
    Ashanta MARSHALL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Africa MARSHALL, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 12-1783-cv.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Dec. 4, 2012.
    
      Ashanta Marshall, pro se, New York, N.Y.
    Andrew B. Kratenstein, Ashley N. King, McDermott Will & Emery LLP, New York, N.Y, for Defendant-Appellant.
    PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, DENNY CHIN and RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., Circuit Judges.
   SUMMARY ORDER

Defendant-appellant Africa Marshall (“Africa”) appeals from the district court’s judgment entered April 2, 2012, awarding plaintiff-appellee Ashanta Marshall (“Ash-anta”) $25,000 in damages and granting injunctive relief. Judgment was entered based on the district court’s opinion and order filed March 30, 2012, following a bench trial.

Africa challenges the district court’s conclusions that: (1) he was not a joint author of the copyrighted videos, (2) he infringed copyrighted works in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., (3) he violated Ashanta’s right to publicity under Section 51 of the New York Civil Rights Law, and (4) he was required to pay Ash-anta $25,000 in statutory damages. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

We review the district court’s conclusions of law de novo, Reynolds v. Giuliani, 506 F.3d 188, 189 (2d Cir.2007), and its factual findings for clear error, including its findings on intent and findings supporting the appropriate level of statutory damages. See Bryant v. Media Right Prods., Inc., 603 F.3d 135, 143 (2d Cir.2010). We review the amount of damages awarded by the district court for abuse of discretion. See id. (citations omitted). Review for clear error provides for a limited examination of the factual findings to determine whether “the district court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Doe v. Menefee, 391 F.3d 147, 163-64 (2d Cir.2004) (citation omitted).

We affirm, substantially for the reasons set forth by the district court in its thorough and carefully considered 53-page opinion and order.

1.Joint Authorship

The authors of a joint work have undivided interests in the entire work, which entitle them to use or license the work as they wish, subject to an accounting of profits. See Thomson v. Larson, 147 F.3d 195, 199 (2d Cir.1998). In the absence of a written agreement establishing joint authorship, the party claiming joint authorship bears the burden of showing that each of the putative joint authors “(1) made independently copyrightable contributions to the work; and (2) fully intended to be co-authors.” Id. at 200. The district court found that Africa satisfied the first element but failed to prove the intent element.

Even assuming that Africa made independently copyrightable contributions to the videos, we conclude the district court did not clearly err in finding that Africa failed to demonstrate the brothers’ intent to be joint authors: Ashanta maintained decision-making authority over Africa’s work and over the business by, for example, checking Africa’s editing of the videos, replacing Africa with another camera operator and re-recording one of the videos because he was unhappy with the quality of Africa’s work, causing the models to sign releases to himself as an individual as well as to Hair To Go (but not to Africa), deciding to proceed with the production of the videos even without the feasibility report created by Africa, and determining how much to pay Africa and what tasks he should perform. The district court reasonably rejected Africa’s contention that the brothers intended to operate as partners, and credited the testimony of Ashanta and another witness to the effect that Africa was merely an assistant or employee.

2. Copyright Infringement

To establish copyright infringement, Ashanta was required to prove “(1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original.” Arista Records LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 117 (2d Cir.2010) (citations omitted). Africa does not dispute that Ashanta proved the second element, and we conclude, for the reasons set forth above, that the district court correctly held that Africa failed to overcome Ashanta’s showing of ownership of the copyrights.

3. New York Civil Rights Law

To establish a violation of Section 51 of the New York Civil Rights Law, Ashanta was required to prove (1) the use of his name, portrait, or picture, (2) for purposes of advertising or trade, (3) without consent, (4) within the state of New York. Titan Sports, Inc. v. Comics World Corp., 870 F.2d 85, 87 (2d Cir.1989). The district court found that all four elements were satisfied, and Afinca does not dispute those findings on appeal. Instead, Africa argues that the statute contains an exception that permits him to use, as a joint author, Ashanta’s name or image in connection with the videos. Because the district court did not err on the issue of joint authorship, it likewise did not err in rejecting this argument.

4. Damages

On the issue of damages, Africa challenges the district court’s conclusion that the damage amount of $25,000 was justified because Africa’s infringement was willful. Willfulness can be found where the defendant “had knowledge that [his] conduct represented infringement or ... recklessly disregarded the possibility.” Bryant, 608 F.3d at 143 (citation omitted). The district court found that the infringement was willful because Africa was aware of Ashanta’s registered copyrights before promoting the videos and continued to promote them even after Ashanta sent him multiple take-down notices. The district court found that even assuming Africa subjectively believed he had a right to use the copyrighted works, he recklessly disregarded the possibility that his belief was incorrect. We discern no error in the district court’s finding of willfulness and no abuse of discretion in the district court’s award of damages.

We have considered all of Africa’s remaining arguments and conclude they are without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 
      
      . Ashanta, proceeding pro se, has not filed a notice of appearance or a brief in this appeal. Pursuant to Rule 31(c) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, we nevertheless consider the merits of the appeal. See Fed. R.App. P. 31(c).
     
      
      . The parties consented to trial before a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
     