
    Mary Stern, Respondent, v. Michael Miller, Appellant.
    (Supreme Court, Appellate Term,
    July, 1908.)
    Negligence: Acts or omissions constituting negligence — Use of land, buildings and other structures — Care required — Distinction between invitation and license: Actions — Right of action, defenses and pleading — Complaint — Allegations showing defendant’s duty.
    Where the owner of premises expressly or by implication invites a person to come thereon, he cannot permit anything in the nature of a snare to exist upon the premises which results in injury to one who avails himself of such invitation, and who is exercising at the time ordinary care, without becoming answerable for the consequences.
    If, however, the owner gives a mere license or permission to enter upon the premises, the licensee takes the risk of accident in going thereon in the condition in which they are.
    Where plaintiff was injured by stepping into a hole in the floor in front of a stairway in a dwelling owned by defendant, a complaint which alleged that she was “ lawfully ” on the premises is good on demurrer, where the premises were a building in use and occupation, into which visitors or those having business therein were by implication invited by the owner.
    Upon demurrer, a complaint will be liberally and favorable construed and will be deemed to state all that can be reasonably inferred from its allegations tending to state a cause of action.
    Appeal by the defendant from an interlocutory judgment of the Municipal Court of the city of Mew York, second district, borough of Manhattan, overruling the demurrer to the complaint, with costs.
    Bertrand L. Pettigrew, for appellant.
    Emmanuel A. Eichner, for respondent.
   Per Curiam.

The action is for damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff on the premises of the defendant, which, as stated by defendant, was a factory building leased out to different tenants. The complaint sets forth that the defendant was the owner in fee simple of the premises, No. 297 Cherry street, in the borough of Manhattan, New York city; that he was in possession and in control of the same, and had the care, management and control of the hallways and stairs on the said premises; that on or about the 16th day of March, 1908, while the plaintiff was lawfully, carefully and properly passing along and over the said hallway, and while on her way to go up to the third floor in said premises hereinbefore mentioned, plaintiff stepped into a hole in the floor of the hallway of the second floor, and right in front of the stairway; and, while she was about to go up to the stairway leading to the third floor, her foot caught into the said hole of said floor, and which said broken floor was loosened from its position, whereby the plaintiff, without warning or notice, and through the carelessness and negligence of the defendant, fell into said hole hereinbefore mentioned.” She goes on to state that she sustained her injuries solely through the negligence of defendant, his agents, servants and employees, in permitting the said hole to “ be and remain in an unsafe, defective and dangerous condition,” and in not having the same properly guarded, and in failing to comply with the code of ordinances of the city of New York; and that defendant had notice of its dangerous condition. The defendant contends that the complaint, on the face of it, does not allege sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action, inasmuch as there was nothing therein to show whether plaintiff was anything more than a mere licensee on the premises at the time of the accident; and that, if she were a mere licensee, she could not recover under the law on that subject in this State; and that it does not show that defendant by any act of his or of his agents or servants held out to the plaintiff an express or implied invitation to enter and be upon said premises. The rule is that, when the owner of premises expressly, or by implication, invites a person to come upon his premises, he cannot permit anything in the nature of a snare, such as the hole in the floor mentioned in the complaint herein, to exist on such premises, which results in injury to the person who avails himself of such invitation and who is exercising, at the time, ordinary care, without the owner becoming answerable for the consequences. If, however, he gives a mere license or permission to enter upon his premises, the licensee takes the risk of accidents in going upon the premises in the condition in which they are. Beck v. Carter, 68 N. Y. 283, 292; Evansville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Griffin, 100 Ind. 221. The complaint states that plaintiff was “ lawfully ” on the premises; but, even if a mere licensee, she might still be lawfully ” on the same and yet take the risk of accident in going upon the said premises in the condition in which they then were. Nevertheless, pleadings must be liberally and favorably construed on demurrer; and the complaint will be deemed to state all that can be reasonably inferred from its allegations tending to set forth a cause of action. The premises in question were not vacant. or inclosed land, over which no express, presumptive or implied invitation to pass was given by the owner; but were a building in use and occupation, into which visitors, or those having business therein, were by implication invited by the owner; and such people had a right to assume, in the absence of sufficient evidence to the contrary, that the hallways and stairs were in a reasonably safe condition, and that no such snare as the hole in question existed.

The interlocutory judgment overruling the demurrer should be affirmed, with costs.

Present—Gildersleeve, MacLean and Seabury, JJ.

Interlocutory judgment affirmed, with costs.  