
    David R. SILVERMAN, et al., Petitioners, Appellants, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent, Appellee.
    No. 95-2062.
    United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
    Heard May 7, 1996.
    Decided June 20, 1996.
    James P. Redding, with whom Gail E. Pergine and James P. Redding & Associates were on brief, Providence, for petitioners, appellants.
    Kenneth W. Rosenberg, Attorney, Tax Division, Department of Justice, Arlington, VA, with whom Loretta C. Argrett, Assistant Attorney General, and Gary R. Allen, Kenneth L. Greene, and Patricia M. Bowman, Attorneys, Tax Division, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, were on brief, for respondent, appellee.
    Before CYR, Circuit Judge, ALDRICH, Senior Circuit Judge, and GERTNER, United States District Judge.
    
      
       Of the District of Massachusetts, sitting by designation.
    
   CYR, Circuit Judge.

Petitioners David and Meredith Silverman appeal a United States Tax Court ruling rejecting their claim that the statute of limitations barred further tax assessments by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). We affirm the tax court decision.

I

BACKGROUND

The Silvermans jointly reported losses from a limited partnership interest in a motion picture production company for tax years 1975,1976, and 1977. Petitioner David Silverman, individually, reported another such loss on his 1980 tax return. Later, the company and its investors were audited by IRS. Within three years after filing their retums, see 26 U.S.C. § 6501(a), the Silver-mans agreed to extend the limitation periods applicable to these four reporting years, by executing IRS Form 872-A, entitled Special Consent to Extend the Time to Assess Tax. See id. § 6501(c)(4) (authorizing extensions by agreement).

Thereafter, the Silvermans and IRS signed a Form 906 “Closing Agreement,” which bound them to the outcome in a so-called “controlling case” before the tax court, relating to a similar tax shelter. The Form 906 closing agreement authorized IRS to assess a tax deficiency within one year after the decision in the controlling case became final, notwithstanding the expiration of any period of limitation prescribed by the Internal Revenue Code. The closing agreement made no reference to the Form 872-A extensions.

The tax court ruling in the controlling case became final on July 18, 1991. Almost two years later, IRS received from the Silver-mans separate Forms 872-T, Notice of Termination of Special Consent to Extend the Time to Assess Tax, relating to all four tax years. Within ninety days from its receipt of these Forms 872-T, IRS sent notices of income tax deficiencies for the tax years in question, calculated in conformity with the final outcome in the controlling case.

The Silvermans promptly initiated a tax court proceeding, claiming that the Form 906 closing agreement effectively terminated their earlier consent to extend indefinitely the limitation periods as previously indicated in their Form 872-A filings, with the result that IRS was required to make its supplemental tax assessments within one year after the final decision in the controlling ease. IRS responded that the Form 906 closing agreement had no effect upon the earlier Form 872-A extensions.

The tax court rejected the taxpayers’ argument that their Form 872-A extensions were superseded by the Form 906 closing agreement, holding that the tax assessments were not time-barred since IRS had issued its tax deficiency notices within ninety days of its receipt of the Forms 872-T. This appeal followed.

II

DISCUSSION

A tax court decision is reviewed in the same manner as a civil judgment in a case tried to the district court without a jury. See 26 U.S.C. § 7482(a); Alexander v. IRS, 72 F.3d 938, 941 (1st Cir.1995). As the instant matter was submitted to the tax court on a stipulated record, the proper interpretation of the Forms 872-A and the Form 906 closing agreement presents a pure question of law subject to plenary review. Id. at 941; Hempel v. United States, 14 F.3d 572, 575-76 (11th Cir.1994).

The first argument raised by IRS on appeal, but bypassed in the tax court, maintains that the Forms 872-A submitted by the Silvermans extended the limitation periods indefinitely and constituted their agreement to use only Form 872-T to terminate their Form 872-A extensions. Several circuits, in various contexts, have declined to enforce attempted terminations of Form 872-A extensions unless correctly implemented in a manner prescribed within Form 872-A itself. See, e.g., Coggin v. Commissioner, 71 F.3d 855, 861-62 (11th Cir.1996) (sending Form 872-T to wrong IRS division); Stenclik v. Commissioner, 907 F.2d 25, 27 (2d Cir.) (passage of reasonable time), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 984, 111 S.Ct. 516, 112 L.Ed.2d 528 (1990); Kernen v. Commissioner, 902 F.2d 17, 18 (9th Cir.1990) (executing Form 872 containing specific consent-termination date); Wall v. Commissioner, 875 F.2d 812, 813 (10th Cir.1989).

The Silvermans note that no court of appeals has yet decided whether a Form 906 closing agreement constitutes an exception to this exclusivity rule. Nonetheless, a district court has rejected the contention that a Form 906 closing agreement effectively terminates a Form 872-A extension. See De-Santis v. United States, 783 F.Supp. 165, 169 (S.D.N.Y.1992). Nor are we persuaded by the bald assertion that DeSantis was wrongly decided. Furthermore, as it appears entirely appropriate that Form 872-A extensions be literally construed, cf. Badaracco v. Commissioner, 464 U.S. 386, 391-92, 104 S.Ct. 756, 760-61, 78 L.Ed.2d 549 (1984) (statutes of limitations on tax collections are to be strictly construed in favor of IRS), and we are presented with no principled basis for not doing so, there is every reason to conclude that the Form 906 closing agreement did not constitute a valid termination device in the instant case.

Form 872-A was designed to eliminate the repetitive task of renewing extensions of limitation periods, and to minimize the daunting administrative burden of preventing their inadvertent expiration before a reliable tax assessment can be made. Rev.Proc. 79-22, § 2.03, 1979-1 C.B. 563; see also Stenclik, 907 F.2d at 27 (noting that Form 872-T reduces litigation); Kernen, 902 F.2d at 18 (standardized form required to cope with millions of taxpayer communications). A plain need for certainty prompted IRS to devise Form 872-T as the exclusive means, apart from mailing a deficiency notice, for either the IRS or taxpayers to terminate a Form 872-A consent to extend a limitation period. Given the unmistakable language employed in Revenue Procedure 79-22 and in Form 872-A itself, as well as the evident importance of the policy considerations at work in the tax collection context, we adhere to the plain language of Forms 872-A and 872-T, as informed by the applicable Revenue Procedure, see supra note 3, in holding that the Form 906 closing agreement did not terminate these Form 872-A extensions.

Finally, we note that a contrary ruling is not necessary to protect legitimate taxpayer interests in closing out past tax years. First, taxpayers need never agree to extend the prescribed three-year limitation period. See Stange v. United States, 282 U.S. 270, 276, 51 S.Ct. 145, 147, 75 L.Ed, 335 (1931) (consenting to extension is a “voluntary, unilateral waiver of a defense by the taxpayer”). Moreover, taxpayers may execute waivers for prescribed periods by using Form 872, see Coggin, 71 F.3d at 861, and in all events Form 872-T is available as a simple and effective means to terminate indefinite Form 872-A extensions. Finally, if petitioners had intended to limit IRS to the time specified in the Form 906 closing agreement, they need simply have filed Forms 872-T, as they eventually did. Accordingly, we can discern no sound reason to adopt a strained interpretation of Form 872-A to excuse their failure to submit Form 872-T at an earlier time.

Ill

CONCLUSION

As the Form 906 closing agreement did not supersede the Form 872-A extensions, and petitioners’ remaining arguments are without merit, the tax court judgment must be affirmed.

SO ORDERED. 
      
      . In relevant part, the Form 872-A provided that the tax due for the specified years — ■
      
        may be assessed on or before the 90th (ninetieth) day after: (a) the Internal Revenue Service office considering the case receives Form 872-T, Notice of Termination of Special Consent to Extend the Time to Assess Tax, from the taxpayer(s); or (b) the Internal Revenue Service mails Form 872-T to the taxpayer(s); or (c) the Internal Revenue Service mails a notice of deficiency for such periods____
      (Emphasis added.)
     
      
      . Form 872-A plainly states, on its face, that its indefinite extension of a statute of limitations terminates on the ninetieth day following one of three events: (1) the receipt by IRS of Form 872-T from the taxpayer; (2) the mailing of Form 872-T by IRS to the taxpayer; or (3) the mailing by IRS of a deficiency notice to the taxpayer. See supra note 1.
     
      
      . The applicable Revenue Procedure provides:
      .02 With the exception of the mailing of a notice of deficiency, written notification by the Service to the taxpayers) of termination of Service consideration can only be made using Form 872-T.
      .03 Written notification to the Internal Revenue Service from the taxpayer(s) of an election to terminate Form 872-A is to be made using Form 872-T. Taxpayer(s) should sign and mail Form 872-T in accordance with instructions contained on the form.
      .04 Steps taken to terminate Forms 872-A by the Service or the taxpayer(s) other than by using Forms 872-T (e.g., by letter or orally) will not terminate Form 872-A.
      
      Rev.Proc. 79-22, §§ 4.02-4.04, 1979-1 C.B. 563 (emphasis added). Although lacking the force of law attendant to a formal regulation, the applicable Revenue Procedure provides guidance for our interpretation of Form 872-A, especially since it was readily available to petitioners. See Xerox Corp. v. United States, 41 F.3d 647, 657 (Fed.Cir.1994), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 72, 133 L.Ed.2d 32 (1995); Clark v. Modern Group Ltd., 9 F.3d 321, 335 (3d Cir.1993).
     