonwealth from privately interviewing trial counsel, who refused to communicate with PCRA counsel, before the evidentiary hearing. I write separately, however, to emphasize my view that the holding should be narrowly construed based on the unique set of circumstances before us. Our decision should not be read to stand for the proposition that the Commonwealth is generally prohibited from communicating with trial counsel in preparation for an evidentiary hearing. Precluding such communication would hinder the Commonwealth's ability to prepare for a hearing or potentially resolve claims in advance of one.

JUSTICE DOUGHERTY, Dissenting

I respectfully dissent and would hold the PCRA court abused its discretion in granting appellee's motion to preclude the Commonwealth from privately interviewing trial counsel. As a basis for holding the PCRA court did not abuse its discretion by "enter[ing] an order crafted to the specific arguments presented by the parties and the particular circumstances of this case," Majority Opinion, at 514, the majority quotes from the PCRA court's order, which enumerated a number of circumstances unique to this case. See id. at 513-14. However, it is clear from the PCRA court's opinion that it grounded its decision upon a concern that trial counsel would divulge still-privileged information to the Commonwealth in the private interview. Specifically, the PCRA court stated "in order to ensure that trial counsel [ ] did not violate his continuing duty of loyalty to [appellee] and disclose confidential information to the Commonwealth, [I] ordered that the Commonwealth be precluded from speaking with trial counsel prior to the evidentiary hearing on trial counsel's ineffectiveness." PCRA Court Opinion, 1/22/16 at 7.

The attorney-client privilege has been codified by our legislature and acts to bar counsel from disclosing confidential information in all criminal proceedings unless the client waives the privilege. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 5916. Waiver of the privilege occurs where the client claims ineffective assistance of counsel as a basis for PCRA relief. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(d)(3). Of course, the privilege is waived only as to the discrete claim or claims at issue and the privilege remains intact for all matters not implicated by the ineffectiveness claim. See id. See also Commonwealth v. Flor , 635 Pa. 314, 136 A.3d 150, 160-61 (2016). However, courts should not presume attorneys faced with allegations of ineffectiveness will act unethically and reveal information irrelevant to the ineffectiveness claim, but instead should presume those attorneys will "honor [their] professional responsibility to [their] client" by acting professionally and ethically. Commonwealth v. Philistin , 617 Pa. 358, 53 A.3d 1, 31 (2012) (internal quotation and citation omitted). See also Commonwealth v. Torres , 428 Pa.Super. 283, 630 A.2d 1250, 1253 (1993) (en banc ) ("[C]ounsel is presumed to act professionally and ethically").

Rather than following these principles of law and presuming trial counsel would act ethically and refrain from disclosing still-privileged information in his interview with the Commonwealth, the PCRA court instead assumed the interview would delve into still-privileged information, without any evidence in the record to support its assumption. See PCRA Court Opinion, 1/22/16 at 20 ("[T]his [c]ourt deferred disclosure of privileged information until a court-supervised proceeding where this [c]ourt could monitor the extent of trial counsel's disclosures and ensure that [appellee's] important interests be protected by the continuing rules of confidentiality."). For these reasons, I would hold the PCRA court abused its discretion by precluding the Commonwealth from privately interviewing trial counsel based on an unfounded presumption trial counsel would divulge still-privileged information. 
      
      It is well-settled that trial counsel is presumed to have been effective and that Appellee, as a PCRA petitioner, bears the burden of proving trial counsel's alleged ineffectiveness. Commonwealth v. Wholaver , 644 Pa. 386, 177 A.3d 136, 144 (2018). To overcome this presumption, Appellee must establish that: (1) his underlying substantive claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel did not have a reasonable basis for his or her act or omission; and (3) Appellee suffered prejudice as a result of counsel's allegedly deficient performance. Id. Appellee's attempts to ascertain information from trial counsel were designed to gather evidence regarding the second prong of the ineffective assistance of counsel standard.
     
      
      Shortly after Appellee filed his Motion to Preclude, he filed another motion in which he sought permission to examine trial counsel at the evidentiary hearing as an adverse witness. In that motion, Appellee stated that, as early as 2010, trial counsel informed PCRA counsel that he would not answer any of PCRA counsel's questions and that trial counsel directed PCRA counsel to contact the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office if PCRA counsel had any further questions. The PCRA court has yet to rule on this motion.
     
      
      This Court recently summarized the abuse-of-discretion standard as follows:
      When a [trial] court comes to a conclusion through the exercise of its discretion, there is a heavy burden [on the appellant] to show that this discretion has been abused. An appellant cannot meet this burden by simply persuading an appellate court that it may have reached a different conclusion than that reached by the trial court; rather, to overcome this heavy burden, the appellant must demonstrate that the trial court actually abused its discretionary power. An abuse of discretion will not be found based on a mere error of judgment, but rather exists where the [trial] court has reached a conclusion which overrides or misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will. Absent an abuse of that discretion, an appellate court should not disturb a trial court's ruling.
      Commonwealth v. Norton , --- Pa. ----, 201 A.3d 112, 120 (2019) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
     
      
      The Pennsylvania Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and the Ethics Bureau at Yale filed amici curiae briefs in support of Appellee.
     
      
      For the sake of clarity, we observe that, when a PCRA petitioner requests an evidentiary hearing, the PCRA requires the petitioner to submit a certification for each witness that the petitioner intends to present at the hearing, and the certification must include, inter alia , the substance of the witness' testimony. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(d)(1).
     
      
      As the majority relies upon the PCRA court's order for its holding, I agree with Justice Mundy that its holding "should be narrowly construed based on the unique set of circumstances before [the Court]" and "should not be read to stand for the proposition that the Commonwealth is generally prohibited from communicating with trial counsel in preparation for an evidentiary hearing." Concurring Opinion (Mundy, J.), at 518.
     
      
      The following exchange between PCRA counsel and the PCRA court at the hearing on appellee's motion to preclude demonstrates the record was devoid of any evidence suggesting trial counsel would have revealed still-privileged information in the private interview with the Commonwealth:
      PCRA Counsel: Under what circumstances does a lawyer say, [y]ou know what, I'm going to jam [up] my former client. I'm going to hurt him. We don't allow that. You should not allow that. He can still defend himself. We can still get at the truth. The Commonwealth - -
      PCRA Court: I'm sorry, where does it say that [trial counsel] thought that he was going to jam up - -
      PCRA Counsel: I didn't say that he would. This is a protective measure to make sure that he doesn't.
      N.T. 10/6/15 at 13 (emphasis added).
     
      
      "Our Rules of Appellate Procedure provide that we grant review only when there are special and important reasons therefor." McMullen v. Kutz , 603 Pa. 602, 985 A.2d 769, 773 n.1 (2009) (citing, inter alia, Pa.R.A.P. 1114 ). Our review generally is not focused on correcting errors committed by the lower courts, but on determining the substantive law to be followed by courts analyzing similar issues in the future. See Pa.R.A.P. 1114(b)(1)-(7) (listing the reasons for granting discretionary review). The case at bar merited our discretionary review because it posed an important legal question: what is the substantive legal framework for reviewing a discovery motion seeking to preclude the Commonwealth from privately interviewing trial counsel in anticipation of PCRA evidentiary proceedings?
     
      
      I do not view the legal framework as foreclosing the Commonwealth's ability to prepare for the PCRA hearing by interviewing trial counsel. In my view, in instances such as this where the Commonwealth seeks information outside of its control, the Commonwealth may seek permission to depose trial counsel. At a deposition, with both parties present, PCRA counsel would have the opportunity to object (and to seek judicial review, if necessary), should questioning veer into topics that remain privileged.
     
      
      Our review of the Superior Court's assessment of a PCRA court's discretionary decision "is not deferential, but plenary and de novo." Commonwealth v. Hoover , 630 Pa. 599, 107 A.3d 723, 729 (2014).
     
      
      In Harris , the Commonwealth was prohibited from consulting with or retaining the expert psychologist who testified on the defendant's behalf at trial, despite the fact that the defendant premised his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his PCRA petition upon trial counsel's reliance on the expert psychologist's deficient testimony. However, the Commonwealth was permitted to call the psychologist to testify as a fact witness to the extent that Harris waived the psychologist-client privilege by placing privileged material at issue. Harris , 32 A.3d at 252-53.
      In Flor , this Court found that the PCRA court abused its discretion in ordering wholesale disclosure of trial counsel's complete records without permitting a privilege review. "As in Harris , the mere potential that the PCRA court's order will force the disclosure of privileged materials requires reversal of the PCRA court's discovery order." Flor , 136 A.3d at 160. We therefore remanded with directions to the PCRA court to permit PCRA counsel to determine what portions of trial counsel's file remained privileged. Id. at 161.
     