
    In re JAMUNA REAL ESTATE, LLC, United Management Services, Inc., Bagga Enterprises, Inc., Debtors. Marvin Krasny, In his Capacity as Chapter 7 Trustee of United Management Services, Inc.; Marvin Krasny, In his Capacity as Chapter 7 Trustee of Jamuna Real Estate LLC; Gary Seitz, In his Capacity as Chapter 7 Trustee of Bagga Enterprises, Inc. and FL Receivables Trust 2002-A, Plaintiffs, v. Pratpal Bagga; Khushvinder Bagga; Ravinder Chawla; Hardeep Chawla; Welcome Group, Inc.; K & P Real Estate LLC; World Apparel Products, Inc. d/b/a/ SJM Trading Company, d/b/a Ten Tigers; America Merchandise Co., Inc., a/k/a American Merchandising Co., Inc. 21st Century Restaurant Solutions, Inc.; Brand Trade, Inc.; H.B. Properties, Inc.; H.B. Properties LLP; Sant Properties; John and Jane Does And ABC Companies, Defendants.
    Bankruptcy Nos. 04-37130, 04-37132, 04-37136.
    Adversary Nos. 06-00128, 06-00129, 06-00130.
    United States Bankruptcy Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
    April 7, 2008.
    
      George Conway, Esquire, Office of the U.S. Trustee, Philadelphia, PA, for Interested Parties.
    Lawrence J. Tabas, Esquire, Obermayer Rebman Maxwell & Hippel, Philadelphia, PA, Patrick E. Fitzmaurice, Esquire, Thatcher Proffit & Wood LLP, White Plains, NY, for Plaintiffs.
    Richard M. Simins, Esquire, Jeffrey Carbineau, Esquire, Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC, Philadelphia, PA, Andrew Tei-telman, Esquire, Huntingdon Valley, PA, for Defendants.
   Opinion

STEPHEN RASLAVICH, Bankruptcy Judge.

Introduction

The Court has issued two prior opinions in this litigation which together set out the operative background facts. Familiarity with them will be presumed and the history will not be presented.

Summary of Ruling

At this juncture, the Chawla Defendant seek summary judgment in their favor as to all of the remaining counts of the Plaintiffs’ Complaint which are directed at them. Their legal theory is somewhat analogous to their premise to a previous motion for summary judgment wherein they sought dismissal of the Complaint’s RICO counts on the basis that Plaintiff FL Receivables Trust 2002-A (FL Receivables) lacked assignment standing to assert such claims. For the reasons discussed in its Opinion and Order of February 6, 2008 the Court agreed and these counts, to the extent predicated on assignee standing, were dismissed. Here, the Chawla Defendants argue that all other counts of the Complaint should be dismissed as to them because FL Receivables has no authority to institute this lawsuit, hence it is ultra vires and a legal nullity. The issues have been briefed and the matter heard on February 5, 2008. The Court disagrees with the moving parties and the Motion will be denied.

Stipulated Facts and Arguments

The parties agree that the Plaintiff is a domestic statutory trust organized under Delaware law; that the Trust is governed by two documents: the Owner Trust Agreement (OTA) and the Administration Services Agreement (ASA); and that the Trust may sue and be sued. Transcript (T-) 14,15. The terms of the OTA confirm all of this. See OTA §§ 2.1, 2.6, 2.11(i). Where the parties are at odds is on the question of who may file suit on behalf of the Trust.

Defendants’ arguments are alternative: first, that only Wilmington Trust Company, the Trustee, could file suit on behalf of the Trust; second, even if the right to sue could be delegated, there is no proof that delegation occurred. Defendants’ Brief, 6-9; T-6, 7. Plaintiff, too, makes alternative arguments: first, it reads the trust documents to allow liberal delegation of the Trustee’s rights to file suit; and second, it contends that by filing a Proof of Claim, the Trustee implicitly authorized this lawsuit. Plaintiffs Response, 3-8.

The Proof of Claim

The Proof of Claim which was filed on behalf of the Plaintiff was signed by the Trustee and expressly contained a claim for damages under the RICO statute. From this, the Plaintiff would have the Court infer that the Trustee authorized the lawsuit. Plaintiffs Brief, 8; T-53, 54. The problem with this argument is that it suffers from the fallacy of association: the Trustee filed a Proof of Claim demanding damages under RICO; the Complaint contains counts alleging RICO violations; therefore, the Trustee authorized the filing of the Complaint. But there is simply no evidence that it was the Trustee who made the decision to file this Complaint. As the Defendants’ counsel emphasized, there is a world of difference between filing a claim in a bankruptcy case and commencing litigation. T-33, 34. They are governed by different rules of procedure. Compare B.R. 3001 et seq. with B.R. 7001 et seq. In particular, the latter is governed to a large extent by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See, generally, Part VII of the Bankruptcy Rules of Procedure. Among those rules is the duty to reasonably investigate the basis of the claims raised in a complaint. See B.R. 9011. Bankruptcy Rule 3001 requires that a Proof of Claim conform to the Official Form. B.R. 3001(a); 9 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 3001.03[1] (15th ed. rev.) Simply put, the Trustee’s having filed a Proof of Claim is not probative of whether the Trustee affirmatively decided to file a lawsuit. But did someone else have the authority to make such a decision?

Delegation

Typically, a trustee is charged with administering a trust. See Restatement (Third) of Trusts, § 76. For the Defendants, this means that the Trustee may not delegate those duties which are charged to it under the Trust. Indeed, it is a principle of trust law that a trustee has a duty to personally perform the responsibilities of the trusteeship except as a prudent person might delegate those responsibilities to others. See Scott & Fratcher, Law of Trusts, § 171 (Fourth ed.2001); see also Restatement (Third) Trusts § 171.

However, this rule has since evolved to meet the needs of business. One commentator has observed that “the nondelegation rule of the law of trusts entered the 1990’s considerably weakened.” John H. Lang-bein, Reversing the NonDelegation Rule of Trust Investment Law, 59 Mo.L.Rev. 105, 114 (Winter 1994). The Restatement of Trusts has been revised to effectively reverse the rule with regard to investment of trust funds. Instruments which govern a trust now often contain flexible management provisions which place administrative duties on an entity other than the trustee. Delaware, for example, has accordingly amended its business trust law to relax the traditional rule. Section 3806 of the Delaware domestic statutory trust law provides that “[ejxcept to the extent otherwise provided in the governing instrument of a statutory trust, the business and affairs of a statutory trust shall be managed by or under the direction of its trustees.” 12 Del.C. § 3806(a) (emphasis* added). As one Court has remarked:

[U]nlike an ordinary property trust that is instinct with fiduciary obligation, a “business trust” is simply an alternative form of business organization, see generally Morrissey v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 296 U.S. 344, 357, 56 S.Ct. 289, 80 L.Ed. 263 (1935), designed, especially in Delaware, to give sophisticated commercial parties unusual flexibility in structuring their ventures, see R. Franklin Balotti and Jesse A. Finkel-stein, The Delaware Law of Corporations and Business Organizations, § 25.1.

Calvin Klein Trademark Trust v. Wachner, 123 F.Supp.2d 731, 734 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (emphasis added); see also James A. Florach and Martin I. Lubaroff, The Best Entity for Doing Business, Delaware Business Trusts, 937 PLI/Corp 371, 375-76 (April-May 1996) (noting act’s extremely flexible management provisions); accord John H. Langbein, The Secret Life of the Trust: The Trust as an Instrument of Commerce, 107 Yale L.J. 165, 183-86 (October 1997) (identifying key attribute of a Delaware business trust to be the flexibility of design in matters of governance); Tamar Frankel, The Delaware Business Trust Failure as the New Corporate Law, 23 Cardozo L.Rev. 325, 326 (November 2001) (speculating as to why counsel are not availing themselves of this flexible business form) The Delaware business trust has been identified as a business form well suited to securitization. See Report of Committee on Bankruptcy and Corporate Reorganization of the Bar Association of the City of New York, New Developments in Structured Finance, 56 Bus.Law. 95, 174 (November 2000). To what extent does the Plaintiff Trust exhibit these characteristics?

The Trust Documents and Delegation

The OTA specifically provides that the Trustee may delegate its administrative duties to someone else:

[ ]the Owner Trustee shall be deemed to have discharged its duties and responsibilities hereunder and under the Related Documents to the extent other Persons have agreed in the Administration Services Agreement to perform such acts or to discharge such duties of the Owner Trustee or the Owner Trust hereunder or under any Related Document.

Owner Trust Agreement § 6.2 (emphasis added). The Administrative Services Agreement referred to was entered into upon creation of the Trust. See OTA § 6.4. It names Prudential Securities Credit Corp., LLC (PSCC) as “Administrator.” See ASA, 1. As Administrator, PSCC was to provide general bookkeeping and accounting services. ASA § 2(a)(i)-(v). In addition, it was required “to take any appropriate action that is the duty of the Owner Trust to take pursuant to the Related Documents.” Id. § 2(b). Plaintiff relies principally on this provision from subsection 2(b) in asserting its right to file suit. Plaintiffs Brief, 2. Defendants disagree contending that the such a reading cannot be reconciled with the rest of the subsection. T-17, 27-30.

The Court finds the Defendants’ reading of the trust documents to be hyper-technical. Contrary to their essential premise, a great deal of flexibility is afforded a trust drafter under Delaware law. This appears to have been the result of the 1994 amendments to the statute. See 12 Del.C. § 3806, Text Amendment, 69 Laws 1994, ch. 265, §§ 3-5. That change renders inapposite the case law relied upon by Defendants. See T-22 citing Riggs National Bank v. Zimmer, 1977 WL 5316 *14 (Del.Ch.) (stating the general rule prohibiting delegation as it applied to a trust created as part of estate plan). The law in Delaware, then, is that delegation of basic administrative duties such as the right to sue may be entirely proper.

Neither does the Court accept Defendants’ argument that the trust’s terms are ambiguous (T-13, 17) There are a number of reasons for this. First, the Administrator is charged with two sets of duties: in addition to providing bookkeeping and accounting duties, the Administrator must also “take any appropriate action that it is the duty of the Owner Trust or Owner Trustee to take pursuant to the Related Documents or the Contract Assets.” See OTA § 6.4(a). Defendants, however, see this “general duty” as so at odds with the specific tasks described in the same paragraph as to render them surplusage. T-12, 13. In other words, there would be no need for the specific task mentioned if the general duty is interpreted so broadly as to empower the Administrator to do anything. But the Court finds no inconsistency here. Like the Plaintiff, the Court finds them to be complementary, not limiting (T-49). Moreover, clarity is also demonstrated by an apparent redundancy: the Administrator’s duties as first stated in the OTA are then repeated almost verbatim in the ASA. Compare OTA § 6.4(a) with ASA § 2(a) and (b).

Second, Defendants are not signatories to the Trust agreement. To what extent, then, may they assert that the terms of the Trust are vague? The Court notes that the parties to this arrangement — Wilmington and PSCC — agree on what it means. The Trustee’s representative stated in her deposition that PSCC was authorized to file this litigation; PSCC’s representative said the same in his declaration. See Defendants’ Supplemental Brief, Ex. A, Deposition of M. Pupillo, 104-05; Plaintiffs Response, Schwartz Affidavit, ¶ 5. This is confirmed by the parties’ conduct as well. See Capitol Bus Co. v. Blue Bird Coach Lines, Inc., 478 F.2d 556, 560 (3d Cir.1973) (stating that course of dealing may indicate parties’ mutual intent). In sum, Defendants never satisfactorily explain why those provisions in the OTA and ASA should be interpreted differently.

And aside from contract interpretation, the Court queries whether any harm is risked by delegation? Typically, a trust is created for the benefit of a third party not in control of the trust property. Where the trust in question is a vehicle for an estate plan, that beneficiary is often incapable or otherwise unable to manage the trust property responsibly; thus the creation of a fiduciary to assume that duty. But here the beneficiaries are the holders of the certificates of the Trust. Their interest is the income derived from the securitized loans. And as the OTA makes clear, it is the general duty of the Owner Trustee or the person acting in his stead to “administer the owner Trust in the interest of the Owner Trust Certificate holders.” OTA § 6.2 (emphasis added). Likewise, the OTA requires that the Administrator “shall ... engage in such other activities as may be required in connection with conservation of the Oumer Trust Estate ...” OTA § 2.3(v) (emphasis added). That would require recovery on the defaulted loan. As Plaintiffs counsel emphasized, how else can the Administrator “administer” the trust at this stage (with respect to loans in default) except to pursue collection and, if necessary thereto, file suit? T-45. That is the most reasonable interpretation of PSCC’s administrative duties with regard to the loans made to the Defendants.

Did the Administrator Authorize Filing Suit?

Having found that the Administrator was empowered to file suit, the Court turns to the question of whether, in fact, PSCC so decided. The OTA provides generally that the Trustee could file suit with the prior consent of the Majority Owner Trust Certificate holders (i.e., the beneficiaries). For actions to collect on contracts owed the trust, however, no prior consent is needed. See OTA § 4.1(xii). So if the Trustee had the discretion to sue, so would the Administrator. Did PSCC make that decision?

The Plaintiff maintains that it did relying principally on the affidavit of Edward M. Schwartz, Jr., Senior Vice President of PSCC. According Mr. Schwarz, PSCC — as Administrator — expressly authorized the Plaintiff to commence this litigation. See Plaintiffs Response, Schwartz Affidavit, ¶ 5. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, the Court must conclude that PSCC properly commenced this litigation.

Summary

The Court finds that the operative trust documents permissibly delegated to the Administrator the discretion to file suit against the Defendants. Evidence exists in the record demonstrating that PSCC, the Administrator, affirmatively made that decision. Accordingly, the Chawla Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is denied.

Order

AND NOW, upon consideration of the Chawla Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment as to Claims of Plaintiff FL Receivables Trust 2002-A, the Plaintiffs Response, after hearing held February 5, 2008, and for the reasons set forth in the attached Opinion, it is hereby

ORDERED that the Motion is Denied. 
      
      . In re Jamuna Real Estate LLC, 365 B.R. 540 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.2007) (ruling on motion to dismiss); In re Jamuna Real Estate LLC, 382 B.R. 263 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.) (granting partial summary judgment on RICO claims)
     
      
      . The "Chawla Defendants" consist of brothers Ravinder and Hardeep Chawla, and certain business entities they control; to wit: World Apparel Products, Inc., K & P Real Estate, LLC, American Merchandising Co., Inc., 21st Century Restaurant Solutions, Inc., and Brand Trade, Inc.
     
      
      . Attached as Ex. B to Chawla Defendants’ Motion.
     
      
      . Attached as Ex. C to Chawla Defendants’ Motion.
     
      
      . All that the form says in the way of a duty to investigate is to state the criminal penalties for filing a fraudulent claim. See Official Form 10, bottom of first page, italics
     
      
      . See Restatement (Third) of Trusts, § 227(c) (adopting prudent investor rule which recognizes that a trustee may be required to delegate investment decisions under certain circumstances); see also id.., Comment j.
     
      
      . Plaintiff puts it another way: the Administrator is also a beneficiary so there is no chance of harming a third party. T-57
     
      
      . Indeed, the word "administer” means to "manage or conduct.” Black's Law Dictionary, 41 (5 th Ed.) See Wisconsin, Dept. of Tax. v. Pabst, 15 Wis.2d 195, 202, 112 N.W.2d 161, 165 (1961) (applying this dictionary definition the word to determine if certain acts committed by inter vivos trustee constituted "administering” a trust)
     