
    UNITED STATES, Plaintiff, v. NYCC 1959 INC., Defendant.
    Slip Op. 15-65.
    Court No. 14-00045.
    United States Court of International Trade.
    June 19, 2015.
    
      Zachary J. Sullivan, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for the Plaintiff. Also on the brief were Benjamin C. Mizer, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Franklin E. White, Jr., Assistant Director. Of counsel was Brian J. Redar, Staff Attorney, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, of Long Beach, CA.
   OPINION

POGUE, Senior Judge:

The United States brings this action to recover a civil penalty as permitted by Section 592 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1592 (2012) (“Section 592”). The Government claims that Defendant NYCC 1959 Inc. (“NYCC”), an importer of candles from the People’s Republic of China (“China”), unlawfully attempted to enter merchandise into the commerce of the United States by means of materially false information, in violation of 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a)(1)(A)®. Because NYCC failed to timely appear, plead, or otherwise defend, default was entered against it. The Government now moves for default judgment pursuant to USCIT Rule 55(b).

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1582(1) (2012).

As further explained below, because the Government’s well-pleaded complaint and supporting evidence- adequately establish the defaulting Defendant’s liability for a grossly negligent violation of Section 592 as a matter of law, Plaintiffs motion for a default judgment is granted. In addition, because the Government’s claim is for a civil penalty amount within the statutory limit for such violations, judgment shall be entered for the Plaintiff accordingly.

DISCUSSION

Here, Defendant NYCC has defaulted by not appearing. Entry of Default, ECF No. 7. Because a defendant who defaults thereby admits all well-pleaded factual allegations contained in the complaint, the court must enter judgment against NYCC if (1) “the plaintiffs allegations establish the defendant’s liability as a matter of law,” and (2) “the plaintiffs claim is for a sum certain or for a sum that can be made certain by computation.” USCIT R. 55(b).

I. Admitted as True, the Government’s Factual Allegations Establish NYCC’s Liability as a Matter of Law.

Section 592 prohibits attempts to “enter or introduce any merchandise into the commerce of the United States by means of ... any document or electronically transmitted data or information, written or oral statement, or act which is material and false,” if the responsible person acted with “fraud, gross negligence, or negligence.” 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a)(l)(A)(i). Here, the Government adequately alleges that NYCC submitted entry documents to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) that falsely indicated that the merchandise in question was not subject to any antidumping duties. In fact (accepting, as necessary in cases of default, the truth of the Plaintiffs factual allegations), the merchandise NYCC attempted to enter — candles from China wholly composed of petroleum wax — was covered by an anti-dumping duty order. Because the false entry information was material to Customs’ evaluation of NYCC’s duty liability for the attempted entry, the Government’s factual allegations, deemed admitted by the defaulting Defendant, establish that NYCC attempted to enter merchandise into the commerce of the United States by means of information that was both material and false.

In the absence of any defense by the Defendant, these factual allegations are sufficient to establish NYCC’s liability under Section 592 for a monetary penalty based on negligepce. The next inquiry, therefore, concerns the Government’s alternative claim to a monetary penalty based on gross negligence.

“Gross negligence, for purposes of [SJection 592, is behavior that is willful, wanton, or reckless, or demonstrates an ‘utter lack of care.’ ” Here the Government alleges that, prior to the entry attempt in question, NYCC had “twice attempted to enter Chinese candles from the same manufacturer without payment of an-tidumping duties,” and that in both prior instances Customs had tested the merchandise and determined it to be subject to the antidumping duty order covering petroleum wax candles from China. In both prior instances, Customs issued to NYCC a rate advance for the antidumping duties, the first of which was paid by NYCC’s surety and the other of which remains outstanding. These undenied allegations establish sufficient prior knowledge by NYCC to constitute a complete lack of care, demonstrating that when NYCC falsely indicated to Customs that the merchandise covered by this attempted entry was not subject to antidumping duties, it did so “with actual knowledge of or wanton disregard for the relevant facts and with indifference to or disregard for its obligation to file the entry as subject to antidumping duties.”

Thus the Government has met its burden to establish NYCC’s liability for a grossly negligent violation of Section 592. The remaining question before the court is the claimed penalty amount.

II. The Penalty Amount

Section 592 also provides for the civil penalty amount to be assessed for gross negligence. Where (as here) the material misrepresentation that forms the basis of the grossly negligent violation concerned the assessment of duties, the amount of the penalty may not exceed the lesser of “the domestic value of the merchandise” or “four times the lawful duties, taxes, and fees of which the United States is or may be deprived.” The Government alleges that the attempted entry in question consisted of 1160 cartons of-candles, with an “entered value” of $33,396.00, a “dutiable value” determined by Customs to be $38,275.20, and a “domestic value” calculated by Customs to be $101,759.59. This attempted false entry is alleged to have “resulted in a potential loss of antidumping duties of $41,-452.04,” based on a 108.3 percent ad valorem antidumping duty rate applicable to petroleum wax candles imported from China. Customs assessed a penalty of $15,310.08 — which is alleged to represent 40 percent of the calculated dutiable value of the merchandise — for NYCC’s grossly negligent violation of Section 592. NYCC has not paid any part of this penalty.

Although the Government’s presentation of its case has not always been precise, the facts alleged are sufficient to establish that the amount of the claimed penalty— $15,310.08 — falls within the statutory cap set by the lesser of either the merchandise’s domestic value or four times the potential duty loss. NYCC itself entered the value of the merchandise as $33,396.00, and at an ad valorem anti-dumping duty rate of 108.3 percent the duties owed on such merchandise would non-controversially exceed the claimed penalty amount. Accordingly, the Government’s assessed penalty amount in this case is within the scope of authority provided by 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(A).

CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Government’s motion for default judgment against NYCC for a grossly negligent violation of 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a) is granted. As the claimed penalty amount falls well within the statutory limit, and as the record presents no reason to alter it, judgment shall be entered in the amount of the outstanding penalty assessed against NYCC for this violation, $15,310.08, plus post-judgment interest, computed in accordance with 28 U.S.C. §§ 1961(a)-(b). 
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 1. Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of Title 19 of the U.S.Code, 2012 edition.
     
      
      . Compl, ECF No. 3, at ¶¶3-8, 17, 21. The Government claims that NYCC acted with gross negligence (count I), id. at ¶ 17, or, in the alternative, negligence (count II), id. at ¶ 21.
     
      
      . Entry of Default, ECF No. 7.
     
      
      . PL’s Corrected Mot. for Default J., ECF No. 13 ("PL’s Br.”). In prior proceedings, this Court granted the Government's motion for default judgment, relying on the well-pleaded complaint and supporting evidence contained in the Declaration of Robert P. Thierry (Director of the Office of Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, for the Los Angeles, California area), ECF No. 8-1 (“1st Thierry Decl."). See United States v. NYCC 1959 Inc., - CIT -, 46 F.Supp.3d 1389 (2015) (“NYCC I ”). Thereafter, however, Government counsel discovered inaccuracies contained in portions of the 1st Thierry Declaration that were quoted in the court's opinion, and accordingly Plaintiff moved to set aside the default judgment, reopen this action, and file a corrected'motion for default judgment. See NYCC I, - CIT at -, 46 F.Supp.3d at 1392 (quoting 1st Thierry Decl., ECF No. 8-1, at ¶ 8 (incorrectly stating that, on two prior occasions, NYCC paid rate advances in connection with attempted entries of the same merchandise without payment of antidumping duties)); PL’s Mot. to Set Aside Default J., Reopen This Action, & Grant Leave for Pl. to File Corrected Mot. for Default J., ECF No. 11, at 5 (explaining that, "contrary to the [1st Thierry Decl., ECF No. 8-1, at ¶ 8], in both [of these prior instances], NYCC failed to pay the rate advances issued by [U.S. Customs and Border Protection].”) (citing Decl. of Senior Import Specialist Elena Pietron, ECF No. 13 (appended to PL’s Br., ECF No. 13) ("Pietron Decl.”)). The court granted Plaintiff’s motion, the prior judgment and slip opinion were consequently vacated and withdrawn, and the Government’s corrected motion and additional supporting evidence were accepted for filing and are now before the court. Order Mar. 25, 2015, ECF No. 12; Order May 7, 2015, ECF No. 15.
     
      
      . E.g., City of New York v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC, 645 F.3d 114, 137 (2d Cir.2011) ("It is an ancient common law axiom that a defendant who defaults thereby admits all well-pleaded factual allegations contained in the complaint.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
     
      
      . Id. (alterations, quotation marks, citation and footnote omitted); United States v. Freight Forwarder Int’l, Inc., - CIT -, 44 F.Supp.3d 1359, 1362 (2015) (relying on Mickalis Pawn Shop, 645 F.3d at 137).
     
      
      . USCIT Rule 55(b) provides that "[w]hen the plaintiffs claim is for a sum certain or fpr a, sum that can be made certain by computation, the court — on the plaintiff's request with an affidavit showing the amount due — must enter judgment for that amount and costs against a defendant who has been defaulted for not appearing and who is neither a minor nor an incompetent person.” Plaintiffs complaint alleges that NYCC is a corporation, not a minor or an incompetent person. See Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 3 (averring that, “[u]pon information and belief,” Defendant NYCC is "a New York corporation ... engaged in the importation of candles”).
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶¶ 4-7; [2d] Decl. of Robert P. Thierry (Director of the Office of Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, for the Los An-geles, California area), ECF No. 13 (appended to Pl.'s Br., ECF No. 13) ("2d Thierry Decl.") at ¶¶-2-3, 5-7.
     
      
      . See Mickalis Pawn Shop, 645 F.3d at 137.
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶¶ 4, 7 (citing Petroleum Wax Candles from [China], 51 Fed.Reg. 30,686 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 28, 1986) (antidumping duty order)); 2d Thierry Decl., ECF No. 13, at ¶ 5-6.
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶¶ 6, 8. "Material” in the context of 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a)(1) means information that "has the potential to alter the classification, appraisement, or admissibility of merchandise, or the liability for duty.” United States v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 10 CIT 38, 42, 628 F.Supp. 206, 210 (1986) (quoting 19 C.F.R.App. B to Pt. 171 (1984)); see also id. (“[T]he measurement of the materiality of the false statement [as contemplated by 19 U.S.C. § 1592(a)(1)] is its potential impact upon Customs^] determination of the correct duty for the imported merchandise.”) (citation omitted).
     
      
      . ’ See 19 U.S.C. § 1592(e)(4) ("Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in any proceeding commenced by the United States in the Court of International Trade for the recovery of any monetary penalty claimed under [Section 592] ... if the monetary penalty is based on negligence, the United States shall have the burden of proof to establish the act or omission constituting the violation, and the alleged violator shall have the burden of proof that the act or omission did not occur as a result of negligence.”).
     
      
      . See id. at § 1592(e)(3) (''[I]f the monetary penalty is based on gross negligence, the United States shall have the burden of proof to establish all the elements of the alleged violation[J”).
     
      
      . United States v. Lafidale, Inc., - CIT -, 942 F.Supp.2d 1362, 1365 (2013) (quoting United States v. Ford Motor Co., 29 CIT 827, 845, 395 F.Supp.2d 1190, 1206 (2005), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 463 F.3d 1267 (Fed.Cir.2006)).
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 9.
     
      
      . Pietron Decl., ECF No. 13, at ¶ 4.
     
      
      . Id.; see also 1st Thierry Decl., ECF No. 8-1, at ¶ 8 (stating that NYCC protested the rate advance in the second (but not the first) instance, that Customs denied that protest, and that NYCC did not further litigate the matter).
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 17.
     
      
      . 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2).
     
      
      
        .See id. at § 1592(c)(2)(A). The Government’s explanation that the penalty amount assessed for NYCC's grossly negligent violation of Section 592 "represented 40 percent of the dutiable value of the merchandise,” Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 12, suggests that Customs was applying 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(B) ("[I]f the [grossly negligent] violation [of Section 592] did not affect the assessment of duties, [the civil penalty amount may not exceed] 40 percent of the dutiable value of the merchandise.”) (emphasis added). But because the false information provided by NYCC — i.e., that the merchandise in question was not covered by an antidump-ing duty order — was material precisely because it had the potential to affect the importer’s duty liability, the applicable statutory cap on the civil penalty is in fact found in 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(A) (“A grossly negligent violation of [Section 592] is punishable by a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed ... the lesser of — (i) the domestic value of the merchandise, or (ii) four times the lawful duties, taxes, and fees of which the United States is or may be deprivedf.]”). See PL’s Br., ECF No. 13, at 7 (relying on 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(A)); id. at 7 n. 2 ("Customs exercised its discretion in assessing a penalty in an amount that equaled only forty percent of the dutiable value of the merchandise as calculated by Customs ... in part because the entry was ultimately canceled and the goods were abandoned. Although Customs utilized the maximum for a gross negligence penalty when the violation does not affect the assessment of duties, 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(B), we note that the violation here did in fact affect the assessment of duties, and thus a higher penalty was available.”). Subsection 1592(c)(2)(A) generally sets the statutory limit for penalties based on grossly negligent violations of Section 592, except "if the violation did not affect the assessment of duties,” in which case the alternative limit provided by subsection 1592(c)(2)(B) applies. 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c). Although the phrase "affect the assessment of duties” is not entirely devoid of ambiguity, the focus of the distinction between the two statutory limits on penalties for grossly negligent violations appears to concern the nature of the violation — i.e., was the misinformation constituting the violation directly material to duty assessment, or did the misinformation concern some other aspect of the entry process? Cf. United States v. Inner Beauty Int’l (USA) Ltd., Slip Op. 11-148, 2011 WL 6009239 (CIT Dec. 2, 2011) (applying subsection 1592(c)(2)(B) as the appropriate cap for a penalty based on a "non-revenue-loss” violation of Section 592, where the misinformation in question was material to the classification of the merchandise for purposes of an import quota). Here, the violation was directly material to Customs’ duty assessment, because the misinformation provided by NYCC concerned the applicable antidump-ing duties. Accordingly,, the general cap set by 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(A) applies.
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 4; 2d Thierry Decl., ECF No. 13, at ¶¶ 2-3.
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 12; 2d Thierry Decl., ECF No. 13, at ¶ 4.
     
      
      . Cf. United States v. Pan Pac. Textile Grp., Inc., 30 CIT 138, 140 n. 2, 2006 WL 228885 (2006) (not reported in the Federal Supplement) ("Domestic value is defined as the 'price at which such or similar properly is freely offered for sale at the time and place of appraisement.’ 'Freight, profit and duty are therefore included.’ In contrast, transaction value is the general standard for determining the dutiable value of imported merchandise. Transaction value is defined as 'the price actually paid or payable for the merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States' plus certain additional costs. The ‘price actually paid or payable’ is defined as ‘the total payment ... made, or to be made, for imported merchandise by the buyer to, or for the benefit of, the seller.' ”) (quoting and/or citing 19 C.F.R. § 162.43(a)(2005); United States v. Quintin, 7 CIT 153, 158 n. 3, 1984 WL 3743 (1984) (not reported in the Federal Supplement); and 19 U.S.C. §§ 1401a(a)(l)(A) (1999), 1401a(b)(l), and 1401a(b)(4)(A)) (alterations omitted).
     
      
      .Decl. of Irma Harvin (Customs Import Specialist for the Los Angeles, California area), ECF No. 16 ("Harvin Decl.") at ¶ 5. But see 2d Thierry Decl., ECF No. 13, at ¶ 12 ("[Customs] calculated the domestic value of the merchandise at $346,290.29.”); Pl.'s Mot. for Leave to File Additional Evidence in Supp. of its Corrected Mot. for Default J., ECF No. 14 ("Pl.’s Mot. to Supplement Evidence”) at 3 (referring to the "domestic value” of the merchandise as $346,290.29). Plaintiff explains that the $101,759.59 value was the result of a "second appraisal conducted in 2015 after the Court’s original opinion [in NYCC /],” Pl.’s Mot. to Supplement Evidence, ECF No. 14, at 4, and speculates that "[g]iven the large difference between the two dollar amounts, ... the [original] appraisal [i.e., $346,290.29] may have contained a typographical or mathematical error in the underlying calculations and may [or may not] have been the result of different appraisal standards and methods.” Id. at 4 n. 3; see also id. at 4 n. 4 (noting that "[t]he import specialist making the second appraisal was involved in the first appraisal, but the import specialist with primary responsibility for the first appraisal is no longer at [Customs]”). Plaintiff argues that "regardless of whether the 2015 appraisal of domestic value is also considered, the penalty did not exceed the domestic value calculated by [Customs] originally or in 2015 ($346,290.29 [or] $101,759.59) or four times the antidumping duties ($165,808.16).” Id. at 4.
     
      
      . 2d Thierry Decl, ECF No. 13, at ¶ 9.
     
      
      . See Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 7; 2d Thierry Decl, ECF No. 13, at ¶ 6; Harvin Decl, ECF No. 16, at ¶ 3. Using the “entered” value — the lowest alleged amount- — the applicable duties, based on the 108.3 percent ad valorem anti-dumping duty rate, would have been $36,167.87.
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶¶ 12-13, 18; 2d Thierry Decl, ECF No. 13, at ¶¶ 11, 16, 18.
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶¶ 15, 19; 2d Thier-ry Decl., ECF No. 13, at ¶¶ 18, 23. The Government states that ”[a]ll administrative notices, petitions for relief and demands for payment were processed in accordance with applicable laws and procedures.” Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 14; see also id. at ¶¶ 12-13 (describing the penalty notices issued to NYCC in connection with this violation); 19 U.S.C. § 1592(b) (providing the procedures that Customs must follow when assessing penalties for violations of Section 592). In the absence of any challenge from the defense, no procedural defect is apparent in this regard.
     
      
      . See supra note 24.
     
      
      . See 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c)(2)(A).
     
      
      . Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 4.
     
      
      . See supra note 26 (computing potential duty loss using the “entered value”). Compare Compl, ECF No. 3, at ¶ 4 ("NYCC, as importer of record, caused to be filed ... [an] entry for 1160 cartons of candles from [China] with an entered value of $33,396.00.”); id. at ¶ 12 ("The amount of the penalty represented 40 percent of the dutiable value of the merchandise, which [Customs] determined was $38,275.20.”), with United States v. Callanish Ltd., Slip Op. 10-124; 2010 WL 4340463, at *4 & n. 3 (CIT Nov. 2, 2010) (denying without prejudice the Government’s motion for default judgment because "it appeared] that the amount of the 'domestic value’ [of the merchandise] was derived by doubling the amounts for entered value as set forth on entry summaries for the importations that are the subject of this action”) (citation omitted). Here, rather than doubling the entered value of the merchandise to assess the penalty amount, Customs assessed an amount comprising a fraction of that value.
     
      
      . The Government additionally requested pre-judgment interest, Compl., ECF No. 3, at ¶ 19, but pre-judgment interest is unavailable for penalties assessed pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1592(c). United States v. Nat'l Semiconductor Corp., 547 F.3d 1364, 1369-70 (Fed.Cir. 2008) ("Our precedent is clear that prejudgment interest may not be awarded on punitive damages, and, in our view, ... the damages authorized by [19 U.S.C.] § 1592(c) are punitive.”) (alteration, quotation marks, and citations omitted); United States v. Country Flavor Corp., - CIT -, 825 F.Supp.2d 1296, 1301 n. 6 (2012) ("Prejudgment interest is not awarded on civil penalties imposed pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1592( [c]).") (citing Nat’l Semiconductor Corp., 547 F.3d at 1369-71); Inner Beauty, 2011 WL 6009239 at *6 n. 5 (same).
     