
    MEEMIC INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Barbara Jane BISCHER, Individually and as Next Friend of Bailey James Bischer, a Minor, Gary Duane Bischer, and Jacqueline G. Braun, Personal Representative of the Estate of Brandon Michael Dickert, Defendants-Appellees.
    No. 335126
    Court of Appeals of Michigan.
    Submitted December 8, 2017, at Detroit. Decided February 13, 2018, 9:05 a.m.
    Collins Einhorn Farrell PC (by Deborah A. Hebert ) for plaintiff.
    Willingham & Coté, PC (by Kimberlee A. Hillock ) for defendants.
    Before: Meter, P.J., and Sawyer and Shapiro, JJ.
   Sawyer, J.

We are faced with the question whether an "insured premises" under a homeowner's policy includes property regularly used with permission, but not owned or resided on, by an insured when the policy's definition of "insured premises" includes "any premises used" by an insured "in connection with" the insured's "residence premises." We conclude that it does not.

The basic facts relevant to this appeal are not in dispute. Brandon Dickert was killed while riding on an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) operated by Bailey Bischer and owned by Bailey's parents, Barbara and Gary Bischer. Dickert's estate filed suit against the Bischers, alleging negligence. The Bischers were insured under a homeowner's policy issued by plaintiff. Plaintiff filed this declaratory judgment action seeking a determination that it was not obligated to indemnify or defend the suit.

At issue is the following exclusion under the policy, as well as the exception to the exclusion:

We do not cover:
* * *
6. bodily injury or property damage arising out of:
A. the ownership, maintenance, occupancy, use, renting, loaning, loading or unloading of any motorized land vehicle or trailer;
B. the entrustment by you of a motorized land vehicle to any person.
This exclusion does not apply to :
A. a motorized land vehicle in dead storage or used exclusively on an insured premises ;
B. any motorized land vehicle which is designed principally for recreational use off public roads, not subject to motor vehicle registration, licensing or permits, and owned by you , but only while the vehicle is on the insured premises . [Italics added.]

It is not disputed that under the policy the ATV is a "motorized land vehicle" that is designed "for recreational use off public roads ...." Thus, the exception under ¶ B would apply if the ATV was being operated on the insured premises. That becomes the essential question in this case.

The accident did not occur on the Bischers' property. Rather, Bailey and Brandon were riding on trails on a neighboring property. According to Gary Bischer's deposition testimony, the Bischers own 18 acres with a large wooded area. Trails wind through the property, as well as through the property of other neighbors. According to the deposition testimony, the residents routinely used the trails on each other's properties. The accident occurred on the property of a neighbor located across the street from the Bischers' residence.

Thus, to resolve this case we must turn to the policy's definition of "insured premises." The definition, in relevant part, is as follows:

"INSURED PREMISES " means:
1. the residence premises ;
2. that part of any other premises, other structures and grounds used by you as a residence and which is specifically named in the Declarations or acquired by you during the policy period for your use as a residence, but only for a period of 90 days from the date you acquire the property; [or]
3. any premises used by you in connection with a premises included in 1. and 2. above [.] [Italics added.]

Furthermore, "residence premises" is defined as "the one or two family dwelling used as a private residence by you , other structures and land located at the address named on the Declarations." (Italics added). Accordingly, coverage exists under the policy for this accident if the accident occurred on premises used "in connection with" the residence premises; otherwise, the exclusion will applies.

The parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition. Plaintiff maintained that there was no coverage because the accident did not occur on the Bischers' property. Defendants argued that because the trails were routinely used by all the neighbors, the accident site was used in connection with the residence premises and, therefore, the site was part of the "insured premises." The trial court agreed with defendants and granted summary disposition in their favor. Plaintiff now appeals. The standard of review for this case was summarized by the Supreme Court in DeFrain v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. :

A trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition is reviewed de novo. In reviewing the motion, we view the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions, and other admissible evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. In addition, the proper interpretation of contracts and the legal effect of contractual provisions are questions of law subject to review de novo. We construe an insurance policy in the same manner as any other species of contract, giving its terms their "ordinary and plain meaning if such would be apparent to a reader of the instrument." [Citation omitted.]

While there are a number of published cases in other jurisdictions interpreting similar policy provisions, there do not appear to be any published cases in Michigan that do so. As for the decisions in other jurisdictions, as the Connecticut Supreme Court observed in Arrowood Indemnity Co. v. King , "courts in other jurisdictions have adopted divergent criteria-including 'repeated use,' 'integral use,' 'property ownership and legal right to use,' 'foreseeable use' and 'actual use'-to determine whether a location is used in connection with the residence premises." (Citations omitted.)

Defendants would have us focus more on the "repeated use" with "implied permission" from the neighbors of the trails. Defendants maintain that plaintiff's focus on whether there was "ownership and legal right to use" reads language into the policy that is not there. But defendants' proposed interpretation ignores the effect of the word "connection" in the language. That is, the mere fact of "repeated use" does not take into account whether there truly is a connection between the residence premises and the location of the accident.

The Minnesota Court of Appeals, in Illinois Farmers Ins. Co. v. Coppa , concluded that there was no use in connection with the residence premises when an ATV accident occurred in a neighbor's hayfield. The Court concluded as follows:

When examining all the provisions of the policy together, and in particular the nine specifications included in the definition of the "insured location," we are compelled to conclude that "insured location" was not meant to describe adjacent, non-owned land on which an ATV might be used. The hayfield is not part of the residence premises and is not "used in connection with" such premises as are approaches or easements of ingress to or egress from the property. It is not reasonable to expect that every field or pathway in the neighborhood leading to the insureds' residence is property "used in connection with" the residence. We hold that the trial court did not err in finding that coverage was precluded under the policy.

Similarly, the court in Mason v. Allstate Ins. Co. , an ATV was being operated in a field located 15 miles from the residence premises, and the Georgia Court of Appeals rejected the argument that the field was used "in connection with" the residence premises:

Moreover, the Masons' argument that they were using the field "in connection with" their home because they were holding their daughter's birthday party at the field so family members and guests could do activities that they were unable to do at the house is unavailing. Applying that logic would extend the policy's definition of "insured premises"
to cover almost any family outing or celebration at almost any location-a friend's pool, a neighborhood school, a public or private lake or park, etc.-regardless of the distance from or any actual connection with the insureds' residence. Further, if the policy were construed as suggested, insurers would be subjected to virtually endless liability, liability for which neither it nor the insureds could have reasonably expected or intended to be covered by the insurance policy. Under such circumstances, how could any insurer possibly draft a policy that would anticipate each and every hobby, interest or future travel decision of each and every insured, weigh the risks thereof, and set premiums accordingly?

In reaching this analysis, the Mason court also analyzed earlier decisions that presented even closer connections and still rejected the argument that the property was used in connection with the residence premises. For example, one of the cases included an insured using an adjacent property for storing items, burning garbage, and other chores.

In Massachusetts Prop. Ins. Underwriting Ass'n v. Wynn , the court found no connection with the residence premises in a case involving an ATV accident on a beach the insured frequently used near the residence premises. The court concluded:

It is not reasonable that the meaning of the language "used in connection with [the residence]," and hence the ambit of the "insured location," should vary depending on the fortuity of an insured's regular use of a field, trail, or recreational area, public or private, in the neighborhood of his residence. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Shofner, 573 So.2d at 48, 49-50 [ (1990) ] (operation of vehicle on public street one block away from residence constitutes "being used away from an insured premises"); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Gutenkauf, 103 Ill.App.3d 889, 892-893, 59 Ill.Dec. 525, 431 N.E.2d 1282 (1981) (declining, as arbitrary and not susceptible to limitation, construction of "insured premises" to include area of lake ten to fifteen feet from shore); Illinois Farmers Ins. Co. v. Coppa, 494 N.W.2d 503, 506 (Minn.Ct.App.1993). Such a construction would require knowledge by an insurer of not only the insured's property but also of neighboring property and the insured's hobbies and interests. Rather, the term "insured location" is intended and appropriately understood to be limited to the residence and premises integral to its use as a residence. The beach is not integral to the use of 83 Lakeshore Drive as a residence. Accordingly, we affirm the entry of summary judgment for the insurer. [Alteration in original.]

Ultimately, we need not determine what does constitute a sufficient connection with the residence premises. We need only resolve the instant dispute. We might reach a different result had the accident occurred in the common area of a residential development where the property owners, by virtue of that ownership, had the right to use the common areas. Or perhaps coverage would apply if the accident had happened on a driveway located on a neighbor's property but for which the insured had a driveway easement. Or coverage might apply when the adjoining property was also owned by the insured. None of these situations is present here. Accordingly, we simply conclude that a neighboring property is not used "in connection with" the residence premises merely because the neighboring property is regularly used by an insured with implied permission from the neighboring property owner. To hold otherwise would open up an insurer's liability for a variety of situations-such as an injury caused by ATV use in a large public park located near an insured's land or on the shoulders of public roads miles from a residence-that would expand the risk assumed by an insurer when drafting and approving the "in connection with" language.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred by denying plaintiff's motion for summary disposition and granting summary disposition to defendants. The ATV accident did not occur on the "insured premises." Therefore, plaintiff had no duty to indemnify or defend the Bischers, and plaintiff was entitled to summary disposition.

Reversed and remanded to the trial court with instructions to enter summary disposition in favor of plaintiff. We do not retain jurisdiction. Plaintiff may tax costs.

Meter, P.J., concurred with Sawyer, J.

Shapiro, J. (concurring).

I concur with the majority but write separately to emphasize, as the majority notes, that "we need not determine what does constitute a sufficient connection with the residence premises"

and that facts distinguishable from those in the instant case might result in different outcomes. Thus, although I agree that the permissive use of the noncontiguous trail at issue here was not "use ... in connection with," I would likely reach a different conclusion had the accident occurred on a common trail that ran through two or several contiguous properties including that of the policyholder. 
      
      Apparently there is one neighbor that does not allow access to his property, but that fact is not relevant here.
     
      
      491 Mich. 359, 366-367, 817 N.W.2d 504 (2012).
     
      
      304 Conn. 179, 191-192, 39 A.3d 712 (2012).
     
      
      494 N.W.2d 503 (Minn. App. 1993).
     
      
      Id . at 506.
     
      
      298 Ga. App. 308, 314, 680 S.E.2d 168 (2009).
     
      
      Id.
     
      
      60 Mass. App. Ct. 824, 806 N.E.2d 447 (2004).
     
      
      See, e.g., Utica Mut. Ins. Co. v. Fontneau , 70 Mass. App. Ct. 553, 558-560, 875 N.E.2d 508 (2007), approving the analysis in Wynn , 60 Mass.App. at 829-830, and distinguishing the facts in Wynn from the facts in Fontneau.
     