
    Supreme Court—Appellate Division—Third Department.
    July 7, 1896.
    PEOPLE v. DOTY POLHAMUS.
    ( App. Div. 133.)
    1. Criminal law—Information.
    It is not necessary to state in the information the precise tiriie at which the crime was committed.
    2. Same.
    An information, which charges the sale of strong and spirituous liquors, wines, ale or beer, in quantities of less than five gallons at a time, to be drunk on the premises, to divers persons, at divers times between April 1, 1895 and July 5th inclusive, and particularly on July 3 and 4, 1895, without having a license therefor, is sufficient.
    3. Same—Joinder of offenses.
    The joinder of separate and distinct misdemeanors which may be followed by a single sentence, is allowable.
    4. Same.
    Where the defendant has not asked that the proof be confined to a single offense, he cannot claim that he has been prejudiced by the form of the allegations in the information.
    
      5. Same—Excise—Names of persons to whom sales were made.
    In an information for unlawfully selling intoxicating liquors, it is not necessary to specify the names of the persons to whom sales were made.
    6. Witness—Refreshing memory.
    Allowing the attorney for the people to read to a witness, for the purpose of refreshing his recollection, an affidavit which he had previously made, is discretionary with the trial justice.
    Appeal from a judgment of the court of sessions affirming a judgment convicting defendant for violating section 31, Chapter 401 of 1892.
    E. Dayton, for appellant.
    Charles F. Cantine, for the People.
   MERWIN, J.

It is claimed by the defendant that the information before the magistrate is insufficient, in that (1) it does not state the tinie and place of the alleged crime; (2) it charges the commission of more than one crime; (3) it should state the names of the persons to whom sales are alleged to have been made, or that their names are unknown; (4) it should be upon oath or affirmation, or it should state that it was based upon the sworn statements of persons therein named. These objections are substantially the same as those taken at the trial. The information is in form of an affidavit, sworn to before the magistrate on July 6,1895, and states “that one Doty Polhamus did wrongfully, and in violation of section 31 of chapter 401 of the Laws of the State of New York, passed in the year 1892, and the several acts amendatory thereto, at the town of Marlborough, Ulster county, N. Y., sell strong and spirituous liquors, wines, ale, or beer, in quantities of less than five gallons at a time, to be drunk on the premises, to divers persons, at divers times between April 1, 1895, and July 5th, inclusive, and particularly on July 3 and 4,1895, without having a license therefor; that the grounds of deponent’s knowledge is derived from statements made to deponent by William Dewitt, Michael Kaley, and Richard Dowd, as to sales thereof, and divers other persons.” The affidavits of Dewitt, Haley, and Dowd, named in the information, and of three other persons, were taken by the magistrate at the same date, and upon such information and affidavits 'the warrant was issued. No point is made about the warrant. By section 145, Code Cr. Proc., the information is defined as follows: “The information is the allegation made to a magistrate, that a person has been guilty of some designated crime.” Other sections (148 to 152) provide that, when an information is laid before a magistrate, he must examine on. oath the informant or prosecutor, and any witnesses he may produce, and take their depositions, which must set forth the facts related by the prosecutor and his witnesses tending to establish the commission of the crime and the guilt of the defendant; and if the magistrate is satisfied therefrom that the crime complained of has been committed, and that there is reasonable ground to believe that the defendant has committed ■ it, he must issue a warrant, which, among other things, must state the crime or offense alleged to have been committed. It was not necessary to state the precise time at which the crime was committed. That would not be necessary in an indictment (Code Cr. Proc., § 280), and certainly no stricter rule applies here. In People v. Olmsted, 74 Hun, 323; 26 N. Y. Supp. 818, the allegation covered a period of two years; and, besides, it was not alleged 'that the sale was without a license. The case of Village of Cortland v. Howard, 1 App. Div. 131; 37 N. Y. Supp. 843, was a civil action for a penalty. Time is not of the essence of the crime. People v. Krank, 110 N. Y. 488; 18 N. E. 242. The information was sufficiently definite as to time to enable the defendant to have the benefit of the judgment as a plea in bar to a future prosecution (3 Greenl. Ev., § 36; 1 Archb. Cr. PI. [8th Ed.], 343; 11 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 939, and cases cited; Burns v. People, 1 Park. Cr. R. 182); the general rule being that the conviction is a bar to a subsequent prosecution, covering the same period, for acts provable under the first; prosecution. As to the place, it is not apparent how that was not sufficiently 'charged. The offense consisted in selling in quantities less than five gallons without a license.

But it is said that more than one crime was charged. The crime was a misdemeanor, and, under the law prior to the enaetment of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the joinder of separate and distinct misdemeanors was allowable, followed as in this case by a single sentence. Polinsky v. People, 73 N. Y. 69. This is conceded, but it is said that the rule has been changed by the Code. It has, SO' far as indictments are concerned, by the provisions of section 278, but this is not made applicable to proceedings in courts of special sessions. The sections that are applicable to such proceedings are enumerated in section 62. The failure to include in that list section 278 calls upon us to assume that the former practice as to those proceedings was designed to be continued. Besides, under the rule laid down in People v. Adams, 17 Wend. 475, there is ground for •saying that only one offense would be deemed to be charged. Ho motion was made by the defendant to require the people to elect, or to confine the proof to a single offense. The motion was to dismiss the complaint and discharge the defendant, upon the objections stated. The defendant, not having asked that the proof be confined to a single offense, cannot well say he has been prejudiced by the form of the allegations in the information. Only a single sentence was imposed, or was proper. Section 717.

It is further alleged that the information should state the names of the persons to whom sales were made, or that their names were unknown. The cases cited in support of this •proposition (People v. Stone, 85 Hun, 130; 32 N. Y. Supp. 519; People v. Burns, 53 Hun, 274 ; 6 N. Y. Supp. 611; People v. Stark, 59 Hun, 51; 12 N. Y. Supp. 688), 'had reference to indictments, and were not under the excise law. The indictment must contain “a plain and concise statement of the act constituting the crime.” Code Or. Proc., § 275. The information is the allegation to a magistrate “that a person has been guilty of somé designated crime.” In the one case, the act constituting the crime must be stated; in the other, the crime must be designated. It 'Seems to me to be very clear that the test of sufficiency in the one is very different from the test as to the other. Before the Code it was held not to be necessary to specify the names of the persons to whom sales were made. People v. Adams, supra; Osgood v. People, 39 N. Y. 449. I think the crime was sufficiently designated. The information was on oath, and the grounds of the informant’s knowledge were stated. It was in that respect sufficient to authorize the magistrate to proceed to the taking of the depositions, about which no point is made. It is very evident that under the Code of Criminal Procedure it is expected that the proceedings before a justice, in a case like the present, will be informal. The provisions as to demurrer (sections 321-331) are not applicable. It is also provided that upon an appeal “the court must give judgment, without regard to technical errors or defeats, which have not prejudiced the substantial rights of the defendant.”Code Cr. Proc., § 764. In this view, no reversible error is, I think, apparent in the overruling of the defendant’s objections to the information.

The defendant claims that error was committed by the magistrate in allowing the attorney for the people to read to a witness, for the purpose of refreshing his recollection, an affidavit which be ‘had previously made. It is not clear that the reading was objected to. Assuming that it was, it was a matter within the discretion of the justice.

The defendant claims that the verdict is against the evidence. An examination of the evidence leads us to the conclusion that it is sufficient to sustain the verdict.

Judgment affirmed and proceedings remitted to the county court to carry the judgment into effect. Code Cr. Proc., § 769.

All concur except HERRICK, J., dissenting.

NOTE ON “SUFFICIENCY OF INFORMATION.”

Plain statement of the acts of which complaint is made, without stating the evidence, is sufficient. Hewitt v. Newberger, 66 Hun, 232; 48 S. R. 813; 20 Supp. 913.

Information-is not expected to he drawn with same technical accuracy as an indictment. Hewitt v. Newberger, 66 Hun, 232; 48 S. R. 813; 20 Supp. 913; People v. Olmstead, 74 Hun, 323; 56 S. R. 311; 26 Supp. 818; People v. Pillion, 78 Hun, 74; 60 S. R. 810; 29 Supp. 267; People v.West, 106 N. Y. 293; 8 S. R. 713; People v. Dumar, 106 N. Y. 502; 11 S. R. 19; People v. Stark, 136 N. Y. 538; 49 S. R. 899.

It must allege that defendant has been guilty of some designated crime. People ex rel. Baker v. Beatty, 39 Hun, 477; People v. Pillion, 78 id. 74; 60 S. R. 810; 29 Supp. 267.

It is sufficient, if it specifies, in plain terms, the charge made, so that the person proceeded against may know exactly what is charged against him. Hewitt v. Newberger, 66 Hun, 232; 48 S. R. 813; 20 Supp. 913; People v. Olmstead, 74 Hun, 323; 56 S. R. 311; 26 Supp. 818.

Insufficiency, where charge is so indefinitely made that it would not be available as a plea in bar to a subsequent charge made against defendant for the same offense. People v. Olmstead, 74 Hun, 323; 56 S. R. 311; 26 Supp. 818.

In case of insufficiency of the information, it is not enough that the warrant states the crime charged. People v. Olmstead, 74 Hun, 323; 56 S. R. 311; 26 Supp. 818.

Information must set forth both the time and place when and where-the crime is alleged to have been committed. People v. Olmstead, 74 Hun, 323; 56 S. R. 311; 26 Supp. 818.

Charging defendant with violation of a given section of the Code, which section sets forth a number of offenses, is not sufficient. People v. Pillion, 78 Hun, 74; 60 S. R. 810; 29 Supp. 267.

Sufficiency of information may be passed upon by court of special sessions. People v. Pillion, 78 Hun, 74; 60 S. R. 810; 29 Supp. 267.

Motion to dismiss and discharge defendant should be granted, where-information is insufficient to cause defendant to be placed upon trial. People v. Pillion, 78 Hun, 74; 60 S. R. 810; 29 Supp. 267.  