
    LIBERTY LINCOLN-MERCURY, INC.; Fette Ford Inc; Causeway Ford Lincoln-Mercury, Inc.; All American Ford; Burlington Lincoln Mercury Suzuki; Chas S. Winner, d/b/a Winner Ford; Country Ford Mercury Jeep; D’Amico Lincoln Mercury, Inc.; Dayton Ford, Inc.; Downs Ford, Inc.; Ford of Englewood; Freehold Ford, Inc.; George Wall Lincoln-Mercury, Inc.; Hillside Auto Mall, Inc.; Irwin Lincoln-Mercury; Jack Trebour Ford; Ken Smith Motors, Inc.; Larson Ford, Inc.; Liccardi Ford Inc.; Liccardi Lincoln Mercury; Lilliston Ford, Inc.; Magarino Ford-Mercury and Daewood, LLC; Mahwah Sales & Service, Inc.; Malouf Ford, Inc.; Malouf Lincoln-Mercury, Inc.; Maplecrest Ford of Mendham; Maplecrest Lincoln-Mercury, Inc.; Medford Ford; Montclairbloomfield Motors, Inc.; Mullane Ford, Inc.; Oasis Ford; Palisade Motors, Inc. d/b/a C & C Ford, Inc.; Park Avenue Ford; Pistilli Ford, Inc.; Point Pleasant Ford; Quality Lincoln-Mercury Hyundai, Inc.; Rickies Lincoln Mercury LLC; Ridgewoods Village Ford, Inc.; Rittenhouse-Kerr Ford, Inc.; Route 23 Automall, South Shore Ford Inc.; Stadium Ford, L.L.C.; Straub Lincoln-Mercury; Tom’s Ford; Town & Country Motors Inc.; Town Motors; Valley Ford; Warnock Ford; Wayne Auto Sales; Wayne Motors, Inc.; Weisleder, Inc.; Woodbridge Lincoln-Mercury; Wyckoff Ford, Inc.; Wyman Ford, Inc., all New Jersey Corporations; Capital City Ford, Inc.; Ed Carney Ford, Inc.; Rittenhouse-Kerr Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. Riverview Ford of Pennsville, Inc., Delaware Corporations; v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, Appellant. *(Amended in accordance with Clerk’s Order dated 09/06/06).
    No. 06-3659.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Argued Oct. 31, 2008.
    Filed: March 17, 2009.
    
      Dennis R. LaFiura, Esq. (Argued), Day Pitney, Florham Park, NJ, Carla W. McMillian, Esq., Jennifer M. Rubin, Esq., Sutherland, Asbill & Brennan, Atlanta, GA, for Appellant.
    Eric L. Chase, Esq. (Argued), Genevieve K. LaRobardier, Esq., Bressler, Amery & Ross, Florham Park, NJ, for Appellees.
    Kenneth S. GoodSmith, Esq., Stephanie J. Synol, Esq., GoodSmith Gregg & Unruh, Chicago, IL, for Amicus, Nissan, NA, Inc.
    James C. McGrath, Esq., Bingham McCutchen, Boston, MA, for Amicus, Alliance Auto Mfg.
    Before: McKEE, NYGAARD, and SILER, Circuit Judges.
    
      
       Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION OF THE COURT

NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.

Ford appeals the District Court’s order granting a preliminary injunction in favor of a group of New Jersey franchise dealerships. The order prohibited Ford from assessing a surcharge to its New Jersey franchisees to recoup costs arising from a New Jersey statute that allowed franchisees to request a higher rate of reimbursement from Ford for warranty work. Ford also appeals the District Court’s underlying partial summary judgment. For the reasons that follow, we will reverse the District Court’s preliminary injunction order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The partial summary judgment is neither a final nor appealable order and we will not review it.

I.

As part of their agreement with Ford, franchised dealers are required to perform repair work on Ford brand vehicles, regardless of whether the franchisee sold the vehicle. Ford reimburses the dealers for work performed under both limited and extended service warranty plans, and for work that must be performed on recalled Ford vehicles. Under some circumstances where Ford determines that it is necessary to maintain customer satisfaction, Ford pays part of the cost of non-warranty repair work.

The New Jersey Franchise Practices Act provides that a “motor vehicle franchisor shall reimburse” its franchisee for parts used in warranty repairs at the franchisee’s “prevailing retail price,” provided that the retail price is not unreasonable. N.J.S.A. § 56:10-15(a). The prevailing reimbursement rate prior to the statute was approximately 40% above the dealer cost. The dispute began in 1991 when one dealer, Liberty Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. asked Ford for a warranty part reimbursement at its retail rate, which was 77% above costs. Ford paid the higher rate, but it also began to add a fee to the wholesale price of cars that it delivered to Liberty. The fee varied month to month, depending on the reimbursement amounts claimed by Liberty. Liberty filed suit challenging the fee, and we affirmed the decision of the District Court that Ford’s surcharge violated the warranty reimbursement statute. Liberty Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 134 F.3d 557 (3d Cir.1998).

In 2002, Ford imposed a restructured surcharge program to recoup increased costs incurred from its compliance with the warranty reimbursement statute. The second fee program applied to the wholesale price of all vehicles delivered to Ford franchisees in New Jersey. Liberty, along with other Ford franchisees in New Jersey, sued Ford asserting that the second surcharge program also violated the warranty reimbursement statute. Ford countered that it designed the second program to be a wholesale vehicle price term, a type of fee that we expressly stated in the first lawsuit was outside of the scope of the New Jersey statute. Regardless, in a partial summary judgment, the District Court ruled that Ford’s reconstituted fee program violated the New Jersey statute.

The District Court also issued a preliminary injunction, prohibiting Ford from imposing the surcharge while the remaining issues are litigated. In granting the preliminary injunction the District Court noted that the partial summary judgment in favor of the franchisees resolved whether they were likely to succeed on the merits. The District Court did not make any other specific findings, but stated generally that the other requirements for a preliminary injunction “have been satisfied.”

II.

28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) provides us with appellate jurisdiction to entertain interlocutory appeals from orders that grant, deny, or modify injunctions. On appeal, the standard of review of a preliminary injunction issued by a district court is narrow. Unless an abuse of discretion is “clearly established, or an obvious error has ocurred [sic] in the application of the law, or a serious and important mistake has been made in the consideration of the proof, the judgment of the trial court must be taken as presumptively correct.” Premier Dental Products Co. v. Darby Dental Supply Co., Inc., 794 F.2d 850, 852 (3d Cir.1986), quoting Stokes v. Williams, 226 F. 148, 156 (3d Cir.1915).

We must consider the following factors in determining whether a preliminary injunction should be issued:

(1) the likelihood that the moving party will succeed on the merits; (2) the extent to which the moving party will suffer irreparable harm without injunctive relief; (3) the extent to which the non-moving party will suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is issued; and (4) the public interest.

McNeil Nutritionals, LLC v. Heartland Sweeteners, LLC, 511 F.3d 350, 356-357 (3d Cir.2007). The franchisees assert that the preliminary injunction was a consent order. There is no evidence of such consent. In fact, the District Court’s order expressly reserved Ford’s right to appeal the order.

Ford argues that the District Court erred by finding that the franchisees are likely to succeed on the merits. In reality, Ford is attempting to appeal the partial summary judgment order that declared the surcharge program was a violation of New Jersey’s warranty reimbursement statute. Where a preliminary injunction has been appealed under the collateral order doctrine we have, in some cases, exercised pendant jurisdiction to review an inextricably intertwined partial summary judgment order. Kos Pharmaceuticals v. Andrx Corp., 369 F.3d 700, 708 (3d Cir.2004). Citing Kos Pharmaceuticals, however, Ford takes it one step further by arguing that we must review the partial summary judgment in this case. Ford is mistaken that we are under any such requirement. 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

Ford’s citation to Kos Pharmaceuticals glosses over a critical distinction between that case and this one. That case focused upon an alleged trademark infringement in which the plaintiff claimed non-monetary injury. Kos Pharmaceuticals, 369 F.3d at 708. In fact, non-monetary damages were at issue in the entire line of cases from our court leading up to Kos Pharmaceuticals, except where a statute specifically authorized a preliminary injunction under other criteria. This is also true of decisions from Courts of Appeal in other circuits. We reaffirm that we have pendant jurisdiction to review underlying orders that are inextricably intertwined with a preliminary injunction, and that in such a review it may be necessary to consider whether the movant is likely to succeed on the merits. In this case, however, we do not need to reach the issue of whether the franchisees are likely to succeed on the merits, making the exercise of pendant jurisdiction unnecessary.

We have repeatedly insisted that “the preliminary injunction device should not be exercised unless the moving party shows that it specifically and personally risks irreparable harm.” Adams v. Freedom Forge Corp., 204 F.3d 475, 487 (3d Cir.2000). We have also stressed that “[bjefore granting a preliminary injunction, a district court must consider the extent to which the moving party will suffer irreparable harm without injunctive relief.” (Emphasis added.) Novartis Consumer Health, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson-Merck Consumer Pharmaceuticals Co., 290 F.3d 578, 595 (3d Cir.2002).

Here, the District Court made no finding of irreparable harm, stating only that all of the requirements for a preliminary injunction have been satisfied. We have long held that an injury measured in solely monetary terms cannot constitute irreparable harm. Bennington Foods LLC v. St. Croix Renaissance, Group, LLP., 528 F.3d 176, 179 (3d Cir.2008); see also In re Arthur Treacher’s Franchisee Litigation, 689 F.2d 1137, 1145 (3d Cir.1982) (“[W]e have never upheld an injunction where the claimed injury constituted a loss of money, a loss capable of recoupment in a proper action at law.”). We do not see in the record before us any evidence of a non-monetary injury and we conclude that the District Court was wrong when it stated that all of the requirements for a preliminary injunction have been met.

The reason that this preliminary injunction is before us is readily apparent. Strategically, the order appeared to provide an accelerated pathway for Ford to obtain review of the partial summary judgment, a non-final order. Yet, we have consistently stated that exceptions to the final judgment rule must be construed narrowly to ensure that the exceptions do not swallow the rule itself. United States v. Wecht, 537 F.3d 222, 244 (3d Cir.2008). This case demonstrates the reason for such caution. The final judgment rule exists to protect both the litigants and the court from potential inconsistencies and inefficiencies arising from piecemeal litigation. See Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 192 (3d Cir.2007). We strongly disfavor any attempt to willfully circumvent this rule, particularly where, as here, the record lacks any evidence that a preliminary injunction was needed to prevent irreparable harm. Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court erred by granting the preliminary injunction.

III.

For the reasons set forth above, we will reverse the Order of the District Court granting a preliminary injunction in favor of the franchisees and remand the cause to the District Court. 
      
      . Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3d Cir.1983) (District Court erred in finding that copyright infringement did not exist.); Weiss v. York Hospital, 745 F.2d 786 (3d Cir.1984) (District Court erred in holding that, under Clayton Act, there was insufficient evidence of a “threat of injury.”); John F. Harkins Company, Inc. v. Waldinger Corporation, 796 F.2d 657 (3d Cir.1986) (District Court’s denial of stay for arbitration reversed due to erroneous interpretation of contract's arbitration clause.); Merchant & Evans, Inc. v. Roosevelt Building Products Company, Inc., 963 F.2d 628 (3d Cir.1992), overruled on other grounds by Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 112 S.Ct. 2753, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992) (District Court erred in finding that plaintiff was likely to succeed in trademark infringement claim.); American Telephone and Telegraph Company v. Winback and Conserve Program, Inc., 42 F.3d 1421 (3d Cir.1994) (District Court erred in finding there was insufficient evidence of trademark confusion.).
     
      
      . See e.g. LaForest v. Former Clean Air Holding Co., Inc., 376 F.3d 48, 55 (2d Cir.2004); Delaware & H. Ry. Co. v. United Transp. Union, 450 F.2d 603, 619 (D.C.Cir.1971).
     