
    ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY; Northern Insurance Company of New York v. R.M. SHOEMAKER CO.; County of Monmouth v. Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association Insurance Company. R.M. Shoemaker Company, Appellant.
    No. 12-2268.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) March 4, 2013.
    Filed: March 27, 2013.
    Louis A. Bove, I, Esq., Jay M. Green, Esq., Bodell Bove, Philadelphia, PA, for Zurich American Insurance Company; Northern Insurance Company of New York.
    Patrick A. Costello, Esq., Sam L. War-shawer, Jr., Esq., Venzie, Phillips & War-shawer, Philadelphia, PA, for R.M. Shoemaker Co.
    Jonathan A. Cass, Esq., Cohen, Seglias, Pallas, Greenhall & Furman, Philadelphia, PA, Gil D. Messina, Esq., Messina Law Firm, Holmdel, NJ, for County of Monmouth.
    Lorena E. Ahumada, Esq., Steven J. Engelmyer, Esq., Kleinbard, Bell & Brecker, Philadelphia, PA, for Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association Insurance Company.
    Before: SCIRICA, JORDAN, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.
   OPINION OF THE COURT

SCIRICA, Circuit Judge.

Insurance companies brought declaratory judgment actions to determine whether they must defend and indemnify their insured in a lawsuit pending in New Jersey state court. The district court granted summary judgment to the insurance companies, finding the commercial general liability policies between the insurance companies and the insured did not afford coverage under the circumstances of the underlying action. We will affirm.

I.

The County of Monmouth brought suit against R.M. Shoemaker Company in New Jersey state court (the “Underlying Action”), alleging Shoemaker, a construction contracting firm, faultily constructed an addition to the Monmouth County Correctional Institution in Freehold, New Jersey. Among other things, Monmouth alleges Shoemaker negligently supervised its subcontractor, thereby permitting the subcontractor to engage in willful misconduct and resulting in damage to both structural elements and personal property of the County Correctional Institution. Monmouth alleges Shoemaker’s negligence permitted water to intrude into the County Correctional Institution, reduced its structural integrity, and damaged interior property including “the electrical systems, the suspended acoustic tile ceilings and miscellaneous equipment.”

Zurich American Insurance Company (“Zurich”) and Northern Insurance Company of New York (“Northern”) sought a declaratory judgment in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania that they were not required to defend or indemnify Shoemaker, their insured, in the Underlying Action. Shoemaker served a third-party complaint against another of its insurers, Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association Insurance Company (“PMA”), and sought declaratory judgments that Zurich, Northern, and/or PMA had the duty to defend and indemnify Shoemaker in the Underlying Suit.

The commercial general liability policies between Insurance Companies and Shoemaker use the same language, and only provide coverage for property damage caused by an “occurrence.” The term “occurrence” is defined in the policies as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” •

Insurance Companies moved for summary judgment under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. Finding Pennsylvania substantive law governed the dispute, the district court held Insurance Companies were not required to defend Shoemaker because Monmouth’s allegations in the Underlying Action did not arise from an “occurrence” as the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has construed that term. Shoemaker appeals and seeks to certify this case to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. We will affirm the judgment of the district court.

II.

This case involves the intersection of two Pennsylvania Supreme Court cases construing what may constitute an “occurrence.” In Kvaemer, the court held an insurance company was not required to defend its insured against claims of faulty workmanship because such claims were not sufficiently fortuitous to constitute an accident. 908 A.2d at 899. Insurance Companies argue that since Monmouth’s allegations amount to claims of faulty workmanship, they cannot be required to defend the suit. But in Donegal Mutual Insurance Company v. Baumhammers, the court held an insurance company may be required to defend its insured against claims arising from the intentional acts of a third party, at least where the insured’s negligence enabled the third party’s actions. 595 Pa. 147, 938 A.2d 286, 293 (2007). Shoemaker contends that since its negligent supervision facilitated its subcontractor’s willful misconduct, Baumham-mers dictates that Insurance Companies must defend Shoemaker in the Underlying Action.

Shoemaker oversimplifies Baumham-mers, contending it stands for the proposition that an “occurrence” has taken place whenever the insured’s negligence leads to a third party’s willful misconduct. Baum-hammers’ holding actually hinged upon the randomness of the third party’s misconduct — a shooting rampage, perpetrated by Richard Baumhammers — from the perspective of the insured, his parents. Id. at 288. The families of the shooting victims brought suit against Richard’s parents, alleging the parents were negligent in permitting Richard to have a gun and failing to procure mental health treatment for him. Id. at 288-89. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that Donegal Insurance — which insured the parents under a general liability policy similar to the present case — was required to defend the parents against the victims’ suits. Id. at 293. The court explained:

The extraordinary shooting spree embarked upon by Baumhammers resulting in injuries to Plaintiffs cannot be said to be the natural and expected result of Parents [sic] alleged acts of negligence. Rather, Plaintiffs’ injuries were caused by an event so unexpected, unde-signed and fortuitous as to qualify as accidental within the terms of the policy. Because the alleged negligence of Parents resulted in the tragic accidental injuries to the individual plaintiffs, Donegal is therefore required to defend Parents.

Id. As Baumhammers indicates, the crucial inquiry dictating whether a general liability insurer must defend its insured under an occurrence-based policy is whether an event was sufficiently fortuitous from the perspective of the insured to qualify as an “occurrence.” See id. at 292 (“An injury ... is not ‘accidental’ if the injury was the natural and expected result of the insured’s actions.”).

Kvaemer and cases following it make clear that faulty workmanship under a contract is not sufficiently fortuitous to qualify as an “occurrence.” In Kvaemer, a steel company brought suit against Kvaerner for breach of contract and breach of warranty, alleging a coke oven battery Kvaer-ner designed and built was damaged and failed to meet contract specifications. 908 A.2d at 891. In determining that Kvaer-ner’s insurer did not have to defend the suit, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court explained that “[t]he key term in the ordinary definition of ‘accident’ is ‘unexpected.’ This implies a degree of fortuity that is not present in a claim for faulty workmanship.” Id. at 898. Therefore, the court held

the definition of “accident” required to establish an “occurrence” under the policies cannot be satisfied by claims based upon faulty workmanship. Such claims simply do not present the degree of fortuity contemplated by the ordinary definition of “accident” or its common judicial construction in this context. To hold otherwise would be to convert a policy for insurance into a performance bond. We are unwilling to do so, especially since such protections are already readily available for the protection of contractors.

Id. at 899 (footnotes omitted). The court further rationalized this rule, stating that such policies cover “tort liability for physical damages to others and not ... contractual liability of the insured for economic loss because the product or completed work is not that for which the damaged person bargained.” Id. at 899 n. 10 (quoting Insurance Protection for Products Liability and Completed Operations; What Every Lawyer Should Know; 50 Neb. L.Rev. 415, 441 (1971)).

The Pennsylvania Superior Court expanded upon Kvaerner in Millers Capital Insurance Co. v. Gambone Brothers Development Co., 941 A.2d 706 (Pa.Super.Ct.2007). The analysis in Gambone is apposite because of its factual similarity to the present case. See also Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Buffetta, 230 F.3d 634, 637 (3d Cir.2000) (stating a federal court should not disregard the opinion of a state’s intermediate appellate court unless convinced by persuasive data that the state’s supreme court would decide differently). Gambone specifically rejected the argument that faulty workmanship by a subcontractor may constitute an “occurrence” or “accident” from the perspective of the contractor. 941 A.2d at 715. Gam-bone further noted that insurance coverage and defense was precluded for “natural- and foreseeable acts, such as rainfall, which tend to exacerbate the damage, effect, or consequences caused ab initio by faulty workmanship,” since such acts, like faulty workmanship, were not sufficiently fortuitous. Id. at 713. Moreover, in Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. CPB International, Inc., we relied in part on Gambone to predict the Pennsylvania Supreme Court would not require a general liability insurer to defend an action arising out of a contract dispute — even if the plaintiff in the underlying action asserted consequential damages. 562 F.3d 591, 597 (3d Cir.2009).

Kvaemer and Gambone control the outcome of this dispute. Faulty workmanship — whether caused by the contractor’s negligence alone or by the contractor’s negligent supervision, which then permitted the willful misconduct of its subcontractors — does not amount to an “accident” or “occurrence.” See Bomgardner v. State Farm Ins. Co., Civ. No. 10-1287, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96379, at *11-12, 2010 WL 3657084, at *4-5 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 14, 2010) (stating Gambone stands for the proposition that “faulty workmanship, whether the fault of the insured or a subcontractor” does not constitute an occurrence). Nor does a foreseeable act like the subsequent water infiltration into the structure. See Specialty Surfaces Int’l, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 609 F.3d 223, 231 (3d Cir.2010) (“Faulty workmanship, even when cast as a negligence claim, does not constitute [an occurrence]; nor do natural and foreseeable events like rainfall.”); Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 562 F.3d at 596 (finding no insurance coverage because consequential damages were “too foreseeable to be considered an accident”). Monmouth’s allegations do not present the requisite fortuity to qualify as an “occurrence.”

III.

Because Pennsylvania law dictates the outcome here, we will affirm the judgment of the district court and deny Shoemaker’s motion for certification to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Insurance Companies are not required to defend or indemnify Shoemaker in the Underlying Action because the faulty workmanship on which Monmouth’s claims are based does not constitute an “occurrence” triggering the protections of the policies between Insurance Companies and Shoemaker. 
      
      . The contract between Monmouth and Shoemaker provided that Shoemaker was responsible for the "construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures” associated with "all portions of the Work under the Contract,” and was obligated to “[cjoordi-nate, manage, inspect and supervise all phases” of that work.
     
      
      . Zurich and Northern (plaintiffs-appellees) as well as PMA (third-party defendant-appel-lee) are hereafter referred to as "Insurance Companies” for ease of discussion.
     
      
      .The district court had jurisdiction of the original action under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1) and supplemental jurisdiction of Shoemaker’s third-party complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. See In re Texas E. Transmission Corp. PCB Contamination Ins. Coverage Litig., 15 F.3d 1230, 1238 (3d Cir.1994) ("We hold that the additional non-diverse counterclaim defendants do not destroy diversity jurisdiction in the ... action because there is complete diversity of citizenship between the originally named parties.”). We review the interpretation of an insurance policy de novo. 
        
        Kvaerner Metals Div. of Kvaerner U.S., Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 589 Pa. 317, 908 A.2d 888, 897 (2006). The court first looks to the language of the insurance policies to determine in which instances they provide coverage, and then examines the underlying complaint "to determine whether the allegations set forth therein constitute the type of instances that will trigger coverage.” Id. at 896-97. If coverage is triggered, "the insurer has a duty to defend.... Although the duty to defend is separate from and broader than the duty to indemnify, both duties flow from a determination that the complaint triggers coverage.” Gen. Accident Ins. Co. of Am. v. Allen, 547 Pa. 693, 692 A.2d 1089, 1095 (1997) (citation omitted).
     
      
      . A more difficult question may be presented when a plaintiff sues a defendant for faulty workmanship without an underlying contract between the parties (such as when the plaintiff sues a subcontractor directly). See, e.g., Wausau Underwriters Ins. Co. v. State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co., 557 F.Supp.2d 502, 515 (D.N.J.2008) (finding the existence of a contract crucial to the question of whether there has been an "occurrence,” since where there is a contract, "it can hardly be said that the insured’s failure to perform up to its own bargained-for, self-imposed standards was fortuitous from the insured’s point-of-view”); Schuylkill Stone Corp. v. State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co., 735 F.Supp.2d 150, 158 (D.N.J.2010) (finding there is an occurrence where there is no contract between the parties and the plaintiff in the underlying action alleges the defendant negligently manufactured products in violation of industry standards). But this is not such a case. Monmouth’s claims in the Underlying Action are entirely based on Shoemaker's allegedly faulty workmanship in the execution of the construction contract. Since this case requires a straightforward application of Kvaerner and Gambone, we needn’t reach the issue of whether faulty workmanship constitutes an "occurrence” in the absence of a contract between the relevant parties.
     