
    (15 Misc. Rep. 436.)
    SOUTHARD v. BECKER.
    (Onondaga County Court.
    January, 1896.)
    1. Appeal—Review—Record.
    A ruling based on evidence not in the record will not be reviewed on. appeal.
    2. Judgment—Entry.
    Under Code Civ. Proc. § 2892, providing that a plaintiff rejecting an offer of judgment, if he fails to recover a more favorable judgment, shall be liable to defendant for costs from the time of the offer, a single judgment should be entered for plaintiff, for the actual amount recovered, with costs to the time of offer, less defendant’s costs accruing after the offer.
    8. Inferior Courts—Error in Form of Judgment—Modification on Appeal.
    Under Code Civ. Proc. § 3003, requiring an appellate court, on appeal-from a justice’s judgment, to render judgment according to the justice of the case, without regard to technical errors or defects which do not affect the merits, an appellate court should enter a single judgment for plaintiff, less costs accruing to defendant after his offer of judgment, where a justice entered one judgment for plaintiff for damages and. for costs accruing prior to the offer, and a separate one for defendants-for costs accruing after such offer.
    4. Same—Costs.
    Modification of the form of a justice’s judgment should, under Code Civ. Proc. § 3006, subd. 5, be without costs to either party, where the objection to the form was an open question, and .was not urged on argument..
    Appeal from justice court.
    Action by Lester Southard against Abraham Becker. Defendant’s offer of judgment for a specified amount was refused. Plaintiff had judgment for damages and for costs to time of offer, and defendant for costs from time of offer, and defendant appeals. Judgment for defendant reversed, and for plaintiff modified.
    A. J. Northrup, for appellant.
    Charles C. Cook, for respondent.
   ROSS, J.

The plaintiff sought to recover judgment for labor performed by himself and team, and also damages for a claimed breach, of contract relative to the cultivation by the defendant of corn and potatoes. The answer was a denial, and a counterclaim for the use of farm implements and for services Tendered. The plaintiff offered, evidence to support his claim, including the claim for damages arising from the claimed breach of contract. The defendant also offered evidence to support his counterclaim. The defendant offered, pursuant to the terms of section 2892 of the Code of Civil Procedure, a judgment of $12.50, with costs, which was not accepted. Upon the cross-examination of the defendant the plaintiff offered a receipt in evidence (which is not returned herewith), which was objected to and' received. The defendant offered, upon his redirect examination, to explain that the receipt related to other transactions than those litigated, which offer was presented in different forms, objected to, and. excluded. This is claimed by the appellant to be error. The justice rendered judgment for the plaintiff, damages, $12.50; the costs-prior to the offer, $1.35; in all, $13.85,—and against the plaintiff for • $4.00, being the amount of costs which accrued subsequent to the-offer.

It may be that the admission of the receipt in question was error. I cannot say, as the receipt is not made a part of the return. For the same reason, I cannot say whether the exclusion of the explanatory evidence was erroneous. It may be that the receipt shows upon its face that it had no bearing upon the matters litigated, and that the admission, or the refusal to allow an explanation, was harmless. It does not appear for what amount the receipt was given. It may have been a receipt for a trifling sum. In any event, this court is not to presume that the receipt was for such a sum and of such a nature as to prejudice the defendant. In its absence, the intendments are all the other way. To justify the reversal of the justice’s judgment, in the amount here involved, for the admission or exclusion of evidence, the error should be apparent.

The practice of the justice in rendering a judgment against a plaintiff for the amount of costs accruing after the offer, instead of deducting the same from the amount which he found to be due the plaintiff, seems to me to be subject to correction, although the language of section 2892, Code Civ. Proc., relative to the offer of judgment, does not clearly specify the practice:

“If an acceptance is not filed, the offer cannot be given in evidence upon the trial; but if the plaintiff fails to obtain a more favorable judgment, he cannot recover costs from the time of the offer, and must pay the defendant’s costs from that time.”

It certainly would seem that it was not intended to leave the defendant with a simple claim against the plaintiff for the costs which accrued subsequent to the offer. It certainly is the object of all litigation to, as nearly as possible by a judgment, determine the exact rights of the parties, and have the judgment as simple as possible; and, in a matter involving only a money obligation, when each litigant has a money judgment against the other seems to be far from a simple determination of their rights. Just what the rights of these judgment debtors might be, as against each other, in the case of the insolvency of one, does not clearly appear, but it seems to me that the ends of justice will be furthered in this case by the entry of a single judgment. Section 3070 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to which I have been referred, does not apjfly to this case. That section only applies upon appeal in this court. The judgment, as to •$4.60, is reversed; as to the balance, $9.25, affirmed.

The question as to the form of the justice’s judgment, so far as I can ascertain, is new; but its objection was not urged by the appellant upon the argument, and for these reasons such modification should be without costs to either party. See Code Civ. Proc. § 3066, subd. 5.

I think this is a case within the spirit, at least, if not the letter, of section 3063 of the Code of Civil Procedure, in which “the appellate court must render judgment according to the justice of the case without regard to technical errors or defects which do not affect the merits.” Davison v. Luckman (Sup.) 18 N. Y. Supp. 663; Angell v. Hill, Id. 824; Merris v. Hunt, 71 Hun, 483, 24 N. Y. Supp. 976.

Judgment in favor of defendant reversed, and judgment in favor of plaintiff modified and affirmed.  