
    Ellen Harrington, Resp't, v. The City of Buffalo, App’lt.
    
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed April 15, 1890.)
    
    1. Negligence—Municipal cobpobation—Snow and ice upon sidewalks.
    The duty resting upon municipal corporations to remove accumulations of ice and snow as it falls, from time to time, upon their streets, is a qualified one, and becomes imperative only when dangerous formations or obstacles have been created, and notice of their existence has been received by the corporation.
    3. Same.
    Plaintiff was injured by slipping upon a plank walk where the snow had not been removed for some weeks. There was a ridge of snow, six inches deep in the centre, and sloping to the edge of the walk. The weather had been warm for four days previous, making it soft, wet and sloppy, but it had frozen suddenly the night before, forming ice and leaving foot prints made during the previous sloppy weather plainly visible. Feld, that defendant was not liable; that there was no breach of duty on its part proved, accruing prior to the happening of the accident which was the cause of the alleged injury.
    Appeal from judgment of the supreme court, general term, fifth department, affirming an order of Erie special term, denying defendant’s motion for a new trial.
    
      Frank C. Laughlin, for app’lt; Adelbert Moot, for resp’t.
    
      
       Reversing 18 N. Y. State Rep., 425.
    
   Ruger, Ch. J.

The'plaintiff seeks to recover damages for injuries received by her in consequence of a fall on one of the streets of Buffalo, occasioned by the slipperiness of a sidewalk, which was alleged to have been left in a dangerous condition through the negligence of the defendant The accident occurred about five o’clock, p. M., on the 26th day of February. The evidence as to the condition of the sidewalk previous to the accident is exceedingly vague and unsatisfactory. In fact no witness who then observed it, undertakes to give any definite description of its condition, except in general terms that it was slippery, or in bad condition. Two witnesses, who saw it some time after the accident, attempt to describe its then general appearance, but fail to establish the existencé of any dangerous condition. The plaintiff herself testifies, “there was lots of ice on the sidewalk at the time I fell down; I saw it; I don’t know what made me go onto it; I never thought I would fall down; there was a pile of ice and snow together, and I never thought I would fall down; I knew there was ice and snow there; * * * as long as I know I aru walking through snow and ice; and as long as I come to America, I am walking through snow and ice all the time."

The most favorable statement of the evidence for the plaintiff is that a ridge or strip of ice and snow about six inches in thickness in the center, and four feet wide, sloping to the "edge of the walk, extended longitudinally about thirty feet over k plank sidewalk whereon the plaintiff was walking. At some point on this walk, the particular place, whether in the center or at the sides, is not shown, the plaintiff slipped and fell, and injured herself. The evidence established the fact that for four days previous to the accident the weather had been warm, causing the snow and ice on the walk to thaw and become soft, wet and sloppy. On the night previous to the accident the weather suddenly became colder, and the snow and slush in the streets froze hard, forming ice, and leaving foot-prints made during the previous sloppy wéather plainly visible in the frozen deposit. In some places the owners of property adjoining the walk had cleaned off the snow; but at the place of the accident it had not for some weeks been entirely removed. Much of the snow falling during that time had passed off through the natural effect of the elements upon it; but the portion referred to was what remained of a much larger accumulation. The walk, as thus shown, presented no unusual appearance for cities in our uncertain and inclement climate, and caused no more objectionable obstacle to safe passage than frequently exists in cities and villages during the cold season. Whatever might have been its condition, so far as danger was to be apprehended, it arose solely from its frozen and slippery condition, and that, as we have seen, was caused by the freezing of the night before the accident. The danger arising from the slipperiness of ice or snow lying in the streets is one which is familiar to everybody residing in our climate, and which every one is exposed to who has occasion to traverse the streets of cities and villages in the winter season. Accidents occurring from such causes are chargeable solely to the persons injured, unless it can be shown that. the cause thereof has been occasioned, aggravated or negligently permitted by the act of some third party charged with the duty of obviating or removing it. It was essential to the maintenance of this action that some breach of duty on the part of the defendant should have been proved, accruing prior to the happening of the accident, which was the cause of the alleged injury.

We are of the opinion that the case made did not establish the existence of this essential fact The proof fails to show that there was any unusual or dangerous obstruction to travel arising from snow or ice in the street, or, even if there was, that any such lapse of time had intervened between the period of its creation and the occurrence of the accident as afforded a presumption of knowledge in the municipality of its condition; or opportunity to remove the obstacle after notice was received. The duty resting upon municipal corporations to remove accumulations of ice and snow as it falls from time to time upon their streets, is a qualified one and becomes imperative only when dangerous formations or obstacles have been created and notice of their existence has been received by the corporation. Hunt v. Mayor, etc., 109 N. Y., 134; 15 N. Y. State Rep., 62. Actual notice to the public authorities is not, in all cases, required, and it has been held that negligence may be inferred from the omission by the corporation to cause dangerous obstructions to be removed from the streets after sufficient time has elapsed to afford a presumption of knowledge of their existence and an opportunity to effect their removal If “ there has elapsed such length of time as that the defect has become known and notorious, and there has been full opportunity for the municipality, through its agents charged with that duty, to.learn the existence of the defect,” an omission to remove it, within a reasonable time, has been held to be sufficient to authorize a finding of negligence against the corporation. Requa v. City of Rochester, 45 N. Y., 136. The principles regulating the liability of municipal corporations for injuries occasioned by accidents through the slipperiness of sidewalks have been the subject of frequent discussion recently in this court, and the cases decided fully support the conclusions reached by us in this case, and render further discussion unnecessary. Taylor v. City of Yonkers, 105 N. Y., 209; 7 N. Y. State Rep., 322; Kaveny v. City of Troy, 108 N. Y., 571; 14 N. Y. State Rep., 18; Kinney v. City of Troy, 108 N. Y. 567; 14 N. Y. State Rep., 15.

We think there was no evidence upon which the court was authorized to submit the question of the defendant’s negligence to the jury, and therefore the judgments of the courts below should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.

All concur.  