
    CARRIERS — NEGLIGENCE.
    [Wood (6th) Circuit Court,
    January 12, 1906.]
    Parker, Haynes and Wildman, JJ.
    Lake Shore & M. S. Ry. v. James Gibson.
    1. CARRIER of Live Stock must Use Due Care although Stock Improperly Loaded.
    Where a railroad company receives a car of hogs from a shipper and undertakes to carry them in spite of the fact that they were overcrowded in loading, it is liable for the injuries sustained by the hogs, through its failure to use due care and reasonable means to protect them from overheating.
    2. Carrier cannot Limit its Liability for Negligence by its own Custom nor by Special Contract.
    It is proper to exclude testimony offered for the purpose of showing that a railroad company is not accustomed to sprinkle, or “drench,” hogs in transit during the night, or during the day unless ordered by the shipper, in an action by the shipper for injury sustained by these hogs through overheating. A carrier cannot limit its legal liability for negligence by its own customs nor by special contract.
    [Syllabus approved by the court.]
    ERROR to Wood common pleas court.
    E. D. Potter and J. 0. Troup, for plaintiff in error-.
    Edward Beverstock, for defendant in error.
   HAYNES, J.

(Orally.)

James Gibson brought, in the court of common pleas, an action against the Lake Shore & Michigan'Southern Railway Company to recover for the loss of certain hogs shipped from Luckéy, this county, to Buffalo, N. Y. The shipment took place on August 4, 1900, and it is claimed, on behalf'of the plaintiff, that the hogs died by reason of the railroad company failing to drench the hogs properly, as it is termed; that is to say, from time to time, during the day, to spray them with water to keep them cool, and the allegations in the petition are, that the defendant failed in that respect and it is, therefore,-liable for the loss of the hogs.

The defendant denies the allegation of the petition in that respect and sets up by way of defense that there was a special contract but upon the trial of the case the testimony was that the special contract had never been delivered or accepted by Gibson and. the court ruled it out so that is not before us.

The ease was tried upon the issue made in the pleadings in regard to the matter of spraying or drenching. The hogs it appears were loaded in tbe afternoon into a car at Luekey and were sent to Toledo •over the Ohio Central railroad, arriving there in the evening and were •picked up about 8 o’clock or such a matter by the Lake Shore railroad and taken to Buffalo where they arrived twelve or fourteen hours later.

It is claimed, and evidence is offered tending to show, that the Logs when they were placed in the ear by the plaintiff below, were -overcrowded; that is, the ears were overloaded when the hogs were put in, and that that was largely the cause of the deáth of the hogs — the hogs becoming overheated and scrambling, pushing and crowding each other in the car in their efforts to get air and rest.

And it is urged that that is a matter of contributory negligence for which the plaintiff below should be responsible, and should exonerate the company. Perhaps it- is well enough at this point to cite a case decided by the Supreme Court of Ohio, the case of Union Express Co. v. Graham, 26 Ohio St. 595. There, there had been a shipment from Cleveland to Ravenna, of a certain article of furniture that had been done up, not in a very careful manner, — in fact done up in wrapping paper when it should have been boxed, — and the court found it could still have been carried by the express company if they had used extraordinary care and diligence. Judge White on page 598 said:

“It is settled by, a series of decisions in this state, that a common carrier cannot, by stipulation with his employer, exempt himself from liability for loss or damage occasioned by his own negligence or that of Ms servants.”

That general rule does not apply here because there was no special contract as alleged, for it is ruled out. In the case cited, when the article of furniture came to the express office it was found it was not properly packed and the express company refused to receive it except at “owner’s risk,” and it is claimed that was agreed to. The court in the opinion say:

‘ ‘ The present case is sought to be withdrawn from -the operation of these rules by the fact that the property in question was not properly packed when delivered to the carrier; and it is claimed that, under the circumstances, the carrier is to be regarded as a mere bailee for hire.
“We do not assent to this view.
“The plaintiff in error, while engaged in the business of a common carrier, could not by agreement, divest itself of that character.
“The only effect of the agreement was to relieve it from thé liabilities imposed by the common law on public carriers where there was no fault nor neglect on the part of the carrier.
“The carrier may well refuse to receive the property, unless it is properly packed. But if he receives it the duty attaches of exercising due care for its safe carriage. If, notwithstanding such care, the property should be damaged through the defective packing of the owner, the carrier would be relieved from liability. But where, as in this ease, the carrier takes charge of the property for the purpose of carriage, the duty rests on him to show that the injury is attributable to the defective-packing, and not to any fault or neglect on his part. This the plaintiff in error failed to show.”

There is no special agreement in this case. The bill of lading is here and it is a general bill of lading. In the trial of the case, testimony was offered on the part of the plaintiff as to the condition of the hogs, and the ■ condition of the weather, and especially the condition of the hogs late in the day. that they were taken. The testimony shows at the time the hogs were taken, two of them appeared to be affected by the heat. Nevertheless, the railroad received these hogs and forwarded them. There is testimony tending to show that the railroad company has made provision for the drenching or spraying of stock at different points along the line of the road, by means of a .hose attached to water-pipes at places where they take water, that the water is turned into the cars and thus drenches the hogs. The plaintiff proceeded to show this, fact, and further showed that it was the custom of the railroad pom-pany to sprinkle the stock; that they were sprinkled at different points, along the railroad. The railroad company, when it came to its side of the ease, offered testimony tending to show that the hogs were over-packed or overcrowded in the loading, that is, that certain hogs were put in a car with a number of sheep, and this packed the hogs too closely" together and subjected them to injury by heat. There is testimony on the part of the plaintiff in rebuttal, tending to show that they were not improperly packed. The defendant desired to show that it was the custom and practice of the railroad company not to sprinkle hogs during the night season, and also testimony regarding their habit during-the day, not to sprinkle them unless it was ordered by the shipper, and some of that testimony was refused by the court.

Some testimony was allowed to be given however in regard to the effect of sprinkling sheep, and in regard to the effect of sprinkling when hogs were packed in with sheep — it being claimed it was dangerous to sheep to sprinkle them with water, when on the road, because they would catch cold and become less marketable.

These are called customs, and to the extent that they are in the course of business, the testimony offered by the plaintiff, we think, was admissible, but we are unable to see that the court erred in refusing the testimony of the defendant. The effect of the testimony would be to limit the liability of the railroad company by its own customs. It could not do that. The law casts upon the railroad company the burden of common carriers and says what it shall do, and it cannot limit it by any customs they may undertake to establish themselves. They cannot do it even by special contract if it is caused by negligence.

We understand the rule of the Supreme Court is, that when they received these hogs they were bound to use due care in the transportation of those hogs in protecting them from injury, although they were ■overpacked in the cars. Testimony was offered tending to show by some witnesses that they were overpacked, and that that packing resulted in the death of some of these hogs.

Testimony was offered tending to show that the air moving through the cars, when they were in motion, would be sufficient to cool the hogs. All of that testimony the court admitted, and, so far as we can observe, the court only excluded the class of testimony which would tend to show a custom that would absolve the railroad company from liability, and which, as I have stated, they are not permitted to do.

We think that the court made a fair statement of the case and a fair charge to the jury, of the law of the ease.

We think that there was not sufficient care on the part of the agents of the railroad company during the day in regard to the sprinkling of these hogs; we think it might have been done with a little care, without injury to the sheep.

We are, therefore, disposed to allow the verdict of the jury to stand in the court of common pleas and the judgment will be affirmed without penalty.

Parker and Wildman, JJ., concur.  