
    Gardenier v. Furey et ux.
    
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department.
    
    November, 1888.)
    Estoppel—Tenancy by Entirety.
    Verbal statements by a husband to his wife’s prospective creditor to the effect that the husband and wife owned certain property “jointly;” that they “ both owned the property; ” that the wife owned “equally” with him, etc.,—are not sufficient to convert by estoppel an estate by entirety, evidenced by a recorded deed, into a tenancy in common.
    Appeal from special term, Oswego county.
    Action by W. H. Gardénier against Edward Furcy and wife, to subject certain land to the lien of a judgment confessed by the feme defendant in favor of plaintiff. The confession was for legal services rendered' and to be rendered in a divorce suit then pending between Furey and wife, and recited that “the claims herein acknowledged are for my benefit, and are to be a lien and charge upon my separate estate. This judgment by me confessed is to secure existing and contingent liabilities to the amount of said $150. [Signed] E. 0. Furey, Defendant.” The confession was verified, and the Judgment entered in the clerk’s office, July 17, 1886. By deed dated September 16, 1870, and duly recorded, the land in controversy was conveyed to defendants, who were then husband and wife, the language of the deed being, “to the said parties of the second part, their heirs and assigns.” On the evidence, which is fully stated in the opinion, the trial court found “that the plaintiff is entitled to have his judgment declared a lien on the premises and real estate to the extent of the ownership in fact of the said Elizabeth herein; that the plaintiff is entitled to a judgment and decree declaring that, as between the parties to this action, the said Elizabeth is the owner of an undivided one-half of said premises, to the same extent and manner as if the said Elizabeth and Edward were tenants in common thereof, and that the judgment of the plaintiff is a lien on such undivided one-half, and that the plaintiff has the right to enforce,the lien of such judgment by levy, and sale on execution in the ordinary way, in the same manner, and with the same force, and to the same extent, as if the said Elizabeth and Edward were, under their deed, tenants in common.” Defendants appeal.
    Argued before Hardin, P. J., and Eollett and Martin, JJ.
    
      J. B. Higgins, for appellants. W. H. Gardmier, pro se.
    
   Hardin, P. J.

Before the confession of judgment, which was drawn by the plaintiff, was executed by the female defendant, she had employed the plaintiff to commence an action against her husband “for divorce or limited separation. ” Erom the evidence given upon the trial it is difficult to determine precisely what amount of plaintiff’s claim originated before the judgment by confession was taken by him from the female defendant. In August, 1886, the plaintiff drew an affidavit for the female defendant to swear to, and which was to be used upon the motion, which referred to the deed given to the husband and wife; and the affidavit stated, after such reference to the deed, “a copy of which is hereto annexed, marked ‘A,’ but which interest, as she is advised by her counsel, and as she verily believes, is wholly unavailable, and valueless to her as a means of support and present maintenance, or as a present legal interest upon which she can obtain by mortgage, or in any manner, any sum of money whatsoever, either for her support or maintenance, or to meet the necessary expenses to prosecute this action. ” It is quite apparent that the plaintiff, when he drew the affidavit from which the quotation has been made, knew what the record and legal title were to the premises in question. In that affidavit it was also stated that she was upon the premises so conveyed, and that the defendant was occupying the barn on the premises. The plaintiff testified that he “did not know she had any property until I saw him, ” (the husband.) He then details an interview which he had with the husband on the 15th of July, 1886. Before he had that interview, he had drawn up the confession of judgment, but the same had not been executed, according to his testimony. Before that time the plaintiff testified he had some conversation with the defendant on the subject of her interest in the real estate in question, and that she had told him “she owned a half interest in the house and lot where they lived. ” When asked if he believed her statement, he answered, viz.: “I didn’t believe; * * -•= I was simply agnostic on the subject.” He adds that he drew up the confession of judgment partly upon what she told him, and that she told him she had other property besides the real estate. “She claimed she owned part of the colts, pigs, geese, —everything. She claimed she owned half of the personal property.” It appears that when he reached the house on the premises occupied by Edward Furey he found him sick, and that he told Edward that she proposed to give him security; and the husband replied, “he did not care what she did with her property, or words to that effect; * * * she could do as she pleased with her property.” “He said, ‘She owns half of the place where we live;’ ‘this place,’ he said, if I recollect.” It appears the plaintiff took with him, at the time he held the interview with the husband, Andrew J. Lewis, who, to some extent, corroborates the testimony given by the plaintiff which we have just-quoted. This witness says that in the conversation he heard Edward, the husband, say in regard to the property “that they owned it jointly,—something of that kind. He said the property belonged to them jointly, together; that they both owned the property. Mr. Furey said his wife owned the property equally with him, if I remember. ” To confront this evidence the defendant was sworn as a witness, and he testified that all that took place in the conversation alluded to, in respect to the property, was that the plaintiff “asked me if I owned that place. I said, ‘Yes.’ That was all that was said about the property.” There is no evidence in the appeal-book as to what amount of the plaintiff’s services were earned after the 19th of August, 1886, Upon the theory adopted by the trial judge, that the plaintiff was led by the statement made to him to perform the services, “and that therefore the defendants ought to be estopped, ” it would seem that the services performed after the plaintiff acquired full knowledge, as he did, when he drew the affidavit, in August, 1886, were not performed in reliance upon any of the representations to which allusion has been made.

However, it seems to us that the representations were entirely insufficient to work the result which has been reached at the special term. (1) The plaintiff found Edward, the husband, in possession of the premises. That was prima facie evidence that he was the owner of the property. (2) The language used in the representations that the parties were jointly owners of the property, if considered sufficient to overcome the prima facie evidence, certainly required the plaintiff, as a prudent man, before relying upon the representations as to the title of the real estate, to examine the record, and discover therefrom precisely how it was situated. The information which he had received was sufficient to put him upon inquiry. If he had made the inquiry by examining the record, he would have ascertained the true situation of the title. By force of the deed of 1870 to the husband and wife, they became tenants of the entirety. The plaintiff was entitled to possession of the property during their joint lives, and the survivor would take the whole in virtue of the grant made to them jointly. Beach v. Hollister, 3 Hun, 519; Bertles v. Nunan, 92 N. Y. 152; Freeman v. Barber, 3 Thomp. & C. 574. Neither could sell without the consent of the other. Bank v. Gregory, 49 Barb. 159; Doe v. Howland, 8 Cow. 277. And a contract between husband and wife directly was void at law. Cropsey v. McKinney, 30 Barb. 47; Simmons v. McElwain, 26 Barb. 419. In Zorhtlein v. Bram, 100 N. Y. 12, 2 N. E. Rep. 388, it was held that “a deed by the wife alone would carry no title. ” We are aware that by a recent statute the rule of law has been changed. Chapter 537, Laws 1887. However, that statute can have no effect upon the question before us. It is apparent that a deed from the husband to the wife, at law, which attempted to turn their estates from that of tenants by the entirety to that of tenants in common, would have been void.

A careful consideration of'all the evidence presented in this case bearing upon the representations made by either of the defendants to the plaintiff has led us to the conclusion that they are inadequate to accomplish a change of the estate which was given to the defendants by virtue of the conveyance made in 1870 to them as husband and wife. It appears that when the plaintiff prepared the statement for confession of judgment signed by the female defendant, he inserted therein the expression, “The claims herein acknowledged are for my benefit, and to be a lien and a charge upon my separate estate.” If, as he says, that confession of judgment was drawn before he had the conversation with Edward, he was then aware that its force could only be to apply to a separate estate of the party confessing the judgment. At that time her only interest in the real estate was that of a tenant in the entirety. It was observed in the opinion of the learned trial judge that a “creditor has the right to reach the interest which the judgment debtor in fact had in the property without reference to the form of the deed.” We find no proof in the case showing that she paid any part of the consideration for the premises in question, or a fact as to how they were paid for, excepting such as arises from a recital in the deed showing that the grant was made by the grantors “in consideration of four hundred dollars to them paid.” Before the judgment of the plaintiff should be declared a lien upon the undivided one-half of the premises, we think there should be a valid divesting of the parties to the grant of 1870 of their tenancy by the entirety, and a valid investing of it with an undivided one-half, as tenants in common. To accomplish such a result, the evidence before us is wholly unsatisfactory. We may call to mind that every paroi agreement in respect to real estate is by statute de■dared void. While there are certain cases in which the court will not allow the statute to be set up and used as a sword, (Ryan v. Dox, 34 N. Y. 307,) we think the case before us does not fall within that class of cases. Our conclursion is that the learned trial judge fell into an error in declaring the plaintiff’s judgment a valid lien on an undivided one-half of the premises in question. Wade v. Krumm, 54 How. Pr. 95, is unlike the case before us, as there it appeared clearly that the consideration for the deed was advanced solely by the wife. Nevertheless, it was held that the deed vested in the husband and wife as tenants of the entirety of the premises in question. Nor does the ■case of Mattoon v. Young, 45 N. Y. 697, aid the appellant. The only question passed upon there was in respect to the admissibility of certain declarations by an owner of real estate at a sheriff’s sale which influenced the pur•chaser at such sale, and the court held that the declarations should have been received, and laid stress on the circumstance that no objection was taken that the title “could not be transferred to him by paroi.” Judgment reversed, and -a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event. All concur.  