
    KRUGER v WHITE LAKE TOWNSHIP
    Docket Nos. 222904, 223337.
    Submitted November 8, 2001, at Detroit.
    Decided March 8, 2002.
    Approved for publication April 12, 2002, at 9:05 A.M.
    Margarett Kruger, as personal representative of the estate of Katherine Kruger, brought an action in the Oakland Circuit Court against White Lake Township and several of its police officers after the decedent died while escaping from the township police station. The decedent had been arrested at the request of the plaintiff, who indicated that the decedent was intoxicated and was a danger to herself and others. Because the lone holding cell at the station was already occupied by another intoxicated person, the decedent instead was handcuffed to a ballet bar in the booking room. The decedent freed herself from the restraint when left alone and ran out of the police station onto a highway, where she sustained fatal injuries when struck by an automobile. The plaintiff claimed that the township was liable for the decedent’s death under the public building exception to governmental immunity and that the officers had been grossly negligent and therefore were not immune from liability. The court, Fred M. Mester, X, granted summary disposition for the defendants. The plaintiff appealed by leave granted, and the defendants cross appealed by leave granted.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    1. The public building exception applies only where the physical condition of the building itself causes the injury. A building may be dangerous or defective because of improper design, faulty construction, or the absence of safety devices. The plaintiffs claim does not fall within the public building exception. The booking room was not defective in light of its intended purpose, which is the temporary detention of those in custody. The handcuffs and ballet bar provided a sufficient means of temporary restraint. The absence of an additional holding cell, additional video surveillance, or a locked door did not amount to a defective design.
    2. Assuming without deciding that the defendant officers were grossly negligent, they cannot be held liable because their gross negligence was not the proximate cause of the decedent’s fatal injuries.
    
      Affirmed.
    1. Governmental Immunity — Public Building Exception.
    The public building exception to governmental immunity from tort liability for personal injury or property damage applies only where the physical condition of the building itself causes the injury or damage; a building may be dangerous or defective because of improper design, faulty construction, or the absence of safety devices; whether a building is dangerous or defective must be determined in light of the uses or activities for which it is assigned; where the essence of a plaintiffs claim is negligent supervision, the plaintiff cannot properly allege a building defect merely because a superior building design would have facilitated better supervision (MCL 691.1406).
    2. Governmental Immunity •— Gross Negligence — Proximate Cause.
    A governmental employee is immune from tort liability for personal injury or property damage while exercising or discharging a governmental function unless the employee’s conduct amounts to gross negligence that is the one most immediate, efficient, and direct cause of the injury or damage, i.e., the proximate cause (MCL 691.1407[2]).
    
      Fieger, Fieger, Schwartz & Kenney, P.C. (by Geoffrey N. Fieger and Rebecca S. Walsh), for the plaintiff.
    
      Johnson, Rosati, LaBarge, Aseltyne & Field, P.C. (by Marcia L. Howe), for the defendants.
    Before: Owens, P.J., and Holbrook, Jr., and Gage, JJ.
   Per Curiam.

In Docket No. 222904, plaintiff appeals by leave granted from the trial court’s order granting summaiy disposition in favor of defendant township and defendant officers. In Docket No. 223337, defendant township and defendant officers appeal by leave granted, advancing alternative theories in support of summaiy disposition. We affirm.

In June 1997, plaintiff called the White Lake Township police and requested that her daughter, Katherine Kruger, be taken into custody. According to plaintiff, Katherine was intoxicated and posed a danger to herself and others. Katherine also had an outstanding warrant from Bloomfield Township. Katherine was arrested and transported to the White Lake Township Police Department to await transfer to Bloomfield Township. At the police station, because there was an intoxicated man already in the lone holding cell, Katherine was restrained by being handcuffed to a ballet bar in the booking room. Katherine was left alone in the room, and was eventually able to maneuver her way out of the handcuffs and escape. As she fled from the police station, she ran into traffic and was hit by an unidentified vehicle. Katherine was transported to the hospital, where she died.

Plaintiff brought the instant action, alleging, inter alia, that defendant township and defendant officers were negligent. Defendants moved for summary disposition, claiming governmental immunity. Plaintiff countered defendants’ motion by arguing that defendant township was liable under the public building exception to governmental immunity, and that defendant officers were liable under the gross negligence exception to governmental immunity. The trial court granted defendants’ motion.

First, plaintiff argues that summary disposition of her claim against defendant township was improper because her claim falls within the public building exception to governmental immunity. We disagree.

Generally, a governmental entity is immune from tort liability for actions that accrue while it is performing a governmental function. MCL 691.1407(1). The immunity is broad, subject to a limited number of narrowly drawn exceptions. Sewell v Southfield Public Schools, 456 Mich 670, 674; 576 NW2d 153 (1998). One of these exceptions is the “public building” exception, which provides in part:

Governmental agencies have the obligation to repair and maintain public buildings under their control when open for use by members of the public. Governmental agencies are liable for bodily injury and property damage resulting from a dangerous or defective condition of a public building if the governmental agency had actual or constructive knowledge of the defect and, for a reasonable time after acquiring knowledge, failed to remedy the condition or to take action reasonably necessary to protect the public against the condition. [MCL 691.1406.]

Traditionally, a five-part test has been applied to determine whether this exception applies to a particular case:

A plaintiff must establish that (1) a governmental agency is involved, (2) the public building in question is open for use by members of the public, (3) a dangerous or defective condition of the public building itself exists, (4) the governmental agency had actual or constructive knowledge of the alleged defect, and (5) the governmental agency failed to remedy the alleged defective condition after a reasonable period. [Sewell, supra at 675.]

“[T]he public building exception applies only where the physical condition of the building itself causes the injury . . . .” Id. “[A] building may be dangerous or defective because of improper design, faulty construction, or the absence of safety devices.” Id. “[W]hether a building is dangerous or defective must be determined in light of the uses or activities for which it is assigned.” Id. “[I]n certain circumstances, the public building exception will not apply where proper supervision would have offset any shortcomings in the configuration of the room.” Id. “[W]here the essence of a plaintiff’s claim is negligent supervision, the plaintiff cannot properly allege a building defect merely because a superior building design would have facilitated better supervision.” Id. at 676.

In this case, the trial court ruled that the public building exception did not apply because a defect in the building did not cause Katherine’s injuries. In short, the trial court found the public building exception not applicable on causation grounds. On appeal, plaintiff does not address the causation issue. Because plaintiff does not present any argument or authority showing that the trial court erred in this regard, plaintiff has not established entitlement to relief.

Our review of the record leads us to conclude that plaintiff’s claim does not fall within the public building exception. The booking room was not defective in light of its intended purpose, which is the temporary detention of those in custody. The handcuffs and ballet bar provide a sufficient means of temporary restraint. Therefore, the absence of an additional holding cell, additional video surveillance, or a locked door, does not amount to a defective design. Further, there is no evidence that the ballet bar and handcuffs were in fact defective. The trial court properly granted summary disposition in favor of defendant township.

With regard to plaintiff’s claim against defendant officers, summary disposition was also properly granted. Assuming without deciding that defendant officers were grossly negligent, to be held liable, their gross negligence must be “the one most immediate, efficient, and direct cause of the injury or damage, i.e., the proximate cause.” See Robinson v Detroit, 462 Mich 439, 462; 613 NW2d 307 (2000); MCL 691.1407(2). It is not enough that the gross negligence be “a” proximate cause, it must be the “direct cause preceding the injury.” Robinson, supra at 462.

In the instant case, there were several other more direct causes of Katherine’s injuries than defendant officers’ conduct, e.g., her escape and flight from the police station, her miming onto M-59 and into traffic, and the unidentified driver hitting plaintiff’s decedent. Any gross negligence on defendant officers’ part is too remote to be “the” proximate cause of Katherine’s injuries. As a result, the officers are immune from liability.

In light of our conclusion that summary disposition was properly granted in favor of defendant township and defendant officers, we need not address the parties’ remaining allegations of error.

Affirmed.  