
    William H. Townsend, Respondent, v. Winslow M. Bell and Another, Appellants.
    
      Riparian rights — reasonable use of water — a material question of fact.
    
    Á riparian proprietor is entitled to a reasonable use of the stream of water running through his premises, as a part of his proprietary rights in the soil.
    It becomes a material question, in every case where a particular use of water by a riparian proprietor is sought to be enjoined, whether such use, under all the circumstances, taking into consideration the equal rights of other riparian proprietors, is a reasonable exercise of the rights of a riparian owner or proprietor.
    The test of what is a reasonable use of water by a riparian proprietor applies to all uses by him of waters which flow through his premises, and there is, in principle, no distinction between a use which obstructs the flow of water and subtracts from its quantity and that which discolors, deteriorates or pollutes it for commercial or manufacturing purposes.
    The material question whether a particular use of water by a riparian proprietor sought to be enjoined is reasonable or not is a question of fact to be determined by a jury or trial court; and the refusal of the court, in such an action tried by the court without a jury, to make any finding at all in respect to that question on the ground that it is not material, is an error of law.
    Appeal by the defendants, Winslow 1L Bell and Arthur E. Bell, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of Ulster county on the 25th day of November, 1892, upon a decision of the court on a trial before the court without a jury at the Ulster Circuit, perpetually restraining the defendants from so using the water of a certain stream as to change its natural condition, or as to render the same impure, discolored or unhealthful.
    
      John, J. Zimson, for the appellants.
    
      J. Newton Fiero and George G. Reynolds, for the respondent.
   Herrick, J. :

This is an action brought by the plaintiff against the defendants for damages claimed to have been suffered by the plaintiff by reason of the defendants polluting and discoloring a stream of water which flowed by and in front of plaintiff’s premises.

The defendants are the owners and operators of a plush factory situated upon the stream, and at a short distance above the premises of the plaintiff.

Upon defendants’ premises is a pond, constructed more than twenty years ago by a former proprietor of said premises.

The defendants used the water of this pond in operating their factory, drawing the water from it and then discharging into the stream the refuse from the factory, polluting the waters by the materials used in dyeing and rinsing the goods colored at the factory.

From the view that I have taken, it is unnecessary to set forth all the facts of the case found by the trial court. The case was tried before the court without a jury.

Amongst other things found by the court was, that the use which defendants made of the stream is necessary in carrying on- their business.

The 'defendants requested the court to find as a matter of fact that “ the use by defendants of the waters is a reasonable one.” In response the court said, “ I refuse to pass on the question sought to be presented by this finding, on the ground that under the decision of the General Term in this case, whether the use was a reasonable one or not is not material.”

This I think was error. It is elementary law that a riparian proprietor is entitled to a reasonable use of the stream of water running through his property, as a part of his proprietary rights in the soil. (Gould on Waters, 220; Angell on Water Courses, 240; Bullard v. Saratoga Victory Mfg. Co., 77 N. Y. 525; Prentice v. Geiger, 74 id. 341; Gould v. Boston Dock Co., 79 Mass. [13 Gray] 442; Merrifield v. Worcester, 110 id. 216.)

Hence it becomes a question in every case where a particular use of water is sought to be enjoined whether such use under all the circumstances, taking into consideration the equal rights of other riparian proprietors, is a reasonable exercise of the rights of a riparian owner or proprietor.

I do not understand that when the case was in this court before (62 Hun, 306) the court decided that the question as to whether the use of the water was a reasonable or unreasonable one, was not a material question in the case. The prevailing opinion would seem to have been more to the effect that the use of the water in this particular case, as shown by the facts then before the court, was one that the defendants had no right to exercise, and that in fact it was an unreasonable and illegal use, and one which, therefore, irrespective of any special injury that could be shown to have resulted therefrom to the plaintiff, the defendants were not entitled to enjoy.

I do not see, taking into consideration the various uses to which water and streams of water are put for milling and manufacturing purposes, by means of which streams of water are necessarily used, and as has been found time and again by the courts to have been more or less discolored, polluted and lessened in quantity, that any distinction in principle can be drawn between that use by the riparian proprietor, which obstructs the flow of water and subtracts from its quantity, and that which discolors, deteriorates or pollutes it.

Running streams cannot be used for commercial or manufacturing purposes, and the waters thereof retain their pristine clearness and purity. The test of what is a reasonable use I think applies to all uses by the riparian proprietor of the waters which flow through his premises.

The question whether a particular use of water by one riparian owner is consistent with the rights of other owners is generally a question of fact to be determined by a jury.

“ And the test in the absence of a right by prescription or grant, is whether the particular use under the circumstances, having regard* to the maxims governing the rights of property, is a reasonable one.” (Prentice v. Geiger, 74 N. Y. 341-346.)

What is a reasonable use is also a question of fact to be determined by a jury or trial court. (Herman v. Roberts, 119 N. Y. 37-45; Bullard v. Saratoga Victory Mfg. Co., 77 id. 530.)

The question as to whether the use was a reasonable one then being material,, and one necessary to be determined in rendering a final decision in the case, and that being as we have seen a question of fact for a jury, or for the court acting in place of the jury, a refusal to make any finding at all in respect thereto, on the ground that it was not material, was error of law. (Baumann v. Pinckney, 118 N. Y. 615, 616; James v. Cowing, 82 id. 449.)

For that error the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.

Mayham, P. J., and Herrick, J., concurred.

Judgment reversed, new trial granted, costs to abide event.  