
    The People of the State of New York ex rel. Wilbur C. Cosby, Appellant, v. Herman Robinson, as Commissioner of Licenses of the City of New York, Respondent.
    First Department,
    December 30, 1910.
    Municipal corporations.— license of employment agency — refusal of .commissioner to'consent to change of location — remedy of licensee — mandamus. .
    The'commissioner of licenses in the city óf New York has no power to ref use consent to a change of location of the business of a licensed employment agency on the sole ground that the licensee, haVing sold his business, had agreed with . his vendee not to engage in a similar business elsewhere. The commissioner has no jurisdiction to determine whether the licensee made such agreement or to specifically enforce it' if made. ' "
    Where the commissioner’s refusal to consent t,o a change of the location of the employment agency was based solely on the objection aforesaid, mandamus lies to compél him to act although the consent is to some extent a matter of discretion.
    While "as a general rule mandamus does not lie to compel -the performance, of a power, the exercise of which lies in the discretion of the officer against whom the writ is sought,'there- is an exception where the action of the officer is . 'capricious or arbitrary, and in such case the writ will lie.
    Although section 191 of the General Business Law provides that where a mayor or commissioner of licenses shall refuse to issue a license, or shall revoke the license of an employment agency, the determination may be reviewed by certiorari, the remedy by that writ is exclusive only where there was a refusal to issue a-license or a revocation. And .mandamus lies where there is a refusal to consent to the change of a location Of a business already-licensed.
    Appeal by the relator, Wilbur C. C'osby, from an order of the -Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered .in the office of the clerk of . the .county of New York on the 30th day of Hovember, 1910.
    
      
      Charles Simon, for the appellant.
    
      Harry Crone and Archibald JR. Watson, Corporation Counsel, for the respondent.
   Scott, J.:

This is an appeal from an order denying relator’s application for a peremptory writ of mandamus to compel the defendant, as commissioner of licenses, vto consent to a change of the location of the business of an employment agency for which the relator holds an unexpired license.. The business of employment agencies in cities is strictly regulated by law. (Laws of 1910, chap. 700, amdg. General Business Law [Consol. Laws, chap. 20; Laws of 1909, chap. 25], art. 11.) To carry on the business a person must take out an annual license and pay .a fee and the license may not be assigned or transferred or the location in which the business under it is conducted changed, without the consent of the mayor or the commis-. sioner of licenses. ' '

On May 3, 1910, the relator obtained a license authorizing him to carry on business at Mo. 689 Sixth avenue in the. city of Mew York. On September 1, 1910, he sold out the fixtures and good will of his place of business to one Kirwin Burke, but .did not assign or transfer his license which was valid until May 2, 1911, On Movember 1,1910, relator applied to respondent to consent to the change of location of the business to be transacted under said license to Mo. 628 Sixth avenue. Relator alleges that the place in which he wished to conduct business complied in all respects with the requirements of the statute and, as this is not denied, it must be accepted as true. The respondent refused to consent to the change of location, however, because he believed, from an inquiry-made by him, that relator when he sold out his business to Burke had agreed not to engage in the same business elsewhere, and - he considered that relator was not a person of good character because he was will-' ing to violate this agreement. The commissioner had no power or jurisdiction to determine any such question, or to undertake to specifically enforce any such agreement, if it was in fact made, and the learned corporation counsel very properly makes no attempt to justify the reasons given by respondent for. his refusal to act. He does, however, seek to sustain the "order appealed from on the ground that mandamus is not the proper remedy. It may be conceded that, the matter of consenting to a change of location is to some extent committed to the discretion of the mayor or the commissioner of licenses, but that fact alone does not prevent the issuance of a writ of mandamus to compel them to act: It was said by the Court of Appeals in People ex rel. Empire City Trotting Club v. State Racing Commission (190 N. Y. 31): While the general rule is that mandamus will not lie to compel the performance of a' power the exercise of which lies in the discretion of the officer against whom -the writ is sought, to, that rule there is the wéll-recognized exception that the action of the officer must not be capricious or arbitrary, and if such be the character of the reasons for refusing to act, the writ will lie.” This quotation is fortified by many authorities and exactly fits the present case. Although the í^Dondent doubtless acted in good faith, believing that he "was within his jurisdiction, the fact that his sole reason for refusing his consent is untenable renders his'ref usal, in a legal sense, an. arbitrary act. • Mandamus may, .therefore, issue against him unless the statute forbids. .

Section 191 of the General Business Law (asamd. supra) provides ■ that": “ Whenever said mayor or commissioner of licenses shall refuse to issue or shall revoke the license of an employment agency, said determination may be reviewed by certiorari.” It is argued that. this provision furnishes the exclusive remedy available to a person aggrieved by the action or the refusal to.act of the respondent. It will be observed that the sentence quoted applies in terms only to .the refusal to issue a license and to the revocation of a license, and does not in terms apply to the refusal to "consent to a" change of location of a business already licensed. The reason for this ' distinction becomes obvious upon an examination of the statute. The proceedings both upon the grant of a license (§ 174) and "upon a revocation (§ 191) are judicial in their nature, and call for regular hearings and the talcing of testimony undér .'oath, the predominant. "consideration being the character and conduct of the person apply-' - ing for or holding the license. So also where, it is desired to transfer a license from one person to- another a similar procedure is prescribed, the important consideration again being the character of the proposed transferee. (§ 176.) To review such quasifjudicial proceedings the writ of certiorari is an appropriate remedy. Hot so, however, in the case of an application for: consent to change the location of a business already licensed. As to such an application no course of procedure-is prescribed by the act, and obviously no such inquiry is necessary as should be made upon an application for a license or in a proceeding for'revocation. The character of the holder of the license is not a subject for inquiry. All that is required is that the fitness of the proposed new location shall be passed upon, and this can be ascertained by the report of an inspector. If a person holds an unrevoked license authorizing him to engage in the business, and proposes to carry on that business in a proper place, a refusal to consent to a change of location would be merely arbitrary. If the commissioner is of opinion that the holder of a license is an unfit person to carry on the business, the orderly and prescribed method of procedure is to institute a proceeding under the statute to revoke the license.

The order appealed from must be reversed, with ten 'dollar’s costs and disbursements, and tlie application granted.

Ingraham, P. J., Clarice, Miller and Dowling, JJ., concurred.

Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion granted.  