
    D. T. DOVER, Administrator, v. MAYES MANUFACTURING COMPANY.
    (Filed 13 December, 1911.)
    1. Master and Servant — Driver of Teams — Negligence—Scope of Employment — Respondeat Superior. ^
    Tbe master is not responsible for the negligent acts of the servant employed for the ordinary duty of driving a team of mules hitched to a wagon for the purpose of hauling lumber, in causing an injury to one whom, in the absence of the master and without his knowledge, express or. implied, he had permitted to ride on the wagon loaded with lumber; for such acts are beyond the scope of the servant’s employment, and not done in furtherance of the duties owed by the servant to the master.
    2. Same — Implied Authority.
    One who is employed to drive a team of mules to a wagon for the ordinary purposes of hauling has no implied authority from the master to permit boys to ride on the wagon, as such is not within the scope of the servant’s employment.
    3. Same — Dangerous Instrumentalities.
    The plaintiff’s intestate having been killed from an injury received while riding on a wagon loaded with lumber drawn by a team of mules with a tendency to run away, in charge of the defendant’s driver, with the permission of the driver and without the knowledge of the defendant, plaintiff brings his action on the grounds that the injury was inflicted through the negligence of the driver: Reid, a team of mules and wagon is not a “dangerous instrumentality” within the meaning of Stevswrt v. 
      
      Lumber Co., 146 N. C., 85, making the master liable for the injury inflicted, without regard to whether the servant was acting beyond the scope of his employment.
    Appeal from Biggs, J., at March Term, 1911, of MecjKleN-bueg.
    Civil action for damages for tbe alleg’ed negligent killing of ’William Dover, tbe son and intestate of plaintiff.
    At conclusion of tbe evidence a judgment of nonsuit was ordered upon motion of defendant, and plaintiff excepted and appealed.
    
      Burwell ■& Cansler for plaintiff.
    
    
      A. G. Mangum, Osborne, Lucas & Qoclce for defendant.
    
   BeowN, J.

Tbe plaintiff’s intestate, a boy 10 years old, was killed by tbe running away of a team of mules belonging, to tbe defendant, Mayes Manufacturing Company, and in charge of one of its servants. Tbe evidence offered by tbe plaintiff shows that tbe team was being driven by a negro boy 17 years old and was at tbe time pulling a wagon partially loaded with lumber which was being moved for tbe defendant. After tbe lumber was loaded, tbe plaintiff’s intestate and two other small boys climbed on tbe wagon. There was also on tbe wagon with tbe driver another negro boy 18 or 19 years old. When tbe wagon was approaching a bill on a street in tbe village of Mayeswortb, and just before starting up tbe bill, tbe negro driver made two of tbe white boys on tbe wagon get off, but let tbe Dover boy, plaintiff’s intestate, remain on tbe wagon and permitted him to drive tbe mules, and while tbe boy was driving tbe negro boy stood up behind him and whipped tbe mules so that they trotted up tbe bill, and be continued to whip them until they passed over tbe top of tbe bill and out of sight of tbe witness. Another witness for the plaintiff .testified that when be saw tbe mules they were running down tbe bill on tbe opposite side; that one of tbe negro boys bad the reins and tbe Dover boy was sitting-on tbe wagon in front of him, and that presently tbe negro boys jumped or fell from the wagon.

This witness then gives tbe following description of tbe manner in which tbe Dover boy was killed: “They ran on about 20 feet, and tbe lumber got to jogging and be got on bis feet in some way and leaned over and the lumber carried Mm over, and as be went over tbe bind wheel struck him right across the head.” There was evidence that the mules had run away several times before this accident, the runaways being- attributed by the witnesses to several causes. Once the lumber was “punching” the mules, and in another instance a table which was being placed on the wagon fell on the mules, and one witness said he had seen them run away and did not know the cause.

Augustus Lay, a witness for the plaintiff, testified that he was manager of the defendant’s store and had charge of the teams and farms; that these mules “would run off if a man is not there sufficient to hold them, if lumber jumps up and strikes them, or if a table or box strikes them”; that the boys in the village were in the habit of riding on the wagons, and he would run them off three or -four times a day.

At the conclusion of the plaintiff’s evidence, the court overruled defendant’s motion for judgment of nonsuit, and the defendant introduced a number of witnesses whose testimony was directly opposed to that of the plaintiff. At the conclusion of all the evidence, upon an intimation of the court that he would charge the jury that if they believed the evidence the plaintiff was mot entitled to recover, the plaintiff submitted to a judgment of nonsuit. The correctness of this ruling is the sole question presented for our determination.

At the very threshold of this case' we are confronted with a state of facts which compels us to sustain the judgment of his Honor, Judge Biggs. Construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, the evidence establishes the fact his intestate was invited by the defendant’s servant to ride on the wagon. It is not alleged, nor does it appear in evidence, that the servant had express authority to invite or permit boys to ride on the defendant’s wagons. It was shown that the servant’s duties were those of an ordinary driver of a team of mules, and that at -the time of the accident he was engaged in the performance of such duties. We must hold upon this state of facts that he had no implied authority to permit boys to ride on his wagon, and that in doing so he acted beyond the scope of his employment. As authority for this conclusion we have only to repeat well-settled principles in the law of master and servant.

“In an action for tort, in tbe nature of an action on- the case, the master is not responsible if the wrong done by the servant is done without his authority and not for the purpose of executing his orders or doing his work. So that, if the servant, wholly for -a purpose of his own, disregarding the object for which he is employed, and not intending by his act to execute it, does 'an injury to another, not within the scope of his employment, the master is not liable.” Howe v. Newmarch, 94 Mass., 49; Fleischner v. Durgin, 207 Mass., 435. This doctrine so well expressed by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts has found ready acceptance and frequent application by our Court. Roberts v. R. R., 143 N. C., 178; Sawyer v. R. R., 142 N. C., 1; Vassor v. R. R., 142 N. C., 68; Hayes v. R. R., 141 N. C., 195; Jackson v. Telephone Co., 139 N. C., 347; Plamer v. Street Railway Co., 131 N. C., 250; Cook v. R. R., 128 N. C., 333; Pierce v. R. R., 124 N. C., 83; Willis v. R. R., 120 N. C., 508; Waters v. Lumber Co., 115 N. C., 648.

The recent case of Marlowe v. Bland, 154 N. C., 140, presents an interesting application of this principle. -In that case a farm hand was directed to cut and pile certain cornstalks, and, without being directed to do so, he set fire to the pile, from which sparks were blown by the wind to defendant’s woods, causing a fire and doing two or three hundred dollars of damage. Upon these facts we sustained a judgment of nonsuit, and in the opinion of the Court, written by Mr. Justice Hoke, will be found frequent quotations from the very thorough discussions of this question by Mr. Justice Walker in Jackson v. Telephone Co., supra, and in Daniel v. R. R., 136 N. C., 517. In the latter case the learned justice says: “It is not intended to assert that a principal cannot be held responsible for the willful or malicious acts of the agent, when done within the scope of his authority,. but that he is not liable for such acts unless previously and expressly authorized' or subsequently ratified, when they are done outside of the course of the agent’s employment and beyond the scope of his authority, as when the agent steps aside from the duties assigned to him by the principal to gratify some personal animosity, to give vent to some private feeling of his own (McManus v. Crickett, 1 East, 106) ; and as is forcibly stated by Lord Kenyon in the ease cited, quoting in part from Lord Holt, No master is chargeable with the acts of bis servant but when be acts in the execution of the authority given him.’ Now, when a servant quits sight of the object for which he is employed, and, without having in view his master’s orders, pursues that which his own malice suggests, he no longer acts in pursuance of the authority given him, and his master will not be answerable for his acts.”

In his learned opinion in Stewart v. Lumber Co., 146 N. C., at page 112, Mr. Justice Walker quotes this language from' his opinion in the Daniel case, and well says: “What better authority can we invoke in support of our position than the opinions of the Court of King’s Bench, as delivered by Lord ILolt and Lord Kenyon?”

“The test of liability in all the cases,” says Mr. Justice Hoke in Sawyer v. R. R., 142 N. C., 1, “depends upon the question whether the injury was committed by the authority of the master, expressly conferred or fairly implied from the nature of the employment and the duties incident to it.”

This doctrine of respondeat superior, as it is now established, is a just but a hard rule. The master exercises care in the selection of his servant and retains in his service only such servants as are prudent and trustworthy; the servant in the prosecution of the master’s business must of necessity pass beyond his sight and out of his control; and yet the law makes the master liable for the- conduct of the servant. The application of this principle without working the greatest injustice to every employer ■ of a servant is made possible only by the limitation established by.the courts, that when the servant does an act which is not within the scoxie of his employment the master is not liable. “Beyond the scoxie of his employment the servant is as much a stranger to the master as any third person, and his act in that case cannot be regarded as the act of the master. The rule as it is now established by the later judicial declarations should be strictly held within its defined limits. It is a rule capable of great abuse and much hardship and the courts should guard against its extension or misapplication.” Holler v. Ross, 68 N. J. Law, 324.

Tbe authorities on this question from other courts are collected and fully discussed in the opinion of Mr. Justice Connor in Stewart v. Lumber Co., 146 N. C., 85. The principal opinion in that ease was not in conflict with the views expressed in the dissenting opinion upon the general principle of the liability of the master for the conduct of his servant when acting beyond the scope of his employment. The conflict arose upon the application of this principle to the willful and wanton conduct of an engineer in blowing his whistle for the purpose of frightening plaintiff’s horses. We said in the opinion of the Court: “This immunity from liability for tort referred to is not generally extended to railroads, whose servants are entrusted with such dangerous instrumentalities and -have thereby such unusual and extensive means of doing mischief.” Mr. Justice Walicer and Mr. Justice Connor entered vigorous dissents to this exception to the general rule, and maintained that the rule should be applied to railroads as well as to other employers, exempting them from liability for the wanton and malicious acts of their servants when beyond the scope of their employment.

We have a number of cases from other courts which directly sustain the position that the defendant’s driver was not acting for his master when he permitted plaintiff’s intestate to ride on the wagon. In the leading case of Bowler v. O’Connell, 162 Mass., 319, the servant of the defendant, a boy 13 years old, was leading a colt belonging to the defendant from the stables to defendant’s yard, and invited the plaintiff, a boy between 5 and 6 years of age, to ride, and the plaintiff was kicked by the colt while going forward to accept the invitation. The Court, denying defendant’s liability, says: “The true test of liability on the part of the defendants is this: was the invitation given in the course of doing this work or for the purpose of accomplishing it? Was the act done for the purpose or as a means of doing what Frank (the servant) .was employed to do ? If not, then in respect to that act he was not in the course of the defendant’s business. An act done by a servant while engaged in his master’s work, but not done as a means or for the purpose of' performing that work, is not to be deemed the work of the master. And under this rule, in view of the testimony, the defendants were not responsible for tbe consequences of Frank’s invitation to tbe plaintiff to ride upon tbe colt.” Tbis case was followed in Driscoll v. Scanlon, 165 Mass., 348, in wbicb it is held: “If a driver of a cart invites an infant to drive with bim, either for pleasure or to take bis place in driving while be sleeps, and tbe infant falls from tbe cart and is run over by it, tbe act is outside tbe driver’s authority, and bis master is not liable to tbe infant.”

“Tbe owner of tbe wagon in charge of a skillful driver is not liable for tbe death of a child fatally injured in attempting to alight from tbe wagon after having climbed thereon at tbe invitation of tbe driver who was neither expressly nor by implication authorized to invite children to get upon tbe wagon, and' whose act in doing so was in no sense within tbe scope of his employment or in furtherance of tbe master’s business.” Stone Co. v. Pugh, 115 Tenn., 688.

' In Kiernan v. Ice Co., 63 At., 998 (N. J.), it appeared from tbe testimony that tbe plaintiff, .a boy of 15 years, was invited by tbe defendant’s servant, engaged at tbe time in driving an ice wagon, to take a piece of ice from tbe wagon, and while be was in tbe act of doing so be was assaulted by tbe servant. In denying plaintiff’s right to recover, tbe Court says: “There is nothing to show that Lahey (tbe driver) bad any express or implied authority from tbe defendant to permit any one to take ice gratuitously from tbe wagon. Therefore, when Lahey gave sucli permission, be did it on bis own responsibility and not as a servant of tbe defendant.”

Tbe Supreme Court of Michigan, in Schulwitz v. Lumber Co., 126 Mich., 559, bad occasion to apply tbis principle to a state of facts very similar to that presented in tbis case, and held that, “A master is not liable for tbe negligence of bis servant in permitting a boy, contrary to tbe master’s orders, to ride upon a wagon provided for tbe servant’s use in hauling lumber, such act not being within tbe scope of tbe servant’s employment.” Mahler v. Scott, 129 Mich., 614; Corrigan v. Hunter, 122 S. W. (Ky.), 131; Sweeden v. Improvement Co., 125 S. W. (Ark.), 439.

We cannot bold that a team of mules and wagon is a “dangerous instrumentality,” and tbat tbe defendant should be made liable for tbe death of plaintiff’s intestate without regard to whether the servant was acting beyond the scope of his employment. Pollock on Torts, 480. But if we should so hold, it would not change our decision, because the character of the mules was not the cause of the death of plaintiff’s intestate. The accident was the result of the conduct of the defendant’s servant, for which the defendant is not liable. Dougherty v. Railway Co., 137 Iowa, 357.

The judgment of the Superior Court is

Affirmed.  