
    The People ex rel. Charles C. James v. The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
    (Supreme Court, New York Special Term,
    February, 1897.)
    1. Children — Improper exposure.
    To constitute an improper exposure of a child authorizing its commitment in pursuance of section 291 of the Penal Code, such exposure must have been by the parent or person in charge of such child, and in the latter case the charge must have been conferred by the parent.
    2. Same — Lack- of proper guardianship.
    A commitment of a child, under section 291 of the Penal Code, which recites a charge that it was found without proper guardianship and adjudicates it to be shown by satisfactory proof, cannot be held insufficient on demurrer where the evidence is not returned.
    
      3. Same — Parent or guardian must have notice.
    To authorize a commitment under section 291 the parent, guardian or custodian of the child must have notice of 'or appear at the examination.
    4. Same — Arrest.
    To authorize an arrest under section 293 of the Penal Code.a warrant is unnecessary.
    Demubbeb to return on habeas corpus. . -
    Alexander Y. Scott and M. E. Levison, for relator.
    DeLaneey Hicoll, for- respondent.
   Pbyob, J.

Upon'return to a writ of habeas corpus, prosecuted by a father to recover possession of his infant daughter, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to -Children, respondent, shows a commitment by a magistrate as the justification for the detention of the child. In compliance with a writ of certiorari, the magistrate exhibits proof of the “ material allegations ” of the complaint, which he incorporates with his return, and which is as. follows: “ One Josephine E. J ames (now here), a female child actually and apparently Under the age of sixteen years, to-wit, of the age of ten years, was found by defendant improperly', exposed and- without, auv proper guardianship for the following reason, to-wit: The mother of said child being dead and the whereabouts of the father unknown; the said, child, when found, was found living with one Ernest P. Clark, a perfect stranger to said child. Said child having admitted to deponent that she,' the said child, slept in the same bed with the said Ernest P. Clark,.in violation of the Penal Code of the state of Hew York.”

If-no offense appear in the commitment, it is void on its face-, and the1 child is unlawfully restrained of "her liberty. Matter of Catherine Forbes, 19 How. Pr. 457.

An offense attempted to be imputed by the complaint is that the child “ has been improperly exposed * * * by its parents or other persons having it in charge.” Penal Code, § 291, subd. 2. Obviously, an exposure by the parent or person in charge of the child is an essential element of the delictum, and this is not recited in the commitment. People ex rel. Van Riper v. N. Y. Catholic Protectory, 19 Abb. N. C. 142, 148; S. C., 106 N. Y. 604.

Supposing, however, the defect in the commitment immaterial if repaired by the proof, still the return of the magistrate fails to furnish, evidence of the indispensable fact that the child was exposed either by parent or the person in charge. The proof averred is only of the allegations in the complaint, and that imputes responsibility for the exposure neither to parent nor custodian. The mother was dead, and “ the whereabouts of the father unknown.” That the child was in the culpable situation through his instrumentality, or by his neglect or with his privity, is not even suggested by the return.

Clark undoubtedly is answerable for the exposure, but nothing shows that, in the sense of the statute, he had charge of the child. He was “ a perfect stranger to said child.” The charge contemplated by the law must mean a charge conferred by the parent; . else a custody obtained without his knowledge or consent might result in the deprivation of his child. For aught apparent 'in the return, Clark abducted the child; and is a father to lose the right to his daughter because, without his fault, another may expose her to prostitution? Van Brunt, J., in People ex rel. Van Riper v. Catholic Protectory, 19 Abb. N. C. 142, 146.

“ The information in these cases of summary conviction ought to'be precise and show a case clearly within the statute. It is the foundation of the jurisdiction of the justice, and when it " omits an essential- ingredient or circumstance to bring the case under the statute and the defect is not supplied by the evidence, the conviction is bad. It is not consistent with the' proper security of personal liberty to indulge, in cases of summary convictions, in latitude or liberality of intendment to support the proceedings.” People ex rel. Van Riper v. N. Y. Catholic Protectory, 106 N. Y. 604, 609. “ These statutes, being in derogation of the common law, are to be strictly construed; and every step which the statute requires must be observed.” People ex rel. Saltzkata v. Baker, 3 N. Y. Supp. 536, 538.

By subdivision 2, section 291 of the Penal Code, a child under the age of sixteen years, who is found not having any proper guardianship,” may be committed by a magistrate. Here the commitment recites the charge of such want of proper guardianship, and adjudges it to be shown by satisfactory proof. As the evidence is not returned, I am not to say that the proof was insufficient, even were the question open to consideration.

But to authorize the respondent to detain the child it must appear from the commitment that “ the. parent, guardian or custodian of such child was present at the examination before the magistrate, or had such notice thereof as the magistrate deemei and adjudged sufficient.” Penal Code, subd. 5, § 291. It is not pretended that the father was present at the examination or had any notice of it, but the commitment recites 'that “ Ernest P. Clark, the parent, guardian and custodian of such child,” was- so present and had such notice. Clark was not the parent of the child, and it' is apparent both upon the complaint and the commitment that' he was not her guardian. The obvious inténdment is that he 'was her “ custodian,” and as there may have been evidence of the fact, it is not to be controverted upon this point in this proceeding. The commitment of the child, therefore, for being found without any proper guardianship is valid upon-its face, and, of course, unimpeachable by-demurrer.

I am of opinion that to authorize an arrest under section 293 of the Penal Code, a warrant was unnecessary; but if otherwise, still the magistrate had jurisdiction of the person. People ex rel. Gunn v. Webster, 75 Hun, 278.

The prisoner may not be discharged. And yet the relator’s right to his child is not to be forfeited by a mistake in pleading, but in common justice he should be allowed to withdraw his demurrer and challenge the return by a traverse or allegation of matter in avoidance.

Ordered accordingly.  