
    JAY CHEVROLET, INC v DEDVUKAJ
    Docket No. 319187.
    Submitted March 11, 2015, at Detroit.
    Decided June 2, 2015, at 9:20 a.m.
    Jay Chevrolet, Inc., brought an action against Ljuvic Stjefan Dedvukaj in the 48th District Court to collect a down payment on a vehicle Dedvukaj purchased from Jay Chevrolet. The retail installment sales contract (RISC) reflected that Dedvukaj made a $10,000 down payment on the vehicle, but Jay Chevrolet delivered possession of the vehicle to Dedvukaj without first having collected the money. The court, Marc Barron, J., granted judgment to Jay Chevrolet for $10,000 but denied Jay Chevrolet’s request for attorney fees. Both parties appealed in the Oakland Circuit Court. The circuit court, Colleen A. O’Brien, J., affirmed the district court’s judgment against Dedvukaj and reversed the district court’s refusal to award Jay Chevrolet its attorney fees. Dedvukaj appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    1. The circuit court properly affirmed the district court’s judgment against Dedvukaj for the $10,000 down payment he was obligated to pay Jay Chevrolet. Dedvukaj’s argument that Jay Chevrolet lacked standing to file suit for the down payment was unavailing because Jay Chevrolet’s assignment of the RISC to a third party assigned only the right to collect future payments from Dedvukaj as indicated by the RISC; it did not assign to the third party Jay Chevrolet’s right to the down payment. Dedvukaj’s obligation to pay the $10,000 down payment arose from an oral contract between the parties that was separate from the RISC.
    2. The circuit court erred by reversing the district court’s denial of Jay Chevrolet’s request for attorney fees. Although there existed an exception to the general rule that attorney fees are not recoverable — the RISC expressly indicated that Dedvukaj could be made to pay the cost of collecting the installment payments governed by the RISC — the RISC did not address Dedvukaj’s obligation to make the down payment. Because the RISC contained no requirement that Dedvukaj make the down payment— the RISC only recorded that a down payment had been made— Jay Chevrolet could not rely on the RISC to recover the down payment and could not, therefore, rely on the attorney fee provision in the RISC to recover the attorney fees it had expended in its attempt to secure receipt of the down payment.
    Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
    
      Colombo & Colombo, PC (by Eric R. Bowden), for plaintiff.
    
      The Joseph Dedvukaj Firm, PC (by Joseph Dedvukaj), for defendant.
    Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and Shapiro, JJ.
   SHAPIRO, J.

Defendant Ljuvic Stjefan Dedvukaj appeals by leave granted the opinion and order of the circuit court, which affirmed the district court’s order granting judgment in favor of plaintiff Jay Chevrolet, Inc., for $10,000, and reversed the district court’s order denying plaintiffs request for attorney fees. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

Defendant purchased a car from plaintiff in 2012. The total price for the car was $32,581.96, as set forth in the retail installment sales contract (RISC). The RISC contained an “itemization of amount financed” showing a down payment of $10,000, a rebate of $6,500, and an “amount financed” of $16,081.96.

Plaintiff, claiming that defendant never paid the $10,000 down payment, filed suit in district court. Plaintiff alleged that at the time of vehicle delivery, its staff member forgot to obtain the down payment of $10,000 and later, when the amount was requested, defendant refused to pay it. At trial, defendant testified to the contrary, stating that he paid the down payment in cash at the time the parties executed the RISC. Defendant did not proffer a receipt for the down payment, arguing that the RISC was a written acknowledgement that the down payment had been made and that because the RISC contained a merger provision, plaintiff should not be permitted to rely on parol evidence to rebut that writing.

The district court concluded that parol evidence of an agreement to make the down payment and of whether it was in fact paid could be considered because

the Plaintiffs’ [sic] acknowledgement of the consideration [in the RISC] (i.e. the receipt of the down-payment and the balance due) was [not] anything more than a statement of fact, as opposed to being an expressed term of the contract ... Plaintiffs’ [sic] acknowledgement of the consideration was a mere recital, rather than a term of the agreement.

The district court then determined that defendant had failed to pay the $10,000 down payment and entered judgment in favor of plaintiff for that amount. Later, in a separate order, the district court denied plaintiffs request for attorney fees.

Both parties appealed to the circuit court, which affirmed the judgment in plaintiffs favor for the down payment, but reversed the district court’s denial of plaintiffs request for attorney fees. We granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal. “This Court. . . reviews de novo issues of contractual interpretation.” Trader v Comerica Bank, 293 Mich App 210, 215; 809 NW2d 429 (2011). The goal of contract interpretation is to give effect to the intent of the parties. Id. Where a contract’s language is unambiguous, this Court must read and apply the contract as written. AFSCME v Bank One, NA, 267 Mich App 281, 283; 705 NW2d 355 (2005). “Every word in the agreement must be taken to have been used for a purpose, and no word should be rejected as mere surplusage if the court can discover any reasonable purpose thereof which can be gathered from the whole instrument.” Trader, 293 Mich App at 216 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Defendant first argues that the district court should have dismissed the case as plaintiff lacked standing to sue under the RISC because, contemporaneous with its execution, all of plaintiffs rights under the contract were assigned to a third-party finance company. The circuit court rejected this argument, finding that the right to payment of the down payment had not been assigned when the RISC was assigned. It noted that

[t]he Michigan Motor Vehicle Finance Act defines “down payment” as “all partial payments, whether made in cash or otherwise, received by or for the benefit of the seller before or substantially contemporaneous with either the execution of the installment sale contract or the delivery of the goods sold under that contract, whichever occurs later.” MCL 492.102(11).[]

We affirm the circuit court’s conclusion that plaintiff had standing to seek payment of the down payment. While the RISC was assigned to a third party, the language of the contract indicates that the RISC related only to payment of the amount financed, not the down payment. The RISC contains a clause that states, ‘You, [defendant], may buy the vehicle described below for cash or on credit.” Further, “[b]y signing this contract, you choose to buy the vehicle on credit under the agreements on the front and back of this contract. You agree to pay us . . . the Amount Financed and Finance Charge according to the payment schedule shown below.” The down payment is mentioned only once in the RISC, in the section entitled “Itemization of Amount Financed,” and is mentioned there only to identify the amount of money to subtract from the price of the vehicle to determine the amount financed. There is no clause in the RISC requiring payment of the down payment. That promise was made, and was binding on defendant, but not on the basis of the RISC. In sum, a contract separate from the RISC existed between plaintiff and defendant concerning payment of the down payment. The contractual language of the RISC indicates that it did not govern payment of the down payment, and therefore, the assignment of the RISC had no effect on plaintiffs standing to sue regarding the down payment. Defendant’s argument fails, and given the district court’s findings that plaintiff and defendant entered into an oral contract for payment of the down payment and that defendant breached that contract, we affirm that portion of the circuit court judgment.

Defendant next argues that the circuit court erred by reversing the district court’s denial of plaintiffs request for attorney fees. Plaintiffs argument to the circuit court rested on a portion of the RISC that provides a right to attorney fees under certain circumstances:

b. You may have to pay all you owe at once. If you break your promises (default), we may demand that you pay all you owe on this contract at once. Default means:
1. You do not pay any payment on time;
2. You start a proceeding in bankruptcy or one is started against you or your property; or
3. You break any agreements in this contract.
The amount you will owe will be the unpaid part of the Amount Financed plus the earned and unpaid part of the Finance Charge, any late charges, and any amounts due because you defaulted.
c. You may have to pay collection costs. If we hire an attorney to collect what you owe, you will pay the attorney’s fee and court costs, as the law allows.

Defendant countered that in using the phrase “as the law allows,” the provision deferred to Michigan law governing attorney fees, and since Michigan law does not provide for attorney fees in an ordinary contract case, plaintiff was not entitled to fees. The district court denied plaintiffs request, stating that (1) “[i]f anything it was the Plaintiffs error, which caused the Plaintiff [to] have to incur the fees because they forgot to take the down payment of the car prior to releasing it,” and (2) any awardable fees “are damages by the contract and the Court had no opportunity to hear what in fact they were . . . .” The circuit court reversed in light of the fact that parties may agree to contract for attorney fees and that doing so is something “the law allows.”

We agree with the circuit court that an exception to the general American rule exists “where [attorney fees are] provided by contract of the parties,” Grace v Grace, 253 Mich App 357, 370-371; 655 NW2d 595 (2002), and the RISC does contain a clause providing for the award of attorney fees in certain circumstances. However, we reverse based on our earlier conclusion that the RISC did not govern the down payment. The promise to pay the down payment was a contract separate from the RISC, and there is no indication that this contract contained an attorney fee provision. Plaintiff and the circuit court assert that the RISC’s attorney fee provision constitutes an exception to the general rule that attorney fees are not permitted. However, the fact that the RISC provided for attorney fees for its breach is irrelevant. The general rule barring attorney fees applies. See Hackel, 298 Mich App at 334.

Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s order affirming the district court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff for $10,000, and we reverse the circuit court’s order reversing the district court’s denial of attorney fees.

Affirmed in part and reversed in part. No costs to either party, neither having prevailed in full. MCR 7.219(A).

Ronayne Krause, P.J., and K. F. KELLY, J., concurred with Shapiro, J. 
      
      
        Jay Chevrolet, Inc v Dedvukaj, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 30, 2014 (Docket No. 319187).
     
      
       MCL 492.102 was amended by 2013 PA 16. The definition of “down payment” quoted by the trial court is substantially the same in the amended version (“goods” was replaced with “motor vehicle” in the amended version). The definition of “down payment” is now codified at MCL 492.102(d).
     
      
       “A court may award costs and attorney fees only if specifically authorized by a statute, a court rule, or a recognized exception to the American rule (which mandates that a litigant be responsible for his or her own attorney fees).” Hackel v Macomb Co Comm, 298 Mich App 311, 334; 826 NW2d 753 (2012). “Exceptions to the general rule are narrowly construed.” Fleet Business Credit, LLC v Krapohl Ford Lincoln Mercury Co, 274 Mich App 584, 589; 735 NW2d 644 (2007).
     
      
       No suit was brought by the third-party financing entity because defendant made his installment payments as agreed on in the RISC.
     