
    MITTAL STEEL USA ISG, INC., Plaintiff, v. Samuel BODMAN, Secretary of Energy, et al., Defendants.
    Civil Action No. 05-1466(ESH).
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    June 2, 2006.
    Philip. P. Kalodner, Gladwyne, PA, for Plaintiff.
    Paul Thomas Michael, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, for Defendants.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

HUVELLE, District Judge.

Before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment filed by defendants Samuel Bodman, the Secretary of Energy, and the Office of Hearings and Appeals (“OHA”) of the Department of Energy (“DOE”) and plaintiff Mittal Steel USA, ISG, Inc. (“ISG”). At issue is whether OHA properly interpreted an Assignment and Assumption Agreement (“Agreement”) between plaintiffs predecessor-in-interest, WeirtOn Steel Corporation (“Weirton Steel”), and the National Steel Corporation (“NSC”). Since the Court finds that OHA correctly interpreted the contract, it grants defendants’ motion.

BACKGROUND

In 1973, Congress enacted the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act (“EPAA”), 15 U.S.C. § 751 et seq. (1982) (expired in 1981), to alleviate the economic effects of an unexpected spike in the market price of crude oil. Pursuant to the enforcement provisions of the EPAA and a court-approved settlement order, DOE was authorized to collect overcharge funds from sellers who violated the price caps on crude oil put in place from 1973 to 1981 by the EPAA. See Energy Management (CCH) ¶ 90,508A; 10 C.F.R. § 205. The settlement agreement, which was finalized in 1986, established a court-approved framework in which DOE adopted a restitutionary policy with respect to non-parties, allowing them to submit claims in refund proceedings against the crude oil overcharge funds held in escrow. See In re Dep’t of Energy Stripper Well Exemption Litig., 653 F.Supp. 108 (D.Kan.1986). Prior to the 1986 settlement, there was no mechanism by which corporations who had purchased petroleum at inflated prices could file claims against the overcharge funds held by DOE.

In this action, plaintiff seeks to exercise the rights it claims that a predecessor-in-interest, NSC, had to a refund against the restitutionary overcharge fund. According to plaintiff, when it purchased Weirton Steel in February 2004, it received the right to seek a refund because Weirton Steel had received such a right from NSC. In particular, NSC had purchased petroleum products for its Weirton facility during the regulated period, it then transferred any right to a refund arising from its Weirton facility to Weirton Steel under an April 1983 Agreement (A.R. at 311-82), and therefore, it is plaintiffs position that it gained the right to seek a refund when it purchased Weirton Steel in 2004.

However, plaintiffs claim that NSC transferred its interest in the refund to Weirton Steel was apparently not the understanding of the parties to the 1983 Agreement. In 1989, NSC filed a claim against the DOE overcharge funds in escrow, asserting the right to a refund for the refined petroleum purchases made for its Weirton facility during the regulated period; this is the very right that plaintiff now asserts. (A.R. at 392.) By contrast, in the twenty or so years since acquiring the Weirton facility and before selling it to plaintiff, Weirton Steel never claimed any interest in the alleged refund and never challenged NSC’s claim that it had retained the interest. In March 1991, OHA denied NSC’s claim for a refund for its Weirton facility petroleum purchases on the grounds that by virtue of a waiver and release by an NSC affiliate, Permian Corporation, NSC had forfeited this right. (A.R. at 271-74, 392.)

On May 2, 2005, plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration of OHA’s 1991 decision, arguing that NSC had transferred any interest in a potential refund to Weirton Steel, and that neither Weirton Steel nor any of its affiliates had ever waived any right to the refund. (A.R. at 392.) On June 1, 2005, OHA rejected plaintiffs motion for reconsideration, thereby denying plaintiffs claim for a refund. OHA’s decision relied on two grounds for denying plaintiffs motion. (A.R. at 393-94.) The first’ was based on the untimeliness of plaintiffs motion and has not been pursued by defendant in its motion for summary judgment. (Defs.’ Mem. at 3.) The second rejected the claim on the merits, finding that the Agreement between Weirton and NSC did not transfer the right to any refund to plaintiffs predecessor-in-interest.

The gravamen of plaintiffs case is that the 1983 Agreement between Weirton Steel and NSC transferred any interest in a refund for Weirton facility purchases to Weirton Steel, even though neither party to the Agreement was aware of this transfer. Plaintiff, in fact, admits that it was not aware that it had acquired this interest until recently, when it was presumably brought to its attention by counsel. (PL Stmt, at 17-19.)

In response, defendants counter that the terms of the Agreement clearly provided that NSC retained all refund rights arising from the Weirton facility purchases, and therefore, no interest could have been transferred to plaintiff.

ANALYSIS

1. Standard of Review

The parties disagree as to the applicable standard of review. Defendants contend that the court must apply the deferential standard of review established by the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals (“TECA”). (Defs.’ Mem. at 12.) This standard was later adopted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and it instructs the court to only set aside an EPAA agency action if it is “in excess of the agency’s authority, or is based upon findings which are not supported by substantial evidence.” Phoenix Petroleum Co., 95 F.3d at 1567. Plaintiff rejects this standard, advocating a de novo review on the grounds that OHA’s decision did not involve interpretation of its own rules and regulations. (Pl.’s Mem. at 21.) Citing Consolidated Edison Co. v. Richardson, 232 F.3d 1380 (Fed.Cir.2000), plaintiff urges that since the OHA decision involves an interpretation of the Agreement between NSC and Weirton Steel, which is a contract rather than an agency regulation, it should not be accorded deference.

The Court, however, need not resolve this issue, since under either standard of review it would affirm the agency’s decision.

II. Interpretation of the Agreement

The governing principles regarding the interpretation of a contract are well-established. “The District of Columbia recognizes both the parol evidence rule and its relative, the ‘plain meaning’ canon of contract interpretation.” Lee v. Flinthate, 593 F.2d 1275, 1280 (D.C.Cir.1979). The plain meaning of a contract is determined by “the language used by the parties to express their agreement.” WMA-TA v. Mergentime Corp., 626 F.2d 959, 961 (D.C.Cir.1980). If that language is unambiguous, “the court may interpret it as a matter of law.” America First Inv. Corp. v. Goland, 925 F.2d 1518, 1520 (D.C.Cir.1991). A contract is ambiguous when it is “reasonably susceptible of different constructions or interpretations.” 1901 Wyoming Ave. Coop. Assoc. v. Lee, 345 A.2d 456, 461 n. 7 (D.C.1975). Only if the contract is ambiguous may extrinsic evidence be introduced to clarify the intentions of the parties. Consol. Gas Transmission Corp. v. FERC, 771 F.2d 1536, 1546 (D.C.Cir.1985).

Both parties agree that two provisions of the Agreement are relevant to the issue of the transfer of any right to a refund — Sections 3.1 and 7.2. (Pl.’s Mem. at 14; Defs.’ Mem. at 14-15.) Section 3.1 addresses the transfer of refunds or rebates and Section 7.2 assigns responsibility for proceedings based on facts prior to the purchase. (A.R. at 319, 328.) Section 3.1 states in relevant part:

the Seller will retain for its own account any payments received from Columbia gas, Conrail or any other Person representing overcharges or refunds prior to the Purchase Date ... The Buyer will retain for its own account any payments received from Columbia Gas, Conrail or any other Person representing overcharges or refunds subsequent to the Purchase Date.

(A.R. at 320.) Section 7.2 provides that “except as provided otherwise in this Article, the Seller will take full responsibility for ... and retain any recovery from, all Proceedings which are not Pending Proceedings, to the extent such Proceedings involve claims based on facts occurring or existing prior to the Purchase Date.” (A.R. at 328.) “Proceedings” are defined as “any claim of the Division against any Person ... or any controversy or request for relief which may be sought in any ... administrative agency.” (A.R. at 374.) “Pending Proceedings” are defined as those listed in an Appendix to the Agreement. (A.R. at 382-92.) Claims for refunds from petroleum purchases for the Weirton facility are conspicuously absent from that list.

Plaintiff argues that Section 3.1 should not control, because the list of entities it includes refers explicitly to certain vendors. (Pl.’s Mem. at 25.) Plaintiff therefore concludes that the Seller only retains the right to recover from vendors and not from government agencies. This claim flies in the face of Section 3.1, which is not limited to vendors, but also includes “Persons,” who are defined to include “an individual, a corporation ... or a government or any agency or political subdivision thereof.” (A.R. at 373 (emphasis added).) Thus, the “plain meaning” of the Agreement clearly provides that DOE should be included as a “Person” from whom any overcharge refund would be retained by the Seller.

But even if the Court could find this provision to be ambiguous, which it is not, it would look to the intent of the parties as evidenced by their subsequent conduct, which makes clear that the right to the refund was not intended to be transferred. As the undisputed evidence demonstrates, Weirton Steel never attempted to claim the refund for itself, nor did it challenge NSC’s attempt to do so in June 1989. Thus, any conceivable ambiguity would be resolved by reference to the subsequent conduct of the parties, who clearly did not think that the right to the refund had been transferred. See Waverly Taylor, Inc. v. Polinger, 583 A.2d 179, 182 (D.C.1990) (“[WJhere a contract is ambiguous, the trial court may, explicitly or implicitly, consider extrinsic evidence such as ‘ ... the course of conduct of the parties under the contract.’ ”) (citation omitted).

Plaintiff also argues that since the procedure for claiming a petroleum overcharge refund set forth In re Dep’t of Energy Stripper Well Exemption Litiga tion, 653 F.Supp. at 108, was not put in place until after the 1983 Agreement, the right to the refund is a “fact” arising after the purchase. (Pl.’s Stmt, at 35.) Plaintiff therefore urges the Court to conclude that the allocation of such a refund was not within the contemplation of the Agreement, and that the existence and acknowledgment of such a legal right should be viewed as a necessary condition for its allocation.

Plaintiff, however, fails to provide any support for this strained interpretation. The Agreement between NSC and Weir-ton Steel allocated the rights and liabilities arising from the facility’s operation by using the date of the Agreement as the operative date. Section 7.2 of the Agreement provides that the “Seller will take full responsibility for, conduct at its own expense, discharge any liability relating to, and retain any recovery from, all Proceedings ... to the extent such Proceedings involve claims based on facts occurring or existing prior to the Purchase Date.” (A.R. at 14 (emphasis added).) Plaintiff attempts to conflate the terms “claims” and “facts” giving rise to claims in violation of the Agreement’s plain meaning. Contrary to plaintiffs argument, the Agreement recognizes a difference between claims and facts, and if facts existed prior to the time of the sale, then the seller retains any rights arising from those facts. NSC made the petroleum purchases for the Weirton facility during the period of price controls, these purchases were made prior to the Agreement, and thus, according to the Agreement, NSC retained any potential interest stemming from these purchases. This was obviously the understanding of the parties as well.

Since the 1983 Agreement did not transfer any right to a restitutionary award to Weirton Steel, it follows that plaintiff did not obtain this right when it bought Weir-ton Steel in 2004. OHA’s decision was therefore correct in holding that plaintiff has failed to rebut OHA’s presumption in favor of compensating the owner who allegedly suffered the harm from the overcharges during the period of price controls. (See A.R. at 393.)

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court affirms OHA’s interpretation of the Agreement between Weirton Steel and NSC. The Court therefore GRANTS defendants’ motion for summary judgment [# 13], DENIES plaintiffs motion for summary judgment [# 14], and DISMISSES the above-captioned complaint. 
      
      . The EPAA incorporated by reference Sections 207, 208, 209 and 212 of the administrative and enforcement provisions of the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970. 15 U.S.C. § 754(a)(1) (1982); see also Economic Stabilization Act of 1970, 12 U.S.C. § 1904 (1976).
     
      
      . TECA was designated the appellate court with exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate claims arising from the EPAA. See 15 U.S.C. § 754(a)(1) (1982) (incorporating provisions from the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970, 12 U.S.C. § 1904 (1976)).
     
      
      . TECA was abolished in 1993. Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992, Pub.L. No. 102-572, 106 Stat. 4506 (1992). Both its jurisdiction and precedent were adopted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Tex. Am. Oil Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 44 F.3d 1557, 1561 (Fed.Cir.1995); Phoenix Petroleum Co. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 95 F.3d 1555, 1565 (Fed.Cir.1996).
     