
    Samuel J. Davenport, Respondent, v. Peter Walker, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of the County of Albany, and Others, Appellants.
    
      Trades unions —■ a requirement in a contract made by a board, of supervisors that only union men shall be employed is illegal—a taxpayer's action lies to enjoin its execution.
    
    The fact that the members of each of the building trades organizations in a city, constituting ninety per cent of the skilled and unskilled workmen employed in that calling, notified each contractor in such city that, they would demand an increase of wages on a certain day and that all work must be performed by members of their respective trade organizations only, and that if such demands were not acceded to the members of such trade organizations would strike, does not authorize the board of supervisors of the county in which such city is located to require a person, contracting with it for the construction of a public building, to stipulate in the contract that he will “ employ no workmen on the- work mentioned in this agreement except members of some trades organization, when practicable.”
    Where the board of supervisors declines to award the contract to the lowest bidder because of his refusal to consent to the insertion of such a provision in the contract, a taxpayer may maintain an action under section 1925 of the Code of Civil Procedure to restrain the board of supervisors from awarding the contract to the next lowest bidder.
    
      Semble, that the threat made by the building trades organizations to the contractors was an unlawful act. > ■
    Appeal by the defendants, Peter Walker, chairman of the board of supervisors of the county of Albany, and others, from.an order of the Supreme Court, made at the Albany Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Albany on the 17th day of October, 1900, denying a motion to dissolve a temporary injunction.
    
      • William E. Wodlla/rd, for the appellants.
    
      Frederick E. Wadhams and James J. Farren, for the respondent.
   Parker, P. J.:

The board of supervisors of the county of Albany has authority to construct a “ reception pavilion ” in connection with the Albany hospital. Such board appointed a committee of three of its members to adopt plans and specifications, let contracts and supervise the construction of such pavilion. The committee advertised for sealed proposals for the construction of such building, to be divided under six different heads, viz.“Mason work,” “carpenter work,” “ painting work,” “ roofing work,” “ plumbing work ” and’ “ heating work,” a separate bid to be made for each, and such bids to be 'opened April 17, 1900.

Upon the opening of such bids it appeared that, for the “ roofing- . work,” there were but two bids, one by James Gorman for the sum of $1,000 and the other by James Ackroyd for the sum of $724.48. At that time the committee inquired whether Mr. Ackroyd would agree to employ “ none but union men or organized labor on the; work,” afid were told, in substance, that' he would not discriminate against union men, neither would he agree to employ only union men, but that he would in all respects conform to the requirements of the labor laws of the State. ' The matter was then postponed until the 26th of April, 1900, when the committee again met and Mr. Ackroyd appeared before it and asked that the contract be awarded to him. ■ The committee thereupon tendered to Mr. Ackroyd for his signature a contract containing the following clause* and offered to let to him the work if he would sign such contract, viz.: “ The party of the second part further agrees to employ no workmen on the work mentioned in this agreement except members of some trades organization, when practicable.” Mr. Ackroyd refused to sign a contract with that clause in it, but then and there offered to sign a contract in compliance with the notice for bids — ■ again stating that he would observe all the labor laws of the State, and demanded that the wo'rlc be let to him under such a contract. The committee refused to do so and were about to let the work to Mr. Gorman, under his bid of $1,000, when this action was instituted by the plaintiff, as a taxpayer, to perpetually en join such committee and the board of supervisors from so letting the work to Gorman. An injunction was granted pendente lite by the Supreme Court, and from such order this appeal is taken.

It appears very clearly from the record in this case that Mr. Ackroyd was ready to contract to do the work in question at least twenty-seven per cent cheaper than the price at which the supervisors were about to let it to Mr. Gorman ; and it is equally clear that Ackroyd was financially as responsible, and in. all respects as experienced a builder as Mr. Gorman, and as well equipped to do the work as Mr. Gorman was. Therefore, the rejection of Ackroyd’s bid and the acceptance of Mr. Gorman’s was apparently a clear waste of the taxpayers’ money.

It is not, however, every act which would result in waste that may be restrained by a taxpayer’s action under section 1925 of the Code. It is only in those cases where the acts complained of are without authority and illegal, or where corruption, fraud or bad faith amounting to fraud exists that relief can be had under such section. (Talcott v. City of Buffalo, 125 N. Y. 280; Ziegler v. Chapin, 126 id. 342.) And, therefore, unless this case comes within that rule, this action cannot be maintained.

The explanation given by 'the supervisors why they reject Mr. Ackroyd’s bid and agree to pay Mr. Gorman twenty-seven per cent more for the same work is that Mr. Ackroyd refused to insert in his contract an agreement to the effect that, in its performance, he would not employ any non-union ” man upon the work, while in the contract to be made with Mr. Gorman a clause is to be inserted prohibiting him from employing any but union men to do such work. Such was the sole reason for their rejection of Mr. Ackroyd’s bid.

The reason given by the defendants for insisting upon such a clause presents the following singular and serious state of facts.

The mechanics and workmen engaged in the several building trades specified in the advertisement for bids above mentioned had, sometime during the year 1899, organized into separate and distinct organizations for the purpose of advancing wages and establishing a shorter number of hours as a working day in their respective trades. On or about January 1, 1900, these separately organized trades joined together for concerted action, in what was known as the “ Building Trades Council of Albany, N, T.,” such council being composed of representatives from each of such trades organizations. On such day such council notified every contractor in the city of Albany that a demand for an increase of wages in each of the several trades-would be made on the first day of May following; and also that all work must be performed by members of these respective trades organizations only. It also then notified such contractors that in case their demands were not acceded to by the 1st day of May, 1900, the members of such trades organizations. would forthwith quit their employment, and that such demands must be acceded to as to each organization, or the members of all would so quit.

The defendants further claim that the organizations represented by such council composed about ninety per cent of all the workmen, laborers and mechanics, skilled and unskilled', in the city of Albany, employed in such building trades; and that it was generally conceded that no work of any magnitude in such trades could be carried on in such city unless such demands were acceded to. This claim, however, was denied on the part of the plaintiff.

The defendants further claimed that there was great need for the completion of said pavilion, and that, owing to the conditions ab'ove stated, they were persuaded that if an attempt was made to employ any mechanics upon any part of the work thereon who did not belong to such trades organization, it would result in a strike by those who did, and thus delay the whole work and. cause greater expense in the end to the county than would the acceptance of the larger bid ; that all the contractors on the whole work, other than Mr. Ackroyd, contracted not to employ any men other than those belonging to such organizations.

It also further appears that on December 19, 1899, the board of supervisors had adopted a resolution to the following effect:

■ “ Resolved, That in the letting of all contracts in the . county of Albany, .where money from this county is appropriated, the work be let only to contractors resident in this county, and that all labor employed thereon shall be residents of Albany county and members of trades organizations, when practicable.”

And Mr. Ackroyd, at the time of the opening of the bids, was notified by the committee that, although such resolution was not

referred to in the advertisement for bids, they considered it as binding as if in the advertisement.

Does such explanation fairly justify the defendants in rejecting the lesser bid, and in requiring the clause in question to be inserted in whatever contract they should make for the work ?

It cannot be doubted but that the threat made by the Building Trades Council ” to all the contractors of the city of Albany was an unlawful act. Its purpose and its effect was to prevent all mechanics, except those who belonged to such trades organizations, from obtaining employment in the city in their respective lines of work. It was an effort, not merely to benefit themselves by an increase of wages and the lessening of a day’s labor, but to do so at the expense of all other workmen engaged in similar employments. A discussion of the principle which must control all similar organizations, and which marks the distinction between what is just and lawful in their purpose and methods, and that which is violative of the public good, and, therefore, illegal, is not necessary here. The principle laid down in the case of Curran, v. Galen (152 N. Y. 33) is sufficient for this case, and stamps the action of the council as one which will not be tolerated by the law, nor be permitted by the courts.

The question then is presented whether public officers having in charge the letting and control of public work, to be done at the public expense, may aid and abet such an unlawful attempt on the part of a trades organization by refusing to let any public work to those contractors who will not accede to such an unlawful demand. Can it be held, upon any tolerable view of the case, that the public officers of a county may, in concert with any organization of any kind, lawfully engage in an attempt to force all laborers in the county into such organization, or else into starvation for the want of employment ?

And is such concert of action in the least justified by the plea that by so doing they will be more likely to get the public work done in less time, and possibly with less loss and expense ? In my judgment, not only the action of the council, but also the action of the defendants in this case, in demanding that none but members of the organization be employed upon this work, was an act so clearly against public policy, and so violative of constitutional rights and of the first principles of our form of government, that it should not be for a moment tolerated, nor permitted to excuse or justify any act of theirs.

And it is to be noticed, in the case before us, that the resolution of the board of supervisors, above referred to, and which seems to have been controlling upon' the committee when it rejected Mr. . Ackroyd’s bid, was passed on December 19, 1899, while the threat of the council and its demand upon the contractors was not made until January 1, 1900. Thus the board seems to have been in advance of the trades organization in its .determination to deprive the non-union workman ” of his opportunity to obtain employment in the city of Albany.

The case, therefore, resolves itself into this :

The board is about to expend $1,000 of the jmblic moneys under a contract that is clearly unlawful and not to be tolerated. In order that it may maleo such a contract and so require the work to be done under such an illegal restriction, it rejects a bid of $J24.48 to do the same work under a contract that is in all respects legal, and by a contractor who is undoubtedly pecuniarily responsible. It rejects .a lawful and valid contract for an unlawful and invalid one, and thus wastes the public moneys without justifiable excuse.

■ In my judgment, such facts are sufficient to sustain this action, and an in junction pendente l/lie was properly allowed.

As to the errors of jiractice complained of in the points of the áppellant now before us, I do not discover any that should result in. a reversal of the. order appealed from.

Such order, therefore, should be affirmed, with ten dollars costs, and disbursements.

All concurred ; Smith,- J., in result. . ■

. Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.  