
    WILLIAMS v. STATE.
    (No. 5923.)
    (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Nov. 3, 1920.)
    1. Criminal. law <&wkey;736(2) — Involuntary nature of confession a jury question.
    Whether a confession is voluntary is, on’ conflicting evidence, for jury for solution.
    2. Criminal law <&wkey;522(l)~Confession induced - by coercion should be excluded.
    Where the evidence shows without conflict that a confession was induced by coercion on the part of the officers in charge of the prisoner, the court should exclude it.
    3. Criminal law <S&wkey;53l(l) — Written confession, after involuntary oral confession, presumed involuntary.
    Where a written confession was made under domination of the same officer who had previously assaulted the prisoner in obtaining an oral confession, the presumption should obtain that the same influences which coerced the admission of guilt in the first place impelled the subsequent reaffirmance of the guilt, although at the time of the written confession there were fio threats or violence used.
    4. Criminal law &wkey;>5!9(2)— Admissibility of voluntary confession following involuntary confession.
    In determining whether subsequent confessions are admissible, where former confessions were improperly obtained, the inquiry is whether, considering the degree of intelligence of the prisoner tad the attendant circumstances, it is affirmatively shown that the effect of the primary improper inducement was so entirely obliterated from his mind that the subsequent confession could not have been in the slightest degree influenced by it, and if there is any doubt the confession must be excluded.
    5. Criminal law <&wkey;>5l9(2) — Written confession, following involuntary oral confession, inadmissible.
    Where a negro defendant, after being severely whipped and otherwise assaulted by the sheriff, made an oral confession, his subsequent written confession, made under domination of the same officer, held- properly excluded, although at the time he signed' the written confession there were no threats or violence used.
    6. Criminal law <&wkey;537 — Evidence obtained by means of. confession admissible.
    In a murder proséeution, the sheriff’s testimony as to finding certain evidence of the crime after following instructions given by defendant was admissible, under provision of the statute relating to confessions.
    
      7. Criminal law <&wkey;517(6)— Confession not ad. mitted, nor excluded, merely because made before grand jury.
    A confession wherein the statutory formalities have been complied with is not to be excluded because made in the presence of the grand jury, although where one is under arrest and makes a confession, not conforming to the statutory provisions, the fact that it is made in the presence of the grand jury does not render it admissible.
    8. Criminal law 4&wkey;519(3) — Rule as to confessions made while in custody.
    The rule that, unless the confession made by defendant while being confined or in the custody of an officer came within the exceptions named in White’s Ann. Code Or. Proc. art. 790 (Old Code, art. 662), which differed from the present statute only in not requiring a written, signed statement, it was inadmissible, applied to statements before the grand jury, but not to the reproduction of testimony given by defendant upon the trial of his case in open court.
    9. Criminal law <&wkey;5!9(3) — Purpose of statute prohibiting verbal confessions made while under arrest.
    The purpose of Acts 1907, c. 118 (Code Cr. Proc. 1911, art. 810), was to prohibit the proof of verbal confessions made while under arrest, which did not come within some of the exceptions named in the statute.
    10. Statutes &wkey;>212 — Judicial expressions presumed adopted in amending statute.
    Judicial expressions interpreting a statute before it is amended are presumed to have been sanctioned and adopted by the Legislature in making the amendment.
    11. Criminal law <&wkey;>517(6) — Oral confession before grand jury held inadmissible.
    Defendant’s confession, made before the gand jury while he was under arrest, coming within no exception named in the statute, and not reduced to wilting, nor signed by defendant, was inadmissible.
    12. Criminal law &wkey;424( I) — Testimony as to possession by coconspirators of fruits of crime admissible.
    Under the rule permitting proof of acts of a coconspirator found in possession of fruits of the crime, it was proper in a murder prosecution to permit a witness to testify that he got a watch on the day after the homicide from one whom the state claimed was acting with the defendant.
    13. Witnesses <&wkey;396(I) — Alleged contradictory statement may be explained.
    Where defendant’s counsel cross-examined a witness as to a contradictory statement, the state properly permitted the witness to explain the contradiction, for the purpose of restoring his credibility.
    Appeal fronf District Court, Travis County; James R. Hamilton, Judge.
    Frank Williams was convicted of murder, and appeals.
    Reversed.
    See, also, 206 S. W. 195.
    Joe W. Taylor, of Waco, and W. W. Hair, of Temple, for appellant.
    Alvin M. Owsley, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
   MORROW, J.

The appellant was convicted of murder, and punishment fixed at confinement in the penitentiary for a period of 35 years. The case of Finks v. State, 209 S. W. 154, was for the same homicide, and some of the matters there discussed are pertinent to this appeal.

The state, in the development of its case, introduced against the áppellant three confessions. The first was in writing, bearing date the 28th day of July, 1917. The second was a verbal confession, testified to by sheriff Plott, and claimed by him to have been made at Waco on the night of July 28. The other was a verbal confession, claimed to have been made by the appellant before the grand jury in Marlin, Falls county, in September following the homicide, which took place on the 26th day of July. Against the admission of the written confession there was urged the objection that it was'not voluntary, and the court, after hearing evidence upon this point, decided that there was an issue of fact, and permitted the confession, with the evidence, to go before the jury, instructing them to reject the confession unless it was shown to have been voluntary. The appellant, by appropriate bills, challenged the correctness of this action of the court, upon the ground that the evidence, without conflict, showed the confession to have been the result of coercion.

From the evidence adduced before the court, it appears that the appellant was a hegro 26 years of age. All of the statements were made while he was under arrest and in custody of the sheriff. Pie testified that he was commanded by the sheriff to make the statements; that he was denied communication with friends, relatives, or attorneys; that on his arrest, the day after tlie homicide, he was brought to the jail in Marlin, and denied any connection with the homicide, and was then whipped by the sheriff, who used a leather strap about 2% feet long, with some strips of leather sewed on the end of it; that he was whipped all over the head, shoulders, and neck, and that there remained scars on his body and head. Those scars were exhibited, and testimony relating to them was given by a doctor and another witness. Appellant testified further that the injuries to his arm prevented its use for a month, and caused him to swell up so that he could not lie on his side for several months; that he was whipped with the side of the strap and the butt end of it, and nearly killed; that, when he came to,, they were kicking him in the side; that his head still gave pain and swelled up. The swelling was' verified by other witnesses. He testified to subsequent whippings in the jail at Marlin, and that on one occasion a stick was used by the sheriff, which cut the blood, and caused an injury from which he had not yet recovered ; that he was told by the sheriff to go before the grand jury, and make the same statement that he had made to him; otherwise, he would be mobbed, and if he did make the same statement he would be discharged after certain white men, against whom suspicion rested, had been dealt with.

In the jail other witnesses, negroes, were severely and cruelly whipped by the sheriff. One of them was put in water, and his head held in water until he was almost drowned. Another, a woman, was stripped of her clothes, laid on the floor, and severely whipped and strapped. Of this the appellant had information. Some of these whippings were manifestly made after the written statement, dated July 28th, taken at Waco, was signed. All of them were before the statement was given before the grand jury in Marlin in September. On this hearing the gentleman who was county attorney at the time said:

“I was in jail that afternoon, and talked to Frank Williams. He was whipped by Mr. Plott in my presence. A strap was used, with a wooden handle on it. He was whipped there a little while; I don’t know, three, four, or five minutes possibly; I don’t know the time. He was not whipped any more that afternoon while I was present. I was present when he was taken from the jail to Waco. After the whipping the negro said: ‘Yes; I did it.’”

The sheriff testified with reference to the occurrence:

“I went and got the county attorney, and went up there, and Frank commenced trying to deny it. As well as I remember, I hit , Frank one or two licks with the strap. He told me then about it. He said, ‘Let me go, and I will tell the whole thing,’ and he made a confession. When he was brought back from Dallas to the Marlin jail, I did not give him any special punishment. I hit him out there in the bottom with a stick, one lick, not very hard.”

He said he whipped the woman severely, because she would not tell anything about it. He also admitted severely punishing another witness. It was shown that the written statement was written in the courthouse, and that while the appellant was. in the courthouse, and the statement was under preparation, no threats were made and no unkindness shown.

When proof that the confession was voluntary is essential to admit it in evidence, and the testimony is conflicting upon that issue, it is the practice to submit it to the jury for solution. Sparks v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. R. 86, 29 S. W. 264, and other cases; Branch’s Ann. Texas P. C. § 75. When, however, as to such a confession, the evidence shows without conflict that it came about from coercion upon the part of the officers in charge of the prisoner, the court should exclude it. In the instant case, the evidence is without conflict to the effect that, before the appellant was whipped by the sheriff, he denied any connection with the offense, and that his admission of it was, while he was under the lash. The written confession introduced in evidence was made but a short time subsequent to the admission which the appellant admittedly was driven to make. It was made under the domination of the same officer who had assaulted him, and while others were present, and at the immediate time that he signed the written confession there were no threats or violence used. We think the presumption should obtain, in the absence of evidence rebutting it, that the same influences which coerced him into the admission of guilt in the first place impelled his subsequent reaffirmance of guilt, or guilty knowledge. There is an absence in the record of any evidence which, to our mind, would justify the conclusion that at the time he made the written confession the improper influences were not prevailing. The sheriff admits that, in his private interviews with the appellant, he made him know that he must not change his statement. The appellant, when the written statement was signed, was looking into the face of the sheriff, into whose custody the law placed him, ■ smarting with the blows that he had but recently received, dreading their recurrence, and conscious of the fact that, if he refused to make the statement, he was to go back under the control of the sheriff, whose zeal for his conviction was such that he scrupled not to break the law in order to force a confession from the accused.

The state’s testimony fails, in our judgment, to raise an issue against this view. This court, in Walker v. State, 7 Tex. App. 263, 32 Am. Rep. 595, quotes with approval the rule .in the following language:

“Although no unbending, universal rule can he laid down by which to determine whether subsequent confessions in a criminal case are admissible, when the former confessions were obtained by improper influences, yet in each case the inquiry must he whether, considering the degree of intelligence of the prisoner, and all the attendant circumstances, it is affirmatively shown that the effect of the primary improper inducement was so entirely obliterated from his mind that the subsequent confession could not have been in the slightest degree influenced by it; and if there be any doubt on this question, it must be resolved in favor of fhe prisoner, and the confession must be excluded.”

Tested by this rule, which we regard as a sound one, we think the admission of the written confession was improper. Green-leaf on Orim. Evidence, § 677; Underhill on Grim. Evidence, §§ 128, 129; Robertson v. State, 81 Tex Cr. R. 378, 195 S. W. 602; Barnes v. State, 36 Tex. 357; Coffee v. State, 25 Fla. 501, 6 South. 493, 23 Am. St. Rep. 533; Murray v. State, 25 Fla. 533, 6 South. 498, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 792; Bob v. State, 32 Ala. 560; Corley v. State, 50 Ark. 305, 7 S. W. 255; McNish v. State, 45 Fla. 83, 34 South. 219, 110 Am. St. Rep. 65; State v. Drake, 113 N. C. 624, 18 S. E. 166; Levison v. State, 54 Ala. 520; Owen v. State, 78 Ala. 425, 56 Am. Rep. 40; Ammons v. State, 80 Miss. 592, 32 South. 9, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 857, 92 Am. St. Rep. 607.

On the night of the day on which the written confession was made, the sheriff, according to his testimony, had a conversation with the appellant in the basement of the jail at Waco. Of this conversation the sheriff says:

“Defendant told me, in the basement of the courthouse at Waco — he told me that night— that when I got back from Waco to Marlin he wanted me to ‘go over there on the Einks farm,’ and go to Ms house and go up a little string of fence up the hill on top of a rise; and he says, ‘You will find where we mashed the wire down — we mashed the wire down for them to cross the fence — and when you get there you will turn to your left, and go over the little hill to the' cross fence;’ and he says, ‘That is where they hitched the horses;’ and he says, ‘after we killed him, we came back there, and that is where we unloaded the gun.’ After X went back to Marlin, I went to his house and followed out his instructions, and went just exactly like he told me, as I said, and found the shell. I also found where the fence had been mashed down. X went out just like he told me, and found where this wire had been mashed down; there was horses’ tracks, and after they crossed this wire, why, they turned in a sort of south direction on down a little ravine, I reckon 200 steps, and that is where it looked like two horses had been hitched, and where they had stamped around, and where I found the empty cartridge hull. At the place where it appeared the horses had stood, I found where their bowels had moved— showed, you know, looked like to be a day or two old, two or three days old. Before that time I did not know, and had no information, as to where that shell was, or as to the place on the ground there, showing where two horses had stood and the droppings from them.”

We think the court was not in error in admitting this statement. Its admissibility rests upon that provision of the statute on confessions which permits the introduction of verbal and unwritten statements of the accused while under arrest and unwarned in instances where—

“in connection with the confession,* he makes statements of facts or circumstances that are found to be true, and which conduce to establish his guilt, such as finding the secreted or stolen property or the instrument with which he states the offense was committed.” Spearman v. State, 34 Tex. Cr. R. 279, 30 S. W. 229; Collins v. State, 20 Tex. App. 419; Branch’s Ann. Texas P. C. § 63.

The body of the deceased, Hal St. Clair, was found in his pasture on the night of July 26; the wounds on his body and surrounding facts indicating that he had been assassinated by some one shooting him, using a shotgun. The appellant was arrested soon after the homicide, and charged with the offense, and in .November of the same year was indicted. Before he was indicted, he made a statement before the grand jury; his statement having been taken down in shorthand and later transcribed by the stenographer, but never signed by the appellant. The statement contained inculpatory declarations, and was used by the state against the appellant as a confession proving his guilt. It affirmatively appears from the bill of exceptions that appellant had been confined in jail from the time of his arrest, and was taken from the jail to the grand jury room by the sheriff and deputy sheriff, and was returned to "the jail after the statement was made. In other words, it affirmatively appears that he was under arrest and in custody at the time the statement was made. Various objections were urged to the statement — among others that it was not a statement in writing signed by the appellant, and that the absence of these prerequisites of the statute, it being admissible under no other provision of the statute, rendered the evidence inadmissible.

To support the ruling of the court, state’s counsel refers to the case of Bailey v. State, 65 Tex Cr. R. 1, 144 S. W. 1000, in which there was used against the accused a statement in writing, signed by Bailey, and made by him in the presence of the grand jury while he was under arrest. In this statement, it was made to appear over the signature of the appellant that before making the statement he had been warned that he did not have to make a statement, and that any statement made could be used against him, and not for him. It was claimed that the warning was informal and insufficient. It was also objected that the appellant was under arrest. • Overruling these objections, the appellate court used the following language:

“The state, before offering.' this instrument in evidence, had proven by the district attorney that defendant came before the grand jury to testify as a witness. This was a right he had to voluntarily go before the grand jury and make a statement. He could not be compelled to do so, and if, after being duly warned, as the statement shows he was, and which is not denied, he voluntarily testifies before that body, such testimony is admissible ’ in evidence. Thomas v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 178, 32 S. W. 771; Jones v. State, 33 Tex. Cr. R. 7, 23 S. W. 793; Paris v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 82, 31 S. W. 855; Wisdom v. State, 42 Tex. Cr. R. 579, 61 S. W. 926; Grimsinger v. State, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 26, 69 S. W. 583. The statutes relating to extrajudicial confessions do not relate to the testimony of a mtness given at a former trial or testimony voluntarily given before a grand jury or examining trial after "being duly warned.”

,The appellant insists that on the question lip for decision the opinion is not adverse to his contention upon this hearing, and that that part of it italicized, declaring that the statute prescribing the formalities for confessions has no force where the confession is made in the presence of the grand jury, is dictum, not necessary to the decision of the case, not supported by the authorities cited, but, on the contrary, in opposition to the decisions of this court, and to the language of the statute relating to confessions.

The cases referred to in the quotation appear not to have been cited as supporting the part of the quotation in italics, but to tlie point that a confession, wherein the statutory formalities have been complied with, is not to be excluded because made in.the presence of the grand jury. This is a principle that has long obtained. In the case of Thomas v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 178, 32 S. W. 771, in admitting the confession the court said:

“Confessions of appellant were introduced in evidence over objection. They wore made while in arrest, but under proper caution.”

To the same effect are Grimsinger v. State, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 1, 69 S. W. 583, Smith v. State, 48 Tex. Cr. R. 510, 90 S. W. 37, Pierce v. State, 54 Tex. C. R. 425, 113 S. W. 148, Mackey v. State, 68 Tex. Cr. R. 539, 151 S. W. 803, Goodwin v. State, 70 Tex. Cr. R. 600, 158 S. W. 274, Rogers v. State, 71 Tex. Cr. R. 149, 159 S. W. 40, and others.

The rule is equally well established that where one is under arrest, and makes a confession under circumstances not conforming to the provisions of the statute governing confessions, the fact that it is made in the presence of the grand jury does not render it admissible. An illustration of this will be found in the case of Simmons v. State, 79 Tex. Cr. R. 341, 184 S. W. 226, in which the statement of the accused made before the grand jury, when under suspicion of the crime, without warning and not reduced to writing, was considered. Prendergast, Presiding Judge, writing the opinion of this court, expressed its views as follows:

“On this trial, they introduced the foreman of the grand jury and permitted him, over her objections, to testify what she had testified before the grand jury. The admission of the grand juror’s testimony was clearly erroneous, and must result in the reversal of the judgment. Wood v. State, 22 Tex. App. 431, 3 S. W. 336; Gilder v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 360, 33 S. W. 867; Calloway v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 262, 116 S. W. 575; Pry v. State, 58 Tex. Cr. R. 169, 124 S. W. 920. It is unnecessary to cite other cases.”

The court’s opinion, written by Davidson, Presiding Judge, in Brown v. State, 55 Tex. Cr. R. 582, 118 S. W. 139, is clearly and definitely to the point that under the statute taking effect the 12th of July, 1907, now embraced in article 810, C. C. P., the confession of one before the grand jury while under arrest cannot be used against him upon his trial, unless it appears, as provided in the statute, that he was duly warned, and the statement be reduced to writing, and signed by him. The court said:

“Evidently, the legislative intent here enunciated is that confessions under the circumstances stated in this act shall exclude all verbal confessions, except as provided in said act. The confession and statements here sought to be used and read to the jury are clearly outside of it and not included in the provisions of the said act of the Legislature.”

The case of Fry v. State, 58 Tex. Cr. R. 170, 124 S. W. 920, was one in which the accused while under arrest made a statement before the grand jury, which was used against him upon the trial. He was not warned, and the statement was not reduced to writing. It was held,inadmissible. The court said:

“Where a statement, admission, or confession of an accused party, when under arrest or in confinement, is sought to be used, under the present statute, the same must be reduced to writing, under the formalities and solemnities set out in the terms of that statute. The statements of appellant were not reduced to writing as required by the recent statute, and, therefore, inadmissible.”

A like ruling was made in an opinion by Henderson, Judge, in Bowen v. State, 47 Tex. Cr. R. 147, 82 S. W. 520. In fact, unless the case of Bailey v. State, supra, may be regarded as a departure, we find no instance in which this court, when the question was presented, has failed to declare that a statement made by one accused of crime, before the grand jury, while under arrest, was'within the statute relating to confessions, and inadmissible against the accused on his trial, in the absence of a compliance with the «tatute mentioned. The subject was reviewed in Oliver’s Case, 81 Tex. Cr. R. 530, 197 S. W. 185, in which it is said:

“The fact that the confession is made in the presence of the grand jury does not render it admissible, nor prevent it. The inquiry is: Was the confession made under the conditions and with the formalities required by statute to make admissible a coniession when the accused is under arrest?”

Further the court said:

“Appellant’s confession was made while he was in custody of an officer, and was voluntary and after warning. It was not in an examining court, it was not reduced to writing, and it was not signed by the appellant, and its introduction against him was prohibited by-article 810, C. C. P.”

Upon tlie subject of confessions, the old statute was like the present statute, save that in the former it was not required, that the statement be reduced to writing and signed by the party. White’s C. C. P. art. 790; Old Code, art. 662. Construing the old statute, the rule is laid down that:

“Unless the confession made by a defendant when in jail, or other place of confinement, or in custody of an officer, comes within one of the exceptions named in article 790, it cannot be used in evidence against the defendant.” White’s C. C. P. § 1023; Lopez v. State, 12 Tex. App. 27.

This rule applied to statements before the grand jury (Thomas v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 178, 32 S. W. 771; Paris v. State, 35 Tex. Cr. R. 82, 31 S. W. 855; Twiggs v. State, 75 S. W. 531), but did not apply to the reproduction of testimony given by the appellant upon the trial of his case in open court (Collins v. State, 39 Tex. Cr. R. 447, 46 S. W. 933; Preston v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. R. 313, 53 S. W. 127, 881; Branch’s Ann. Texas P. C. §§ 80, 81).

Cognizant of the construction the courts have given to article 790, and aware of the long experience of the courts in administering the statute on confessions which permitted the proof of verbal confessions while the accused was under arrest, the Legislature found it expedient, in 1907, .to substantially re-enact the statute, with the additional provision that, in addition to the warning, the statement should be in writing and signed by the party. Acts 1907, p. 219; C. C. P. art. 810. The purpose of the statute, to prohibit the proof of verbal confessions made by the accused while under arrest which did not come within some of the exceptions named in the statute, is manifest, and has 'been emphasized by, frequent expressions of the court in its construction. These decisions have undertaken to give effect to the legislative intent in making amendment to the statute, viewed in the light of the judicial expressions interpreting the statute before it was amended, which expressions under well-recognized rules of construction are presumed to have been sanctioned and adopted by the Legislature. Lewis v. State, 58 Tex. Cr. R. 351, 127 S. W. 808, 21 Ann. Cas. 656, and authorities listed.

The statement of the appellant, made before the grand jury while he was under arrest, comes within no exception named in the statute, was not reduced to writing, nor signed by appellant, and was used upon the trial to prove his guilt. It should have been excluded' upon the objection of the appellant.

It was the theory of the state that in the murder of the deceased the appellant and Prank Pinks were acting together. The witness named Israel, some two weeks after the.murder, was found in possession of a watch belonging to the deceased. In permitting this witness to testify that he got the watch from Pinks on the day after the homicide, we think the court committed no fer-ror. It came within the rule permitting proof of the acts of a coconspirator found in possession of the fruits of the crime. Pierson v. State, 18 Tex. App. 561, and other cases collated in Branch’s Ann. Texas P. C. § 695.

On cross-examination, defendant’s counsel elicited from this witness Israel an admission that soon after the murder he had declared that the watch referred to had been obtained by him from one Tolliver, whereupon he was permitted, at the instance of the state, to explain that he made this false statement because Pinks had threatened to kill him if he disclosed that he got the watch from Pinks. The objection to this explanation, we think, is not tenable, for the reason' that, the appellant having introduced a contradictory statement to discredit the witness, the state was within its rights in permitting the witness to explain the contradiction, and thereby, to the extent that it would do so, restore his credibility.

There are criticisms of the court’s charge, but they relate to the manner of submitting issues growing out of appellant’s statement before the grand jury, improperly in evidence, and we deem it unnecessary to review them. The materiality of the evidence which was admitted, and should have been excluded, cannot be the subject of question in view of the verdict of the jury.

The admission in evidence of the written confession taken at Waco, and of the verbal statement made by the appellant before the grand jury, constitutes error, which, in our judgment, requires a reversal of the judgment. 
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