
    SMITH v CUFFS ON THE BAY CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION
    Docket No. 199498.
    Submitted October 15, 1997, at Detroit.
    Decided October 31, 1997, at 9:10 A.M.
    Leave to appeal sought.
    Earl D. and Suzanne C. Smith brought an action in the Washtenaw Circuit Court against Cliffs on the Bay Condominium Association, seeking a declaration quieting title in their favor to a particular parcel of land. The defendant filed a counterclaim, seeking a declaration that it held title to the parcel. The parcel in question was a small one that lay adjacent to a larger one on which the defendant’s condominium project had been built. The defendant had received a quitclaim deed to the subject parcel in 1973. The defendant paid the property taxes that had been assessed against the larger parcel, believing the smaller parcel to be part of the overall condominium project and thus covered by the property taxes that it had paid. Although separate taxes had been assessed against the small parcel, the defendant had received no separate tax notice and had not paid the taxes that had been assessed against the small parcel. Because of the nonpayment of those taxes, the small parcel was deeded to the state. The Department of Treasury sent a notice by certified mail to the defendant’s last known address notifying the defendant of the sale of the property for past due taxes. Because the defendant had changed its address, the letter was returned to the Department of Treasury by the postal service as undeliverable; however, the department made no attempt to ascertain a current address for the defendant, but, rather, recorded the notice of the sale with the Washtenaw County Register of Deeds. The plaintiffs purchased the parcel at a 1987 tax sale, and, thereafter, brought their action when, in 1991, the defendant filed an affidavit of interest in the parcel. The plaintiffs moved for summary disposition. The court, Timothy P. Connors, J., after finding that the notice sent by the Department of Treasury to the defendant’s last known address and the filing of the notice with the register of deeds constituted adequate notice of the sale, granted summary disposition for the plaintiffs and dismissed the defendant’s counterclaim. The defendant appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held-.
    
    1. The Due Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions require that an owner of a significant interest in property be given proper notice and an opportunity for a hearing before the state may take the property for nonpayment of taxes. The defendant, as the titleholder of the property, clearly had a significant interest in the subject property and, thus, was entitled to receive proper notice of the sale of the property.
    2. Although the failure to give actual notice to an interested party does not necessarily invalidate a tax sale, the state must exert reasonable efforts to provide notice. Due process requires that notice by mail or some other means as certain to ensure actual notice of a tax sale proceeding is given to an interested party if the party’s name and address are reasonably ascertainable. In the present case, there was no attempt to obtain a correct address for the defendant either by the county treasurer when the tax bills were returned or by the Department of Treasury when the notice of the tax sale was returned. Clearly, such inaction does not constitute a reasonable effort to provide actual notice, particularly where the current address of the defendant, a corporation, had been maintained with the Corporation and Securities Bureau. Because the defendant was not given adequate notice of the tax sale, the tax sale of the subject property cannot withstand constitutional scrutiny. Accordingly, the court erred in granting summary disposition for the plaintiffs. Instead, summary disposition for the defendant with respect to the plaintiffs’ claim should have been granted.
    3. Because the court’s dismissal of the defendant’s counterclaim was premised on the erroneous disposition of the plaintiffs’ claim, the dismissal of the counterclaim must be vacated.
    4. Because the constitutional inadequacy of the notice of the tax sale rendered the tax sale of the property invalid, it is unnecessary to decide whether the notice was defective because of an erroneous description of the property.
    5. Because the defendant did not receive proper notice of the sale of the property and its right to redeem, its failure to redeem within the statutory period does not give rise to a claim that such failure is subject to the equitable doctrine of laches.
    Reversed in part and vacated in part.
    Taxation — Tax Sale — Notice — Due Process.
    Due process requires that an owner of a significant interest in property be given proper notice and an opportunity for a hearing before the state may take the property for nonpayment of taxes; although the failure to give actual notice to an interested party does not necessarily invalidate a tax sale, the state must exert reasonable efforts to provide notice; due process requires that notice by mail or some other means as certain to ensure actual notice of a tax sale proceeding is given to an interested party if the party’s name and address are reasonably ascertainable (US Const, Am XIV; Const 1963, art 1, § 17).
    
      Reach & Hollenshead (by Ian James Reach), for the plaintiffs.
    
      Meisner & Associates, P.C. (by Robert M. Meisner), for the defendant.
    Before: Saad, P.J., and O’Connell and M. J. MatUZAK, JJ.
    
      
       Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
    
   O’Connell, J.

Plaintiffs and defendant each claimed ownership of a particular piece of property. Plaintiffs filed suit to quiet title, seeking a declaration that they were the sole owners of the property. Defendant counterclaimed, seeking a declaration that it was the sole owner of the property. The circuit court granted plaintiffs’ motion for summary disposition with respect to the complaint and simultaneously dismissed defendant’s counterclaim. Defendant now appeals as of right. With respect to the complaint, we reverse the order of the court granting summary disposition in favor of plaintiffs and, pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2), grant summary disposition in favor of defendant. With respect to the counterclaim, we vacate the dismissal.

In July 1972, defendant recorded a deed for a large parcel of land that is now the site of defendant’s condominium project. In October 1973, defendant received by quitclaim deed a smaller, adjacent parcel of land, this parcel being the object of the present controversy.

Defendant, apparently, dutifully paid the property taxes assessed with respect to the large parcel. However, defendant maintained below that it was not aware of the conveyance of the small parcel until many years later, believing this property to be part of the overall condominium project. Accordingly, defendant presumed that taxes paid on the large parcel also covered the small parcel. Although separate taxes had been assessed against the small parcel, defendant had received no separate tax notices and admittedly submitted no separate payment with respect to the taxes assessed against this distinct parcel. Consequently, the small parcel was deeded to the state in 1981 pursuant to § 67a of the General Property Tax Act, MCL 211.67a; MSA 7.112(1).

Defendant raised no objection to the proceedings that resulted in the state taking title or to the proceedings that followed that resulted in the plaintiffs taking title because defendant had never been notified that any proceeding had been initiated. In March 1982, the Michigan Department of Treasury attempted to notify defendant by certified mail that a hearing concerning the small parcel would be conducted in the near future. The Department of Treasury sent this notice of hearing to its last known address of record. However, defendant, a corporation, had changed addresses several times during the intervening years, submitting its new address on each occasion to the Corporation and Securities Bureau. The notice of hearing was returned by the post office as “Not Deliverable as Addressed.” The Department of Treasury took no further measure in attempting to contact defendant, but did record the notice with the Washte-naw County Register of Deeds.

In 1987, the state conveyed the small parcel to plaintiffs. By 1991, defendant had become aware of the confusion surrounding the small parcel, and soon filed an affidavit of interest in the small parcel. In 1996, plaintiffs commenced the present action, seeking a declaration that they were the true owners of the small parcel. Defendant counterclaimed, seeking an identical declaration in its own favor. Upon plaintiffs’ motion for summary disposition, the circuit court concluded that the statutory notice requirements had been satisfied because the notice of hearing had been sent by certified mail to defendant’s last known address and had been recorded with the register of deeds. Accordingly, the court granted summary disposition in favor of plaintiffs pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and dismissed defendant’s counterclaim. Defendant now appeals as of right. Our review is de novo. Pinckney Community Schools v Continental Casualty Co, 213 Mich App 521, 525; 540 NW2d 748 (1996).

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition in favor of plaintiffs where defendant had no actual notice of taxes due and where the notice of hearing regarding the disposition of defendant’s property was sent to an outdated address.

The Due Process Clause, US Const, Am XTV; Const 1963, art 1, § 17, requires that an owner of a significant interest in property be given “proper notice” and an opportunity for a hearing before the state may take the property for nonpayment of taxes. Dow v Michigan, 396 Mich 192, 196; 240 NW2d 450 (1976). Defendant, as legal titleholder to the property, undoubtedly had a significant interest in the property within the meaning of the Due Process Clause. As such, defendant was entitled to receive proper notice of the sale of the property in question.

The notice requirements for tax lien foreclosures in Michigan are set forth in the General Property Tax Act. MCL 211.1 et seq., MSA 7.1 et seq. Proceedings to foreclose a tax lien are commenced when a petition is filed with the circuit court for the county in which the delinquent tax land is situated. MCL 211.61; MSA 7.105. Notice must be sent to each person who, according to the county treasurer of each county in which a petition is filed, has an interest in the land. MCL 211.61a(l); MSA 7.106(1). The county treasurer shall mail the notice “by first-class mail, address correction requested, to each person, directed to his or her last known post office address with postage fully prepaid,” at least thirty days prior to the sale. MCL 211.61a(2); MSA 7.106(2). If the notice is forwarded or returned as undeliverable, the county treasurer must send to the street address of the parcel of property a notice indicating that the property will be sold. MCL 211.61b(3)(b); MSA 7.106(l)(3)(b). While failure of actual notice does not necessarily invalidate tax sale proceedings, MCL 211.61a(5); MSA 7.106(5), the state must exert reasonable efforts to provide notice. Dow, supra at 211.

Notice of delinquent taxes and notice by publication are not sufficient to satisfy due process requirements. Mennonite Bd of Missions v Adams, 462 US 791, 799-800; 103 S Ct 2706; 77 L Ed 2d 180 (1983). Instead, notice by mail “or other means as certain to ensure actual notice is a minimum constitutional precondition to a proceeding which will adversely affect the liberty or property interests of any party ... if its name and address are reasonably ascertainable.” Id. at 800. In Dow, supra at 205-206, quoting Mullane v Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co, 339 US 306, 314; 70 S Ct 652; 94 L Ed 2d 865 (1950), the Court held that “ ‘[a]n elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in the proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all of the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.’ ” The Court determined that notice by mail is adequate if “directed at an address reasonably calculated to reach the person entitled to notice.” Dow, supra at 211. The Court noted: “Such would be the efforts one desirous of actually informing another might reasonably employ. If the state exerts reasonable efforts, then failure to effectuate actual notice would not preclude foreclosure of the statutory lien and indefeasible vesting of title on expiration of the redemption period.” Id.

In the present case, defendant did not receive notice sufficient to satisfy due process concerns. Plaintiffs do not contend that defendant received actual notice, but assert that the attempts to notify defendant of the pending proceedings were sufficient. However, it would be reasonable to expect a county, upon the return of a tax bill as undeliverable, to take some meaningful effort to obtain the correct address of the property owner. Consolidated Rail Corp v Michigan, 976 F Supp 1085, 1087 (WD Mich, 1996), citing City of Grand Rapids v Green, 187 Mich App 131, 136-137; 466 NW2d 388 (1991). Here, no attempt whatsoever was made to ascertain the current address of defendant upon the return of the notice of hearing. Obviously, such inaction is not characteristic of “one desirous of actually informing another.” Dow, supra at 211. Further, this inaction is rendered more indefensible by the fact that defendant is a corporation required to maintain its current address with the Corporation and Securities Bureau.

Therefore, because defendant did not receive adequate notice of the pending proceeding, the order granting summary disposition in favor of plaintiffs with respect to the complaint must be set aside. In addition, in light of the above, we conclude that summary disposition in favor of defendant was warranted in this context pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and (I)(2). As a matter of law, plaintiffs are not entitled to the relief they seek. With respect to defendant’s counterclaim, we vacate the order of the circuit court dismissing the counterclaim, an order that was premised on its disposition of the complaint. Defendant will be free to move for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) with respect to its counterclaim.

Defendant also claims on appeal that the trial court erred because the notice of hearing contained an erroneous description of the property and therefore was defective. Because we conclude that the notices of hearing and redemption were deficient, we do not need to address this question.

Defendant’s final issue on appeal concerns whether the trial court erred in relying on the equitable doctrine of laches as one of the reasons for granting plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary disposition. The trial court apparently felt that defendant was at fault for failing to redeem its interest in the subject property within the five-year statutory limitation period under MCL 211.98; MSA 7.151. This determination, however, ignores the fact that if the notice was insufficient, the transfer of title to the state is void. Section 211.131e(l) of the General Property Tax Act, MCL 211.131e(l); MSA 7.190(3)(1), provides that the “redemption period on property deeded to the state . . . shall be extended until the owners of a recorded property interest in the property have been notified of a hearing before the department of treasury.” If the state fails to provide proper notice, an owner’s “right of redemption survive [s] the change in title resulting from the original tax sale, the deeding to the state and the subsequent sale” to a third party. Brandon Twp v Tomkow, 211 Mich App 275, 284; 535 NW2d 268 (1995). Because we conclude that defendant did not receive proper notice of its right to a hearing or its right to redeem, the doctrine of laches does not apply.

Reversed in part and vacated in part. 
      
       The act was amended in 1976 to heighten the requirements in regard to the notice that must be given to persons with an interest in property to be sold at a tax sale. The amendments were enacted in response to the Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Dow, supra. See Brandon Twp v Tomkow, 211 Mich App 275, 282; 535 NW2d 268 (1995).
     
      
       The court merely hinted at the concept of laches, noting that “after this very, very late date suddenly now someone wants to come in and claim that they have the right to redeem.”
     