
    John W. Barry and Samuel Harbeck, Survivors of Caspanus Hewson, against Ephraim Mandell, Assignee of Peter P. Dox, Esq. Sheriff of Albany, Plaintiffs in Error, Defendant in error.
    ALBANY,
    
    March, 1813.
    The statute; Sti^have not altered the as to the lia* riffFfor <?«-* ké^a»ay°their common law rights as to a fresh pursuit amU^f pri^^theiiber" lics> without the privity or assent of the sheriff, to an action against him for an escape, he may plead recaption, or voluntary return before suit brought, as he might do in an action for a negligent escape, at common law; and this was the true construction of those statutes before the passing of the act of the 5th of April, 1810. ÍSess. 38. c. 187.) The bonds given to sheriffs for the liberties, are for his indemnity only ¡ and neither the sheriff nor his assignee (in, case of an assignment by virtue of the act of the ¿8th of March, 1809, sess. 32. e. 148.) can lecover on such bond, without showing he is injured or damnified : and to an action on such bond by the sheriff or his assignee, it is a good plea in bar, that the prisoner voluntarily returned before suit brought. But even if this construction of the act of the 28th ot M.irck, 1809, is not well founded, yet the act of the 5th of April, 1810, is so far a virtual repeal of the provisions' of former acts; for the recaption on fresh pursuit, or voluntary return before action brought, being a good defence to the sheriff, in an action against him for the escape, it is equally a good defence to the prisoner and his bail, in a suit against them by the sheriff or his assignee, on the bond. See ante, Jamen y, Milton, p. 549,.
    THE defendant in error, as assignee of the sheriff, &c. brought an action of debt on the bond taken by the sheriff for the liberties of the gaol, which was originally commenced in the court of common pleas of the city and county of Albany, on the 15 th Novsmber, 1811. At the trial, in March, 1812, the jury found a special verdiet, on which the court of common pleas gave judgment for the plaintiff. A writ of error was afterwards brought on this bids:A ° Jo ment to the supreme court, which, m August, 1812, affirmed the judgment of the court of common pleas; and on this judgment of the supreme court, a writ of error was brought to this court. For the pleadings, facts, &c. in the court, see the report of the case in Vol. 9. page 234.
    
      The reasons for the judgment of the supreme court, as stated in the report of the case below, were assigned by the Chief Justice ; and he also referred to the several decisions of the court, on the subject of escapes and bail forthe liberties, in Tillman v. Lansing, (4 Johns, Rep. 43.) Dash v. Van Kleeck, (7 Johns. Rep. 477.) Peters v. Gedney, (6 Johns. Rep. 121.) Ballou v. Kip, (7 Johns. Rep. 175.) and to the several acts of the legislature on the same subject.
    
      Henry, for the plaintiff in error.
    Although the jury, by their verdict, have found a voluntary escape, yet the facts found by them do not support the deduction that it was a voluntary escape» They have merely found the circumstances of the escape, and referred it to the opinion of the court, on the facts so found, whe-. ther the plaintiff was entitled to recover.
    The bond taken by the sheriff is for his indemnity only, and there being a voluntary return before action brought, the sheriff was not damnified, and could not, therefore, recover on the bond. It was so decided in the case of Dole v. Moulton, in which the same plea was put in as in this present case. Lansing, Oh. J. who delivered the opinion of the court in that Case, lays it down, that where a prisoner is granted the liberties of the gaol, the walls of the prison are enlarged to the extent of the limits, and that the common law concerning escapes applied to the limits, in the same manner as it formerly did to the four walls of the prison. The present chief justice was then a judge of that court, and must have concurred in the opinion. The acts of the legislature on this subject are carefully framed on this principle. The act of the 5th'of 1793, respecting' the liberties of the gaols, prescribes the mode of fixing the limits, and the terms of the condition of the bond to be taken by the sheriff; and by the act of the 30th of March, 1799, to remove all doubt as to the character of these bonds, the legislature declare, that all such bonds given in pursuance of the former act, to be for the indemnity of the sheriff's only > and that sheriffs who might let prisoners, in custody on civil process only, go at large within the limits, without such bonds, should not be deemed to have incurred an escape. The terms voluntary and negligent escape apply to sheriffs only. To take away the defence of a recaption on fresh pursuit, the escape must be voluntary as to the sheriff, not as to the prisoner. To all bonds of indemnity, or to save harmless, non damnificahis is always ¡a good plea, and the plaintiff must, if he has sustained damage, set forth in his replication how he is damnified.
    • • rrr»T, T • , . , Before the decision m Tillman v. Lansing, as the law was understood, all parties to the bond might plead fresh pursuit and recaption, or voluntary return of the prisoner before suit. But that decision created a new kind of escape, before unknown, and overturned, in that respect, the received common law doctrine. Two of the judges (in Dashv. Van Klee ck) admitted that the construction they put upon the statutes relative to the gaol liberties, in Tillman v. Lansing, to have been rigid and harsh. The legislature must have so considered it, for by the act of the 28 th March, 1809, they declared the bond assignable. The first section fixes the damages to be recovered by the parly, where his right to recover has been established. The second section provides for a stay of proceedings against the sheriff, for a negligent escape, until he has time to sue on the bond, and collect the amount ascertained to be due on it. The third section declares the measure of damages when the sheriff sues on the bond, when the condition is- broken.
    Thecreditorhas an election; and if he elects to take an assignment of the bond, he can proceed to establish his right to recover under it, and having established his right, the original debt is the measure of the damages to be recovered. The character of the bond is still the same; it is still a bond of indemnity; for the assignment cannot change its original character. An assignee stands in the place of the assignor. He has no other or greater rights; the contract or obligation is not enlarged by the assignment. The bond being, then, for the indemnity only of the sheriff or assignor, if he was not in fact damnified, there was no breach of the condition ; the bond was not forfeited, and he could have no right to recover.
    It is admitted that the legislature may make prospective laws. The act of the 5th of April, 1810, (sess. 33. c. 187.) referring to all the previous acts relative to gaols and gaol liberties, declares that the sheriff or oilier officer shall have his common law defence . in cases of escapes, in direct opposition to the decision of the court in the case of Tillman v. Lansing.
    
    If, then, a suit had been commenced against the sheriff by the creditor, he would be entitled to plead a return within the limits, before the suit was brought. Yet the court below say that the prisoner could not make the same defence to an action against him ■ by the sheriff or his assignee on the bond.
    
      The Chief Justice, in Dash v. Van Kleeck,
      
       said, that “if the sheriff was not responsible lo the creditor, the prisoner was not responsible to the sheriff.” That if the p.lea óf voluntary return, after a voluntary escape of the prisoner, was good for the sheriff it excused the prisoner. If, then, the sheriff could not recover against the prisoner, neither can his assignee; for the sheriff’s defence would be a good defence for the prisoner, and the rights of the assignor and assignee must, be one and the same.
    The creditor clearly never had any right of action against the prisoner for an escape. He could only issue a new execution. Can the assignment .of the bond give the creditor a right he never had, or any except what he acquires by assignment ? In Peter# and Gedney v. Henry,
      
       the court recognise the law as settled, that a voluntary return of the prisoner, in case of a negligent escape, purges the escape, and is a full and perfect defence. In the present case, the fact is found by the special verdict, that the prisoner- did voluntarily return, and immediately after he had gone beyond the limits. If, then, the creditor had sued the sheriff, the plaintiff would be barred by the plea of recaption, or voluntary return before the suit. Can the sheriff, then, sue the prisoner and recover the amount of the debt? If not, how can the creditor to whom the bond is assigned sue the prisoner and recover his debt? He can have no other right than what was possessed by the sheriff. This is the reason and the law on this subject, and what is fairly to be deduced from all the acts, which, as they relate to the same thing, are to be' taken together. The reason of the measure of damages given by the act of the 28th of March, 1809, having ceased, the law or proviso of the act must also cease. Such is the maxim of the Iaw.
    
    The common law doctrine, as to escapes, having been restored by the acts passed since the decision of Tillman v. Lansing, and the bond being clearly for the indemnity only of the sheriff, the jury certainly mistook the measure of damages.
    The court below seemed to have created the new kind of escape from reasons of policy, by which the sheriff is to be made absolutely liable in all cases of negligent escapes. As well might they make him liable for an escape from the walls of the prison. Laws are not to be construed to suit judicial notions of policy. It is for the legislature to decide on the policy and expediency of the acts they pass. It belongs to courts jus dicer'e, non jus dare. But the policy of such a rigorous construction of the statute is much &rbe questioned. It wholly defeats the humane intentions of the legislature j for the undoubted object of these statutes was to mitigate the evils suffered by unfortunate debtors from imprisonment for debt. [The counsel here enlarged on the policy and humanity of the statutes.] ,
    If the sheriff or surety is to be made liable for the debt, merely because the prisoner stepped beyond the limits, for a few minutes, who will become surety ? Such a doctrine, instead of furthering the benign intentions of the legislature, would leave persons imprisoned for debt in a far worse situation than they were in at common law. And it may be asked, how or whence the court below acquired their authority to make the distinction between escapes, so nearly the same, and to render the sheriffliable for the one, and the other harmless and justifiable ?
    If a mob were to take all the prisoners for debt out of the limits, against their will, yet, on the doctrine of the court below, the sheriff would be liable for the debt.
    I. Hamilton, contra.
    The special verdict states expressly that the prisoner wilfully and voluntarily went beyond the limits.
    • I. At common law, where the condition of a bond was broken or not performed, the bond became forfeited, and the obligee was entitled to sue for the penalty. The condition must be strictly performed, and nothing, not even the act of God, will excuse from the performance. In the case of The Sheriff of Norwich v. Bradshaw, it was decided that the sheriff might bring an action for an escape against a prisoner, before the party sued him, or he had paid the money, for the escape is a wrong to the sheriff, who is always liable to the plaintiff and the prisoner cannot take advantage of his wrong, and the sheriff need not say that he has been damnified.
    How far has the statute altered the common law in regard to bonds ? The act relative to the gaol liberties does not make the bond a mere instrument of indemnity. The condition is not to save harmless and indemnify the sheriff; but that the defendant in execution “ shall remain a true and faithful prisonernon damnificatus is not, therefore, a good plea in bar to such a bond. In Holmes v. Rhodes,
      
       it was decided that non damnificatus could not be pleaded to a bond, conditioned to pay money at a certain time, though it appeared from the condition to have been given by ' way of indemnity. Though the bond given to the sheriff is, Ska effect, for his indemnity, yet, in terms, or technically, it is not a bond of indemnity, and the plea of non damnijicatus does not, therefore, answer the condition of the bond; and it was expressly decided by the supreme court, in the case of Woods v. Rowan an^ ^'00n> n°t t° be a good plea to such a bond.
    By the acts, relative to the gaol liberties, the sense of the legislature is declared, in regard to the extension of the four walls of the prison; the sheriff is compelled to accept the bond, and suffer the prisoner to go at large within the limits. He has no discretion, except to judge of the sufficiency of the security. He cannot restrain the prisoner from whom he has received the bond; and the only security he has that the prisoner will not go beyond the limits, is the bond. The object of the legislature in thus extending the walls of the prison, was, no doubt, humane and benevolent. By the act relative to sheriffs, a prisoner in execution was to be kept in close and secure custody, and if he escaped, the sheriff was answerable for the whole debt; and the responsibility of the sheriff was not altered, in this respect, by the extension of the prison walls. That the legislature have power to alter the common law, will not be denied. And, as we contend, they have altered the common law doctrine, in regard to escapes, it is unnecessary to examine it, since the decision in Tillman v. Lansing. The legislature, by their act, making the bonds assignable, did, in effect, confirm that decision, and they provided a remedy . for the hardships resulting from the former act. It is not intimated in that act, that the supreme court had mistaken the intention of the legislature, by the construction adopted in Tillman v. Lansing. Besides, the sheriff is the agent or instrument of the law for the furtherance of justice.
    It is said the character of the bond is not changed by the .act making it assignable, and that the assignee can have no other or greater rights than those possessed by the assignor. It will not, however, be denied that the legislature have the power to give to the assignee greater rights than the assignor possessed. And they have done so, in the present instance, by enabling the assignee to recover fees and costs, which the sheriff could not have recovered before the assignment; and it is also declared that the recovery by the assignee shall be a bar to any action brought against the sheriff for a negligent escape. The character of the bond has been materially changed by the act. Though, in effect, but not technically, it is, in the hands of the sheriff, a bond of indemnity; yet, in the hands of the assignee, it is merely a remedy to recover the original debt and costs.
    Again, by the first section of the act of the 5th April, 1810, no action can be brought against the officer, unless within six monthss and the second section provides, that as to persons im= .prisoned after the passing the act, no action shall be brought against the officer after twelve months; and the third section gives to the sheriff, or other officer, the right to avail himself of the common law doctrine, of a return before suit brought. By thus confining this plea to the officer only, it clearly negatives the Idea, that there can be such a plea to the bond in the hands of the assignee. The character of the bond, after assignment, is thus materially changed. It is said that the third section extends to the bail, but nothing is said of the bail; and it is not pre« tended, that the first and second sections refer to the Ipil. The provisions of the act, throughout, refer to the officer only, and the object of it is to relieve him. How is this a repeal of the provisions of the former act? There are no expressions of repeal. And the law does not allow a repeal, by implication, unless there Is a manifest repugnancy between the two acts: no such repugnancy exists in the present case. But it is said, that the reason of the former act having ceased, or been taken away, the provisions of the act must also cease. But neither the reason nor the provisions of the former act have ceased. Both acts were made for the ease and benefit of the sheriff; and the controversy Is left between the original parties.
    Again, it is said, the privilege granted to" the sheriffs is to be extended to the bail or surety, because bail are always favoured by courts. It is true, they are so far favoured as not to be made liable beyond their engagements. Yet there are cases in which bail are not favoured; as, if judgment be given for the defendant in an inferior court, yet, if that judgment be reversed, the bail are still held liable.
    
    Nothing more is claimed, in the present case, than to make the bail liable to the extent of their engagement, which is, that the debtor shall remain a true and faithful prisoner, and shall not, in any wise, go beyond the liberties.
    Again, these acts relative to gaol liberties are to be construed strictly; for they are in derogation of a common law right, and take away property : they take away the right which the creditor had to the legal satisfaction of his debt, by the custody of the debtor’s body.
    As to the objection, that the sheriff may recover the whole debt against the prisoner, and then plead recaption, &c. in bar to the action brought by the creditor, it may be answered that the consequence supposed does not follow; for the court, in Dole v. Moulton,
      
       decided that the sheriff could not recover, where the going beyond the limits was an involuntary act of the prisoner, because the sheriff was not damnified ; unless that he can show that he is damnified, he cannot recover. And this doctrine is expressly laid down in Tillman v. Lansing.
    
    If the decision of the court below is not to be supported, the legislature may as well abolish imprisonment for debt.' The statute will be easily eluded; and it is a maxim of law, that siich a construction should be put on a statute, as to guard against evasion, and prevent the mischief intended to be remedied. It is on this principle that the supreme court founded their decision. If a prisoner will, knowingly and wilfully, go beyond the limits, in direct violation of the condition of the bond, he and his surety ought to be made liable. Where the transgression is not wilful, but inadvertent, and from ignorance, it is decided that there is no escape.
    The case of Peters and Gedney v. Henry,
      
       was decided after the act of the 5th of April, 1810, yet Mr. Justice Spencer there lays down the rule, that “ by the prisoner’s voluntarily going beyond the limits, the bond becomes forfeited without any right or power in the sheriff to retake him.” There was no suggestion that the act of 1810 altered the situation of bail, or that it operated as a repeal of the act of 1809. In addition to the several cases decided by our own courts, may be added the authority of the supreme court in Massachusetts, who have proceeded with equal, if not greater, strictness in their construction of bonds taken for gaol liberties.
    
    After the frequent discussion and various decisions in the supreme court, the position is fully established, that if the prisoner goes beyond the limits, the bond is forfeited, with the exception only where the transgression is involuntary or accidental. This exception has been probably allowed on the idea, that from the terms of the condition, it is implied, that the will of the prisoner must assent to the act. There is, however, another exception, that ■the bond is a bond of indemnity only, in the hands of the sheriff, because he is an officer, and the peculiar duty and responsibility of his office requires it
    
      Henry, in reply, insisted that before the decision of Tillman v, Lansing, no judge or professional man could have doubted, but that a return to prison before suit brought would purge the escape. It was the received and established law of the land. The court in that case, by construction, made a new species of escape, which nothing could purge away.
    As to the character of the bond taken for the liberties, it is sufficient to answer, that the statute has declared it to be-a bond of indemnity only to the sheriff. It is, ex vi termini, to save the sheriff harmless; and means nothing more nor less.
    In Holmes v. Rhodes, there was a specific act to be done; the bond was forfeited by the non-performance of the act. In a bond for the gaol liberties there is nothing specific to be performed.
    There is some seeming repugnance between the case of Dole V. Moulton and that of Woods v. Roman and Coon; but the latter was decided after the case of Tillman v. Lansing, in which it was laid down that nothing would purge the escape. A new principle was then declared by the court, which we contend was erroneous and unwarranted.
    The act making the bonds assignable is not a declaratory act, either in form or substance, and nothing appears from which it can be inferred that the legislature intended to confirm the decision of the S. C. in Tillman v. Lansing.
    
    As to the difference of damages, whether the suit is by the sheriff or creditor, it is explained from the circumstance that the sheriff has already received his poundage, and ought not to recover it again; and the creditor, having to pay it, ought to be allowed to recover it.
    If a repeal by implication is found to be in favour of the sheriff, it is equally in favour of his assignee. A constructive appeal must apply to all parts of the act, or to no part.
    The mischief referred to in Tillman v. Lansing has always existed. It existed in England, in the K. B. where the bond was not forfeited, if the prisoner returned within the rules before suit brought. If-the court intended wholly to eradicate the mischief, when the sheriff took no bonds, they should have said that he was fixed with the debt; but they said the rule was rigorous, and they relaxed it; yet there, is no distinction in the two cases, and the mischief in both is the same.
    
      Missel v. Kip, the reason why the sheriff was made liable was, that he did not aver in his plea that the prisoner had returned in(0 prison befdre suit brought, thereby clearly admitting that if he had so pleaded, and the fact of such return was true, it would have been a good plea.
    
      
       2 Johns. Cases, 205.
    
    
      
       Lor. And. ed. Laws, seas. 21 c. 91.
    
    
      
      
        Lor. And ed. of Laws, sess. 22. C. 65.
    
    
      
       Saund 117. note (1).
    
    
      
      
        7 Johns. Rep. 510.
    
    
      
       6 Johns. Rep. 121.
    
    
      
      
         See Bac. Abr. Santute, (1), s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
    
    
      
      
         Doct. & Stud. 26. Plowd. Com. 27. b.
      
    
    
      
       1 Term, Rep. 310. 2 Sir. 765. 3 Burr. 1637.
    
    
      
       1 Bos. & Pull. 638. and note.
    
    
      
      
        Seas. 24. c. 28. s. 18-20.
    
    
      
      
         Cro. Jac. 94.
    
    
      
      
        Bac. Mr. Statute, (I). 2 Dall. Rep. 316.
    
    
      
       2 Johns. Cas. 205. see also Ballou v. Kip, 7 Johns. 175. Kip v. Brigham, 6 Johns. Rep. 158.
    
    
      
       6 Johns. Rep. 121.
    
    
      
      
        Bartlett v. Willis, 3 Tyng’s Mass. Rep. 86. 200.
    
    
      
       1 Bos. & Pull 638.
    
   The Chancellor.

This cause is presented on a writ of error from the supreme court, upon a judgment, rendered therein, in affirmance of a judgment of the mayor’s court of the city of Albany, on a special verdict there taken. The special verdict is spread on the record brought up, and the cases of the parties, which are in the hands of every member of the court, containing every part thereof, material to the points to be decided on, renders it unnecessary to read it. It is distinguished from the case last adjudged, by coming up on an action of the assignee of a sheriff, on a bond given to him for the liberties of the gaol. The case adjudged, it will be recollected, was for an escape against a sheriff.

The errors which have been insisted on,’ are:

1. That the bond being merely a bond of indemnity, the immediate and voluntary return of the prisoner, without any suit having been brought against the sheriff, and the prisoner remaining thereafter in execution, iñ the limits, are an absolute bar against the sheriff for the alleged escape, and therefore take away all right of action upon the bond by the sheriff, and, consequently, by the assignee.

2. Because the measure of damages adopted by the jury is an erroneous one.

The defendant’s third plea is, that John W. Barry, (the prisoner,) “ accidentally and inadvertently, and without intention to escape, stepped beyond the outer line of the liberties of the said gaol, &c. and did, afterwards, to wit, before the commencement of any suit against the sheriff of the said city and county, for the cause aforesaid, and before the assignment of the said writing obligatory so taken for the liberties aforesaid to the said plaintiff, voluntarily return within the liberties aforesaid, and hath ever since remained, and still remains, a true and faithful prisoner, within the-liberties aforesaid, for the cause aforesaid.”

The jury, by this verdict, have found specially, that on the 12th day of August, 1811, the said John W. Barry did go without the limits of the liberties of the said gaol, to wit, into the enclosure of one Henry Vrooman, detailing the precise manner in which he had several times in one day, inadvertently, but voluntarily, gone a few yards beyond the liberties, in driving a cow, but immediately returned, &c.

This action was brought for an escape, alleged to have happened after the passing of the act of 1809, on the subject of gaol liberties. To the sixth section of the act of 1801, which imposes the duty of admitting prisoners to the liberties, there is a proviso, that nothing in the said act contained shall be construed to exonerate the sheriff, in case any prisoner shall escape from the limits ; and the bond, in the enacting part of that section, is declared to be for the indemnity of the sheriff only.

This statute left the sheriff exposed to suits, as he was under the English code. It provided that an escape from the liberties should not exonerate him, and if the intent was to deprive him of his right of pursuit and recaption, it left him defenceless against all the casualties from inadequate securities, in which an error in judgment might involve him, for he was required to judge at his peril. If the bond he took was to receive the restricted construction contended for, an actual damnification, not a prospective or eventual one, must be the ground of his action, and the measure of his damages; and so, it would seem, was the clear intent of the provision; for, though it might cover the charges attending the pursuit and recaption of the prisoner, no suit could be maintained for the damnification arising from his being compelled to satisfy the plaintiff, until he had been subjected to a recovery, indefinite as to the time in which it might have been had, within the usual legal limitation, which has, however, now, by the statute of 5th April, 1810, been limited to one year; and if the sheriff had totally lost his right of recaption on fresh pursuit, the former branch of these damages could give him no right of action. A different construction would have entitled the sheriff ío a recovery of either more or less of the amount of the debt; and if he should prove insolvent, or the plaintiff, on the execution, should, for some other reason, prefer the pursuit of the person or property of the prisoner, the recovery, in its effect, would have a source of profit, instead of mere indemnity, to the sheriff.

The statute of 1809 was intended to remedy the incongruity of this state of things. That statute graduated the measure of da* maSes > provided for the assignment of the bond; for staying a suit against a sheriff; for an escape, after judgment; for a reasonable time to enable him to collect the amount on the bond; an(j provided that upon a recovery by the sheriff, if the consideration of the bond had been broken, he should recover the amount due in the original action only, for which such execution issued; that upon a recovery by an assignee he should recover the amount due as aforesaid, with all such fees as should have accrued thereon.

The condition is undoubtedly broken when a prisoner, voluntarily and advisedly, goes beyond the liberties. An involuntary, momentary excursion, occasioned by an unreflecting impulse of the mind, as in the performance of an act of humanity in rescuing a person from impending destruction, the extinction of fire in the verge of the liberties, unperceired by others, an irresistible pres» -sure occasioned by a popular commotion, or wanton violence, instances suggested by way of illustration might, in my opinion, unhesitatingly be pronounced not an intent to escape, if followed by a prompt and immediate return.

If the sheriff’s right of retaking on fresh pursuit is unimpaired, he has his election to avail himself of it, or resort to his bond. If he pursues, retakes, and recommits, it is a waiver of his recovery, beyond the expense he has been put to in reclaiming the prisoner; if the prisoner voluntarily returns, he is in statu quo; but in either case the plaintiff on the execution, might, by bringing a suit against the sheriff, before the recaption or voluntary return of the . defendant, fix him.

Let us now- test the present case by this rule. Suppose the sheriff had brought his action on the bond, and the defendant had pleaded a voluntary return, and that the sheriff had affirmed him his prisoner by locking him up in gaol, and that he was not otherwise damnified, would not this have been a complete bar? If this was a valid plea against a sheriff, in an action on the bond, it cannot be less valid against an assignee, who cannot succeed to more enlarged rights than the sheriff had.

The plea which has been affirmed by the verdict of the jury is precisely this case. ■ All the requisite inducements have been found by the verdict; that the defendant in the original suit was admitted to the liberties, on bond; that he thence escaped witheuf the privity or knowledge of the sheriff; that he afterwards returned, and then, and always since, has remained in execution for the cause aforesaid.

If this is verified, whence can the plaintiff deduce his right to a recovery ? He had a right, independent of the sheriff, and against him; but the sheriff might, according to my reasoning in the last case adjudged, plead fresh pursuit and recaption, which was an effectual bar. If he elected to take an assignment, he acquired the right the sheriff had, at the time of the assignment, and nothing beyond it. The sheriff might formally have released the obligors; he might have modified his rights by contract, or by his acts before assignment, and his' assignee must have been bound.

The right of recaption was personal in the sheriff; if he asserted it, as between him and the prisoner, their former relation of keeper and prisoner was restored. Whether the sheriff could or could not reimburse himself by a suit on the bond, for the damages he had sustained by the escape, could not affect the interest of the plaintiff on the execution, but the recaption might; for if that took place before suit brought by him against the sheriff, it was a bar to his action. Here the plea alleges "that he has asserted his right of recaption before suit brought, and this bars both the sheriff and his assignee.

From this train of reasoning I am satisfied that the judgment of the supreme court is erroneous, and that it ought to be reversed.

Lewis, Senator, was also of opinion that the judgment of the supreme court ought to be reversed, and gave his reasons, at length; but the reportar, not being present, is unable to state them.

Platt, Wilkins, and Wendell, Senators, not having heard the argument, gave no opinion.

Van Buhen, Senator. The jury, by their special verdict, found, that on the 12 th of August, 1811, Barry “ did go without the limits, to wit, into the enclosure of one Henry Vrooman, which was formerly included within the liberties of the gaol; but by a subsequent survey, (made, however, before the execution of the bond, on which the suit was brought,) one part of the said enclosure, which bad been separated by a fence, was excluded from the. liberties; that the fence had been removed, and no marks were visible where it had stood, except a small ridge of ground; bat there was a mark on the house of Vrooman, and another on the fence opposite, which designated the line of the limits; that Barry stepped six or eight feet or more, and went round a cow, to drive her at the extreme end of the yard, over the outer lines of the said liberties, at the place aforesaid, and remained there three or four, or ten minutes, and returned within the limits; that about that time, he remarked that he must be careful where he went, and that he did not go over the limits.” They also found another escape, substantially similar to the one above stated, and “ that no suits had been commenced against "the sheriff, for the said escapes; that this suit was commenced on the 15th of November, 1811, and that the boiid was assigned to the plaintiff below on the 11th of the same month.”

Upon these facts the mayor’s court gave judgment for the plaintiff below, which judgment, having been affirmed by the supreme court, is alleged to be erroneous by the plaintiff in error; and is sought to be corrected in this court of dernier resort. Although the amount in controversy is' trifling, the case involves a principle of the first importance, and which merits the highest attention of this tribunal.

The plaintiff in error alleges two principal reasons why the judgment below should be reversed; but as from the view which I have taken of the subject, it will only be necessary to consider the first, I shall confine myself to that exclusively, which is, that “ the bond to the sheriff is merely a bond of indemnity / that the immediate and voluntary return of the prisoner, without any suit having been brought against the sheriff and the prisoner’s remaining thereafter in execution, within the gaol limits, are an absolute bar to any action against the sheriff for the alleged escape; and, therefore, take away all right of action upon the bond, by the sheriff, and, consequently, by his assignee.”

If the position taken by the plaintiff in error be correct, in point of law, it cannot be denied but that the facts in the case will support them, and the judgment given below must be held erroneous. To show that it is not so, the defendant in error relies on a decision of the supreme court, made in February term, 1809, in the case of Tillman v. Lansing, which was reviewed and supported by the same court, in February term, 1811, in the case of Dash v. Van Kleeck; and if the decision of that court, in the first case referred to, was a correct exposition and declaration of the law of the land, the plaintiff below, in this cause, would be entitled to recover, and, consequently, the judgment of this court should be that of affirmance.

That the eminent talents and distinguished integrity of the members who constitute the supreme court, justly entitle their decisions to the highest respect and consideration, is universally admitted; that they have been so received and considered by this court, its past conduct has testified; that the justices of that court, however, in common with the rest of mankind, would be subject to error; and that, in the variety and multiplicity of their concerns, they would sometimes unavoidably mistake the law, was, at the foundation of our government, foreseen. To correct such errors the constitution has provided this tribunal: whether that was wisely or unwisely done, it is now too late to inquire. By that provision it becomes our official duty to pass on their decisions, and, aided by the best lights that are afforded to us, and an exertion of such abilities as we may possess, to affirm or reverse them, as we shall find them, in our best judgment, right or wrong.

In matters of mere private opinion, no one would be more ready to surrender his individual impressions to those of the justices of the supreme court than myself; but situated as I am, and believing as I do that their decision in the case of Tillman v. Lansing was improvidently and erroneously made; and that the force of a previously expressed opinion, on the same point, in a great measure led to the reiteration of it, in the case of Dash v. Van Kleeck, I cannot but consider it as a violation of constitutional duty to omit doing as much as in me lies to obtain its correction.

By the act of the 30th of March, 1807, which was but a reenactment of a then existing law, on a revision of our code of laws, it is made the duty of the sheriffs to permit all prisoners who were, or might, come into their custody, on civil process, to go at large, within the limits appointed to their respective gaols, on their giving the security required by that statute, securing, by its provisions, the sheriff against suits for escapes, for suffering them to go at large within the limits, but rendering them equally liable for an escape from the limits, as they before were for an escape from the four walls of the prison»

The rights and liabilities of sheriffs, before the allowance of the limits, were not, -nor could they be, a matter of litigation; the law in this respect, upon that subject, has been too well settled to render it necessary to cite authorities; the decisions which had long since been acquiesced in, in England, which had again and again been recognised in our courts, and which are expressly admitted by the supreme court, in the case of Tillman v. Lansing, were, that for an involuntary escape from the walls of the prison, recaption on fresh pursuit, or a voluntary return of the prisoner to ihe prison, before suit brought, was a complete defence to the shci iff.

Lest the terms voluntary and involuntary escape might tend to confuse the question, it may be well.here to state, that in using the terms as applicable to this suit, they are, and can only be, used as relating to the conduct of the sheriff. Although it was in some de-' gree urged by the counsel for the plaintiffs in error, that the escape, as it appears from the special verdict, might well be considered as involuntary on th,e part of the prisoner', I am not prepared, nor is it necessary, to decide that they could derive a valid defence from that source. For a voluntary escape on the part of the sheriff, he can have no defence. How far recaption, or a voluntary return before suit brought, furnishes him with a defence for an escape, as to him involuntary, that is, without his express permission or connivance, is the question under discussion.

From the period of the first act relative to the gaol liberties to the revision of the laws in 1801, and from the passage of the act of the 30th of March, in that year, until the decision of the case of Tillman v. Lansing, in 1809, the common law rights of the shes ;ff, of recaption and, voluntary return, were .universally cons.-< e; ed as having been left unimpaired by the different statutes which have been passed upon the subject. Nor was this the impression of the multitude, who might properly be deemed incompetent to judge upon the Subject, but of the soundest and best lawyers of the state, the correctness of which, if not expressly agre ui to, was certainly tacitly acquiesced in by the major part, if not the whole, of the respectable gentlemen who, in 1809, filled the bench of the supreme court.

So was the law considered to be until the attention of the profession was arrested by the decision of the supreme court, in the case of Tillman'v. Lansing, which, in substance, was, that a voluntary departure from the limits, for ever so short a period, multi not be purged, by any act to be done by the sheriff or the prisoner, and that the sheriff was, ipso facto, liable to the plaintiff for the debt for which the prisoner was confined; that the sheriff was, by force of the statute of March, 1801, devested of his com• mon law rights, which, it was admitted, he before had.

To support this construction, the supreme court resort, first, to the express provisions of that statute; and what cannot be drawn from that source they seek to make up, by bringing their decision within the policy and purview of the act; in both which points of view I shall consider it

As this is the starting point of difference, between their opinion and the one I hold, it is of moment that it be fully explained. The error, which it becomes my duty; with becoming diffidence, to show has been indulged in, originates here. Before the statutes, they admit that a sheriff’s common law rights existed, as they are now claimed; by the statutes it is, they allege, that those rights have been taken away.

In the construction of all statutes, courts are, and ought to be, guided by the rules of construction furnished by the common law, some of which have been so long acquiesced in as to become maxims, the most prominent of which, on the subject of statutes altering the common law, is that adopted by Chief Justice Trevor, in the case of Arthur v. Bohenham, in the reign of Q,ueen Anne, reported in 11 Mod. 149. which has been repeated in the most celebrated digests of the laws of England, and supported by previous and subsequent adjudications, viz. That “ the general rule in the exposition of all acts of parliament is, that in all doubtful matters, and where the expression is in general terms, they are to receive such a construction as may be agreeable to the common law, in cases of that nature; for statutes are not presumed to make any alteration in the common law, further, or otherwise, than the statute does expressly declare: therefore, in all general matters, the law does not presume the act did intend to make any alteration; for if the parliament had had that design, they would have expressed it in the act.”

Testing the act of 1801 by these rules, we shall search in ' vain for any declaration or provision which authorizes the construction, that a sheriff’s common law rights of recaption and voluntary return had been taken away, or affected by it; there is not only no expression to that effect, but, as it respects the power of a sheriff over the prisoner, after leaving the limits. which is the place where the difficulty arises, (the provision, authorizing him to confine him, while on the limits, on failure of his security, being perfectly indifferent, as it respects the question,) the act is utterly silent; and, as it respects the liability of the sheriff for that departure, it expressly leaves him in the same situation in which he stood at common law, as for an escape from the walls of the prison; it cannot, therefore, with propriety be contended, that a sheriff’s rights are taken away by the letter of the statute.

Failing to find a justification of the construction adopted, by them in' the letter of the statute, the supreme court, of necessity, resort to its spirit; to what is termed by judges the construction of a statute by its equity; that Cases which are within the reason of the statute, although not touched by the letter, shall, by the aid of judicial construction, be held to be within its letter. But, in thus seeking to support the doctrine contended for, we are met by another inveterate maxim of the common law, viz. That an obscure statute ought to be construed according to the rules of the common law.” (Bac. Abr. 384.) And this construction, set up to defeat a common law right, is also in violation of another salutary rule of that law, “ that an act which is to take away or clog a remedy, which the party has by the common law, ought never to have an equitable construction.” (6 Bac. Abr. 388.)

But, admitting for a moment that it was competent to the court below to take away, by the aid of construction, this common law-right, which is not affected by the letter of the statute, what are the reasons which are assigned in its favour ? They are, that unless this construction is put upon the statute, imprisoned debtors would take advantage of Sundays, and of the absence of their creditors, to snatch a few moments of liberty, which, although soured by constant perturbation and alarm, are, notwithstanding, deemed fit subjects for judicial animadversion; and that the allowance of a sheriff’s common law rights is against the policy of a statute, which, in the language of the chief justice, “ was passed} for humane purposes.”

If these stolen pleasures are public abuses; or, if they can be supposed to work private injuries, (not admitting that they are so, or thinking it material to discuss whether they are or are not,) it is, in my judgment, a satisfactory answer, to all arguments to be drawn from that source, that these are matters of legislative concern ; that if they were of more consequence, they could not, riad as they are, clearly would not, satisfy us in disregarding the established rules for the construction of statutes, for the purpose of preventing them.

Permit me next, respectfully, to examine with what propriety it can be alleged, that escapes of this description are so far against the policy of the statute, as to render the construction of the court below proper and necessary. As it has truly been remarked, “ this statute was passed for humane purposes ;33 it was among the first concessions which were made by that inflexible spirit, which has hitherto maintained its hold on society, authorizing imprisonment for debt. Coeval with the authority of imprisonment for debt have been the exertions of men of intelligence, of reflection, and .philanthropy, to mitigate its rigour; of men who viewed it as a practice fundamentally wrong, a practice, which forces their fellow-creatures from society, from their friends and their agonized families, into the dreary walls of a prison; which compels them to leave all those fascinating endearments, to become an inmate with vermin; which confines them within the same walls that contain the midnight incendiary and the ruthless assassin ; not for crimes which they have committed; not for frauds which they have practised on the credulous and unwary; (fos such distinctions are not made;) but for the misfortune of being poor; of being unable to satisfy the all-digesting stomach of some ravenous creditor; of men who looked upon the practice as confounding virtue and vice, and destroying the distinction between guilt and innocence, which should unceasingly be cherished in every well regulated government.

Although not completely successful, they have in part succeeded, and the act under discussion was intended as an amelioration of the rigour of imprisonment for debt. How, then, I ask, ought such an act to be construed? Rigorously, or liberally t What is its policy ? It is, say the supreme court, humanity. How, then, should it be construed ? Why, liberally and humanely. What was the old law, the mischief and the remedy? By the old law, a person imprisoned for debt was confined to the damp walls of the prison : that imprisonment was the mischief intended to be remedied by the statute ; and the remedy to be afforded was an enlargement of the prisoner, and confining him to the liberties instead of the walls of the prison. It is our duty to construe the act so as to remove the mischief and promote the remedy; and, in my humble opinion, the construction I contend against would not effect either.

The act professes to give a portion of liberty to the unfortunate debtor; but by the construction set up, the legislature are made to exact a price for it which very few, indeed, could pay. These objects of legislative favour are generally poor; and, consequently, too often friendless. The exacted rigour of the confinement to the limits is such as requires the utmost prudence and temperance to comply with. It compels the prisoner not only to be proof against surprise, but to subdue every feeling of humanity ; a rigour which maintains its force, whether the prisoner is forced from the limits, to save the life of a fellow creature, which he sees in imminent danger, or to extinguish the flámes which threaten to consume the property, and endanger the lives, of hi», fellow citizens; which admits of no excuse but the ignorance of that which the prisoner, above every other thing, ought to know, viz. the extent of the limits.

Should this rule ever become the established law of the land, how many will be able to get bail ? What prudent man will become bail? If such can be supposed to have been the intention of the legislature, every man’s observation must satisfy him, that the number who could partake of this legislative favour would be few indeed.

Again, imprisonment for debt must originally have been intended to force the able but perverse debtor to pay his debt; but, under the doctrine contended for, imprisonment carries no terrors to him; he gives his bond, derides the sheriff, who, it is said, has no right to stop him, laughs at his creditor, postpones his payment, and reassumes his liberty.

Lastly, it is oppressive upon the sheriff By the statute, he is obliged to take the security: true it is, he may examine and decide on its sufficiency, but he may err; and there is no subject more uncertain and deceptive than the solvency of men in business. True it is, that if he errs, and the prisoner is fool enough to remain on the limits until the sheriff discovers his mistake, or the imposition which has been practised upon him, he may reimprison; but if he steps over the limits, according to the decision of the supreme court, he is out of the sheriff’s power, who is driven to his bond alone for his security.

But why this additional responsibility of the sheriff? Why deprive him of the right of recaption? By the statute, the legis* Sature have deprived him of the security of his lock and key > they have placed him in a situation to be injured; they have provided that he shall be responsible for an escape from the limits, to the same extent that he was from the prison; why, then, deprive him of the same rights which he had under his previous liability ? In the case of Dole v. Memtton and others, (2 Johns. Cas. 206») his honour the chancellor (then Chief Justice) says, that when the security is offered, the four walls of the prison, according to the ancient law, are enlarged to the extent of the limits assigned by the statute; and the law concerning escapes must, without doubt, apply to the limits in the same manner as it formerly appliéd to the four walls of the prison. So that the limits are to be considered, in such case, as the prison.” Before the statute, the sheriff had his prison doors for his security; these the legislature have opened. Instead of them, he can now only have his bond; his liability has not been diminished ; facility has been afforded to ensnare him, and, 1 ask, what earthly reason can be given why his common law rights of recaption, and voluntary return before suit brought, should be taken from him ?

Thus far I have considered the law, as it stood at the time of the decision in the case of Tillman v. Lansing; and it is this view of the subject which compels me, without doing violence to my judgment and conscience, to hold that decision erroneous.

But it is contended that if the sheriff was not, before the act of the 5th of April, 1810, liable to the creditor, (since which it is not pretended that, he is,) that still, in virtue of the assignment of the bond, and the act of the 28th of March, 1809, the debt can be recovered from the principal and his sure!}'-»

The bond in this case v/as forfeited, if forfeited at all, in the hands of the sheriff; he became subject to no possible loss or damage in consequence of the alleged forfeiture; still, it is contended, that, exempt from injury himself, he could, either in his own name or by assignment of the bond to the creditor, recover the amount of the debt for which the prisoner was committed.

This doctrine is not only opposed to the general rule of law, relating to assignments, and which is not lightly to be shaken, that the assignee can have no greater or other rights than the assign- or ; it is not only in direct hostility to the principle, that the holder of a forfeited bond cannot, by his own act, and Without further connexion with the debtor, confer rights on his assignee which he had not himself; but it is contrary to the declared opinion of the supreme court, in the case of Dash v. Van Kleeck, ia which the Chief Justice expressly says, “ that if the sheriff was not responsible to the creditor, the prisoner was not responsible to the sheriff.”

It is, however, contended that the common law rights and interests of the parties have been changed from what they would otherwise be, by the operation of the act of the 28th of March, 1809; that, by the first section of that act, it is provided, that in case a suit is brought by the assignee, he shall, upon obtaining judgment, recover the amount due in the original action, &c. and that the third section enacts, that if a suit is brought by the sheriff on the bond, and the condition thereof be broken, his measure of damages shall be the same as those of the assignee. To this construction of the last-mentioned act I must ever dissent, and the grounds of that dissent are,

1. That the statute does not admit of this construction.

2. That if it does, the act of the 5th of April, 1810, operated as a virtual repeal of the- provisions which justified that construction.

1. That these are bonds of indemnity only, has been declared by a declaratory act, passed on the 30th of March, 1799, re-enacted by the revised law of 1801, expressly decided to be so by the supreme court, in the case of Dole v. Moulton and others, and not denied in the case of Tillman v. Lansing,* and so, from the very nature of the instrument, it must be. The prisoner owes the sheriff personally, no duty; in his imprisonment, the sheriff has no direct interest; he only stands between him and the creditor; the escape is injurious to the creditor only; his remedy is against the sheriff, and when the sheriff is damnified by the enforcement of that remedy, then, and then only, can he look to his bond for his indemnity. Until he is damnified, the bond is not broken, which is declared to be for his indemnity only. The object which the legislature must have had in view, by so tenaciously declaring' that the bond should be for the sheriff’s indemnity only, must have been, and its legal effect is, to distinguish it from other bonds, which are to do and perform directly to the party to whom they are given, and for a breach of the condition of which, although unaccompanied with actual damage, the law implies legal or nominal damages, and the party may be put to costs and vexation. Not so with regard to the bond of indemnity. The obligor may say, “ true it is, I have broke the terms of the bond, which in other fiases might entitle you to maintain your suit, but in this case something more is necessary than the breach of the bond; you must show that you are actually injured by that breach, and when I show that you are not, my plea of non damnijicatus is supported, and my defence complete.”

Testing those bonds by these rules, which I hold to be correct, it will at once be perceived, that the act of the 28th of March, • 1809, does not support the ground assumed by the defendant in error; that act provides that the assignee shall, upon obtaining judgment on the bond, and the sheriff shall, if the condition of the bond be broken, recover the full amount, &c. But as to what shall or shall not entitle the assignee to judgment, or enable the sheriff to show a breach of the bond, the act leaves the matter precisely where it stood before. So far from being, as it is alleged, in affirmance of the decision of the supreme court, in the case of Tillman t. Lansing, it uses the choicest words to preclude that inference.

If, then, I am correct, that recaption, or voluntary return before suit brought, was a defence to the sheriff, it was also to the prisoner and his bail, and the assignee could not have judgment, or the sheriff show a breach, to enable them severally, under that act, to arrive at the question of their damages.

2. Should the statute of March, 1808, be susceptible of the construction sought to be put upon it, it has been abrogated. It was passed in March, and the decision of Tillman v. Lansing was made in February, in the same year. If the legislature meant to provide the remedy it is said they did, it must have been bottomed on the sheriff’s supposed liability to the creditor. In April, 1810, they passed a law securing to the sheriff his common law rights. That law was passed long before the escape in this cause, and yet it is contended, notwithstanding the sheriff was not liable to the creditor, that the prisoner, by the act of 1809, is liable to the sheriff or his assignee. Although the statute provides that the sheriff may assign, it does not say that he shall assign the bond, and it is in vain to pretend, that if the construction put on the act of 1809 is correct, there is any other way to prevent the sheriff from bringing a suit in his own name, and pocketing the money, than to consider the act of 1810 as a virtual repeal of that of 1809, so far as it tends to give the sheriff or his assignees rights which are. not founded on his liability to the creditor. To say that the sheriff shall be indemnified; and still have a right of action, for an aeA which works no possible prejudice to him, would indeed be “ moa» strous.”

The construction of statutes always has been, and should be, com-trolled by the rules of the common law. Among those rules, there is none more fully recognised than the one that “ when the reason of the law ceases, the law also ceases.” The reason of the statute of 1809 must have been the alleged responsibility of the sheriff; the statute, therefore, which removed that reason, by exonerating the sheriff from responsibility, should be construed to abrogate the. provisions of the previous act, and this rule of construction is supported by innumerable authorities: as, “ Every affirmative statute is a repeal, by implication, of precedent affirmative statutes, as far as it is contrary thereto, for leges posteriores, priores contrarias abrogante’ (4 Inst. 48.) Again, “if a former act says a juror shall have twenty pounds a year, and a new statute after-wards enacts that he shall have twenty marks, here the latter statute, though it does not expressly, yet it necessarily implies a negative, and virtually repeals the former; for if twenty marks be made a qualification sufficient, the former statute, which requires twenty-pounds, is at an end.” (1 Bl. Com. 89.)

To support the decision of Tillman v. Lansing, it is contended that the act of 1809 was in affirmance of it; if so, the additional rights it gives the sheriff were in consequence of the liabilities imposed upon him by that decision. When, then, the legislature, by the act of 1810, destroyed that supposed liability, such of the provisions of the act of 1809, as went to secure him against them, were at an end, were virtually repealed.

In every point of view, therefore, in which I have been able to consider this cause, I am necessarily and imperiously led to the conclusion, for the reasons I have stated, that the judgment of the supreme court, in this case, ought to be reversed.

All the other senators present, except one, concurring in the opinion that the judgment of the supreme court ought to be reversed, it was thereupon ordered and adjudged that the judgment given in the court of common pleas, or mayor’s court of the.city of Albany, and the judgment-given in the supreme court affirming the same, be reversed that the said Ephraim Mandell take nothing by his plaint, and that he be in mercy, &c. and further, that the Maid Ephraim. Mandell pay to the said John W. Barry and Somvel Barbéele their costs by them about their defence in the said mayor’s court, &c. and that the record, &c, be remitted. Sec»

lurch SI,

Judgment of reversal. 
      
      
        Laws of 1810, Fol. 86.
     
      
       See ante, Jansen v. Hilton, p. 549.
     
      
      
         5 Johns Rep. 42.
     