
    776 S.E.2d 271
    STATE of West Virginia ex rel. HCR MANORCARE, LLC; HCR Manorcare, Inc.; MC Operations Investments, Inc.; HCRMC Operations, LLC; HCR Manorcare Operations II, LLC; HCR Manorcare Heartland, LLC; Manorcare, Inc; HCR Healthcare, LLC; HCR Manor Care Services, Inc.; Health Care and Retirement Corporation of America, LLC; Heartland Employment Services, LLC; Joseph Donchatz; John Does 1 Through 10; and Unidentified Entities 1 Through 10 (as to Heartland of Charleston), Petitioners v. The Honorable James C. STUCKY, Judge of the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, West Virginia; and Tom Hanna, individually, and on behalf of the Estate and wrongful death beneficiaries of Sharon Hanna, Respondents.
    No. 15-0094.
    Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
    Submitted April 22, 2015.
    Decided June 9, 2015.
    
      Robert M. Anspach, Esq., David E. Rich, Esq., William E. Murray, Esq., J. Jarrod Jordan, Esq., John A. Hess, Esq., R. Tyler Brewer, Esq.,. Anspach Meeks Ellenberger, LLP, Huntington, WV, Counsel for the Petitioners.
    James B. McHugh, Esq., Michael J. Fuller, Jr., Esq., Kendra R. 'Fokakis, Esq., A. Lance Reins, Esq., Amy J. Quezon, Esq., McHugh Fuller Law Group, PLLC, Hattiesburg, MS, Counsel for Respondent Hanna.
   Justice KETCHUM:

This is an original proceeding in prohibition filed by petitioners HCR ManorCare, LLC, et al, a group of corporate entities and individuals engaged in the operation of nursing homes and assisted living facilities throughout the United States. HCR Manor-Care, LLC, et al. (collectively “ManorCare”) are defendants in an action filed in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County by respondent Tom Hanna (“Hanna”),’individually, and on behalf of the Estate and wrongful death distributees of Sharon Hanna (the “decedent”). Hanna alleges that the decedent died as a result of substandard care she received at Heartland of Charleston, a ManorCare nursing home located in Charleston, West Virginia.

ManorCare’s petition for a writ of prohibition raises two discovery issues. The first issue concerns ManorCare’s challenge to circuit court orders directing ManorCare to produce certain nurse consultant reports known as Center Visit Summaries. Manor-Care contends that the Summaries are excluded from discovery under this State’s statutory peer review privilege. The second issue concerns ManorCare’s challenge to the circuit court’s order directing ManorCare to produce certain documents known as board of director Briefing Packets. ManorCare contends that the Briefing Packets are excluded from discovery pursuant to the attorney-client privilege. Emphasizing that the circuit court did not conduct an in camera proceeding as to either discovery issue, ManorCare asks for relief in prohibition to prevent the enforcement of the orders requiring production of the Center Visit Summaries and the Briefing Packets.

Although this Court concludes-that ManorCare’s requested relief concerning the Center Visit Summaries is without merit, we are of the opinion that the circuit court exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering production of the board of director Briefing Packets. The circuit court should have conducted an in camera proceeding to make an independent determination as to whether the Briefing Packets are excluded from discovery pursuant to the attorney-client privilege. Accordingly, ManorCare’s requested relief in prohibition is granted, as moulded.

I.

The Underlying Action

The decedent, Sharon Hanna, was an intermittent resident of Heartland of Charleston from June 2011 until her death on September 23, 2011.. In June 2013, Hanna, the decedent’s son, instituted an action in the circuit court against ManorCare. Also named as a defendant was Joseph Donchatz, an administrator of Heartland of Charleston. An amended complaint was later filed in February 2014. Demanding compensatory and punitive damages, Hanna alleged that the decedent received substandard care while at Heartland and that among the consequences to the decedent were falls, fractures, pneumonia and death.

. A. _

Discovery Requests Concerning the Center Visit Summaries

Soon after the action was filed, Hanna served a first request for production of documents pursuant to Rule 34 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. The request specified that “a statement of the specific basis on which privilege is claimed” was to be furnished by ManorCare for any document withheld under a claim of privilege or other exemption from discovery. ManorCare employed nurse consultants to do periodic evaluations of ManorCare facilities. In request numbers 16 and 26, Hanna, sought production of nurse consultant reports (“Center Visit Summaries”), concerning the care and treatment of patients at Heartland of Charleston during the decedent’s residency.

Approximately two months later, in September 2013, ManorCare filed a response to request numbers 16 and 26 in which Manor-Care asserted that it was unaware of the existence of, and did not have in its possession, sufficient information to formulate a reply. Moreover, ManorCare asserted that, even if the documents existed, ie., the Center Visit Summaries, the documents would be excluded from discovery pursuant to the peer review privilege described in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004], et seq. ManorCare did not allege in its response that it had a designated peer review organization in place which would have reviewed the purported Summaries.

In February 2014, Hanna filed a Rule 37 motion to compel with regard to request numbers 16 and 26. • Hanna asserted that the requests sought information outside the scope of the peer review privilege. Following a hearing, the circuit court entered an order on May 12, 2014, directing ManorCare to produce the documents requested. The order provided that the identity of residents at Heartland, of'Charleston, other than the decedent, be redacted from the material. The order stated further:

If Defendants [ManorCare, etc.] are going to attempt to assert a quality assurance privilege to any documents responsive to this ordered production, they must file a privilege log identifying when said document was created, who created said document by name and position in the facility, the title of the document, and a general description of the type of information contained in the document for the Court’s review.

Soon after, Hanna filed a motion to compel compliance with the May 12, 2014, order. In a separate letter to ManorCare, Hanna indicated that ManorCare was on notice of the Center Visit Summaries because ManorCare had been present during the discovery process in an unrelated action where information about the Summaries was obtained.

The unrelated action was styled McClanahan v. HCR ManorCare, LLC, et al, no. 13-C-1705 (Kanawha County). ManorCare asserts that it was not aware of the Center Visit Summaries until the deposition, in McClanahan, of Debra Blair on June 11, 2014. Blair was a nurse consultant who testified that she made reports after visiting ManorCare facilities in West Virginia. ManorCare states that the reports were made by nurse consultants, such as Blair, exclusively for ManorCare’s Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement Program.'

According to ManorCare, the Summaries in the current matter were only given to individuals permitted to be part of Heartland óf Charleston’s quality assurance, or peer review, committee as defined by its Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement Program. Thus, in August 2014, ManorCare filed a privilege log in the circuit court concerning the Center Visit Summaries pertaining to the decedent’s residency at Heartland. ManorCare again asserted that the Summaries were protected from discovery pursuant to the statutory peer review privilege.

. On September 4, 2014, the circuit court conducted a hearing on Hanna’s motion to compel compliance with the May 12, 2014, order. Counsel for ManorCare argued that, in view of the filing of the privilege log, the next step would be for the circuit court to grant ManorCare an extension of time to demonstrate, by affidavit or otherwise, that ManorCare had a quality assurance committee. As stated by Hanna, however, Manor-Care had been arguing peer review privilege since its original discovery response in September 2013, and yet, a year later at the September 4, 2014, hearing, ManorCare was “not prepared to establish the quality assurance privilege they claimed.”

On November 7, 2014, the- circuit court granted Hanna’s motion to compel compliance with the May 12, 2014, order and directed ManorCare to produce the Center Visit Summaries identified in the privilege log. The November 7, 2014, order stated that ManorCare “failed to put forth any evidence that a quality assurance committee existed or that the documents at issue were submitted to any such quality assurance committee.”

ManorCare filed a motion to alter or amend the November 7, 2014, order. Manor-Care alleged that the circuit court committed error by failing to conduct an in camera proceeding to determine the status of each document claimed to be privileged. The circuit court, however, entered an order on February-2, 2015, denying the motion. The order stated that

the evidence before this Court at the September 4, 2014 hearing was that during Sharon Hanna’s residency at Heartland of Charleston there were Center Visit Summaries conducted by nurses that were not part of the quality assurance committee. Additionally, these nurses not only provided the Center Visit Summaries to staff at Heartland' of Charleston, but also to a supervisor. While Defendants claim to have a quality assurance committee they have not offered any evidence of by-laws or any other support to the Court to establish that such" committee is a “review organization” as defined in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1.
* * *
[T]he Court finds that the “Center Visit Summaries” are being sought from a non-review organization, or in other words, from an original source. Accordingly, the Defendants have not "provided evidence to demonstrate their asserted Quality Assessment and Assurance Committee qualifies under W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 such that an in camera review of these documents would be required.

(Emphasis added)

ManorCare asks this Court for relief in prohibition from the November 7, 2014, and February 2, 2015, orders directing Manor-Care to produce the. Center Visit Summaries.

B.

Discovery Requests Concerning the Board of Directors Briefing Packets

Hanna also served two requests for production pursuant to Rule 34 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure designated Corporate Requests for Production and Corporate II Requests for Production. The documents Hanna sought , (collectively “Briefing Packets”) consisted of reports and meeting minutes received by the board of directors of each ManorCare corporate entity relating to the decedent’s residency at Heartland of Charleston. Once again, the requests specified that “a statement of the specific basis on which privilege is claimed” was to be furnished by ManorCare for any document withheld under a claim of privilege or other exemption from ' discovery. In response, ManorCare asserted that the Briefing Packets were protected from discovery pursuant to the attorney-client privilege. Accordingly, ManorCare filed a privilege log showing the name and date of each Briefing Packet and the Briefing Packet’s source and custodian.

In August 2014, Hanna filed two Rule 37 motions to compel production óf the Briefing Packets sought under his Corporate Requests for "Production and Corporate II Requests for - Production. Hanna sought the information to determine whether the ManorCare entities were undercapitalized holding companies or whether, and to what extent, the entities exercised control over the operation of Heartland of Charleston. During a subsequent hearing, the circuit court orally granted the motions to compel, followed by the entry of an order granting the motions on November 7, 2014. The circuit court did no.t conduct an in camera proceeding' concerning the documents comprising the Briefing Packets. Instead, the November 7, 2014, order provided that “the Court is ordering that [ManorCare] redact only that portion of the Board of Director Meeting Minutes labeled as ‘Legal Reports’ which provides legal advice.”

Thereafter, Hanna filed Rule 37 motions to compel compliance with the November 7, 2014, order. A hearing was conducted on 'January 21, 2015, during which ManorCare argued that the circuit court -should order that the Briefing Packets be submitted for an in camera proceeding to determine the status of the Packets under the attorney-client privilege. -Following the hearing, the circuit Court entered an order on February 12, 2015. The order directed ManorCare to produce the Briefing Packets as discovery material, subject to ManorCare redacting “only that portion of the documents that-qualify as legal advice of counsel pursuant to the attorney-client privilege as well as any attorney work product contained in these documents.”

ManorCare asks this Court for relief in prohibition from the November 7, 2014, and February 12, 2015, orders directing Manor-Care to produce the Briefing Packets.

n.

Standards of Review for Relief in Prohibition

This Court has original jurisdiction in prohibition proceedings pursuant to art. VIII, § 3, of the Constitution of West Virginia. In considering whether to grant relief in prohibition, this Court stated in the syllabus point of State ex rel. Vineyard v. O’Brien, 100 W.Va. 163, 130 S.E. 111 (1925): “The writ of prohibition will issue only in clear cases where the inferior tribunal is proceeding without, or in excess of, jurisdiction.” Accord syl. pt. 1, State ex rel. Progressive Classic Ins. Co. v. Bedell, 224 W.Va. 453, 686 S.E.2d 593 (2009).

In the current matter, in which ManorCare contends that the circuit court exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering the production of documents, the relevant guidelines are found in State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W.Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996). Syllabus point 4 of Hoover states:

In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal’s order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal’s order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal’s order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.

Accord State ex rel. Fillinger v. Rhodes, 230 W.Va. 560, 564, 741 S.E.2d 118, 122 (2013); syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. West Virginia Nat’l Auto Ins. Co. v. Bedell, 223 W.Va. 222, 672 S.E.2d 358 (2008).

Finally, we note that, while most discovery orders are reviewable by this Court only after final judgment, prohibition may be available where the orders concern the disclosure of potentially privileged information. See State ex rel. Charles Town Gen. Hosp. v. Sanders, 210 W.Va. 118, 123, 556 S.E.2d 85, 90 (2001).

III.

Discussion

A.

The Center Visit Summaries

ManorCare contends that the circuit court exceeded its jurisdiction by failing to conduct an in camera proceeding to determine whether the peer review privilege excludes the Center Visit Summaries from discovery. The primary authority bearing on that question is this State’s Health Care Peer Review Organization Protection Act, W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004], et seq.

Under the Act, confidentiality and immunity from liability are made a part of the health care peer review process to facilitate the evaluation of health care practitioners. Syllabus point 2 of Young v. Saldanha, 189 W.Va. 330, 431 S.E.2d 669 (1993), confirms: “The enactment of West Virginia Code §§ 30-3C-1 to -3 (1993) clearly evinces a public policy encouraging health care professionals to monitor the competency and professional conduct of their peers in order to safeguard and improve the quality of patient care.” Accord syl. pt. 6, State ex rel. Charles Town Gen. Hosp., supra; Mahmoodian v. United Hosp. Center, Inc., 185 W.Va. 59, 65, 404 S.E.2d 750, 756, cert. denied, 502 U.S. 863, 112 S.Ct. 185, 116 L.Ed.2d 146 (1991); Thomas J. Humey, Jr. & Rob J. Aliff, Medical Professional Liability in West Virginia, 105 W.Va. L.Rev. 369, 443 (2003).

The phrase “peer review” is defined in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004], as

the procedure for evaluation by health care professionals of the quality and efficiency of services ordered or performed by other health care professionals, including practice analysis, inpatient hospital and extended care facility utilization review, medical audit, ambulatory care review, claims review and patient safety review.

The phrase “health care professionals,” referenced in the “peer review” definition, is explained in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004], as “individuals who are licensed to practice in any health care field and individuals, who, because of their education, experience or training participate as members of or consultants to a review organization.”

Confidentiality of the peer review organization’s records is provided by W.Va.Code, 30-3C-3 [1980]. Confidentiality under the statute, however, is subject to the “original source” exception. W.Va.Code, 30-3C-3 [1980], provides in relevant part: .

The proceedings and records of a review organization shall be confidential and privi- . leged and shall not be subject to subpoena or discovery proceedings or be admitted as evidence in any civil action arising out of the matters which are subject to evaluation and review by such organization and no person who was in attendance at a meeting of such organization shall be permitted or required to testify in any such civil action as to any evidence or other matters produced or presented during the proceedings of such organization or as to any findings, recommendations, evaluations, opinions or other actions of such organization or any members thereof: Provided, That information, documents or records otherwise available from original sources are not to be construed as immune from discovery or use in any civil action merely because they were presented during proceedings of such organization!.]

In State ex rel. Shroades v. Henry, 187 W.Va. 723, 421 S.E.2d 264 (1992), the plaintiff in a medical malpractice action sought relief in prohibition in this Court from the enforcement of an order denying access to certain hospital records. Access to the records was denied upon the hospital’s blanket claim of peer review privilege under W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1, et seq. Granting relief to the plaintiff, this Court determined in Shroades that the circuit court should have conducted an in camera proceeding to determine whether the requested documents were privileged. The relevant principle was expressed, in Shroades, in syllabus point 2: “The determination of which materials are privileged under W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [1975], et seq. is essentially a factual question and the party asserting the .privilege has the burden of demonstrating that the privilege applies.” Accord syl. pt. 1, Saldanha, swpra.

In syllabus point 3, Shroades also addressed the “original source” exception found in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-3:

W.Va.Code, 30-3C-3 [1980] provides that “[t]he proceedings and records of a review organization shall be confidential ... Provided, That information, documents or records otherwise available from original sources are not to be construed as immune from discovery'or use in any civil action merely because they were presented during proceedings of such [a review] organization----” The language of the statute grants a privilege to all the records and proceedings of a review organization, but no privilege attaches to information, documents or records considered by a review organization if the material is “otherwise available from original sources.”

Accord syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. Brooks v. Zakaib, 214 W.Va. 253, 588 S.E.2d 418 (2003); syl. pt. 3, State ex rel. Charles Town Gen. Hosp., supra.

Shroades emphasized that, where the asserted privileged documents are identified in terms of a “committee,” the circuit court should examine the health care provider’s bylaws to determine whether the committee or organization is a “review organization” as defined in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1. 187 W.Va. at 728-29, 421 S.E.2d at 269-70. In Shroades, the plaintiff sought documents from various hospital committees, including the quality assurance committee and the pharmacy and therapeutics committee. This Court determined, in Shroades, that, based on the hospital’s by-laws, while the quality assurance committee qualified as a peer review organization, more information was heeded to clarify whether the pharmacy and therapeutics committee had actually engaged in peer review. Thus, the Shroades opinion concluded that “when the by-laws do not clearly indicate that peer review is a function of the committee, the party asserting the privilege has the burden of presenting additional information.” 187 W.Va. at 729, 421 S.E.2d at 270.

Here, soon after the action was filed, Hanna served the first request for production of the Center Visit Summaries and specified that ManorCare was to furnish the basis of any privilege claimed with regard to the documents sought. Approximately two months later, without confirming the existence of the Summaries, ManorCare asserted the peer review privilege. In February 2014, Hanna filed a motion to compel, and on May 12, 2014, the circuit court directed Manor-Care to produce the Summaries. Later, Hanna filed a motion to compel compliance with the May 12, 2014, order, and Manor-Care filed a privilege log listing the Center Visit Summaries. On November 7, 2014, the circuit- court entered an order granting Hanna’s motion to compel compliance with the May 12, 2014, order.

The November 7, 2014, order stated that ManorCare “failed to-put forth any evidence that a quality assurance committee existed or that the documents at issue were submitted to any such quality assurance committee.” The circuit court subsequently denied ManorCare’s motion to alter or amend on February 2,2015, and stated that while ManorCare, et al., “claim to have a quality assurance committee they have not offered any evidence of by-laws or any other support to the Court to establish that such committee is a ‘review organization’ as defined in W.Va. Code, 30-3C-1.”

More than mere assertions aré required to establish the peer review privilege under the Health Care Peer Review Organization Protection Act. See Thomas J. Hurney, Jr. & Rob J. Aliff, Medical Professional Liability in West Virginia, 105 W.Va. L.Rev. 369, 444 (2003) (“Blanket assertions of privilege are generally not sufficient to invoke the peer review privilege.”). As Shroades confirms, ManorCare had the burden of demonstrating to the circuit court that the privilege applies to the request for the Center Visit Summaries.

If it had conducted the in camera healing ManorCare demands, the circuit court would have been required to do the work of meeting ManorCare’s burden of establishing that it has a peer review organization as defined hi W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004]. Stated differently, without first establishing the existence of the review organization, ManorCare cannot seek to encumber the circuit court with examining documents, not to determine which parts are privileged, but to determine whether the peer review privilege applies in the first place. Hanna argues persuasively: “Such a time consuming judicial exercise may not even provide the trial court with the necessary evidence to establish the existence of a privilege, as often extrinsic evidence is required.”

.Consequently, the present situation is manifestly different from the requirement expressed in State ex rel. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Kaufman, 222 W.Va. 37, 658 S.E.2d 728 (2008), discussed infra, that an in camera hearing must be held concerning a claimed privilege where a motion to compel or a motion for a protective order is filed. This Court, in Kaufman, did not have before it the Health Care Peer Review Organization Protection Act, W.VaCode, 30-3C-1 [2004], et seq. In the limited area of the law. covered by the Act, the peer review privilege presup- ■ poses the existence of a peer review organization.

Specifically, in both the November 7, 2014, and February '2, 2015, ’ orders, the circuit ■ court found that ManorCare failed to establish the existence of a peer review organization. ManorCare argues that the Center Visit Summaries owe their existence to Heartland’s peer review committee, the processes of which, are governed by the Practice Guide under ManorCare’s Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement Program. However, not only did ManorCare make that argument significantly late in the discovery process, the argument is fallacious because ManorCare never submitted the Practice Guide for the Program to the circuit court, or any by-laws to establish á peer review privilege.

Although ManorCare asserts that it was “prepared” to submit the Practice Guide for the Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement Program to the circuit court, it did not, in spite of the availability of the Practice Guide and ample opportunity to make sure that the Guide and any other relevant by-laws were filed below. Instead, ManorCare filed the Practice Guide for the-first time in this Court in conjunction with the requested relief in prohibition. See n.5, supra. Under Shroades, without any bylaws or “additional information,” the circuit court was “greatly at sea without a chart or compass” in the face of ManorCare’s demand for an in camera hearing. Workman v. Workmen’s Compensation Comm’r, 160 W.Va. 656, 662, 236 S.E.2d 236, 240 (1977).

It is, therefore, unnecessary to engage in an extended discourse concerning the “original source” exception to the peer review privilege. In support of its motion to alter or amend the November 7, 2014, order, Manor-Care submitted the affidavit of Martha Blankenship, a former director of nursing at Heartland of Charleston. Blankenship indicated that Heartland had a Quality Assessment and Assurance Committee which served as a peer review organization and which had exclusive use of the Center Visit Summaries. Hanna insisted, however, that the Summaries were outside the scope of peer review. Moreover, ManorCare acknowledged that it was unaware of the Center Visit Summaries until the June 11, 2014, deposition in an unrelated action of nurse consultant Debra Blair. Blau’s deposition is included in the appendix record before this Court, and her testimony- was less certain than Blankenship’s that the Summaries were exclusively for peer review purposes. Compare State ex rel. Brooks v. Zalcaib, supra, noting that it was undisputed that the documents at issue were generated during the hospital’s peer review process. 214 W.Va. at 261, 588 S.E.2d at 426.

In the February 2, 2015, order denying ManorCare’s motion to alter or amend, the circuit court determined that the Center Visit Summaries were sought by Hanna from an original source. Because of ManorCare’s failure to establish a peer review organization through by-laws or additional information, the information sought by Hanna necessarily emanated from a non-privileged source and would be subject to production.

The circuit court did not exceed its jurisdiction in entering the orders of November 7, 2014, and February 2, 2015. Accordingly, ManorCare is not entitled to relief in prohibition.

B.

The Briefing Packets

In his Corporate Requests for Production and Corporate II Requests for Production, Hanna sought ManorCare’s Briefing Packets which contained documents received by the board of directors of each ManorCare corporate entity relating to the decedent’s residency at Heartland. ManorCare replied that the Briefing Packets were protected from discovery by the attorney-client privilege. ManorCare filed a privilege log with the circuit court showing the name and date of each Briefing Packet and the Briefing Packet’s source and custodian. The log indicates that the documents largely consisted of reports from ManorCare’s general counsel.

Hanna’s subsequent motions to compel production of the Briefing Packets were granted by orders entered by the circuit court on November 7,2014, and February 12, 2015. Both orders directed ManorCare to redact the portions of the documents qualifying as “legal advice.” The circuit court rejected ManorCare’s insistence that the Briefing Packets be submitted for an in camera proceeding to determine the status of the Packets under the attorney-client privilege. ManorCare seeks relief in prohibition in this Court from the November 7, 2014, and February 21, 2015, orders.

In syllabus point 2 of State v. Burton, 163 W.Va. 40, 254 S.E.2d 129 (1979), this Court set forth the fundamental elements which must be present in order to assert the attorney-client privilege: “(1) both parties must contemplate that the attorney-client i'elationship does or will exist; (2) the advice must be sought by the client from the attorney in his capacity as a legal adviser; (3) the communication between the attorney and the client must be intended to be confidential.” Accord syl. pt. 7, State ex rel. Medical Assurance of W.Va., Inc. v. Recht, 213 W.Va. 457, 583 S.E.2d 80 (2003). Accordingly, the burden of establishing the attorney-client privilege rests with the person asserting it. Syl. pt. 3, State ex rel. United Hosp. Center, Inc. v. Bedell, 199 W.Va. 316, 484 S.E.2d 199 (1997). Moreover, it is universally true that corporations are entitled to claim the attorney-client privilege. See Alexander C. Black, Annotation, What Corporate Communications are Entitled to Attorney-Client Privilege-Modem Cases, 27 A.L.R.5th 76 § 2 (1995).

Asserting that the Briefing Packets included legal advice from its general counsel, ManorCare contends that it was inappropriate for the circuit court to require it to unilaterally redact portions of the documents. ManorCare asserts that, instead, the circuit court should have examined the Packets in an in camera proceeding to determine their status under the attorney-client privilege.

Syllabus point 6 of State ex rel. U.S. Fidelity and Guaranty Co. v. Canady, 194 W.Va. 431, 460 S.E.2d 677 (1995), states: “Unless obviously correct or unreviewably discretionary, rulings requiring attorneys to turn over documents that are presumably prepared for them clients’ information and future action are presumptively erroneous.” Accord State ex rel. Westfield Ins. Co. v. Madden, 216 W.Va. 16, 20, 602 S.E.2d 459, 463 (2004). See F.D. Cleekley, R.J. Davis, L.J. Palmer, Jr., Litigation Handbook on West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, p. 693 (4th ed.2012). That admonition foreshadowed this Court’s opinion in State ex rel. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Kaufman, supra.

Kaufman involved a motor vehicle accident and an insured defendant who sought relief in prohibition in this Court to prevent the production of communications between the defendant and his insurance company. The defendant alleged that the communications were excluded from discovery by the attorney-client privilege and the work product doctrine. The ordered production, however, was for the purpose of allowing the circuit court to review the documents in camera under the claimed privileges. In Kaufman, this Court denied relief in prohibition and set the standard in syllabus point 2:

The general procedure involved with discovery of allegedly privileged documents is as follows: (1) the party seeking the documents must do so in accordance with the reasonable particularity requirement of Rule 34(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure; (2) if the responding party asserts a privilege to any of the specific documents requested, the responding party shall file a privilege log that identifies the document for which a privilege is claimed by name, date, custodian, source and the basis for the claim of privilege; (3) the privilege log should be provided to the requesting party and the trial court; and (4) if the party seeking documents for which a privilege is claimed files a motion to compel, or the responding party files a motion for a protective order, the trial court must hold an in camera proceeding and make an independent determination of the status of each communication the responding party seeks to shield from discovery.

Accord syl. pt. 4, State ex rel. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Marks, 223 W.Va. 452, 676 S.E.2d 156 (2009).

ManorCare relies on Kaufman for the proposition, under subsection (4), that an in camera hearing is mandatory where, as in the present controversy, a privilege log and motions to compel have been filed regarding the alleged privileged documents. We find ManorCare’s position persuasive. Unlike the avenues of consideration regarding the Center Visit Summaries narrowed by statutory factors defining peer review, no such limits pertain to the procedure under Kaufman regarding the Briefing Packets. This Court is of the opinion, therefore, that the circuit court exceeded its jurisdiction by failing to conduct the mandatory in camera proceeding to review the Briefing Packets.

IV.

Conclusion

This Court concludes that ManorCare’s requested relief concerning the Center Visit Summaries is without merit. Consequently, we decline to grant relief in prohibition from the orders pertaining to the Summaries entered on November 7, 2014, and February 2, 2015.

However, this Court is of the opinion that the circuit court exceeded its jurisdiction in ordering production of the board of director Briefing Packets. The circuit court should have conducted an in camera proceeding to make an independent determination on whether the-Briefing Packets are excluded from discovery pursuant to the attorney-client privilege. Accordingly, we grant relief in prohibition with respect to the orders pertaining to the Briefing Packets entered on November 7, 2014, and February 12, 2015.

Writ Granted as Moulded.

Justice DAVIS dissents, in part, and concurs, in part, and reserves the right to file a separate Opinion.

Davis, Justice,

concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part:

The Petitioners asked this Court to require the circuit court to conduct an in camera review with respect to two sets of documents. The Petitioners argued that documents labeled Briefing Packets were protected from disclosure by the attorney-client privilege. The Petitioners also argued that documents labeled Center Visit Summaries were protected from disclosure by a peer review privilege. The majority opinion has granted relief to the Petitioners, in part, and denied relief, in part. With respect to disclosure of the Briefing Packets, the majority opinion has held that the circuit court must conduct an in camera review of those documents, consistent with State ex rel. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Kaufman, 222 W.Va. 37, 658 S,E.2d 728 (2008), before ordering them disclosure. I concur in the majority opinion’s -resolution of this issue. However, the majority opinion further determined that the trial court did not exceed its jurisdiction in failing to conduct an in camera review of the Center Visit Summaries, and therefore denied relief. For the reasons set out below, I dissent from the majority opinion’s resolution of the issue involving the Center Visit Summaries.

The Respondents in this case sought to discover Center Visit Summaries that the Petitioners claimed were protected from disclosure by the péer review privilege set out under W. Va.Code § 30-3C-3 (1980) (Repl. Vol. 2012). In State ex rel. Shroades v. Henry, 187 W.Va. 723, 421 S.E.2d 264 (1992), this Court specifically addressed the procedure that should be followed when a peer review privilege is asserted..

Shroades was a medical malpractice case in which the plaintiff sought certain documents from the defendant hospital. The hospital claimed the documents were peer review documents that were protected from disclosure under W. Va.Code § 30-3C-3. The circuit court summarily agreed with the hospital and denied the plaintiffs request to compel disclosure of the documents. The plaintiff sought a writ of prohibition from this Court, thereby seeking access to the documents. This Comí; initially observed that “the circuit court declined to hold an in camera examination of the requested material[.]” Shroades, 187 W.Va. at 725, 421 S.E.2d at 266. The hospital argued before this Comí; “that the statute is so broad that it prohibits an in camera inspection of the requested material.” Id. at 727,421 S.E,2d at 268.1 We disagreed with the hospital and outlined the following procedure for determining whether the peer review privilege applied:

In determining privilege, the circuit court should first determine from whom the material is sought and, then, if necessary, the origin of the material. In the present case, the requested materials are either identified by committee or.by document. The materials identified by committee include reports and recommendations of the quality assurance committee, documents of the pharmacy and therapeutics committee, minutes of any special meeting concerning the incident, and agendas for medical staff meetings. In order to deter- . mine if materials identified by committee are privileged, the circuit court should examine City Hospital’s by-laws to determine if the committee or organization is a “review organization” as defined in W. Va. Code, 30-3C-1----
However when the by-laws do not clearly indicate that peer review is a function of the committee, the party' asserting the privilege has the burden of presenting additional information____
In the present case, Ms. Shroades seeks the individual defendants’ service records, personnel records, and evaluations____On remand, in .addition to submitting the requested documents for an in camera examination, City Hospital should identify the requested documents by name, date, custodian, source and reason for creation and if a record contains a document that City Hospital claims is privileged, the record with the document and its identification should be submitted to the circuit court.

Id. at 728-30,421 S.E.2d at 269-71.

It is clear that Shroades requires a party to tender to the circuit court documentation supporting application of the peer review privilege, and that consideration of the privilege issue must be done in camera.

The requirement of an in camera review of documents allegedly protected by a statutory health care privilege is consistent with the law around the country. i For example, in Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital v. Superior Court, 174 Cal.App.3d 711, 220 Cal.Rptr. 236 (1985), a medical malpractice case, a hospital sought to prevent enforcement of a trial court order that required its employee to answer questions that would reveal allegedly privileged information. The hospital argued that proceedings and records of organized medical staff committees were not subject to discovery based upon a state statute. The appellate court agreed that a statute provided a privilege for certain hospital committee information. After finding that the trial court failed to make an inquiry into the hospital’s privilége claim, the decision in the case addressed the proper procedure to be used when such a privilege is raised:

Thus, when application of the statute to disputed discovery is not facially apparent, as will often be the case, the burden on the party resisting discovery ordinarily cannot be sustained except upon judicial inquiry into the pertinent facts at an in camera hearing. If it is revealed at such a hearing that only portions of a report or other document are derived from the work of a protected committee the court may order such portions excised and compel disclosure of the remainder.-

Santa Rosa, 174 Cal.App.3d at 727-28, 220 Cal.Rptr. at 247-48 (emphasis added). As previously mentioned, courts around the country have recognized the necessity for an in camera'review of documents allegedly protected by a peer review privilege. See John C. Lincoln Hosp. & Health Ctr. v. Superior Court In & For Cnty. of Maricopa, 159 Ariz. 456, 458, 768 P.2d 188, 190 (1989) (“With peer review privilege being asserted, the trial court found it necessary to conduct an in camera review of the trauma/critical care committee minutes in question.”); Baptist Health v. Circuit Court of Pulaski Cnty., 373 Ark. 455, 457, 284 S.W.3d 499, 501 (2008) (“The court also stated that it would review in camera any of the prior fall material deeméd by BHRI to be protected by the quality assurance or peer review statute.”); DeSantis v. Simon, 209 P.3d 1069, 1072-73 (Colo.2009) (‘We hold that the trial court abused its discretion in this case by ordering the doctor to produce all of the’ documents listed in his privilege log, without first reviewing them in camera and conducting a Martinelli analysis.”), as modified on denial of reh’g, (June 22, 2009); Cape Canaveral Hosp., Inc. v. Leal, 917 So.2d 336, 339 (Fla. Dist.Ct.App.2005) (“Generally, if there is a question as to whether certain discovery is protected by the peer review privilege, the trial court should hold an in camera inspection to determine if the materials are protected prior to compelling discovery.”); Sewell v. Cancel, 331 Ga.App. 687, 698, 771 S.E.2d 388 (2015) (“[T]he trial court ordered, [d]ocuments claimed to be subject to the medical peer review privilege, will'be provided to the Special Master, in camera, for his review for him to make recommendations to the Court regarding the validity of the asserted privilege.”); Aga v. Hundahl, 78 Hawai’i 230, 240, 891 P.2d 1022, 1032 (1995) (“In the instant case, because Appellants did not request an in camera inspection, the peer review summary was not preserved for review by this court.”); Ray v. St. John’s Health Care Corp., 582 N.E.2d 464, 474 (Ind.CtApp.1991) (“The court should have conducted an in camera review on a doeument-by-doeument basis to determine whether the materials sought were protected by the peer review privilege.”); Carolan v. Hill, 553 N.W.2d 882, 885 (Iowa 1996) (“On January 9, after an in camera review of the documents, the district court determined they were privileged as peer review documents.”); McFall v. Peace, Inc., 15 S.W.3d 724, 726 (Ky.2000) (“After holding an in camera hearing regarding the discovery of the QAR form and other hospital documents, the trial court entered a protective order which found that the QAR form was protected by the peer review privilege.”); Kalemmullah v. Burdon, 597 So.2d 1019, 1020 (La.1992) (“Case remanded to trial court for an in camera inspection of the requested documents and to delete those documents with peer review committee comments.”); Carr v. Howard, 426 Mass. 514, 529, 689 N.E.2d 1304, 1313 (1998) (“In the medical peer review context, in camera review must be turned to only as a last resort, not as the first step in the discovery process ____Where interrogatories or the face of a motion to compel demonstrate that the records sought are within the scope of the statutoiy privilege, no in camera review should be granted.”); Harrison v. Munson Healthcare, Inc., 304 Mich.App. 1, 26, 851 N.W.2d 549, 564 (2014) (“Thus, when a litigant challenges a hospital’s invocation of the peer-review privilege, an in camera evidentiary hearing is required.”), overruled on other grounds by Krusac v. Covenant Med. Ctr., Inc., 497 Mich. 251, 865 N.W.2d 908 (2015); Chardavoyne v. Cohen, 56 A.D.3d 508, 509, 868 N.Y.S.2d 84, 86 (2008) (“The [trial court] should have conducted an in camera inspection of the documents responsive to the plaintiffs request to enable it to determine which of the documents, or portions thereof, if any, are entitled to the statutoiy [peer review] privileges.”); Medlin v. North Carolina Specialty Hosp., LLC, — N.C.App. -, 756 S.E.2d 812, 820 (2014) (“[T]he determination of [peer review] privilege is a question of law which the trial judge must decide and in camera review of the evidence in question is proper.”); Manley v. Heather Hill, Inc., 175 Ohio App.3d 155, 161-62, 885 N.E.2d 971, 975 (2007) (“Absent any evidence showing that there was in fact a peer-review committee or that the documents were prepared for peer-review purposes, we find that the trial court approached the manner cautiously by ordering an in camera inspection.”); Arlington Mem’l Hosp. Found., Inc. v. Barton, 952 S.W.2d 927, 930 (Tex.Ct.App.1997) (“The affidavit, which alleged and proved the [peer review] privilege, along with the in camera submission, shifted the burden to Baird to either controvert the affidavit, show that the privilege was waived, or that the documents were made in the ordinary course of business.”); Lisa D. v. Riendl, 165 Wis.2d 392, 478 N.W.2d 67 (1991) (unpublished table decision) (“The court examined the remainder of the materials in camera and concluded that they were privileged as “peer review” materials.”).

In the instant proceeding, the Petitioners repeatedly asked the trial court to hold an in camera proceeding to determine whether some of the Center Visit Summaries were protected from disclosure under W. Va.Code § 30-3C-3. The circuit court refused to hold an in camera proceeding as required by Shroades and courts around the country. The majority opinion erroneously concluded that the circuit court was not required to hold an in camera proceeding. Instead, the majority opinion found that the Petitioners failed to establish before the circuit court that they had a peer review organization as required by W. Va.Code § 30-3C-1. The majority opinion’s finding on this issue is quite troubling.

The record is clear in showing that the Petitioners offered to supply the circuit court with additional information on the existence of a peer review organization. The circuit court inexplicably refused to accept any additional information. The majority opinion seems to suggest that the Petitioners did not timely offer to tender the information to the circuit court. Such an assertion is inconsistent with the record. It was not until the Respondents’ motion to compel hearing on September 4, 2014, that the Respondents raised the issue of insufficient information to establish the existence of a peer review organization. When the matter became an issue, the Petitioners offered to address it. The circuit court should have permitted the Petitioners to supply the information. In fact, the decision in Shroades expressly contemplated a party supplementing the record, if necessary, in order to show that a peer review organization exists. Specifically, Shroades stated that “when the by-laws do not clearly indicate that peer review is a function of the committee, the party asserting the privilege has the bv/rden of presenting additional information.” Shroades, 187 W.Va. at 729, 421 S.E.2d at 270 (emphasis added). It is quite clear that Shroades gave the Petitioners the right to provide additional information on the issue of the existence of a peer review organization. The circuit court and majority opinion arbitrarily stripped the Petitioners of that right. This arbitrary decisión was simply wrong.

of the ^egoing, I concur, in part, anc* ™ssen^> ™ Par^- 
      
      . The amended complaint contained twelve counts as follows: (1) negligence, non-lethal injuries, (2) negligence, lethal injuries, (3) negligence of Heartland of Charleston administrators, (4) violations of law, non-lethal injuries, (5) violations of law, lethal injuries, (6) medical malpractice, non-lethal injuries, (7) medical malpractice, lethal injuries, (8) malice and/or gross negligence, (9) fraud, (10) breach of fiduciary duly, (11) premises liability and (12) violation of the West Virginia Consumer Credit and Protection Act.
      
     
      
      . Requests 16 and 26 in Hanna’s first request for production of documents were as follows:
      
        Request for Production No. 16: All reports, correspondence or other writings generated by or on behalf of any management company of, or consultant to, the facilily concerning the care and treatment of residents during Sharon Hanna’s residency.
      
        Request for Production No. 26: All documentation and reports from any consultant or management personnel at the facility at anytime during Sharon Hanna's residency. This request includes, but is not limited to any ongoing or periodic report, study, evaluation or assessment generated by the following consultants or employees of the facility:
      
        a. R.N. Nurse Consultant;
      b. Pharmaceutical Consultant;
      c. Registered Dietician Consultant;
      d. Quality Assurance Staff;
      e. Medical Records Consultant; or
      f. Any other health or medical consultant brought in or employed to evaluate or study the adequacy of care. Further this request includes any minutes from all meetings conducted by any of the above consultants or employees during the aforementioned time frame.
     
      
      . The order also directed ManorCare to complete the production of documents within thirty days "from the date of the hearing of this matter.” Since the hearing on Hanna’s motion to compel was conducted on March 26, 2014, and the order was not entered until May 12, 2014, it was not possible for ManorCare to comply with the time constraints imposed by the circuit court. Hanna asserts, however, that entry of the May 12, 2014, ruling was delayed because MariorCare failed to respond to the proposed order sent to Manor-Care by Hanna.
     
      
      . ManorCare acknowledged at the September 4, 2014, hearing that it initially argued quality assurance, or peer review, privilege over documents it was not sure existed. The circuit court commented that it was problematic how a party can assert and argue that a document is protected by such a privilege "when they have never seen it nor do they-even believe.that it exists.”
     
      
      . On March 11, 2015, this Court granted Manor-Care’s motion for leave to include a document in the appendix record that was not part of the lower court record. The document is the "Practice Guide” to ManorCare’s Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement Program. The Practice Guide describes the purpose, structure and processes of the Program at the facility level and the regional and divisional levels. Manor-Care states that Heartland of Charleston’s peer review committee was part of ManorCare’s Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement Program.
     
      
      .Request numbers 7 and 8 in the Corporate Requests for Production and Request numbers 3, 4 and 6 of the Corporate II Requests for Production are at issue in this proceeding:
      
        Request for Production No. 1: Any and all reports and other documents received by the Board of Directors of each separate Defendant pertaining to the facility either individually or on a consolidated basis, during any portion of Sharon Hanna's residency.
      
        Request for Production No. 8: Any and all reports and other documents received by the Board of Directors of each separate Defendant pertaining to the Defendants' West Virginia operations either individually or on a consolidated basis, during any portion of Sharon Hanna's residency.
      
        Request for Production No. 3: Any and all reports and other documents received by the Board of Directors of each separate Defendant pertaining to the facility either individually or on ■ a consolidated basis for 2010 through 2012. ■
      
        Request for Production No. 4: Any and all other reports and other documents received by the Board of Directors of each separate Defendant pertaining to the Defendants' West Virginia operations either individually or on a consolidated basis for 2010 through 2012.
      
        Request for Production No. 6: Copies of any and all Board of Director meeting minutes for any of the separate Defendants for 2010 through 2012.
     
      
      . The November 7, 2014, order granting Hanna’a motions to compel production of the Briefing Packets is separate- from the November 7, 2014, order which directed ManorCare to produce the Center Visit Summaries.
     
      
      . The Briefing Packets ManorCare was directed to produce corresponded to Hanna's Request numbers 7 and 8 in the Corporate Requests for Production and Request numbers 3, 4 and 6 of the Corporate II Requests for Production. ■ See n. 6, supra. The November 7, 2014, order stated that production of the documents would be made "pursuant to an agreed protective order” between the parties. See W.Va. R. Civ. P. 26(c) (addressing.protective orders).
     
      
      . "Review organization" is comprehensively defined in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004], as follows:
      "Review organization” means any committee or organization engaging in peer review, including a hospital utilization review committee, a hospital tissue committee, a medical audit committee, a health insurance review committee, a health maintenance organization review committee, hospital, medical, dental and health service corporation review committee, a hospital plan corporation review committee, a professional health service plan review committee or organization, a dental review committee, a physicians’ advisory committee, a podiatry advisory committee, a nursing advisory committee, any committee or organization established pursuant to a medical assistance program, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations or similar accrediting body or any entity established by such .accrediting body or to fulfill the requirements of such accrediting body, any entity established pursuant to state or federal law for peer review purposes, and any committee established by one or more state or local professional societies or institutes, to gather and review information relating to the care and treatment of patients for the purposes of: (i) Evaluating- and improving the quality of health care rendered; (ii) reducing morbidity or mortality; or (iii) establishing and enforcing guidelines designed to keep within reasonable bounds the cost of health care. It shall also mean any hospital board committee or organization reviewing the professional qualifications or activities of its medical staff or applicants for admission thereto, and any professional standards of review organizations established or required under state or federal statutes or regulations.
      
        See also W.Va.Code, 16-5C-2(h) [1997], concerning nursing homes, providing a similar definition of peer review, or quality assurance, organization.
     
      
      . See William D. Bremer, Annotation, Scope and Extent'of Protection From Disclosure of Medical Peer Review Proceedings Relating to Claim in Medical Malpractice Action, 69 A.L.R.5th 559 § 7 (1999) (Stating that Shroades relied on the hospital’s by-laws to determine that the hospital's quality assurance committee was a review organization under W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1).
     
      
      . During her deposition Blair testified:
      Q. So during that whole time frame that you were CSC [Clinical Service Consultant], you have no idea whether your reports were being used in the quality assurance capacity or not; is that fair?
      A. That is correct.
      Q. You may have been told that’s what they're supposed to do, but you don’t know that to be true.
      A. That's true.
      Moreover, Blair sent a copy of each consultant report to Rebecca Jablon, the Director of Clinical Services, who had an office in the Toledo, Ohio, area and was Blair's immediate supervisor. As Blair testified:
      Q. Who else would get these reports? What about Ms. Jablon?
      A. Yes. She would" get that as well as I would give one to the Administrator and the Director of Nursing. * * *
      Q. Ms. Jablon, was she part of the Quality Assurance Committee at the facilities?
      A. Not to my knowledge.
     
      
      . As noted, ManorCare filed the Practice Guide to its quality assurance program for the first time in this Court in support of its petition for a writ of prohibition. Since the circuit court did not have the benefit of the Guide, its provisions were of no moment concerning the ordered production of the Center Visit Summaries.
      We observe, however, that the Practice Guide essentially facilitates the oversight and quality management of ManorCare’s operations by bringing together various committee participants. For example, each ManorCare "center or facility has a Quality Assessment and Assurance Committee which meets monthly. The Committee must include the center’s administrator, the administrative- director of nursing services, a physician and at least three other center staff members responsible for direct patient care and services. Optional members may come from positions other than management and include: (1) pharmacist, (2) dietary services, (3) social services, (4) maintenance, (5) nursing assistant, (6) housekeeping, (7) activities, (8) licensed nurse, (9) admissions and (10) human resources.
      
        W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004], states that "peer review” means the procedure for evaluation "by health care professionals” of the services of “other health care professionals.” Here, the circuit court did not have an opportunity to consider whether the phrase "health care professionals” would include individuals engaged in dietary services (food preparation); social services (social activities); maintenance (carpenters and electricians); housekeeping (janitors); admissions; or human resources. Thus, without further development in the circuit court, we need not preemptively settle the question of how ManorCare would have applied the Practice Guide in relation to the decedent’s residency at Heartland, in conjunction with the definition of "peer review” in W.Va.Code, 30-3C-1 [2004],
     
      
      . Although raised below, ManorCare does not address the work-product doctrine in its request for relief in prohibition.
     
      
      . See also 9A Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 4670 (Cum. Supp. 2014-15), stating in part:
      The attorney-client privilege extends to a corporation or other organization or association, which must act through agents, including its officers and employees. Therefore, the privilege belongs to the institution and covers confidential communications between the entities' attorneys and its employees.
     
      
      . The Center Visit Summaries were documents compiled by nurse consultants.
     
      
      . The peer review privilege set out under W. Va.Code § 30-3C-3 (1980) (Repl. Vol. 2012) provides, in relevant part, as follows:
      The proceedings and records of a review organization shall be confidential, and privileged and shall not be subject to subpoena or discovery proceedings or be admitted as evidence in any civil action arising out of the matters which are subject to evaluation and review by such organization!.]
     