
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Cornell Van Gaasbeck, Appellant.
    Third Department,
    March 13, 1907.
    Crime — manslaughter in the first degree — evidence — erroneous exclusion of testimony as to defendant’s good character.
    On the trial of an indictment for manslaughter, the defendant may show that he had the reputation of having a quiet, peaceable disposition, and it is not necessary to show his general reputation.
    One accused of crime may show that his reputation among people who know him best is such as rendered it improbable that he would he guilty of the particular crime charged.
    As evidence of good character, standing alone, may create a reasonable doubt of guilt, the exclusion of such evidence is reversible error.
    Appeal by the defendant, Cornell Yan Gaasbeclc, from a judgment of the County Court of Ulster county, rendered on the 15th day of January, 1906, convicting the defendant of the crime of manslaughter in the first degree.
    
      
      Augustus H. Van Burén, for the appellant.
    
      Frederick Stephan, Jr., District Attorney [Howard Chipp of counsel], for the respondent.
   Kellogg, J.:

The crime was committed in the town of Woodstock, where the defendant was born. Por the last five or six years .before the trial he had lived in that town, but prior to that time he had resided for many years in the city of Kingston and was well known there;

One klerritt, who resided in the city of Kingston, swore that hé had known the defendant for twenty-five or thirty years; that defendant had worked on his farm for him, on and off, three or four or five years, whenever he wanted extra help ; he was acquainted-with the reputation and character of the-defendant so far as relates to whether or not he is of a quiet and peaceable disposition or otherwise: To the question as to what his "repntation/is, the objection

that no proper foundation had been laid for the proof and that it was not a proper way to. show character was sustained and the defendant excepted.

A policeman of the city of Kingstonfor the last nineteen years had known the defendant for thirty years; • knew him whenever he was in the city and knew his character as to being a peaceable and quiet man. To the question as to what the character is, the same objection was sustained and the defendant excepted.

This evidence probably related to the reputation, of the defendant at Kingston and not in the town of Woodstock. The remoteness of time and place might weaken the testimony, but the fact that the man by living at Kingston many years before and up to five or six years before the trial had established a reputation for peaceableness and quietness was some evidence that that character had continued, especially in tlie case of a man fifty-five years of age. (Sleeper v. Van Middlestoorth, 4 Den. 431; Graham v. Chrystal, 2 Kéyes, 21, correctly.reported in 2 Abb. Ct. App. Dec. 264.)

When it is sought to impeach a witness for truth and veracity the proper inquiry is as to his general reputation. (Carlson y. Winter-son, 147 1ST. Y. 652.) But the cases' seem to permit the inquiry as to his reputation for truth and veracity without inquiring as to his general reputation. And while perhaps his general reputation in other respects may he involved, it is clear that the question aimed solely at truth and veracity is the most logical one. A man’s reputation may he so good in all other respects that small lapses in regard to truth may leave a balance on the side of a good reputation. His general reputation, therefore, may not give the same definite information as to his truthfulness as a direct inquiry on that subject. A known gambler has not a good reputation, hut he may have an excellent reputation for truth and veracity. If a man is on trial for murder, the fact that he is truthful has little hearing upon the probability of his guilt. If the charge is forgery, his reputation as a moral man has little bearing upon that question. ■ This defendant was on trial for killing-his best friend, and the principal evidence of his connection with the crime was the fact that the deceased had been at defendant’s cabin. for some days; that they were more or less driink, and that the deceased was found dead in the cabin, with other circumstances connecting the defendant more or less with the ofíense. ¡Nobody knows just what caused the act, hut it may fairly he inferred to have been a brutal cold-blooded murder. The assailant left the deceased in an unconscious and dying condition, and he died several hours after. If the fifty-five years of life of the defendant had given him among the people who knew him best a reputation as a quiet and peaceable man it might, in the minds of the jury, have some bearing upon the question whether he was guilty of the brutal murder of his friend.

While the hooks are full-of statements that the defendant may show his good character from general reputation, the authorities are riot entirely clear in this State that the good character and the general reputation means a general good character or 1ns general renutation in the respects which relate to the trial, the qualities of his character which are challenged by accusing him of the crime. Wharton states the general rule as follows: And the character he is entitled to prove must be such as would make it unlikely that he would be guilty of the particular crime with which he is charged.” (Whart. Or. Ev. [8th ed.] § 60.)

“ The evidence of good character offered by the accused must relate particularly to that trait of character which is involved in the crime charged, so that the proof of good character will render it unlikely that he would he guilty of that particular crime.” (12 Cyc. 413.)

In People v. Seldner (62 App. Div. 357, 363) the defendant was on trial for grand larceny and several witnesses were asked if they knew the reputation of the defendant for honesty and integrity, the court remarking that while impeaching witnesses to attáck a man’s. character must show a knowledge of' his general reputation, that' where the defendant called witnesses to show his' good character, as evidence on the merits, the same rule did not apply, and the judgment -was reversed for the exclusion of testimony as to defendant’s character, for honesty and integrity, the court saying: ■ “ The charge involved defendant’s honesty; it was pertinent to the issue, therefore, for defendant to show good reputation for honesty and integrity,” citing Wharton, supra, and other authorities. '.

The question here is not whether the character inquired about must relate to the traits involved in the alleged crime, as suggested by the. authorities above cited, but may the inquiry relate to the qualities involved in the crime; not whether the inquiry must relate to character for peaceableness or quiétness, but, in a case like this, may it relate to such reputation. A man on trial for a crime may have many traits of character which he may not desire to discuss before the jury ; but if there is a redeeming feature in his character and that feature points to the improbability of his having committed the crime it would seem that he is entitled to the benefit of the evidence. A bad character for truth and veracity, for morality, and in other respects, does not make the person burdened with it an outlaw, •but when he is accused of crime he may show that his reputation is such among the people who ktiow him best as to render it improbable that he would be guilty of, the particular crime charged against him.

Evidence of good character may of itself create a reasonable doubt, when without it none would exist. (People v. Bonier, 179 U. Y. 315.)

The conviction and judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted.

All concurred.

Conviction and judgment reversed and new trial ordered in the County Court of Ulster county.  