
    CRYSTAL v HUBBARD
    Docket No. 63831.
    Argued November 13, 1980
    (Calendar No. 4).
    Decided October 5, 1982.
    Larry Crystal, as administrator of the estate of Jackie Lynn Hubbard, deceased, brought an action for wrongful death against Steven C. Hubbard, husband of the deceased who was driving the car in which Jackie Hubbard was killed as a result of an automobile accident, and against Steven T. Komar, the driver of the other vehicle involved in the collision. The plaintiff sought damages for funeral and burial expenses, the decedent’s pain and suffering, and the loss of society and companionship by the decedent’s five siblings, her father, and her mother. A jury returned a special verdict in the plaintiffs favor, specifying the amount of loss sustained with respect to each category, and the Genesee Circuit Court, Philip C. Elliott, J., entered judgment on the verdict. The Court of Appeals, Danhof, C.J., and V. J. Brennan and Carroll, JJ., concluded that the wrongful death act permitted only actual heirs at law and next of kin to seek recovery and that the words "next of kin” mean "nearest relation”, and vacated that portion of the award for the losses of the decedent’s siblings (Docket No. 78-2189). The plaintiff appeals.
    In an opinion by Justice Ryan, joined by Justices Kavanagh, Williams, Levin, Fitzgerald, and Moody, the Supreme Court held:
    
    The siblings of a deceased person may recover damages for loss of society and companionship under the wrongful death act even though the decedent is survived by a spouse and parents so that the siblings cannot take by intestate succession.
    1. The wrongful death act provides that the class of persons who would be entitled to inherit the personal property of a decedent had he died intestate and who suffer injury because of a wrongful death may share in the distribution of damages recovered in proportion to their injury. The legislative history of the act and case law indicate that this "class” of persons includes a surviving spouse and next of kin who suffer injury. Next of kin means those persons who are eligible to inherit had the decedent died intestate and who can prove a compensable injury.
    
      References for Points in Headnotes
    [1, 7] 22 Am Jur 2d, Death § 58.
    Brothers and sisters of deceased as beneficiaries within wrongful death statute. 31 ALR3d 379.
    [2, 3, 6, 8, 9] 22 Am Jur 2d, Death § 47 et seq.
    
    [4] 22 Am Jur 2d, Death §§ 123, 126, 135.
    Parents’ loss of child’s society and companionship as element of damages for injury to child. 69 ALR3d 553.
    [5, 10] 22 Am Jur 2d, Death §§ 47, 48, 58.
    
      2. The Legislature never intended to limit the right to seek damages for wrongful death to the actual "heirs at law” defined as the nearest of kin actually surviving a decedent who would be entitled to inherit under the laws of descent and distribution. Rather, the "class” of persons entitled to inherit includes at least the surviving spouse and the next of kin who suffered injury. The former death act provided that the proceeds recovered in a wrongful death action would be distributed according to the laws of intestate succession rather than according to the damage suffered by a beneficiary. After the Supreme Court so held, the Legislature amended the damages and distribution portion of the act to authorize distribution of an award only to those persons who are actually injured and entitled to seek recovery. The Supreme Court interpreted this "class” of persons entitled to seek recovery to encompass the broader theoretical group of potential heirs and not only actual heirs identifiable at the time of a decedent’s death.
    3. Prior wrongful death legislation employed the term "pecuniary loss” to describe the only compensable loss which could be suffered by a person other than the decedent. At one time pecuniary loss was consistently associated with the notions of dependency and actual lost monetary support. Dependency began, in case law, to take on the role of defining who was entitled to seek damages, and relationship became a less important criterion. Although the Legislature re-enacted and revised the death statute during this period, it did not delete or explain the term "pecuniary injury”, seemingly approving the Court’s interpretations. Then the harshness of the restrictive financial dependency interpretation of "pecuniary injury” was recognized by the Supreme Court, and the concept was broadened to encompass the loss of “mutual society and protection” or "companionship”. Thereafter the Legislature deleted the words "pecuniary injury” and added "loss of society and companionship” as one element of damages in the wrongful death act. Because the Legislature did not limit the view expressed in case law that the loss of companionship could run to any potential intestate heir rather than an actual heir, it would appear to have acquiesced in that interpretation.
    4. Next of kin does not mean nearest relative, but any relative who can demonstrate injury. The Legislature abandoned the former limitations of financial dependency upon the decedent and pecuniary injury as grounds for seeking a wrongful death recovery and broadened the grounds, deleting the words "pecuniary injury” and adding "loss of society and companionship”. The wrongful death act, with this emphasis, appears designed to compensate for the destruction of family relationships, the relationships assumed to exist among family members identified under intestate laws as potential takers, and not merely first-degree kin.
    Reversed.
    Chief Justice Coleman dissented. She wrote that the siblings of a decedent who dies intestate are not entitled to inherit his personal property under the laws of intestacy where the decedent is survived by a spouse, child, or parent. Thus, under the wrongful death act, which defines the cláss of persons entitled to seek damages as those entitled to inherit under the laws of intestacy, the siblings of a decedent are not entitled to recover where the decedent is survived by a spouse, child, or parent.
    1. The wrongful death act defines the persons entitled to recover damages resulting from the wrongful death of another as the class of persons who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the decedent had he died intestate. The Revised Probate Code provides that a spouse, child, or parent of a decedent who dies intestate takes the intestate estate before any siblings or others of a more remote degree of kinship. The language of the act defining the class entitled to recover for a wrongful death as those entitled to inherit had the decedent died intestate gives no reason to suppose that it is referring to anything but the actual situation existing at the time of a decedent’s death. It does not mean that persons who under some conceivable set of circumstances might take under the laws of intestacy are entitled to recover in a wrongful death action.
    2. No cause of action for wrongful death existed under the common law; it was provided by statute. The original wrongful death act provided for recovery for pecuniary loss to be distributed to the widow and next of kin of a decedent under the laws of intestate succession. The act was later amended to allow recovery by a husband who, not being a blood relative of his wife, was precluded from seeking recovery under the act. Further amendments limited recovery to persons who actually suffered pecuniary loss, rather than allowing recovery solely according to the laws of intestate succession, and expanded the grounds for recovery to include the loss of the society and companionship of the deceased. The term "next of kin” is used in the statute merely as a label for a class explicitly defined elsewhere in the statute as those entitled to inherit under the laws of intestacy, and thus its precise meaning is not an issue. It was incorrectly construed by the Supreme Court in 1957 to allow recovery by a mother who had been supported by her son, even though he was survived by a wife and children. The mother was not in the class of persons entitled to inherit under the laws of intestacy because of the surviving wife and children, but the Court ignored the clear statutory language. Adhering to that construction cannot be justified by assuming acquiescence on the part of the Legislature in re-enacting the statute with the same language because legislative inaction concerning one clearly erroneous decision should not be treated with the same deference as that accorded legislative action, and also because the acquiescence should not be assumed to apply beyond the specific holding of the case.
    3. Given the express statutory limitation that damages for a wrongful death are recoverable only by those persons entitled to inherit under the laws of intestate succession, it is not for the Court to question the wisdom of failing to extend further the benefits for loss of society and companionship. The unique nature of damages for lost society and companionship make it far more difficult to assert that the clearly necessary line demarcating those entitled to damages rationally should have been drawn elsewhere. The question was for the Legislature and was clearly answered by the statute at issue.
    92 Mich App 240; 285 NW2d 66 (1979) reversed.
    Opinion of the Court
    1. Death — Wrongful Death — Siblings — Standing.
    The siblings of a deceased person may recover damages in a wrongful death action for loss of society and companionship even though the decedent is survived by a spouse and parents (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    2. Death — Wrongful Death — Descent and Distribution.
    The persons entitled to share in the distribution of the recovery in a wrongful death action are members of the class who would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    
      3. Death — Wrongful Death — Descent and Distribution.
    The class of persons entitled to share in the distribution of the amount recovered in a wrongful death action encompasses the theoretical group of potential heirs under the laws of intestate succession who can prove a compensable injury and not merely the actual heirs identifiable at the time of the decedent’s death (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    4. Death — Wrongful Death — Damages — Loss of Companionship.
    The former limitation of compensable loss in a wrongful death action to pecuniary loss was eliminated by the Legislature and broadened to include the loss of society and companionship (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    5. Death — Wrongful Death — Next of Kin — Words and Phrases.
    The term "next of kin” as used in the wrongful death act to designate that class of persons who are entitled to share in the recovery for a wrongful death does not mean "nearest” relative, but includes any relative who can demonstrate compensable injury (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    6. Death — Wrongful Death — Damages — Descent and Distribution.
    The Legislature, by including loss of society and companionship as one of the elements of recovery under the wrongful death act, appears to have intended to provide compensation for the destruction of the relationships assumed to exist among members of the deceased’s family who are identified as potential takers under the laws of descent and distribution and not merely first-degree kin (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    Dissenting Opinion by Coleman, C.J.
    7. Death — Wrongful Death — Siblings — Standing.
    
      The siblings of a decedent may not recover damages in a wrongful death action for loss of society and companionship where the decedent is survived by a spouse, child, or parent (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    
    8. Death — Wrongful Death — Descent and Distribution.
    
      The persons entitled to share in the distribution of the recovery in a wrongful death action are members of the class who would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    
    
      9. Death — Wrongful Death — Standing — Descent and Distribution — Words and Phrases.
    
      The language of the wrongful death act which defines the class of persons entitled to recover for a wrongful death as those entitled to inherit the personal property of the decedent had he died intestate means those persons actually entitled to inherit at the time of the decedent’s death and not persons who, under some conceivable set of circumstances not in existence, might be entitled to inherit (MCL 600.2922[2]; MSA 27A.2922[2]).
    
    10.. Death — Wrongful Death — Next of Kin — Words and Phrases.
    
      The term ’’next of kin” as used in the wrongful death act was intended to act as a label to refer to the constituency of the class of persons, apart from a spouse, explicitly identiñed in the act as those who are entitled under the laws of intestacy to inherit the personal property of a decedent; it was not intended to mean any blood relative who can demonstrate compensable injury (MCL 600.2922[2j; MSA 27A.2922[2j).
    
    
      John D. Cadieux for plaintiff.
    
      Stiles, Fowler & Tuttle (by Larry D. Fowler) for defendants.
   Ryan, J.

We are required in this case to address the difficult question whether, in a wrongful death action, the deceased’s siblings may recover damages for loss of the society and companionship of their sister.

We hold that they may.

Jackie Lynn Hubbard died when the automobile driven by her husband, defendant Steven Hubbard, in which she was riding, collided with another operated by defendant Steven T. Komar. Ms. Hubbard’s father was named administrator of her estate, and he filed this action under the wrongful death provisions of MCL 600.2922; MSA 27A.2922. His complaint sought damages for funeral and burial expenses, for Ms. Hubbard’s pain and suffering preceding her death, and for the personal losses of society and companionship sustained by Ms. Hubbard’s five surviving brothers and sisters, her father and her mother.

The defendants admitted liability, and the case was tried to a jury on the issue of damages. At trial, defendants objected to plaintiffs claims on behalf of Ms. Hubbard’s siblings, asserting that the statute precluded them from recovering. The trial judge disagreed, permitted the plaintiff to submit evidence of the loss suffered by all family members and submitted a special verdict form to the jury which was returned after having been completed as follows:

"Form of Verdict
"We, the Jury, Find the Following Damages:
"1. Funeral and burial expense $ 1,433.55
"2. Reasonable compensation for the pain and suffering by Jackie Lynn Hubbard, while she was conscious during the time between her injury and her death $10,000.00
"3. Loss of society, companionship and nurture suffered by her father Larry Crystal as a result of his daughter’s death $25,000.00
"4. Loss of society, companionship and nurture as a result of her daughter’s death suffered by her mother Delores Hess $_
"5. Loss of society and companionship as a result of their sister’s death suffered by: Deborah Weis (sister) $ 1,000.00
Larry Wayne Crystal (brother) $ 1,000.00
Donald Crystal (brother) $ 1,000.00
Cindy Tucker (sister) $20,000.00
Kimberly Crystal (sister) $20,000.00”

In conformance with this verdict, a judgment of $79,433.55 was entered in plaintiffs favor.

Defendants appealed, claiming 1) that the damages awarded in item 5 of the verdict form are not permitted under § 2922(2); 2) that use of a special verdict form apportioning damages among individuals is precluded by the apportioning provisions of § 2922(2); and 3) that the $10,000 award for pain and suffering was excessive.

As to defendants’ first claim, the Court of Appeals concluded that § 2922(2) permitted only actual heirs at law and nearest of kin to seek recovery for a wrongful death and that since Ms. Hubbard’s siblings were related under civil law only in the second degree, while her parents were first-degree kin, the plaintiff’s judgment must be reduced by $43,000, the amount awarded to Ms. Hubbard’s siblings.

In the dispositional part of its published opinion, the Court of Appeals stated:

"That portion of the judgment representing the claims of the siblings is shown by the jury’s verdict to total $43,000. Taking into account the unchallenged post-judgment remittitur of $5,000, the amount of the greatest judgment supported by the law is $31,433.55.9
"9 The statute is silent on the propriety of such individualized jury 'verdicts’ as were employed in the case at bar. Clearly, such a statement from a jury can never be more than advisory. The trial judge is never released from his obligation to 'advise the probate court by written opinion’ of the proportion of losses suffered by each surviving next of kin. Nor is the probate court ever freed from its obligation to finally determine that apportionment. MCL 600.2922; MSA 27A.2922. Because the courts’ duties of apportionment do not appear to be for the benefit of defendants or of administrators qua administrators, the trial court’s practice can have done no harm to the parties before the court in the case at bar. Cf. Hix v Besser Co, 386 Mich 499; 194 NW2d 333 (1972).” 92 Mich App 249.

As is evident from the quoted footnote, the Court of Appeals considered defendants’ second claim of error and rejected the contention that the trial judge erred in submitting the special verdict form to the jury.

By the same token, the Court of Appeals statement that "the amount of the greatest judgment supported by law is $31,433.55” is at least an implicit indication of the Court’s rejection of defendants’ claim that the $10,000 award for pain and suffering was excessive and unreasonable.

Defendants have done nothing to pursue either of these latter two claims since the submission of their brief to the Court of Appeals. Contrary to the assertions made in their brief to this Court, nothing in our order granting leave precluded them from advancing those claims here. Because they are not asserted here, we do not consider these claims.

I

We turn then to decide whether the brothers and sisters of a person suffering death wrongfully at the hands of another are entitled to seek damages for loss of society and companionship in cases where the decedent has left a surviving spouse and parent.

Resolution of the issue begins with an interpretation of the meaning of the following statutory passage from § 2922:

"(2) Every such action shall be brought by, and in the names of, the personal representatives of such deceased person, and in every such action the court or jury may give such damages, as, the court or jury, shall deem fair and just, under all of the circumstances to those persons who may be entitled to such damages when recovered including damages for the reasonable medical, hospital, funeral and burial expenses for which the estate is liable and reasonable compensation for the pain and suffering, while conscious, undergone by such deceased person during the period intervening between the time of the inflicting of such injuries and his death. The amount of damages recoverable by civil action for death caused by the wrongful act, neglect or fault of another may also include recovery for the loss of the society and companionship of the deceased. Such person or persons entitled to such damages shall be of that class who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate. The amount recovered in every such action shall be distributed to the surviving spouse and next of kin who suffered injury and in proportion thereto. Within 30 days after the entry of such judgment, the judge before whom such case was tried or his successor shall certify to the probate court having jurisdiction of the estate of such deceased person the amount and date of entry thereof, and shall advise the probate court by written opinion as to the amount thereof representing the loss suffered by the surviving spouse and all of the next of kin, and the proportion of such total loss suffered by the surviving spouse and each of the next of kin of such deceased person, as shown by the evidence. After providing for the payment of the reasonable medical, hospital, funeral and burial expenses for which the estate is liable, the probate court shall determine as provided by law the manner in which the amount representing the total loss suffered by the surviving spouse and next of kin shall be distributed, and the proportionate share thereof to be distributed to the surviving spouse and the next of kin. The remainder of the proceeds of such judgment shall be distributed according to the intestate laws.” MCL 600.2922(2); MSA 27A.2922(2). (Emphasis added.)

Our focus is directed primarily toward the emphasized damage entitlement and distribution language, creating a right to seek damages on behalf of that "class who * * * would be entitled to inherit * * * had [the deceased] died intestate” and providing for distribution of damages to the "surviving spouse and next of kin” who suffered injury "and in proportion thereto”.

The primary and generally understood meaning of that critical statutory language, construed in light of the effect of its practical application taken together with our assessment of the historical development of § 2922, and the case law construing its evolving provisions, including the legislative reaction thereto, lead us to conclude that the Legislature’s purpose would be defeated by the Court of Appeals interpretation of § 2922. We are convinced that the Legislature never intended, in a case such as this one, to limit the right to seek damages for wrongful death to the actual "heirs at law” by which is meant those persons who are the nearest of kin actually surviving decedent who would be entitled to inherit pursuant to our law of descent and distribution.

A satisfactory answer to the stated issue is not plainly evident merely upon examination of the naked and somewhat opaque language of the statute. The critical language quoted and emphasized is abstruse and uninstructive, for although it identifies the persons who are entitled to damages for the wrongful death of another as "the class” who, by law, would be entitled to inherit had the decedent died intestate, it provides no enlightenment to determine when that class is to be identified. Does the statute itself establish the class? In other words, should the language be interpreted as establishing, at the time of enactment, a class of persons entitled to seek recovery which includes all those who, under the countless varying possibilities which might exist in the future at the time of a decedent’s wrongful death, would be eligible to inherit under Michigan’s intestacy laws? If that is the case, Ms. Hubbard’s brothers and sisters are entitled to the recovery awarded to them for Ms. Hubbard’s death. Or does the statute mean that the "class” named in the statute is left open to be defined only in the future at the actual time of decedent’s death and depending upon the particular legal relationship of the surviving relatives in a particular case? If that is the case, Ms. Hubbard’s surviving parents alone would be entitled to seek damages;

A

The search for an answer to these questions is not benefited by resort to the expressions "surviving spouse” and "next of kin” which immediately follow the statute’s use of the term "class” and are repeated throughout the statute’s distribution provisions. Alone or in context, those terms, without more, are unenlightening.

We are convinced that the statutory language in question, construed in the light of its legislative history and read against the illuminating background of this Court’s decisions, means that the "class” entitled to seek damages includes at least the "surviving spouse and next of kin” to whom distribution was ordered in this case.

We conclude, first of all, that the Legislature intended that the term "class” includes at least "the surviving spouse and next of kin who suffered injury” as a result of the wrongful death of another. We think that much is plain from the Legislature’s reaction in 1939 to the decision in In re Venneman’s Estate, 286 Mich 368; 282 NW 180 (1938), in amending the death act, 1939 PA 297, in a way clearly designed to authorize the distribution of an award to the individual who actually suffered a pecuniary loss as a result of the wrongful death.

In Venneman, the deceased’s adult son by a former marriage, who made no claim of pecuniary injury, was entitled to share half of a $4,000 settlement paid to the surviving widow. The prior statute, which was in effect at the time Venneman was decided, provided:

"Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages, in respect thereof, then and in every such case, the person who, or the corporation which would have been liable, if death had not ensued, shall be liable to an action for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person injured, and although the death shall have been caused under such circumstances as amount in law to felony.
"Every such action shall be brought by, and in the names of, the personal representatives of such deceased person, and the amount recovered in every such action, shall be distributed to the persons and in the proportions provided by law in relation to the distribution of personal property left by persons dying intestate; and in every such action the jury may give such damages as they shall deem fair and just, with reference to the pecuniary injury resulting from such death, to those persons who may be entitled to such damages when recovered.” 1929 CL 14061, 14062. (Emphasis added.)

In a unanimous opinion for the Court in Venneman, Justice North interpreted this statute as first requiring a determination of the amount of the pecuniary injury resulting from a wrongful death, then requiring distribution of that amount to intestate heirs without regard to actual injury. As Justice Adams pointed out some time later in his dissent in Breckon v Franklin Fuel Co, 383 Mich 251, 282; 174 NW2d 836 (1970):

"In effect, the Court determined [in Venneman] that the damages recovered under the provisions of the death act as then in force were to be distributed among the beneficiaries not according to damage suffered by each of them but according to the proportions fixed by the statute of descent and distribution.”

As indicated, in apparent response to the perceived injustice of the result in that case, the Legislature, in 1939, amended the damages and distribution portion of § 2922 to authorize distribution of an award only to those persons actually injured by a wrongful death and entitled to seek a recovery.

If we were now to construe the "surviving spouse and next of kin” entitled to the distribution of any injury award as consisting of a category of persons different than those entitled to seek wrongful death damages — the "class who * * * would be entitled to inherit * * * had [the deceased] died intestate” — we would be resurrecting a dichotomy between those entitled to generate a wrongful death award and those entitled to its distribution, which was abrogated by legislation in 1939.

Therefore, we are inclined to believe that the expression "next of kin”, as used in the statute, was intended by the Legislature to mean such persons within the eligible "class” as can prove a compensable injury.

That is not the end of our task, however, because the expression "next of kin” is an inexact, even ambiguous phrase. Does it mean nearest relatives or all relatives? The ambiguities inherent in the expressions "class” and "next of kin” as contextually employed by the Legislature in § 2922(2) requires us to turn elsewhere to discern the will of the Legislature.

B

All parties and the Court of Appeals recognize the importance of what was said in MacDonald v Quimby, 350 Mich 21; 85 NW2d 157 (1957), as bearing on the proper interpretation of §2922(2). We find that opinion to be of major significance to the resolution of the issue presented in this case.

Plaintiff claims that MacDonald clearly "negated the contention that recovery in a wrongful death action is limited * * * to qualifying [as opposed to potential] 'heirs at law’ ”, since that Court permitted the decedent’s mother to intervene in the wrongful death action despite the survival of the decedent’s spouse and children. He assigns special significance to the passage by Justice Kelly in MacDonald which states:

"The petitioning mother was of a class who would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate. The fact that she would not inherit if he died intestate leaving a wife and children would not eliminate her from that class.” 350 Mich 32.

While at first glance the Court’s statement seems confusing, even contradictory, its meaning becomes clearer when considered in light of the specific issue facing the MacDonald Court and indeed facing us in this case, viz., what is the frame of reference which defines the category of persons the Legislature has called "the class * * * entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate”? Is "the class” a universal legal concept intended by the Legislature to mean the broadest group of persons legally authorized to inherit the property of an intestate deceased in a theoretical case, or only those persons who, by reason of the fortuitous circumstances of the size and composition of a particular family and the legal relationship of its members, are actually eligible to inherit the deceased’s property to the exclusion of other relatives lesser ranked in the table of descent and distribution?

Writing for the majority in MacDonald, Justice Kelly plainly was of the view that "the class” meant the broader, theoretical group of potential heirs. Since, in that case, the deceased’s mother was a member of that category, she was entitled to attempt to prove her pecuniary loss, despite being actually excluded from the category of those entitled to inherit her son’s property because of the happenstance in that case of the existence of a closer heir, the deceased’s wife.

Justice Kelly went on to write:

"There is no ambiguity in the words of the statute which provide 'the amount recovered in every such action for pecuniary injury resulting from such death shall be distributed to the surviving spouse and next of kin who suffered such pecuniary injury and in proportion thereof.’ * * *.
"Nor is there ambiguity in the provision that 'the judge before whom such case was tried * * * shall certify to the probate court * * * the amount thereof representing the total pecuniary loss suffered by the surviving spouse and all of the next of kin, and the proportion of such total pecuniary loss suffered by the surviving spouse and each of the next of kin of such deceased person. ’ ” (Emphasis in original.) 350 Mich 32-33.

Having so concluded, Justice Kelly found at least two compelling reasons to justify the decision to recognize the petitioner-appellant’s claim:

First, decedent’s survivors in that case, besides his wife, were his children and his mother, all of whom qualify as first-degree kin. Thus, under MacDonald’s specific facts, there was no need to consider whether "next of kin” means nearest relative or all relatives included in our laws of descent and distribution. Second, Justice Kelly recognized that the "next of kin” distribution language of § 2922(2) was written into the statute in response to Venneman and was intended to ensure that distribution was made to those within the "class” who were actually damaged by the wrongful death. Therefore, having found the decedent’s mother to be in the "class” entitled to seek damages, the Court concluded that she was a "next of kin” for purposes of distribution of an award attributable to her loss.

We do not agree with the Court of Appeals characterization of MacDonald as involving

"the Court’s deliberate adoption of the civil law meaning of 'next of kin’ in contrast with [separately concurring] Mr. Justice Black’s preferred 'blood relative’ equivalent of that term”,

and its conclusion

"that while the 'class of persons who, by law, are entitled to inherit’ was 'opened’ by the legislative employment of 'next of kin’ in the same paragraph, that class was expanded only to include those persons who are next of kin according to the civil law meaning of the term.” 92 Mich App 248-249.

Nowhere in MacDonald did the Court expressly adopt a "nearest relative” interpretation of "next of kin”. The opinion refers to both possible meanings of "next of kin”; that is, nearest relative or simply relative, but does not clearly adopt or approve one meaning in preference to the other, probably because such a choice was not necessary to the decision. Similarly, there is no basis to conclude that the MacDonald Court interpreted the "class” as one of actual intestate heirs "opened” by the legislative employment of "next of kin”. Instead, the majority opinion merely concluded that the mother was not eliminated from the statutory "class” simply because of the survival of decedent’s wife and children. Such a conclusion can only be understood as a finding that the "class” is one of potential heirs of the intestate’s property, not actual heirs only identifiable at the time of decedent’s death.

Concurring separately in MacDonald, Justice Black wrote:

"Any 'next of kin,’ i.e., blood relative, is a rightful beneficiary in such case provided he or she is shown to have been dependent in fact or law on the decedent when death occurred and is a member of the statutory 'class’ from which, in the variant circumstances of succession, the inheritor or inheritors of the personal estate of one dying intestate are selected.” 350 Mich 34.

It is apparent that Justice Black interpreted the majority opinion as opening the door to any "blood” relative, as he put it, who could demonstrate the appropriate pecuniary injury. That same interpretation can be attributed to Justices Talbot Smith and Voelker, who signed the concurring opinion, as well as to Justice Edwards who signed both the majority opinion and Justice Black’s opinion.

We are in agreement with the MacDonald Court’s assessment of the meaning of the statutory language there and here in issue, and the views expressed by visiting Court of Appeals Judge Quinnell when, in Scott v Burger King Corp, 95 Mich App 694, 701; 291 NW2d 174 (1980), he wrote:

"[The class] as interpreted in MacDonald expresses the class of beneficiaries, i.e., potential (as distinct from actual) inheritors of personal property, who are entitled to recover damages. * * * Read within the structure of the paragraph, the [sentence first referring to] and all later references to 'surviving spouse and next of kin’ concern the manner of distribution of the damages. The 'surviving spouse and next of kin’ are to recover those damages owing to them individually, certain creditors of the estate are to be paid, and the remainder of the estate passes by the laws of intestacy. Under our reading of the statute, 'surviving spouse and next of kin’ is a shorthand expression — albeit an inartful one — for 'such person or persons who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate.’ ”

While obedient application of the doctrine of stare decisis alone would justify our adherence to the MacDonald Court’s holding as we understand it, in order to determine who is entitled to seek wrongful death damages in the present case, we have further, and we think, compelling reasons for approving the Court’s holding in MacDonald and reaching the decision we do in this case.

C

In the first place, we share Justice Kelly’s personal observation concerning the 1939 amendment to § 2922(2):

"The amendment was brought about because of the Venneman decision, supra, which brought into focus the injustice of taking from the surviving wife part of the damages collected and dividing said damages with a son of the deceased by a former marriage who did not suffer pecuniary damages because of the tortious act.
"It is impossible for the writer of this opinion to conclude that in meeting such injustice the legislature created another injustice — namely, to hold blameless, as far as damages are concerned, one who brought to his death a son who was contributing to the support of his mother.” 350 Mich 33.

A generalized view of fundamental notions of distributive justice alone does not support the view that the Legislature intended to permit any potential intestate heir to establish a loss under our wrongful death provisions. We discern that intent as well from the historical development of this state’s wrongful death legislation and the irrationally arbitrary results of a contrary interpretation.

Before 1971, all forms of our wrongful death legislation employed the term "pecuniary injury” to describe the only compensable loss which could be suffered by a person other than the decedent. Until 1960, it was a term consistently associated with notions of dependency and actual lost monetary support or maintenance occasioned by the wrongful death. It is safe to say that the 1939 amendments which first used the terms "class” and "next of kin”, and which undoubtedly were a reaction to the perceived unfairness of Venneman where a non-dependent son was found entitled to share in the $4,000 settlement made with the surviving widow, re-emphasized the need to show some kind of financial dependency before a surviving spouse or next of kin could recover for the wrongful death.

Dependency arising out of financial support was the historical key to recovery of a "pecuniary loss”. "Dependency” became such an important concept in this Court in understanding what constituted a pecuniary injury that it began to take on the added role of defining who was entitled to seek damages for wrongful death. On two occasions Justice Black cited Poff v Pennsylvania R Co, 327 US 399; 66 S Ct 603; 90 L Ed 749 (1946), to emphasize that the degree of relationship was a less important criterion for establishing a right to seek wrongful death damages than dependency between related individuals. In his view, dependency was the controlling factor, and he used Poff to support that view. In Poff, the United States Supreme Court interpreted the Federal Employers Liability Act, which provided that the employer’s liability, in the case of an employee’s death, runs " 'to his or her personal representative, for the benefit of the surviving widow or husband and children of such employee; and, if none, then of such employee’s parents; and, if none, then of the next of kin dependent upon such employee’ ”. The deceased left surviving him as kin two sisters, a nephew, and a cousin, of whom only the cousin was dependent on him. Justice Douglas, speaking for the majority, reversed the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and held that within the class "next of kin”, Congress had not intended to distinguish between degrees of kinship but meant to entitle any dependent kin to seek recovery so long as there were no survivors in the preferred classes. Again, the fact of dependency defined the right to recovery.

Justice Black’s reliance on Poff is illustrative of the prevailing judicial understanding that the legislative purpose in using the term "pecuniary injury” to define compensable losses was to compensate financially dependent kin. Given that prevailing and highly restrictive understanding of "pecuniary injury” and the fact that after 1939 and before 1971, despite a number of legislative reenactments and revisions of the death statute, the Legislature never deleted or explained the term, we are led to believe that the Legislature never intended to preclude any financially dependent relative from seeking damages for the wrongful death of his benefactor.

The harshness of the restrictive financial dependency interpretation of "pecuniary injury” was recognized and judicially abandoned in Wycko v Gnodtke, 361 Mich 331; 105 NW2d 118 (1960), when the Court upheld a $14,000 jury award to the parents of a wrongfully killed minor son. While it marked neither the beginning nor the end of judicial debate over the appropriateness of attributing to the Legislature agreement with the broader judicial interpretation of "pecuniary injury”, Wycko did represent, for the first time, an interpretation of "pecuniary injury” broad enough to encompass the loss of "mutual society and protection, in a word, companionship”. No longer were damages for wrongful death tied strictly to lost wages or financial support. There was now recognition that the life of a deceased might have been intrinsically valuable to others besides the deceased, although the extent and nature of that value awaited further judicial clarification.

D

In his dissent in Heider v Michigan Sugar Co, 375 Mich 490, 510; 134 NW2d 637 (1965), Justice Adams explained his views on the meaning and extent of "pecuniary injury” suffered by the family of two young brothers, James and David, who drowned in the defendant’s pond. Although the majority disposed of the case on a finding of no liability, Justice Adams’ disagreement led him to discuss the measure of damages. Joined by Justices T. M. Kavanagh and Souris, he found a right to seek recovery for loss of society and companionship on behalf of siblings and grandparents, despite the survival of the boys’ parents. He wrote:

"MacDonald v Quimby is applicable yet to the extent that it was there held, by all members of the Court, that the persons whose 'pecuniary injury’ is compensable under the death act are those who, in the variant circumstances of intestate succession, might be entitled to inherit the personal property of one dying intestate.
"The restriction of the class to Donald Heider, father of James D. Heider, by the trial judge was improper, since, in this case, there were other members of the class who should have been considered.
"Since the court did not make an award to cover the pecuniary injury to all of James’ next-of-kin, it will be necessary to remand the case for a reconsideration of such award.
"Some further comment is appropriate with regard to the assessment of damages which the trial judge did make. He awarded $10,989.65 for the cost of raising James. The sum was incorrectly allocated to Donald Heider, father of James, who did not provide such cost. It should have been allocated to James D. Heider’s grandfather, who incurred the cost, and who, being within the statutory class, would be entitled to recover.
"The loss of companionship in David’s case runs not only to the father and mother but also to a younger brother and sister.” 375 Mich 513-515.

These statements, although expressed in dissent, are the only recorded observations by a member of this Court addressed to the issue of the validity of a claim for damages by a relative other than nearest of kin in a wrongful death action. Justice Adams’ analysis, albeit in dissent, is enlightening to us in ascertaining the meaning of "the class who * * * would be entitled to inherit * * * had [decedent] died intestate”, but its more important significance is in the fact that some of Justice Adams’ views were promptly adopted by the Legislature, as will be seen below.

The majority in Breckon limited Wycko to its facts and held that Wycko did not authorize an expanded interpretation of "pecuniary injury” which would include loss of society and companionship. Justice Adams, again in dissent, discussed the history of wrongful death legislation both before and after Wycko and concluded:

"The legislature was familiar with the opinions of this Court dealing with the recovery of damages in cases of wrongful death and the manner of distribution to surviving spouse and next of kin when it had under consideration in 1960 a bill calling for a revised judicature act. The fact that a substitute provision was rejected and the existing provisions retained in the wrongful death section as enacted in the Revised Judicature Act of 1961 with subsequent amendment in 1965 shows more than passive acquiescence in the Court’s interpretations of the statutes. It shows actual re-enactment of the statutes after this Court’s interpretive opinions had been published for a sufficient time to permit their consideration by the members of the legislature, as well as by the bench and bar.” 383 Mich 298.

In the course of his Breckon dissent, Justice Adams twice made reference to what he had said in Heider and once made reference to Justice Black’s concurrence in MacDonald in an effort to support his belief that the Legislature was aware of the view that "pecuniary injury” had evolved in meaning to encompass loss of society and companionship attributable to potential intestate heirs.

Legislative reaction to the Breckon opinions, majority and dissenting, was swift and decisive and is embodied in 1971 PA 65, now codified in MCL 600.2922; MSA 27A.2922, the statutory provision presently at issue. The major revision, which can only be viewed as a clear rejection of the Breckon majority’s limited interpretation of "pecuniary injury”, was to delete the term "pecuniary injury” in § 2922, and add "loss of society and companionship”.

In thus addressing an aspect of the wrongful death act which had divided this Court for over ten years, the Legislature vindicated at least that part of Justice Adams’ Breckon dissent which argued legislative acquiescence in the judicially announced view

"that life has value not only to the person who has been deprived of its enjoyment by a wrongful death but to the spouse and next of kin who have lost those benefits of association we summarize in the word 'companionship’ 383 Mich 299.

We are not inclined to the view that in explicitly adopting the lost companionship measure of damages long accepted and advanced by Justice Adams, the Legislature at the same time rejected the Justice’s intimately related view that such lost companionship could run to any potential, as opposed to actual, intestate heir.

We note that since the 1939 death act amendments there cannot be found any clear statement from any Justice of this Court which would preclude a potential intestate heir, who is not nearest of kin to the deceased, from seeking to recover damages, provided that that potential heir had suffered a compensable "pecuniary injury” or now, lost "companionship”. On the contrary, Justice Black, in his concurrence in MacDonald, and Justice Adams in his unopposed views expressed in his dissent in Heider and reaffirmed in his dissent in Breckon, were clearly of the mind that such potential intestate heirs constituted the "class” entitled under the statute to prove a compensable loss. Furthermore, we think that in Smith v Detroit, 388 Mich 637, 649; 202 NW2d 300 (1972), by explicitly adopting the whole of Justice Adams’ dissent in Breckon as the correct statement of law in Michigan, this Court at least implicitly accepted his view that the wrongful death statute, in seeking to compensate for lost "companionship”, speaks to all those extended family members identified in our intestacy provisions.

E

Given the fact that there is no record of legislative debate on the subject, we acknowledge a measure of uncertainty as to the specific intention, if any, of the Legislature concerning the meaning of the term "class” as it appears in § 2922. We cannot say with absolute certainty that the Legislature has consciously acquiesced in the interpretation of the "class” we have attributed to MacDonald, especially in light of the more restricted interpretation given MacDonald by the Court of Appeals panel in this case. Nevertheless, because every Justice of this Court who has expressed himself on the issue has interpreted the "class” language of § 2922 as encompassing potential intestate heirs, because none of those judicial statements has ever been expressly opposed by any Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, because the Legislature has never undertaken to "clarify” the meaning of the "class” despite ample opportunity to consider the apparently prevailing and historic judicial view, and because the Legislature in 1971 expressly adopted a measure of damages (lost society and companionship) for wrongful death advocated by Justice Adams, a measure that he felt was inextricably bound to a broad interpretation of the "class”, we are satisfied that the interpretation which we have given to § 2922 is within the intendment of the Legislature, if indeed it has given any thought to the matter at all.

II

As a final matter, and apart from the inferences to be drawn from the judicial and legislative history of § 2922, we do not think it was the intention of the Legislature to arbitrarily restrict the right to seek compensation to actual heirs at law and nearest of relatives while expanding the measure of damages to lost companionship. To do so would make the vagaries of familial survival the touchstone of recovery instead of the loss of the society and companionship which ordinarily exists among family members and, generally, to an even greater degree among more closely related individuals.

Instead, we are convinced that the boundary we recognize today, establishing the right to seek compensation for the wrongful death of another, is in accord with the probable legislative judgment concerning human relationships inherent in our intestate succession laws. Those laws presume, as indeed is generally established by common experience, that certain intrafamily relationships are stronger than others and seek to distribute intestate property accordingly. There exists here an assumption that some positive relationship exists between almost all relatives. The wrongful death act, with its emphasis on compensating lost companionship, appears designed to compensate for the destruction of family relationships — those implicitly assumed to exist by our intestacy laws among family members identified as potential intestate takers.

It may be true that in individual cases it may seem arbitrary to permit recovery for lost companionship where one’s close relative is wrongfully killed but to preclude recovery where one’s equally close friend is wrongfully killed. It may have appeared to the Legislature that a boundary line drawn to distinguish between friends and relatives is considerably more logical than one drawn to distinguish between subclasses of family members recognizing only the nearest of kin as likely to suffer sufficiently from a decedent’s wrongful death to entitle them to damages. Limiting the right to recover for lost relationships only to relatives included in our laws of descent and distribution is a logical reflection of the natural ordering of emotional, psychological, creedal, intellectual, and economic sharing upon which strong relationships are built and which is considered common to our society. The natural distinction between "family”, i.e., relative, and non-family affords additional weight to our view that the Legislature intends to permit more than the nearest of kin to seek recovery.

Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed.

Kavanagh, Williams, Levin, Fitzgerald, and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., concurred with Ryan, J.

Coleman, C.J.

(for affirmance). The issue in this case is whether the decedent’s brothers and sisters were entitled to damages for loss of society and companionship under the wrongful death statute, MCL 600.2922; MSA 27A.2922. The pertinent part of that statute provides:

"The amount of damages recoverable by civil action for death caused by the wrongful act, neglect or fault of another may also include recovery for the loss of the society and companionship of the deceased. Such person or persons entitled to such damages shall be of that class who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate. The amount recovered in every such action shall be distributed to the surviving spouse and next of kin who suffered injury and in proportion thereto.” MCL 600.2922(2); MSA 27A.2922(2). (Emphasis added.)

Because the decedent was survived by a spouse and both parents, the brothers and sisters would not have been entitled to inherit any personal property under the intestate laws. Under the unambiguous language of the statute, I believe this ends our inquiry — the brothers and sisters are not within the class identified by the statute.

Our colleague concludes, however, that in any wrongful death action every brother, sister, grandparent; grandchild, aunt, uncle, nephew, niece, and cousin, give or take a few, will be entitled to testify to the society and companionship that they shared with the deceased and have the trier of fact determine a dollar value for their loss. This is more than the language of the statute will bear. While this conclusion does find support in the reasoning of MacDonald v Quimby, 350 Mich 21; 85 NW2d 157 (1957), that decision appears to be clearly erroneous and should be overruled. Before considering MacDonald, and the arguments our colleague advances in its behalf, a brief summary of the pertinent legislative history and prior case law is necessary.

I

The common law had no cause of action for wrongful death. Hyatt v Adams, 16 Mich 180 (1867). Although the reasons for the common-law rule were not always clearly articulated, Justice Christiancy attributed the rule to a "natural and almost universal repugnance among enlightened nations to setting a price upon human life, or any attempt to estimate its value by a pecuniary standard”. 16 Mich 191. Statutory remedies, however, were created, the repugnance perhaps being tempered by the need to encourage safety on the part of those to whom individuals were increasingly being required to entrust their lives — because of new modes of travel and business — and by the desire to provide relief to close family members in cases of hardship. 16 Mich 192.

The original wrongful death act in Michigan was enacted in 1848 and provided that any recovery for pecuniary loss would be

"for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin of such deceased person and shall be distributed to such widow and next of kin in the proportions provided by law in relation to the distribution of personal property, left by persons dying intestate”. 1848 PA 38.

See Breckon v Franklin Fuel Co, 383 Mich 251, 281; 174 NW2d 836 (1970) (Adams, J., dissenting). This provision was amended in 1873 to provide that

"the amount recovered in every such action, shall be distributed to the persons and in the proportions provided by law in relation to the distribution of personal property, left by persons dying intestate.” 1873 PA 94.

This amendment allowed a husband an opportunity to seek a recovery for the death of a wife. The husband, not being a next of kin because the husband was not a blood relative of the wife, was precluded from seeking any recovery under the 1848 act. Hyatt, 16 Mich 195. This portion of the statute remained unchanged until after this Court’s decision in In re Venneman’s Estate, 286 Mich 368; 282 NW 180 (1938).

In In re Venneman’s Estate, a widow had obtained a settlement of $4,000 for the pecuniary loss she suffered as a result of the wrongful death of her husband. An adult son of the deceased from a former marriage, who admitted suffering no pecuniary loss from the death of his father, sued the widow for one half of the $4,000. He claimed that the wrongful death act required that such settlement be distributed according to the laws of intestate succession, and that under such laws he was entitled to one half of the decedent’s estate.

The statute, part of which was quoted above, provided:

"Every such action shall be brought by, and in the names of, the personal representatives of such deceased person, and the amount recovered in every such action, shall be distributed to the persons and in the proportions provided by law in relation to the distribution of personal property left by persons dying intestate; and in every such action the jury may give such damages as they shall deem fair and just, with reference to the pecuniary injury resulting from such death, to those persons who may be entitled to such damages when recovered.” 1929 CL 14062.

Despite the Court’s apparent reservations concerning the wisdom of this legislative scheme, it considered the statute clear in providing that the persons entitled to recovery and the proportions which they would receive were to be calculated solely according to the intestate laws despite the fact that the amount of the total recovery was dependent upon a showing of pecuniary loss. The injustice which the Court sensed was clear: the pecuniary loss was solely the widow’s, but the recovery for that loss had to be shared equally with a son who suffered no loss.

After the Venneman’s Estate decision, the Legislature amended the statute changing, inter alia, the manner in which any recovery would be distributed. The amended statute provided in pertinent part,

"That such person or persons entitled to such damages shall be of that class who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate. The amount recovered in every such action for pecuniary injury resulting from such death shall be distributed to the surviving spouse and next of kin who suffered such pecuniary injury and in proportion thereto.” 1939 PA 297.

This portion of the statute has remained unchanged except that under the present statute recovery is not limited to pecuniary injury but may also be obtained for "the loss of the society and companionship of the deceased”. MCL 600.2922(2); MSA 27A.2922(2).

II

In MacDonald v Quimby, 350 Mich 21; 85 NW2d 157 (1957), the case most pertinent to the present case, the Court was required to determine whether under the 1939 act the mother of the decedent, who had been supported by the decedent, was entitled to damages for her son’s wrongful death. Because the decedent had a wife and children who survived him, his mother was not an heir under the laws of intestate succession. The Court concluded that the term "next of kin” as used in the statute was not confined to those who would be entitled to inherit under the intestate laws:

"We cannot agree with appellees’ contention that 'heirs at law and next of kin are synonymous terms,’ or that for this Court to rule otherwise would delete and make inoperative the words found in the first half of the amended section 'that such person or persons entitled to such damages shall be of that class who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate.’
"The petitioning mother was of a class who would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate. The fact that she would not inherit if he died intestate leaving a wife and children would not eliminate her from that class.
"There is no ambiguity in the words of the statute which provide 'the amount recovered in every such action for pecuniary injury resulting from such death shall be distributed to the surviving spouse and next of kin who suffered such pecuniary injury and in proportion thereof.’ [Emphasis in original.]
"Nor is there ambiguity in the provision that 'the judge before whom such case was tried * * * shall certify to the probate court * * * the amount thereof representing the total pecuniary loss suffered by the surviving spouse and all of the next of kin, and the proportion of such total pecuniary loss suffered by the surviving spouse and each of the next of kin of such deceased person. ’ [Emphasis in original.]
"The amendment was brought about because of the Venneman decision, supra, which brought into focus the injustice of taking from the surviving wife part of the damages collected and dividing said damages with a son of the deceased by a former marriage who did not suffer pecuniary damages because of the tortious act.
"It is impossible for the writer of this opinion to conclude that in meeting such injustice the legislature created another injustice — namely, to hold blameless, as far as damages are concerned, one who brought to his death a son who was contributing to the support of his mother. Neither can we justify the statement in defendants’ answer to the mother’s petition to intervene that she had no such right because she 'is not included among that class of persons entitled to recover for pecuniary injuries resulting from the wrongful death of plaintiff’s decedent.” 350 Mich 32-33.

Although the Court concluded that the phrase "next of kin” as used in the statute was not limited to the actual heirs under the laws of intestate succession, it did not determine whether "next of kin” included all blood relatives, see 350 Mich 34 (Black, J., concurring), or only those within the nearest degree under the civil-law meaning of the term. See 350 Mich 31-32. Under either alternative the mother would have been "next of kin” to the deceased.

The error committed by the MacDonald Court was that of removing the phrase "next of kin” from its context, hence ignoring the fact that the statute was not using a phrase that required judicial definition. As is obvious from the context, the "surviving spouse and next of kin” as referred to in the statute are those in a clearly delineated class: "Such person or persons entitled to such damages shall be of that class who, by law, would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate.” The language of the statute leaves no room for doubt. Anyone not "entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate” is not within the class. The mother in MacDonald was not within this class. Under the laws of intestacy, the decedent’s wife and children were the only ones entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased. In two unexplained sentences, however, the Court ignored the clear statutory language:

"The petitioning mother was of a class who would be entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate. The fact that she would not inherit if he died intestate leaving a wife and children would not eliminate her from that class.” 350 Mich 32.

Because the deceased did in fact leave a wife and children, the Court was interpreting the class to include those who might, under some other conceivable set of circumstances, have taken by the laws of intestacy. Certainly, the statutory language defining the class as those who "would be entitled to inherit * * * had he died intestate” gives no reason to suppose that it is referring to anything but the actual situation existing at the time of decedent’s death.

The focus of the MacDonald Court was on the phrase "next of kin”, which is used in the statute several times after the identification of the class entitled to damages. The Court put the cart before the horse when it considered whether the meaning of "next of kin” was synonymous with heirs at law prior to identifying the constituency of the class entitled to damages. Given a class identified in the statute as those entitled to inherit under the laws of intestacy, it was sensible for the statute in the next sentence to refer to the constituency of the class as "surviving spouse and next of kin”. Anyone entitled to inherit if the decedent had died intestate would be either a surviving spouse or next of kin, regardless what definition one attached to next of kin. One sentence refers to who will receive and the next to the amount to be apportioned.

The reasonableness of the Legislature’s reference to the class it had created as "surviving spouse and next of kin” is shown by the use of the term "next of kin” in an identical way in the original wrongful death act in Michigan. It provided, as previously noted, that any damages would be

"for the exclusive benefit of the widow and next of kin of such deceased person and shall be distributed to such widow and next of kin in the proportions provided by law in relation to the distribution of personal property, left by persons dying intestate”. 1848 PA 38.

The statute clearly allows damages to be distributed only to those entitled to inherit under the laws of intestacy and this group, apart from the widow, is merely designated as next of kin. What precise meaning "next of kin” might have was not an issue under the 1848 act and is not an issue under the present act because in both instances the phrase is merely used as a label for a class explicitly identified elsewhere in the act.

In MacDonald, the Court also looked to the legislative action following Venneman, supra, as supporting its statutory interpretation. The injustice present in Venneman, however, to which the Legislature responded, was not that the class of those entitled to damages was too small, but rather that it was too large — it included a son who, though suffering no pecuniary loss, was entitled to an equal share of the loss suffered by the widow. Of the amendment following Venneman, the MacDonald opinion stated that it was impossible to conclude that in correcting the injustice present in Venneman,

"the legislature created another injustice — namely, to hold blameless, as far as damages are concerned, one who brought to his death a son who was contributing to the support of his mother”. 350 Mich 33.

While one may certainly be sympathetic to the view that it would be kind to provide compensation to the mother in such a situation, it was inaccurate to say that by the amendment following Venneman "the legislature created another injustice”. There was no common-law cause of action for wrongful death, and all of the legislative enactments prior to the 1939 act were expressly conditioned on one’s being entitled to inherit under the laws. as if the deceased died intestate. Thus, the most that one could say concerning the 1939 amendment was that it could have gone further, so as to assure that a dependent mother was provided for in the circumstances present in MacDonald. Nevertheless, whether a clearly delineated class of beneficiaries of the act should be expanded to include other deserving beneficiaries is a matter for legislative, not judicial, determination.

Ill

Our colleague advances essentially two reasons, besides those articulated in MacDonald, why the MacDonald decision should be followed. The first is that the Legislature has seemingly acquiesced in MacDonald. The second is that he cannot attribute such a "unjustifiably arbitrary purpose” to the Legislature as that of limiting recovery to actual heirs at law. Neither of these reasons, however, is convincing.

A

Since MacDonald, the legislative changes in the wrongful death act have been few. 1939 PA 297, the act as it existed at the time of the MacDonald decision, remained unchanged until editorial changes were made when it was re-enacted as § 2922 of the Revised Judicature Act of 1961. 1961 PA 236; see Breckon, supra, 383 Mich 294 (Adams, J., dissenting). In 1965, the last sentence of the act was amended. 1965 PA 146; see Breckon, p 294. An amendment allowing for damages for the loss of the society and companionship of the deceased was enacted following the Breckon decision. 1971 PA 65.

Was the Legislature endorsing the 1957 MacDonald decision when it left unchanged the statutory language construed in that decision in the later re-enactmént and amendments of the statute? One can only speculate. We, however, are not inclined to the view that legislative inaction concerning one clearly erroneous statutory construction decision should be treated with the same deference as that accorded legislative enactments. Therefore, we conclude that MacDonald should be overruled.

However, even under the reasoning of our colleague that the nonalteration of the pertinent portion of the statute shows acquiescence in the MacDonald decision, that acquiescence should not be assumed to apply beyond the specific holding of that case. One should not conclude that legislative inaction constitutes an endorsement of all the reasoning and ramifications of the reasoning contained in a judicial interpretation of a statute. This is especially true with respect to the MacDonald decision for two reasons. First, because the opinion left open the possibility that "next of kin” would be defined according to its civil-law definition, the. opinion cannot be read as clearly informing the Legislature that this Court had concluded that essentially all relatives are entitled to damages under the wrongful death statute. Secondly, because of the amendment since MacDonald allowing for damages for loss of society and companionship, the ramifications of my colleague’s interpretation of MacDonald are far beyond its ramifications at the time it was decided. The decision was then limited by the statutory requirement of pecuniary injury — a requirement that would limit the beneficiaries of the wrongful death statute. Thus, because of the limited and uncertain scope of the MacDonald decision — both because of the possibility that "next of kin” would be given a civil-law definition and because of the pecuniary injury requirement — the opinion cannot tenably be a basis for legislative acquiescence in the broad interpretation of the statute now advocated.

B

Our colleague also asserts that he cannot conclude that our Legislature intended to "arbitrarily restrict the right to seek compensation to actual heirs at law and nearest of relatives while expanding the measure of damages to lost companionship”. To do so would be to limit recovery by the "vagaries of familial survival”. (What else are the laws of descent and distribution?) He nevertheless concludes that there is a rational basis for limiting recovery to relatives, thereby excluding whatever close friends the decedent may have had who were not relatives. Essentially, then, he agrees that it is possible to draw a rational line between those who should be entitled to damages for the loss of the companionship of the decedent and those who should not, but that it is arbitrary and irrational to draw that line at the decedent’s heirs at law. He asserts:

Dissenting Opinion by Coleman, C. J.

"The natural distinction between 'family’, i.e., relative, and non-family affords additional weight to our view that the Legislature intends to permit more than the nearest of kin to seek recovery.”

The dividing line between relatives and non-relatives is no more significant or rational than the line between, for example, one’s children and one’s cousins. Certainly, in most people’s lives there are friends closer than some relatives.

That some line must be drawn between those entitled to recover damages for the lost companionship of the deceased and those not so entitled is apparent. It is true that to allow all friends and acquaintances of a deceased to have a jury put a dollar value on their lost companionship would lead to endless litigation of a potentially very unseemly nature. There might be no end to the number of people trying to establish a friendship with the deceased. Petty jealousies and rivalries would surely be highlighted by defendants seeking to lower the monetary value of particular relationships. If the common-law concern against placing a pecuniary value on one’s life has any merit at all, its fears would be fully realized by asking juries to establish the net worth of all of one’s human relationships.

Given the express statutory limitation that wrongful death damages are recoverable only by those persons entitled to inherit under the intestate laws, it is not for us to question the wisdom of failing to extend further the benefits for loss of society and companionship. The unique nature of damages for lost companionship makes it far more difficult than my colleague would suggest for this Court to assert that the clearly necessary line demarcating those entitled to such damages from those who are not, rationally should have been drawn elsewhere than where it has been drawn. Whether the line should have been drawn narrowly or broadly was a question for the Legislature, and a question clearly answered by the statute we are called on to construe in this case.

Conclusion

Although our predecessors must be credited with compassion in trying to fashion a means to provide wrongful death benefits for a mother outside of the laws of intestate succession, the Court’s continued attempt to follow that route can predictably lead from statutes of certainty into a prickly tangle of uncertainties. One cannot underestimate the ingenuity of lawyers.

From what appears on its face to have been straightforward legislation, we would not veer into the proposed thicket. It is commendable to respect precedent, but it is foolish to compound error in so doing.

The statute now in effect retains the historic words describing the class to which distribution is intended. It added to the damages "loss of the society and companionship of the deceased” and provided that those benefits should be divided among the persons in that class — those who would take had the deceased died intestate — in proportion to the injury suffered.

The disposition of an estate does not allow for speculation regarding the "what ifs” of life and death as suggested. Regardless of emotional ties up and down the ladder of succession, the statutes do not permit such introspection as "What if the parents of the deceased had died a day earlier than Ms. Hubbard?”, or "What if she had a child, but an aunt was especially devoted to her?” — and so on and on.

Understandably, the laws of descent and distribution are exact. They do not rest on dependency per se. They do not encompass the loss of society and companionship per se, except, as specifically carved out by the wrongful death act, the damages to be distributed in proportion to the injury to those "entitled to inherit the personal property of the deceased had he died intestate”.

The Court of Appeals correctly decided that brothers and sisters of the deceased who were not entitled to inherit under the laws of intestacy are not entitled to damages for loss of society and companionship.

Affirmed. 
      
       Defendants succeeded in obtaining a post-trial order of remittitur reducing the $79,433.55 award by $5,000. That order is not at issue in this case.
     
      
      
        Crystal v Hubbard, 92 Mich App 240; 285 NW2d 66 (1979).
     
      
       The substance of our order granting leave to appeal contained no restrictive language. It reads in relevant part:
      "On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal is considered, and it is granted. The parties are directed to include among the issues to be briefed: are brothers and sisters of the deceased entitled to damages for loss of society and companionship under Michigan’s wrongful death act where both parents of the deceased are still living?” (Emphasis added.)
     
      
       Defendants’ failure to make application for leave to appeal or to cross-appeal on these issues precludes our review. GCR 1963, 852.2 and 853.2.
     
      
       Section 2 of the 1939 act provided:
      "Sec. 2. Every such action shall be brought by, and in the names of, the personal representatives of such deceased person, and in every such action the court or jury may give such damages, as, the court or jury, shall deem fair and just, with reference to the pecuniary injury resulting from such death, to those persons who may be entitled to such damages when recovered and also damages for the reasonable medical, hospital, funeral and burial expenses for which the estate is liable and reasonable compensation for the pain and suffering, while conscious, undergone by such deceased person during the period intervening between the time of the inflicting of such injuries and his death.”
     
      
       According to civil law, the degree of kinship between A and B is computed by counting the intervals from A through A’s lineal descendants or ancestors to that ancestor or descendant common to A and B and then back to B. Thus, as between cousins, the degree of kinship would be four, between siblings, two, between uncle and nephew, three, and so on.
     
      
       Under our intestacy laws, not all relatives are potential intestate heirs. MCL 700.106; MSA 27.5106 which identifies potential intestate heirs excludes one’s great-grandparents and their issue as potential takers of intestate property as well as all lineal ancestors and their issue beyond great-grandparents.
     
      
       We are satisfied that despite his use of the familiar expression "blood relative”, Justice Black and the Justices who signed his opinion did not intend to exclude lawfully adopted children from the category of "rightful beneficiarles]” to which reference is made in the concurring opinion, since then, as now, adopted children inherit as if born to the adoptive parents. See MCL 700.110; MSA 27.5110.
     
      
       See, for example, In re Olney’s Estate, 309 Mich 65; 14 NW2d 574 (1944); Grimes v King, 311 Mich 399; 18 NW2d 870 (1945); and MacDonald v Quimby, 350 Mich 21; 85 NW2d 157 (1957).
     
      
       For a brief history detailing part of the judicial struggle with the wrongful death statute, see Justice Adams’ dissent in Breckon v Franklin Fuel Co, 383 Mich 251, 280; 174 NW2d 836 (1970). That dissent was adopted as the law in Michigan in Smith v City of Detroit, 388 Mich 637, 649; 202 NW2d 300 (1972).
     
      
       Justice Black first cited Poff in his separate concurrence in MacDonald which gained the approval of Justices Talbot Smith and Voelker as well as Justice Edwards, who also signed the lead opinion.
      The second citation to Poff occurred in Justice Black’s majority opinion in Breckon v Franklin Fuel Co, 383 Mich 251, 273; 174 NW2d 836 (1970), which marked a short-lived return from Wycko v Gnodtke, 361 Mich 331; 105 NW2d 118 (1960), to the restrictive financial dependency interpretation of pecuniary injury.
     
      
       See the footnote on page 37 of Justice Black’s concurrence in MacDonald.
      
     
      
       The prevalence of this view is indicated by the agreement of Justices Talbot Smith, Voelker, and Edwards in MacDonald, and of Justices Brennan, Dethmers, and Kelly in Breckon with Justice Black, and of Justices Adams and T. M. Kavanagh, who in the dissent in Breckon, at page 296, expressly agreed with Justice Black’s view in MacDonald,
      
     
      
       For a more comprehensive examination of legislative action and inaction, see the discussion by Justice Adams in his dissent in Breckon, 383 Mich 291-295.
     
      
       For an insight into the considerable disagreement on this point see: Courtney v Apple, 345 Mich 223; 76 NW2d 80 (1956); Wycko v Gnodtke, 361 Mich 331; 105 NW2d 118 (1960); Burns v Van Laan, 367 Mich 485; 116 NW2d 873 (1962); Currie v Fiting, 375 Mich 440; 134 NW2d 611 (1965); Heider v Michigan Sugar Co, 375 Mich 490; 134 NW2d 637 (1965); Reisig v Klusendorf, 375 Mich 519; 134 NW2d 634 (1965); Wilson v Modern Mobile Homes, Inc, 376 Mich 342; 137 NW2d 144 (1965); Mosier v Carney, 376 Mich 532; 138 NW2d 343 (1965); Breckon v Franklin Fuel Co, 383 Mich 251; 174 NW2d 836 (1970).
     
      
       "We are,” wrote Justice Talbot Smith for the Wycko majority, "restricting the losses to pecuniary losses, the actual money value of the life of the child”. 361 Mich 340.
     
      
      
        Breckon, supra, 383 Mich 289-290, 294, 295-296.
     
      
       See fn 13.
     
      
       As the Court of Appeals in Scott v Burger King Corp, 95 Mich App 694, 703-704; 291 NW2d 174 (1980), pointed out:
      "Consider the case of a decedent who lived with and supported his sibling for many years. If this decedent happened to have a child, the sibling would have no rights under the act, according to the Crystal Court. Yet it would be abundantly clear that the sibling, and possibly the child as well, would have suffered a loss. In a similar situation in which no child existed, the sibling could recover. Such a result would be nothing more than capricious and we cannot believe it was intended by the Legislature.”
      In similar fashion, under the Court of Appeals approach in this case, had Ms. Hubbard’s parents died the day before she did there would be no question as to her siblings’ right to seek recovery. If the intent (as it clearly is) is to compensate for the wrongful destruction of certain relationships by permitting recovery for loss of society and companionship, it would be adventitious to permit her parents, but prevent her siblings, from recovering on Monday for her wrongful death and, on the other hand, permit her siblings to recover on Tuesday provided she lived that extra day and her parents predeceased her. The nature of the loss to her siblings is no different on Monday than it is on Tuesday. Yet, under the Court of Appeals approach, the intervening death of her parents would make a complete difference.
     
      
       The statute applicable at the time of decedent’s death was MCL 702.93; MSA 27.3178(163). Our present intestate statutes provide:
      "The intestate share of the surviving spouse shall be 1 of the following:
      "(a) If there is not a surviving issue or parent of the decedent, the entire intestate estate.
      "(b) If there is not a surviving issue but the decedent is survived by at least 1 parent the first $60,000.00, which shall be reduced in case of partial intestacy by any amount given the spouse by will, plus 1/2 of the balance of the intestate estate.
      "(c) If there are surviving issue all of whom are issue of the surviving spouse also, the first $60,000.00 plus 1/2 of the balance of the intestate estate.
      "(d) If there are surviving issue, 1 or more of whom are not the issue of the surviving spouse, 1/2 of the intestate estate.” MCL 700.105; MSA 27.5105.
      "The part of the intestate estate not passing to the surviving spouse under section 105 or the entire intestate estate if there is not a surviving spouse, shall pass as follows:
      "(a) To the issue of the decedent. If they are all in the same degree of kinship to the decedent they shall take equally, but if of unequal degree, then those of more remote degrees take by representation.
      "(b) If there is no surviving spouse, to his or her surviving parents equally.
      "(c) If there is no surviving issue or parent, to the brothers and sisters and children of deceased brothers and sisters of the decedent. If they are all in the same degree of kinship to the decedent they shall take equally, but if of unequal degree, then those of more remote degree take by representation.
      "(d) If there is no surviving issue, parent, brothers or sisters, or children of deceased brothers and sisters of a decedent, but the decedent is survived by 1 or more grandparents or issue of grandparents, 1/2 of the estate shall pass to the surviving paternal grandparents, or to the issue of the paternal grandparents if both are deceased, the issue to take equally if they are all of the same degree of kinship to the decedent, but if of unequal degree then those of more remote degree shall be excluded; and the other 1/2 shall pass to the maternal relatives in the same manner; but if there is no surviving grandparents or issue of grandparents on the paternal or maternal side, the entire estate shall pass to the relatives on the other side in the same manner as the 1/2.
      “(e) If an eligible survivor is not then known or determinable to take under subdivisions (a) to (d), then to the state by escheat.” MCL 700.106; MSA 27.5106.
     
      
       The class of persons that our colleague would recognize as entitled to prove damages under the wrongful death statute is described as "potential intestate heirs”. The meaning to be attached to this phrase is subject to uncertainty. It has at least two alternative meanings. First, it could describe anyone actually identified in any provision of the intestate laws at the time of decedent’s death. Secondly, it could mean anyone who might have been identified by any provision of the intestate laws at the time of decedent’s death. The difference arises because of the definition of "issue” applicable to the intestate provisions. Issue is defined as "all of the person’s lineal descendants of all generations, except those who are descendants of a living descendant”. MCL 700.7(6); MSA 27.5007(6). Under the former possible definition of "potential intestate heir”, a grandchild of the deceased would not be within the meaning of issue in the intestate act, and hence not a "potential intestate heir”, if his or her parent — the one who was a child of the decedent — was still alive. Similarly, a cousin would be excluded if the cousin’s parent or grandparent — the relatives of the decedent — were still alive. Under the second possible definition of "potential intestate heirs” both of these relatives would be included within the class of those eligible for damages, because their parents might have died prior to the decedent.
     
      
       Overruled in Smith v Detroit, 388 Mich 637, 651; 202 NW2d 300 (1972).
     
      
       The Court of Appeals concluded that the civil-law meaning of the term "next of kin” should be applied. Because the degree of kinship between decedent and her brothers and sisters was not as close as the degree of kinship between the decedent and her parents, the Court of Appeals held that the brothers and sisters were not entitled to damages. Crystal v Hubbard, 92 Mich App 240; 285 NW2d 66 (1979).
     
      
       Although not really in the form of an argument, our colleague also asks:
      "Does the statute itself establish the class? In other words, should the language be interpreted as establishing, at the time of enactment, a class of persons * * * who, under the countless varying possibilities which might exist in the future at the time of a decedent’s wrongful death, would be eligible to inherit under Michigan’s intestacy laws?” Although it is not clear to me what the implications of this suggestion might be, it needlessly throws confusion into an otherwise seemingly clear legislative enactment. Why should the date of enactment of a statute be significant in determining the class of people to be benefited thereby? Surely, it would not be plausible to assert that persons born after this statute was enacted (or re-enacted or amended?) were not to be entitled to any wrongful death damages. The only reasonable date for forming the pertinent "class” is the date of decedent’s death.
     
      
       Whether children should be entitled to damages for the loss of society and companionship of their parents is subject to dispute in our sister states. Salin v Kloempken, 322 NW2d 736 (Minn, 1982). But see Berger v Weber, 411 Mich 1; 303 NW2d 424 (1981). While our wrongful death statute clearly provides that intestate heirs are entitled to such damages, we would follow a very uncertain course to interpret our statute as applying to all potential intestate heirs.
     