
    OTTAWA v. CAREY.
    IN ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT -COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS.
    Decided March 19th, 1883.
    
      Municipal Bonds — Municipal Corporations.
    
    1.. Municipal corporations, being created only to aid the State government in the legislation and administration of local affairs, possess only such powers as are expressly granted, or as may be implied because essential to carry into effect those which ar^ expressly granted.
    
      2. Bonds issued by a municipal corporation, but not under either a general authority to. borrow for corporate purposes, or a special legislative authority to borrow for purposes within the power of the legislature to confer, are void in the hands of a person who is not an innocent Iona fide holder without notice.
    
      3. A municipal corporation authorized by its charter “to borrow money on the credit of the city and to issue bonds therefor,” and by special act to borrow á named sum “ to be expended in developing .the natural advantages of the city for manufacturing purposes,” is not thereby authorized to issue bonds by way of donation to an individual to aid in developing the water power of the city, and is not liable to an action upon such bonds by one who takes them with notice of the facts.
    Suit' to recover upon, bonds of tbe city of Ottawa, issued to develop the water power near the city, and given to thé owners of the power.
    Article IX., section.^5,-of the Constitution, of 1848 of the State' of Illinois, which was in force when the rights of the parties to the controversy were fixed, was as follows:
    “ The corporate authorities-of counties, townships,. school districts, cities, towns and villages, may be- vested with power to assess and collect taxes for corporate purposes.”.
    . In 1853 the corporation of Ottawa was incorporated as a city with the following among other powers: . •■
    “ Art. 5, Sec. 1. The city council shall have power and authority to levy and cpllect' 'taxes upon all property, real and personal, within the limits of the city, not - exceeding one-half of one per cent, per annum upon the assessed value thereof, and may enforce the payment of the same in . any manner to be prescribed by ordinance not repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, and of this State.
    “ Art. 5. Sec. 3. • The city council shall have power . . . to establish, support and regulate eommon schools, to divide the city into school districts, to borrow money on the credit of the city, and to issue bonds therefor, and pledge the revenue of the city for the payment thereof, provided, that no sum or sums of money shall be borrowed at a greater interest than at ten per cent, per annum.
    “Art. 10.. Sec. 20. No money shall be ‘borrowed by the city council until tbe ordinance passed therefor shall be submitted to, and voted for, by a'majority of the voters of said city, attending an election held for that purpose.”
    In 1851, one Cushman and. his associates were empowered by the legislature of Illinois to organize a corporation to be known as the Ottawa Manufacturing Company, to construct a dam across the Fox River for' the purpose of creating a water, power; and in 1865 this corporation, having been organized, ivas further empowered to construct a dam across the Illinois River, and to introduce the waters of that river into the Fox River above their dam on the latter.
    In 1867 the legislature empowered the city to subscribe $100,000 to. the stock of this company; but the subscription was never - made. On the 15th day of June, 1869, the city of Ottawa adopted the-following ordinances:
    “Sec. 1. Be it ordained by the city council of the city of Ottawa that the mayor of the city be and he is hereby authorized to borrow in the name of the city, at Arate of interest not exceeding ten per cent., the sum of $60,000, for the use of said city, to be expended in developing the natural advantages of the city for manufacturing purposes, and that bonds of the city be issued therefor in the sum of $500.00, with interest payable annually, said bonds to be payable one-third in five years, one-third in' ten years, and one-third in fifteen years after the date thereof, provided that no application shall be. made of the proceeds of said bonds except for the purpose aforesaid, and jn pursuance of an ordinance to be p,assed for that purpose by the city council, nor until the faithful applicátíon of the proceeds of such bonds to the • purpose aforesaid shall be fully secured to the eity. Sec. 2. Be it ordained that a sufficient sum to pay'the interest on said loan shall be annually provided by taxation, and set apart as a separate fund, and to be applied to the payment of the interest on said-bonds, and for no other purpose. See. 3. This ordinance shall be submitted to the voters of the city to be voted for or against -at an election to be held for that. purpose on the 20th day of July, 1869. The manner of the determination shall be by depositing ballots upon which shall be written or printed ‘ For the loan ordinance ’ or ‘Against the loan ordinance.’ ”
    Under the ordinance of June 15th an election was had, at which a majority of the voters of Ottawa voted in favor of issuing the bonds, and on the 30th July, 1869, the corporation framed a further ordinance, entitled “ An Ordinance to carry into effect an ordinance of June 15th, 1869,” by which the mayor was authorized to deliver the bonds to Cushman, to be used by him in “ developing the natural resources and surroundings of the city.”
    The bonds were delivered to Cushman, under a contract which it is not necessary to recite. The municipality received no money, stock, or' other equivalent for them. Cushman delivered them to the manufacturing corporation, and the manufacturing company sold them to one Eames, who knew of the proceedings of the common council in regard to the issue of the bonds, and-that they were to be used as a gift, but had never heard their validity questioned. The city paid, interest on them up: to August 2d, 1871, but not thereafter. In November, 1879, Eames sold to Carey, the defendant in error, who knew all the foregoing facts.
    Carey brought this suit in the court below to recover on the bonds held by him. The court gave judgment for the plaintiff, and the writ of error was sued out to reverse that judgment.
    On the 30th of October, 1882, the judgment below was reversed, and Mr. Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court, in which, after, reciting some of the foregoing facts, he said: •
    “ The court below, by consent of .parties, tried the case without the intervention of a jury, and found, among other facts : ‘ That the city made no subscription of stock in the Ottawa Manufacturing Company, but issued the bonds as a donation for the purposes indicated in the contract with' Cushman, the latter being the sole consideration it received for the bonds ; that on the 11th day of March, 1871, Cushman delivered the bonds to the Ottawa Manufacturing Company, of which he was one of the corporators, and of whieh at the time he was a director, to be used by it for the ■■ purpose, of making the improvement hereinbefore mentioned, without further consideration ; that the company at once entered upon the work of reconstructing the dams and races, and partially constructed the same under the powers granted to it . . . and completed said work, so that some water power was created, but that said dam was carried away by a freshet in 1872 or 1873,. 
      and has never been reconstructed ; that in June, 1871, the company sold and delivered the bonds in suit to Lester H. Eames, a citizen of Ottawa, for their full value, and part of the interest which had accrued after August, 1870 ; that, at . the time Eames purchased the bonds he read their recitals, and had never heard their validity questioned, although the policy of issuing them, and the legal authority to do so, was the subject of discussion by the press and people of the city at about the time of their being issued ; that Eames had knowledge of the proceedings of the council in referencé to the issue of the bonds,, knew that they were issued for the purpose of being used as a donation to aid in the completion of the contemplated improvement* and knew of, the contract between Cushman and the city with reference- to the bonds.; and that in November, 1879, after the bonds-had matured, Eames sold and delivered them to the defendant in error, a citizen of Missouri, for value, the latter knowing when he purchased substantially all that Eames knew touching the history of the bonds, and .the purposes for which they had been applied.’
    “We have seen that the general object which the city -sought to accomplish was the development of its natural resources and advantages for manufacturing/purposes. That end it proposed to obtain by the construction of dams and races in such manner astto bring into, practical and .permanent use, in the city and its immediate vicinity, all the available power of both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. Consequently, the ordinances passed by the city council, and Cushman’s contract, alike required the construction of good, substantial, and sufficient dams and races. Now, it is impossible to resist the. conclusion that' as to the work done, and as to the manner in which it was performed, there was a substantial, if not an entire, failure upon the part- of Cushman and those whom he -employed ,to meet the terms of the agreement under which he, Cushman, received the bonds. . The dams and races were, according to the facts found, only partially constructed. The work was completed only to the extent that some water power was created ; and the dam erected, so far from being ‘ good, substantial, and sufficient,’ to secure .the practical and permanent use of the water power, was carried away in 1872 or 1878, by a.freshet, and has never been reconstructed. Under these circumstances, the city, as between it and' Cushman, was entitled to demand a return of all the bonds, or their value, and to be saved harmless on account of them. If Cushman still held them, and had himself sued the city, the defence of the latter would be complete. Is Carey, the present holder, in any better position, as against the city, than Cushman would be, had he sued ? This question must receive a negative answer, because Carey and his immediate vendee, Eames, were well aware at the time of thhir respective purchases, as well of the terms of the ordinance, in- pursuance of which the bonds were issued, as of the contract between the city and Cushman ; and also because, as the special finding sufficiently indicates, the same facts were known to the Ottawa Manufacturing Company when it received the bonds from Cushman, one of its corporators and directors. Neither Carey nor Eames nor the company were bona fide holders, entitled to the benefit of the rule announced in Hackett v.' Ottawa, 99 IT. S. 86, and Ottawa v. First Hat. JBk. of Portsmouth, 105 IT. S. 342. The work done was not of a character, as to extent, sufficiency or permanency, to entitle Cushman, had he sued, as against the city, to the payment of any of the bonds ; and consequently, for the reasons given, the city is not liable to Carey.
    “ This conclusion renders it unnecessary to notice other questions, raised by counsel, some of which relate to the authority of the city tojssue the bonds under any circumstances, especially by way of donation.
    “ After this ease had been under submission, our attention was called to a recent decision' of the Supreme Court of Illinois, in Wilson et al. v. Ottawa ^Manufacturing Company et al. That case is relied upon-as authority for the proposition that the city had legal power to issue the bonds in question. In view of the ground upon which our conclusion in this case rests, it is needless to discuss that question in the different aspects in which it is presented.”
    On the 15th January, 1883, the judgment entered on the 30thday of the previous October was rescinded and annulled and a rehearing' ordered.
    Oh the 6th March, 1883, the case was resubmitted.
    
      Mr. C. B. Lawrence for the city of Ottawa.
    I. The legislature of Illinois could not, under the Constitution of the State, authorize a town or city to issue its bonds for any but corporate purposes, and a, donation, of bonds to a private' corporation, established for-the purpose of creating a waterpower to be owned exclusively by such private • corporation, was not an issue of bonds for a corporate purpose, and such bonds, in the hands of a purchaser with notice, are void. Town of South Ottawa v.„Perkins, 94 U. S. .260; People v. Depuyt-, 11 111. 651; Pendleton County v. Amy, 13 Wall. 297; Kennicoit v. Supervisors, 16 Wall. 452 ; St. Jo. Township v. Rogers, 16 Wall. 654; Town of Coloma v. Eaves, 92 U. S. 484; Rogers v. Burlington, 3 Wall. 654; Supervisors v. Weider, 64 HI. 427; Johnson V.' County of Stark, 24 HI. 75; Bissel v. City of Kankakee, 64 111. 249; English v. The People, 96 HI. 566; Loan Association v. Topeka,' 20 Wall. 655-; Lowell v. Boston, 111 Mass. 454; People v. Batchellor, 53 N. Y. 128; Jones on R. R. Securities,' séc. 123, et seg.; Ohio Valley Iron Works v. Moundsville, IT W. Yá. 1; Wilkesba/rre City Hospital v., County of Luzerne, 84 Pa. 55. — II. If these bonds had been issued for a corporate. purpose, the bonds, in order to be valid, should have been issued by authority of the board of commissioners specially appointed by the legislature to take charge of this whole matter — to sub-, scribe the stock, and to issue and sell at par the bonds of the city to raise the money for its payment. Town of South Ottawa v. Perkins, 94 U. S. 260; Township of East OoMond v. Skinner, 94 U.'S.'255 ;■ Middleport v.-ARtna Life Ins. Co., 82 HI. 562; Supervisors v. People ex rel. R. R. Co., 25 111'. 181; Caddis y. Richland Co., 92 HI. 119; Brush v. Ware, 15 Pet..93; McClure v. Oxford, 94 TJ. S. 429. — III. Even if 'the bonds had been issued for a corporate purpose, and if they had been issued by the proper authorities, viz,, the board of commissioners, they would-still be uncollectible by the present plaintiff (a purchaser with notice) because they- were issued as a donation to a private manufacturing company, whereas the commissioners were authorized to issue them only in payment of a corresponding' amdunt of the stock ■ of said company.- — IY'. Even if the bonds had been issued for a corporate purpose, and if they had been-issued by the proper authorities, namely, the board of commissioners, they would still be uncollectible by the present plaintiff, ■because he bought with noticexthat they were issued to Cushman in consideration of Ms contract to build “ a good and substantial dam across tbe Illinois and Fox rivers sufficient to bring, into usé all the available water,” and to protect tbe city on these bonds in case be did not create tbe water power, wMcb contract be wholly failed to-perform. — V. Tbe statute authorized the. commissioners to subscribe to thé stock of tbe manufacturing company, and required them to “raise the money” for payment of tbe subscription, by issuing and selling bonds at not less than par. Tbe mayor issued the bonds directly to Cushman for debvery to tbe manufacturing company. Even if tbe bonds were otherwise free from exception, tMs disposition of them was illegal. Scipio v. Wright, 101 IJ. S. 665; Middle: port v. JEiffia, Life Ins. Co., 82 111. 563.
    
      Mr. Q. S. Eldredge for defendant.
    I. Tbe city of Ottawa bad undoubted corporate power to issue tbe bonds in question, in pursuance of its cbartér, and they were thus issued for legitimate corporate purposes. He cited Maher v. Chicago, 38 - 111. 266; Taylor v. Thompson, 42 111. 9; Burr v. Ca/rbondgle, 76 111. 455 ; Briscoe v.' Allison, 43 111. 291; Johnson v. Campbell, 49 111. 316; Misner v. Bullard, 43 111. 470; Chicago B. B. Co. v. Smith, 62 111. 268; People v. Depmy, 71 111. 651; People v. Trustees of Schools, 78 111. 136 ; Quincy B. B. Co. v. Morris, 84 El. 410; Hensley Township v. People, 84 111. 544; Pine Grove v. Talcott, 19 Wall. 666 ;■ Mirnn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113; People v. Kelly, 76 N. Y. 475; Weismer Douglas, 64 N. Y. 91;, Livingston y. Darlington, 101 H. S. 4Ó7; Hackett■ v. Ottawa, 99 U. S. 86. — II. Tbe unconstitutionally of tbe act of February 19th, 1867,' providing that commissioners appointed by tbe legislature in violation of' the Constitution of Illinois of 1848 might subscribe for stock in the Ottawa Manufacturing Company on behalf ''of tbe city, and thus impose a debt in invitum upon tbe city. Cites Hwrward v. St. Clair Drain Co., 51 HI. 130; Livingston v. Wider, 53 111. 302; People v. Chicago, 51 111. 17; People v. Salomon, 51 111. 37; Gage v. Graham, 57 111. 144; Hessler v. Drainage Co., 53 111. 105 ; Marshall v. Silliman, 61 111, 218 ; Middleport v. Ins. Co., 82 El. 562; Barnes v. Lacón, 84 111. 461. — III. The city is bound by its own construction of its charter .power in this instance, and determination as a matter of fact, that the. purpose for which the bonds were issued was a municipal purpose, as said by the Supreme Court of Illinois, “ to promote the general prosperity and welfare of the municipality.” McClurkan v. Allegheny City, 14 Penn. St. 82; James y. Mitwamkee, 16 WalL159Van Hostrup v. 'Madison City, 1 Wall. 291;.Meyer v. Muscatine, 1 Wall. 384; Society for Saving v. New London, 29 Conn. 174 ;• Neithsbury v. Frick, 34 111. 405; ' Catena v. Corinth, 48 111. 423 ; Mayor v. Ray, 19 Wall. 468 ; Orleans v. Platt, 99 U. S. 676; Block v. Commissioners, '99 IJ. S. 686. —ÍV. Eames was á bona fide purchaser of the bonds. He was not chargeable with constructive notice of anything but the charter power of the city to issue them; not even gross negligence; nothing short of positive fraud and an attempt on his part, in collusion with the officials of the city, to commit a fraud-could impair his right as a bona fide holder; gross negligence, even, alone, would not affect it. Murray v. Lwrdmer,' 2 Wall. 120-123; Cromwell v. Sac Co., 96 U. S. 51, 57 to 60; Swift v. Smith, Legal News, Jan. 22d, 1881, 151; National Bank v. Crow, 60 N. Y. 85'; Seybel v. National Currency Co., 54 N. Y. 288; Chapman v. Rose, 56 N. Y. 137; Welsh v. Sage, 47 N. Y. 143; Byles on Bills, 115; Comstock v. Hannah, 76 111. 530-534; Coodman v. Simmons, 20 How. 343 ; Murray/ v. Lardner, 2 Wall. 110 ; R. R. Co. v. Cowdry, 11 Wall. 459.
   Mr. Chief Justice Waite

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a suit to recover upon bonds issued by the city of Ottawa, Illinois, as a donation to aid in the improvement of the water power upon the Pox and Illinois rivers within the city, or in its immediate vicinity. Other bonds, of the. same issue were involved in Hackett v. Ottawa, 99 U. S. 86, and Ottawa v. First National Bank of Portsmouth, 105 U. S. 342, where it was held, in substance, that, as there was legislative authority to issue bonds for-municipal purposes, and it was recited in the bonds then sued on that they were issued for such purposes, the city was estopped from proving, as against bona fide holders, that the recitals were untrue. Neither Hackett nor the bank had any knowledge of the precise purposes for which the bonds ■were issued, and it was adjudged that they had the right to rely on what was recited.

The facts on which this case rests are, in brief, these r

The city of Ottawa was incorporated as a city in Illinois on the 10th of February, 1853, and. given the ordinary powers of municipal" corporations of that class for local government. , It was specially authorized “ to provide the city with water, to erect hydrants and pumps in the streets for. the convenience of its inhabitants,” and, upon a voté of the people, “to borrow money on the credit of the city, and to issue bonds, therefor, and pledge the revenue of the city for the payment thereof.” Our attention has not been called to any other provision of the charter as having a bearing on the ..questions to be considered.

In February, 18.51, the Ottawa Manufacturing Company was incorporated by the general assembly of Illinois to build a dam across the Fox river for the purpose of creating a water power to be leased and used. On the 16th of February, 1865, the charter of this company was amended .so as to authorize the building'of a dam across the Illinois river, and a race to bring the'water from that river into the pool of the dam across the Fox.

On the 19th of February, 1867, the general assembly passed an act purporting to constitute a board of commissioners to subscribe $100,000 to the capital stock of the manufacturing company for and on behalf of the city, and to pay the subscription by an issue of the bonds of the city. No subscription was ever.made' under this authority, and we understand the counsel for the defendant in error to concede fhat the act itself was unconstitutional.

On the 15th of June, 1869, an ordinance was passed by the city, submitting to the voters at an election, to be held on the 20th of the same month, the question whether the council should borrow $60,000 on the bonds of the city to be “ expended in developing the natural advantagés of the city for manufaeuring purposes. This election was held, and resulted in a vote by a majority of the legal voters in favor of the project. Thereupon, the city,, on the 30th of July, 1869, passed another ordinance, directing the mayor to issue thé bonds and deliver them to William H. W. Cushman, “ to be used .by him in developing the natural resources and surroundings of the city,” and authorizing and directing him “to expend the same in the improvement of the water power upon the Illinois and Fox rivers, within the city and in the immediate. vicinity thereof, under the franchises and powers which have been granted for that purpose by .the legislature of the State, or which may hereafter be granted for that purpose, in the. manner which, in his judgment, shall, best secure the practical and. permanent use of said power to the city and its immediate • vicinity.”

Under this ordinance the bonds were issued and delivered to Cushman on the 2d of August, 1869, as a donation to aid the city in securing the contemplated water power, he agreeing in Avriting to cause the necessary works to be completed in the two rivers within a reasonable time, and if not, to return the bonds or a part thereof, according to the special provisions ef the contract. No arrangements were made or contemplated for providing the city-with water.'

Cushman was one of the original corporators of the manufacturing company, and a director at the time the bonds were issued to him, and he, on the 11th of March, 1871, delivered them .to the company “ to be used by -said company for the purpose of making (the improvement hereinbefore mentioned, without further consideration.” During the month of June, 1871, the company sold and delivered the bonds involved in this suit to Lester-H. Eames, a citizen of Ottawa, for their face value and part of the interest which had accrued after August, 1870. When Eames made his purchase and paid for the bonds, he knew they had been issued as a donation to aid in the completion of the improvement contemplated in the contract with Cushman, and was cognizant of all the proceedings of the council in reference thereto. He also, knew of the contract with Cushman. In November, 1879, after the bonds fell due, Eames sold them to William H. Carey, the plaintiff below, who paid value for them, Avith full knowledge of all that was known by Eames about their issue.

Upon these facts, found by the court and set forth in the record, judgment was rendered against the city and in favor of Carey for $72,814.76. To reverse that judgment this writ of error has been brought.

This case differs from those of Hackett and the First-National Bank of Portsmouth, supra,, in that Carey cannot claim protection as a bona fide holder, while Hackett and the bank could. Neither Carey, nor Eámés, nor the manufacturing company, nor Cushman, were purchasers' without notice. - Carey and Eames both paid value, but Carey bought after maturity, and it is expressly found that both he and Eames had actual knowledge of the purposes for which the bonds were issued, and of the contract with Cushman. Under the circumstances of this case, the manufacturing company is chargeable with knowledge .of all the facts known to' Cushman, one of its directors and the original contractor with the city. The questions then to be considered are such as may arise between the city and a purchaser for value from Cushman with full knowledge of all" the facts affecting the validity of the bonds at their inception.

' In Illinois, under the Constitution of the State, the corporate authorities of tíities cannot be invested with power to levy and ' collect taxes except for corporate purposes. This has long been settled. Weightman v. Clark, 103 U. S. 256, and numerous Illinois cases there cited'. What may be made a corporate purpose is not always easy to decide, but it has never been supposed that if legislative authority had not been granted to a municipal corporation to do a particular thing, that thing could be a purpose of that corporation.

Municipal corporations are created to aid the State government in the regulation and administration of local affairs. They have only such powers of government as are expressly granted them, or such-as are necessary to carry into effect those that are- granted. No powers can be implied except such as are essential to the objects and purposes of the corporation as created and established. 1 Hill, on Mun. Corp., § 89, 3d ed., and cases there cited. To the extent of their authority they can bind the people and the property subject to their regulation and governmental control by what they do, but beyond their corporate powers their acts are of no effect.

It is not claimed that express authority was given the city of Ottawa to develop, or aid in developing, the natural advantages of its rivers for manufacturing purposes, and what we are now called on to decide is not whether, if such a power had been given, it would be within the general scope of the purposes of a city government, and thus a corporate purpose, within the meaning of that term as used in the Constitution, but whether it has been granted by the legislature. Much is said by the Supreme Court of Illinois, in Taylor v. Thompson, 42 Ill. 9; Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad Co. v. Smith, 62 Ill. 268; The People v. Depuy, 71 Ill. 651; Burr v. City of Carbondale, 76 Ill. 455; People v. Trustees of Schools, 78 Ill. 136; The Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad Co. v. Morris, 84 Ill. 410; Hensley v. The People, Ib. 544, and other cases of like character, as to what may be made a corporate purpose; but these were all cases in which the legislative department of the government had undertaken to grant a power, aw1 the question was whether the power .was one that could rightfully be made a purpose of a municipal corporation. No matter how much authority theré may be in the legislature to grant'a particular power, if the grant has not been made the city cannot act under it.

As power in a municipal corporation to borrow money and issue bonds therefor implies power to levy a tax for the payment of the obligation that is incurred, unless the contrary clearly appears, Ralls County Court v. The United States, 105. U. S. 733, it follows that the power contained in the charter to borrow money did not authorize the issue of the bonds in this case,., unless they were issued for a corporate purpose, there being a constitutional prohibition against taxation by the city, except for corporate purposes. The question then is whether the city has been invested with power to raise money by public taxation to be donated to private persons or private corporations' as a bonus for developing, the water power in the'city or its vicinity for manufacturing purposes.

The charter confers all the powers usually granted to a city for the purposes of local government, but that has never been supposed of itself to authorize taxes for everything which, in the opinion of the city authorities, would “ promote the general prosperity and welfare of the'municipality.” Undoubtedly the development of the water power in the rivers that traverse the city would add to the commerce and wealth of the citizens, but certainly power to govern the city does not imply power to expend the public money to' make the water in the rivers' available for manufacturing purposes. It is because railroads are supposed to add to the general prosperity that municipalities are given power to aid in their construction by subscriptions to capital stock or donations to the corporations engaged in their construction; but-in all the vast number of cases involving such subscriptions and donations that have come before this court for adjudication since The Commissioners of Knox County v. Aspinwall, decided twenty-five years ago, and reported in the 21st Howard, 539, it has never been supposed that the. power to govern -of itself implied power to make such subscriptions or such donations. On the contrary, it has been over and over again held, and as often, as the question was presented, that unless the specific power was granted, all such subscriptions, and all such donations, as well as the corporate bonds issued for their payment, were absolutely void, even as against bona fide holders of the bonds. Thomson v. Lee County, 3 Wall 327; Marsh v. Fulton County, 10 Wall. 676; St. Joseph's Township v. Rogers, 16 Wall. 644; McClure v. Township of Oxford, 94 U. S. 429; Wells v. Supervisors, 102 U. S. 625; Allen v. Louisiana, 103 U. S. 80.

In the present case there is nothing whatever to indicate any special authority in this city to pay a bonus for the work that was to be done. It did have power to provide the city with water, but there is nowhere anything looking to such a purpose in this transaction. The object here was to bring the water into use as power, to be leased or sold at reasonable rates! An attempt was made by the legislature to authorize a subscription to the stock of the manufacturing company,, but that was of no avail, because in the form adopted the legislation was confessedly unconstitutional. The charter therefore stands the same as though no such attempt had been made, and what was done did not create a corporate purpose to effect an improvement of the power. But even if there had been power to subscribe to the stock, it would not follow there was power to make a donation by way of a bonus to the company to aid in the improvement. In Chicago, Danville and Vincennes R. R. Co. v. Smith, supra, it was indeed said that the distinction between a donation to aid a company and a subscription to its stock “ was more apparent than real,” but that was said in reference to the question of making subscriptions and. donations for corporate purposes, and not with reference to the effect of a power to subscribe as-conferring a power to donate. In no case to which' our attention has been called has it been held that a power to subscribe for stock would of itself authorize a donation.

The case of Hickling v. Wilson, decided by the Supreme Court of Illinois in June of last year, and reported in 104 Ill. 54, is relied upon in support of this judgment.' That was a suit by a creditor of the manufacturing company against the stockholders to collect his debt. The city was not a party, and its liability was- in no way involved. In the opinion, as published in the official report of the case, it was not even assumed that there was corporate power to issue the bonds.

The present case was submitted at the last term,, and at a former day in this term a decision was announced reversing the-judgment, but in the opinion reasons were assigned for the reversal .different from those now given. That judgment was afterwards, upon application for a rehearing, set aside and a ■ reargument ordered. Upon further consideration of the whole case, we prefer to rest the decision on the ground that as between Cushman and the city the bonds in question were, illegal and void, and as the present holder occupies no better position' than Cushman, he and all those under whom he claims having bought with full knowledge of all the facts, .the judgment should have been in favor of the city.

The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded, with instructions to enter judgment in fa/oor of the city on the fads found.  