
    STATE OF WASHINGTON EX REL. OREGON RAILROAD AND NAVIGATION COMPANY v. FAIRCHILD ET AL., STATE RAILROAD COMMISSIONERS.
    ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.
    No. 118.
    Argued December 18, 1911.
    Decided April 29, 1912.
    An order of a railroad commission requiring a railroad company to expend money and use its property in a specified manner is not a mere administrative order, but is a taking of property; to be valid there must be more than mere notice and opportunity to be heard; the order itself must be justified by public necessity and not unreasonable or arbitrary.
    The hearing which must precede an order taking property must not be a mere form, but one which gives the owner the right to secure and present material evidence; but a state statute which gives the privilege of introducing such evidence, affords compulsory process, and gives the right of cross-examination, does not deny due process by not affording sufficient opportunity to be heard.
    The hearing is sufficient if the person whose property is to be taken is put on notice as to the order to be made, and given opportunity to show that it is unjust or unreasonable.
    An opportunity given to test, by review in the courts, the lawfulness of an order made by a commission does not deny due process because on such review new evidence (other than newly discovered or necessary on account of surprise or mistake) is not allowed, and because the court must act on the evidence already taken, if the court is hot bound by the findings, and the party affected had the right on the original hearing to introduce evidence as to all material points.
    Where the party whose property has been taken has not been deprived of a right to be heard, the'question is whether as a matter of law the facts proved a public necessity justifying the taking.
    A State, acting through an administrative body, may require r-ailroad companies to make track connections, Wisconsin &c. R. R. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287, but such body cannot compel a company to build branch.lines, connect roads lying at a distance from each other, or make connections at every point regardless of necessity; each case depends on the special circumstances involved.
    In a proceeding brought to compel a carrier to furnish facilities not included in its absolute duties, the question of expense is of - controlling importance.
    In this case the record does not disclose any public necessity justifying the order of the State Railroad Commission of Washington to require track connections to be made at eight points.
    The burden is on a state railroad commission to show that public necessity requires track connections, and the Commission is charged with notice that the reasonableness of its order is to be determined at the hearings before it.
    While the statute of the State of Washington authorizing the State Railroad Commission to order additional trackage is not unconstitutional as denying due process of law, the orders in this case were not justified by public necessity, and therefore deprived the railroad company of its property without due process of law.
    52 Washington, 17, reversed.
    A statute of the State of Washington (March 7,1905, Sess. Laws, 1905, e. 81, p. 145, as amended March 16, 1907, Sess. Laws, 1907, ,c. 226, p. 536), authorizes the Railroad Commission, upon complaint made, or on inquiry upon its own motion “after a full hearing . . . to order that additional trackage or sidings be constructed . . . and that additional connections be made.”
    In pursuance of this act, and by direction of the Commission, the Attorney General filed a complaint against the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company, chartered under the laws of Oregon, the Northern Pacific Railway Company and the Spokane & Inland Railroad, praying for an order requiring them to connect their tracks at Pullman, Colfax, Garfield, Oakesdale, Rosalia, Waverly, Thornton, Farmington, Connell and Palouse. The complaint averred that "four of these towns were important shipping points, and that at all of them there was a demand that cars should be transferred from one line to the other, and a public necessity that track connection should be made between the roads at all these points. The Oregon Company filed an answer in which it denied that the towns named were important shipping points; denied that there was, or had ever been, any public demand for the interchange of business at any of the places, or that there was any public necessity for the connection.
    At the hearing, evidence was introduced showing that the Spokane & Inland was an electric road not yet completed; that all the roads had the same gauge; that in three of the towns they crossed at grade; that in the others the tracks were generally on the same level, and separated by distances varying from a few feet up to 600'feet; that the connecting tracks would generally be on the right of way of the carriers, though in some instances it would be necessary to acquire other property by purchase or condemnation. There was evidence as to the price of switches and the cost per lineal foot of laying a track with two necessary connecting switches.
    The principal witness on behalf of the State was an inspector of the Commission, who testified that the three roads were competitors, and ran from Spokane through each of the towns named in the complaint; that wheat was the principal product of the country, and that it was shipped to Spokane or Portland, reached by each of the roads or their connections; that the main business, of the towns named in the complaint was with Spokane; and that the business between local stations was small. From his testimony and a map it appears that, with the exception of Connell, all of the towns named lay in a strip about fifty miles long and fifteen miles wide, one road on each side, with the Spokane running about half way between the other two; that the roads were generally parallel to each other, but by curves and branch lines reached these towns. In answer to specific inquiries he gave the route a car would take if shipped from named stations on one line to named stations on another, under present conditions; and said that if the connections were made and cars took that route the distance would be shortened, and. that if wheat, cattle or other property was thus shipped to and from such stations there would be a saving in time and distance. He testified that he had no knowledge as to the amount of business done at any of the towns named, or that such shipments had been offered or would be made. He and the other witnesses on behalf of the Commission testified that every purpose would be served if there was a connection between the various roads at one of the points named, some of them thinking Garfield the best point and others that it should be at Oakesdale, from which it was said the tracks radiated like the spokes of a wheel. It appeared that the Oregon already connected with the Northern Pacific at Garfield. The inspector and other witnesses were not asked specifically as to all points, but in answer to inquiries testified, without contradiction, that there was no necessity for connecting the tracks at Farmington, Thornton, Colfax, Waverly, nor at Garfield or Oakesdale except as indicated above.
    The witnesses for the carrier testified that a connection at Garfield would accommodate all transfers that might be offered; that there had been no demand at any of the towns for such transfers in the past, and that there was no necessity for making them.
    Only one shipper was called as a witness. He testified that a connection at Oakesdale would serve all purposes, but gave no information as to the amount of his freight business, nor the saving that would result to him or others if the connection was put in. No merchants or shippers from any of the towns named in the complaint, or referred to in the evidence, were called. There was no proof as to the volume of business at any of these places, nor as to the amount of freight that would be routed' over these track connections if they were constructed. Nor was there any testimony as to the probable revenue that would be derived from the use of the track connections or of the saving in freight or otherwise that would result to shippers. The Inspector , of the Commission testified that these connections would develop very little business.
    - After the conclusion of the evidence the Commission dismissed the complaint as to Rosalia and Palouse, where the crossings were not at grade, and made an order in which it found that the roads crossed at grade at two points and ran in close proximity to each other through all the other places; that there was a public necessity for track connection, the cost of which, at each point, was stated, varying from $316 to $1,460, and aggregating about $7,00Q. It thereupon ordered that- the companies should agree among themselves as to the particular places in said towns where the tracks should be laid and how the expense should be divided, in default of which the Commission would make a supplemental order designating the particular places where the connections should be made and the proportion in which the expense should be borne by each company.
    The Oregon Company, being dissatisfied with this order, filed in the Superior Court of Thurston County, a Petition for Review, alleging the unconstitutionality of the statute under which the order had been made, and also attacking its reasonableness on the ground that "there was no evidence showing or tending to show that there was any public demand or public necessity for such track connection, or for the interchange of freight at either of said points in carload lots ... or that any public convenience would be subserved,” but on the contrary that the only evidence offered tended to show that there was no public necessity and that it would be obliged to acquire additional property and to incur large expense to make the connection without any public necessity and be thereby deprived of its property without compensation and without due process of law in violation of the Constitution of the United States.
    This method of attacking the order by Petition for Review was in compliance with the provisions of the Washington statute which declared that “the order of the Commission shall of its own force take effect and become operative twenty days after notice thereof has been given. . . . And any railroad or express company affected by the order of the Commission and deeming it to be contrary to the law, may institute proceedings in the superior court . . . and have such order reviewed and its reasonableness and lawfulness inquired into and determined. Pending such review, if the court having jurisdiction shall be of the opinion that the order or requirement of the Commission is unreasonable, or unlawful, it may .suspend, the same . . . pending such litigation. . . . Said action of review shall be taken by the said railroad or express company within twenty days after notice of said order, and if said action of review is not taken within said time,, then in all litigation thereafter arising between the State of Washington and said railroad or express company, or private parties and said railroad or express company, the said order shall be deemed final and conclusive. If, however, said action in review is instituted within said time, the said railroad or express company shall have the right of appeal or to prosecute by other appropriate proceedings, from the judgment of the superior court to the Supreme Court of the State of Washington, as in civil actions. . . . The action in review of such order, whether by writ of review or appeal, or otherwise, shall be heard by the court without intervention of a jury and shall be heard and determined upon the evidence and 'exhibits introduced before the Commission and certified to by it. . . .”
    The Bill of Exceptions recites that on the hearing, in the Superior Court, the Oregon Company offered, competent and non-cumulative testimony in support of its contention on the issues between it and the Commission, which if received would have tended to show that there was no public necessity for such track connections at1 either of the places; that no public convenience would be served by making them, and that the cost, instead of aggregating $7,500, would be $21,000 (the amount at each place being specified), besides the expense of acquiring additional land and franchises needed for the .construction and operation of the tracks. The court rejected all this evidence on the ground that, under the statute, the Petition for Review must be determined on the testimony which had been submitted to the Commission. After argument the Petition was dismissed and the Oregon Company excepted. All of the evidence introduced before the Commission and attached as an exhibit to its answer, was duly incorporated in the Bill of Exceptions, which also contains a recital that the photographs and maps identified by one of the witnesses, had not been forwarded by the Commission, nor were they considered by the court. There was, however, no motion by the defendant for an order requiring such omitted papers to be sent up so as to complete the record. Neither did it appear that any motion was made before the Commission to require a more definite statement of the location of the proposed tracks.
    The judgment dismissing the Petition was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State. 52 Washington, 17. It held that the statute was valid; that it gave the defendant every opportunity to make its defence and granted an adequate judicial review by which to test the validity of the order. In answer to the contention that the evidence showed that the order was unreasonable and amounted to a taking of property without public necessity, the court merely said (p. 32): “As to the public necessity for the track connections, we are not prepared to say that the-finding of the commission in that respect was not justified by the testimony.” The cause was brought here by writ of error, in which it is contended that the Washington statute failed to furnish an adequate hearing or opportunity for judicial review, especially in prohibiting the submission to the court of competent evidence as to the unreasonableness of the order; and, further, there was no evidence of a public necessity and that the order was void as taking property without due process of law.
    
      Mr. Maxwell Evarts, with whom Mr. Zera Snow and Mr. W. W. Cotton were on the brief, for plaintiff in error:
    The Railroad Commission Law of Washington of 1905, as amended in 1907, and the method of enforcement of the regulation of railroads provided for by that law constitute a taking of the property of the plaintiff in error without due process of law and a denial of the equal protection of the laws because adequate or effective judicial remedies to the owners of railroad property in the State are not provided for the determination of controversies arising upon the question of whether there has been a just and reasonable exercise of the power of regulation.
    All regulation of the business of common carriers, whether taking the form of a regulation of rates or the making of track connections, must be reasonable, and the question of the reasonableness or unreasonableness of all. such attempted regulations is essentially a judicial question, which if not permitted by the law under which it is undertaken, constitutes the taking of property without due process of law and amounts to a denial of the equal protection of the law. Railroad Commission Cases, 116 U. S. 307; Chicago &c. Railway v. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 418; Chicago &c. Railway v. Wellman, 143 U. S. 339; Reagan v. Farmers’ L. & T. Co., 154 U. S. 362, 397; Lake Shore &c. Railway Co. v. Smith, 173 U. S. 684, 697; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466, 526.
    
      If the State has no power to prevent a resort to the Federal courts to redress what is claimed to be a wrongful invasion of a property right, it should be equally powerless to prevent in the Federal court a full examination of the very questions at issue. It is an anomaly in judicial procedure to say that if the litigation proceeds in the state court it must be heard and determined on the evidence taken before the Commission, while if it proceeds in the Federal court a right to a full investigation of the facts exists. Chicago, Milwaukee &c. Ry. v. Tompkins, 176 U. S. 167, 172; Wisconsin &c. Railroad Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287, 297; Louisiana & A. Railway v. The State, 85 Arkansas, 12.
    One of the main cases relied upon by the appellant, Chicago &c. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 418, was decided expressly upon the theory that no judicial determination was permitted.
    A hearing before the Railroad Commission and the review in the Superior Court do not constitute due process because the Railroad Commission of the State of Washington is not a court; in the hearing before the Superior Court, § 8 places upon the railroad company the burden of setting aside the order of. the Commission, but the statute requires that such hearing shall be had only on the evidence taken before the Commission and certified by the Commission. Prior to the order of the Commission, the railroad company had practically no knowledge of what the order would be and what proof should be introduced by it. The statute does not provide adequate means- whereby the railroad company can obtain and introduce evidence before the Commission.
    While the Commission may provide for hearings, process to enforce the attendance of witnesses before the Commission, or to enforce testimony from contumacious witnesses can issue only by the Superior Court, and then only at the instance of the Commission — but not of the railroads.
    
      If process to compel the attendance of a witness is necessary and the Commission should refuse to apply for it, there is no method of reviewing its action.
    If evidence is offered by the railways before the Commission and it is rejected, there is no method of review of the action of the Commission.
    The Commission may take testimony by deposition— the railroad companies may not.
    The Commission has no power to enforce its own orders, but a suit must lie at the instance of the State, and by the Attorney General, under direction of the Commission, to compel obedience to its orders.
    Rules of evidence to guide the Commission in taking or • receiving testimony are not provided for, nor is any order of proof provided for.
    The Commission has power to limit the number of witnesses, and if this power is capriciously exercised, there is no method of review of the action of the Commission.
    An investigation by such a tribunal with such powers, and without “the machinery provided by the wisdom of successive ages for the investigation judicially of the truth of a matter in controversy” cannot be said to afford to the owners of railway property the judicial protection which, by the many decisions of this court, it has been held they are entitled to in the determination of the question of reasonableness or unreasonableness of the Commission’s orders; such a court is a court without rudder or compass. Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U. S. 107; Hagar v. Reclamation District No. 108, 111 U. S. 708; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 240.
    The Commission failed to make return of very important evidence, which might have aided the court in its determination; nevertheless under §3, the case must be heard in the Superior Court upon the evidence certified to by the Commission.
    The Railway Commission Law is unconstitutional because of the excessive penalties which follow a refusal to comply with the Commission’s orders, rendering a compliance necessary rather than resort to the courts for a decision as to the validity and reasonableness of the orders of the Coinmission. Ex parte Young, 209 U. S. 123.
    There was no public necessity or public convenience to be subserved by the track connections ordered; the order was an unreasonable and arbitrary exercise of bald power, arid as such it constituted, a taking of the property of the plaintiff in error without due process of law.
    The testimony clearly indicates that all the connections ordered were unnecessary, and such is the finding of the chairman of the Commission. In fact the ordering of all the connections in the order was a bald exercise of power by the Commission unsupported by any evidence showing any reason or necessity therefor. Under such conditions the order constitutes the taking of property without due process of law. Wisconsin R. R. Co. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287; Louisiana & A. Ry. v. The State, 85 Arkansas, 12.
    When the question of reasonableness of the regulation of a carrier is up for consideration, the evidence leading up to the regulation must be examined. C. N. & St. P. Ry. v. Tompkins, 176 U. S. 167, 172; Wisconsin R. R. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287; Atl. Coast Line v. N. Car. Commission, 206 U. S. 1; Louisiana & A. Ry. v. The State, 85 Arkansas, 12.
    
      Mr. W. V. Tanner, Attorney General of the State of Washington, with whom Mr. Walter P. Bell and Mr. S. H. Kelleran were on the brief, for defendants in error:
    The Railroad Commission Law of Washington does not deny the due process of law clause.
    After the order of the commissioners becomes a finality the Attorney General may institute an equitable action in the name of the State in the Superior Court to procure the enforcement of the same. Provision is made for the railroad company to petition for modification of any order of the Commission whenever surrounding circumstances have changed, and the same appellate or review proceedings are provided for a decision on that order as in original cases.
    An act which provides for personal notice and service of a copy of the complaint, with full and complete opportunity to appear, introduce witnesses, with compulsory process for their attendance, and a full hearing before a special tribunal, legally constituted by appointment by the Governor of the State, subject to the confirmation of the state senate, members under oath and bond, does not deprive a railroad company, whose facilities are subject thereto, of its property without due process of law, because the provision in the act' giving a right of appeal to the state court from an adverse decision of the Commission requires the state court to decide the case upon the evidence adduced before the Commission. Long Island Water Supply Co. v. City of Brooklyn, 166 U. S. 685; Voigt v. Detroit, 184 U. S. 115; Goodrich v. Detroit, 184 U. S. 432; Ross v. Board of Supervisors, 128 Iowa, 427; S. C., 104 N. W. Rep. 506; Fallbrook Irrigation District v. Bradley, 164 U. S. 112.
    Due process is not necessarily judicial process. Reetz v. Michigan, 188 U. S. 505; Public Clearing House v. Coyne, 194 U. S. 497; United States v. Ju Toy, 198 U. S. 253; Murray’s Lessee v. Hoboken &c. Co., 18 How. 272.
    Nor is the right of appeal essential to due process of law. Reetz v. Michigan, 188 U. S. 505; Andrews v. Swartz, 156 U. S. 272.
    While the state legislature cannot deny the right of review altogether, the judicial review, provided by the act in question, is not such as to deprive the plaintiff in error of its property without due process of law.
    The state legislature could not, if it' wpuld, deny to a railroad company access to. the Federal courts to set aside, by injunction or other appropriate procedure, a schedule of rates or a requirement of service or facilities, which were so low, or otherwise so unreasonable, as to amount to confiscation of the property of the railroad. Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466; Reagan v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 154 U. S. 362.
    The Washington act does not undertake to deprive the Federal courts of jurisdiction. St. Louis & S. F. R. R. Co. v. Gill, 156 U. S. 649; Covington & L. Co. v. Sandford, 164 U. S. 578; San Diego Land & Town Co. v. National City, 174 U. S. 739.
    This court ñas never attempted to define the sort of judicial review which will satisfy the requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 418, is not an authority in this case. But see Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U. S. 107; Brown v. New Jersey, 175 U. S. 172; Hurtado v. California, 110 U. S. 516, 537; Louisville &c. R. R. Co. v. Schmidt, 177 U. S. 230, 236; Iowa Central R. R. Co. v. Iowa, 160 U. S. 389, 393; New York & N. E. Ry. Co. v. Bristol, 151 U. S. 556, 571; Capital Traction Co. v. Hof, 174 U. S. 1; Hagar v. Reclamation District, 111 U. S. 701, 708; Twining v. New Jersey, 211 U. S. 77.
    The act in question falls clearly within the principles announced by this court. Obviously the object of the legislature was to require the railroad companies to present their evidence to the Railroad Commission so that the tribunal may have the benefit of a full hearing. The Commission is thereby enabled to render its decision upon • a complete presentation of all the facts. The saving in both time and expense resultant from this system alone justifies its adoption. The railroad companies under such a system must necessarily produce their testimony before the Commission. The testimony will there be preserved in written form and in the review proceeding the time of taking the testimony will be saved, and the expense of transcribing and preserving the same need not again be incurred. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 176 U. S. 167; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466; East Tennessee &c. R. R. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 181 U. S. 1; Cincinnati &c. Railway Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 162 U. S. 184.
    The act under consideration is not void because the penalties prescribed are so large as to practically preclude recourse to the courts to have the orders of the Commission reviewed judicially. This question. has been eliminated by the decision of the state Supreme Court. It was there held that the alleged excessive penalties might fall and the remainder of the act stand. The construction of the act thus placed upon it by the state tribunal is binding and conclusive upon this court. Reagan v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 154 U. S. 362.
    The act does not impose an excessive penalty nor prevent recourse to the courts in any proper case.
    The order is not so unreasonable or arbitrary as to operate as a taking of property without due process of law.
    . The record fails to show any arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable requirement of the Commission in respect to physical connections, but, on the contrary, the record shows a necessity for a connection at each place required.
   ■ Me. ^Justice Lamae,

after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

1. The Commission’s order requiring the Oregon Company to make track connection was not a mere administrative regulation, but it was a taking of property, since it compelled the defendant to expend money and prevented it from using for other purposes, the land on which the tracks were to be laid. Its validity could not be sustained merely because of the fact that the carrier had been given an opportunity to be heard, but was to be tested by considering whether, in view of all the facts, the talcing was arbitrary and unreasonable or was justified by the public necessities which the carrier could lawfully be compelled to meet. For the guaranty of the Constitution extends to the protection of fundamental rights, — to the substance of the order as well as to the notice and hearing which precede it. “The mere form of the proceeding instituted against the owner, even if he be admitted to defend, cannot convert the process used into due process of law, if the necessary result be to deprive him of his property without compensation.” Chicago &c. Ry. v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 226, 236; Missouri Pacific Ry. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S. 403, 416. So that where the taking is under an administrative regulation the defendant must not be denied the right to show that as matter of law the order was so arbitrary, unjust or unreasonable as to amount to a deprivation of property in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Chicago &c. R. R. v. Minnesota, 134 U. S. 418; Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466; Chicago &c. R. R. v. Tompkins, 176 U. S. 167, 173.

2. This was recognized by the Supreme Court of the State, which held that this constitutional right was not denied, but that the statute furnished, first, an adequate opportunity to be heard before the Commission, and then provided for a judicial review by authorizing the company to . test the validity of the order in the Superior Court. Both of these rulings are assigned as error by the Oregon Company. It complains that the statute did not afford it the means of making a defence before the Commission and yet required it to attack the reasonableness of the order; on such evidence as it might have been able to produce before the administrative body. If this were true thé defendant’s position would be correct, for the hearing which must precede the taking of property is not a mere form. The carrier must have the right to secure aDd present evidence material to the issue under investigation. It must be given the opportunity by proof and argument 'to controvert the claim asserted against it before a tribunal bound not only to listen but to give legal effect to what has been established. But, as construed by the state court, all these rights were amply secured by the statute, which declared that the Commission, “after a full hearing,” might require track connection. On such investigation the company could have objected to the sufficiency of the complaint and obtained an order requiring it to be made more specific as to the exact location of the proposed tracks. The defendant was given the benefit of compulsory process to secure and present evidence in its behalf. There was a provision to require the attendance of witnesses, the production of documents and for the taking of testimony by deposition. It also had the right to cross-examine witnesses produced on the part of the Commission and the privilege of offering evidence on every matter material to the investigation.

3. The defendant insists, however, that, no matter how complete the right to be heard before the Commission, the statute having denied all other opportunity for testing the validity of the order in the state courts, furnished an utterly inadequate judicial review because, as the carrier could not anticipate what-decision would be made, it was unjust to require it to produce evidence, to show in advance, the unreasonableness of an order, the terms of which were not known. From this it argues that the statute was unconstitutional in so far as it prevented the court from receiving competent and non-cumulative testimony tending to prove that there was no public necessity for making the track connection and that the order was void.

This position would be true if the defendant had not been put on notice as to what order was asked for and then given ample opportunity to show that it would be unjust or unreasonable to grant it. In this case, and under the statute, it was given such notice. The complaint alleged that some of the towns were important shipping points and that at all of them there was a public necessity that the roads should be connected. The defendant denied each of these allegations. The hearing, both on the law and the facts, was necessarily limited to that issue. There could have been no valid order which was broader than that claim. The defendant was charged with notice that if the allegations of the complaint as to necessity were established the order could then be lawfully granted, unless there was also, proof that the cost, in comparison with the receipts, or other fact, made it unjust to require the connections to be made. The carrier was therefore given the right both to meet the charge of ■public necessity and also to establish any fact which would make it unjust to pass the order for which the complainant prayed. The act further provided that after the administrative body had acted, the carrier should have the right to test the lawfulness and reasonableness of the regulation in the Superior Court, where every error in rejecting or excluding evidence, or otherwise, could be corrected- On that trial the court was not bound by the finding of fact, but, like the Commission, it was obliged to weigh and consider the testimony and to give full effect to what was established by the evidence, since it acted judicially, “under an imperative obligation, with a sense of official responsibility for impartial and right decision, which is imputed to the discharge of official duties.” Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases, 115 U. S. 321, 334.

4. Having been given full opportunity to be heard on the issues made by the complaint and answer, and as to the reasonableness of the proposed order and having adopted the statutory method of review, this company cannot complain. It had the right to offer all competent testimony before the Commission, which, in view of the form of proceedings authorized by the statute, acted in this respect somewhat like a master in chancery who has been required to take testimony and report his findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court would test its correctness by the evidence submitted to the master. Nor would there be any impairment of the right to a judicial review, because additional testimony could not be submitted to the chancellor. The statute enlarges what this court has recognized to be proper practice in equity cases attacking such regulations. There the hearing is de novo and there is no prohibition in equity against offering all competent evidence to prove that the order was unreasonable. But in Cinn., N. O. & Tex. Pac. v. I. C. C., 162 U. S. 184, 196, it was said: “We think this a proper occasion to express disapproval of such a method of procedure on the part of the railroad companies as should lead them to withhold the larger part of their evidence from the Commission, and first adduce it in the Circuit Court. . . . The theory of the act evidently is, as shown by the provision that the findings of the Commission shall be regarded as prima facie evidence, that the facts of the case are to be disclosed before the commission.” See. also Texas & Pacific v. I. C. C., 162 U. S. 197, 238, 239; Missouri &c. Ry. v. I. C. C., 164 Fed. Rep. 645, 649.

There is no claim here that the evidence rejected by the Superior Court was newly discovered, or that its materiality could not have been anticipated, or that for any reason the defendant had been prevented from submitting to the Commission the testimony it offered in court to show that the cost would be $21,000 instead of $7,500. Noi was there any allegation of surprise, mistake or other extraordinary fact requiring the admission of such evidence in order to preserve the right guaranteed by the Constitution. There is, therefore, no call for a decision as to whether, under those circumstances, such evidence should be admitted, or the case remanded so that the Commission might consider material and probably controlling testimony which the carrier, without fault 'on its part, had failed to submit on the first hearing.

5. If, then, the defendant had notice and was given the right to show that the order asked for, if granted, would be unreasonable, it has not in this case been deprived of the right to a hearing. That being so, it leaves for consideration the contention that as a matter of law, the order, on the facts proved, was so unreasonable as to amount to a taking of property without due process of law. This necessitates an examination' of the evidence, not for the purpose of passing on conflicts in the testimony or of deciding upon pure questions of fact, but, as said in Kansas City Railway Co. v. Albers Commission Co., 223 U. S. 573, 591, from an inspection of the “entire record, including the evidence, if properly incorporated therein, to determine whether what purports to be a finding upon questions of fact is so involved with and dependent upon such questions of law as to be in substance and effect a decision of the latter.” Cedar Rapids Gas Light Co. v. Cedar Rapids, 223 U. S. 655; Graham v. Gill, 223 U. S. 643. Here the question presented is whether as matter of law the facts proved show the existence of such a public neces- • sity as authorizes a taking of property.

6. Since the decision in Wisconsin &c. R. R. v. Jacobson, 179 U. S. 287, there can bé no doubt of the power óf a State, acting through an administrative body, to require railroad companies to make track connection. But manifestly that does not mean that a Commission may compel them to build branch lines, so as to connect roads lying at a distance from each-other; nor does it mean that they may be required to make.connections at every point where their tracks come close together in city, town and country, regardless of the amount of business to be done, or the number of persons who may utilize the connection if built. The question in each case must be determined in the light of all the facts, and with a just regard to the advantage to be derived by the public and the expense to be incurred by the carrier. For while the question of expense must always be considered (Chicago &c. R. R. v. Tompkins, 176 U. S. 167, 174), the weight to be given that fact depends somewhat on the character of the facilities sought. If the order involves the use of property needed in the discharge of those duties which the carrier is bound to perform, then, upon proof of the necessity, .the order will be granted, even though “the furnishing of such necessary facilities may occasion an incidental pecuniary loss.” But even then the matter of expense is “an important criteria to be taken into view in determining the reasonableness of the order.” Atlantic Coast Line R. R. v. North Carolina Commission, 206 U. S. 1, 27; Missouri Pacific Ry. v. Kansas, 216 U. S. 262. Where, however, the proceeding is brought to compel a carrier to furnish a facility not included within its absolute duties, the question of expense is of more controlling importance. In determining the reasonableness of such an order the court must consider all the facts, — the places and persons interested, the volume of business to be affected, the saving in time and expense to the shipper, as against the cost and loss to the carrier. On a consideration of such and similar facts, the question of public necessity and the reasonableness of the order must be determined. This was done in Wisconsin R. R. v. Jacobson, in which for the first time, it was decided that a state commission might compel two competing interstate roads to connect their tracks.

It appeared on an examination of the facts in that case that on one of the lines there was an immense supply of wood, for which there was a great demand at points on the other, where there was none, and that if the connecting track was installed there would be a saving in time and freight on this large volume of business. It also appeared that many cattle were raised on one line, for which there were important markets on the other, and that without the track connection these cattle would have to be hauled over a much longer route, with a resulting loss in weight and value. The advantage to the public was so great that the order requiring the track connection was sustained, in spite of the fact that one of the roads was thereby deprived of the revenue which it would otherwise have received for the longer haul.

But the court said (p. 301) that—

"in so deciding we do not at all mean to hold that under no circumstances could a judgment enforcing track connection between two railroad corporations be a violation of the constitutional rights of one or the other, or possibly of both such corporations. It would depend upon the facts surrounding the cases in regard to which the judgement was given. The reasonableness of the judgment with reference to the facts concerning each case must be a material, if not a controlling, factor upon the question of its validity. A statute, or a regulation provided for therein, is frequently valid, or the reverse, according as the fact may be, whether, it is a reasonable or an unreasonable exercise of legislative power over the subject-matter involved. And in many cases questions of degree are the controlling ones by which to determine the validity, or the reverse, of legislative action.”

7. The complaint in this case was framed in recognition of this principle and alleged that several of the towns were important shipping points, and that at all of them there was a public demand and a public necessity for track connection between the lines of the several roads. As there is no presumption that connection should be made merely because the roads are in proximity to each other, the burden was on the Commission. If no evidence whatever had been offered the order cóuld not have been granted, or, if granted, would necessarily have been set aside by the court on the hearing of the Petition for Review because there was no proof of the fact on which only the order could issue taking the defendant’s property. The same result must have followed if the testimony that was so submitted to the Commission was insufficient to establish the existence of the public necessity alleged to exist. For, even if under the statute the burden was cast on the defendant when the Petition for Review came on to be heard, the Company could, in view of the limited character of the proceedings permitted, successfully carry that burden by showing to the court that there was before the Commission a lack of evidence to prove the existence of a public necessity. That it was bound to sustain the allegations of the complaint seems to have been recognized by that body, and witnesses in its behalf were examined as to the cost of laying the track and also on the subject of the public demand and necessity. It was testified, however, without contradiction, that there was no necessity for connection at Waverly, Thornton, Farmington or Colfax. They were not asked specifically as to the connections at all of the other towns, though there was proof of the general proposition that if the connections were laid it would shorten the haul between given points in case goods were routed over these tracks. But as to the essential elements of a public necessity there was nothing at all comparable to what was established in the^ Jacobson Case.

There the evidence of necessity was clear and convincing, it being shown that a large volume of business would be served and a great saving in rates effected and loss in value of cattle prevented if the two roads were united by a switch track. Here there is no evidence of inadequate service, no proof of public complaint or of a public demand, and no testimony that any freight had been offered in the past for shipment between the points named, or that any such freight would be offered in the future; nor was there any evidence whatever as to the volume of freight that would use these tracks or that the saving in freight and time to the shipper would justify the admitted expense to the carrier, whether that expense be $7,500, as found by the Commission, or $21,000, as claimed by the carrier.

Neither do the undisputed facts establish what appeared in Minneapolis & St. L. Ry. v. Minnesota, 193 U. S. 53, where, under the statute, the order was prima facie binding in so far as it required the company to build stations in towns and villages. The court found that this prima facie case had not been overcome, and that at the town named there was no station; that in view of the increase in population since a prior refusal to grant the order “it was necessary for the accommodation of the citizens of the town and vicinity, the public at large, and the public necessity required that the company should build and maintain a station house.” But here there was no evidence whatever warranting a finding that there was any public necessity for the track connections.

8. The chairman of the Commission dissented as to so much of the order as required connections to be made at Thornton, Waverly, Farmington and Pullman, on the ground that there was no evidence of any public necessity therefor at those points, and it would involve expense which would ultimately have to be paid by the people. And it is practically conceded here that the proof was insufficient — the Attorney General in his brief filed in this case saying that “it must be admitted that the testimony introduced before the Commission as to the character of the traffic, and the nature of the traffic movement in the territory served by the lines of railway is not of a very satisfactory or definite character.” He argues, however, that there is nothing to show that the Commission acted arbitrarily and that the carriers ought to have produced their records for the purpose of showing that there was no need for physical connections at the places where the Commission was seeking to have them installed. That might have been true if the evidence was peculiarly within their knowledge or if the company had been permitted'to file a Bill in Equity attacking a final order in the usual and ordinary manner without being restricted by statute as to the evidence that might be considered by the court. In this case the witnesses for the railroad confirmed what had been stated by those for the Commission, and testified that there had been no demand for track connections and that there was no necessity to put them in. The company was not permitted to offer additional testimony for the purpose of establishing its defense, since the statute declared that the validity of the order was to be determined by the court on what had been proved before the Commission, The burden was on the Commission to establish the allegations in the complaint. That body, as well as the carrier, was charged with notice that the reasonableness of the order was to be determined by what appeared at the hearing before it. The insufficiency of the evidence submitted to the Commission could not under this statute be supplied on the judicial review by a presumption arising from the failure of the carrier to disprove what had not been established.

A careful examination of this record fails to show what, if any, business would be routed over these connections, or what saving would come to the public if they were constructed. There is nothing by which to compare the advantage to the public with the expense to the defendant and nothing to show that within the meaning of the law there is such public necessity as to justify an order taking-property from the company. The judgment is therefore reversed without prejudice to the power of the Commission to institute new proceedings.

Reversed.  