
    PEOPLE v URIBE
    Docket No. 321012.
    Submitted February 3, 2015, at Lansing.
    Decided May 12, 2015, at 9:00 a.m.
    Leave to appeal sought.
    Ernesto Uribe was charged in the Eaton Circuit Court with five counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct for acts involving the anal penetration of a minor. Before trial, the prosecution notified defendant, in accordance with MCL 768.27a, that it intended to introduce evidence that he had also attempted to engage in sexual contact with a different minor. Defendant objected and moved to suppress the other-acts evidence. The court, Janice K. Cunningham, J., granted defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence. The prosecution sought interlocutory leave to appeal, which the Court of Appeals granted.
    The Court of Appeals held,-.
    
    Under MCL 768.27a, in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant. A “listed offense” is a Tier I, II, or III offense as defined in MCL 28.722 of the Sex Offenders Registration Act. Because MCL 768.27a permits the introduction of other-acts evidence to show that a defendant has the propensity to commit sex crimes against minors, it conflicts with and supersedes MRE 404(b), which otherwise bars evidence of other acts if that evidence is used solely to show propensity. Evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a may, however, be excluded under MRE 403 if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. To assess whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice, a court must consider several factors including the time required to present the evidence and the possibility of delay, whether the evidence is needlessly cumulative, how directly the evidence tends to prove the fact for which it is offered, how essential the fact sought to be proved is to the case, the potential for confusing or misleading the jury, and whether the fact can be proved in another manner without as many harmful collateral effects. A trial court must weigh the propensity inference in favor of the probative value of the evidence rather than its prejudicial effect. In this case, the trial court erred by (1) basing its decision on its evaluation of the credibility of the other-acts witness, (2) incorrectly concluding that the attempted sexual contact described by the witness was not an attempt to commit a listed offense, and (3) ruling that the evidence was inadmissible because the acts described by the witness were not similar enough to the charged offenses. When evidence of an act is admissible under MCL 768.27a, it does not matter for purposes of admissibility under MRE 403 whether the act is similar or dissimilar to the charged offense. MRE 403 only concerns whether otherwise relevant evidence is overly sensational or needlessly cumulative. The trial court never explained how the probative value of the other-acts evidence would be outweighed by unfair prejudice. In fact, the evidence was not likely to delay defendant’s trial or take a great amount of time to present, it was not needlessly cumulative, it tended to prove that defendant committed the crime charged because it showed his propensity to engage in sexual acts with minors, it was important to the prosecution’s argument, it was not likely to confuse or mislead the jury, and the attempted sexual contact with the other-acts witness could not be proved in another manner. Accordingly, the trial court erred when it suppressed the evidence.
    Reversed and remanded.
    Criminal Law — Evidence — Criminal Sexual Conduct Against Minors — Other-Acts Evidence.
    Under MCL 768.27a, in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing certain sexual offenses against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another sexual offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant; MCL 768.27a supersedes MRE 404(b), which otherwise bars evidence of other acts if that evidence is used solely to show propensity; propensity evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a may, however, be excluded under MRE 403 if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence; when evidence of an act is admissible under MCL 768.27a, it does not matter for purposes of admissibility under MRE 403 whether the act is similar or dissimilar to the charged offense; MRE 403 only concerns whether otherwise relevant evidence is overly sensational or needlessly cumulative.
    
      Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, Douglas R. Lloyd, Prosecuting Attorney, and Brent E. Morton, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
    
      Ann M. Prater for defendant.
    Before: SAAD, P.J., and OWENS and K. F. KELLY, JJ.
   SAAD, P.J.

The prosecution appeals the trial court’s order that suppressed evidence the prosecution sought to admit under MCL 768.27a. For the reasons stated below, we reverse the trial court’s decision, and remand for entry of an order that permits the admission of the proffered evidence.

I. NATURE OF THE CASE

MCL 768.27a is an evidentiary statute that applies to cases in which a defendant is charged with a sexual offense against a minor. The statute provides that the prosecution may present any evidence that the defendant committed other sex crimes against children, and that evidence may be considered for its bearing on any relevant matter, including the defendant’s propensity to commit sexual crimes against children. This statutory mandate is contrary to MRE 404(b), which generally provides that evidence of other acts may not be used at criminal trials to show propensity. By enacting MCL 768.27a, the Legislature made an important public-policy choice to limit the procedural rights of criminal defendants contained in MRE 404(b), by mandating the admissibility of this specific type of propensity evidence, to better protect the rights of children from sexual predators. Accordingly, under the plain meaning of the statute, if evidence that a defendant committed other sex crimes against a child is admissible under MCL 768.27a, a court must admit the evidence without reference to or consideration of the standard propensity rule set forth in MRE 404(b)(1). People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 471; 818 NW2d 296 (2012).

The Michigan Supreme Court rejected a constitutional challenge to MCL 768.27a in Watkins and upheld the statute’s categorical mandate that requires the admission of propensity evidence in cases involving sex crimes against children. Id. at 476-477. In so doing, Watkins carved out a very limited role for the judiciary in making admissibility determinations under MCL 768.27a, by using the safety valve of MRE 403. Id. at 481.

Historically, MRE 403 has been used sparingly by trial courts to exclude otherwise admissible evidence because the evidence is either overly sensational or needlessly cumulative. In Watkins, the Michigan Supreme Court held that the exclusionary power of MRE 403 should be used even more sparingly in the context of evidentiary determinations made pursuant to MCL 768.27a. Watkins, 491 Mich at 487. This is because MCL 768.27a represents a clear public-policy choice to admit specific evidence to protect children from sexual predators.

Because MCL 768.27a mandates the admission of propensity evidence, which for many years had generally and routinely been excluded by the judiciary, in Watkins our Supreme Court expressed concern that trial courts might misapply MRE 403, and exclude the evidence by reverting to the traditional propensity analysis used under MRE 404(b). Id. at 486. The Court therefore held that the usual propensity analysis under MRE 404(b) has no applicability to evidentiary determinations made under MCL 768.27a. Id. at 471.

In sum, when the prosecution seeks to admit evidence under MCL 768.27a, a court determines the admissibility of the evidence in three steps. First, the court ascertains whether the proffered evidence is relevant to the case at hand. Second, the court determines whether the proposed evidence constitutes a “listed offense” under MCL 768.27a. Finally, the court analyzes, under MRE 403, whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. When it makes this analysis under MRE 403, the court must weigh the probative value of the evidence — i.e., its tendency to show defendant’s propensity to commit sex crimes against children — in favor of admission. If the trial court finds that evidence submitted under MCL 768.27a is (1) relevant, (2) constitutes evidence of a “listed offense” under the statute, and (3) has probative value that is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice under MRE 403, the evidence must be admitted.

Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

Here, the trial court suppressed evidence, submitted by the prosecution under MCL 768.27a, that defendant committed other sex crimes against his daughter that are separate from the charged offense. The prosecution says this ruling is erroneous, because the trial court misapplied MCL 768.27a and Watkins in two significant and dispositive ways when it held that the proffered evidence: (1) was not evidence of the occurrence of a “listed offense” under MCL 768.27a, and (2) was more prejudicial than probative under MRE 403.

We hold that the trial court misapplied MCL 768.27a when it suppressed the evidence at issue. In so doing, it appears the court did precisely what the Michigan Supreme Court feared and warned against in Watkins. Under the rubric of conducting an MRE 403 balancing test, the trial court improperly analyzed the admissibility of the evidence by using the traditional propensity analysis. Because the proffered evidence is admissible, we remand for entry of an order that admits the evidence.

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant lost his parental rights to his two daughters, JU and MU, in late 2013 because he sexually abused VG, JU’s half sister. In January 2014, the prosecution charged defendant with five counts of criminal sexual conduct (CSC) for his molestation of VG. As part of its case, the prosecution sought to introduce evidence under MCL 768.27a that defendant had also molested JU. The prosecution filed a notice of intent indicating that it planned to use JU’s testimony regarding defendant’s abuse at trial and attached a Michigan State Police (MSP) report that summarized her anticipated testimony.

In the report, which recounted a trooper’s interview with JU, JU stated that sometime during summer 2011, she fell asleep with her father in the same bed. She woke up when she felt her father insert his fingers into her underwear. Defendant also attempted to place her hand on his penis on multiple occasions, but JU never actually touched her father because she repeatedly moved her body away from him each time he tried to make her touch his penis. Defendant never spoke to JU about the episode, apart from laughing after JU told him that she had seen his “private” during the night. JU noted that she did not want to tell anyone about the molestation, because she did not want her father to get in trouble.

Defendant objected to and moved to suppress the admission of JU’s testimony. After a hearing, the trial court granted the motion and explained its reasoning in a holding from the bench. The trial court questioned the credibility of JU’s testimony, because she had initially denied her father abused her during the proceedings for termination of parental rights, and her subsequent “statements . . . [were] all over the place.” The court also doubted whether JU’s accusations against defendant constituted a listed offense under MCL 768.27a, and stated: “[I]t’s more clear that if anything happened she’s been consistent that [defendant’s] hand was on the belly and [his] fingers maybe dropped below the belly button.”

Despite its concerns over the veracity of JU’s statements and belief that defendant did not commit a listed offense under MCL 768.27a, the trial court “[gave] the prosecutor the benefit of the doubt” that defendant’s alleged actions constituted a listed offense under MCL 768.27a. Nonetheless, the court held that JU’s testimony would still be barred under MRE 403, because the sexual abuse she detailed was “dissimilar” to the sexual abuse against VG alleged by the prosecution, which involved anal penetration. The former molestation also purportedly occurred while others were present, whereas the latter molestation did not. The trial court finally noted that defendant allegedly molested VG multiple times, while JU’s molestation occurred once. The court closed its holding from the bench by opining that “the purpose of [MCL 768.27a] honestly is to allow in other allegations that are more similar in nature to show a propensity; see, this is what the defendant does, this is what the defendant does.” (Emphasis added.)

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Issues that involve statutory interpretation or the interpretation of court rules “are questions of law,” and are reviewed de novo. In re Bail Bond Forfeiture, 496 Mich 320, 325; 852 NW2d 747 (2014). When it interprets a statute, a court must examine the statute’s “plain language, which provides the most reliable evidence of [legislative] intent. If the statutory language is unambiguous, no further judicial construction is required or permitted.” People v McKinley, 496 Mich 410, 415; 852 NW2d 770 (2014) (citations and quotation marks omitted). The principles that govern statutory interpretation also govern the interpretation of court rules. Watkins, 491 Mich at 468.

IV. ANALYSIS

A. LEGAL STANDARDS

1. MCL 768.27a

In full, MCL 768.27a reads:

(1) Notwithstanding [MCL 768.27], in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant. If the prosecuting attorney intends to offer evidence under this section, the prosecuting attorney shall disclose the evidence to the defendant at least 15 days before the scheduled date of trial or at a later time as allowed by the court for good cause shown, including the statements of witnesses or a summary of the substance of any testimony that is expected to be offered.
(2) As used in this section:
(a) “Listed offense” means that term as defined in section 2 of the sex offenders registration act, 1994 PA 295, MCL 28.722.[]
(b) “Minor” means an individual less than 18 years of age.

Accordingly, MCL 768.27a permits the prosecution to introduce any “evidence” that a criminal defendant committed “another listed offense against a minor” for any relevant purpose. See People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 101; 854 NW2d 531 (2014). Accordingly, MCL 768.27a permits the introduction of other-acts evidence that shows a defendant has a propensity to commit sex crimes against minors. See Watkins, 491 Mich at 471.

As we noted above, for this reason MCL 768.27a conflicts with and “supersedes” MRE 404(b), Watkins, 491 Mich at 476-477, which bars evidence of a defendant’s other criminal acts if that evidence is used solely to show that defendant has a propensity to commit the crime with which he is charged. MCL 768.27a specifically intends to bar the applicability of MRE 404(b) in cases that involve sexual crimes against children, as the statute aims to address “a substantive concern about the protection of children and the prosecution of persons who perpetrate certain enumerated crimes against children and are more likely than others to reoffend.” Watkins, 491 Mich at 476. In other words, MRE 404(b) has no applicability to evidence that is admitted pursuant to MCL 768.27a.

To repeat: MCL 768.27a permits the admission of relevant evidence that tends to show a defendant committed a “listed offense” under the statute. If evidence of the defendant’s other acts of child sexual abuse are admissible under the mandates of MCL 768.27a, a court must admit the evidence without reference to or consideration of MRE 404(b). Watkins, 491 Mich at 471.

2. MRE 403

If relevant evidence is admissible under MCL 768.27a, it may nonetheless be excluded under MRE 403. Watkins, 491 Mich at 481. Under MRE 403, such evidence will be excluded only if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” MRE 403 (emphasis added). And, as noted, it is “only in unusual circumstances that [a] court should exclude relevant evidence under Rule 403.” Robinson & Longhofer, § 403.2, p 382.

To assess whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice under MRE 403, a court must perform a balancing test that looks to several factors, including

the time required to present the evidence and the possibility of delay, whether the evidence is needlessly cumulative, how directly the evidence tends to prove the fact for which it is offered, how essential the fact sought to be proved is to the case, the potential for confusing or misleading the jury, and whether the fact can be proved in another manner without as many harmful collateral effects. [People v Blackston, 481 Mich 451, 462; 751 NW2d 408 (2008).]

Again, evidence may only be excluded under MRE 403 when the prejudice the defendant would suffer from admission is unfair, which means

more than simply damage to the [defendant’s] cause. A party’s case is always damaged by evidence that the facts are contrary to his contentions, but that cannot be grounds for exclusion. What is meant [by MRE 403] is an undue tendency to move the tribunal to decide on an improper basis, commonly, though not always, an emotional one. [People v Vasher, 449 Mich 494, 501; 537 NW2d 168 (1995).]

The prosecution is not required to use the least prejudicial evidence to make its case, People v Fisher, 449 Mich 441, 452; 537 NW2d 577 (1995), nor is the fact that the prejudicial evidence involves acts of depravity necessarily grounds for exclusion, see People v Starr, 457 Mich 490, 499-500; 577 NW2d 673 (1998) C‘[W]hile . . . the acts described in the proffered testimony are certainly ‘depraved’ and of‘monstrous repugnance,’ such characteristics were inherent in the underlying crime of which defendant stood accused.”). Indeed, the nature of the charged offense and the nature of the evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense converge with the mandate in MCL 768.27a — to admit that evidence even to show propensity — to practically eliminate any consideration of the depravity factor.

In the specific context of evidence submitted under MCL 768.27a, “[t]he Watkins Court provided guidance to trial courts in applying. . . the balancing test of MRE 403.” Duenaz, 306 Mich App at 99. Because the purpose of MCL 768.27a is to permit the admission of evidence showing that defendant committed other sex crimes against children apart from the charged offense, Watkins held that a trial court must “weigh the propensity inference in favor of the evidence’s probative value rather than its prejudicial effect. That is, other-acts evidence admissible under MCL 768.27a may not be excluded under MRE 403 as overly prejudicial merely because it allows a jury to draw a propensity inference.” Watkins, 491 Mich at 487. Specifically, the Watkins court stated that

[propensity evidence is prejudicial by nature, and it is precisely the danger of prejudice that underlies the ban on propensity evidence in MRE 404(b). Yet were a court to apply MRE 403 in such a way that other-acts evidence in cases involving sexual misconduct against a minor was considered on the prejudicial side of the scale, this would gut the intended effect of MCL 768.27a, which is to allow juries to consider evidence of other acts the defendant committed to show the defendant’s character and propensity to commit the charged crime. To weigh the propensity inference derived from other-acts evidence in cases involving sexual misconduct against a minor on the prejudicial side of the balancing test would be to resurrect MRE 404(b), which the Legislature rejected in MCL 768.27a. [Id. at 486.]

B. APPLICATION

Here, the trial court made three errors when it assessed the admissibility of JU’s testimony under MCL 768.27a. First, the record reveals that the trial court had serious doubts about the witness’s credibility. The record further reveals that the trial court suppressed the proffered evidence, in part, because it doubted JU’s credibility. And though it is routine for a trial court to make preliminary factual determinations in making evidentiary rulings, it is inappropriate for a trial court to exclude a witness from testifying simply because the court disbelieves the witness. Such an action goes well beyond routine and permissible foundational rulings on matters of fact, and wrongly intrudes upon the role of the jury to make credibility determinations. Accordingly, the trial court impermissibly allowed its opinion of JU’s credibility to influence its evidentiary ruling under MCL 768.27a and MRE 403.

Second, the trial court wrongly expressed doubt that the offense JU intended to describe in her testimony constituted a “listed offense” under MCL 768.27a. Again, MCL 768.27a(1) specifies:

Notwithstanding [MCL 768.27], in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed another listed offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.

Here, JU told the Michigan State Police that, when she was under 13 years old, defendant put his fingers in her underwear and repeatedly attempted to make her touch his penis. Both statements provide ample evidence that defendant committed a “listed offense” under MCL 768.27a because, if true, they demonstrate that defendant engaged in “sexual contact” under MCL 750.520a(q) — given that they involve “the intentional touching of the victim’s . . . intimate parts or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the immediate area of the victim’s . . . intimate parts . . . .” The fact that JU never touched defendant’s penis is inconsequential, because her statement indicates that defendant attempted to commit a “listed offense” under MCL 768.27a — “the intentional touching of the . . . actor’s intimate parts . . . .” MCL 750.520a(q).

JU’s proposed testimony thus details a “listed offense” under MCL 768.27a, and that testimony is relevant evidence that defendant committed the charged offense. The trial court’s statement that JU’s proposed testimony did not contain evidence of a listed offense was thus simply inaccurate as a matter of law, and the testimony is admissible pursuant to the mandates of MCL 768.27a.

Finally, the trial court committed another error of law when it assessed the admissibility of JU’s testimony under MRE 403. Though the trial court said it analyzed the evidence under the traditional MRE 403 balancing test — to determine whether the probative value of JU’s testimony was outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice the testimony posed to defendant— the court actually analyzed JU’s testimony by using the now inapplicable propensity test.

The court held the testimony to be inadmissible because it believed the molestation described by JU to be too “dissimilar” to the acts described by VG. Similarity, or lack thereof, between another criminal act and the charged crime, is a comparison courts frequently make to assess whether evidence of the other criminal act is admissible to show something other than a defendant’s criminal propensity under MRE 404(b). Whether an act is similar or dissimilar to a charged offense does not matter for the purposes of MRE 403, which, as noted, looks to whether otherwise relevant evidence is overly sensational or needlessly cumulative. Blackston, 481 Mich at 461-462. More importantly, MCL 768.27a clearly mandates the admissibility of any evidence of a “listed offense,” regardless of similarity. Indeed, any required level of similarity is presumed in the mandate to admit evidence of another listed offense against a minor when a defendant is charged with a listed offence against a minor.

Furthermore, the trial court never considered or explained how the probative value of JU’s testimony would be outweighed by unfair prejudice under MRE 403. This is likely because JU’s testimony is not unfairly prejudicial to defendant. To the contrary, the clearly stated public policy of this state — to protect children from sexual predators — requires that this precise evidence be admitted.

The trial court therefore erred when it granted defendant’s motion to suppress. In so doing, it did exactly what our Supreme Court cautioned against in Watkins, by reverting to the traditional propensity analysis used under MRE 404(b). Accordingly, we reverse the holding of the trial court, and remand for entry of an order permitting the admission of JU’s testimony. We do not retain jurisdiction.

Reversed and remanded.

OWENS and K. F. KELLY, JJ., concurred with SAAD, P.J. 
      
       MRE 404(b)(1) states:
      Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the case.
      The prohibition on the use of other-acts evidence to show criminal propensity stems from a belief that the
      use of [other-acts] evidence may be unfairly prejudicial: it is too easy for the factfinder to conclude that if the defendant did it once, he or she likely did it again, without regard to the other evidence presented in the case. [1 Robinson & Longhofer, Michigan Court Rules Practice: Evidence (3d ed), § 404.6, p 449.]
      See also People v Gilbert, 101 Mich App 459, 471; 300 NW2d 604 (1980) (“Generally, evidence of a distinct unrelated criminal activity is not admissible at the trial of a defendant charged with commission of a different criminal offense, because such evidence tends to be used to convict a defendant for being a bad man and not for his actual conduct regarding the offense charged.”); and People v Johnigan, 265 Mich App 463, 465; 696 NW2d 724 (2005) (“Use of other acts as evidence of character is generally excluded to avoid the danger of conviction based on a defendant’s history of misconduct.”).
     
      
       MCL 768.27a is modeled on its federal “counterpart,” FRE 414. People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 471; 818 NW2d 296 (2012). In “a criminal case in which a defendant is accused of child molestation,” FRE 414 permits the admission of “evidence that the defendant committed any other child molestation.” FRE 414. Congress enacted FRE 414 as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. PL 103-322, § 320935; 108 Stat 2135. In her discussion of FRE 414, Representative Susan Molinari explained why Congress considered it important, in criminal cases involving the sexual abuse of children, to allow the admission of a defendant’s other acts of child molestation to show the defendant’s propensity to sexually abuse children:
      The proposed reform is critical to the protection of the public from rapists and child molesters, and is justified by the distinctive characteristics of the cases it will affect. In child molestation cases, for example, a history of similar acts tends to be exceptionally probative because it shows an unusual disposition of the defendant — a sexual or sado-sexual interest in children — that simply does not exist in ordinary people. Moreover, such cases require reliance on child victims whose credibility can readily be attacked in the absence of substantial corroboration. In such cases, there is a compelling public interest in admitting all significant evidence that will illumine the credibility of the charge and any denial by the defense. [140 Cong Rec, part 17 (August 21, 1994), p 23603.]
      Likewise, the Legislature enacted MCL 768.27a “to address a substantive concern about the protection of children and the prosecution of persons who perpetrate certain enumerated crimes against children and are more likely than others to reoffend.” Watkins, 491 Mich at 476. See also House Legislative Analysis, HB 4934, HB 4936, HB 4937, HB 4958, SB 606, SB 607, and SB 615, August 22, 2006, p 10 (stating that MCL 768.27a was enacted as part of a package of bills intended to “increase the safety of children” and “keep[] known offenders away from children”).
     
      
       In full, MRE 403 reads:
      
        Of course, evidence submitted under MCL 768.27a is also subject to constitutional limitations. For instance, the prosecution could not submit evidence under the statute that violated a defendant’s constitutional right to confront the witnesses who testify against him. See People v Fackelman, 489 Mich 515, 524-528; 802 NW2d 552 (2011), and People v Nunley, 491 Mich 686, 697-705; 821 NW2d 642 (2012), for discussions of this right set forth in the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution, and Article 1, § 20 of the 1963 Michigan Constitution. We do not address this issue here because (1) defendant has not raised it, and (2) the evidence the prosecution seeks to introduce is witness testimony, which, by definition, permits defendant to confront the witness providing the testimony.
     
      
      
         See, for example, United States v Flanders, 752 F3d 1317, 1335 (CA 11, 2014) (“Although Federal Rule of Evidence 403 permits the district court to exclude otherwise relevant evidence ‘if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,’ Fed. R.Evid. 403, it is ‘an extraordinary remedy” that should be used sparingly!.]”) (citation omitted); United States v Smalls, 752 F3d 1227, 1238 n 4 (CA 10, 2014) (“Exclusion of otherwise admissible evidence under Rule 403 ‘is an extraordinary remedy and should be used sparingly.’ ”) (citation omitted). Because “MRE 403 is identical with Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence,” it is appropriate to look to federal cases that interpret the federal rule to assist in interpretation of the Michigan rule. MRE 403 Committee Note, 402 Mich xcv (1978). See also People v Barrett, 480 Mich 125, 130; 747 NW2d 797 (2008) (stating that the Michigan Rules of Evidence “were closely patterned after the Federal Rules of Evidence”).
     
      
       “The rationale of Rule 403 ... is that, even though relevant, certain evidence should nonetheless be excluded if the other significant considerations enumerated in the rule substantially outweigh its probative value.” Robinson & Longhofer, § 403.1, p 381. As the Michigan Supreme Court explained:
      “[I]t is only unfair prejudice, substantially outweighing probative value, which permits exclusion of relevant matter under Rule 403 .... [Rule 403’s] major function is limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect. ... It is not designed to permit the court to ‘even out’ the weight of the evidence, to mitigate a crime, or to make a contest where there is little or none.” [Waknin v Chamberlain, 467 Mich 329, 334; 653 NW2d 176 (2002), quoting People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 75-76; 537 NW2d 909 (1995), quoting United States v McRae, 593 F2d 700, 707 (CA 5, 1979).]
      See also FRE 403 Committee Note (1973), 28 USC Appendix (“[C]ertain circumstances call for the exclusion of evidence which is of unquestioned relevance. These circumstances entail risks which range all the way from inducing decision on a purely emotional basis, at one extreme, to nothing more harmful than merely wasting time, at the other extreme.”).
     
      
       VG and JU share the same mother. Defendant’s parental rights were terminated under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b), which permits termination when:
      The child or a sibling of the child has suffered physical injury or physical or sexual abuse under 1 or more of the following circumstances:
      (i) The parent’s act caused the physical injury or physical or sexual abuse and the court finds that there is a reasonable likelihood that the child will suffer from injury or abuse in the foreseeable future if placed in the parent’s home.
     
      
       The trooper interviewed JU on October 27, 2013.
     
      
       JU was nine years old at the time.
     
      
       JU told the trooper that other children were asleep in the room and that defendant’s girlfriend was also in the bed, on the other side of defendant.
     
      
       When the trooper asked for clarification on where defendant had touched JU, she stated that he did not “touch her where she pees, but stopped before the crease of her groin.”
     
      
       The motion hearing took place on March 21, 2014.
     
      
       Although it is not relevant to our determination of this case, we note that JU’s initial nondisclosure of her father’s sexual abuse is not unusual. Child molestation victims are sometimes reluctant to publicly admit that their own parent has sexually assaulted them.
     
      
       Though the trial court did not explicitly specify that it found JU’s testimony to be inadmissible under MRE 403, the prosecution framed its argument for admissibility — -which the trial court rejected — under that rule.
     
      
       The prosecution disputes the trial court’s characterization of VG’s rape, and states that it is unclear whether any other persons were in the home when defendant assaulted her.
     
      
       MCL 28.722(j) defines “listed offense” to mean “a tier I, tier II, or tier III offense.” MCL 28.722(w)(o) defines “tier III offense” to include “[a] violation of [MCL 750.520c] ... of the Michigan penal code .. . committed against an individual less than 13 years of age.” MCL 750.520c(l) provides:
      A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the second degree if the person engages in sexual contact with another person and if any one of the following circumstances exists:
      (a) That other person is under 13 years of age.
      MCL 750.520a(q) defines “sexual contact,” as it is used in MCL 750.520c, to include
      the intentional touching of the victim’s or actor’s intimate parts or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the immediate area of the victim’s or actor’s intimate parts, if that intentional touching can be reasonably construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification, [or] done for a sexual purpose ....
      MCL 750.520a(f) defines “intimate parts” to include “the primary genital area, groin, inner thigh, buttock, or breast of a human being.”
     
      
       The term “evidence,” as used in MCL 768.27a, is quite broad: it encompasses any evidence “that the defendant committed a listed offense against a minor . . ..” For example, no conviction is required— mere evidence of “a listed offense against a minor” is sufficient. See Watkins, 491 Mich at 489 (“MCL 768.27a permits the introduction of other-acts evidence that did not result in a conviction .. . .”). Under the statute, courts have admitted a two-decades-old police report that detailed a victim’s accusations of child molestation against a defendant, id. at 464, and witness testimony on child sexual abuse that allegedly occurred a decade before the charged offense and apparently was never reported to the police, People v Brown, 294 Mich App 377, 381; 811 NW2d 531 (2011).
      This judicial interpretation is more expansive than the description of MCL 768.27a found in the statute’s legislative history, which states:
      [MCL 768.27a] would allow prior convictions for listed sex offenses committed against a minor to be admissible as evidence in a current criminal case involving a charge of a listed offense committed against a minor. [House Legislative Analysis, HB 4934, HB 4936, HB 4937, HB 4958, SB 606, SB 607, and SB 615, August 22, 2006, p 10 (emphasis added).]
     
      
       Evidence that is relevant tends to “make a material fact at issue more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 387; 582 NW2d 785 (1998).
     
      
       See Watkins, 491 Mich at 471.
     
      
       See Watkins, 491 Mich at 471:
      Parsed out, MCL 768.27a can be rephrased as follows: In spite of the statute limiting the admissibility of other-acts evidence to consideration for noncharacter purposes, other-acts evidence in a case charging the defendant with sexual misconduct against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.
     
      
       See notes 4 and 5 of this opinion.
     
      
       See, for example, People v Jones, 301 Mich App 566, 574; 837 NW2d 7 (2013) (describing the specific instances in which “Michigan criminal law clearly places the fact-finding function with the trial court judge”).
     
      
       Again, MCL 750.520a(f) defines “intimate parts” to mean “the primary genital area, groin, inner thigh, buttock, or breast of a human being.”
     
      
       See People v Frost, 148 Mich App 773, 776; 384 NW2d 790 (1985) (holding that “[t]he essential elements of an attempt are: (1) an intent to do an act or bring about certain consequences which in law would amount to a crime, and (2) an act in furtherance of that intent which goes beyond mere preparation”).
     
      
       JU’s testimony is relevant because it contains details of defendant’s alleged molestation of JU, which tends to make the “material fact at issue” in the charged offense — whether defendant sexually abused VG — “more probable” than it would be without JU’s testimony. Crawford, 458 Mich at 387.
     
      
       As noted, in its analysis of JU’s testimony under MRE 403, the trial court reasoned that JU’s allegations were too “dissimilar” to VG’s allegations because (1) JU said defendant inappropriately touched her vaginal area, whereas VG said defendant anally raped her; (2) JU’s molestation took place in the presence of others, while the assault against VG occurred when VG and defendant were alone; and (3) defendant abused JU only once, as opposed to the multiple occasions on which he abused VG. The court closed its ruling from the bench by opining that “the purpose of [MCL 768.27a] honestly is to allow in other allegations that are more similar in nature to show a propensity; see, this is what the defendant does, this is what the defendant does.”
      We note that the trial court’s analysis is not necessarily accurate on its own terms, because there are actually a number of similarities between JU’s allegations and the prosecution’s allegations regarding the charged offense. Specifically, both episodes involved the abuse of young girls over whom defendant exercised paternal authority. See 
        Watkins 491 Mich at 487-488 (discussing the considerations that might lead a court to exclude evidence under MRE 403). The charged and uncharged acts allegedly occurred close in time to one another. Id. And JU’s testimony is important to the prosecution’s case because it tends to demonstrate that VG is telling the truth about her molestation, which defendant questions. Id.
      
     
      
       Specifically, the evidence contained in JU’s testimony is (1) not likely to delay defendant’s trial or take a great amount of time to present; (2) not “needlessly cumulative”; (3) “tends to prove the fact” that defendant molested VG; (4) important to the prosecution’s argument; (5) not likely to confuse or mislead the jury; and (6) cannot be “proved in another manner without as many harmful collateral effects.” Blackston, 481 Mich at 462.
     