
    FEBRUARY, 1925.
    Joe Hawkins v. The State.
    No. 8599.
    Delivered February 4, 1925.
    Rehearing denied April 8, 1925.
    1. —Manufacturing Intoxicating liquor — Evidence—General Reputation— Cross-Examination.
    Where the accused on the trial puts in issue his reputation as a law-abiding citizen, it is proper to permit the state in the cross-examination of his character witnesses to ask them, if the people with whom they had talked, upon whose statements their opinion was formed, were aware of the fact that the appellant was engaged in the manufacture of liquor. The rule has a general application that the means of knowledge of a witness tus to general reputation may be tested on cross-examination.
    2. —Same—Evidence—Poverty of Accused — Inquiry Properly Limited.
    It was not error for the trial court to refuse to permit appellant to go into the minute details of his financial conditions. Besides, the bills of exceptions in which there is an attempt to make further inquiry upon the subject, appears as merely calling for a repetition of that which had been previously given.
    3. —Same—Evidence—Cross-Examination—of Accused.
    Where appellant had testified that he had bought 200 pounds of sugar, at $9.00 per hundred pounds for the purpose of making alcohol, and also that his financial condition would not permit of the purchase of alcohol, no error is perceived in permitting the state on cross-examination to ask him if he was willing to experiment on the expenditure of money for sugar.
    OX BEHEAKING.
    4. —Same—Evidence—Weight of.
    Where the defensive theory, testified to by appellant’s wife is uncontradicted, the weight to be given such testimony is for the jury. They may either, believe or disbelieve it. The credibility of witnesses is also exclusively for the jury to pass upon, and no principle of evidence is better supported than that which declares that the motive or animus, which operates upon the mind of a witness is a subject of material inquiry. See Branch’s Ann. Tex. P. C., Sec. 163 and many cases collated.
    Appeal from the District Court of Crosby County. Tried below before the Hon. Clark M. Mullican, Judge.
    Appeal from a conviction for the manufacture of intoxicating liquor; penalty, one year in the penitentiary. ■
    The opinion states the case.
    
      Lloyd A. Wicks, of Ralls, for appellant.
    
      Tom Garrard, State’s Attorney, and Grover C. Morris, Assistant State’s Attorney, for the State.
   MORROW, Presiding Judge.

The unlawful manufacture of intoxicating liquor is the offense; punishment fixed at confinement in the penitentiary for one year.

The proof that appellant had manufactured a quantity of intoxicating liquor is conclusive. He justified it upon the ground that he was making it for medicinal purposes for the use of himself and his wife. This defensive theory was supported alone by the testimony of the appellant and his wife. Their testimony is not conclusive. Their interest in the matter is such as rendered the truth of their testimony a question for the determination of the jury. See Costillo v. State, 266 S. W. Rep. 158; Vernon’s Texas Crim. Stat., Vol. 2, pp. 687 and 688.

A witness testified to the good reputation of the appellant for truth and veracity. On cross-examination he was asked if the people with whom the witness had talked and upon whose statements he based his opinion of the reputation were aware of the fact that the appellant was engaged in the manufacture of liquor. As the matter is presented in the bill, we are not inclined to regard the inquiry as going beyond the scope of proper cross-examination. The appellant testified as a witness upon the stand and put in issue his reputation for truth and veracity which, in order to be material, necessarily related to the time of the trial. He was then under a legal charge of manufacturing intoxicating liquor. The rule has a general application, and the means of knowledge of a witness who gives testimony touching the character or reputation may be tested on cross-examination. See Forrester v. State, 38 Texas Crim. Rep. 245; Patterson v. State, 83 Texas Crim. Rep. 169. Moreover, in the present case, appellant put in issue his reputation as a law-abiding citizen.

The wife of the appellant testified to the need of alcoholic stimulants for medicinal purposes and said that she and her husband were unable to purchase such liquors; that the times were hard and that they did not have sufficient money; that he did not own any property or real estate but was working the land belonging to his wife’s father. We think the refusal of the court to go further into the appellant’s financial conditions was not harmful error. Besides, the bill of exceptions in which there is an attempt to complain of the refusal to make further inquiry upon the subject appears as merely calling for a repetition of that which had been previously given.

Appellant in his testimony declared that he had brought 200 pounds of sugar at $9.00 per hundred pounds for the purpose of making alcohol. He testified that his financial position would not permit the purchase of alcohol. In view of this testimony, the impropriety of counsel for .the State propounding on cross-examination the question “You were willing to experiment on the expenditure of money for sugar?” is not perceived.

Regarding the evidence sufficient to support the conviction, the judgment is affirmed.

Affirmed.

ON MOTION EOR REHEARING.

MORROW, Presiding Judge.

In a motion- for rehearing showing much thought and research, appellant’s counsel insists that although the manufacture of the whiskey was shown, the defensive testimony, being uncontradicted and going to show that the liquor was manufactured for medicinal purposes, is conclusive against the State. He supports his position by reference to the case of Satterwhite v. State, 6 Texas Crim. App. 609, and other cases collated in Vernon’s Texas Crim. Stat., Vol. 2, page 688, note 6. In the Satterwhite case, supra, it is said:

“Prom the fact that a witness is unimpeached and uneontradicted, it does not follow that the jury are necessarily bound to believe his evidence and take it as true. There is no such positive rule; no more than that they must reject his testimony, if_ evidence has been offered to impeach him. The question of credibility, under all the testimony and surrounding indications, judging from mode and manner of testifying, the probability or improbability of the statements, is for the jury; though they are not to reject or disregard a 'witness arbitrarily, and especially so in those eases where his testimony is sustained by the corroborative evidence of circumstances and of other witnesses. And, ‘while they may judge of the credibility of a witness, they must exercise judgment, and not will merely, in doing so.’ ”<

This proposition is sound and well supported by precedents. In Ruling Case Law, Vol. 28, p. 660, sec. 245, it is said:

“Where a disinterested witness, who is in no way discredited by other evidence, testifies from knowledge to a fact which’ is not in itself improbable or in conflict with other evidence, the witness is to be believed, and the fact testified to is to be taken as legally established.”

In the same section it is also said:

“However, while the jury are not warranted in arbitrarily or capriciously rejecting the testimony of a witness, neither are they required to accept and give effect to testimony which they find to be unreliable, although it may be uncontradicted.”

In the same connection it is said further.

“A witness, though unimpeaehed, may have such an interest in the question at issue as to affect his credibility. Thus where the testimony proceeds from a person who would be guilty of a criminal fault unless lie vindicated himself from the presumption arising from the transaction, a question of credibility is presented for the jury, and they may disregard such testimony.”

In our practice, no principle of evidence is better supported than that which declares that the motive or animus which operates upon the mind of a witness is a subject of material inquiry. See Branch’s Ann. Texas P. C., Sec. 163, and many cases collated. The obvious purpose of this practice is to enable the jury to weigh the testimony, estimate its value and to determine the credibility of the witnesses. In the trial of civil cases there are exceptions to the rule (Amer. Law Rep., Vol. 8, p. 814, note), but we confess our lack of knowledge of any well-considered criminal case in which the jury has been held bound to accept as true the testimony of an interested or biased witness. Such a rule would make true the testimony of the slayer in a murder case that the homicide was committed in self-defense, or the possessor of stolen property that it was obtained by á lawful purchase, or the swindler that he believed to be true the false representation by which he acquired the property of the owner. Formerly the law closed the mouth of one accused of crime because of his interest. It would be a perversion of the humane legislation which permits one charged with crime to testify and to judicially declare his testimony, if uneontradieted, to be conclusive. When one accused of crime gives testimony in his own behalf, his interest in. the result of the trial is such as would exculpate the jury from the charge of arbitrarily rejecting the testimony. See Underhill on Crim. Ev., 3rd Ed., Sec. 390, and cases cited in note 11.

The interest of the wife or father of one accused of a felony differs from that of the principal only in degree, and in our judgment, leaves operative the principle of law asserted in the text which has been quoted and which is in consonance with our statute committing to the judgment of the jury the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.

We conceive it to be the duty of the court to overrule the motion for rehearing, which is accordingly done.

Overruled.  