
    UNITED STATES of America v. Antonio CRUZ-RAMOS, also known as Antonio Carrillo-Ramos and Marcos Cruz-Cifuentes
    EP-19-CR-1657-DB-(1)
    United States District Court, W.D. Texas, El Paso Division.
    Signed June 28, 2019
    Joseph H. Gay, Jr., San Antonio, TX, Mallory Josephine Rasmussen, U.S. Attorney's Office, El Paso, TX, for United States of America.
    Elyse M. Bataller-Schneider, Federal Public Defender, El Paso, TX, for Antonio Cruz-Ramos.
    MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
   THE HONORABLE DAVID BRIONES, SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

On this day, the Court considered Defendant Antonio Cruz-Ramos's ("Mr. Cruz-Ramos") "Motion to Dismiss Indictment" ("Motion"), filed in the above-captioned case on June 7, 2019. On June 12, 2019, the United States of America ("the Government") filed its "Response in Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment" ("Response"). After due consideration, the Court is of the opinion that Mr. Cruz-Ramos's Motion should be granted.

BACKGROUND

On May 22, 2019, a Grand Jury sitting in the Western District of Texas returned a single count Indictment ("Indictment"), which charges Mr. Cruz-Ramos with an alleged illegal reentry into the United States in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). Indictment, ECF No. 10. Specifically, the Indictment alleges that on or about April 25, 2019, Mr. Cruz-Ramos, an undocumented immigrant who had previously been deported from the United States on or about July 24, 2008, was found in the United States again. Id.

On September 17, 1999, the Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") issued Mr. Cruz-Ramos a Notice to Appear at an immigration hearing. Resp. Ex. A, ECF No. 19. The Notice to Appear alleged he was subject to removal from the United States for being a noncitizen present in the United States without being admitted or paroled. Id. It also stated that Mr. Cruz-Ramos was to appear before a United States Department of Justice immigration judge at a specified address. Id. But it did not indicate the date and time of that hearing. Id. Instead, the Notice to Appear indicated that the hearing would be on a date "to be set" and a time "to be set." Id. DHS filed the Notice to Appear with the immigration court. Resp. 2, ECF No. 19. The immigration court served Mr. Cruz-Ramos with a Notice of Hearing that contained the date, time, and place of the initial hearing. Resp. 2 Ex. B, ECF No. 19.

On October 18, 1999, the initial immigration hearing took place, at which Mr. Cruz-Ramos was present, and the immigration judge ordered him removed from the United States. Resp. Ex C, ECF No. 19. This removal order is the underlying removal order of the instant Indictment. See Resp. 2-3, ECF No. 19. Mr. Cruz-Ramos's Motion seeks to dismiss this Indictment.

ANALYSIS

Mr. Cruz-Ramos petitions the Court to dismiss the Indictment because the immigration court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to issue the original removal order after the Notice to Appear he received failed to include a date and time. Mot. 1-3, ECF No. 18. Therefore, the removal was void and cannot form the basis for the current Indictment for illegal reentry as he was never "removed" as a matter of law. Id. at 1.

First, the Government's Response takes issue with the definition of a Notice to Appear in 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1), as opposed to the regulatory definition in 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15, which does not require a date and time to be in a Notice to Appear. Resp. 4, ECF No. 19. Second, the Government argues that Mr. Cruz-Ramos cannot meet any of the three § 1326(d) factors that a Defendant must satisfy to collaterally attack the validity of a prior removal. Id. at 1. Third, the Government argues that the "lawfulness or validity of a prior removal order is not an element of a § 1326 offense." Id. at 4. The Court disagrees with the Government for the following reasons.

1. A Valid Notice to Appear Must Include the Date and Time to Vest Jurisdiction in the Immigration Court.

According to a holistic analysis of the statutory and regulatory definitions of a Notice to Appear, as well as the Supreme Court's recent opinion in Pereira v. Sessions , the incomplete Notice to Appear did not vest jurisdiction. Therefore, Mr. Cruz-Ramos's underlying removal was void. The Indictment for illegal re-entry should be dismissed.

a. The Statutory Definition Controls Over the Regulatory Definition Upon Which the Government Relies.

The necessary components of a Notice to Appear are provided in two different places. Department of Justice regulation 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15(b) lists the information that must be included in every Notice to Appear, which does not require the Notice to Appear to specify the date and time of the noncitizen's removal hearing. But in 8 U.S.C. § 1229, Congress listed the necessary components of a Notice to Appear, including the "time and place at which the [removal] proceedings will be held." 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i). The Government argues that the regulatory requirements for a Notice to Appear should control. Resp. 9, ECF No. 19 (citing Hernandez-Perez v. Whitaker , 911 F.3d 305, 313 (6th Cir. 2018) and Karingithi v. Whitaker , 913 F.3d 1158 (9th Cir. 2019) ).

A regulation that would give effect to a Notice to Appear that does not include the time and place of removal proceedings would be contrary to the clear and unambiguous intent of Congress. United States v. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063-SS, 2018 WL 5779491, at *5, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870, at *14 (W.D. Tex. 2018) ; Order granting Mot. to Dismiss 10, United States v. Valladares , No. 17-CR-00156, 2018 WL 6629653 (W.D. Tex. 2018), ECF No. 44. When reviewing an agency's construction of the statute it administers, a court is "confronted with two questions. First, always, is the question of whether Congress has spoken directly to the issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress." Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063, 2018 WL 5779491 at *5, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870 at *15 (quoting Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 467 U.S. 837, 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984) ). Thus, if Congress clearly and unambiguously intended for a Notice to Appear to always include time-and-place information, the regulations may not give effect to a Notice to Appear that fails to include this information. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063, 2018 WL 5779491 at *5-6, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870 at *15.

Moreover, the Government's reading of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.15(b) was expressly rejected by Pereira when the Supreme Court held that Notices to Appear must include information specifying the time and place of removal proceedings in all circumstances, not merely where the inclusion of such information was "practicable." Pereira v. Sessions , --- U.S. ----, 138 S. Ct. 2105, 2111-13, 201 L.Ed.2d 433 (2018) ; see also Br. for Resp't, Pereira , 138 S. Ct. 2105, at 49 (relying on the "where practicable" language to argue that Notices to Appear did not need to include information about the time and place of removal hearings to trigger the stop-time rule). Indeed, the Supreme Court in Pereira acknowledged that the BIA had previously ruled that the stop-time rule could be triggered by a Notice to Appear that did not include the date and time of the removal proceedings because, the BIA reasoned, the regulations required this information only "where practicable." Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2111-12 (citing Matter of Camarillo , 25 I. & N. Dec. 644 (2011) ). But because this ruling found "little support in the statute's text," id. at 2120 (Kennedy, J., concurring), the Supreme Court rejected it. The Government's position is thus directly contradicted by Pereira's holding that, regulatory language notwithstanding, a Notice to Appear must always include the time and place of removal proceedings.

b. Pereira Applies to a Notice to Appear Outside of the Stop-Time Rule Context, Including a Notice to Appear that Functions as a Charging Document.

The Executive Office of Immigration Review, which encompasses immigration courts, is part of the Department of Justice. About the Office , EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW (Sept. 20, 2018, 10:37 AM), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/about-office. As such, Congress has said that the Executive Office of Immigration Review is "subject to the direction and regulation of the Attorney General," 6 U.S.C. § 521(a) (2018), including regulations promulgated by the Attorney General. 8 U.S.C. § 1103(g)(2) (2018). Current Attorney General-issued regulations delimit the jurisdiction of immigration courts providing that "[j]urisdiction vests ... when a charging document is filed with the Immigration Court." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) (2018) (emphasis added). A "charging document" is the "written instrument which initiates a proceeding before an Immigration Judge ... includ[ing] a Notice to Appear." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13 (2013) ; see also Martinez-Garcia v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 732, 735 (9th Cir. 2004) ("The only charging document available after April 1, 1997, is the Notice to Appear.") (citing 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13 ).

A Notice to Appear must include the time and date of the hearing as 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) requires:

In removal proceedings under section 1229(a) of this title, written notice (in this section referred to as a "notice to appear") shall be given in person to the alien (or, if personal service is not practicable, through service by mail to the alien or to the alien's counsel of record, if any) specifying the following: ...
(G)(i) The time and place at which the proceedings will be held.
(ii) The consequences under section 1229(b)(5) of this title of the failure, except under exceptional circumstances, to appear at such proceedings.

8 U.S.C. § 1229 (West) (emphasis added).

The Supreme Court recently examined this statute in the context of an immigration mechanism known as the "stop-time rule." Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2113-14 (2018). The Supreme Court concluded that "[a] notice that does not inform a noncitizen when and where to appear for removal proceedings is not a 'notice to appear under section 1229(a).' " Id. The Supreme Court explained that "[i]f the three words 'notice to appear' mean anything in this context, they must mean that, at a minimum, the Government has to provide noncitizens 'notice' of the information, i.e., the 'time' and 'place,' that would enable them 'to appear' at the removal hearing in the first place." Id. at 2115. The Court further noted that the failure to specify "integral information like the time and place of removal proceedings" deprived the Notice to Appear of "its essential character." Id. at 2116-17.

The Supreme Court held that "[t]he plain text, the statutory context, and common sense all lead inescapably and unambiguously" to the conclusion that a Notice to Appear that omits time-and-place information is not a Notice to Appear under § 1229 and thus cannot trigger the stop-time rule. Id. at 2110. Referring to the doctrine espoused in Chevron , the Court accorded no deference to the immigration court's determination of whether time-and-place information must be included in a Notice to Appear because Congress had "supplied a clear and unambiguous answer" to the question. Id.

Per Pereira , Mr. Cruz-Ramos's document was not a Notice to Appear under section 1229(a) because it did not list when and where to appear for removal proceedings. Id. at 2110. And if it was not a valid Notice to Appear then it could not be a valid charging document. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13 (2013). And without a valid charging document, jurisdiction never vested in the immigration court. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) (2018) ; DeLeon-Holguin v. Ashcroft , 253 F.3d 811, 815 (5th Cir. 2001) ("[R]emoval proceedings commence when the INS files the appropriate charging document with the immigration court."). Any action by the immigration court absent jurisdiction was an ultra vires or extra-judicial act, as it exceeded the court's congressionally-delegated power. Ashcroft , 253 F.3d at 815 ; see also Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp. , 546 U.S. 500, 511, 126 S.Ct. 1235, 163 L.Ed.2d 1097 (2006). And every subsequent reinstatement of the prior removal was merely an attempted reinstatement of a legal nullity.

Next, the Government argues that the Supreme Court's decision in Pereira to remand the case instead of concluding the immigration court lacked jurisdiction demonstrates that the Supreme Court did not consider a deficient Notice to Appear to be incapable of vesting jurisdiction in the immigration court. Resp. 13, ECF No. 19. But the Supreme Court had no reason to consider the jurisdiction of the immigration court in Mr. Pereira's removal proceedings. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063-SS, 2018 WL 5779491 at *7, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870 at *19 ; Order 13, Valladares , No. 17-cr-00156, ECF No. 44.

Finally, the Government asserts that recent Fifth Circuit opinions support its view that Pereira should be read narrowly and that § 1326(d) must be satisfied despite a void removal order. Resp. 13, ECF No. 19 (citing Mauricio-Benitez v. Sessions , 908 F.3d 144 (5th Cir. 2018) ) and Resp. 21, ECF No. 19 (citing United States v. Parrales-Guzman , 922 F.3d 706, 707 (5th Cir. 2019) ). However, both cases are inapposite for the following reasons.

First, Mauricio-Benitez raised an issue of personal jurisdiction and due process, not subject matter jurisdiction, because of Mr. Mauricio-Benitez's failure to timely correct a spelling error in his mailing address. Mauricio-Benitez , 908 F.3d at 146.

Second, while the Fifth Circuit favorably references two district court cases that declined to apply Pereira to cases with the same issue as Mr. Cruz-Ramos's (a Notice to Appear without a specified time for appearance), it does so to support its conclusion that cancellation and reopening involve different standards of review and therefore the reopening at issue in Mauricio-Benitez could not be resolved by reference to Pereira's conclusions in the context of a cancellation. Id. at 148 n.1. This stands in stark contrast to the procedural posture of this case, which involves no deference to, or application of, a specific standard of review of a BIA decision, rather it is a Motion to Dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

Third, in a footnote, the Fifth Circuit actually supports Mr. Cruz-Ramos's argument that only a Notice to Appear that complies with § 1229(a)(1) initiates removal proceedings when the court explains that a noncitizen's "period of continuous physical presence for purposes of cancellation ends when ... served a [sic] NTA that fully complies with the statutory requirements." Id. (citing Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2109 ). The court continued: "[t]he filing of the NTA , in turn, initiates removal proceedings against the alien[.]" Id. (citing 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.13, 1003.14(a), emphasis added). It is "unlikely that the Fifth Circuit would explicitly refer to a statutory-compliant NTA in one sentence, but reference a statutorily-deficient NTA in the next sentence." United States v. Zapata-Cortinas , 351 F.Supp.3d 1006, 1016 n.4 (W.D. Tex. 2018).

Finally, Parrales-Guzman is distinguishable where the defendant argued that " § 1326(d)'s bar on collateral attacks does not attach because the 2001 removal order was void ab initio as it rested on an unconstitutionally vague statute." Parrales-Guzman , 922 F.3d at 707. Here Mr. Cruz-Ramos argues that the removal order is void for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and far from arguing that " § 1326(d)'s bar on collateral attacks does not attach," he argues that all of the elements for collateral attack are met. Infra 13, n. 12. Regardless of the Supreme Court's clear interpretation of the statute in Pereira or the applicability of § 1326(d), the statute itself, § 1229(a), plainly states that a Notice to Appear must have a "time [ ] at which to appear" and without one the immigration court had no power to sit in judgment over Mr. Cruz-Ramos. Supra 3-4. Unlike the court in Parrales-Guzman who had power to sit in judgment but merely rendered a wrong decision as to the constitutionality of the underlying statute, Mr. Cruz-Ramos's immigration court did not have the power to sit in judgment without subject matter jurisdiction. See Parrales-Guzman , 922 F.3d at 707.

c. A Notice of Hearing Does Not Cure a Void Notice to Appear.

The Supreme Court rejected another argument the Government advances-that the Notice to Appear met the statutory requirements because the immigration court complied with immigration regulations by providing a later Notice of Hearing with the date and time specified.

Resp. 8, ECF No. 19; see Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2113 ; Br. for Resp't at 30, 49, Pereira v. Sessions , No. 17-459, 2018 WL 1557067, (Mar. 23, 2018). The Supreme Court was not persuaded that this two-step process was sufficient even though the Department of Homeland Security, relying on the regulation's "where practicable" language, "almost always serves noncitizens with notices that fail to specify the time, place, or date of initial removal hearings[.]" Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2111. It is the Notice to Appear, not a Notice of Hearing, that initiates removal proceedings. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.13.

2. Regardless of the § 1326(d) Factors, a Removal Order May Be Challenged for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Cannot Be Waived.

Typically, an undocumented immigrant must meet all three requirements of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d) to collaterally attack the validity of a removal order. These three requirements are: (1) the alien must have exhausted all administrative remedies, (2) the proceedings at which the order was issued must have improperly deprived the alien of the opportunity for judicial review, and (3) the entry of the deportation order must have been fundamentally unfair. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(d)(1-3).

But Mr. Cruz-Ramos's challenge is atypical. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063, 2018 WL 5779491, at *2, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870, at *4. Mr. Cruz-Ramos contends that because the Government failed to file an effective Notice to Appear, the immigration judge never had jurisdiction to commence removal proceedings. Mot. 1-2, ECF No. 18. And because the immigration judge never had jurisdiction over the removal proceedings, the resulting removal order was void. Id.

a. A Removal Order May Be Collaterally Attacked as Void for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction.

First, the removal order against Mr. Cruz-Ramos is an "order from which an appeal lies," which means it is a judgment. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.38(a) ("Decisions of Immigration Judges may be appealed to the [BIA] ..."); FED. R. CIV. PRO. 54(a). Second, "any judgment may be collaterally attacked if it is void for lack of jurisdiction," despite § 1326(d)'s restrictions on the types of collateral attacks that may be made on a deportation order. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063-SS, 2018 WL 5779491 at *2, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870 at *4 ; Order 3, Valladares , No. 17-cr-00156, ECF No. 44 (citing Jacuzzi v. Pimienta , 762 F.3d 419, 420 (5th Cir. 2014) (emphasis in original)); see e.g. In re Reitnauer , 152 F.3d 341, 344 n.12 (5th Cir. 1998) ("It is true that (1) jurisdictional defects render a judgment void, and (2) void judgments are subject to collateral attack."). The Fifth Circuit has specifically held that when the BIA issues a removal order without statutory or regulatory authority the order is rendered "a legal nullity." James v. Gonzales , 464 F.3d 505, 513 (5th Cir. 2006).

b. The Immigration Court's Subject Matter Jurisdiction Cannot Be Waived.

Because the Fifth Circuit has held that "an alien can forfeit a challenge to the subject matter jurisdiction of the immigration court," the Government argues that any complaint has been waived because Mr. Cruz-Ramos appeared for the hearing and failed to object. Resp. 16-17, ECF No. 19 (citing Sohani v. Gonzales , 191 Fed. App'x 258, 259 (5th Cir. 2006) ) ("Because Sohani did not object to the admission of the Notice to Appear [lacking time and date] and conceded removability at the removal hearing, Sohani has waived any challenge to the IJ's jurisdiction over the removal proceedings"), and Chambers v. Mukasey , 520 F.3d 445, 449-50 (5th Cir. 2008) (noting that Defendant "waived any challenge to the NTA [Notice to Appear] by appearing at the initial hearing, and pleading to the charges contained in the NTA [Notice to Appear].").

First, the Government's reliance on Perez-Arellano, Chambers , and Sohani is misplaced. The Fourth Circuit's opinion in Perez-Arellano is misapplied as it relies on an undocumented defendant's prior cocaine conviction as the basis for removal and was in a different posture evaluating whether the district court plainly erred. United States v. Perez-Arellano , 756 Fed. App'x 291, 294 (4th Cir. 2018) (unpublished). Chambers and Sohani involve jurisdictional challenges to a court's lack of personal jurisdiction over the litigant, not a court's subject-matter jurisdiction over the case itself. Chambers , 520 F.3d at 449 ; Sohani , 191 Fed. App'x at 259. Interpreting cases such as Chambers as involving the waiver of objections to the court's personal jurisdiction instead of its subject-matter jurisdiction accords with the general rule that objections to personal jurisdiction may be waived while objections to subject matter jurisdiction may not. Sohani , 191 Fed. App'x at 259 (citing Ins. Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee , 456 U.S. 694, 702-03, 102 S.Ct. 2099, 72 L.Ed.2d 492 (1982) ). The Court therefore declines to exempt immigration courts from this general rule.

Second, a plain reading of the relevant regulation indicates that it references subject matter jurisdiction. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) ("Jurisdiction vests, and proceedings before an Immigration Judge commence , when a charging document is filed with the Immigration Court by the Service." (emphasis added)). On its face, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a) concerns whether a case is properly before an immigration court. Thus, "[i]f the [deportation] order is void on its face for want of jurisdiction, it is the duty of this and every other court to disregard it." Wilson v. Carr , 41 F.2d 704, 706 (9th Cir. 1930).

As the Supreme Court has explained, "[s]ubject-matter jurisdiction properly comprehended ... refers to a tribunal's power to hear a case, a matter that can never be forfeited or waived." Order 16, Valladares , No. 17-cr-00156, ECF No. 44. (citing Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng'rs & Trainmen Gen. Comm. of Adjustment, Cent. Region , 558 U.S. 67, 81, 130 S.Ct. 584, 175 L.Ed.2d 428 (2009) ); Shogunle v. Holder , 336 F. App'x. 322, 323 (4th Cir. 2009). Because the immigration court is a "tribunal"-that is, a "court of justice or other adjudicatory body," Tribunal, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014)-the definition announced in Union Pacific applies, and challenges to the immigration court's subject-matter jurisdiction may not be waived. Id. Because Mr. Cruz-Ramos's removal order was entered ultra vires , there was no legitimate order from which Mr. Cruz-Ramos could perfect an appeal. As a result, Mr. Cruz-Ramos need not satisfy section 1326(d) because the immigration judge lacked jurisdiction from the outset.

3. A Void Removal Means Mr. Cruz-Ramos Was Not "Removed" as a Matter of Law, and Therefore the Indictment for Illegal Reentry Shall Be Dismissed.

To convict under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), the Government must prove three elements: "that the defendant (1) is an alien, (2) was previously deported, and (3) has re-entered the United States without proper permission." Ortiz , 347 F.Supp.3d at 405. Title 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a) grants immigration judges the authority to "conduct proceedings for deciding the inadmissibility or deportability of an alien." Id. at 405 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(a)(1) ). Such proceedings "shall be the sole and exclusive procedure for determining whether an alien may be admitted to the United States or, if the alien has been so admitted, removed from the United States." 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(a)(3) (emphasis added). Therefore, if the immigration judge's actions are void, then no other proceeding can result in the predicate deportation.

The Government argues that the "lawfulness or validity of a prior removal order is not an element of a § 1326 offense." Resp. 19, ECF No. 19. It cites to United States v. Mendoza-Lopez for the proposition that the Government need only prove "the fact of a prior physical removal." Id. at 20 (citing 481 U.S. 828, 834-35, 107 S.Ct. 2148, 95 L.Ed.2d 772 (1987) ). However, Mendoza-Lopez supports rather than detracts from Mr. Cruz-Ramos's arguments because Mendoza-Lopez , unlike this opinion, was focused on the § 1326(d) factors and an alleged lack of due process, rather than a lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and yet it still found that a "collateral attack could be mounted where the deportation proceeding effectively eliminate[d] the right of the alien to obtain judicial review." Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. at 839, 107 S.Ct. 2148. The exhaustion and judicial review requirements in § 1326(d) are directed at examining decisions that may not comport with due process and surely that standard requires an immigration judge's decision be anchored in an exercise of proper jurisdiction. United States v. Omniel Robaina Ortiz , 347 F.Supp.3d 402, 407 (D.N.D. 2018) (citing Mendoza-Lopez , 481 U.S. 828, 107 S.Ct. 2148 ). Finally, unlike the Government's assertion, this is not a question of a "valid" or "invalid" removal order, but the fact of a "legal nullity." See supra 5-6.

CONCLUSION

After due consideration, the Court finds that Mr. Cruz-Ramos's Motion should be granted. The immigration court lacked subject matter jurisdiction when it failed to comply with the statutory guidelines by proceeding with removal when the Notice to Appear, the charging document that vests jurisdiction in the court, lacked a date and time. Therefore, the Government cannot satisfy the plain language of § 1326 because Mr. Cruz-Ramos was not previously removed as a matter of law.

Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant Antonio Cruz-Ramos's "Motion to Dismiss Indictment" is GRANTED. 
      
      For further discussion of Chevron deference and the constitutional concerns that the Government's arguments raise, see this Court's Opinion in United States v. Leon-Gonzalez , 351 F. Supp. 3d 1026, 1031 (W.D. Tex. 2018), appeal pending No. 18-51064 (5th Cir.).
     
      
      For further discussion of Congress's unambiguous intent regarding the contents of an NTA, see id. at 1035-36.
     
      
      The Government does not assert that any other charging document was filed in this case. See generally Resp., ECF No. 19.
     
      
      For further discussion, see Kit Johnson, Pereira v. Sessions: A Jurisdictional Surprise for Immigration Courts , 3 HRLR Online 1, (2018).
     
      
      The conclusion that time-and-place information must always be included in a Notice to Appear is also supported by other provisions in the statute. Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2114 (explaining that statutory language allowing the Government to change or postpone the removal proceedings to a new time or place "presumes that the Government has already served a 'notice to appear' ... that specified a time and place as required by § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i)."); id. at 2114-15 (applying the time-and-place requirement to statutory provision detailing an alien's securing of counsel); id. at 2116 ("[W]hen the term 'notice to appear' is used elsewhere in the statutory section, including as the trigger for the stop-time rule, it carries with it the substantive time-and-place criteria required by § 1229(a).").
     
      
      In March 2003, the Immigration and Naturalization Service ("INS") ceased to exist and its functions were transferred to the DHS. See Authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security; Delegations of Authority; Immigration Laws, 68 Fed. Reg. 10922 (Mar. 6, 2003).
     
      
      For further discussion, see this Court's Opinion in Leon-Gonzalez , 351 F. Supp. 3d at 1033-34.
     
      
      There is no indication in Pereira itself that a Notice to Appear must include the date and time of the removal hearing only in the context of the stop-time rule. Cruz-Jimenez , No. 17-CR-00063-SS, 2018 WL 5779491, at *2-3, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 187870, at *6 ; Order 8, Valladares , No. 17-cr-00156, ECF No. 44. Indeed, Pereira does not say that a putative Notice to Appear that omits the time and place of a removal hearing fails to trigger the stop-time rule-it says that such a document is not a Notice to Appear at all. See Pereira , 138 S. Ct. at 2115. The date and time go to the "essen[ce]" of a Notice to Appear. See id.
     
      
      For further discussion, see this Court's Opinion in Leon-Gonzalez , 351 F. Supp. 3d at 1034.
     
      
      For further discussion of the inability for a subsequent Notice of Hearing to cure an invalid Notice to Appear, see this Court's Opinion in Leon-Gonzalez , 351 F. Supp. 3d at 1037-38.
     
      
      For further discussion of the distinctions between the authorities that the Government relies on for this argument and this case, see this Court's opinion in id. at 1029-31.
     
      
      For further discussion of the factual and procedural background of these cases, see this Court's Opinion in Leon-Gonzalez , 351 F. Supp. 3d at 1038-39.
     
      
      The defendant argues that the § 1326(d) three-part test is met, and that due process was lacking, however further discussion of these issues it not necessary to the outcome of this opinion given the immigration court's lack of subject matter jurisdiction. But this Court agrees and adopts the analysis of Judge Pitman in his opinion regarding the satisfaction of the § 1326(d) three-part test in an almost identical context. See United States v. Lopez-Urgel , 351 F.Supp.3d 978 (W.D. Tex. 2018).
     