
    Adolph Goldmark, Respondent, v. The Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company, Defendant, and Magnolia Metal Company, Appellant.
    
      Pleading—misjoinder of causes of action.
    
    The complaint in an action alleged that a corporation had made á contract with the plaintiff to pay him certain commissions upon sales made by him of metal manufactured by it, and thereafter had caused to be organized another corporation (the Magnolia Metal Company) to which it had given a perpetual and universal license or permission to manufacture the metal previously made by the licensor which had received the entire capital issued by the Magnolia Metal Company, and distributed it pro rata among its stockholders; that the managers and directors of the two corporations, both of which were made parties defendant to the action, were practically the same, and it further alleged that “by reason of the premises defendant Magnolia Metal Company assumed and appropriated to itself all the benefits or advantages arising from or connected with said contract with plaintiff; it also assumed said agreement with plaintiff, or became liable to plaintiff thereunder to the same extent and in like manner as said co-defendant was and is so liable.”
    
      Held, that the complaint was demurrable on the ground that it set forth two separate and distinct causes of action which were improperly united —- one a cause of action against the defendant first named on an alleged express contract, and the other a cause of action against its co-defendant (the Magnolia. Metal Company) alone on an alleged implied and different contract which did not affect the first-named defendant.
    Appeal by the defendant, the Magnolia Metal Company, from an interlocutory judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of 'New York on the 20th day of April, 1898, upon the decision of the court rendered after a trial at the New York Special Term overruling its demurrer to the complaint.
    
      Alexander S. Bacon, for the appellant.
    
      L. A. Gould, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J.:

The complaint in this action alleges a contract between the plaintiff and the Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company, whereby such corporation agreed to pay to the plaintiff certain commissions upon the sale of metal manufactured by the said corporation; that commissions to the amount of $9,513.37 had been earned under the agreement, and that the said agreement was made in the city of New York on or about September 26, 1890. The complaint then alleges that in or about May, 1893, this corporation, which had made this contract with the plaintiff, caused to be organized this ajipellant, which is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of West Virginia, and was incorporated in May, 1893, and that thereupon this appellant took possession and control of all the property and assets of the Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company, and that said company gave or allowed to this appellant (Magnolia Metal Company) a perpetual and universal license or permission to manufacture this metal known as the Magnolia anti-friction metal; that the Magnolia Metal Company (appellant) issued its entire capital stock to the said Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company which stock was distributed or divided among the then stockholders of said corporation pro rata, so that the stockholders of each defendant were identical; that the managers and directors of both of these corporations were identical, or nearly so; that this appellant had knowledge and notice of the agreement between the plaintiff and the said -corporation; that it assumed and carried out all other existing and pending contracts of the corporation, and discharged all other of its existing liabilities and obligations. The complaint further alleges that “ by reason of the premises defendant Magnolia Metal Company assumed and appropriated to itself all the benefits or advantages arising from or connected with said contract with plaintiff; it also assumed said agreement with plaintiff, or became liable to plaintiff thereunder to the same extent and in like manner as said co-defendant was and is so liable.”

This appellant demurs upon two grounds : First, that the complaint sets forth two separate and distinct causes of action which were improperly united, one a cause of action against the defendant the Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company on an alleged express contract, and the other, a cause of action against this defendant alone on an alleged implied and different contract, and thus improperly united; and, second, that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.

. The right to. sue both of these defendants in one action is sought to be sustained by the respondent upon the ground that upon the facts alleged, while there are two nominal defendants, they, in reality, constitute a single artificial person or business concern, and that the mere shifting of the property and business from one corpo-. rate name and organization to another, would not of itself affect the rights of creditors, nor relieve the business from legal liability to answer for debts contracted under either name. The complaint, however, distinctly alleges the independence of the two corporations. The Magnolia Anti-Friction Metal Company, the corporation which made the contract with the plaintiff, is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of New York prior to 1890. The appellant, the Magnolia Metal Company, is a foreign corporation organized under the laws of the State of West Virginia in or about May, 1893. By the incorporation of these two companies two distinct persons were created. The appellant, the Magnolia Metal Company, not being in existence as a corporation when the contract sued on was made, could not have been originally liable upon that contract. Its obligation to perforin that contract must arise because of some act of the corporation itself after it was incorporated. No agreement by its promoters, or the persons who organized it, made with the plaintiff prior to its organization, is binding upon the corporation when organized, unless in some way assumed by such corporation, and such assumption by the new corporation, wliéther by virtue of an express contract between the two persons, or whether implied by the acts of the new corporation, must be based upon some act of the corporation itself after it was created, and after it was in a position to make contracts or incur obligations. We will assume that the complaint alleges a good cause of action against this appellant because of its assumption of the obligations of its co-defendant, and that the plaintiff could maintain the action by proving these facts here alleged as evidence of the assumption of the liability of the appellant’s co-defendant to the plaintiff. But assuming that to be so, the foundation of the plaintiff’s claim against this appellant is the assumption of that obligation- by the appellant, and that is a contract, either express or implied, subsequent to the organization of the appellant as a corporation, and entirely distinct from the obligation that the. appellant’s co-defendant is under to the plaintiff under its original contract as alleged in the complaint. This appellant, by its demurrer, admits the sixteenth allegation of the complaint, and under that it may be the plaintiff would be entitled to prove either an express agreement whereby the obligation to the plaintiff was assumed, or acts of the appellant by which the law implies the assumption of the obligation to the plaintiff; but the liability of this appellant depends upon either this express or implied assumption of the liability of its co-defendant to the plaintiff, and the contract thus sought to be enforced is this contract of assumption of an existing liability, which contract does not bind the appellant’s co-defendant. Thus, a cause of action at law for damages is sought to be enforced against the appellant, which arises upon the contract made between this appellant and its co-defendant, under which the co-defendant is not liable. We are not now speaking of the right of this plaintiff to recover from the appellant upon the facts alleged in the complaint. We assume that the allegations for that purpose are sufficient. The question is whether a cause of action against this appellant, based upon its assumption, either express or implied, of a contract between the plaintiff and the appellant’s co-defendant, can be united with a cause of action upon the original contract against the appellant’s co-defendant.

The cases against National banks, cited by the respondent, where it has been sought to enforce obligations made by a bank which have become merged in the National bank against whom the action was brought, do not apply. It was there held that the change or conversion of a State bank into a National bank did not close its business of banking, nor destroy its identity or its corporate existence, but simply resulted in a continuance of the same body with the same officers and stockholders, the same property, assets and banking business, under a changed jurisdiction; that it remained one and the same bank, and went on doing business uninterruptedly, and, therefore, that the National bank was liable for the obligations of the State bank. (Metropolitan Nat. Bank v. Claggett, 141 U. S. 520, 527.) In that case one bank went out of existence when the other bank came into existence, and there was a continuation of the same business by the same stockholders, with the same property, and thus the new corporation was liable for the debts of the State bank without proof of a specific assumption of liability; but here the allegation is that both corporations existed at the time of the commencement of the action, organized under the laws of different States, and still exist as distinct and separate corporations. If the ' appellant’s co-defendant was liable under its original contract with the plaintiff, the latter would be entitled to a judgment against such co-defendant. But the liability of tins appellant would depend upon a new and different contract or obligation, either express or implied, in addition to that upon which the liability to the appellant’s co-defendant depended.

By section 484 of the Code it is provided that the plaintiff may unite in the same complaint two or more causes of action, but it must appear upon the face of the complaint that all of the causes of action so united affect all the parties to the action. The cause of action against this appellant, based as it is upon a contract made after its organization in 1893, does not affect this appellant’s co-defendant. In Adams v. Stevens (7 Misc. Rep. 468) this same question was presented. Judge Pryor, in a very satisfactory opinion, after a review of the cases, holds that a cause of action upon an original employment cannot be united with a cause of action against a third party because of a subsequent ratification and adoption of the original employment.

We think, therefore, that there were two causes of action alleged • in the complaint which were improperly united, and that for that reason the demurrer should have been sustained. The judgment is reversed and judgment directed sustaining the demurrer to the complaint, with costs, with leave to the plaintiff to amend upon payment of costs in this court and in the court below.

Rumsey and Patterson, JJ., concurred.

O’Brien, J.:

I think, for the reasons stated in the opinion of the learned judge at Special Term, that a good cause of action is alleged as against the appellant; but I concur in the result on the ground of misjoinder of parties defendant.

Judgment reversed and judgment ordered sustaining demurrer, with costs, with leave to plaintiff to amend on payment of costs in this court and in court below.  