
    ST. REGIS CANDIES, Inc., et al. v. HOVAS et al.
    (No. 1001-4880.)
    
    Commission of Appeals of Texas, Section A.
    Feb. 29, 1928.
    1. Corporations <&wkey;197, 592 — Abnormality, If any, in charter creating class ,of stock without voting power did not prevent corporate life or subject charter to forfeiture (Rev. St. 1925, arts. 1303-1305, 1307, 1308, 1310-1312).
    Abnormality, if any, in charter of private corporation providing for two classes of stock, one of which was declared to have no voting powers, did not, in view of Rev. St. 1925, arts. 1303-1305, 1307, 1308, 1310-1312, providing for perfection of corporate entity, prevent corporate life nor subject charter to forfeiture at will of anybody save possibly the state.
    2. Constitutional law <&wkey;70(3) — When law makers speak on subject within their constitutional jurisdiction, their words define public policy thereof.
    When the lawmakers speak on a subject over which they have constitutional jurisdiction, their words define the public policy of the subject.
    3. Contracts <&wkey;l08(l) — “Public policy,” when used by obligee against consensual obligation and performance, is interest of others than parties.
    Meaning of “public policy,” when used by the obligee against consensual obligation and performance, is the interest of others than the parties.
    [Ed. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Public Policy.]
    4. Contracts <&wkey;>l08(l) — Public policy requires that contracts voluntarily made by competent persons shall be enforced unless they contravene public right or welfare.
    Public policy requires that competent persons be given the utmost liberty of contracting, and that their contracts, when voluntary, shall be enforced by courts unless contravention of public right or welfare clearly appears.
    5. Corporations &wkey;»l97 — Associates’ contract carried .into charter under which one class of stock only had voting power held not against public policy.
    Contract of voluntary associates that one class of stock in corporation to he formed shojuld have no voting privileges or power or right to participate proportionately in future increases of capital stock, which was carried into charter of the corporation and by-laws, held not void as against public policy.
    6. Corporations <&wkey;197 — Associates’ contract carried ‘info charter, under which one class of. stock only had voting power held not to contravene Constitution or statutes (Const, art. 12; Rev. St. 1925, arts. 1302-1395).
    Since stockholders in a corporation have no constitutional or statutory right to vote except to vote for increases or decreases of capital stock, and on question of voluntary dissolution, contract of voluntary associates of private corporation carried ipto charter and by-laws under which one class of stock only had voting power held not as to the nonvoting class of stock to contravene Rev. St. 1925, arts. 1302-1395, enacted under authority of Const, art. 12, providing general laws for incorporation and government of private corporations.
    Certified questions from Court of Civil Appeals of First Supreme Judicial District.
    Action by St. Regis Candies, Inc., and another, against S. N. Hovas, and others. From a judgment for defendants, plaintiffs appealed to the Court of Civil Appeals, which court certified questions to the Supreme Court.
    Questions answered.
    Baker, Botts, Parker & Garwood, H. M. Garwood, Jas. D. Shepherd, Jr., S. H. German, Boyles, Brown & Scott, Edward S. Boyles, P. N. Fahey, and J. T. Scott, Jr., all of Houston, for appellants.
    Fulbright, Crooker & Freeman, and Allen B. Hannay, all of Houston, for appellees.
    
      
       Rehearing denied April 25, 1928.
    
   NICKEDS, J.

Xanthull owned a plant and business. He became associated with four other men for corporate purposes. They incorporated as St. Regis Candies, Inc. Xan-thull’s plant and business, at an agreed valuation, became the property of the corporation received in payment for 510 shares of “class A stock” and 40 shares of “class B stock” of the corporation. The other associates on their part subscribed for the remaining 490 shares of “class A stock” and 210 shares of “class B stock.” Inferably, they paid the requisite proportion in cash and became liable for the remainder of their stock subscriptions. A charter was secured, in which the declaration is made that the “capital stock” is $125,; 000, divided into 1,250 shares of $100 each, and divided further “into two classes, 1,000 shares thereof being known as class A stock and 250 shares thereof being known as class B stock,” it being declared also that:

“Glass B stock * * * shall have no voting privileges or power * * * no right to participate proportionately in future increases of capital stock * * * and shall be subject to such conditions, restrictions and limitations as may be imposed by the by-laws.”

A meeting attended by Xanthull and three of the other associates was held, at which the foregoing charter recitations were definitely approved and at which by-laws were adopted • in which: (a) Glass B stock was restricted as in the charter; (b) future.meetings of class A “stockholders were provided for; (c) it was provided that each class A stockholder would have one vote for each share of that class of stock owned by him. It was also provided that the owners of class B stock would be entitled to participate in meetings, but without voting rights. The selection of directors was by by-law provisions left to class A stockholders as was the matter of by-law amendments. The fifth associate ratified thát action.

“Under the agreements of the parties, Xanthull took charge of the business, managed and controlled its affairs, ⅜ 4 * undisturbed, until the 12th day of January, 1927” (a period of about a year). On that day the associates, save Xanthull, undertook to call a special meeting of the directors for a named date and issued notices therefor for the purpose of altering the by-laws so as to revoke the authority of the president (Xan-thull) to manage the affairs of the corporation, and to provide for amendment of the charter and by-laws so as “to eliminate the class B stock and make all of the stock in the corporation have the same rights, powers, and preferences.” The meeting was held, attended by all five of the associates, and over the protest of Xanthull the holders of class B stock voted as if it were class A stock. The result was that by affirmative vote of those holding.49 per cent, of class A stock and 210 shares of class B stock the changes proposed were ordered; Xanthull voted his 51 per cent, of class A stock in the negative. A charter amendment was filed in the name of the corporation. ,

January 18th, Xanthull, “for himself and in behalf of the St. Begis Candies, Inc.,” brought suit against the other associates. The facts already stated were alleged, and it was shown, further, that January 19th was the day regularly fixed for annual meeting of stockholders, that the meeting would be held, and that the defendants would undertake to “vote class B stock and thereby control such meeting and elect directors of their own choosing and undertake to shape the policies of the corporation * * * and deprive him (Xanthull) of the control of the corporation as conferred upon him by his ownership of 51 per cent, of the class A stock and by the terms of the charter and by-laws,” etc. It was prayed that defendants' be restrained from voting the class B stock at the meeting or at any other meeting and that the charter arid by-law amendments theretofore undertaken be declared void. Restraining order was issued. Defendants answered, alleging the agreements depriving class B stock of voting rights to be “contrary to the Constitution and statutes of this state and against public policy and therefore void.” Upon hearing, the injunction prayed for was denied, and, an appeal was taken by Xanthull and the corporation to the Court of Civil Appeals, First District, wherein the cause is now pending. That court has certified these questions:

“No. 1. Is the contract entered into between the appellant Xanthull and the appellees, which was carried into the charter of the corporation, by the terms of which class A stock only had the right to vote, a valid contract; that is, is it binding as against the holders of class B stock, so as to exclude such stock from being voted? In other words, is there any provision in either our Constitution or statutes which demands that stock such as class B in the present case shall have the right to vote regardless of a provision in the charter of the corporation to the contrary ?
“No. 2. Is such contract void as against public policy? ”

Opinion.

The provisions of the charter and by-laws are by the parties assumed sufficient to evidence a contract in respect to preclusion of voting power in the holders of class B stock, so-called. The assumption appears justified on the facts, and we join in its indulgence. See Overland Auto Co. v. Cleveland (Tex. Civ. App.) 250 S. W. 453; Howe Grain & Merc. Co. v. Jones, 21 Tex. Civ. App. 198, 51 S. W. 24; 14 C. J. 161, 162, 346, 347 ; 7 R. C. L. 97, 142, 143.

The parties have treated the rights belonging to class B holders as being rights of stockholders, and the agreement in respect thereto (rather, the papers evidencing those rights) as being “stock.” Whether in truth such is the character of those rights, or certificates, is a question which may be pretermitted; for the purposes of this case, we treat the rights, or certificates, as being of “stock” character.

Increase or decrease of “authorized” stock (articles 1330, 1332, R. S. 1925) dissolution (article 1387, R. S. 1925), or other fundamental alteration of corporate purpose, structure, or assets, has not been attempted in violation of the agreement; hence, questions pertaining to voting rights touching such proposals, are not directly involved — if involved at all, indirectly so, and so far as that subject-matter may throw light upon what implications, if any, are to be drawn from expressed statutory declarations.

This much has been said to posture the questions now presented; what is to be said has no reference to future situations of any different phase.

In so far as specific constitutional declarations (article 12) are concerned, and in so far as relevant, they make up a command to the Legislature (not to the courts or to individuals) to provide by general laws: (a) For creation of corporations; (b) “for the adequate protection of the public” ; and (c) “for the adequate protection * * * of the individual stockholders.”. Except as to named classes of corporations (other than the class to which St. Regis Candies, Inc. belongs), execution of the command has witness in chapters 1-8 (arts, 1302-1395), tit. 32, R. S. 1925.

(a) Creation per statute: Naming of purposes in chapter 1 is followed in chapter 2 (art. 1303) by the declaration that1 “private corporations” are to be formed “by the voluntary association of three or more persons.” In articles 1304, 1305, 1307, and 1308 (with exceptions in 1310-1312) certain acts are prescribed for the corporators (and, in article 1313, for the secretary of state) in perfection of the corporate entity. For aught that is shown St. Regis Candies, Inc., was sufficiently-born. The abnormality claimed, (classification of “stock” in the charter), if it be an abnormality, did not prevent corporate life or make the life given subject to forfeiture at will of anybody save, possibly,- the state. Staacke v. Routledge, 111 Tex. 489, 241 S. W. 994; Parks v. West, 102 Tex. 11, 18, 111 S. W. 726, and cases there cited.

(b) Protection of the public: The corporate field in general is marked out in chapter 1, and in chapter 2 (article 1304) the “voluntary associates” are required to select and publicly name that part of the field which shall encompass corporate activity. The main purpose herri is to protect the “public”, first, against too great a delegation and any usurpation of power (Northwestern Fertilizing Co. v. Hyde Park, 97 U. S. 659, 666, 24 L. Ed. 1036; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Morris, 67 Tex. 692. 4 S. W. 156; Northside Ry. Co. v. Worthington, 88 Tex. 562, 30 S. W. 1055, 53 Am. St. Rep. 778; Bowman Lbr. Co. v. Pierson, 110 Tex. 543, 221 S. W. 930, 11 A. L. R. 547); and, secondly, by affording tbe means whereby right to a claimed power or rightful use of an admitted power may be tested.

There must be a fund on hand or available with which to begin business, and the amount of it (in so far as it consists of capital stock) must be stated in the charter (article 1304). The fund may be wholly in cash or partly in cash and partly in credits represented by unpaid subscriptions. (Articles 1308, 1335,1338, 1339, 1341, 1343, 1344, 1345). The fund may have constituents in form of “labor done or property * * ⅜ received” at proper valuation (section 6, art. 12, Constitution; article 1308, R. S. 1925). Such is the capital or capital stock in the absolute sense. Furr v. Chapman (Tex. Com. App.) 286 S. W. 171; Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. v. Bowland, 196 U. S. 611, 25 S. Ct. 345, 350, 49 L. Ed. 619; Lee v. Sturges, 46 Ohio St. 153, 160, 19 N. E. 560, 2 L. R. A. 556. For some corporate purposes (other than those of St. Regis Candies, Inc.) minimum, and for others maxima, in respect to the fund, are prescribed; e. g., article'1302, subds. 15, 16, 27, and 40. Undue impairment of the fund or a too large amount of indebtedness accrued is prohibited under corporate death penalty. Chapter 7, tit. 32, R. S. 1925. All this, of course, is primarily in behalf of those to become creditors or strangers otherwise entitled; i. e., “the public.” Ownership of the fund is by the corporate entity, distinguishable from members of the body. Powers v. Detroit, G. H. & M. Ry. Co., 201 U. S. 543, 26 S. Ct. 556, 50 L. Ed. 806. On familiar principles interest of a member therein has the characteristics of: (a) Indirection ; (b) subordination to that of creditors ; and (c) sequent contingency of realization in the form of profits or return of (or reimbursement for) his contribution. That, in the true sense, is the “share.” Id.

Since in the fund there may be credits made up of subscriptions in part unpaid, it was thought proper to require in the charter (article 1304) a statement of • “the number of shares into which” the fund “is divided,” and in another paper (article 1308) an identification “of each subscriber” with showing of “the amount subscribed * * * and paid” by him. Additional requirements are: A record of “all stock subscribed and transferred” (article 1328); furnishing of that information, etc., to execution plaintiffs (article 1346).

(c) Protection of individual stockholders: A subsidiary purpose underlying each and all of the constitutional and statutory provisions already mentioned is protection of each stockholder against each and all of the others and the corporation and the public.

“General management” of corporate affairs is vested in the directors. Article 1327. The “voluntary associates” in the beginning must select those officers (article 1304), the manner of their selection being in no wise regulated in the statute. Their selection in the present instance was in the manner freely adopted by the “associates.” The first board having been thus created, the terms of article 1320 so operate as .to vest power in the corporate entity “to, make by-laws * * * for the management of its property, the regulation of its affairs and the transfer of its stock,” to “increase or diminish * * * the number of its directors,” and to “appoint and remove subordinate officers and agents as the business of the corporation shall require. “Bylaws” are framed by the “directors” (article 1326) and are subject to alteration “by a majority vote of the stockholders” cast at a meeting called by the “directors” (article 1326). The power “to increase or diminish » ⅜ ■ * number of directors” is conditioned upon “vote of its stockholders,” but the “vote” itself is to be governed by “by-laws” consistent “with existing laws.”

Authorized increase or decrease of “authorized* capital stock” may be secured by action of the directors based upon “a two-thirds vote of all its stock” in the one case, or “a two-thirds vote of all its outstanding stock” in the other. Articles 1330, 1332. Voluntary dissolution may be had “where four-fifths in interest of all stock outstanding shall vote” therefor “at a stockholders’ meeting,” or “when, without a stockholders’ meeting, all the stockholders * * • * consent in writing.” Article 1387. In respect to action taken or proposed under these provisions (i. e., articles 1330, 1332, and 1387) and action taken or proposed in respect to other fundamental alterations of the corporate purpose, structure, and properties, and for instant? purposes, two assumptions are indulged in favor of the holders of class B stock, so-called: (a) Every stockholder is entitled to vote; and (b) those owners are “stockholders.”

We have generally reviewed the constitutional and statutory provisions mentioned above for the purpose of indicating that no expressed declaration of voting right in a stockholder exists, save in the exceptional instances last mentioned and on the assumptions there made. If the right exists in virtue of law it rests in implication. The fact that the Legislature, in execution of the command given, made specific provision for voting rights in what we have called the exceptional situations and omitted provision therefor, in other cases is not without cogency. With the exact subject of voting rights present in the minds of the law makers, a specific enactment for named conditions and silence in respect to other conditions would seem to indicate a purposed omission in deference to liberty of contract.

There are other situations of like import:

(a) The general requirements of article 12 of the Constitution have reference to railroad and insurance corporations, as well as to corporations generally. But in executing the command the Legislature put railroad corporations into' a class (title 112, arts. 6259-6534, R. S. 1925) and insurance corporations into another class (title 78, arts. 4679-5068, B. S. 1925).

In article 62S9 certain “rules” are named to he controlling in the “election of the hoard of directors” of a railroad corporation. Among the rules is this:

“Each stockholder shall have the right to vote * * * for the number of shares of stock owned by him for as many persons as there are directors to be elected.”

The matter of “by-laws” is the subject of article 6293, and it is there said that:

“The stockholders of the corporation shall be entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by them.”

Comparable provisions are made for “life, health,, and accident insurance” corporations (article 4718), “mutual assessment accident companies” (article 4789), “mutual life insurance companies” (article 4801), and “mutual insurance companies” (article 4868), and omitted in respect to various other classes of “insurance companies,” etc.

(b) By the terms of section 16, art. 16, Constitution, the Legislature is required to provide, by general laws, for the incorporation of “bodies with banking and discounting privileges, for supervision, etc., and for adequate protection and security of depositors and' creditors. Execution of the requirement has general evidence in title 16, R. S. 1925 (articles 342-548). Amongst other things, it is there provided (article 503) that:

“In the elections of directors, and in deciding all questions at meetings of shareholders * * * each shareholder shall be entitled to one vote on each share of stock held by him.”

In article 504 the general right thus declared is specifically preserved to an executor, administrator, guardian, or trustee (i. e., he “shall represent the shares of stock in his hands at all meetings of the corporation, and may vote as a shareholder”) and to a pledgor (who “may nevertheless represent” his pledged stock “at all such meetings and may vote accordingly as a stockholder”).

There is, it seems to us, recognition (at least prima facie) of that freedom of contract necessary for the present agreement in its present aspects in the terms of the “non-par corporation” statute, enacted in 1925. Chapter 19A, R. S. 1925. In the first section of the act (article 1538a), authority is given new corporations and pre-existing ones, except those “authorized to conduct a banking or insurance business,” to make provision for “issuance of shares of its stock without nominal or par value.” It is there said that:

“Every such share shall be equal in all respects to every other such share, except that the charter or any amendment thereof may provide that such shares should be divided into different classes, the shares of each class to have such preferences, designations, rights, privileges and powers and be subject to such restrictions, limitations and qualifications as shall be stated in the charter or any amendment thereof.”
“Any .private corporation for profit, other than corporations organized to conduct a banking or insurance business,” it is said in article 1538h, “having authorized shares with par or face value, or shares without nominal or par value, or both, may, by vote of the holders of a majority of its outstanding stock entitled to vote at any annual meeting or at any special meeting called and held for the purpose, amend its charter so as to change its shares or stock with par or face value, or . any class or classes thereof, * * * into * * * scares without nominal or par value provided * * * that the preferences, rights, limitations, privileges and restrictions granted or imposed with respect to any shares of outstanding stock shall not be impaired, diminished or changed without the consent of the holder thereof.” On the words of the statute, at least, there may be par value stock of a corporation (having no other kind) which may not be entitled to vote at a meeting held to determine change to a nonpar corporation and the pre-existing “preferences,” etc., are to continue (the change notwithstanding) unless the “holder” of the preferred or restricted stock to a different result.

In its unrestricted scope, “public policy” is most vague in its expressions and implications, in the general manner of “fraud.” Story on Contracts, -. For instant purposes it may be taken in these aspects: (a) When the lawmakers speak upon 'a. subject over which they have constitutional jurisdiction, their words define the “public policy” of the subject. United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Ass’n, 166 U. S. 290, 340, 17 S. Ct. 540, 41 L. Ed. 1007. Touching the subject in mind, they have not directly spoken contrary to what was agreed upon, nor have they used language upon which an inference against the right to agree and execute must be erected, (b) “The very meaning of public policy,” when used by an obligee against consensual obligation and performance, “is the interest' of others than the parties.” Beasley v. Texas & P. Ry. Co., 191 U. S. 492, 498, 24 S. Ct. 164, 166, 48 L. Ed. 274. In the situation presented it is difficult to perceive harm to the public in allowing able-minded men, dealing at arms’ length, to contract with reference to their own property and the conditions upon which a transfer of it to their corporate representative shall be made, (c) An important requirement of policy is “that men of full age and competent understan&ing shall have the utmost liberty of contracting and that their contracts, when entered into freely and voluntarily, shall be held sacred and shall be enforced by courts of justice” unless, perchance, contravention of public right or welfare very clear appears. Missouri, K. & T. Ry. Co. v. Carter, 95 Tex. 461, 68 S. W. 159; Baltimore & O. S. W. Ry. Co. v. Voigt, 176 U. S. 498, 20 S. Ct. 385, 44 L. Ed. 560; Printing & N. R. Co. v. Sampson, 19 Eq. Cas. (L. R.). The claim of invalidating public policy is not sufficiently grounded to have warrant for striking down the agreement .in question. For cases more or less in point on the general question see Reagan Bale Co. v. Heuermann (Tex. Civ. App.) 149 S. W. 228; Langben v. Goodman (Tex. Civ. App.) 275 S. W. 841; Storrow v. Texas Compress, etc., Co. (C. C. A.) 87 F. 612; Allen v. Montana Ref. Co., 71 Mont. 105, 227 P. 582; State ex rel. Frank v. Swanger, 190 Mo. 561, 89 S. W. 872, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 121, 4 Ann. Cas. 563; People v. Koenig, 133 App. Div. 756, 118 N. Y. S. 136; Kent v. Quicksilver Mining Co., 78 N. Y. 159; Millspaugh v. Cassedy, 191 App. Div. 221, 181 N. Y. S. 276; Wilson v. Parvin (C. C. A.) 119 F. 653; Hamlin v. Ry. Co. (C. C. A.) 78 F. 664; Miller v. Ratterman, 47 Ohio St. 141, 24 N. E. 496; Commonwealth v. Detwiller, 131 Pa. 614, 18 A. 990, 992, 7 L. R. A. 357, 360; Gen. Invest. Co. v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 87 N. J. Eq. 234, 100 A. 347 (cited by appellants); Funkhouser v. Capps (Tex. Civ. App.) 174 S. W. 897; Haldeman v. Haldeman, 176 Ky. 635, 197 S. W. 376; Luthy v. Ream, 270 Ill. 170, 110 N. E. 376, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 368; Morel v. Hoge, 130 Ga. 625, 61 S. E. 487, 16 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1136, 14 Ann. Cas. 935; Sheppard v. Rockingham Power Co., 150 N. C. 776, 64 S. E. 894; Gage v. Fisher, 5 N. D. 297, 65 N. W. 809, 31 L. R. A. 557; People v. Emmerson, 302 Ill. 300, 134 N. E. 710, 21 A. L. R. 636; Brooks v. State, 3 Boyce (Del.) 1, 79 A. 800, 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1126, Ann. Cas. 1915A, 1133; Durkee v. People, 155 Ill. 354, 40 N. E. 628, 46 Am. St. Rep. 340; State v. Anderson, 31 Ind. App. 34, 67 N. E. 208 (cited by appellees).

We recommend that the questions certified be answered as follows: No. 1: “So far as presently involved at least the contract is binding upon the holders of class B stock.” No. 2. “No.”

CURETON, C. J. Opinion of the Commission of Appeals answering certified questions is adopted, and ordered certified to the Court of Civil Appeals. 
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