
    Harvey Kennedy, App’lt and Resp’t, v. Henry H. Porter, as Trustee, Charles Tracy and Daniel D. Tracy, Ex’rs of John P. Tracy, Dec’d, et al., App’lts and Resp’ts.
    
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed June, 5, 1888.)
    
    1. Co-partnership—When dissolved—Power of member to speculate ON FIRM account after dissolution.
    Where the original capital of a co-partnership is returned to the several members thereof, and there is a final distribution of its assets, the partnernership ceases to exist and its members have no power thereafter to contract new obligations or enter into new speculations by virtue of its original contract.
    2. Same—Duty op survivors to wind up business—Right of representatives TO CLAIM SHARE OF PROFITS OF SPECULATION MADE WITH FIRM ASSETS.
    Whenever a dissolution of a partnership is once effected, it is not competent for the survivors to enter into any new enterprises, or contract any new obligations on behalf of the original firm. In such case the survivors take the partnership assets for the purpose only of discharging its obligations, completing its unfinished business, and winding up the affairs of the concern ; and if they make use of such assets in new enterprises, it is usually at the option of the representatives of the retiring partner to claim a proportionate share of the profits in such enterprises or not.
    3. Same—Dissolution by death of partner cannot be prevented by PREVIOUS AGREEMENT.
    No provisions made beforehand in reference to the death of a partner, and no agreements nor arrangements made subsequent to his death, can prevent the dissolution of the partnership when any one of the partners dies.
    4. Same—Continues to exist for collecting assets and distributing THEM.
    A firm always continues to exist for the purpose of collecting, settling up and distributing its assets and performing its antecedent engagements.
    5. Same—Right of partners to share in private enterprises of co-partners.
    Whenever fiduciary relations exist between parties which render a course of conduct on the part of one a violation to some contractual duty which he owes to his associates, or where a member of a partnership engages in secret and clandestine dealings with others which must result to-the injury or detriment of the general business of the firm, such persons are generally held responsible to his associates for profits made in such enterprises.
    6. Same—When said bight does not exist
    But such individual has with the consent of his associates or co-partners the right to make individual purchases of property and to engage in individual speculations therein and he can properly make such purchases of his co-partners and hold the property so purchased and enjoy its profits free from any claims by his associates.
    7. Contbacts—Rules of constbuction—When a question of law.
    Contracts must be interpreted so as to carry out and eSectuate the intention of the parties making them. The intention must be sought first in the language used by the parties in forming their agreement and the object which that language discloses as the occasion and design of the contract. It is also proper in searching for the intention of the parties to consider the circumstances surrounding the transaction, with a view of arriving at the true meaning and intent of the language employed, if its significance is in any respect doubtful or obscure. • Extrinsic evidence is not available to interpret the meaning of a contract unless technical terms are used or a latent ambiguity is developed upon the trial which requires • such evidence to make the application of the language to the subject matter of the contract intelligible and certain. Subject to these qualifications the interpretation of written agreements presents a question of law alone and belongs to the courts to determine.
    8 Practice—Refusal—requested findings of fact—When an errob OF LAW RE VIEWABLE BY COURT OF APPEALS.
    Where special findings of fact on material questions in the case are re-ques:ed to be made by the defendant which are refused by the trial court and to each of which refusals the defendant duly excepts, Held, that wherever such requests are based upon uncontradicted evidence’ or constitute legitimate and necessary deductions from the facts proved or found, the refusal by the trial court to make such findings is error in law and is reviewable by the court of appeals.
    Appeal from a judgment of the supreme court, general term, first department, reversing a judgment of the special term awarding a proportionate share of certain stock held by the defendant, Porter, to Tracy’s executors.
    
      James C. Carter, Edmund Randolph Robinson & Burton N. Harrison, for appl’ts; Joseph H. Choate, John C. Spooner, Delos McCurdy, and A. Van Sinderin, for resp’ts.
    
      
       Affirming 35 Hun, 669, mem.
      
    
   Ruger, Ch. J.

On the 6th day of June, 1878, the defendant, Porter, purchased of the defendant, The Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company, certain shares of stock in The West Wisconsin Railway Company, and took a transfer of certificates therefor from trustees who held them for such vendors. So far as appears, he paid the full value thereof at the time of the purchase, from his own funds, and negotiated for the purchase in his own name, and for his individual benefit.

This action was brought by the plaintiff against the defendant, Porter, and certain other defendants, in 1880, upon a written agreement of partnership made in 1875, to obtain an accounting in respect to partnership transactions, and raises the question as to how far a member of such firm was restrained from dealings on his individual account by the terms of the partnership agreement.

The property dealt in consisted of shares of the stock of the West Wisconsin Railway Company, and the issue in the case is whether the firm acquired any interest in the stock so purchased by the defendant, Porter. In the course of the trial and argument, all other questions have been eliminated from the case, and the only dispute is now between the defendant, Porter, and his co-defendants, the executors of Tracy, and is presented by the appeal of said executors from the judgment of the general term, reversing a judgment of the special term which awarded a proportionate share of such stock to. Tracy’s executors, and holding that the same belonged to the defendant, Porter.

It is claimed by such executors that the order of reversal, not specifying that it was made upon the facts, must be assumed to have been made upon the law alone, and therefore that the findings made by the trial court are not open to review here, and must be assumed to state the facts upon which this appeal is to be determined. If this were all there is of this branch of the case, the contention would undoubtedly be correct; but it is subject to the further consideration, that special findings of fact on the material questions in the case, were requested to be made by the defendant, Porter, which were generally refused by the trial court, and to each of which refusals the defendant, Porter, duly excepted. Wherever such requests were based upon uncontradicted evidence, or constituted legitimate and necessary deductions from the facts proved or found, the refusal by the trial court to make such findings was error in law, and is reviewable in this court.

There is no conflicting evidence upon any material fact in the case, and the main cause of difference between the special and general terms seems to grow out of the different views entertained by those tribunals respecting the legal effect of the several transactions established by the evidence. A brief history of those transactions will bring us naturally to the special questions in the case which require a more particular examination of the evidence upon which the findings were predicated. Prior to January 6, 1875, the West Wisconsin Railway Company was a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Wisconsin, and owning and controlling a line of railway extending from Hudson to Elroy in said state, and there forming a junction with a line of railway owned and operated by the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company, and extending to Chicago. The capital stock of the road consisted of 50,000 shares of the par value of $100 each, 10,000 shares being classed as preferred stock, and 40,000 as common stock. This stock had all been transferred by the company to one Baldwin in payment of a claim held by him under a contract with said company for building and equipping its road. The company was, at the time of the transactions hereafter referred to, subject to mortgages for about $6,000,000, and was owing, in addition thereto, a floating debt of about $1,800,000. The interest on such mortgages had become due and payable, and the holders, as well as the creditors, of the floating debt, threatened legal proceedings for the collection of their claims, and the company had no funds to meet their demands.

The West Wisconsin railroad had theretofore to some extent been a feeder for the Chicago and Northwestern railroad, and was susceptible of being made more valuable in that, respect, and, therefore, certain directors and stockholders of the latter railroad company conceived the idea of getting control of the Wisconsin company for the purpose, among other things, of making it subserve more largely the interest of the latter road. For the purpose of accomplishing this object, the defendants Porter, Howe, Flower, Scott, Dows, Tracy, and the plaintiff Kennedy, all being directors in the Chicago and Northwestern Company, and one Emma A._ Schley, the sister of said Flower, entered into a partnership agreement which, so far as its material parts are concerned, was substantially as follows:

First. The persons whose names are hereunder written hereby agree to form themselves into a co-partnership, to commence at the date hereof and continue until the same shall be dissolved by the written agreement of persons representing a majority in amount of the sums hereunder subscribed.

Second. The business of this co-partnership shall be the purchase and sale of and general dealing in the common and preferred stocks of the West Wisconsin Railway Company, and no other.

Third. The business and affairs of this co-partnership shall be exclusively managed by Henry H. Porter, “ who is hereby invested with full power and authority to act for and bind this co-partnership in all matters pertaining to the co-partnership business.”

Fifth. The said Porter is required to keep accounts of all his transactions in the business of the co-partnership, and the final account in the closing of the partnership dealings is to be open to the inspection of each partner.

Sixth. In case of the decease of any subscriber hereto, the interest of the decedent shall not cease, but the same shall continue under the direction of his legal representatives.”

The several parties named subscribed and paid in to said Porter in the aggregate the sum of one hundred thousand dollars as the capital of such co-partnership, of which sum Porter subscribed $35,000; Kennedy, the plaintiff, $10,000; Scott, $10,000; Howe, $5,000; Flower, $7,500; Dows, $10,-000; Baylis, $5,000; Mrs. Schley, $7,500; Tracy, $10,000. Immediately after the execution of the agreement, the said Porter, as attorney for the co-partnership paid to said Baldwin the said sum of $100,000, and received a transfer from him of certificates therefor to the amount of ten thousand shares of preferred stock, and thirty-six thousand, eight hundred and fifty shares of common stock in the West Wisconsin Railway Company, the balance of said Wisconsin stock, consisting of three thousand one hundred and fifty shares, being retained by said Baldwin for the benefit of certain members of his family, to whom he had transferred it. This constituted the only purchase of stock made by Porter under said co-partnership agreement.

In April, 1875, Scott, one of said partners, sold and transferred his interest therein to one P. L. Cable, and Cable thereafter, in October, 1876, sold and transferred one-half thereof to the defendant Porter. So, also, the defendant Howe, in October, 1875, sold and transferred his whole interest in said partnership to the defendant Flower, who, also, in October, 1876, transferred said. interest to the defendant Porter. Thus Porter became possessed.in October, 1876, of an interest equal to $45,000 in the capital of said co-partnership. Prior to the 9th day of October, 1875, Porter, in furtherance of the objects of said co-partnership and with the view of enabling the West Wisconsin Railway Company to raise funds for the purpose of meeting its floating and bonded debt, and avoiding a sale of its property and the destruction of the value of its common stock, surrendered to such company the certificate for 10,000 shares of preferred stock held by him for said firm, and the same was accepted by said company and cancelled on its books.

By a resolution of the directors of said company, adopted March, 1876, the president thereof was authorized to reissue, preferred stock to the amount of 10,000 shares, or so much thereof as might be necessary, at a restricted rate of dividend for the purpose of paying the unfunded and floating debt of said company, ana this resolution was the only authority ever conferred by said company, for the re-issue of any of such preferred stock. Thereafter and until the latter part of the year 1877, the preferred stock of said company was issued by its president to some extent for the purpose oí paying, or postponing the period of payment of its floating debt.

On or about the 9th day of October, 1875, the co-partnership, represented by Dows and Howe, effected an executory contract of sale of one-half of its whole co-partnership assets to the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company, for the sum of $100,000, payable at specified periods thereafter to the said Dows. This purchase-money was fully paid by said company before October 5, 1876, to said Dows, and as it was from time to time received by him it was distributed and paid over to the several members of the co-partnership firm and their assignees according to their respective proportions in its capital.

Immediately after the completion of the payment of the purchase price to said Dows, the said Porter in further execution of the contract of sale, caused a certificate for 18,425 shares of the common stock held by said co-part-ship, to be surrendered to said West Wisconsin Railway Company and cancelled upon their books, and in lieu thereof caused a new certificate to be issued for 18,425 shares to Dows and Flower as trustees, and delivered the same to them.

Cotemporaneously with the distribution of the final payment made to said Dows of said purchase money, said Porter also caused the remaining 18,425 shares of common stock belonging to said co-partnership to be divided into lots corresponding to the pro rata interest of each copartner therein, and distributed the same among them and their assigns, each receiving and receipting for his pro rata share thereof. This distribution of money and assets embraced all the visible and known property of the said co-pai’tnership and everything which its members then had reason to suppose would ever accrue to it.

During the year 1877, it became evident that the West Wisconsin Company would be unable to pay its debts as its creditors required, or preserve its property from sale, and it was, therefore considered desirable by its creditors to re-organize the company and establish it on some different basis. It was therefore proposed that its property and franchises should be sold under a foreclosure of the mortgages thereon, and that a committee on behalf of the stock and bondholders should purchase the same and organize a new company which should take a transfer of the property of the former road from such committee. It is unnecessary to state in detail the plan of re-organization further than to say that in pursuance thereof the Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Railroad Company was organized under the laws of Wisconsin, with a capital of $5,000,000, represented by 10,000 shares of preferred stock and 40,000 shares of common stock of the par value of $100 each.

The plan of re-organization contemplated the execution of a new mortgage to re-place the one foreclosed, and the division of its preferred stock among the holders of preferred stock in the West Wisconsin road for even amounts, and of the common stock at the rate of ninety shares in the new company for 100 shares of the stock of the original company. At this time the preferred stock was all held by Porter as president for the purposes contemplated in the resolution authorizing its re-issue, and by certain creditors to whom it had been issued as collateral security for loans or in payment of debts of The West Wisconsin Company. This scheme was carried out and perfected in March, 1878, and the stock of the West Wisconsin Railroad thereafter ceased to have any legal existence as stock of an existing corporation, and the new company took possession of the property formerly belonging to the West Wisconsin Company and issued and delivered its certificates of shares of common stock to each of the corporators according to their respective claims therefor.

In February, 1878, before the consummation of the re-organization, John F. Tracy, died, having by his will appointed the defendants Charles and Daniel D. Tracy executors thereof, and such will having been duly proved in March, 1878. On the 16th of June, 1879, the defendant Porter delivered to said Tracy’s executors, certificates of preferred stock in the Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Railroad Company, the successor to the said West Wisconsin Railway Company, to an amount equivalent to Tracy’s ;pro rata share in the capital stock of said co-partnership.

It will be seen that although the co-partnership agreement was couched in broad and general terms, and authorized and apparently contemplated speculative dealings in the stock of the West Wisconsin Railroad generally, the business of the firm, as shown by its actual transactions, was of the most natural and legitimate character, and contemplated a profit originating only from the ownership of the railroad and such increase in its business and value as might be produced by the exercise of industry, skill and prudence in its legitimate management and operation.

For the purpose of accomplishing this purpose, the most extreme powers were conferred upon Mr. Porter, and no complaint is, or can justly be made that he exhibited any want of skill, sagacity or good faith in the management of the affairs of said co-partnership and in the conduct of its operations to its termination. Within two years he had not only preserved the road from dissolution, but had caused to be returned to each partner the entire amount of his capital and also certificates of shares in the railroad whose stock was the subject of the venture, amounting at its par value to upward of eighteen times the amount of such capital. While such stock was at the time of its distribution and for some time thereafter of but little value, it was proved at the time of the trial in 1882, that the stock into which it was made exchangeable had largely appreciated, and this result was due in a large measure to the energy, skill and sagacity displayed by the defendant Porter in its management.

The surrender by Porter to the West Wisconsin company of the preferred stock was, if made in good faith and for the interest of the co-partnership firm, within the scope of the power conferred upon him and effected a valid transfer of title to that company. As we shall see hereafter this transfer was subsequently approved and ratified by the several members of the partnership firm, and they were not at liberty on the trial to question either the validity of the transfer, or the exercise of the powers granted to Porter. Some complaint was made upon the trial that Porter had not kept an account of the partnership dealings as required by the articles of co-partnership. It does not appear that any members of the firm had ever inquired for such an account, or had ever desired information of firm transactions which he did not obtain, or professed any ignorance of the situation of the partnership dealings until about the time this litigation commenced. It does appear affirmatively that Porter never made but one purchase of stock for the co-partnership, and that he exhausted in such purchase the entire capital of the firm. It also appears that he never individually made’ any sale of co partnership property, or received any funds from sales of such property, or otherwise, on behalf of such firm. The only sale of such property that ever took place having been made by the members themselves acting through a committee selected by themselves, and receiving and distributing through an agent duly appointed by them the purchase price received upon such sale.

The complaint that a book account of the transactions was not kept by Porter seems to be without any reasonable foundation, as there were no accounts which he could keep. The duties of Porter under the partnership articles consisted of the devotion of his time to the management and operation of the West Wisconsin railroad and taking care of its financial affairs, and no complaint is made but that the books of that company exibited a faithful record of its transactions.

We come now to a more particular consideration of the evidence upon which Tracy’s executors base their present claim. On the 6th day óf June, 1878, Flower and Dows, being authorized by the Chicago and Northwestern company so to do, transferred to Porter the certificate for 18,425 shares of the stock of the West Wisconsin Railway Company held by them as trustees, and it was claimed on the trial by the plaintiff, Kennedy, and the defendants, Tracy’s executors, that Porter could not purchase or acquire such stock individually by reason of his obligations to his associates, growing out of the provisions of the co-partnership agreement. They therefore claimed their proportionate share of such stoclc under the partnership agreement. All of the remaining co-partners acquiesce in the claim made by the defendant, Porter, that by the transfer of the shares held by the trustees to him with the assent of the cestui gue trust he acquired an absolute title thereto, free from any claim on the part of the members to participate therein. In view of the question thus raised it is important to consider more particularly the contract under which the Chicago and Northwestern Company acquired an interest in such stock and see whether thereby the co-partners had divested themselves of all interest therein.

This contract was formed by written negotiations, consisting of an offer of sale on behalf of the co-partners, and resolutions of acceptance on behalf of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company. The evidence shows that on the 5th day of October, 1875, Messrs. Dows and Flower addressed and delivered to the board of directors of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company a letter which, so far as its material parts are concerned, was substantially as follows: “At the solicitation of John F. Tracy, H. H. Porter, general manager, and several other directors in the Northwest road, we were induced to take an interest in the West Wisconsin Railway, learning that they were to default on their interest January 1, 1875, in order to control its business in the interest of the Northwestern Railway. We were told that it would not do at that time for the Northwestern to purchase it, for the reason that they had no money, but that it was very important that the Northwestern should not lose its connection with Saint Paul city; that it would do so if this road was allowed to escape us, and we would lose $500,000 of our earnings now received yearly from that source. A party was formed to purchase the West Wisconsin Railway, which succeeded in doing it. Up to this time we have controlled the road in the interest of the Northwestern Railway, and we feel that it would be better now for the Northwestern to make some arrangements to either purchase the whole of our stock, or half of it, or to provide for the purchase of it now, and paying for it at some future time. We desire to submit to you the following propositions: First, that you pay to David Dows, monthly, ten per cent of the amount you earn from the joint business of the West Wisconsin Railway until you have paid $100,000 at seven per cent interest from January 1, 1875; that you pay him now ten per cent of the earnings you have received from the joint business of the West Wisconsin Railway, from January 1, 1875, which shall entitle you to one-half the profits on the stock of the West Wisconsin Railway held by us. We would prefer that the Northwestern Railway provide for laying aside of its joint earnings $200,000 and interest from January 1, 1875. in which event we will give you the profits on the whole of our stock in the West Wisconsin.Company. On this, or a similar basis, we hereby agree for the owners of the West Wisconsin Railway stock, to execute the proper papers for the purpose of carrying out this proposition.”

At a meeting of the directors of the Chicago and Northwestern Company, held October 9, 1875, at which every continuing member of the co-partnership firm, except Mrs. Schley, who was represented by R. P. Flower, was present, and constituting a majority of such board of directors, this proposition was taken up and discussed, and the following resolutions were thereupon unanimously adopted:

“First. Those gentlemen shall give to the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company all the unconsigned business to and from their road, to the points reached by the lines of that company, so far as they can legally control the same, and will use their influence and exertions in that direction.

“Second. In consideration of above, the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company shall pay each month to the order of Mr. Dows, fifteen per cent of all the earnings of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company, from the business going to or coming from the West Wisconsin Railway Company, until the payments amount to $100,000, and interest thereon at the rate of seven per cent per annum, interest to begin from June 1, 1875, and the payment to be made from that time.

Third. When the $100,000 shall be paid in full and interest, Messrs. Dows and Flower, to execute a declaration in trust, in writing, that they will pay over to the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company, one-half of all the profits at any time made by them on the stock of the West Wisconsin Railway Company, held by them for an association which they represent, holding $3,685,000 of said stock.”

These resolutions were received and acted upon by the co-partnership firm as ail acceptance of their offer to sell a one-half interest in their partnership venture. Whatever view might be taken of the propriety of this transaction by the stockholders of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, who were alone entitled to raise objections thereto, it is unnecéssary to enquire, as they not only have never challenged it, but on the contrary have sanctioned and approved it. It certainly does not lie in the mouth of any member of the partnership firm to question the validity of this transaction, or the existence of the facts upon which it was based, for they each and all participated therein, not only as the proposed vendors, but also as representatives of the proposed vendees, and sanctioned and approved all that was said or done in their behalf.

This contract must, in accordance with settled rules of construction, be interpreted so as to carry out and effectuate the intention of the parties making it. We must seek for that intention, first, in the language used in forming their agreement and the object which that language discloses as the occasion and design of the contract. It is also proper in searching for the intention of the parties, to consider the circumstances surrounding the transaction, with a view of arriving at the true meaning and intent of the language employed, if its significance is in any respect doubtful or obscure. Extrinsic evidence is not available to interpret the meaning of a contract unless technical terms are used or a latent ambiguity is developed upon the trial which requires such evidence to make the application of the language to the subject-matter of the contract intelligible and certain. Subject to these qualifications the interpretation of written agreements presents a question of law alone and belongs to the courts to determine.

The learned judge, who made the findings of fact on the trial, seems, in arriving at the terms and meaning of the contract of sale, to have excluded the language used in the offer from consideration, and determined the language and meaning of the instrument by an examination of the resolutions of acceptance alone. In this, we think, he erred. The offer was an essential part of the contract and cannot be divorced from it in determining the question of intent. It is expressly referred to in the resolutions of acceptance, and a court would wilfully shut its eyes to needed light which refused to examine legitimate sources of information for its aid and guidance.

Viewed in the light of the rules stated, there would seem to be no reasonable doubt of the true meaning and intent of this contract. The object of the co-partners in purchasing the stock originally was said to be to control the West Wisconsin Road in the interest of the proposed vendees, and the object of selling was to relieve the corporation from further responsibility, either wholly or partially, in the management of the stock and throw it upon those for whose benefit it was originally undertaken.

It was the evident intention of the vendors to convey such an interest in the stock as would enable the vendees to control the future management of the Wisconsin railroad. Stripped of unnecessary verbiage it was a proposition to sell to the Northwestern Company the entire interest of the co-partnership in the West Wisconsin road for the sum of $200,000, and in case the proposed vendees did not desire to take the whole, then to sell them one "half thereof, for $100,000. The latter proposition was the one accepted, and thereby the Northwestern Company became, upon payment of the purchase-price, the owners, as tenants in common with the co-partners, of one-half of the co-partnership property, whatever that might be. It was clearly the intention of all parties to hold and operate the whole co-partnership interest together in unison for the benefit of the Northwestern Eailroad Company, until other arrangements should be made, and that whatever should be realized from such assets, called profits in the acceptence from whatever’source they might be derived, should ultimately be equally divided between the partners on one side and the Northwestern Eailroad Company on the other. To hold otherwise would involve the absurdity of supposing that a vendee has voluntarily accepted a lesser interest for the same price than was offered to him, and preferred to have the profits to accrue from the use of property rather than the property together with the profits.

It is obvious that the word profits was used by the vendors in the sense in which they were related to the speculation and as representing the assets of the firm after it had been reimbursed, its original outlay, and it is equally clear that the vendees understood the language in the same sense as they required that their trustees should be obligated to pay to them one-half of all the profits at any time made on the stock of the West Wisconsin Eailway Company, held by such trustees for an association which they represent, holding $3,650,000 of said stock.

The parties were then speaking of> a speculation being prosecuted by the vendors, and provided for an obligation that such vendors should pay to the véndees one-half the profits made by them upon their investment. The assets were then in the hands of the agent of the firm and it was clearly contemplated that he should continue in their possession and use them for the purpose originally designed, of making them profitable to its owners and useful to the Chicago and Northwestern Eailroad. The profits thus anticipated were those referred to in the agreement. In the offer the vendors obviously used the terms “their interest in the West Wisconsin Eailway Co.” “their stock” and “the profits” as synonymous terms, and their offer was accepted in a similar sense. Any other construction would involve the absurdity of supposing that as vendors they meant one thing and as vendees intended to put a different meaning upon the same language.

The mode provided for carrying out the contract did not, it is true, in terms require a direct transfer of the shares to the vendee but did what was equivalent thereto in requiring a transfer to be made to trustees of their selection under, an obligation on the part of such trustees to pay over to the vendees one half of all profits thereafter to be derived from the common enterprise. They thus secured the entire beneficial interest in one-half of such property and became in equity as well as in law the owners thereof. Adamson v. Armitage, 19 Vesey, 418; Page v. Leapingwell, 18 id., 463; Fox v. Carr, 15 Hun, 434.

This view of the contract is confirmed by the subsequent action of the vendors in distributing the co-partnership assets among its several owners as hereinbefore stated. They thereby transferred the legal title of the stock to trustees for the vendees and subjected it to its management, control and ownership. Perry on trusts, section 920. But whatever view may be taken of the meaning of the original ■contract it was entirely competent for the contracting parties in performing it, to put their own construction upon its terms, and agree upon any mode of performance which might be mutually satisfactory to them. The vendors in fact did upon the payment of the purchase price divide what was before a common venture into two equal shares, one of which they divided among themselves according to their pro rata interest in the speculation and took and held as their individual property, and the other half they conveyed to trustees for the vendees as the lawful owners ■of such share.

They had thus disabled themselves from continuing the ■speculation jointly with their vendees as they had agreed to do and withdrew their entire share of the partnership assets from the ventures. They certainly could not have expected that the further prosecution of the adventure was to be conducted for their benefit or subject to their control in the absence of their share of the capital. After such division the members of the co-partnership firm ceased to have any interest in or title to any of the common stock formerly owned by the firm.

By the terms of the contract when the whole purchase-price of the stock was paid to the copartners it was provided that Messrs. Dows and Flower should execute a •declaration of trust; such declaration was entirely unnecessary to constitute a valid trust of personal property, neither was it necessary that it should be evidenced by any formal or written agreement declaring the trust. A declation or admission of the trust made by the trustees if upon sufficient consideration would establish a valid trust. Day v. Roth, 18 N. Y., 448.

The requirement that a declaration should be made was for the benefit of the vendees and it was competent for them to waive its performance without hazard to their rights. In view, however, of the accomplishment of the purposes of the corporation effected by the transfer of stock to persons holding it in the interest of the Northwestern road the evident determination of all parties interested to abandon the co-partnership enterprise in October, 1876, the execution of such declaration was deemed unnecessary, but for the obvious reason that it was necessary for some persons to represent the Northwestern Company in the direction of West Wisconsin Railway Company, and as that could not properly be done by another corporation, it was by mutual consent agreed that the certificate for 18,425 shares should be delivered to Messrs. Dows and Mower, as trustees for said vendees, and the remainder of the common fund of 36,850 shares should be distributed among the several copartners according to their respective interests in the co-partnership assets.

A complete disposition of the entire assets of the co-partnership was thus made and a severance of the interests of the various owners was thereby effected and each party thereafter took and held his and its stock in severalty relieved from any obligation to use it for the purposes of the co-partnership firm.

This division of assets was utterly inconsistent with an intention to continue such partnership business, and it must be held that a dissolution of the co-partnership firm was thereby intended to be effected. Story on Partnership, § 280; Parsons on Partnership, 384. In the contract of sale it was assumed by all parties thereto that the preferred stock wTas cancelled and extinguished, and that their interest in the co-partnership was wholly represented by the 36,850 shares of common stock referred to therein.

It is, however, contended by the appellant that inasmuch as the partnership agreement provided that it should be dissolved only by a written agreement of persons representing a majority in amount of the sums hereunder subscribed,” that it necessarily continued as a binding obligation upon its members until the execution of such written agreement.

It is not disputed but that whatever time may be fixed by partnership articles for the existence of a co-partnership, it may nevertheless be sooner dissolved by the happening of any of the events which in law are held to effect that result. Elementary writers quite uniformly agree as to the causes which effect the dissolution of partnerships. Among other things it is said that when the further prosecution of the enterprise becomes illegal or impossible, or when its object has been fully accomplished, it has arrived at the period which was necessarily contemplated for its dissolution; among other causes which effect such dissolution it is said that in the absence of an express agreement to the contrary, a partnership is ipso facto dissolved by the assignment by one partner of his share- under a fi fa; by the transfer of such share by death, bankruptcy or insolvency. Lindley on Partnership, 187. It is stated by Parsons on Partnerships (p. 407), “we suppose the truth to be that if a partner retires, whether by voluntary act, bankruptcy, expulsion or death, or if a new partner comes in by any means whatever, in either of these cases the' old partnership ceases to exist.” And further at page 438, “what was said of the necessary dissolution of a.partnership, when any change was made in it, is true of the change caused by the death of a partner.

Dissolution follows immediately and inevitably. This rule has been distinctly declared only of late years, for it was in 1808, or about that time, that Lord Eldon declared in several cases that the death of anyone in any number of partners dissolved the partnership. And even then that chancellor put in the qualification that the death of a partner operates a dissolution of the partnership unless provision is expressly made to the contrary. We doubt very much whether this qualification be necessary or accurate, for we do not believe that any provisions made beforehand, in reference to the death of a partner, or any agreements or arrangements made subsequently to his death can prevent this dissolution. We have, perhaps, sufficiently indicated our reasons for this view in another place. Here we need only add that as the partner who has died cannot by possibility continue a member of the firm, so any firm of which he is not a member, whether it contains his executors or his children, cannot be the same firm as that of which he was a. member. What is inaccurately called provision against the dissolution of the partnership, is an agreement that if either party dies his property shall remain in the firm and in the business for the benefit of his children, or that his children, or some one of them, or some other person, shall, immediately on his death, take his place in the firm and become partner in his stead. All these agreements and arrangements and all that can be made for a similar purpose, are in fact only bargains for the creation of a new partnership when the old one ceases to exist.

Story says in section 317 of his work on partnerships “there is no doubt that by the principles of the common law the death of any one partner will operate as a dissolution of the partnership, however numerous the association may be, not only as to the deceased partner, but as between all the survivors.” He also says in section 307 that “it seems now well established at the common law that if one partner does make * '* * a voluntary assignment of all right, title and interest in the partnership property and effects, that will at once dissolve the partnership, and convert the assignee or purchaser into a tenant in common with the other partners.”

It was said by Judge Hogeboom in Savage v. Putnam (32 Barb., 420, Aff’d 32 N. Y., 501), “the ordinary effect of the death of one of the members of a partnership is to work its dissolution. The partnership is ended. The connection has been dissolved, and the future relations of the surviving partners to each other, must be determined by some new agreement between them, or by the results which the law pronounces upon their acts and proceedings when no new agreement is, in fact, made. And so of a change in the concern effected by the transfer of stock.” See Marquand v. Mftg. Co., 17 Johns. 525; Menagh v. Whitwell, 52 N. Y., 147; Morss v. Gleason, 64 N. Y., 204; Tarbell v. West 86 N. Y., 280.

Whenever a dissolution of a partnership is once effected, it is not competent for the survivors to enter into any new enterprises, or contract any new obligations on behalf of the original firm. In such case the survivors take the partnership assets for the purpose only of discharging its obligations, completing its unfinished business, and winding up the affairs of the concern, and if they make use of such assets in new enterprises, it usually is at the option of the representatives of the retiring partner, to claim a proportionate share of the profits in such enterprises or not. King v. Leighton, 100 N. Y., 386. A majority of the court are of the opinion, however, that dnasmuch as the questions relating to a dissolution of this co-partnership arising from death, transfers of interest, and the introduction of new members therein, were not especially referred to upon the trial, or argued before us, that our decision should be placed upon the ground of dissolution, effected by the severance of the partnership interests, the distribution of its assets, and the actual abandonment of the enterprise evidenced by the unmistakable action of the respective members of the firm. We are, therefore, of the opinion that by the return of the original capital to its several members, and the final distribution of its assets, the partnership ceased to exist, and its members had no power thereafter to contract new obligations or enter into new speculations by virtue of its original contract.

How far the old or new members of a co-partnership may bind themselves through acquiescence or implied consent to further operations under the original articles, it is unneces- ' sary here to inquire,for no such transactions were undertaken, and all that was subsequently done here was in pursuance of the rights of the survivors to realize upon the assets, and settle up the outstanding obligations of the original firm. It is, however, claimed by the appellants that the distribution by the defendant Porter in 1879 of the preferred stock acquired by him upon the re-organization in the Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Railroad Company among the several co-partners according to their pro rata interest, furnishes conclusive evidence that said co-partnership was then an existing organization for all of its original purposes.

We are of opinion that this claim cannot be maintained. If Porter had, after the dissolution of the firm, made new purchases, and entered into new engagements in the name of the firm, or had used its funds in such new enterprises, there might have been some foundation for such a claim. This, however, was not the case. As one of the committee for the bondholders and stockholders of the West Wisconsin Railway Company, Porter had, in 1878, secured from the Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Railway Company an obligation to have the preferred stock of the former recognized in the purchase by the latter company. The terms upon which this reorganization was to be effected were the subject of negotiation up to the spring of 1878, and it was not until that time that any such property came into existence which could be the subject of ownership by the old firm. The co-partnership had long prior thereto surrendered their preferred stock to the old company upon terms which contemplated its consumption and use for the benefit of such company, and no longer had any legal right to its return. Stock, however, which represented this preferred stock did thereafter come into the hands of the old company, and Porter secured its distribution among the members of the co-partnership firm upon the assumption that they were its equitable owners.

It was at the best an apparently uncollectible asset which, through a fortunate combination of circumstances, had proved collectible, and coming into the hands of one of the original partners_was upon principles of equity distributed by him among his associates. This action was not at all inconsistent with the theory that the firm had been previously dissolved, for a firm always continues to exist for the purpose of collecting, settling up and distributing its assets and performing its antecedent engagements. Griswold v. Waddington, 16 Johns., 438 ; Hubbard v. Matthews, 54 N. Y., 43 ; King v. Leighton, supra.

It was said by the chancellor in the first cited case, a dissolution of partnership only has respect to the future, the parties remain bound for all antecedent engagements. The partnership may be said to continue as to everything that is past and until all pre-existing matters are wound up and settled.” Whether the members of the original firm were actually entitled to any participation in this stock, and if so, to what extent would, we think, be a serious question, if critically examined ; but it seems to be quite unnecessary to go into it, for we understand it is not now involved in the case. There remains but a few words to say with reference to the criticisms made by the appellant upon the contract made between the Chicago and Northwestern Company and Porter for the sale to him in June, 1878, of the stock in question.

There is no doubt but that a bargain was made for its purchase by Porter, and that it was, in fact, caused to be transferred by that company to Porter, with intent to vest the title in him for a consideration agreed upon between them. The court below so found. There is no claim that Porter used the assets of the co-partnership firm in its purchase, and the legality of that transfer is now recognized and affirmed by both its legal as well as its equitable . owners.

We know of no ground upon which Tracy’s executors can question the validity of that transfer or now claim that Porter should account to them for the stock or its value while asserting the invalidity of the contract by which its title was acquired. We have heretofore discussed the case, upon the assumption that if the firm had continued to do business as an active existing organization, neither its individual members or its general agent could lawfully purchase in their own names and hold for their individual benefit property similar to that which was the subject of the partnership dealing. But we do not understand that there is any invariable rule which leads to such a conclusion.

Whenever fiduciary relations exist between parties which render a couse of conduct on the part of one a violation of some contractural duty which he owes to his associates, or where a member of a partnership engages in secret and clandestine dealings with others which must result to the injury or detriment of the general business of the firm, such person has generally been held responsible to his associates for profits made in such enterprises. But it cannot be doubted but that such individual has, with the consent of his associates or co-partners, the right to make individual purchases of property and to engage in individual speculations therein, and most certainly he could properly make such purchases of his co-partners and hold the property so purchased and enjoy its profits free from any claims by his associates.

It furnishes a striking commentary upon the merits of the appellant’s argument that they make no claim to share in the profits made by Porter upon the purchase of stock formerly owned by Scott and Howe and Flower, and which seem to us to be quite as susceptible to such claim as the stock purchased by the Chicago and Northwestern Co. If it were necessary to examine this question we are by no means clear that the purchase in question is justly subject to the criticisms made upon it by the appellants; but in view of the conclusions reached on the other branches of the case we refrain from discussing the subject.

We are therefore of the opinion that the judgment, so far as appealed from by the defendant Tracy, should be affirmed.

All concur, except Danfokth, J. dissenting.  