
    The People, App’lts, v. William J. H. Ballard et al., Resp’ts.
    
    
      (Court of Appeals, Second Division,
    
    
      Filed October 1, 1892.)
    
    1. Corporations—Action against directors—Code Civ. Pro., SB 1781, 1782.
    An action against a domestic corporation and its trustees to compel the latter to account for corporation property transferred, lost or wasted by a. violation of duty on their part, and to remox e said trustees, can be maintained by the attorney-general, in his discretion, in the name of the people without a relator.
    (Landon and Brown, JJ., dissent.)
    2. Same.
    A corporation created by the laws of this state cannot be reorganized under the laws of another state without the process of lawful dissolution.
    3. Same.
    A corporation cannot sell all its property to a foreign corporation organized through its procurement, with a majority of non-resident trustees, for the express purpose of stepping into its shoes, taking all its assets and carrying on its business. Such a transfer would be unauthorized and void as to non-assenting stockholders and as to the state.
    Appeal from a judgment of the general term of the supreme court in the first judicial department, affirming a judgment entered upon the decision of the court at special term.
    This action was brought, in the name of the People, without a relator, against a domestic business corporation and its trustees, to compel the latter to account for their official conduct in the management and disposition of its property, to require them to pay over to it the value of all property acquired by themselves,, transferred to others, lost or wasted by a violation of duty on their part, and to remove each of them from his position as trustee of the company.
    The facts, so far as material, appear in the opinion.
    
      J. Langdon Ward, for app'lts; Treadwell Cleveland, for resp’ts.
    
      
       Reversing 29 St. Rep., 926.
    
   Vann, J.

In 1880 the Spring Valley Hydraulic Gold Company was organized as a corporation under the general manufacturing act of this state, and shortly thereafter it invested substantially all its capital in certain mines in the state of California, and until the year 1886 operated the same as its sole business. The object for which it was formed, as stated in the certificate of incorporation, was to carry on the business of mining various precious ores, and to smelt, refine and sell the product.

In July, 1886, the defendant trustees transferred all its property, both real and personal, including said mines, to a corporation organized at the time under the laws of the state of California, for the purpose of carrying on the business theretofore conducted by the defendant company, and of taking title to its assets. This was ■done with the approval of stockholders holding a majority of the stock, in good faith, to save the property from sacrifice, but without the consent of the holders of a large number of shares, and .against the protest of some of the stockholders. The sole consideration for such transfer was an agreement by the California com-pony to pay the debts of the Hew York company, and to issue to lit certain shares of its capital stock. A majority of the directors of the former company were, and still are, residents of California, and the only object of the transaction was, without a dissolution, to reorganize the defendant company under the laws of another state in order to obtain some real or supposed advantage afforded thereby. The attorney-general commenced this action to remove the trustees and to compel them to account for the property thus transferred, but the special term dismissed the complaint because no one was joined as a relator, and the general term affirmed the judgment, one of its learned justices dissenting.

This appeal presents two questions of grave importance:

1. Whether an action for the judicial supervision of a business corporation, its officers and members, can be maintained by the .attorney-general in the name of the People without a relator ? People v. Lowe, 47 Hun, 577 ; 15 St Rep., 105; People v. Bruff, 9 Abb. N. C., 153.

2. Whether a corporation created by the laws of this state can be reorganized under the laws of another state without the process ■of lawful dissolution ?

The first question has been twice considered, but never decided by this court In the People v. Lowe, 117 N. Y., 175, 190; 27 St. Rep., 138, the present learned chief judge of the court, after .a thorough and able discussion of the subject, reached the conclusion that the People have no right to maintain such an action, •but, as a majority of the court were unable to agree with him in that conclusion, the judgment was reversed upon another ground. The question was again considered by the court in the very case how before us, and an opinion, unfortunately not published, because it is exhaustive, in research and persuasive in reasoning,, was prepared, sustaining the right of the People to sue without a. relator, but, as one of the members of the court was the attorney-general who commenced the action, only six judges could act, and they were equally divided upon the question, so that no judgment was rendered. The case was subsequently certified to. this, division of the court for decision, and after hearing a re-argument, and giving the subject the most careful attention, we also are divided in opinion and are unable to pronounce judgment except, by the vote of a majority. The duty of giving expression to the-views of those who think that the action can be maintained as brought, necessarily involves, to a great extent, the adoption of positions already taken and arguments already made in previous discussions of the question.

As early as 1817, it was held by Chancellor Kent, Attorney General v. Utica Ins. Co., 2 Johns., Ch., 871, that the court of chancery, upon motion of the attorney general, had no power to restrain an insurance company from carrying on a banking business, even if it was in violation of a public statute. After reviewing all the authorities, which at that early date were exclusively English, the conclusion was reached that, as there was an adequate remedy at law by quo warranta, the court of .chancery had no jurisdiction to supervise the conduct of corporations, unless it was in the case of charitable corporations, which were regarded as of sufficient public concern to warrant interference by' a court of equity. The only question discussed was the jurisdiction of the court to entertain such an action at all, and no attention was given to the form of procedure. It was not even claimed by the eminent counsel who took part in the argument of that case but what, if the court had jurisdiction of the subject of the action, it.could proceed at the instance of the attorney general, without a relator. Page 374. In none of the cases cited by the chancellor, did the court refuse to proceed because the attorney general came into» court alone and represented the interests of the public only. While there was doubt in the minds of some of the judges whether chancery or the king’s bench was the proper tribunal to supervise the conduct of charitable corporations, there seems to have been no doubt that such jurisdiction, wherever it resided, could be exercised upon motion of the attorney general, either with or without a relator. Attorney General v. Bucknall, 2 Atk., 328; King v. Masters of St. Catharine's Hall, 4 Durn. & East., 233, and note A. on page 240; Attorney General v. Brown, 1 Swan., 265; Attorney General v. Oglender, 1 Yes., Jr., 246. The-only object of joining a relator at all seems to have been to provide security for the costs of the defendant. Attorney General v. Green, 2 Brown, 496; Redesdale’s Ch. Pl., 79.

The revisers had in mind the decision in the Utica Insurance Case, supra, when they reported that part of the Revised Statutes relating to “ proceedings by and against corporations and public bodies having certain corporate powers, and by and against officers representing them,” the thirty-first section of which is as follows: “ Upon a bill being filed by the attorney general in the ■court of chancery, the chancellor shall have power to restrain by injunction any corporation from assuming or exercising any franchise, liberty or privilege, or transacting- any business not allowed by the charter of such corporation; and in the same manner, to restrain any individuals from exercising any corporate rights, privileges or franchises not granted to them by any law of this state.” 2 R. S., 462, § 31. To this section the revisers appended the following note: “The proceedings at law by quo warranta or scire facias are so dilatory that much mischief will generally be done before judgment can be obtained, and are so expensive that a summary remedy seems absolutely necessary. Chancellor Kent held in 2 Johns. Ch., 391, that the court did not possess the power proposed to be given in the preceding section.”

It is clear that the object of the legislature in enacting this section with this official explanation before them was to enlarge the power of the court of chancery in relation to proceedings against ■corporations. This is made even more apparent by the specific provisions of § 33, which is as follows: “ The chancellor shall have jurisdiction over directors managers and other trustees and officers of corporations. 1. To compel them to account for their official conduct in the management and disposition of the funds and property committed to their charge. 2. To decree and compel payment by them to the corporation whom they represent, and to its creditors, of all sums of money, and of the value of all property which they may have acquired to themselves, or transferred to others, or may have lost or wasted by any violation of their duties as such trustees. 3. To suspend any such trustee or •officer from exercising his office whenever it shall appear that he has abused his trust 4. To remove any such trustee or officer from his office upon proof or conviction of gross misconduct. 5. To direct new elections to be held by the body or board duly authorized for that purpose to supply vacancies created by such removal. 6. In case there be no such body or board, or all the members of such board be removed, then to report the same to the governor, who shall be authorized, with the consent of the senate, to fill such vacancies. 7. To set aside all alienations of property made by the trustees or other officers of any corporation contrary to the provisions of law, or for purposes foreign to the lawful business and objects of such corporation in cases where the person receiving such alienation knew the purpose for which the same was made, and, 8. To restrain and prevent any such alienation, in cases where it may be threatened, or there may be good reason to apprehend it will be made.”

The revisers, in their note to this section, say that it was “drawn to supply what are conceived to be important defects in some cases, and to remove doubts entertained respecting the power of the court in others. The first subdivision is intended, in connection with § 35, to give to the court of chancery in this state the same power that is exercised by that court in England in cases of charitable corporations, and in other cases, the possession of which power is doubted by Chancellor Kent in 2 Johnson’s Chancery-Reports, 384, although alleged to be a part of the. general jurisdiction of the court in 2 Term Reporter, 199.”

This legislation was doubtless induced by said decision, of the chancellor, and as he gave prominence to the supposed defect in the power of the court, so the legislature gave prominence to that subject in enacting the statute, but the method of exercising the power is made clear by § 35 in the following language : “ The jurisdiction conferred by the preceding thirty-third section shall be exercised as in ordinary cases on bill or petition, as the case may require or the chancellor may direct, at the instance of the attorney-general prosecuting in behalf of the people of this state, or at the instance of any creditor of such corporation, or at.the instance of any director, trustee or other officer of such corporation having a general superintendence of its concerns.”

Thus, as it seems to us, the legislature intended to greatly increase the power of the court of chancery in regard to the supervision of corporations, and to authorize the attorney-general, on his own motion, to call upon the court to act. The revisers intended, as we gather their meaning from the language used, that the couit of chancery, in this state, should have the same power in regard to corporations generally that is exercised by that court in England in the case of charitable corporations. We cannot unite with the learned justice who decided the case at special term in the opinion that it was intended to limit the jurisdiction, conferred to those-cases in which it was exercised by the English court. The statute-contains no words of limitation, but in plain terms confers upon the chancellor the powers enumerated, and provides that they shall be exercised at the instance of the attorney-general. If the-revisers had intended to limit those powers to a single class of' corporations, would not so important a limitation have appeared in the statute itself rather than in a note? But, it is asked, if' this power really existed, why was it not exercised by some attorney-general during the long period that these provisions of the Revised Statutes were in force ? The contemporary construction of a statute is always valuable, because it involves the-judgment and understanding of those conversant with the law at the time the statute was passed. This, however, means such construction by contemporaries as indicates actual user of the statute. Mere negative construction, inferred from non-user for-many years, is of little value, especially when the only person ■capable of calling the statute into action is a high officer of the-state, with multifarious duties and cares. As the statute conferred the same power of acting under it upon creditors and others that it did upon the attorney-gen eral, it may be that that officer left parties tó their own resources, or that parties-preferred to act for themselves so that they could control the-proceedings.

The next legislation upon the subject,' after the Revised Statutes, appeared in the Code of Procedure, which provided that an action might be brought by the attorney-general in the-name of the People in various cases. Such actions were in the-place of writs of scire facias and quo warranta and of proceedings by information in the nature of quo warranta. Code of Procedure, §§ 428 to 447.

These provisions have but little bearing upon the question under consideration, except as they reflect the general policy of the state in allowing the attorney-general to interfere with the affairs of corporate bodies without a relator “ in every case of public interest,” and with a relator “ in every other case in which satisfactory security shall be given.” Code of Pro., § 430.

Attention is also called to an act passed in 1870, to regulate proceedings against corporations by injunction and otherwise,” which provided that “ all actions and proceedings against a corporation, when the relief sought, or which can be granted therein, shall be the dissolution of such corporation or the removal or suspension of any officer or director thereof shall be brought by the attorney-general in the name of the People of the state. Laws 1870, chap, 151, § 2.

In 1874 two cases were decided by this court holding that, under the peculiar circumstances therein appearing, the state could not sue in its name of sovereignty without some specific-interest in the subject of the action. People v. A. & S. R. R. Co., 57 N. Y., 161; People v. Ingersoll, 58 id., 1.

These cases are said to have led to the passage of chapter 49 of the Laws of 1875, which conferred upon the People the right to sue without a specific interest and authorized the attorney-general to prosecute such actions in their name.

We have thus reviewed the law as it stood prior to the enactment of the Code of Civil Procedure, in order to learn the history of legislation and judicial decision together with the general policy of the state upon the subject, so that the statute under which this action was commenced might be the more easily understood. That history, if we read it aright, shows a progressive tendency on the part of the state towards the supervision, through its courts and attorney-general, of the corporations which it brought into existence by keeping them within the lines of the law.

Title 2 of chapter 15 of the Code of Civil Procedure treats of " actions relating to a corporation,” and the second article is entitled the “ judicial supervision of a corporation and of the officers and members thereof.” This action was brought under §§ 1781 and 1782, which appear in the article headed by that significant title. Section 1781 is a re-enactment in substantially the same language of § 33, already quoted from the Bevised Statutes. 2 B. S. (1st ed.), 462. In plain terms it confers jurisdiction upon the court over the subject-matter of such an action as this, leaving it to the next section to prescribe by whom the action is to be brought in the following language: “An action may be brought, as prescribed in the last section, by the attorney-general in behalf of the People of the state, or, except where the action is brought for the purpose specified in subdivision third or fourth of that section, by a creditor of the corporation, or by a trustee, director, manager, or other officer of the corporation having a general superintendence of its concerns.” Code Civ. Pro., § 1782. The excepted subdivisions relate to the suspension or removal of a. defendant from office.

To this section the commissioners attached the following note: “2 R. S., 462, § 35, amended as required by the changes of the judicial system and forms of proceeding and by Laws 1870; chap. 151, § 2.” Thus § 85, already quoted from the Revised Statutes, is pointed out as the basis of the section reported,, amended, however, as required by the ,act of 1870, so as to provide that all actions in which a part of the relief sought is the suspension or removal from office of any officer or director of a, corporation, “ shall be brought by the attorney-general in the name of the People of the state.” Laws 1870, chap. 151, § 2. This is an action of that character. Section 1786 applies only to actions to dissolve a corporation, and §§ 1797 and 1798 to-actions to vacate or annul the charter of a corporation. No such relief is sought in the action before us. Section 1804 excepts religious, educational, municipal and some other corporations from the operation of the act Section 1808 provides that “where-the attorney-general has good reason to believe that an action” such as the one under consideration, “ can be maintained in behalf of the People of the state, * * * he must bring an action accordingly, * * * if, in his opinion, the public interests-Require that an action should be brought In a case where the action can be brought only by the attorney-general in behalf of the People, if a creditor, stockholder, director or trustee * * * applies to the attorney-general for that purpose and furnishes the-■security required by law, the attorney-general must bring the action, or apply for leave to bring it, if he has good reason to believe that it cq.n be maintained.”

This section provides for two classes of action, each of which requires two facts to exist before the action can be brought, but only one of which is common to both. Each class requires that the attorney-gen eral should have good reason to believe that the action can be maintained. In addition to that, the first class-requires that he should be of the opinion that the public interests-require that an action should be brought, and the second class, that one of the persons named should apply to him to bring the-action and furnish the security required by law. It is not enough to warrant the commencement of either action for the attorney-general to be satisfied that it can be maintained, for in the one: case he must also be satisfied that the public interests require him to act, and in the other, one of the designated persons must ask him to act and give security. In the first class no security is required, and in the second the public interests need not be consulted, but simply private interests. If a relator were required.in the first class, the attorney-general might not be able to procure one, and hence could not obey the command of the statute.

If a relator were not required in the second class, costs might be thrown upon the People in litigation in which the public had no concern. This construction is confirmed by the commissioners’note to said section, in which they say: “New, as respects an action brought under article 2 or article 3, but corresponding to Code of Procedure, § 430, last sentence, as respect® an action substituted for the proceedings by quo warranta.. It will often happen, and, indeed, has happened, that the attorney-general, who, alone, under §§ 2 and 5 of the act of 1870, can. bring some of the actions provided for in articles 2 and 3, declines to interfere on the ground that no public interests are-jeopardized by the transactions complained of. In such a case? the aggrieved parties were remediless, until the enactment of this-section. Ho sufficient reason is apparent why the rule established by Code of Procedure, § 430, should not apply to such, cases.”

We have now examined all the sections of the Code to which: our attention has been called, except 1811, which provides that a director or other officer of a corporation cannot be removed otherwise than by final judgment in an action brought by the , attorney-general. This section, also, had its origin in chapter 151 of the Laws of 1870, as the commissioners state in their note-thereto. Section 1986 has no bearing, because it is limited to-title 1 of chapter 16, which relates to a different subject, except where a creditor applies to the attorney-general to sue under § 1808, when a relator is to be joined if the application is granted and the action commenced.

Considering the history of the law upon the subject, the origin, object and language of the statute, we think that the legislature intended to authorize the attorney-general to bring such an action as this whenever he was convinced not only that it could be maintained, but also that the interests of the public would be promoted thereby. We appreciate the force of the-argument that it is contrary to the prevailing rule to permit an action to be brought in the name of one who has no direct interest in the result.

This, however, bears upon the question of construction only, for what the legislature has authorized may lawfully be done, in the absence of some- restriction in the constitution. But, while the People have no pecuniary interest in the result, have they no-interests that need protection ? Corporations for various purposes-are created by the state. They exist only by virtue of its will. Their interests are vast, their assets enormous, their powers extensive, and their action affects the welfare of every citizen. When they act within the law, they serve a useful purpose and promote the common good When they act in violation of law, their great power affords a practical protection which the average citizen cannot command Has the state no interest in supervising the conduct of its creatures to whom it has confided such great power ? In a broad and political sense, has it no interest in requiring the managers of corporations to observe their charters and not abuse their powers ? Has it no interest to prevent, by the deterrent effect of example in a flagrant case of wrong, similar violations of law by those managing other corporations? May not the legislature have thought that sound public policy required not only remedies for the redress of private wrongs to be enforced at the instance of those injured, but also the direct interference by the state whenever, according to the sound judgment of a discreet and conservative public officer, it was necessary in order to arrest a growing evil ? These questions, we think, suggest an answer ■to the argument founded on the supposed improbability that the legislature would depart from the usual rule of requiring a direct interest to support an action. No such interest was regarded as necessary in order to annul a charter, dissolve a corporation, remove a receiver or oust a usurper. With great deference to the learned judges who have reached a different conclusion and whose opinions have caused us to hesitate long and anxiously before pronouncing judgment, we think that this action, if otherwise well founded, can be maintained by the attorney-general in the name of the People alone.

The suggestion is made that while an action may be brought by the attorney-general in- the name of the People, without a relator, still it is for the court to decide whether the public interests, in fact, required the action to be so brought,, and if it decides that they did not so require, that the complaint should be dismissed on that ground. The interest of the public, according to this construction, would be an issuable fact. A comparison of § 1871, which provides for the substance, with § 1808, which provides for the form, shows, as we think, that such was not the intention of the •legislature. The attorney-general is to bring the action if he has good reason to believe that it can be maintained, and “ if in his opinion,” not in the opinion of the court, the public interests require that it should be brought. While the former section is to govern the action of the court in granting relief, the latter is to govern the action of the attorney-general in deciding to ask for relief, and is addressed to his conscience only. The sole responsibility of suing in the name of the People rests upon him. That subject is wholly in his keeping as the representative of the public interests. If it were held otherwise, upon what evidence could the court proceed? If, for instance, the attorney-general, upon learning that serious abuse of power by the trustees of corporations was so common as, in his judgment, to amount to a public evil, should decide to interpose the power of the state for the sake of a wholesome example, could the court take evidence as to the mass of wrongful acts upon which he relied in deciding to bring the action ? If so, would not the defendants have the right to show that each act was innocent and not wrongful? Would nr.i this lead to an intolerable multiplication of issues? Could those issues be defined by pleadings ? Unless so defined, could the defendants be prepared for trial?

We think that the question as to what the public interests require is committed to the absolute discretion of the attorney-general, and that it cannot be made the subject of inquiry by the courts. If he abuses the great power entrusted to him, a remedy may be found in his removal from office, or in the election of a successor worthy of the high position.

The statute authorizes an action to remove the trustees of a corporation for misconduct; to compel them to account for their official acts in managing and disposing of the property committed to their charge, and to require them to pay to the corporation, or its-creditors, the value of any property transferred in violation of their duties. Code of Civ. Pro., § 1781.

A corporation is purely artificial, having no natural or inherent power, but only such as its charter confers. The charter of the-corporation in question was the statute under which it was organized. Upon filing the certificate of incorporation it came into existence, with power to do only that which is expressly or impliedly authorized by the statute. It had no power to act except through its trustees, who were authorized to manage its “ stock, property and concerns,” and a majority of whom were required to be citizens of this state. Laws of 1848, chap. 40, as amended by Laws of 1860, chap. 269. While they were authorized to conduct its affairs, they were not authorized to terminate its existence, although, under special circumstances, the courts could dissolve it upon their application. Code of Civ. Pro., § 2419. A corporation cannot cease to exist of its own will. Its-life continues until either the charter period has expired or the court has decreed a dissolution. The law made it and the law only can put an end to it. As it cannot take its own life directly, it cannot do so indirectly, for that would be a fraud upon the law and against public policy. By the transaction complained of the defendant company was stripped of all its property, and thus prevented from going on in business and deprived of all means of carrying into effect the object of its existence. While a corporation may sell its property to pay debts, or to carry on its business, it cannot sell its property in order to deprive itself of existence. It cannot sell all its property to a foreign corporation organized through its procurement, with a majority of non-resident trustees, for the express purpose of stepping into its shoes, taking all its assets and carrying on its business. That would be the practical destruction of the corporation by its own act, which the law will not tolerate. Whether the process by which it was sought to convert the Hew York corporation into a California corporation is called reorganization, consolidation or amalgamation, it was the exercise of a power not delegated, and was void. It was corporate burial in Hew York for resurrection in California. While the stockholders who consented may be estopped by their acts, those who did not consent can take advantage of this violation of their rights, and the state of Hew York can demand that those who did the wrong shall make restitution.

The case of Abbott v. The American Hard Rubber Company, 33 Barb., 578, is the leading authority upon the subject in this state, and it is also recognized as the leading authority in most of the states. In that case a majority of the trustees of a business corporation, without the consent of some of the stockholders, transferred all its personal property, which was especially adapted to its business, to two persons, who forthwith caused another corporation to be formed and transferred such property to it. It was held that, as such transfer practically terminated . the corporation by taking from it the power to fulfil the object of its organization, it was a violation of that object, was not within the power oí the trustees, and was hence void as ultra vires. The case was elaborately considered both at special and general terms, and we regard it as a sound and valuable authority.

A somewhat similar question was under consideration in Frothingham v. Barney, 6 Hun, 366, where the court said: “This, as a business arrangement, was wise, discreet and sagacious. As such it should be sustained if it legally is possible. The interests oí •one or two small stockholders should not enable them to work the destruction of the interests of co-owners, or compel the purchase of their stock at fictitious or unreal prices if it can be .avoided. * * * Upon the dissolution of the association it became the duty of the trustees to convert the assets into money, .and distribute the proceeds among the stockholders. To a certain -extent that has been done. A portion of such assets have not been distributed, and another portion, including the good will of the old association, has been exchanged by the trustees for the -corporate stock of a new Wells, Fargo & Co. This, as I understand, the trustees had no right to do. They had no right to exchange the assets of the old association for the corporate stock of any corporation without the consent of all the stockholders. Mann v. Butler, 2 Barb. Ch., 362. Equally were they without authority in making this partial exchange without such consent Stockholders of the old association could not thus, against their will, be forced into relations with the new company. Blatchford v. Ross, 54 Barb., 42; H. & N. H. R. R. Co. v. Croswell, 5 Hill, 383, 386.”

In Taylor v. Earle, 8 Hun, 1, a New York corporation, by the vote of a large majority of its stockholders, sold all its property, except cash on hand, mills and franchises, to a Vermont corporation and took in payment shares of stock in the latter company. 'The court said: “ The whole scheme of the transfer and its execution was illegal. There is no power given by the acts under which the Burlington Cotton Mills (the Hew York corporation) were incorporated to transfer all its property and thus terminate its existence, and take in payment stock in a company carrying on the same business with a different name, charter and stockholders, and being a foreign corporation. The corporation, by the Hew York law, could increase or diminish its stock, ór extend its business to other objects, but that falls far short, I think, of the sweeping power exercised on this occasion. The sale was not real. It was a mere form to turn a Hew York corporation into a Vermont one, and thus escape the scrutiny into the affairs of the •company permitted by the New York law to the stockholders.”

All the authorities in this state are uniform in holding that the trustees of a corporation cannot so dispose of its property as to virtually end its existence and prevent it from carrying on the business for which it was incorporated. Blatchford v. Ross, 54 Barb., 42; Copeland v. Citizens' Gas Light Co., 61 id., 60; Smith v. The N. Y. Consolidated Stage Co., 18 Abb., 419 ; Metropolitan El. Ry. Co. v. Manhattan Ry. Co., 14 Abb. N. C., 303 ; Hartford, etc., R. R. Co. v. Croswell, 5 Hill, 383.

Other courts of the highest standing have laid down the same

rule. Railway Co. v. Allerton, 85 U. S., 233 ; Stevens v. Rutland, etc., R. R. Co., 29 Vt., 545; New Orleans, etc., R. R. Co. v. Harris, 27 Miss., 517; see also, Morawetz on Corporations, § 413 : Spelling on Corporations, § 1012; Cook on Stock and Corporation Law, § 667; Beach on Corporations, §§ 358 and 430.

The fact that the trustees acted in good faith did not empower them to do an illegal act; and the fact that there may be some difficulty in the final adjustment of rights, because some of the stockholders consented, while othei-s did not, constitutes no defense to the action. We see no greater difficulty, however, than would exist if the action were brought by a trustee who had not consented to the act complained of, and no reason why “ the liability of the trustees to account ” should not be “ limited to those stockholders who have not assented to the transfer.”

We think that the transfer was unauthorized and void as to the non-assenting stockholders, and as to the state, and that the People can maintain the action in their name of sovereignty.

The judgment should, therefore, be reversed and a new trial-granted, with costs to abide event.

Landon, J.

(dissenting.)—The learned trial judge, after finding the'facts in detail, found as a conclusion of law as follows: “There is no evidence in this action of a public grievance, and the people having no interest in the subject' matter of the action, or in'any •of the acts herein complained of, cannot maintain this action.”

It is clear from the complaint, and from the detailed findings of fact, that the grievance sought to be redressed is a private and not a public one. It is equally clear that the People have no interest in the subject matter of the action, or in any of the acts complained of, except in the sense that the People as a body politic always have an interest in promoting obedience to the laws and the performance of legal duties and obligations. But this public interest is the political and moral one attaching to sovereignty, and is widely differenced from a private and special interest in particular tilings. The conclusion of the learned trial judge, that the People as a body politic cannot maintain this action, would seem to follow as the necessary result of the absence both of a public grievance and of a private arid special interest. A suitor who has no substantial interest in the litigation he institutes cannot be injured by the dismissal of his suit

But the learned counsel for the appellants contend that the People can maintain this action because, and only because, the language of the statute permits it Code of Civ. Pro., §§ 1781, 1782,1808,1976. The historical review of the law upon the subject is presented in the learned opinions of Judges Peckham and Vann in the case at bar, and in the opinion of Judge Earl in People v. Lowe, 117 N. Y., 175, 190; 27 St. Rep., 138. This review shows that but for the statute the action in cases not affecting the public interests could not be maintained by the People without a relator. The question therefore is whether the statutes have removed this objection. This review, I think, also clearly shows that the reasons moving to the enactment of the statutes enlarging the chancery power of supervision of corporations, and the intention of the statutes themselves, were the protection and promotion of interests public in their character. Chancellor Kent, in Att'y-Gen'l v. Utica Ins. Co., 2 Johns. Ch., 371, the case which led to the provisions of the Revised Statutes upon the subject, admitted that stockholders aggrieved by the fraudulent breach of trust by the trustees could resort to equity in default of an adequate remedy at law. They did not need the statutes for their protection.

Fully concurring in the views expressed by Earl, J., in People v. Lowe, I venture to add a few suggestions which seem to me to support the conclusion that in this case, under a reasonable construction of the statutes, the complaint was properly dismissed.

This corporation was created to conduct private business, and it conducted no other. Some of the stockholders seem to have conceived that by reason of the management of the trustees, not. strictly authorized by the letter of the law, a technical cause of action accrued against them in favor of such stockholders. The findings of fact by the learned trial judge are to the effect that the action of the trustees was beneficial to all the stockholders. It is not denied that the laws afford ample remedies to these stockholders, or any of them, for whatever relief they can prove themselves entitled to.

Under such circumstances why should the government, without a responsible relator, champion one side of this strictly private controversy, and oppress the other by the weight of its influence and power? Is it-reasonable to suppose that the legislature by the statutes in question intended to authorize such governmental intervention ? Does not a sound public policy require that whatever exclusively pertains to individual interest should be left to the individual? That the state should provide and care for the general interests and for those which are beyond the reach of the individual ? Is it not true that to the extent that such individual can with safety to all the rest be permitted freedom to manage his own affairs, that governmental intervention is both unnecessary and inexpedient ? Is not governmental paternalism to be cautiously guarded lest it subvert the just rights and liberties of the-individual ?

Is there any good reason why tire individual should call upon the sovereign for help when the sovereign has afforded him ample méthods and liberty to help himself ?

I concede that it is within the legislative power, in the absence^ of constitutional restriction, to provide for governmental intervention in private affairs ; and, also^ that cases exist in which private-affairs are so connected with the public interests that the government may wisely interfere and regulate them. It may also be conceded that the tendency of the cruder, efforts at legislation to enlarge the field of governmental intervention so as to embrace many subjects which it were better to leave to individual control.

Bearing these suggestions in mind, it is submitted that, in the •construction of the statutes in question, it is reasonable to presume, in the absence of controlling language to the contrary, that the legislature did not intend to extend the direct and voluntary intervention of the government to the championship of the cause of one party against the other in a strictly private controversy over their respective interests as affected by the management of a private corporate enterprise.

The statutes are as follows, Code of Civil Procedure, § 1781: “An action may be maintained against one or more trustees, directors, managers or other officers of a corporation, to procure a judgment for the following purposes, or so much thereof as the case requires: 1. Compelling the defendants to. account for their official conduct in the management and disposition of the funds and property committed to their charge 2. Compelling them to pay to the corporation which they represent, or to its creditors, any money, and the value of any property which they have acquired to themselves, or transferred to others, or lost or wasted by a violation of their duties.”

“ 4. Removing a defendant from his office upon proof or conviction of misconduct and directing a new election to be held by the body or board duly authorized to hold the same, in order to supply the vacancy created by the removal: or, where there is no such body or board or where all the members thereof are removed, directing the removal to be reported to the governor, who may, with the advice and consent of the senate, fill the vacancies.”

Section 1782. “ An action may be brought as prescribed in the last section, by the attorney-general in behalf of the people of the state ; or, except where the action is brought for the purpose specified in sub-divisions third or fourth of that section, by a creditor of the corporation, or by a trustee, director, manager or other officer of the corporation, having a general superintendence of its concerns.”

Section 1808. “ Where the attorney-general has good reason to believe that an action can be maintained in behalf of the people of the state, as prescribed in article second, third or fourth of this title, except § 1797 of this act, he must bring an action accordingly, or apply to a competent court for leave to bring an action as the case requires, if, in his opinion, the public interests require that an action should be brought. In a case where the action can be brought only by the attorney-general in behalf of the people, if a creditor, stockholder, director or trustee of the corporation applies to the attorney-general for that purpose and furnishes the security required by law, the attorney-general must bring the action or apply for leave to bring it, "if he has good reason to believe that it can be maintained. Where such an application is made, § 1986 of this act- applies thereto, and to the action brought in pursuance thereof.”

Section 1986. “ Where an action is brought by the attorney-general as prescribed in this title on the relation or information of a person having an interest in the question, the complaint must allege, and the title of the action must show, that the action. is brought upon the relation of that person. In such a case the attorney-general must, as a condition of bringing the action, require the relator to give satisfactory security to indemnify the people against the costs and expenses thereof. Where security is-so given, the attorney-general is entitled to compensation for his-services, to be paid by the relator in like manner as the attorney and counsel for a private person.”

I think the sections in' question authorized the attorney-gen eral to bring this action; that is to say, the People as a body politic or corporate having a capacity to sue, authority was thereby conferred upon the attorny-general to make them a party plaintiff in this action, if, as was no doubt the case, in his opinion the public-interests required the action to be brought.

But this amounts to nothing more than that the People may rightfully claim their day in court upon the alleged cause of action they present

It is for the court to decide whether they present and establish a good cause of action. Section 1808 clearly implies that the attorney-general may not thus bring the action unless in his opinion the public interests do require it If the legislature did not intend that the action should be brought unless in the opinion of the attorney-general the public interests should require it, it is clear that they did not intend that it should be sustained except in 'furtherance of the same interests.

Evidence tending to show such interests thus becomes essential to a recovery. It will not be contended that the opinion of the attorney-general is of any further force than to show that he did not exceed his authority in using the name of the People as a party plaintiff:

If, in fact, ’the People have no public interests to promote by bringing the action, the mistaken opinion of the attorney-general to the contrary will not reverse the situation and cure the material defect. He can, in fact, have no opinion as to the public interests involved if there are none. It hence results that the sections in question may be construed to authorize a recovery in an action of' this nature brought in the name of the People without-a relator, where it appears or is established upon the trial that the public interests are thereby to be protected, or in some substantial way promoted, apart from the mere private relief to be awarded to individuals, and failing in this that the action fails.

In People v. Lowe, Earl, J., said that municipal, religious and eleemosynary corporations, “which are public, and discharge-functions which might otherwise devolve upon the government,” may become subject to chancery visitation. If, for instance, the-trustees of an incorporated charitable institution, endowed by benevolent persons long since dead, should squander its funds or divert them to purposes foreign to the charity, it might well be that if the state should not interpose no redress could be had.

The learned judge also suggested that quasi public corporations,, like railroad, banking and insurance companies, might be subject, when the exigency should require it, to the like visitation. A life insurance company, holding millions for the benefit of policy holders, may be plundered by its trustees, or the rights of the policy holders jeopardized by unauthorized investments. ' The policy holders may have such an interest as would justify their intervention, but their interests in the aggregate rise to a quasi public character.

A corporation is vested with the franchise of supplying a city with pure and wholesome water, and has the means and facilities' for the purpose, but its trustees misapply its funds and thus disable it from rendering the proper service. • So, too, a strictly private corporation may, by the application of its funds to purposes; not contemplated by its charter, create a public nuisance or establish a monopoly injurious to the public interests, or, as in the case-cited from 2 Johns. Ch., which was present in the minds of the revisers, an insurance company may carry on the business of banking without the statutory regulations which safeguard the public interests in cases of banking corporations. In all such cases; the direct interposition of the attorney-general may be necessary and proper. It is reasonable to suppose that the statutes were intended ' to enable that officer to seek the aid of the court in redressing the public grievances suggested and others of similar character. It will still remain for the court to decide as to the sufficiency of the alleged cause of action. The contrast between the grievances suggested and the private ones in the case before us is obvious. The statutes can be given their proper remedial effect without resorting to a construction authorizing the attorney-general to intrude upon strictly private rights.

The statutes are framed to provide respectively the public remedy as it may be needed, and the private remedy upon the relation of the private suitor in cases where it may be properly extended. It is easy to avoid confounding the one with the other and if it is true that the letter of the statute authorizes the attorney-general of his own motion to engross both remedies, such is-not the intent of the statutes, and therefore not within their authorization.

The rule is well settled that statutes should receive a sensible-construction, such as will effectuate the legislative intention, and avoid an unjust or absurd conclusion. This rule is strikingly illustrated and applied in the recent case of the Holy Trinity Church v. United States, 148 U. S., 457. An act of congress made it unlawful for any person or corporation to assist or encourage the-migration of any alien or foreigner into the United States under any contract or agreement, made previous to such migration, that such alien or foreigner should perform “ labor or service of any kind ” in the United States. The Holy Trinity Church, a religious corporation, did first make a contract with an alien residing-in England to migrate to New York and there enter its service-as rector and pastor, and in pursuance of the contract the migration was accomplished and the service entered upon. The court conceded that the case was within the prohibition of the letter of the statute, but held that it was not within the intention, and therefore, not within the statute itself. In our own courts, in cases of doubt, this rule of construction has often been resorted to, and not infrequently freedom of inclusion or exclusion of particular cases has been allowed in order that the intention may not wholly fail, or may not be perverted to unjust or absurd results. I cite a few of the many cases. Tracy v. Troy & Boston R. R. Co., 38 N. Y., 433; Holmes v. Carley, 31 id., 289; Lake Shore, etc., R. Co. v. Roach, 80 id., 339; Burch v. Newbury, 10 id., 374 ; People v. N. Y. Comrs. Taxes, 95 id., 554; People v. Lacombe, 99 id., 43 ; People v. Utica Ins. Co., 15 Johns., 358. I think it ought to be applied in this case.

The fact that the removal of the trustees forms, at least nominally, part of the relief sought, does not of itself warrant a recovery. It should appear that the public interests require their removal.

Argument for making the People sole party plaintiff deduced from the fact that the corporation is the creation of the government, would be applicable to an intervention upon public grounds. Power given for public purposes is abused when perverted by loaning it to individuals for strictly private purposes.

The language of the Code does not require us to presume that the legislature intended either the favoritism' to one individual or the prejudice to the other which such a loan of power implies ; and, without explicit language to that effect, we may safely refrain from imputing such intention.

For these reasons, and especially for those stated in People v. Lowe, I advise an affirmance of the judgment.

Judgment reversed and new trial granted, with costs to abide event.

All concur, except Landon and Brown, JJ., dissenting.  