
    Matter of the Intermediate Judicial Settlement of the Account of Thomas J. Keane et ,al., as Trustees under the Last Will and Testament of George A. Feld, Deceased.
    
      (Surrogate’s Court, Bronx County,
    
    
      April, 1916.)
    Testamentary trustees—Intermediate judicial settlement of account —Executors and administrators—Wills—Accounting by trustees.
    In a proceeding brought for the intermediate judicial settlement of the account of testamentary trustees, the testaor’s will left one-third of the residuary estate to trustees named in trust for the benefit of his widow for life with remainder to his surviving children and their lawful issue in equal shares and two-thirds thereof to the said trustees to invest and keep invested for the benefit of his children to be divided equally among them and their descendants on terms and conditions set forth in the will.
    The accounts of the executors of the estate were judicially settled and the account filed by the trustees in this proceeding showed that they held on deposit with a corporation a balance of an indebtedness to the testator which was turned over to them by the executors of the estate now amounting to $100>347.60 and a balance of dividends declared of $1,314.92 and rent amounting to $1,000, both of which accrued since the executors accounted. Ten infants are beneficiaries under the will, either, present or contingent. The special guardian representing them filed objections to the main items referred to above and also to the items with which the trustees have credited- themselves on behalf of each of the beneficiaries and thereby put in issue the right of the trustees to leave these amounts referred to on deposit with the said corporation as an investment of trust funds. The adult beneficiaries consent that the said amounts remain invested as stated by the trustees in their account.
    The eighth paragraph of the will empowered the trustees to invest the trust funds in such manner as they in their unrestricted discretion ' should deem best without being limited to such forms of investment as are authorized by law for the investment of trust funds, and the fourth paragraph provided that during the minority of any beneficiary the trustees might in their discretion accumulate the income from the share of such beneficiary or use the whole or any part thereof for his benefit at any time during his minority.
    The estate owned eighty per cent, of the stock of the corporation and all of the trustees were directors, one was the president and two of them were stockholders of the said corporation with which the items in question are deposited and which used them as a part of its working capital.
    In sustaining objections filed by the special guardian,
    
      
      Held, (1) That the issues in this proceeding were not adjudicated in the judicial settlement of the executors’ accounts;
    (2) That any accumulated income in the hands of the trustees might be invested by them in the same manner and on the same securities upon which they are authorized to invest the principal;
    (3) That the trustees cannot treat the amounts referred to as legal investments in the absence of special authority conferred upon them by the testator in his will; that the creator of a trust may prescribe how the investments shall .be made and on what security; and that the courts have always looked with disfavor upon the investment of trust funds in enterprises where the interests of the trustees as individuals may come in conflict with their interests in the fiduciary relation;
    (4) That the fact that the testator allowed moneys due him for balances of unpaid profits to remain in the treasury of the corporation as a part of its working capital, does not of itself justify an exercise of discretion by the trustees which would continue the same as an investment; that if under the powers given them it would have been improper to invest the trust funds by loaning them to the corporation to be used as a part of its Working capital, it would be equally improper to treat such a loan already made as an investment of trust funds and continue it as such; that it was not a proper exercise of discretion by the trustees under all the circumstances of this matter to treat the amounts mentioned above as investments of trust funds:
    (5) That there is no rigid or arbitrary standard by which to measure the reasonable time within which the trustees were obliged to insist upon a payment of the amount of $100,347.60; that what is a reasonable time must depend upon the circumstances of each particular case; that the test is whether the trustees have used that diligence and prudence in converting the debt into -cash which careful and intelligent men would have used in the management of their own affairs.
    (6) That a construction will not be favored which would make it incumbent upon the trustees to withdraw immediately from the working capital of the corporation the large amount of money which the testator had left with it; that such an intention cannot with reason be imputed to him for the reason that it could not have been his wish to imperil the corporation in which he was so largely interested by so drastic an exercise of power by the trustees; and that it was- the testator’s intention to leave it to the discretion of -his trustees as to the time when and the manner in which this debt should be collected.
    (70 That the trustees should be charged with the said item of $100,347.60, not as cash, but as a debt due from the corporation to them as trustees, and be surcharged with so much of the said items of $1,314.92 and $1,000 as they have deposited with or loaned to the corporation as trustees for infant beneficiaries.
    
      (8) That the adult beneficiaries of the various trust funds by their consents are estopped from questioning the propriety of leaving the last mentioned items of dividends and rent on deposit with the corporation as an investment, and in case they should as provided by the will become entitled to a part of the item of $100,347.60 they are estopped from questioning the form of investment thereof as stated by the trustees.
    Proceedings on the intermediate judicial settlement of the account of trustees..
    William A. Montross, for petitioner.
    Maurice S. Cohen, special guardian for infants, respondents.
   Schulz, S.—

This is a proceeding brought for the intermediate judicial settlement of the account of the trustees under the last will and testament of the decedent.

The latter left him surviving a widow, two daughters, three sons and seven grandchildren.

By the fourth paragraph of his will he leaves all the rest, residue and remainder of his estate to the trustees therein named, who are the accountants in this proceeding, with the proviso that one-third thereof shall be invested for the benefit of bis widow during the term of her natural life, giving to the trustees the authority at their discretion at any time during her life to pay over, transfer and convey the whole or any part of the principal and corpus to her free from the trust. Upon her death they are' to convey the principal and corpus of said one-third, or so much thereof as may then remain, to his children then surviving and to the lawful issue then surviving of any . of his children who shall have died, in equal shares per stirpes and not per capita, the shares of such as may he .under twenty-one years of age to he retained by the trustees who shall continue to hold the same in trust until the minors shall respectively have reached the age of twenty-one years. He also gave the trustees authority in their discretion during the minority of such infants to transfer and convey to- the beneficiaries, the whole or any part of the income or principal of such share .and provided for the disposition of the latter in case of the death of such infant beneficiary during his or her minority. The remaining two-thirds of his residuary estate he directed should be divided into as 'many shares as shall' equal the number of .his children him surviving, together with the number of chil- • dren that have predeceased him leaving issue surviving, each part representing a child who shall have died to be equally-divided per stirpes and not per capita,. •

This two-thirds part he also gave and bequeathed to the trustees to invest and keep invested the. parts or shares thereof in such wise that it would be divided equally among his children and descendants- per stirpes and not per capita. The proceeds of each share he directed to.be paid -over to the beneficiaries of the share with the right in the discretion of the trustees to pay over, transfer or convey the whole or any part of the principal or corpus of the share of such beneficiary to him or her free from the trust. He gave the beneficiaries of the trust last mentioned a power of appointment by will and in default of its exercise directed that so much of the principal or corpus of the estate as- remained should be paid to the heirs and next of kin of such beneficiaries.

The decedent owned eighty per cent, of the capital stock of the corporation known- as George A. Feld Company, which had an authorized capital stock outstanding of $25,000. The nature of the business conducted by the corporation does not appear from the papers before me. He also owned the building in which the said George A. Feld Company carried on its business. At the time of the death of the testator the corporation was indebted to him in the sum of $145,450.22, representing a balance for compensation and profits accrued which the decedent had not withdrawn from the corporation, but had permitted to remain in the treasury .as a part of the working capital and which was credited to him on the books of the corporation and was, in form, a debt of the corporation. This amount has been reduced since his death to the sum of $100,-347.60 by payments made by the corporation to the estate and thó latter amount is stated to be on deposit with the corporation “ as an investment.” A balance of dividends declared since the death of the testator in the sum of $1,314.92 and rent amounting to $1,000 since accrued are stated to have been received by the accountants and left on deposit with the corporation.

The trustees have credited themselves with the sum of $100,347.60, above stated, as being an investment of trust funds. They 'have then .assigned and credited to themselves in trust for each of the beneficiaries' a part of this alleged investment. The same procedure was adopted by the trustees with reference to the balance of dividend and the rent above referred to.

Among the children and grandchildren who are beneficiaries under the trust, either present- or contingent, are ten infants represented in this proceeding by a special guardian. The special guardian has filed objections to the main items referred to above, .and also to the items with which the trustees have credited themselves on behalf of each of the beneficiaries, the legal effect of which is to -put in issue the right of the trustees to leave these various amounts on deposit with or due from the corporation and to credit themselves therewith as investments of the trust funds, and also their right to credit themselves, as trustees for the various beneficiaries, with proportionate parts thereof. In other words, the question is raised whether, under the language of the will defining the powers of the trustees, the latter can regard the indebtedness from the corporation to the testator existing at the time of the latter’s death and the balance of dividends and the rent which accrued since his death and which latter two items they received and left on deposit with the corporation, as investments of the trust funds.

All of the adults interested in the trusts are satisfied with the procedure adopted by the trustees and urge that the account be approved as filed.

The accountants contend that as to the objection to the item of $100,347.60, heretofore referred to, and this would no doubt apply to the objections made to the proportionate amounts heretofore assigned by the trustees to themselves as trustees for the beneficiaries, the issue raised is res adjudicaba because the executors in their account filed about one year ago claimed credit for an item of $102,162.52, of which the first mentioned sum was a part, which consisted of the indebtedness named, which they had turned over in kind to the trustees and which they stated was to be left by the said trustees on deposit with the company as an investment and for the purpose of furnishing the company with necessary capital. Ro objections were interposed to this account by any of the parties thereto, although all the parties now before the court were parties to that proceeding and a decree settling the account as filed was made. . .

I am satisfied, however, and hold that the issues before me have not been adjudicated in the accounting proceeding referred to. Matter of Bannin (142 App. Div. 436), seems to me to be conclusive on that proposition. In that matter the executors had accounted, as' such, and all persons having an interest either as life tenants or remaindermen in the estate had been duly cited. The accounts had been passed without objection and the executors had turned over the estate to themselves as trustees. They had thereafter, as trustees, had four prior accountings. It appeared that. in the first accounting by the trustees there had appeared an item showing that the deceased had an interest in a firm of which no settlement had been made. In the third accounting this interest was again set forth with the statement that no settlement had been made with the surviving partner. The court, in considering the question of res adjudicate, said (page 442): “ We think, where no objections were interposed and no specific ruling had thereon by the court, and the decree upon the accounting merely approved the accounts as rendered .and fixed the amounts in. the hands of the trustees, that this, while sufficient to bar inquiry as to past transactions, was 'not such an approval of the mode of investment as to preclude the court upon a subsequent accounting from disapproving of the continued contribution to the capital of a going concern * * *. As it does not appear that this matter was specifically passed upon on the former accountings, as no attempt is made to charge the trustees with any funds distributed or paid out by them which had been approved upon the former accounting, as the fund remains in their hands and under their control, and as, even if there was an approval of the original transaction, the membership and capital of the copartnership has materially changed since the last accounting, we discover no bar to the present consideration of the question whether this trust fund should remain subject to the hazards of the general partnership in a mercantile concern.” (See also Matter of Hoyt, 160 N. Y. 607 ; Matter of Elting, 93 App. Div. 516 ; Bowditch v. Ayrault, 138 N. Y. 222 ; Matter of Leask, 159 App. Div. 102.)

It, therefore, becomes necessary to examine the provisions of the will which define the powers of the trustees. By the eighth paragraph the testator provided as follows: “ I authorize and empower my said Trustees and their successors and' the survivors and survivor of them to invest said trust funds in such manner as they or he in their or his unrestricted discretion shall deem best, without- being limited to such forms of investment as are authorized by law for the investment of trust funds. And in case any part of such trust funds shall at .any time be invested in bonds or other securities payable at a fixed or determinable date, the value of which shall be more than par, I direct that the whole of the interest and ether income therefrom be paid to the beneficiary, without making any deduction therefrom for the preservation of the principal.”

The trust provision with regard to the two-thirds of the residuary estate’ hereinbefore referred to provides for the collection of the rents, issues, income, etc., of each share and the payment of the same over semiannually or oftener to the beneficiary of said share and then follows this provision: “ Except. that during .the minority of any beneficiary my said Trustees or their successors or the survivors or survivor of them may in their discretion accumulate the income from said share, or may pay over to, or use for the benefit of, such beneficiary, at any time or times during his or her minority, the whole or any part of such income,' the accumulations of income, if any, to be paid over to such beneficiary upon his or her reaching the age of twenty-one years.” Under this provision, I am of the opinion that any income which has accumulated in the hands of the trustees as indicated may be invested by them in the same manner and on the same securities upon which they were authorized to invest the principal. (Matter of Stewart, 30 App. Div. 368, affd. on opinion below, 163 N. Y. 593.) Hence, if it is proper for the trustees to permit the amount which was due to the testator to remain on deposit with., or as a loan to, the corporation under the powers with which they were vested by the will, it was also proper for them to' leave the shares of the income, namely, of the item of balance of dividend, $1,314.92, and the item of $1,000 for rent, to remain on deposit in the same way.

That the trustees could not treat the amounts referred to as legal investments in the absence of special authority conferred upon them by the testator there can no longer be any doubt in this State. (Underhill Wills, § 790 ; Thomas, Laws of Estates, 741 et seq. ; Perry Trusts, §§ 452, 456 ; King v. Talbot, 40 N. Y. 76 ; Matter of Wotton, 59 App. Div. 584, affd., no opinion, 167 N. Y. 629 ; Toronto Gen. Trust Co. v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. R. Co., 64 Hun, 1, 9, affd. on opinion below, 138 N. Y. 657 ; Matter of Avery, 45 Misc. Rep. 529, 549 ; Decedent Estate Law, § 111, being Laws of 1909, ch. 18, and constituting Consol. Laws, ch. 13 ; Pers. Prop. Law, § 21, being Laws of 1909, ch. 45, and constituting Consol. Laws, ch. 41 ; Banking Law, §§ 239, 239-a, being Laws of 1914, ch. 369, as amended by Laws of 1915, ch. 269, and constituting Consol. Laws, ch. 2.) And it is equally well settled that the creator of a trust may prescribe how the investments shall be made and what security shall be taken for .moneys invested. (Denike v. Harris, 84 N. Y. 89 ; Thorn v. De Breteuil, 86 App. Div. 405, 424, modified, 179 N. Y. 64 ; Matter of Stewart, supra.)

It is first to be determined, therefore, whether they were given the authority to invest in other than the usual securities. As to this the language of the paragraph of the will quoted above leaves no doubt in my mind. (Matter of Hall, 164 N. Y. 196 ; Matter of vom Saal, 82 Misc. Rep. 531 ; Matter of Keteltas, 1 Conn. 468 ; Lawton v. Lawton, 35 App. Div. 389.)

But notwithstanding the fact that the trustees have the authority stated and however large the discretion in them may be, the court nevertheless does not lose its power to review the use of this discretion and, if need be, to correct any abuse in its exercise. In Matter of Hall (supra), the language of the will was as follows: “ I hereby give my said executors and trustees, hereinbefore named full power to reinvest * * * in any security real or person which they may deem for the benefit of my estate and calculated to carry out the intention of this my last will.”

Here the testator had been in the business of manufacturing umbrellas, and by his will he directed that his interest in the business be closed on the first day of January or the first day of July immediately following Ms decease. The executors invested in the stock of a corporation in the same line of business. The Court of Appeals, in discussing the power granted to the trustees and their exercise of it in the manner indicated,- said: We. concede that under the terms of the will the trustees were given a discretion as to the character of the investments they might make, and that they were not limited to the investments required by a court of equity in the absence of any directions from a testator. The trusts of this will are to provide the testator’s children with income during their lives-, and on their deaths the principal is to go to their issue. The very object of the creation of the trust was, therefore, the security of the principal, otherwise the testator might better have given the property outright -to his children who were the primary objects of his bounty; ” and then disapproved of the investment made.

In Matter of vom Saal (supra), the will contained a provision very much similar to -the one under consideration, empowering the executors “ to invest and reinvest the proceeds, in such amounts and in such manner as may .to them in their absolute discretion seem advisable, although the said investments may not be of the -character permitted for -the investment of trust fund® by the ordinary rules of. law.” And the learned surrogate said: It seems to me that a proper construction of the clause under consideration permits the executors to invest the trust fund in securities other than so-called court-securities, or those mentioned in section 111 of the Decedent Estate Law, using such diligence"and such prudence in the care and management of the trust funds as prudent men of discretion and intelligence in such matters employ in th-eir own like business -concerns. If the executors and trustees in their discretion do not invest the funds in such securities as are mentioned in said section 111, known generally as court securities, in case of -the depreciation of the investments- their conduct as to good faith, diligence and prudence may be inquired into on a settlement of their accounts. If, in the investment of the funds, they should take securities which diligent and prudent men, acting in good faith, would not take, they would be held liable for the loss, but if they should act' with, the good faith, prudence and diligence which would characterize a good,, careful business man under 'the circumstances in the investment of funds, they would not be held liable, although there might be a loss.” (See also Clark v. Clark, 23 Misc. Rep. 272, 286, and cases cited; Matter of Hirsch, No. 1, 116 App. Div. 367, affd. without opinion, 188 N. Y. 584.)

In the pending matter it appears that all of the trustees are directors, one of them is the president and two of them are stockholders of the corporation with which the items in question are deposited and which uses them as a part of its working capital. Without in the slightest degree impugning the good .faith of trustees, or even inquiring into it, the courts have always looked with disfavor upon the investment of trust funds in enterprises where the interests of the trustees as individuals may come in conflict with their interests in the fiduciary relation. (Deobold v. Oppermann, 111 N. Y. 531 ; Matter of Hirsch, No. 1, supra ; Matter of Stallo, 82 Misc. Rep. 135 ; Pyle v. Pyle, 137 App. Div. 568, affd. without opinion, 199 N. Y. 538 ; Munson v. Syracuse, G. & C. R. R. Co., 103 N. Y. 59.)

Eor does the fact that the testator allowed the moneys due him for balances of unpaid profit to remain in the treasury of the corporation as a part of the working capital, of itself justify the exercise of the discretion of the trustees in continuing the same as an investment. If under the will and the power given them as trustees it would have been an improper exercise of discretion to invest trust funds by loaning them to the corporation to be used by it as part of the working capital, then it is an equally improper exercise of such discretion to treat such a loan already made as an investment of trust funds and continue it as such. (Perry Trusts, §§ 454, 465 ; Matter of New York Life Ins. & Tr. Co., 86 App. Div. 247 ; Toronto Gen. Trust Co. v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. R. Co., supra.)

In my opinion it is not a proper exercise of discretion on the part of the trustees under all the circumstances, to treat the amount due to' the testator at the time of his death and the balance of dividends and rent due, as investments of the trust funds. It follows that the objections of the special guardian . must be sustained.

Assuming that my conclusions as stated are correct, the next question presented is whether the trustees should be charged with the items stated as cash. I consider first the item of $100,347.60, being, the balance of the' amount which was due from the corporation to the decedent at the time of his death. There is no rigid or arbitrary standard by which to measure the reasonable time within which the trustees in this matter were obliged to insist upon a payment, of .this amount. What is a reasonable time must depend upon the circumstances in each particular case, and what would be a reasonable time in one instance would not necessarily be so in another. The test is whether the trustees have used that diligence and prudence in converting the debt into cash which careful and intelligent men would have used in the management of their own affairs. (Thomas, Law of Estates, 744 ; Perry on Trusts, § 465 ; Matter of Weston, 91 N. Y. 502 ; Matter of Hosford, 27 App. Div. 427, 430 ; Matter of Wotton, supra.)

Considering all of the circumstances in the matter before me, I am not prepared to hold that it was the duty of the trustees to insist upon the payment of this item as soon as it came into their hands, or since that time and up to the present. The decedent owned eighty per cent, of all the capital stock of the corporation which was indebted to him, and I cannot favor a construction which would have made it incumbent upon the trustees 'to withdraw immediately from the working capital of this corporation the large amount of money which the decedent had left with it. ■ Such an intention cannot with reason be imputed to the testator, for I cannot believe that it was his wish possibly to imperil the corporation in which he was so largely interested by such a drastic exercise of power by the trustees. The latter were associated with the decedent in business. He must be presumed to have known them well. The whole will and the powers intrusted to them by the testator showed that he had absolute confidence not only in their honor as men, but in their sagacity as business men. He not only made them trustees with power to distribute the income, but he gave them the right in their discretion to pay over the principal; a clear indication of the implicit trust that he had in their honesty and in their discretion. I am of the opinion that it was the testator’s intention to leave it to the discretion of his trustees as to the time when and 'the manner in which this debt should be collected, relying upon their good judgment to see to it that it should not be done in such a way .as to hurt the business of the corporation in which he was so largely interested.

I hold that the trustees should be charged with the said item, not as cash, but as a debt due from the corporation to them as trustees.

As trustees it was and is their duty to collect this amount in such a manner and at such a time or times as this can be done without imperilling or unduly embarrassing the corporation. The latter seems to be in a flourishing condition, and if the trustees have used and do use reasonable and proper discretion and diligence in the matter which, judging from the confidence that the testator had in them, it is likely they will do, they cannot be justly criticised, even if .a loss results.

As to the item of $1,314.92 balance of dividends and that of $1,000 rent which was stated in the account to have been collected and deposited with the corporation as an investment, having reached the conclusion stated, the trustees will be surcharged with so much thereof as they have deposited with or loaned to the corporation as trustees for infant beneficiaries.

Such beneficiaries of the various trust funds as are of full age who have consented to the trustees leaving the items last referred to on deposit with the corporation as an investment are estopped from questioning its propriety. These adult beneficiaries may, in the discretion of the trustees, become entitled to share in the principal. In case any of such beneficiaries should thus become entitled to a part of the item of $100,347.60,, they are estopped from questioning the investment thereof as stated by the trustees by reason of their consent thereto and acquiescence therein. (Matter of Hall, supra.)

Decreed accordingly.  