
    Roy H. LOMAS, Sr., d/b/a/ Roy Lomas Carpet Contractor, Appellee v. James B. KRAVITZ, Andorra Springs Development, Inc., Cherrydale Construction Co., Eastern Development Enterprises Inc., and Kravmar, Inc., Appellants.
    Superior Court, of Pennsylvania.
    Argued Oct. 15, 2014.
    Filed Dec. 21, 2015.
    
      Thomas A. Leonard, Philadelphia, for appellants.
    Paul R. Rosen, Philadelphia, for appel-lee.
    BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES,' J., PANELLA, J., DONOHUE, J., SHOGAN,.J„ ALLEN, J., LAZARUS, J., WECHT, J.-, and STABILE, J.
   OPINION BY

PANELLA, J.

This appeal concerns two phases of the underlying trial: the liability verdict and the damages assessment. As detailed below, the entire Court affirms the liability verdict entered by the Honorable Thomas -P. Rogers of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County. Accordingly, our holding and reasoning in that regard is binding and precedential. See Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 556 (Pa.Super.2011) (ere banc). The reasoning for our affirmance of the liability verdict follows these introductory words.

■ The damages verdict is affirmed by an equally divided Court. Our holding and reasoning with respect to damages is, therefore, non-precedential and binding only on the parties. See id.

In relation to the damages verdict, the issue on appeal was whether Judge Rogers, as well as the entire Montgomery County bench, should have recused. The Majority holds that Appellants’ recusal motion was patently untimely and, therefore, waived. We ■further conclude that the recusal motion was a baseless attack on the trial court following an unfavorable verdict on liability, made at the expense of the integrity of the Montgomery County trial bench. This is a waiver case, not an “appearance” case. Judge Rogers, as the trial judge, made every disclosure that was required of him. Appellants concede that there is no evidence that Judge Rogers showed bias, unfairness, or prejudice.

Additionally, under the facts of this case, we cannot-agree with the Dissent that a conflict, which affects but a single judge, leads to the recusal of the entire trial bench of over twenty trial judges.

Finally, any result other than an affir-mance would absolve Kravitz for his campaign of incessant use and abuse of our civil litigation processes.

The Parties on Appeal

Appellants, James B. Kravitz, Andorra Springs Development, Inc. (“Andorra Springs”), Cherrydale Construction Company (“Cherrydale”), and Kravmar, Inc., formerly known as Eastern Development Enterprises, Inc. (“Eastern”), collectively known as the “Kravitz Entities,” appeal from the judgment entered on August 16, 2011, in favor of Appellee Roy H. Lomas, Sr., d/b/a/ Roy Lomas Carpet contractor (“Lomas”), in the amount of $1,688,379.10.

Summary

In 1994, Appellant Cherrydale and Ap-pellee Lomas entered into a contract in which Appellee agreed to supply and install floor coverings in new construction homes being built by Cherrydale. Appel-lee began work immediately, but shortly thereafter Cherrydale breached the contract and Appellee stopped work. At that point, Cherrydale owed Appellee $30,913.00. The matter went to arbitration and a panel of arbitrators unanimously concluded that Cherrydale had breached the contract. After the entry of an interim award of $30,913.00 in Appellee’s favor, Cherrydale petitioned to vacate the interim award.

In September 1998, the arbitration panel entered a final award totaling $200,601.61, in accordance with the Contractor and Subcontractor Payment Act (“CASPA”), 73 P.S. §§ 501-516, which included the $30,913 balance due for work performed plus compensatory damages, attorney’s fees, costs, and interest calculated in accordance with CASPA. Cherrydale filed a petition to strike the final award which was ultimately denied on October 31, 2001. While the petition was pending, Appellant Kravitz transferred all assets out of Cher-rydale, Andorra Springs, and Eastern to himself and other entities under his control.

In March 2000, Appellee initiated the instant action seeking to pierce the corporate veil of the Kravitz Entities and alleging fraud and fraudulent transfers. Several years of legal proceedings and discovery ensued before a bench trial commenced in January 2007. The parties agreed to bifurcate the trial, and after the court entered a liability verdict and order in favor of Appellee and against Appellants in July 2007, the damages phase commenced in September 2007.

After the close of the record following the second phase of the trial, but before the trial court rendered its final verdict, Appellants sought recusal of the entire Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas. More delays ensued before the trial court denied the motion. On April 29, 2011, the trial court issued extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law determining that Appellant Kravitz had intentionally deprived Cherrydale of assets with which to pay Appellee, and had intentionally and fraudulently disregarded the corporate form, intermingling his and his company’s affairs to perpetrate a fraud and injustice. The trial court confirmed the initial arbitration award of $200,601.61 and awarded compensatory and punitive damages, attorney’s fees, interest, and penalties for a total award of $1,688,379.10. After the entry of judgment on August 16, 2011, Appellants timely appealed to this Court. A three-judge panel of this Court affirmed after adopting the- trial court’s Pa.R.A.P.1925(a) opinion as its own. This Court then granted reargument, en banc. Background

The Kravitz Entities

From 1994 to 1998, Appellant James B. Kravitz was the sole officer, director, and 100% shareholder of a group of companies known collectively as the Andorra Group. The Andorra Group was comprised of many subchapter S corporations involved in the home building business including, but not limited to, Appellants Andorra Springs, Cherrydale, arid Eastern. Krav-itz did not hold corporate meetings'or otherwise conform to standard practices required of such entities. Appellant Krav-itz personally owned The Reserve at Lafayette Hill in Whitemarsh Township (the “Reserve”), a large parcel of land which he divided into six sections for residential development. He contributed Sections I, II, and III, valued at $3.2 million, to Andorra Springs, which had been formed for the sole purpose of owning Sections I, II, and III and developing single-family housing there. Kravitz kept Sections IV, V, and VI for himself. Sometime in 1996, Kravitz entered jnto an option agreement with Pulte Home Corporation of Delaware Valley (“Pulte”) whereby Pulte purchased Sections IV, V, and VI from Kravitz. •

Appellant Cherrydale was formed in 1989 but was inactive until 1993 when it contracted with Andorra Springs to build single-family homes. Andorra Springs was Cherrydale’s only customer. Cherry-dale had no capital, and the contract between Cherrydale and . Andorra Springs had no inherent value to Cherrydale such that it could obtain a loan from a bank. Cherrydale was to receive payments directly from Andorra Springs for costs incurred in connection with building the homes.

. Appellant Eastern served as the management and payroll company for the Andorra Group.- Steven A. Braun was the Chief Financial Officer of Eastern from 1992 to 1996. After leaving his employment with Eastern, Braun was retained by Kravitz to offer accounting advice and prepare the tax returns for the companies within .the Andorra Group.

Appellee’s Involvement and Subsequent Kravitz Actions

On November 10, 1994, Cherrydale, as the contractor for Andorra Springs, contracted with Appellee to supply and install floor coverings in its new homes. Appellee began work immediately but stopped in December 1994 because Cherrydale had not paid him. At that point, Cherrydale owed Appellee $30,913.00. In January 1995, Appellee demanded that Appellant Cherrydale submit to arbitration in accordance with their contract. Thomas C. Branca, Esq., represented Appellee at the arbitration. On May 24, 1996, the arbitration panel issued an interim partial award, finding that Cherrydale had breached its contract with Appellee- and had violated CASPA, 73 P.S. §§ 501-516. Immediately thereafter, Kravitz filed a petition seeking to have the interim award vacated.

During the pendency of that petition, Appellant Kravitz and his accountant decided that due to allegedly declining financial conditions Cherrydale, Andorra Springs, and Eastern were each insolvent. Accordingly, on Décember 20, 1996, Krav-itz, as sole shareholder, director and secretary of each company, executed a “Combined "Unanimous Consent of Shareholders and Directors” for each of the three companies terminating their business activities. He also directed each company to take the necessary steps to wind-up and terminate all residential construction and related business activity and sell any remaining assets associated therewith, and “to pay, to the extent possible, the substantial amounts of intercompany accounts payable or to otherwise cancel those accounts payable.” On December 31, 1996, Cherrydale wrote off debts of $2,169,575 owed to it by Andorra Springs. On January 4,1997, Kravitz authorized Cherrydale to cancel both its accounts payable and accounts receivable.

Kravitz Entities’ Inter-Company Transactions

Funds that were supposed to flow from Andorra Springs, the owner, to Cherry-dale, the contractor, were never paid. By the.end of 1996, Andorra Springs owéd Cherrydale $3.7 million for the homes Cherrydale had built. In addition, Cher-rydale had incurred $714,000 in costs relating to the site improvements to Sections I, II, and III of the Reserve that benefited Sections IV, V, and VI. However, at the same time that Andorra Springs was indebted to Cherrydale for the costs of constructing homes, Andorra Springs loaned Eastern approximately $5.8 million over and above what it owed Eastern for management services related to the Reserve. Eastern used the money from Andorra Springs to fund Kravitz’s other interests, including, but not limited to, his horse farm, Burnt Chimney Farms, his personal residence in Gladwyne and his other properties in Upper Dublin, Hunter’s Pointe and Andorra Glen. By the end of 1996, Eastern had advanced over one million dollars to Kravitz’s then-insolvent horse farm. Eastern made no efforts to collect that debt. Kravitz eventually determined that Burnt Chimney Farms could not repay Eastern, and Eastern wrote it off as bad debt. Kravitz also determined that Eastern could not repay Andorra Springs and wrote off approximately $4,905,000 as bad debt. While Eastern was allegedly insolvent, Kravitz transferred approximately $654,108 of Eastern’s money to himself in the form of a capital distribution for which Eastern received nothing of value in return.

On June 12, 1997, the Honorable William T. Nicholas of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas denied Appellant's petition to vacate and confirmed the interim arbitration award.

In September 1997, while awaiting the entry of the final arbitration award, Krav-itz directed Braun to make a series of adjusting journal entries for the year ending December 31, 1996, for the Kravitz entities. As part of the adjusting journal entries, Cherrydale, which had incurred $714,000 in costs relating to the site improvements that benefited Sections IV, V, VI, transferred that account receivable to Andorra Springs. Cherrydale received nothing from ‘ Andorra Springs for the transfer except a promise to pay. The promise to pay was worthless to Cherry-dale because Andorra Springs was, at that time, insolvent. Once the account receivable for the site improvements had been transferred by journal entry adjustment to Andorra Springs, Andorra Springs transferred the site improvements, also via journal entry adjustment, to Kravitz and wrote off the debt it owed to Cherrydale. As a result of the transfer of the accounts receivable for the site improvement from Cherrydale to Andorra Springs, and from Andorra Springs to Kravitz, Kravitz owed Andorra Springs $714,000. Andorra Springs received nothing for the distribution to Kravitz, other than the cancellation of a loan of $124,000 allegedly made by Kravitz to Andorra Springs. Kravitz then received a capital distribution from Andorra Springs for the remaining $590,000. Andorra received nothing in exchange for the capital contribution. This series of transactions allowed Kravitz to avoid paying creditors of the Andorra Group companies, and to retain the value of the Andorra Group corporations through transfers of improvements, capital distributions, and write-offs of loans made to himself and his horse farm.

On September 4, 1998, the arbitrators issued a final award (“Final Award”) pursuant to CASPA in the amount of $200,601.61, including compensatory damages, attorney’s fees, costs and interest determined as follows.

$ 30,913.00 Unpaid balance for work performed by Lomas:
$ 13,302.00 Interest on Unpaid balance [at 1% per month] up to and including August 7,1998:
$ 94,199.00 Lost profit for unperformed work due to improper termination of the contract:
$ 14,872.00 Interest on the lost profit amount [at 6% per annum] up to August 7, 1998 less interest on the deposit credit from April 1,1995 to August 7,1998;
$ 41,834.78 Attorney’s fees and litigation costs:
$ 4,032.66 Reimbursement of administrative fees and expenses:
$ 1,448.17 Reimbursement of compensation and expenses of the arbitrators:
TOTAL $200,601.61

Final Award of Arbitrators, 9/4/98, at R.R. 722a.

The Final Award confirmed that interest would accrue on the unpaid balance for work performed ($30,913) at 1% per month as provided by CASPA, 73 P.S. § 512, and interest on the portion of the award for lost profit ($94,199) would accrue at the legal rate of 6% per annum. On September 16, 1998, after the entry of the final award as a judgment against Cherrydale, Cherrydale filed a petition to strike the judgment.

During the pendency of that proceeding, Appellee conducted discovery in anticipation of executing on the judgment and discovered that Appellant Kravitz had transferred all assets from Cherrydale, Andorra Springs, and Eastern to his other entities and himself.

The Instant Litigation

On March 31, 2000, while awaiting the trial court’s decision on Cherrydale’s petition to vacate the judgment, then-Attorney Thomas Branca initiated the instant action by filing a complaint on Appellee’s behalf seeking to collect the September 10, 1998 judgment based on: (1) piercing the corporate veil; (2) fraudulent transfer under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 12 Pa. C.S.A. §§ 5101-5110; and (3) fraud. Discovery and motions ensued.

In November 2001, Attorney Branca was elected to the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas; he referred his ease load to other attorneys, and filed a withdrawal of appearance in the instant matter on January 4, 2002. On March 1, 2002, attorneys from Spector, Gadon & Rosen P.C. (“SGR”) entered their appearances on behalf of Appellee, and filed motions to compel the production of documents that had previously been requested. Soon thereafter, Appellant Kravitz filed a petition to have SGR disqualified. After a hearing, Judge Nichols concluded Appellants’ concerns were without merit and denied the motion in June 2002.

When discovery was nearly complete, Appellants’ attorney sought to withdraw as counsel over a payment dispute with Krav-itz. A hearing ensued, during which Appellants’ counsel assured Appellee and the court that the case would not be delayed by the substitution of counsel. Attorneys for both sides stated that they were preparing motions for summary judgment.

Notwithstanding their promise of no further delays, in July 2004, after Appellee filed a motion for summary judgment, Appellants sought and received sixty additional days to conduct discovery. On the sixtieth day, Appellants made additional requests seeking information and documents that had already been produced. Because of Appellants’ redundant actions, the resolution of Appellee’s summary judgment motion was delayed until June 2005 when the trial court denied it. Despite arguing in opposition to Appellee’s summary judgment motion that there were material issues of fact, Appellants then filed their own motion for summary judgment thus causing further, delay. Judge Nicholas ultimately denied their motion and the case was scheduled for trial. Between 2005 and 2007, trial was continued numerous times due to the alleged unavailability of Appellants’ witnesses and experts.

At a pre-trial conference on January 12, 2007, the Honorable Thomas P. Rogers discussed with counsel, and specifically with Appellants’ counsel, Steve Kapustin, Esq., the issue of now-Judge Branca having previously represented Appellee. Judge Rogers gave assurances to the parties that he had never discussed the case with Judge Branca. All counsel unequivocally agreed to proceed before Judge Rogers.

The liability phase of the bifurcated trial commenced on January 16, 2007. Accountants for both sides testified regarding the financial activities of Appellants, including the various transfers and loans amongst them, Kravitz’s declaration of insolvency of each of Appellant Corporations after the entry of the May 1996 interim arbitration award, and the resulting tax implications and benefits flowing to Krav-itz. On July 80, 2007, Judge Rogers entered a liability verdict and order in favor of Appellee and against Appellants, concluding that Rravitz had misused his corporations and fraudulently transferred assets out of Cherrydale in wanton disregard for the rights of Appellee as a creditor. The court also concluded that the testimony provided by Rravitz and Braun was not credible. The court scheduled the second phase of the trial on damages and attorney’s fees to begin in September 2007.

In preparation for the damages phase of the trial, Appellee served requests for production of documents on Appellants seeking .to identify the net worth of Rravitz and his entities. Appellee received only a small number of the documents requested. On the eve of trial in September 2007, Rravitz produced tax returns and joints statements of financial condition between himself and his wife, but refused to produce many other court-ordered documents.

At trial, Judge Branca testified regarding his involvement in this case prior to his ascension to the bench, his earned counsel fees, his referral of the case to SGR, and the referral fee Appellee had directed SGR to pay him at the end of the case. See Notes of Testimony (“N.T.”), 9/6/07, R.R. at 2504. Judge Branca also testified that he had spoken with SGR and Appellee periodically about the case and indicated that his discussions “[were] nothing of substance.” Id., at 2502. He also noted that he recalled a discussion with an SGR attorney regarding Appellee’s expert’s discussion of tax' issues in his report, but observed that .those issues that “were far from significant.” Id., at 2503.

Judge Branca also clearly testified that he had never spoken with any judge about this case.

Three other witnesses, including Appellant Rravitz, then testified. Rravitz refused to answer many questions regarding his assets and the transfer of his assets. Rravitz did testify, however, that in 2001, he had $5.5 million in equity in the land owned by one of the Andorra entities, which was subsequently sold for $32 million. Rravitz and his wife split the net proceeds 80-20, and each opened certificates of deposit in the amount of $2 million. He would not or could not identify what was done with the remaining proceeds from the sale. ■ He testified that the certificates of deposit had been liquidated in. January 2007,. but refused to: state what he had done with the proceeds.

Rravitz also testified regarding numerous other assets, including commercial and residential parcels of land located in Plymouth' Township; Upper Dublin, Hunter’s Pointe, and Philadelphia; which were owned by various S Corporations in which he had an 80%-100% interest. He also testified that he owned 100% of the S Corporation that owned Burnt Chimney Farms, the 160 acre farm with polo fields, which he stated was valued at $3.5 million'.' He also stated that in December 2006 he had $3 million in certificates of deposit and an additional $5 million in a money market account, but Kravitz could not identify where those funds had gone. He also stated that he had a home valued at $1.9 million in Gladwyne; a condominium in Florida, which he had transferred to a joint ownership with his wife during the pendency of the litigation; and a 2007 BMW for which he had paid $140,000 in cash. Kravitz testified that at the close of 2006, he had a net worth of over $27 million. See Findings of Fact — Damages, at 12-15.

At the close of the damages trial; over Appellee’s objection, Appellants were granted 30 days to determine whether they needed to retain a forensic accountant to review the' redacted invoices submitted by Appellee’s attorneys. Although they stated that they would tell the court of their decision, .the thirty days passed with no word from Appellants.

On October 15, 2007, after the record had been closed, Appellants appeared with newly retained counsel and ■ submitted a motion for recusal of the entire Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas, transfer of venue, or assignment to an out-of-county judge based on Judge Branca’s involvement with the, case. , On .December 31, 2008, Judge Rogers denied the motion, stating:. .

The imputed “appearance of impropriety” which Defendants claim exists by virtue of Judge Branca’s interest in the underlying case provides the court with no legal basis upon which to conclude that Defendants cannot receive, have not received or will not continue to receive a fair and impartial trial in Montgomery County. .
* % #
No appearance of impropriety exists or is presumed to exist simply because a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County has an interest in the underlying case.
% *
The undersigned will not permit a party who'is dissatisfied with the progress of the trial mid-stream to arbitrarily attempt to cause the disqualification of the Presiding Judge. Judge shopping has been universally condemned and will not be tolerated at any stage of the proceedings. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Ryan [484 Pa. 602], 400 A.2d 1264 (Pa.1979). The record here does not show prejudice or bias, hence, without substantiation in the record that they did not receive a full, fair and impartial trial, Defendants shall not be permitted to question the court’s verdict.

Trial Court Opinion, dated 12/31/08, at 8, 12-13.

The court entered partial judgment pursuant to its July 30, 2007 order in favor of Appellee and against Appellants for $200,601.61. Appellants filed an interlocutory appeal, which this Court quashed on March 5, 2009. Appellants then filed an application for extraordinary relief with our Supreme Court requesting that it exercise its King’s Bench authority to assume plenary jurisdiction. Appellants simultaneously filed a motion for. a stay of trial court proceedings with both this Court and our Supreme Court pending the outcome of the King’s Bench application. The Superior Court denied Appellants’ motion for a stay, and on June 3, 2009, our Supreme Court denied by per curiam order both the motion for a stay and Appellants’ application for extraordinary relief. Appellants then filed a petition for reconsideration with the trial court for reconsideration of its denial of the recusal, motion. That petition was denied, and on July 19, 2010, the trial court heard closing arguments on Appellee’s claims for interest, attorney fees, and punitive damages.

On April 29, 2011, the trial court issued two orders, one detailing findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect to Appellants’ liability, and the other assessing compensatory and punitive damages, penalties, interest, and attorney’s fees in the amount of $1,688,379.10 as of April 30, 201Í. After the denial of Appellants’ post-trial motion, the prothonotary entered final judgment on August 16, 2011.

Appellants timely appealed to this Court, and have briefed the following seven issues.

Whether, as a matter of law, the entire bench of the Montgomery Court of Common Pleas should have been recused, and/or full, complete, and required discovery permitted, because of the irreparable appearance of impropriety created by the ongoing participation and financial interest in the litigation by a sitting member of that Court?
Whether, as a matter of law, the testimony of Appellee’s expert should have been discredited and/or stricken, because Appellee’s attorneys and- a sitting member of the Montgomery -County bench improperly altered, edited, arid influenced the content of the expert’s report, [sic ]
Whether, as a matter of law, the corporate veil can be pierced to find James B. Kravitz individually liable, and all Appellants liable for fraudulent transfers, based on non-cash accounting adjustments and bookkeeping entries made by licensed professional accountants in thé ordinary course of business pursuant to generally accepted accounting practices for the lawful purpose of minimizing, tax liabilities, [sic ]
Whether, as 'a matter of law, punitive damages may be awarded where the underlying arbitration award was based on the- Contractor and Subcontractor Payment Act, which includes a provision authorizing the award of a statutory punitive penalty. [sic ]
Whether, as a matter of law, punitive damages’ may be awarded where Appellants’ conduct was motivated by 'generally accepted accounting and tax planning principles and hot outrageous, willful, wanton, or reckless, and where Appellants’ conduct in defending the litigation Was within its due process rights and was not dilatory, obdurate, and/or vexar tious? :
Whether, as a matter of law, a punitive damages award far exceeding a 1:1 ratio with the compensatory damages award violates Appellants’ "rights to due process under the United States Constitution?
Whether, as a matter of law, the trial court could award Lomas attorney’s fees, interest, and penalties under the Contractor and Subcontractor Payment Act (“CASPA”) when Lomas did not bring a claim .under CASPA, the trial court was precluded. from altering or adjusting the underlying arbitration award which did award certain damages under CASPA, and the trial court misapplied CASPA in its award of damages? -

Appellants’ Brief at 2-3.

Discussion

Our standard and scope of. review of a non-jury verdict are as follows.

Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts is to determine whether the findings of the trial court are supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court committed error in any application of the law. The findings of fact of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect on appeal as the verdict of a jury. .We consider the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised on an error of law. However, [where] the issue ... concerns a question of law, our review is plenary. The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating from a non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court because it is the appellate court’s duty to determine if the trial court correctly applied the law to the facts of the case.

Stephan v. Waldron Electric Heating and Cooling LHC, 100 A.3d 660, 664-665 (Pa.Super.2014) (citation omitted). “[A]b-sent an abuse of discretion, the reviewing court is bound by the trial court’s credibility determinations.” De Lage Landen Financial Services, Inc. v. M.B. Management Co., Inc., 888 A.2d 895, 898 (Pa.Super.2005) (citation omitted).

Recusal

In their first issue, Appellants aver that Judge Rogers erred in not granting their motion to recuse the entire bench of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas after the close of the damages trial. Although they concede that there is no evidence that Judge Rogers showed bias, unfairness or prejudice, Appellants nevertheless argue that because Judge Branca continued to have a connection with the case after his election to the bench, the mere appearance of impropriety existed such that recusal of the entire bench was required. Appellants have waived this argument for failing to timely raise it at the first possible opportunity.

“A party seeking recusal or disqualification [is required] to raise the objection at the earliest possible moment, or that party will suffer the consequence of being time barred.” In re Lokuta, 608 Pa. 228, 11 A.3d 427, 437 (2011) (emphasis added) (quoting Goodheart v. Casey, 523 Pa. 188, 565 A.2d 757, 763 (1989)). Once a party has waived the issue, “he cannot be heard to complain following an unfavorable result.” Commonwealth v. Stanton, 294 Pa.Super. 516, 440 A.2d 585, 588 n. 6 (1982) (citations omitted).

Here, Appellants had two opportunities to seek recusal before they eventually filed their motion. The first opportunity occurred before trial in January 2007 when Judge Rogers informed the parties of Judge Branca’s prior representation and assured them of his (Judge Rogers’s) ability to remain fair and impartial. Appellants’ second opportunity to seek recusal occurred on September 6, 2007, immediately after Judge Branca testified regarding his past and current involvement with the case.

Appellants contend that it was on September 6, 2007, that they first learned that Judge Branca had maintained an interest in the case. As a result, Appellants argue that September 6, 2007, was the “earliest possible moment” in which they should have filed their recusal motion. In re Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 437. However, rather than file an immediate recusal motion, Appellants allowed the trial to proceed with testimony from three more witnesses, including, most significantly, Appellant Kravitz. See N.T., Damages Trial, 9/6/07, at 65-83. As noted, Kravitz’s testimony appeared extremely evasive and fabricated. It was only after this negative development that newly-retained counsel appeared and filed Appellants’ recusal motion. To be more spe-ciñe, it was not until Appellants requested a ■ post-hearing thirty-day review of the attorneys’ bills, and the thirty-day period had passed without Appellants filing any relevant documents, and not until the record had closed, that newly-retained counsel appeared and filed the recusal motion.

This action, or lack of action, is unacceptable and untimely. Judge Rogers told Appellants’ counsel of Judge Branca’s earlier involvement in the litigation prior to trial. Appellants took no action to question Judge Branca on the extent, of his involvement, either informally or formally through a deposition. Appellants could have easily found out about Judge Bran-ca’s continued financial interest by just asking him. Instead, “Appellants] chose to remain silent, resorting to the unconscionable and reprehensible tactic of laying in the grass, waiting until the decision [was imminent], and then raising the disqualification issue[.]” Goodheart, 565 A.2d at 763. Because Appellants failed to timely raise their motion, they waived the recusal issue. See, e.g., Datagate, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 941 F.2d 864, 871-872 (9th Cir.1991) (delay of six weeks rendered motion untimely); Apple v. Jewish Hosp. and Medical Center., 829 F.2d 326, 334 (2d Cir.1987) (noting a delay of two months after movant learned of facts allegedly requiring recusal rendered motion untimely). See also In re International Business Mar chines Corporation, 45 F.3d 641, 643 (2d Cir.1995).

Every jurisdiction has recognized that disqualification of a judge is waivable, and “if a party knows of facts that would disqualify a judge, but does not move for disqualification, the right to do so at a later date will be considered waived.” James J. Alfini et al., Judicial Conduct and Ethics § 4.14 (4th ed.2007). Paramount among concerns about an untimely motion to disqualify a judge is a party’s late attempt to judge shop: “Given the importance of court proceeding, not. to mention their time and expense, a party should not be able to save an objection until a later date as a hedge against .losing a case.” Id.

Among other citations, the treatise cites to a Pennsylvania decision, Reilly by Reilly v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transp. Authority, 330 Pa.Super. 420, 479 A.2d 973 (1984), aff'd, 507 Pa. 204, 489 A.2d 1291 (1985), for the well settled policy that a motion for the disqualification of a judge “should be made at the earliest possible time after a party has actual notice of disqualifying facts.”

Our opinion in Reilly, as well as the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s opinion in the same case, clearly mandates the necessity of a timely motion for disqualification.

In Reilly, the Superior Court concluded that the defendant SEPTA had not timely filed its Motion for Recusal because it had not been raised during trial and was only raised for the first time during post-appeal pleadings. The panel found broad support in the holdings of federal and state decisions.

If the party fails to object at the earliest opportunity following receipt of actual knowledge, the objection will be held waived. A party máy not elect to take a chance on gaining a favorable decision and then, if the decision is unfavorable, raise grounds for recusal of which he or his counsel had actual knowledge prior to the decision being made. See Delesdemier v. Porterie, 666 F.2d 116 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 839, 103 S.Ct. 86, 74 L.Ed.2d 81 (1982) (motion untimely when judge made disclosure of relationship pre-trial and recusal motion was made for first time on appeal after two full trials); Potashnick v. Port City Construction Co., [609 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir.1980)] (grounds for recusal raised for first time on appeal not waived because it was not discovered until after trial); United States v. Conforte, 624 F.2d 869 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1012, 101 S.Ct. 568, 66 L.Ed.2d 470 (1980) (cannot raise grounds for recusal for first time on appeal when had notice of facts earlier — timeliness cannot be disregarded in all cases, although it maybe in extraordinary cases); Smith v. Danyo, 585 F.2d 83 (3d Cir.1978) (timeliness is significant because cannot tolerate litigant knowing' information and holding back hoping for favorable rulings and then seeking recusal when rulings are not favorable; recusal motion filed three months after events giving rise to objection but before trial and when there had been no rulings in meantime is timely); United States v. Kelly, 519 F.Supp. 1029 (D.Mass.1981) (motion untimely where attorney had knowledge of facts but waited until after six week trial, mistrial and Rule 29(c) motion to file recusal motion); Commonwealth v. Pavkovich, 444 Pa. 530, 283 A.2d 295 (1971) (was error for judge who had been prosecuting attorney to sit on court en banc in deciding post-trial motions, but no objection was raised prior to appeal); Commonwealth v. Musto, 348 Pa. 300, 35 A.2d 307 (1944) (defendant waived objection when he proceeded to trial without objection, despite knowledge that judge may have been a witness); Commonwealth [Brown] v. Bahl, 111 Pa.Super. 598, 170 A. 346 (1934) (motion untimely when judge made. disclosure before Plaintiff completed his case and motion was made at end of defendant’s case).

479 A.2d at 988.

Further, even if -the issue were not waived, we cannot agree with the Dissent’s overstated conclusion that there was an inherent appearance of impropriety in Judge Rogers presiding over this case. While the appearance of impropriety alone is enough to warrant recusal, recusal must occur only under - appropriate circumstances. • Those circumstances were not present here.

The party who asserts that a trial judge must be disqualified must “produce evidence establishing bias, prejudice, or unfairness which raises a substantial doubt as to-the jurist’s ability to preside impartially.” Arnold v. Arnold, 847 A.2d 674, 680 (Pa.Super.2004) (citation omitted). There is a presumption that judges of this Commonwealth are “honorable, fair and competent,” In re Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 453 (2011) (citation omitted), and, when confronted with a recusal demand, are able to determine whether they can rule “in an impartial manner, free of personal bias or interest in the outcome,” Arnold, 847 A.2d at 680 (citation omitted). If the judge determines he or she can. be impartial, “the judge must then decide whether his or her continued involvement-in the case creates an appearance of impropriety and/or would tend to undermine public confidence in the judiciary. This is a personal and unreviewable decision -that only the jurist can make.” Id., at 680-681 (citation omitted). A judge’s decision to deny a recusal motion will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. See In re Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 435.

Here, Appellants presented no evidence that established bias, prejudice, or unfairness which raised a substantial doubt as to Judge Rogers’s ability to preside impartially.

Our Supreme Court has recognized that it

would be an- unworkable rule which demanded that a trial judge recuse whenever an acquaintance was a party to or had an interest in the controversy. Such a rule ignores that judges throughout the Commonwealth know and are known by many people, . ■.. and assumes that no judge can remain impartial when presiding in such a case.

Commonwealth v. Perry, 468 Pa. 515, 364 A.2d 312, 318 (1976). See also Korner v. Warman, 659 A.2d 83, 85 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995) (finding no reason for recusal “just because a fellow county judge is allegedly implicated in a case, where the trial judge foresees no problems with impartiality[ ]”). Moreoyer, .

[w]hile the mediation , of courts is based upon the principle of judicial impartiality, disinterestedness, and fairness pervading the whole system of judicature, so that courts may as near as possible be above suspicion, there is, on the other, side, an important issue at stake: that is, that causes may not be unfairly prejudiced, unduly delayed, or discontent created through unfounded charges of prejudice or unfairness made against the judge in the trial of a cause. It is of great importance to the administration of justice that such should not occur. If the judge feels that he can hear and dispose of the case fairly and without prejudice, his decision will be final unless there is an abuse of* discretion. This must be so for the security of the bench and the successful administration of justice. Otherwise, unfounded and ofttimes malicious charges made during the trial by bold and unscrupulous advocates might be fatal to a cause, or litigation might be unfairly and improperly held up awaiting the decision of such a question or the assignment of another judge to try the case. If lightly countenanced, such practice might be resorted to, thereby tending to discredit the judicial system. The • conscience of the judge alone is brought in question; he should, as far as possible, avoid any feeling of unfairness or hostility to the litigants in a case.

Reilly by Reilly, 489 A.2d at 1299 (emphasis added).

Appellants and the Dissent rely on Commonwealth ex rel. Armor v. Armor, 263 Pa.Super. 353, 398 A.2d 173 (1978) (en banc) (plurality), in support of the assertion that recusal -of the entire bench is required. Initially, we note that Armor provides no precedential value regarding the issues of recusal and appearance of impropriety by a trial court.

In Armar, a father filed a petition with the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas to reduce his child support obligation. The day béfore the hearing, he moved for a change of venue, asserting that because his former wife was (1) married to a judge on the bench, and (2) represented by the county controller, any hearing within Montgomery County would create the appearance of impropriety. The trial court denied the motion for a change of venue and dismissed the petition. On appeal, the Superior Court opined that the father could receive a fair and impartial hearing in Montgomery County. We nonetheless vacated the trial court’s orders, stating:

[W]e should not approve the procedure whereby any of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County are called upon to rule on matters relating to wife-appellee’s child support matters. Such actions would, in our opinion, tend to weaken the public confidence in a court that has established an enviable record in its performance and service to Montgomery County and its citizens. Pursuant to Canon 1 of the Code of Judicial Conduct; such action would be contrary to the appearance of integrity and independence of the judiciary which we are charged with preserving.
Further, we believe that such action is contrary to Canon 2 of the Code of Judicial Conduct in that it does not promote public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.

Id., at 174.

Contrary to Appellants’ contention, the Armor ruling does not create a presumption that in all cases where a member of the bench has an interest the entire bench must be recused. Rather, the Armor decision confirms the principle that review of recusal determinations is to be made on a case-by-case basis in light of the specific underlying facts, the nature of the interest, and the relationship of the entire bench to that interest. As stated by the Honorable Donald Wieand in his dissent, which expressed the consensus of half of the judges in Armor:

The public expects and has a right to demand a high degree of integrity and ethical responsibility on the part of its judges. There can be no doubt that all judicial proceedings must be free from appearances of impropriety. Therefore, a judge should not participate in proceedings in which his or her objectivity and impartiality are likely to be impaired. On the other hand, the public also expects courage and independence on the part of its judges. It is the individual judge who must in the first instance determine whether in good conscience and judgment he or she can hear a dispute objectively and impartially, or whether there should be a recusal. His or her decision will not be disturbed unless there is an abuse of discretion. The public is entitled to the independent judgment of its judiciary and should not be denied that judgment by unsupported claims of partiality.
In my judgment, public confidence in the judiciary will be strengthened, not weakened, by respecting and upholding the trial judge’s determination that he could hear and decide the instant case impartially. Public confidence is not weakened because judges are called upon to hear and decide difficult and controversial cases. The public does expect, however, that judges will rise above any influence which is inherent in the high or low estate of litigants who come before them. Courage and integrity are the hallmarks of an independent judiciary. More often than we like to contemplate, it is recusals too readily tendered in complex and controversial cases which weaken public respect for the judiciary.

Id., at 178 (internal citation omitted).

Furthermore, in Armor, the motion was made before the hearing, not after the record had been closed, as in the case before us now. Here, the Appellants had the advantage of knowing that Judge Rogers had ruled against them in the liability portion of the trial, and that the testimony of Kravitz was appalling when he tried to hide his assets and divert funds to frustrate the'court’s award.

Our Code of Judicial Conduct “set[s] a norm of conduct for all our judges and do[es] not impose substantive legal duties on them.” Commonwealth v. Druce, 577 Pa. 581, 848 A.2d 104, 109 (2004) (citation omitted). While Judge Branca’s discussions of the ease with Appellee’s counsel may or may not raise a personal ethical issue under our Code of Judicial Conduct, the circumstances here do not provide a legal or ethical reason to impugn the impartiality of the entire bench of the Montgomery Court of Common Pleas or that of Judge Rogers. See id. As rioted above, before the trial got underway in January 2007, Judge Rogers discussed with counsel, arid specifically with Appellants’ counsel, the issue of now-Judge Branca having previously represented Appellee. Most significantly, Judge Rogers gave assurances to the parties that he had never discussed the case with Judge Branca, and all counsel unequivocally agreed to proceed before Judge Rogers.

There is no. dispute that Judge Rogers was fair and ■ impartial at all times. We repeat, Appellants concede that there is no evidence that Judge Rogers showed bias, unfairness, or prejudice.' We, therefore, conclude that even if the motion for recu-sal had been timely raised, Judge Rogers did not abuse his discretion in denying Appellants’ motions to recuse, change venue, or assign an out-of-county judge.

The result advocated by the Dissent, that the damages verdict should be vacated and the case remanded for a new trial, is unfair and an improper exercise of judicial power. The Dissent’s position would be extremely prejudicial to Appellee in that it would place Appellee at a distinct disadvantage in this 20-year-old litigation. The trial judge who heard the evidence and made findings relevant to the liability decision would not be the judge who addresses the damages portion of the case. The credibility decisions, the observations of the witnesses and other evidence, and the conclusions reached by the trial judge in the liability phase would be rendered meaningless because another judge would have to hear and decide the damages portion of the case. If this were caused by necessity, such as the retirement or death of a trial judge, then we would not have any concerns. However, to remove the trial judge midstream, on ah issue that was easily discoverable by Appellants prior to trial would be unfair and unprecedented.

Admission of Expert’s Report

Appellants’ avér that “the trial court erred in admitting and relying upon testimony of Plaintiffs expert” because “Judge Branca improperly influenced key aspects of Mr. Dovell’s report.” Appellant’s Brief at 34. At no time prior to this appeal have Appellants specifically averred that the expert’s testimony was inadmissible Or unreliable. As the trial court-noted, although Appellants raised 57 errors in their Motion for Post-Trial Relief, they did not assert that the trial court erred in admitting and relying on the report. Arguments not raised below are waived for purposes of appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Accordingly, this issue was not preserved and is therefore waived on appeal.

Piercing the Corporate Veil

Appellants maintain that their non-cash accounting methods, “made for the purpose of minimizing Kravitz’s personal tax burden [and having] no effect on Cherry-dale’s ability to pay its creditors,” could not be used to hold Appellants Kravitz, Andorra, and Eastern liable for the judgment against Cherrydale. Appellants’ Brief at 37 (citing Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465, 469, 55 S.Ct. 266, 79 L.Ed. 596 (1935)).

Piercing the corporate veil provides a “means of assessing liability for the acts of a corporation against an equity holder in the corporation.” Village at Camelback Property Owners Assn. Inc. v. Carr, 371 Pa.Super. 452, 538 A.2d 528, 532 (1988), aff'd, 524 Pa. 330, 572 A.2d 1 (1990) (per curiam).

The legal fiction that a corporation is a legal entity separate and distinct from its shareholders was designed to serve convenience and justice, and will be disregarded whenever justice or publie .policy require and where rights of innocent parties are not prejudiced nor the theory of: the corporate entity rendered useless. We have said that whenever one in control of a corporation uses that control, or uses the corporate assets, to further his or her own personal interests, the fiction of the sepárate corporate identity may properly be disregarded.

Id., at 532-533 (citations omitted).

“[T]here is a strong presumption in Pennsylvania against piercing the corporate veil.” Lumax Industries, Inc. v. Aultman, 543 Pa. 38, 669 A.2d 893, 895 (1995). We consider the following factors when determining whether to pierce the corporate veil: (1) undercapitalization; (2) failure to adhere to corporate formalities; (3) substantial intermingling of corporate and personal affairs, and (4) use of the corporate forni to perpetrate a fraud. See id. The “legal fiction of a separate corporate entity was designed to serve convenience and justice, and will be disregarded whenever justice or public policy demand and when the rights of innocent parties are not prejudiced nor the theory of corporate entity rendered useless.” Ashley v. Ashley, 482 Pa. 228, 393 A.2d 637, 641 (1978) (citations omitted).

Appellants cite Gregory as illustrative of their position that the corporate veil cannot be pierced and transactions cannot be considered fraudulent when they are “motivated by the desire to achieve the best possible tax benefit.” Appellants’ Brief at 37. In Gregory, a taxpayer “reorganized” her business in accordance with the applicable statute to obtain cash from her business and avoid a tax liability. The United States Supreme Court affirmed the tax commissioner’s determination that the “reorganization” was without substance and the tax payer was liable for tax as if she had been paid a dividend. The United States Supreme Court recognized that a taxpayer has a legal right to decrease the amount of what would be his or her taxes or avoid them all together “by means which the law permits” but noted that the “rule which excludes from consideration the tax avoidance is not pertinent to the situation” because the “reorganization” at issue had been an “elaborate and devious form of conveyance masquerading as a corporate reorganization.” 293 U.S. at 470, 55 S.Ct. 266.

The trial court’s extensive findings of fact meticulously detail the numerous transactions Appellant Kravitz orchestrated among Cherrydale, Andorra Springs, Eastern, and other entities so as to render Appellant Kravitz’s alleged motive of tax avoidance not pertinent. As the trial court observed:

But for Kravitz’s direction that Andorra Springs loan money to Eastern and Kravitz’s other entities and his subsequent direction that Andorra Springs not repay Cherrydale for its intercompa-ny loans, Cherrydale would have realized a profit of approximately $250,000 in 1996. [ ] Cherrydale was profitable as reflected by the tax returns, but it ultimately did not pay its creditors because it was not paid by Andorra Springs, nor was it repaid for loans made by it to Kravitz and his other entities. [] Andorra Springs’ 1996 tax return and Kravitz’s tax planning papers demonstrate that, but for Kravitz’s direction[ ] that Eastern and the other entities not repay their loans to Andorra Springs, Andorra Springs would have realized a profit of more than $2.1 million. Had Andorra Springs retained the monies it made on home sales rather than'lend those monies to Eastern and Kravitz’s other entities, Andorra Springs would have had sufficient funds to pay Cherry-dale. [ ] Had Eastern not lent monies to other Kravitz entities, whose purposes had nothing to do with constructing or selling homes in the Reserve, Eastern would have had money with which to pay Andorra Springs. . [ ] Kravitz personally authorized the intercompany loans, declared the companies insolvent, distributed the capital to himself and authorized the write-off of the loans — all for his personal benefit and to the detriment of creditors like [Appellee].
H* i
[ ]In his capacity as President and sole-shareholder, Kravitz was ... the only person within the Andorra Group with the authority to bind the corporations to loans or other contracts. [He] signed the tax returns for Cherrydalef, Andorra Springs, and Eastern] for 1994 through 1998 and caused the returns to be filed. [ ] Kravitz personally directed that Andorra Springs’ intercompany payables’ be cancelled.
[ ]As a result-of his sale of properties to Pulte and others in 1996, Kravitz had significant taxable income in 1996. [] Without the Andorra Group’s bad debt deductions, Kravitz would have been required to pay over a million dollars in tax. [ ] Because of the Andorra Group’s bad debt deduction, Kravitz paid only $3,734' in tax. [ ] The series of Adjusting Journal Entries made at the end of 1996 was to the companies’ detriment apd to the benefit of Kravitz, in that the entries allowed Kravitz (1) not to pay creditors of the Andorra Group companies and (2) to retain the value of the Andorra Group corporations through transfers of improvements, capital distributions and write-offs of loans made to himself and his horse farm.

Findings of Fact — Liability at 32-33, 35-37, ¶¶ 135-139, 144-157 (internal paragraph numbers, headings and citations to Reproduced Record omitted).

Based on our thorough review of the record and relevant case law, we conclude that the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by the record and its conclusions of law contain no error. There is sufficient evidence in the record showing that (1) Cherrydale had been undercapitalized; (2) Kravitz had failed to adhere to corporate formalities; (3) there was extensive intermingling of the various corporations’ funds; and (4) Appellant had used the corporate form to perpetuate a fraud, specifically, to remove assets from the reach of creditors, like Appellee. See Lumax Industries, Inc.

We also note that Appellants’ arguments against piercing the corporate veil are based entirely on a self-serving recitation, of the evidence, with particular emphasis on the testimony of their corporate accountant, which the court found to be not credible. It is well-settled that a fact-finder’s credibility determinations may not be overturned by a reviewing court as long as there is sufficient evidence in the record to support those determinations. See In re Merlo, 619 Pa. 1, 58 A.3d 1, 16 (2012). We conclude that the court’s credibility determinations are supported by the record and are not “manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and capricious or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.” J.J. DeLuca Company, Inc. v. Toll Naval Associates, 56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa.Super.2012).

Punitive Damages

Appellants aver that the trial court erred in awarding punitive damages because “there was no evidence of outrageous, willful, wanton or reckless conduct,” and fraudulent conduct alone is not enough upon which to base punitive damages. Appellant’s Brief at 41. They also argue that the punitive damages award is unconstitutionally disproportionate to the award of compensatory damages.

In reviewing challenges to punitive damage awards, we determine whether the trial court has committed any abuse of discretion or whether after a complete and exhaustive review of the record, the award shocks the court’s sense of justice. See Empire Trucking Co., Inc. v. Reading Anthracite Coal Co., 71 A.3d 923, 938 (Pa.Super.2013).

Punitive damages are awarded to punish a person and/or entity for “outrageous conduct.” Kirkbride v. Lisbon Contractors, Inc., 521 Pa. 97, 555 A.2d 800, 802 (1989) (citing Restatement (Second) Torts § 908(1)). Conduct is considered “outrageous” where a defendant’s actions shows either “an evil motive or reckless indifference to the rights of others.” J.J. DeLuca Company, Inc., 56 A.3d at 415-416 (citation omitted).

“Reckless indifference to the interests of others”, or as it is sometimes referred to, “wanton misconduct”, means that the actor has intentionally done an act of an unreasonable character, in disregard of a risk known to him or so obvious that he must be taken to have been aware of it, and so great as to make it highly probable that harm would follow.

McClellan v. Health Maintenance Organization of Pennsylvania, 413 Pa.Super. 128, 604 A.2d 1053, 1061 (1992) (citations omitted).

The determination of whether a person’s actions arise to outrageous conduct lies within the sound discretion of the fact-finder and will not be disturbed on review, provided that discretion has not been abused. See J.J. DeLuca Company, Inc., 56 A.3d at 416. Our review is informed by the following principles:

Under Pennsylvania law the size of a punitive damages award must be reasonably related to the State’s interest in punishing and deterring the particular behavior of the defendant and not the product of arbitrariness or unfettered discretion. In accordance with this limitation, the standard under which punitive damages are measured in Pennsylvania requires analysis of the following factors: (1) the character of the act; (2) the nature and extent of the harm; and (3) the wealth of the defendant.
We review such an award for an abuse of discretion. In addition, in the face of a constitutional challenge, we conduct a de novo review “to determine whether it comports with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.”

Grossi v. Travelers Personal Insurance Co., 79 A.3d 1141, 1157 (Pa.Super.2013) (quoting Hollock v. Erie Insurance Exchange, 842 A.2d 409, 420 (Pa.Super.2004)), appeal denied, 627 Pa. 766, 101 A.3d 103 (2014) (citations omitted).

-.Our review of the- record in this case discloses that the trial court’s award of punitive damages award is sufficiently supported by the record. We need not reiterate the trial court’s extensive and detailed findings of fact that, support its proper legal conclusion that Appellants’ conduct was outrageous and demonstrated a reckless indifference to the rights of others. See Findings of Fact — Liability at 1-64; Findings of Fact — Attorneys’ Fees and Damages at 5-9. . As soon as the interim arbitration award of $31,000 was entered against Cherrydale in 1996, Krav-itz began a steady and persistent campaign to avoid paying Appellee. The campaign that has continued for nearly 20 years and has involved not only fraudulent transfers of assets as noted above, but years of incessant use and abuse of our civil litigation processes.

' Appellants contend that they were simply using acceptable litigation strategies within their rights, but they fail to acknowledge that many of their motions and petitions were procedurally and/or legally without support and appear to have been designed to wear Appellée down with delay and expense. These filings included, but were not limited to, impermissible interlocutory appeals with both this Court and our Supreme Court; a frivolous petition to disqualify Appellee’s attorney; unnecessary demands for additional days of discovery, followed by redundant and irrelevant discovery requests; a summary judgment motion which completely disregarded Appellant’s, prior -representation that questions of law existed which precluded summary judgment; numerous requests for trial delays; and a request for a thirty-day post-trial time for review, which passed with no communication at all from Appellants.

Moreover, even though Appellants had been well-aware of Judge Branca’s involvement in this case since 1995, and had informed the trial court that his prior representation of Appellee was a non-issue with respect to the trial proceeding in Montgomery County before Judge Rogers, Appellants nevertheless requested recusal of the entire bench after the close of evidence. Appellants’ actions over nearly 20 years, combined with Kravitz’s abuse of corporate forms and ■ accounting methods to' avoid paying what is rightfully owed to Appellee, present a fact pattern that paints the very picture of outrageous conduct. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse'its discretion in awarding punitive damages.

With respect to Appellants’ claim that the proportionality of punitive damages to compensatory damages violated their right to due process, Appellants acknowledge that the United States Supreme Court has “yet to impose a hard- and-fast limitation” on the ratio between punitive and compensatory damages. Apr pellants’ Brief, at 50. Appellants nevertheless contend, without citation to any definitive pronouncements by any federal court, that the “trial court’s award of punitive damages exceeds the federal Constitutional limits of a 1:1 ratio.” Appellants’ Brief at 50. Appellants grossly misstate the law.

The United States Supreme Court has stated:

[W]e have been reluctant to identify concrete constitutional limits on the ratio between harm, or potential harm, to the plaintiff- and the punitive damages award. We decline again to impose a bright-line ratio which a punitive damages award cannot exceed. Our jurisprudence and the principles it has now established demonstrate, however, that, in practice, few awards exceeding a single-digit ratio between , punitive and compensatory damages, to a significant degree, will satisfy due process..

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 424-425, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 155 L.Ed.2d 585 (2003) (citation omitted).

Here, the trial court awarded compensatory damages in the amount of $200,601.61 and punitive damages of $601,804.83, a ratio of 3:1. This comports with the single-digit ratio. In light of the circumstances of this case detailed above and our review of the relevant law, we discern no abuse of discretion or constitutional infirmity in the award of punitive damages.

Appellants also argue that the trial court awarded punitive damages based only on its findings of fraud and fraudulent transfer, in derogation of Pittsburgh Live, Inc. v. Servov, 419 Pa.Super. 423, 615 A.2d 438 (1992), and Pennsylvania’s Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 12 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5101-5110. In suppoi’t, Appellants reiterate their witnesses’, testimony. In essence, Appellants argue that the trial court erred in not accepting their interpretation of the facts of this case.

In Pittsburgh Live, the Superior Court reversed the trial court’s award of punitive damages after concluding that although there had been fraudulent conduct which supported the compensatory damage award, there had been no acts which had been wanton or vindictive, or which had showed a wanton disregard for the rights of others so as to support an award of punitive damages. See 615 A.2d at 442. Here,' contrary to Appellants’ averments, punitive- damages were based on a determination that they had acted with a wanton disregard for the rights of others. This finding is amply supported by the record. Accordingly, this argument is without merit.

Attorney’s Fees, Penalties, and Interest

The trial court assessed interest, penalties, and attorney’s fees as follows:

a. Partial Judgment.$200,601.61
b. ■ Interest on Judgment pursuant to - CASPA (73 P.S. § 505(d))[ ] in the amount of 1% per Month from September 8, 1998 through April 30,-2011.$306,467.55
c. Penalty on Judgment pursuant to CASPA (73 P.S. § 512(a)) in the amount of 1% per Month from September 8,1998 through April 30, 2011 .$306,467.55
d. Attorney’s Fees and Costs pursuant ’ to CASPA (73 P.S. § 512(a)(b)) from September 8, 1998 through August Í5,2007 .$273,037.65
e. Punitive Damages.$601,804.83
f. Interest shall continue to accrue pursuant to CASPA at .1% per month from May 1, 2011 in the amount of $131.90 per day until paid in full.
Final Judgment against All Defendants as of April 30,2011:
TOTAL.$1,688,379.10

Order Sur: Assessment of Damages, dated April 29, 2011 (footnote to case law omitted).

Appellants contend that the trial court’s, grant of attorney’s fees, penalties and interest represent an impermissible modification of the arbitration award and should not have been allowed because Appellee had not stated a cause of action under CASPA in the instant case. See Appellants’ Brief at 51. They also argue that the interest should have been calculated in accordance with the arbitration panel’s directive and not based on that panel’s final award.

CASPA was enacted in 1994 to cure abuses within the building industry involving payments due from owners to contractors and subcontractors and “to encourage fair dealing among the parties to. a construction contract.” Zimmerman v. Harrisburg Fudd I, L.P., 984 A.2d 497, 500-501 (Pa.Super.2009) (citation omitted). Because “CÁSPA is a remedial statute, we must accord it a liberal construction to effect its objects and to promote justice.” Id., at 502 n. 8 (citations omitted). CAS-PA provides that “[i]f arbitration or litigation is commenced to recover payment due under this act ... the arbitrator or court shall award, in addition to all other damages due, a penalty equal to 1% per month of the amount that was wrongfully withheld.” 73 P.S. § 512.

As the trial court observed, the instant action, like the underlying arbitration proceeding, was “a proceeding to recover” payment due under CASPA. After the trial court determined that piercing the corporate veil was appropriate in order to execute on the judgment due and owing, which was then the final arbitration award of $200,601.61, Section 505(d) was implicated against Appellant Kravitz as owner of Cherrydale and the other involved subcorporations. The trial court’s calculations were properly based on CASPA. See 73 P.S. §§ 505(d) and 512. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s calculation of interest and penalties.

With respect to the attorney’s fees imposed by the trial court, the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees covers the period from September 8, 1998, after the arbitration award was issued, through August 15, 2007, and includes those incurred in connection with the instant litigation. Contrary to Appellants’ averment, these fees do not represent a modification of the arbitration award.

Judgment affirmed.

President Judge Emeritus BENDER, Judge LAZARUS, and Judge WECHT join this majority opinion.

Judge STABILE files a concurring and dissenting opinion in which Judge BOWES, Judge DONOHUE, and Judge SHOGANjoin. '

Judge ALLEN did not take part in the consideration or decision of this case.

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION BY

STABILE, J.:

I join the Majority’s opinion insofar as it affirms the liability verdict. For the following reasons, I would vacate the damages verdict and remand for a new damages trial in front of Judge from outside of Montgomery County.

In my view, the Honorable Thomas P. Rogers of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas erred in denying Appellants’ motion to recuse the entire bench of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas from hearing the damages trial in this action. This is so because the Honorable Thomas C. Branca, Judge Rogers’ colleague on the Montgomery County bench, has a substantial financial interest in the outcome of this case based on his former representation of Appellee. While I do not doubt Judge Rogers’ ability to render a fair and impartial verdict, I also do not believe he could preside over this matter without creating an appearance of impropriety detrimental to the public’s faith in the fair and impartial operation of the courts. Under the circumstances of this case, the same is true for every judge of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas. I believe the trial court dismissed and ignored the independent consideration of an “appearance of impropriety” that must be considered under a recusal motion.

This matter originally commenced as an arbitration demand by Appellee for an unpaid contract balance of $30,913.00. After other compensatory damages, interest, attorney’s fees, and costs were added to the contract balance, the arbitration award was confirmed as a judgment for $200,601.61. Appellee then commenced this action to collect the judgment. These proceedings were bifurcated between liability and damages. The recusal issue in this case concerns the damages trial wherein Judge Rogers increased the final arbitration award of damages to Appellee to $1,688,379.10. A substantial component of this award was the result of Judge Rogers exercising his discretion to award punitive damages of three times the arbitration award of $200,601.61 to Appellee, To this, he added attorney’s fees, additional interest, and statutory penalties. He did so at a time when he knew Judge Branca, a judicial colleague of his on the Montgomery County bench, would directly and proportionally benefit from the size of any increased award entered in the case. Contrary to prior statements that Judge Branca had been paid in full for his prior representation of Appellee, it became known during Judge Branca’s testimony in the damages trial that he was in fact to receive a thirty-percent contingent fee of any net recovery.

Judge Rogers denied Appellants’ motion to recuse on the basis that Appellants did not establish actual prejudice or bias on his part in presiding over these proceedings. Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/08, at 10. He further rejected any argument that an “imputed appearance of impropriety” by virtue of Judge Branea’s pecuniary interest supports a conclusion that Appellants “cannot receive, have not received or will not continue to receive” a fair- and impartial trial in Montgomery County-.' Id. at 11.

I would reverse the trial court’s recusal ruling because the appearance of impropriety alone forms an independent basis for recusal even when no actual bias, unfairness, or prejudice is shown on the part of a trial court judge. I am mindful that our case law has not always spoken with clarity on the standard for recusal, as will be discussed, infra. Accordingly, I find it necessary to review the evolution of the “appearance of impropriety” in our recusal standard before explaining the indispensable importance of this standard and why I believe the motion to- recuse the entire Montgomery County bench should have been granted.

History of the Appearance of Impropriety Standard

The mandatory avoidance of an “appearance of impropriety” in judicial decision-making has a long and storied .history in our nation. By most accounts, this standard first was articulated as a judicial standard under the ABA’s Canons of Judicial. Ethics promulgated in 1924. The 1924 Canons reminded judges to avoid the appearance of impropriety ■ in all professional and personal activities. The impetus for the ABA promulgating this Canon lies in the fixing of the 1919 World Series. Many- felt at the time that gambling and bribery were corrupting the country’s national pastime. The ABA was motivated by the actions- of-Judge Eenesaw Mountain Landis, who accepted a job as the first commissioner of Major League Baseball while serving as a federal judge for the Northern District, of-.Illinois. Major League Baseball team owners appointed Judge Landis in response to the “Black Sox” scandal, in which eight . Chicago White Sox players were accused of accepting money from professional gamblers to lose the 1919 World Series to the underdog Cincinnati Reds. A jury acquitted the eight players of criminal wrongdoing, but Judge Landis banned them for life from the major leagues. Judge Landis’ refusal to leave the federal bench while drawing a large salary as baseball commissioner prompted a censure from the ABA and talk of impeachment in Congress.

Although they strongly disapproved of Judge Landis serving as a federal judge at the same time he was- drawing compensation as baseball’s- Commissioner, the Judge’s detractors, as well as the United States Attorney General, were unable to identify any law,, or ethics rule barring Judge- Landis from simultaneously holding both public and private employment. Further, there was no evidence the Judge’s baseball duties interfered with his judicial duties. The ABA nonetheless, during the course of its Forty-Fourth Annual Meeting in 1921, proceeded to pass a resolution condemning Judge Landis for engaging in private .employment while receiving a salary from the federal government. In the ABA’s opinion, this was conduct it considered “unworthy of the office of judge, derogatory to the dignity of the Bench, and undermining public confidence in the independence of the judiciary.” (Emphasis added). In further response, the ABA issued the 1924 Canons, which included Canon 4, to encourage judges to avoid any-professional or personal conduct perceived to damage the image of a judge. Canon 4, as adopted-by the ABA in 1924, although not stated in mandatory terms, advised “[A] judge’s official conduct should be free from impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.” We thus can see from the genesis of the “appearance of impropriety” standard, actual prejudice or bias was mot a prerequisite to finding an appearance of impropriety.

In 1969, the 1924 Canons were revisited in response to a controversy surrounding United States Supreme Court Justice -Abe Fortas. Justice Fortafe was to receive $20,000 as compensation to help the activities of a foundation, When the Justice was paid, the foundation’s director was under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission.. Justice Fortas returned his consulting fee and cancelled his agreement only after the director was indicted. Public criticism of Justice For-tas accused him of raising a question about the appearance of virtue on the Court. The ABA moved to censure Justice Fortas, finding his conduct to be contrary to the Canons of Judicial Conduct and, in particular, that his conduct was contrary to Canon 4’s command that his conduct be free from impropriety and the appearance of impropriety. Again, in. response, the ABA moved to strengthen the judicial canons by moving Canon 4 to Canon 2, and adding that the appearance of impropriety standard would now serve as an enforceable rule of conduct. In 1990, the Code again was amended to strengthen Canon 2 by substituting “shall” for “should” to eliminate any doubt that the appearance of impropriety was now a mandatory prohibition. The Commentary to Canon 2 of the 1990 Code provided that “the test for appearance of impropriety is whether the conduct would create in reasonable minds a perception that the judge’s ability to carry out judicial responsibilities with integrity, impartiality, and competence is impaired.”

In 2007, after some deliberation and attempted amendments to demote the appearance standard to a. guiding principle, the ABA, rejecting this approach, adopted Rule 1.2 -of the Model Code of Judicial Discipline to provide “[a] judge shall act at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the independence, integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary, and shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.” In addition, Comment 5 to Rule 1.2 was added to provide that “the test for appearance of impropriety is whether the conduct would create in reasonable minds a perception that the judge violated this Code or engaged' in other conduct that reflects adversely on the judge’s honesty, impartiality, temperament, or fitness to serve'as a judge.”

It is significant that Pennsylvania’s current Code of Judicial Conduct mirrors Canon 2, Rule 1.2 and' Comment 5 to the 2007 ABA Code. Avoiding the appearance of impropriety under Canon 2 to Pennsylvania’s Code is mandatory. This prohibition is further reinforced under Rule 1.2 and Comment 5 to Rule 1.2, which provides a judge “shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.” Pa.Code Jud. Conduct, Canon 1, Rule 1.2, cmt. 5. Accordingly, there can be no doubt, in light of this history, and the current status of our Code of Judicial Conduct, that avoiding “impropriety” and the “appearance of impropriety” is not only important, but also mandatory in Pennsylvania.

The Substantíve Right to Request a Jurist’s Recusal

Appellee would dismiss this history of the- appearance of impropriety as irrelevant to the resolution of the present recu-sal dispute. Appellee argues that our Judicial Canons only serve as guidelines for jurists and do not have the force of substantive law. Appellee’s Supplemental Brief at 18. .Appellee argues both the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and this Court have repeatedly held the Judicial Code of Conduct is not the standard for recusal motions, does not impose substantive legal duties on judges, and does not provide standing to anyone, including this Court, to seek compliance or enforcement of the Code. Id. While it is true that Pennsylvania’s Judicial Code of Conduct does not -vest substantive rights in litigants and may be enforced only by our Supreme Court under Article 5 of the Constitution of this Commonwealth, it also, is true that litigants have ’ a substantive right to request recusal when a litigant has reason to question the impartiality of a jurist. Goodheart v. Casey, 528 Pa. 188, 565 A.2d 757, 762 (1989), Reilly v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transp. Auth., 507 Pa. 204, 489 A.2d 1291, 1298 (1985). .The “appearance-of-impropriety” standard, while originating under canons of judicial conduct, has been adopted as a part of our substantive law and, as will be shown, is a necessary component of due process.

In Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Company, Inc., 556 U.S. 868, 129 S.Ct. 2252, 173 L.Ed.2d 1208 (2009), the United States Supreme Court reviewed whether Justice Brent Benjamin of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, who received extraordinary campaign contributions from the board chairman and principal officer of the appellant corporation, violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment when the Justice denied a recusal motion. The $3 million campaign contribution to the Justice exceeded the total amount spent by all other supporters of the Justice and by the Justice’s own campaign committee. The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals reversed a trial court judgment against the appellant for $50 million. The vote to reverse was 3 to 2. Justice Benjamin voted with the majority. In his defense, Justice Benjamin reiterated he had no direct, personal, substantial, or pecuniary interest in the case. Id. at 876, 129 S.Ct. 2252. Adopting a standard of appearances, he concluded, seemed little more than an invitation to subject West Virginia’s justice system to the vagaries of the day. Id. The Supreme Court disagreed.

Before turning its attention to the constitutional issue to be decided, the Caper-ton Court first noted that, while it was axiomatic that a fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process, most matters relating to judicial disqualification do not rise to a constitutional level. Id. Judicial reforms implemented by the states to eliminate even the appearance of impropriety, a standard more rigorous than due process, make resolution of most disqualification disputes under due process standards unnecessary. Id. at 889-90. “The Due Process Clause demarks only the outer boundaries of judicial disqualifications. Congress and the states, of course, remain free to impose more rigorous standards for judicial disqualification!;.]” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

In Caperton, the Supreme Court first reviewed the history of its recusal cases to demonstrate that the relevant inquiry under the Due Process Clause is an objective standard. Id. at 877-81, 129 S.Ct. 2252. The Court found this necessary due to the difficulties of inquiring into a judge’s actual bias when the inquiry is often a private one. Id. at 883, 129 S.Ct. 2252. A “judge’s own inquiry into actual bias, then, is not one the law can easily superintend or review .... ” Id. Therefore, in lieu of appellate review of a judge’s actual bias, the Due Process Clause has been implemented by objective standards that do not require proof of actual bias. Id. Under this objective standard, the Court found, despite Justice Benjamin undertaking an extensive search for actual bias, that when a person with a personal stake in a case had a significant and disproportionate influence in placing a judge on a case by raising funds or directing a judge’s election campaign when a case is imminent or pending, due process is violated. Id. at 884, 129 S.Ct. 2252. The Court dismissed concerns that its decision on due process grounds would flood the courts with recu-sal motions. Id. at 887, 129 S.Ct. 2252. The case presented extreme facts that created an unconstitutional probability of bias. Significantly, to assuage these fears further, the Court, as noted supra, pointed to judicial reforms the States have implemented to eliminate the appearance of partiality by adopting the ABA’s objective standard that “[a] judge shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.” Id. at 888, 129 S.Ct. 2252. In this regard, the Court held that these codes' of conduct serve to máintain the integrity of the judiciary and the rule of law. Id. at 889, 129 S.Ct. 2252. The power and prerogative of a court to elaborate principles of law when resolving disputes rest, in the end, upon the respect accorded to its judgments. Id. at 889, 129 S.Ct. 2252 (citing Republican Party of Minn. v. White, 536 U.S. 765, 793, 122 S.Ct. 2528, 153 L.Ed.2d 694 (2002) (Kennedy, J., concurring)). The citizen’s respect for judgments depends in turn upon the issuing court’s absolute probity. Id. “Judicial integrity is, in consequence, a state interest of the highest order.” Id. For these reasons, the Court continued, States may choose to adopt recusal standards more rigorous than due process requires. Id.

It is thus clear from Caperton that when confronted with a request for judicial recu-sal, due process requires more than a jurist’s examination of his or her conscience for bias. Due process requires a more objective standard. While exceeding minimal due process requirements, the appearance of impropriety, adopted by almost every state in its judicial code, satisfies this objective requirement. Therefore, while Appellee is correct that litigants do not have standing to enforce our Code of Judicial Conduct, Appellee paints with too broad a brush by arguing that the appearance of impropriety under our Code also is not a part of our substantive law upon which litigants may rely when presenting a recusal motion. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s announcement of a recusal standard in Goodheart, infra, is proof enough that the appearance of impropriety is a part of our substantive law.

In Goodheart, our Supreme Court, upon a motion for reconsideration, was asked to consider whether two of the Court’s justices, as members of the class before the Court challenging a two-tiered compensation system for judges, should have participated in the Court’s decision where it was asserted the two justices had direct interests in the case. Participation by the two justices was challenged under the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution and Pennsylvania’s Code of Judicial Conduct. The due process challenge was rejected, as the Court reasoned the votes of the two justices were surplusage. Goodheart, 565 A.2d at 761-62. Disposition of the challenge under Canon 3(C) of the Code of Judicial Conduct also was dismissed. Even if there was a clear violation of the Code, the Court held this would not confer substantive rights upon the parties. Id. at 762. The power to address judicial violation of Code norms was a matter left entirely to the Supreme Court’s constitutional supervisory authority. Id. Notwithstanding the lack of any substantive rights in Canon 3(C) by the litigants, the Court held that when a judge conducts the self-assessment required when addressing a motion to recuse, Canon 3(C) provides some of the factors bearing upon that evaluation. Even though judicial discipline remains the province of the Supreme Court, the Court was careful to point out that, under our substantive law, a party .to an action still has the right to request the recusal of a judge where the party has reason to question the impartiality of the judge in the case before the court. Id. The' Court continued: Id. at 764 (emphasis added) (quoting Offutt v. United States, 348 U.S. 11, 14, 75 S.Ct. 11, 99 L.Ed. 11 (1954)); see also Commonwealth v. Travaglia, 541 Pa. 108, 661 A.2d 352, 370 (1995). Thus, one can see that Goodheart incorporated the appearance of impropriety standard as a part of our substantive law in the second tier of its test. This is consistent with the Supreme Court’s discussion in Caperton, as the appearance of impropriety standard supplies a level of objective review to satisfy due process requirements. The trial ..court erred in disregarding this standard and by focusing solely,upon actual bias.

Where there, is'a question of the impartiality of one. or .more of the Justices, it is the individual Justice’s responsibility to make a conscientious determination whether he or she can impartially assess the issues in question. It is to be emphasized that this assessment is two tiered. First, whether the Justice would have a personal bias or interest which would preclude an impartial review. This is a personal and unreviewable decision that only the jurist can make. Second, whether his participation in the matter would give the appearance of impropriety. [T]o perform its high function in the best way, “justice must satisfy the appearance of justice.”

Proper Application of the Appearance of Impropriety Standard

Unfortunately, cases subsequent to Goodheart that have attempted to cite its recusal standard have contributed to confusion on whether a trial judge’s decision may be subject to review. Notably, in the oft-cited case ‘of Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal, 553 Pa. 485, 720 A.2d 79 (1998), our Supreme Court stated:

As a general rule, a motion for recusal is initially directed to and decided by the jurist-whose impartiality is feeing challenged. -In considering a recusal request, the jurist must first make a conscientious determination of his- or her ability to assess the case in an impartial manner, free of persohal bias or interest in the outcome. The jurist must then consider- whether his or her continued involvement in the case creates an appearance of impropriety and/or would tend to undermine public confidence in the judiciary. This is a personal and únreviewable decision that only the jurist can make.

Id. at 89 (citation omitted) (emphasis added). The recusal standard as repeated in Abu-Jamal and cited ever since, contains a subtle and unexplained distinction from the Supreme Court’s earlier pronouncement of this standard in Goodheart. The Abu-Jamal Court cited Goodheart with no apparent disapproval, but did not explain its transposition of the non-reviewability standard — applicable only to the first tier of Goodheart — to the second tier of the Goodheart test, where review of the appearance of impropriety standard is sufe-ject to an abuse of discretion review. It appears certain that this transposition is by mistake, because the evolution of this two-tiered approach is long standing.

Under our substantive law, the appearance of impropriety alone is enough to warrant recusal under appropriate circumstances. Our case law has established that a judge’s self-evaluation must yield when an appearance of impropriety is present. For example, in In re McFall, 533 Pa. 24, 617 A.2d 707 (1992), the trial judge was cooperating with F.B.I. investigators seeking information on judges accepting gifts in return for the F.B.I.’s promise to divulge her cooperation in the event the judge faced prosecution for a gift she accepted from a potential litigant. Id. at 711. At the same time the trial judge was cooperating with the F.B.I., she was presiding over cases in which, her- potential prosecutors were prosecuting the appellees in an action/ The appellant argued the trial judge’s ability to maintain impartiality was not influenced because the appellees had not demonstrated the trial judge had a “direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary interest in the cases in which she presided,” or in other words, appellees failed to demonstrate they were prejudiced. Id. at 714.

Our Supreme Court held the circumstances were such that it need not reach the issue of due process because it concluded the appearance of impropriety alone compelled it to grant new proceedings in view of the blatant potential conflict of interest of the trial judge. M' at 712. The Court stated, “In order for the integrity of the judiciary to be compromised, we have held that a judge’s behavior is not required to rise to a level of actual, prejudice, but the appearance of impropriety is sufficient.” Id. (emphasis added). “The appearance of bias or prejudice can be as damaging to public confidence in the administration of justice as would be the actual presence of either -of these elements.” Id. at 713 (citing Commonwealth v. Goodman, 454 Pa. 358, 311 A.2d 652, 654 (1973)). The Court expressly held there is no need to find actual prejudice; the appearance of impropriety is sufficient to warrant a new trial. Id. at 714. Therefore, the mere possibility that the trial judge may have treated the prosecutor’s office in a way so as to maximize her chances for leniency was all that was needed to establish the appearance of impropriety. Id. A showing of actual bias was not required.

in White, the judge shared personal family information from the bench with a juvenile defendant and offered to get the defendant pizza during her incarceration. The trial court also expressed frustration with the existing law as applied to the defendant’s ease and expressed her intent not to be “boxed into treating this like a normal case.” White, 910 A.2d at 657. The Majority concluded the trial court erred in denying the Commonwealth’s re-cusal petition, reasoning - that the trial court’s “denouncement of the very system in which an impartial jurist is one of the key components creates the appearance of impropriety.” Id. at 658. The trial court’s “questionable conversation” with the defendant also added to the appearance of impropriety. Id.

In Commonwealth v. Dairush, 501 Pa. 15, 459 A.2d 727, 729 (1983), the defendant alleged the trial judge múde derogatory remarks about the defendant while the judge was a district attorney. The trial court judge declined to admit or deny that he made the statement, claiming he had no recollection. Id. at 732. The court also assured the defendant he would receive a fair trial. Id. The Supreme Court discerned no evidence of bias.and was convinced the judge acted with complete integrity. Id. at 729, 732. Nonetheless, the Court remanded for resentencing before a different judge:

However, considering all the circumstances, especially the trial court’s inability to affirmatively admit or deny making remarks from which a significant minority of the lay community could reasonably question the court’s impartiality, we feel the largely unfettered sentencing discretion afforded a judge is better exercised by one without hint of animosity toward appellant.

Id. at 732 (emphasis added).

On the other hand, in Commonwealth v. Druce, 577 Pa. 581, 848 A.2d 104 (2004), our Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of a recusal motion where the court gave an interview to an Associated Press writer prior to imposing sentence in a widely publicized prosecution of a state legislator. In that interview, the judge called some of the defendant’s claims “strange,” but also indicated in that interview that public sentiment would not sway his handling of the case. Id. at 106-07. On the bench immediately before imposing sentence, the trial court told the defendant he held no bias, prejudice or ill will against him. Id. at 107.

The Supreme Court declined to create a per se rule requiring recusal in light of the trial court’s ostensible violation of Canon 3A(6) of the Code of Judicial Conduct, prohibiting public comment about a pending case. The Court noted that a per se rule would “remove any introspective discretion from the jurist.” Id. at 109. “[Tjhis Commonwealth must continue to reserve faith in, and give due deference to our jurists, and allow them to address these initial challenges. Their discretion may of course be reviewed, but it must first be allowed to be exercised.” Id. The trial judge in Druee asserted his impartiality, both in the public interview and from the bench in response to the petition to recuse. Id. at 110-11. Our Supreme Court affirmed the judge’s denial of the recusal motion. Id. at 111.

Similarly, in Travaglia, the PCRA judge made disparaging comments about the petitioner after the close-of petitioner’s trial: “I am shocked that it takes 11 years in our judicial system to find an excuse to avoid the death penalty. If anyone deserves to die, these two individuals [the petitioner and his. codefendant] do for killing four people for fun.” Travaglia, 661 A.2d at 369 n. 37. In an opinion addressing the recusal request, the PCRA judge wrote: “to say that the [cjourt is highly dissatisfied with the present system of perpetual appellate activity is not to say that the [cjourt would vent its frustrations by arbitrarily giving [the appellant’s] current arguments less than the full and complete attention required by law.” Id. The PCRA court therefore believed it could preside over the collateral review without creating an appearance of impropriety. Id. The Supreme Court was satisfied with the PCRA court’s opinion addressing the petition to recuse, deeming it “thoughtful” and “detailed.” Id. The Court therefore discerned no abuse of discretion in denying the recusal petition.

To summarize the foregoing, our courts have consistently held that recusal is warranted when actual impropriety is shown on the part of a jurist or, when appropriate, solely when an appearance of impropriety is present. In other words, I believe the standard set forth in Goodheart governs our analysis, and that standard is well grounded in history and law. Abu-Jamal altered the Goodheart standard without explanation, but I do not believe Abvr-Jamal created a substantive change to the analysis. Numerous cases analyzed herein, both pre- and post-Abur-Jamal, support this conclusion.

Appearance of Impropriety in this Case

I turn now to the trial court’s recusal decision in this case. The standard guiding our review is if a judge feels he or she can hear and dispose of a case fairly and without prejudice, that decision will, be final unless there is an. abuse of discretion. See Reilly, Goodheart, Abu-Jamal, supra; see also In re Crawford’s Estate, 307 Pa. 102, 160 A. 585 (1931).

The trial court prefaced its recusal analysis, citing Municipal Publications, Inc. v. Court of Common Pleas, 507 Pa. 194, 489 A.2d 1286 (1985), and Reilly, with its statement that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania promotes the standard of actual prejudice or bias in reviewing recusal proceedings. Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/08, at 10. From this the trial court denied Appellants’ recusal motion, concluding the record did not show prejudice or bias or that Appellants did not receive a full, fair and impartial trial. Id.

The trial court either read' these cases too , narrowly or read them improperly. The issue in Municipal Publications was whether the trial judge should be disqualified from ruling on a recusal motion when the trial judge was called' as a material witness and gave testimony concerning his own conduct. These were unique circumstances that were heard, upon application, under the Supreme Court’s plenary jurisdiction. Unlike the issue here, the Court emphasized it was not deciding whether the trial judge should be disqualified from presiding over the underlying matter. It was concerned only with whether the trial judge could rule upon the motion. The case is, therefore, inapposite.

Reilly, unlike Municipal Publications, did concern a motion for recusal. The Reilly Court found the Crawford recusal standard still to be controlling. In Crawford the Court wrote:

The proper practice on a plea of prejudice ■ is to address an . application by petition to the judge before whom the proceedings are being tried. He may determine the question in the first instance, and ordinarily his disposition of it will not be disturbed unless there is an abuse of discretion.
Due consideration should be given by him to the fact that the administration of justice should be beyond the appearance of unfairness. But, while the mediation of courts is based upon the principle of judicial impartiality, disinterestedness, and fairness pervading the whole system of judicature, so 'that courts may as near as possible be above suspicion, there is, on the other side, an important issue at stake; that is, that causes may not be unfairly prejudiced, unduly delayed, or discontent created through unfounded charges of prejudice or unfairness made against the judge in the trial of a cause. It is of great importance to the administration of justice that such should not occur. If the judge feels that he can hear and dispose of the case fairly and without prejudice, his decision will be final unless there is an abuse of discretion. This must be so for the security of the bench and the successful administration of justice. • Otherwise, unfounded and ofttimes malicious charges made during the trial by bold and unscrupulous advocates might be fatal to a cause, qr litigation might be unfairly and improperly held up awaiting the decision- of such a question or the assignment of another judge to try the case [ ].
When a. charge of disqualification is made against a trial or hearing judge, the party must produce évidence which has a tendency to show bias, prejudice or unfairness. To sustain the charge, the exceptant is not limited to the instant case, but he may show personal ill will to client or counsel, or temperamental prejudice on the particular class of litigation involved,. or any other recognized ground.

Crawford, 160 A. at 587 (emphasis added). The Crawford Court’s analysis of the interplay between avoiding the appearance of unfairness (or impropriety) while affórding appropriate deference to jurists remains prescient. It did not hold, as the trial court suggests, that review for an appearance of impropriety may be dispensed with so long as the record did not show prejudice or bias or that Appellants did not receive a full, fair and impartial trial.

Turning now to the circumstances of the instant appeal, the record reflects the following exchange between Appellants’ counsel and Judge Branca on the second and final day of the damages trial that prompted the recusal issue:

Q. You mentioned you were given updates [from Appellee’s counsel]?
A. Yeah."'
Q. And what were the reasons for these updates?
A. Because I had an interest in the case, I have a financial interest in the case, I have — I’m entitled to a referral fee. And so to the extent that I’m entitled to a referral fee, I’m entitled to know something about what’s happening with the case, not only for my information but also for purposes .of my disclosing whatever I. might need to disclose if and when I get a fee.
Q. What is the nature of that financial arrangement, Your Honor?
A. It’s a very interesting one, I guess, because what happened was when I referred the case to Paul Rosen, I told him that he should sit down and work anything out with Roy that they think is appropriate and fair for a referral fee. And, ultimately, as I now just understand it- from Mr. Lomas, he sent a letter to Rosen to tell Rosen that if, in fact, they collect any money,-I should get a third referral of the net proceeds as a fee.

N.T., 9/6/07, at 21-22.

As recited above, this exchange clearly demonstrates that Judge Rogers presided over the damages phase of these proceedings at a time when he knew Judge Bran-ca, a judicial colleague of his on the Montgomery County bench, would directly and proportionally benefit from the size of any increased award entered in the case. Upon these facts, I find our prior en banc decision in Armor to be persuasive.

In Armor, under very similar circumstances to the instant case, this Court mandated recusal of the entire Montgomery County trial court bench (or a change of venue) where the spouse of one of the judges had a financial interest in a child support . case pending in Montgomery County. As is claimed here, the record evinced no evidence of “bias, prejudice or unfairness” on the part of the presiding judge, but this Court found the appearance of impropriety to be an overriding concern:

[T]he judicial system must be kept, like Caesar’s wife, above reproach. Under the circumstances here presented, the appearance of appellee before the bench of Montgomery County, involving as it must her remarriage to a member of that bench, demands that such a case not be heard by any of the judge-husband’s colleagues.

Armor, 398 A.2d at 174. Accordingly, this Court refused to approve a procedure whereby any of the Montgomery County Common Pleas judges could hear the matter. All of the judges of that county court would have the same problem as the then-presiding judge. It was our conclusion that such action would tend to weaken the public confidence in the court. Id. Importantly, we also held that such action would, pursuant to Canon 1 of the Code of Judicial Conduct, be contrary to the appearance of impropriety and independence of the judiciary that we are- charged with preserving. Id. Likewise, we held that such action would violate the judged obligation to promote public confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary pursuant to Canon 2. Id.

Given the facts in Armor, I cannot distinguish its result from what should occur in this case. The disqualifying feature in this case is Judge Branca appearing before his colleague on the Montgomery County bench. Every member of that bench would be placed in identical, circumstances as Judge Rogers to decide damages knowing that Judge Branca would benefit directly and proportionally from the size of any award. The appearance of impropriety here — perceived favoritism of a judicial colleague — reflects adversely on a judge’s impartiality and the integrity of the judiciary. In fact, I find a bench recusal here more compelling than in Armor, since the perceived favoritism. here is of.a judicial colleague,.as opposed to that of a judicial family member, as was the case in Armor. In this regard, I also find the trial judge’s focus on the conduct of Judge Branca to be irrelevant to the decision on recusal. While Judge Branca’s prior representation of Appellee may have formed the factual predicate for the recusal motion, the appearance of impropriety to be reviewed had to focus upon whether Judge Rogers, the trial judge, should sit in judgment of this case.

Armor illustrates -again that a jurist’s recusal is sometimes necessary to protect the integrity of the judicial system. This is a common theme for courts facing this issue. “A tribunal is either fair or unfair. There is no need to find actual prejudice, but rather, the appearance of prejudice is sufficient to warrant the grant of new proceedings. A trial judge should not only avoid impropriety but must also avoid the appearance of impropriety.” McFall, 617 A.2d at 714. I believe the trial court erred by disregarding consideration of the appearance of impropriety and focusing instead only on whether Appellants had demonstrated actual prejudice or bias by Judge Rogers.

Our Supreme Court Has Not Disapproved Armor’s Rationale

The trial court dismissed Armor believing that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected its “imputed appearance of impropriety standard” when that Court reversed In re Brockerman, 332 Pa.Super. 88, 480 A.2d 1199 (1984). Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/08, at 10. Appellee agrees, arguing subsequent cases have ignored Armor and have held that evidence of bias, prejudice or unfairness is necessary before the interest of a non-presiding judge requires recusal of all judges of the same court. Based on a thorough review of the law of recusal and the appearance of impropriety, I disagree.

In Brockerman, one party alleged the negligence of an attorney who, by the time of the appeal, was a judge of the Superior Court. Id. at 1201 n. 3. Pursuant to Armor, this Court certified the appeal to the Supreme Court, believing that an appearance of impropriety precluded this Court from deciding the appeal. Id. In a per curiam order, the Supreme Court remanded to this Court without hearing the appeal. In re Brockerman, 504 Pa. 350, 473 A.2d 1016 (1984). From this, the trial court inferred the Supreme Court’s disapproval of Armor.

The trial court erred in its analysis of Armor as affected by Brockerman for several reasons. First, and most important, per curiam orders do not create binding precedent. Beneficial Consumer Discount Co. v. Vukman, 621 Pa. 192, 77 A.3d 547, 549 n. 3 (2013). The Supreme Court's order in Brockerman is not authoritative on any substantive issue in that case. The trial court erred in treating the per cu-riam order in Brockerman as a rejection of Amor. I will not speculate as to the Supreme Court’s reasons for refusing this Court’s certification of the appeal. I believe, , nonetheless, that the circumstances of Brockerman were very different from those of Armor. Second, as evinced throughout this opinion, Armor plainly is not the only case to apply the appearance of impropriety standard. A rejection of Amor, even if one occurred, would not be a rejection of the appearance of impropriety standard. It cannot seriously be contended that our Supreme Court intended, through a per curiam order, to create a sea change in this area of the law. Finally, as Appellants point out, the Supreme Court, after Brockerman, also issued a per curiam order in Highway Materials, Inc. v. Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, No. 156 MM 2010, 2010 Pa. LEXIS 2874 (Pa. Dec. 14, 2010), where it ordered a full bench recusal of the trial court. This would seem at odds with the Court’s action in Brockerman. It is not, however, for the same reason Brockerman does not control here; neither case creates binding precedent.

The Timing of Appellants’ Recusal Motion

The Majority argues Appellants’ recusal motion was untimely as they had two opportunities to seek recusal before they filed their motion; first before the liability trial in January 2007, and second, on September 6, 2007 immediately after Judge Branca testified. I disagree.

The parties’ consent at the January 2007 pretrial conference to proceed in front of Judge Rogers is of no moment for two reasons. First, the result I advocate would not disturb the liability verdict from these bifurcated proceedings. Second, the parties and the trial court were unaware of Judge Branca’s financial interest in the outcome of this case until Judge Branca’s testimony on the second and last day of the damages trial. Any analysis of the timeliness of Appellee’s motion must therefore commence from that date.

Citing In re Lokuta, 608 Pa. 223, 11 A.3d. 427 (2011), Goodheart and Reilly, the Majority states that it is well settled that “a party seeking recusal or disqualification [is required] to raise the objection at the earliest possible moment, or that party will suffer the consequence of being time barred.” Majority Opinion at 120 (emphasis added by the Majority). While I do not quibble with this general proposition, none of these cases is particularly helpful in addressing the timeliness issue raised by the Majority. In Lokuta, Goodheart and Reilly, the recusal motions were all held to be untimely because the moving litigants waited until the outcome of their cases before filing their motions. In Lo-kuta, the appellant, after trial, sought re-cusal of one of the judges of the Court of Judicial Discipline on the basis the judge was ineligible to serve’ on the court. The appellant raised this issue after trial and had not included this argument in other pre-trial requests for recusal. Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 437. Citing Goodheart, the Lokuta Court held the appellant had waived this issue for not having raised it at the earliest opportunity. Id. .

In Goodheart, the appellants, after they lost on appeal to our Supreme Court, in an application for reconsideration, moved for recusal of two- Justices they alleged would benefit by the claim asserted' in that case. In their opposition to the application, the •appellees asserted that the “[Ajppellant chose to remain silent, resorting to the unconscionable and reprehensible tactic of laying in the grass, waiting until the decision and then raising the disqualification issue only if they lost.” Goodheart,' 565 A.2d at 763. Although this characterization was somewhat “florid,” our Supreme Court held that it could not say the characterization was either inaccurate or unfair. Id. Since the facts suggesting disqualification were known when the case was called for argument, the issue was deemed waived.

Similarly, in Reilly, counsel for the appellant, SEPTA, raised grounds for recusal of the trial judge a) eight months after the trial judge gave counsel five days to file a recusal motion, and b) in asserting numerous new grounds for recusal while on appear to this Court. Reilly, 489 A.2d at 1300. The Supreme Court found that counsel waived any right to raise recusal by not timely responding to the trial judge’s order and for raising new grounds after trial was complete on appeal to this Court. Id. Although Lokuta, Goodheart and Reilly all speak to the timeliness of a recusal motion, they provide little guidance to the present situation where the grounds for recusal were in fact raised before a verdict was entered by the trial court.

Judge Branca testified on September 6, 2007, the last day of the two-day damages trial. Appellants filed them recusal motion on October 15, 2007. Appellants did not await the adverse damages verdict before filing their motion. Appellants retained new counsel and sought Judge Rogers’ recusal prior to the trial court’s damage verdict. Thus, Appellants have not violated the precedent prohibiting a recusal motion after an adverse result. Appellants’ filed their motion during the thirty-day post-trial hiatus granted by the trial court to permit Appellants to determine whether they needed a forensic accountant to review attorneys’ fee invoices submitted by Appellee at the beginning of the damages trial. Certainly, the surprise revelation that Judge Branca retained a contingent fee interest in the outcome of this case to be decided by his colleague, was a momentous matter that had to be carefully considered by Appellants. The decision to seek recusal not only of Judge Rogers, but of the entire Montgomery County bench, assuredly required counseled judgment. This situation is entirely distinct - from a common evidentiary objection that requires immediate action to afford the trial court an opportunity to correct a perceived error. Moreover, Appellants filed the motion before any additional days of trial (as there were none) or courtroom resources were devoted to this matter and before the trial court’s decision on damages. Under these circumstances, I do not believe that Appellants’ motion was untimely filed.

I also reject the Majority’s claim that the loss of the ‘trial judge that made the credibility decisions and observations of witnesses and other evidence at trial will cause extreme prejudice to the Appellee. This contention is belied by Appellee’s own concession that another trial judge could decide the damages trial based upon a review of the existing record if Judge Rogers found that he had to recuse himself from this case. Appellee’s Memorandum in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Recusal, 10/24/07, at 1, 4, 14. Moreover, the Majority’s contention applies to any case where a trial judge finds that he or she must recuse during the course of a proceeding. Such is the price to be paid for the guarantee of a fair trial and the preservation of the public’s trust in the judiciary’s administration of justice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I do not believe this Court can defer to Judge Rogers’ disposition of the recusal motion. Judge Rogers failed to account for the appearance of impropriety inherent in this case. Judge Branca testified that he has a one-third interest in the net proceeds of any award in this case, and Judge Rogers, presiding over a bench trial, was responsible for detérmining the amount of the award. ■ Appellee notes that Judge Rogers issued a verdict on liability before this issue arose, and the amount of compensatory damages had been established through arbitration. This point is well-taken, but at the damages phase in this action Judge Rogers had to determine whether and to what extent, in his discretion, punitive damages were appropriate. Judge Rogers’ award of more than $600,000.00 in punitive damages essentially may award his colleague on the Montgomery County bench more than $200,000.00 on this item of damages alone. In Armor, we ordered the recusal of the entire Montgomery County bench where a judge’s spouse had a direct financial interest in the outcome. I believe the same result must obtain here, where a judge has a direct financial interest in the outcome of a case being heard and decided by one of his bench colleagues.

As demonstrated, an appearance of impropriety alone may properly form the basis for recusal of a judge, or bench, from hearing a matter. Judge Rogers improperly has dismissed consideration of the appearance of impropriety in this case solely on the basis Appellants produced no evidence of bias, unfairness, or prejudice on the part of Judge Rogers. To do so disregards á critical gatekeeping function of our courts. As aptly observed in Reilly,

Questions concerning the fairness, impartiality, or bias of the trial court always affect the administration of justice and can cloak the whole system of judicature with suspicion and distrust. Because recusal requests call into question our ability to mediate fairly, they raise important issues in which the public is concerned. If our courts are perceived to be unfair and biased, our future ability to adjudicate the public’s grievances and wrongs will be threatened, because we all lose the one thing that brings litigants into our halls of justice — their trust. Without the people’s trust that our decisions are made without malice, ill-will, bias, personal interest or motive for or against those submitting to our jurisdiction, our whole system of judicature will crumble.

Id. at 1301. “Judicial integrity is, in consequence, a state interest of the highest order.” Caperton, 556 U.S. at 889, 129 S.Ct. 2252 (citing Republican Party of Minn., 536 U.S. at 793, 122 S.Ct. 2528 (Kennedy, J., concurring)).

Finally, I take issue with the Majority’s contention that my analysis would require recusal of an entire county bench when a judge has a financial interest in a case pending in his or her home county, even in counties with large benches such as Allegheny and Philadelphia. Majority Opinion, at 112 n. 1. I believe the Majority’s claim is overstated and an unwarranted exaggeration of the result I advocate. This case presents extraordinary circumstances, and my analysis would create no blanket rule. The outcome of a recusal motion in any future case involving judges of the same county would still depend on the court’s assessment of the facts and circumstances before it, in accordance with the law governing recusal motions. Instantly, Judge Branca was a material witness in the damages phase of this trial, and he had a significant financial interest in the outcome. Judge Rogers, a colleague, had to assess Judge Branca’s credibility and determine whether to issue a substantial award of punitive damages knowing that Judge Branca would benefit proportionally based upon his contingent interest in the size of the award entered by Judge Rogers. These are the unique facts of this case, which I anticipate will not replicate themselves with any untoward frequency in our courts. With that said, I wish also to emphasize, once again, that I do not doubt Judge Rogers’ ability to arrive at a fair and impartial verdict. My analysis rests on the appearance of impropriety, not actual impropriety.

As set forth at the outset, I join the Majority in affirming the liability verdict, and respectfully dissent from the Majority’s conclusion that Judge Rogers did not err in denying Appellant’s recusal motion.

Judges BOWES, DONOHUE, and SHOGAN join this Concurring and Dissenting Opinion. 
      
      . The Dissent fails to provide any principled rule or guidance for the trial bench to assess these challenges in the future. For example, the Philadelphia trial bench has over 100 judges and the Allegheny Court of Common Pleas has over 40 judges; it cannot seriously be argued that a conflict of a single judge carries over to taint the entire trial bench in these counties, as well as other counties.
     
      
      . The Andorra Group was a fictitious name representing all of Kravitz’s companies, most of which were in the home building business during the years 1994-1998. The name was used by Kravitz so that he could have one name for his developments that would be recognizable by the public.
     
      
      . Cherrydale continued to build homes for Andorra Springs in 1997 and 1998 even though Cherrydale ■ was allegedly winding down its business.
     
      
      . Braun authored memoranda in August 1994 and December 1995, which indicated that , Cherrydale was profitable. It lacked .cash only because Andorra Springs did not pay it.
     
      
      . During 1995 and 1996, Andorra Springs made cash transfers or loans to Burnt Chimney Farms, Kravitz's horse farm. On December 31, 1996, the balance of the transfers and loans made by Andorra Springs to the' farm was approximately $577,552, At the time of those transfers or loans, Burnt Chimney Farms was insolvent. Andorra Springs received no security for the transfers or loans, even though Burnt Chimney Farms had unencumbered assets valued at over $1,000,000 such as land, horses, and buildings. Burnt Chimney Farms never paid Andorra Springs back and Andorra Springs never took steps to collect the debt. Andorra Springs wrote off the $577,551.81 as bad debt.
     
      
      .Kravitz also personally loaned Burnt Chimney Farms approximately $1.8 million, but he did not view his own loan as uncollectible and did not write off his loan to Burnt Chimney Farms as bad debt.
     
      
      . Site improvements include grading, underground sewer systems, roadway, wiring for electricity, basically preparing the site for development.
     
      
      . Rravitz refused to produce, among .other things, 14 appraisals on non-residential real estate he owned, brokerage or bank statements for 2006 or 2007, documentation regarding certificates of deposit and money market funds held or cashed out in January 2007, and documents relating to two partnerships in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
     
      
      . Judge Branca testified that Appellee and SGR had decided that he would receive "a third referral of the net proceeds as a- fee.” Id.,, at 21-22. . There is no indication in the record as to what "a third referral of the net proceeds” means or what it would include under the agreement forged between Appellee and SGR.
     
      
      .. Rravitz also testified that he "may have” paid the expenses for polo players from Argentina to play polo at the Farms, although he could not or would not testify as to which years and how many years he may have done so. Findings of Fact — Damages at 15, ¶ 71.
     
      
      . -Although Armor was written by Judge Price, in relation to the issues of recusal and appearance of impropriety, one judge concurred and one judge concurred in the result only. Three judges'explicitly dissented from Judge Price's holding that no judge of the Montgomery County bench could hear the child support case, x.e., Judge Cercone in his concurring and dissenting opinion, and Judge Wieand, joined by Judge Hester, in his dissenting opinion. Therefore, not only is Armor a plurality opinion, which carries no binding authority, the majority holding was not joined by a sufficient number of judges to warrant precedential value. See Interest of O.A., 552 Pa. 666, 717 A.2d 490, 496 n. 4 (1998) (“While the ultimate order of a plurality opinion, i.e., an affirmance or reversal, is binding on the parties in that particular case, legal conclusions and/or reasoning employed by a plurality certainly do not constitute binding authority.”); Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 556 (Pa.Super.2011) (en banc) ("Where, as here, however, the concurrence does not explicitly state its agreement or disagreement with the plurality, we must look to the substance of the concurrence to determine the extent to which it provides prece-dential value to points of agreement.”).
     
      
      . Appellee responds by reiterating the trial court’s opinion that Armor had been "abrogated” when the Supreme Court declined, in a per curiam order, to take the. opportunity to "uphold the presumptive standard articulated in Armor ” and thus, "specifically rejected it.” Appellee’s Brief, at 18 (citing In re Estate of Brockerman, 332 Pa.Super. 88, 480 A.2d 1199, 1201 n. 3 (1984)). The Supreme Court did not issue an opinion with its remand order in Brockerman. It cannot be said that Armor has been “abrogated” by Brockerman or that our Supreme Court's action in Brockerman has any precedential value. See Commonwealth v. Thompson, 604 Pa. 198, 985 A.2d 928, 937-938 (2009) (citing case law for the proposition that per curiam orders hold no precedential authority).
     
      
      . In their motion for recusal and motion for reconsideration of the recusal motion, Appellants asserted only that Judge Branca gave his opinion on the report to Appellee’s attorney during a telephone discussion about the case. At no time prior to this appeal did Appellants argue that the report had been improperly admitted and did not seek -preclusion of the . report or the expert's testimony. In. their motion for post-trial relief, Appellants again did not argue that the trial court improperly admitted or relied upon the expert or testimony.
     
      
      . Moreover, even if the issue had not been waived,.as the trial court observed, “there is no evidence to support an assertion that Judge Branca, or anyone else, improperly influenced” the content of the expert's report. Trial Court Opinion, dated 1/15/13, at 30-31,
     
      
      . In addition, Appellants provide a three-sentence argument that because CASPA allows for "penalty damages, as a matter of law the trial court was prohibited from awarding common law punitive damages.” Appellants’ Brief, at 49. Appellants cite inapposite and non-precedential case law and fail to develop their argument. We, thus, conclude this argument is waived and, in any event, without merit.
     
      
      . I will refer to the opposing opinion as the Majority opinion based on our unanimous affirmance of the liability verdict.
     
      
      . Contrary to the Majority’s assertion, I believe this dissent provides ample guidance, based upon available legal precedent, to require recusal of the entire Montgomery County bench. The number of judges per se that share a common bench is not determinative of this issue. Rather, as explained, it is the appearance of impropriety of any one of them hearing this matter that is problematic. In a sense, requiring recusal of the entire county bench is similar to the rule of imputation whereby all lawyers of a firm must disqualify from a matter if any member of the firm is prohibited from doing, except where the prohibition is based upon a personal interest of the prohibited lawyer. See Rules of Professional Conduct 1.10.
     
      
      . See Raymond J. McKoski, Judicial Discipline and the Appearance of Impropriety': What the Public Sees Is What the Judge Gets, 94 Minn. L.Rev. 1914, 1921 (2010).
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . See McKoski, supra note 9, at 1922. See also Peter W. Morgan, The Appearance of Propriety: Ethics Reform and the Blifil Paradoxes, 44 Stan. L. Rev. 593, 598 (1992).
     
      
      . McKoski, supra note 9, at 1922.
     
      
      . Judge Landis served as commissioner until his death in 1944. Id.
      
     
      
      
        . McKoski, supra note 9, at 1923.
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at n. 49,
     
      
      . Id, It is interesting to note that none other than a Pennsylvanian to the ABA convention, Hampton L. Carson of Philadelphia, proposed this resolution of condemnation. See id. (cit- . ing Report of the Forty-Fourth Annuae Meeting of the American Bar Association (September 1, 1921) at 61-67).
     
      
      . Id. at 1923.
     
      
      . Id. at 1926.
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      .- Id.
      
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at 1927.
     
      
      . Id. at 1928.
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at 1931.
      
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . Id. at 1935.
     
      
      . Id. at 1936.
     
      
      . The Code of Judicial Conduct has been revised, renumbered and amended effective July 1, 2014.
     
      
      .Article 5, § 10 vests the Supreme Court with “supervisory administrative authority over the courts of Pennsylvania. PA .Const. art. V, § 10(a). >
     
      
      . As of the time Caperton was decided almost every State had adopted the American Bar Association’s objective standard of the appearance of impropriety. Id. at 888, 129 S.Ct. 2252.
     
      
      . The specific provisions of the prior Canon challenged in Goodheart can be found in current Rule 2.11 to Canon 1 of the current Code of Judicial Conduct that instructs "[a] judge .., shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety.”
     
      
      .As noted earlier, the Supreme Court derives that authority from Article 5, § 10 of the state constitution. PA Const, art. V, § 10(a).
     
      
      . Pennsylvania Courts - commonly and frequently cite the Abu-Jamal standard as well settled. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Flor, 606 Pa. 384, 998 A.2d 606, 641-42 (2010), cert. denied, 563 U.S. 941, 131 S.Ct. 2102, 179 L.Ed.2d 900 (2011); Commonwealth v. Miller, 597 Pa. 333, 951 A.2d 322, 328 (2008); Commonwealth v. White, 589 Pa. 642, 910 A.2d 648, 657 (2006); Commonwealth v. Tharp, 574 Pa. 202, 830 A.2d 519, 534 (2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1045, 124 S.Ct. 2161, 158 L.Ed.2d 736 (2004); Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 23 (Pa.Super.2014); Commonwealth v. Kearney, 92 A.3d 51, 60 (Pa.Super.2014), appeal denied, 627 Pa. 763, 101 A.3d 102 (2014); Rohm & Haas Co. v. Lin, 992 A.2d 132, 149 (Pa.Super.2010); Overland Enter, v. Gladstone Partners, L.P., 950 A.2d 1015, 1021 (Pa.Super.2008); Commonwealth v. Bonds, 890 A.2d 414, 418-19 (Pa.Super.2005), appeal denied, 588 Pa. 774, 906 A.2d 537 (2006).
     
      
      . Justice Eakiri authored the opinion announcing the judgment of the Court in White. He wrote for a four-Justice majority with regard to the merits of the Commonwealth’s petition requesting the trial court to recuse.
     
      
      . The revised Code of Judicial Conduct defines impropriety as follows:
      The test for appearance of impropriety is whether the conduct would create in reasonable minds a perception that the judge violated this Code or engaged in other conduct that reflects adversely on the judge’s honesty, impartiality, temperament, or fitness to serve as a judge.
      Pa.Code Jud. Conduct, Canon 1, Rule 1.2, cmt 5. As noted elsewhere in this opinion, this Court has no authority to enforce the Code of Judicial Conduct. In any event, I do not believe I need to address whether and to what extent the "reasonable minds” standard of the Code differs from the previous Code standard of a "significant minority of the lay community” described in Darush. Pursuant to Commonwealth ex. rel. Armor v. Armor, 263 Pa.Super. 353, 398 A.2d 173 (1978) {en banc) (plurality), and my analysis in the main text, I believe the circumstances of this case present an appearance of impropriety under substantive state law governing recusal. I do not believe that a judicial adoption of the “reasonable minds” standard of the Code would alter that result.
     
      
      . The provision governing public comment on pending cases has been revised and renumbered as Rule 2.10 of the Code of Judicial Conduct,
     
      
      . It seems sensible to treat the "final and unreviewable” language as pertaining to the jurist’s personal examination of his or her own motives and biases rather than the judge’s decision on whether an appearance of impropriety exists. See Caperton, 556 U.S. at 883, 129 S.Ct. 2252 ("The difficulties of inquiring into actual bias, and the fact that the inquiry is often a private' one, simply underscore the need for objective rules.”).
      Nonetheless, at least one three-judge panel of this Court has treated a trial court’s decision on the appearance of impropriety as unre-viewable. Overland, 950 A.2d at 1021. The Overland Court wrote, "As to the question of whether the specter of the appearance of judicial impropriety was raised by the nature of the pending controversy ... our caselaw is clear that a jurist's decision on whether same exists is unreviewable.” Id. (citing Arnold v. Arnold, 847 A.2d 674, 681 (Pa.Super.2004)). The Overland Court’s reliance on Arnold is misplaced. The appellant in Arnold argued the trial court’s rulings against him evinced the court’s bias. Arnold, 847 A.2d at 680. This Court merely held that adverse rulings alone are not evidence of bias, especially where- those rulings were not legally erroneous. Id. at 681. . The circumstances of Arnold are therefore distinct from Overland and from the matter on appeal. I would disapprove the Overland panel’s statement on the reviewability of the appearance of impropriety.
     
      
      . That obligation is currently codified in Canon 1, Rule 1.2.
     
      
      . It is not readily apparent how the trial court came to refer to the appearance of impropriety standard as "imputed.” For present purposes, I discern no difference in my reference to the standard from that of the trial court.
     
      
      . The trial court wrote as follows:
      No appearance of impropriety exists or is presumed to exist simply because a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County has an interest in the underlying case. The Judge is not even a party in the case. Armor is not precedential authority and has been rejected by the Supreme Court. Moreover, Armor fails to set forth and articulate the substantive law and burden of proof to be applied on a motion for recusal.
      Trial Court Opinion, 12/31/08, at 13.
     
      
      . The Majority states that Appellants could have learned of Judge Branca’s financial interest by taking his deposition or informally "just asking him,” Majority Opinion at 120-21. The Majority fails to cite any information in' Appellants’ possession that would prompt such an inquiry. Appellee did not reveal at the January 2007 pretrial conference that Judge Branca retained a one-third contingent fee interest in the outcome of the case. Appellants’ Memorandum of Law in Support of the Motion for Recusal, 6/24/09, at 3.
     
      
      . The Majority argües the Appellants' failure to request recusal immediately after Judge Branca’s testimony was a waiver of any right to request recusal. The record reveals that in his response to Appellants’ recusal motion, Appellee’s only objection to the propriety of Appellants’ motion being before the trial court was that Appellants waived any right to request recusal based upon the January pretrial proceedings. Appellee’s Memorandum in Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Re-cusal, 10/24/07, at 13. At the pretrial conference, Judge Rogers disclosed (1) Judge Bran-ca’s prior representation of Appellee, and (2) the absence of any discussion of this cases between Judge Rogers and Judge Branca, whereupon all counsel agreed Judge Rogers could preside. Id. The key point, however, is the absence of any disclosure, prior to Judge Branca’s testimony during the damages trial, of Judge Branca’s financial interest in the outcome of this case. Nonetheless, the Majority’s reliance on waiver is permissible as this Court may affirm the trial court on any valid basis, including waiver. See Commonwealth v. Tunnell, 463 Pa. 462, 345 A.2d 611, 612 (1975) ("While the question of waiver has not.been raised by any party to this litigation, this Court may. affirm an order if it is correct for any reason.’’) (citing Gilbert v. Korvette, 457 Pa. 602, 327 A.2d 94, 96 n. 5 (1974)).
     
      
      . The Majority’s use of this quotation from Goodheart-inexplicably adds to and .truncates that court’s statement regarding the timeliness of a- recusal motion when the Majority states "Appellants] chosé to remain silent ... waiting until the decision [was imminent], and then'raising the disqualification issue[.]” Majority Opinion at 121. In fact, as fully quoted above, the statement from Goodheart provides "[A]ppellant chose to remain silent ... waiting until the decision and then raising the disqualification issue only if they lost.” Id. (Emphasis added). By indicating the moving party waited until the decision was "imminent” and omitting the words "only if they lost”, the Majority impermissibly changes the import' of this statement in Goodheart. In fact, the Majority's statement becomes incongruent with the facts and result in that case where the recusal motion was deemed waived because the appellants waited until the court’s decision was issued before requesting recusal.
     
      
      . I acknowledge that after Judge Rogers vacated his recusal after considering Appellee’s response, Appellee has maintained that Judge Rogers did not abuse his discretion in refusing to recuse himself from this matter, and now Appellee objects to another judge being assigned to hear this case.
     
      
      . The record is not clear as to what a referral fee of one-third on a net recovery would include under the agreement between Judge Branca, the client, and the referred firm. Suffice it to say, the increase in award of more than eight times the arbitration award because of Judge Rogers’ decision on damages is substantial.
     