
    WILLS — ADVERSE POSSESSION.
    [Hancock (3d) Circuit Court,
    June 21, 1905.]
    Vollrath, Norris and Hurin, JJ.
    Morris Hosler v. Leslie Haines et al.
    1. Lex Ret Sitae Controls Will Executed in Another State Devising Ohio Lands.
    In Ohio lex rei sitae controls in the construction of a will executed in another state by a resident thereof devising lands in Ohio.
    2. Rule in Shelley’s Case will not Apply as to Devise of Ohio Lands by Foreign Will, even if Rule in Force in Testator’s State.
    Where by a will executed in another state a testator devises land situated in Ohio to his daughter “during her natural life and at her decease to go to her lawful heirs,” although under the rule prevailing-in such other state such will would have conveyed a fee simple in accordance with the rule in Shelley’s case, yet under the rule prevailing-in Ohio, these words created only a life estate in such Ohio lands.
    3. Foreign Will not Probated for Forty Years Has no Validity as against-Title by Prescription.
    A will executed in Indiana by a resident of that state devising lands in Ohio, but not probated or recorded in Ohio for forty years after its execution, conveys no interest in said lands in favor of a remainder-man-as against the adverse claims of those who have held open and notorious-possession for more than twenty-one years claiming title.
    4. Possession Is Adverse to Those Claiming under Unprobated Will even it Deed under Which Acquired Recited that Grantor Held under Such Will.
    Such possession is adverse notwithstanding the fact, that the warranty-deed under which it was originally acquired from the devisee in said will recited the fact that the grantor held title by such devise. Such recital, while said will remains unprobated in Ohio, is not such notice to the one in possession as to prevent the statute of limitations from running, in his favor.
    5. Remainder-man cannot Postpone Running op Limitations by Refusal to-Perform Affirmative Act.
    A remainder-man who has full knowledge of his rights as remainder-man, or who ought to have had such knowledge, and who knows or ought to know that such rights depend upon an affirmative act on his part to be performed, can’not, by standing by and refusing or failing to perform that act, postpone the time at which the statute of limitations will commence to run against him.
    6. Certified Copy of Will will be Presumed to Be a True Copy as to Reproduction of Place of Signature and Marginal Item.
    When the original will is lost and a certified copy of the record of said will in a foreign jurisdiction is offered in evidence and it further appears that said original record contains a marginal item and that a part of said marginal item as recorded was below the signature of the-testator, the presumption is, that said record is a true copy and a true reproduction in form of the will as originally signed by said testator, and unless this presumption is overcome by evidence, such will is by reason of said marginal item, invalid in Ohio to pass title to property-in Ohio.
    [Syllabus by the court.]
    
      ERROR to Hancock common pleas court.
    G. F. Pendleton, for plaintiff in error, cited:
    
      Collier v. Qrimesey, 36 Ohio St. 17; Williams, Real Prop. (5 ed.), star pages 266, 269, 270, 271, 272; 2 Blackstone’s Commentaries 171; 2 Washburn, Real Prop. 260; Woodbridge v. Banning, 14 Ohio St. 328; Woodworth v. Paige, 5 Ohio St. 70; Card v. Patterson, 5 Ohio St. 319; Ingraham v. Hart, 11 Ohio 255; Smith v. Bartram, 11 Ohio St. 690; Niagara Co. Bank v. Baker, 15 Ohio St. 68; Kerr v. State, 36 Ohio St. 614; Larwell v. Savings Fund Soc. 40 Ohio St. 274; Rape v. Heaton, 9 Wis. 328 [76 Am. Dec. 269]; Hadley v. Gregory, (Iowa) 2 Ohio Law Jour. p. 275; Walsh v. Dart, 12 Wis. 635; Pierce v. Railway, 36 Wis. 283; Wheeler v. Constantine. 39 Mich. 62 [33 Am. Rep. 355]; Evans v. Reynolds, 32 Ohio St. 163; Barr v. Closterman, 1 Circ. Dec. 546 (2 R. 387) ; Alexander v. Pennsylvania Co. 48 Ohio St. 623 [30 N. E. Rep. 69]; Converse v. Starr, 23 Ohio St. 491; Irwin v. Jacques,.71 Ohio St. 395; Manuel v. Manuel, 13 Ohio St. 458; Jones v. Robinson, 17 Ohio St. 171; Mason v. Myer, Wright 641; Wilson v. Tappan, 6 Ohio 172;' Swazey v. Blackman, 8 Ohio . 18; Bailey v. Bailey, 8 Ohio 239; Carpenter v. Denoon, 29 Ohio St. 379; Statute Sec. 5942; Lehigh Water Co. v. Easton, 121 U. S. 388 [7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 916: 30 L. Ed. 1059]; Walker v. Whitehead, 83 U. S. (16 Wall.) 314, 317 [21 L. Ed. 357]; Bronson v. Kinzie, 42 U. S. (1 How.) 311, 317 [11 L. Ed. 143]; Antoni v. Greenhow, 107 U. S. 769 [2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 91; 27 L. Ed. 468]; Rairden v. Holden, 15 Ohio St. 207; Commissioners v. Rosche Bros. 50 Ohio St. 103 [33 N. E. Rep. 408; 19 L. R. A. 584; 40 Am. St. Rep. 653]; Sturges v. Carter, 5 O. F. D. 428 [114 TJ. S. 511; 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1014; 29 L. Ed. 240]; Nowler v. Coit. 1 Ohio 519 [13 Am. Dec. 640]; Douglas v. Dangerfield, 10 Ohio 152; Raymond v. Ross, 40 Ohio St. 343.
    A. G. Fuller, for defendant in error.
   HURIN, J.

These actions, Morris Hosler v. Leslie Haines et al. and Laura P. Barr v. Leslie Haines et al., were brought by Leslie M. Haines et al., one against defendant, Morris Hosier, and the other against Laura P. Barr, to recover possession of certain lands in Washington township, Hancock county, Ohio, which defendants and their grantors have held for about forty years past.

As the two cases are identical in principle and are based on the same state of facts, they will be considered together.

It appears by the evidence that one Joshua Kelly, late of Auburn, DeKalb county, Indiana, was in his lifetime seized in fee of the land in question consisting of eighty acres, more or less, in Washington township, this county:

That, by his last will and testament said Joshua Kelly devised said lands to his daughter, Elizabeth Haines, in the following terms:

“Eighth. I give, bequeath and devise unto my daughter, Elizabeth Haines, of Iowa, eighty (80) acres of land situate in Hancock county, Ohio, for her during her natural life and to be held by her to her separate use and in no wise controlled by her husband, and at her decease to go to her lawful heirs by whomsoever begotten. I also give Elizabeth Haines the sum of two hundred dollars in money to be by her expended and laid out in improving said eighty acres of land, ■and to be used by no other person and for no other purpose whatever. ’ ’

This item 8 was not written in the body of the will, but so far at 'least as the record shows (and the original will is .lost) was written transversely along the left hand margin of the paper, a portion of such transverse writing being below the signature of the will.

It appears further in evidence that in Indiana the familiar “rule in Shelley’s case” prevails, and that by this rule the estate so conveyed to Elizabeth Haines by this will would, if the land had been situate in Indiana, have been a fee simple. Teal v. Richardson, 160 Ind. 119 [66 N. E. Rep. 435].

In Ohio, the “rule in Shelley’s case” no longer applies to wills and the words used by the testator would, if the will were construed as an Ohio will, convey only a life estate to Elizabeth Haines, with remainder over to her heirs. See Rev. Stat. 5968 (Lan. 9507).

It further appears that Joshua Kelly, the testator, died April 16, 1862, in DeKalb county, Indiana; that on or about June 16, 1863, said will was probated at Auburn, DeKalb county, Indiana, and was not probated or recorded in Ohio until March 21, 1902, about the time of the filing of the petitions in these actions, and lacking less than one month •of forty years after the death of said testator.

On or about July 1, 1864, said Elizabeth Haines and Rudy Haines, her husband, deeded said eighty acre tract to Thomas Kelly of Indiana, by a warranty deed, which deed contained the following words:

“It being the premises held by grantor Elizabeth Haines in virtue of will of Joshua Kelly made on the 12th of April, 1862, and admitted to probate in the court of common pleas of DeKalb county, Indiana, and recorded in records of wills, Yol. 1, pages 112 and 113, said Joshua now being deceased in said DeKalb county, Indiana.”

Thomas Kelly and wife by warranty deed dated March 28, 1866,. conveyed this land to Peter Hosier who held open, notorious and adverse possession until April 19, 1883, when he deeded fifty acres to Morris Hosier by warranty deed, for a consideration of $2,000.

At a subsequent date the remaining thirty acres were conveyed to Laura P. Barr, by the executors of Peter Hosier; and said Morrise Hosier and Laura P. Barr, are now in possession, claiming title.

It further appears that said Elizabeth Haines died on March 1, 1883, leaving heirs of whom the plaintiffs are the survivors, and representatives.

All of the children and heirs of Elizabeth Haines were of age at the time of her death except her daughter, Edna, one of the plaintiffs here, and she became of age July 20, 1888. more than thirteen years before the commencement of these actions. Two of those heirs have since died (one in 1889 and the other in 1902) and each of these two> is represented in this action by a daughter, one of whom is a minor.

On behalf of the plaintiff it is claimed:

First. That the will of Joshua Kelly, though under Indiana law, it would have conveyed to Elizabeth Haines a fee simple estate, yet, as it devised Ohio land to her, must be construed to convey only a life' estate under' the Ohio law; that therefore the warranty deed of Elizabeth Haines to Thomas Kelly could only convey her life estate,, which has terminated by her death, and that her heirs, who inherited as remainder-men under the will of Joshua Kelly, are now the rightful owners of the land devised to her and her heirs.

Second. That, as the deed of Elizabeth Haines to Thomas Kelly expressly recited that the property conveyed was that held in virtue of the will of Joshua Kelly and admitted to probate in DeKalb county, Indiana, such reóital was notice to Thomas Kelly and his grantees of the existence and contents of said will and that all subsequent purchasers .being charged with notice of that will, can not be held to be' innocent purchasers without notice but are bound by such notice.

Third. That as both the plaintiffs and defendants claim under the will of Joshua Kelly, their common source of title, the defendants, could not be permitted to attack the probate of that will in Ohio as that would be in effect an attack on the common source of title, and that it follows that defendants are bound by this will, and that plaintiffs” title by virtue of it is absolutely established.

The defendants, on the other hand, deny these claims and assert that as to Ohio lands said will was void and powerless to pass title until probated in Ohio.

That said will not having been probated o'r recorded in Ohio prior to 1902 was of no effect and was void, because of the statute of limitations; that a void will is never notice of its contents for any purpose whatever: and that therefore the recital in the deed to Thomas Kelly was not notice to him or to his successors of the existence of the will; that consequently the grantees of Thomas Kelly are innocent purchasers without notice, and unaffected by said will.

These facts and claims present many nice questions of law, to only a few of which we can now refer.

As to the third and last claim of plaintiffs below, it is sufficient to say that, while it may be conceded that defendants are estopped from denying the title of the person from whom both claim as a common source of title, an attack on the probating of the will in Ohio is not an attack on the title of Joshua Kelly. It is an attack on the title of plaintiffs perhaps — but the title of Joshua Kelly is conceded at all stages of this action.

As we understand the claims of defendants, they concede the title of Joshua Kelly and the only question is as to what if any title was conveyed by Elizabeth Haines, who was, as plaintiffs claim, only a life tenant, under the will of Joshua Kelly; or, as defendants claim, only one of the heirs of Joshua Kelly, the plaintiffs claiming not from her title, but from the title of Joshua; while the defendants claim solely through the title of Elizabeth, as one of the heirs of Joshua Kelly, repudiating any title by virtue of the will of Joshua Kelly. They never did claim under it as an Ohio will, therefore they had a right to object to its being probated or set up as an Ohio will, as against them.

As to the first claim of the plaintiffs. While the authorities are somewhat conflicting in various states, we are of the opinion that the weight of authority is clearly in favor of lex rei sitae as controlling in the construction of a will as to real estate in Ohio.

It is conceded, moreover, that under the Indiana law, the will devised to Elizabeth Haines, a fee simple estate under the rule in Shelley’s case.

If, then, the will of Joshua Kelly could be regarded as an Indiana will for the purpose of conveying Ohio land as well as Indiana land, the title of defendants would be perfect, for Elizabeth Haines would, under the Indiana law, have taken a fee simple estate, and by her warranty deed, she forever barred her heirs from claiming any interest through her.

It is conceded also on the other hand that, had the will been properly probated and recorded in Ohio before the. rights of defendants became fixed, it would have operated to convey only a life estate in Elizabeth Haines, with remainder over to the heirs, who would have inherited as remainder-men immediately upon her decease.

But it was not probated or recorded in Ohio for forty years. What effect did the delay have? '

For forty years the will was treated by all parties as an Indiana will, conveying title to Ohio land as if it were Indiana land.

Under the Indiana rule, the fee vested in Elizabeth Haines immediately on the death of the testator.

Therefore there could be no remainder-men under the Indiana law, for there was no life estate to support a remainder.

Elizabeth Haines attempted to convey this fee to Thomas Kelly by warranty deed executed two years after the death of the testator.

This deed undoubtedly did convey all of the title possessed by Elizabeth, whether a fee or a life estate.

Her grantee and his successors have ever since held open, notorious, adverse possession.

But if this will conveyed only a life estate as to Ohio lands to Elizabeth Haines, she had no power, by conveying her interest in the land, to destroy the rights of her heirs.

The supposed fee of Elizabeth Haines and her grantees, was subject at any time, unless prevented by the statute of limitations, to be divested of its character as a fee, and become merely a life estate, upon the probating of that will in Ohio. See Carpenter v. Denoon, 29 Ohio St. 379.

That will could have been caused to be probated in Ohio by anyone interested.

That will, construed under the Ohio law, as we think it must be construed if it is to convey Ohio lands, devised not only a life estate in Elizabeth Haines, but a remainder in fee to her heirs.

That remainder vested immediately upon the death of the testator. Dennis v. Mullane, 1 Circ. Dec. 223 (1 R. 399), affirmed by Supreme Court, without report, Mullane v. Dennis, 20 Bull. 472.

At any time after his death, any of the remainder-men, even before the death of the life tenant, could have filed the will for probate and record, and so fixed their rights.

Of the four heirs of Elizabeth who survived her, three were of age long prior to her death.

By the testimony of the- only one of these three who still survives,, it was common talk in the family that at the death of his mother, the children would inherit the Ohio lands through the will of their grandfather.

The query arises, why did th$y not immediately take steps to investigate this claim and do the one thing needed to fix their title; that is, record the will in Ohio?

This son Leslie was, at the death of his mother in 1883 a man twenty-eight or twenty-nine years of age. His sister Sara was twenty-six or twenty-seven years old. His sister Mary was thirty-one years old.

By Leslie’s testimony, it is evident that all the heirs knew all that he knew.

He says that he did investigate; that is, he went to Auburn, and employed a lawyer to look at the will and was misinformed by the lawyer as to its contents; was informed that it did not mention the heirs and so he dropped the investigation.

The will was a matter of public record; why did he not read it himself ?

If his hired agent misinforms him as to the contents and he trusts his agent and stop's his investigation, must others’ rights suffer and can he be excused for his own negligence?

But it is claimed that this makes no difference because the statute of limitations could not begin to run against the heirs until the death of their mother, Elizabeth; that their estate in remainder then took effect; that consequently the twenty-one years allowed by the statute had not run against these heirs when the petition was filed.

But suppose this will had never been probated or recorded in Ohio, there would never then have been any estate in remainder. A will speaks from the death of the testator, the estate in remainder vested, if at all, at the death of the testator. The remainder-men as we have seen, had the right at any time after the death of the testator, to cause this will to be probated in Ohio. They were charged with notice and actually had notice that others were claiming adversely to them through the' deed of their mother. They knew, or ought to have known, that until the will was so probated or recorded in Ohio, they had no rights enforcible in law or equity. Gould they stand idly by and' presuming on the questionable fact as to their being saved by a statute of limitations, wait until the near approach of the final moment of their possible claim, until twenty-five or thirty years after they had knowledge of their rights and until forty years after their opponents’ rights had accrued, and then for the first time take the preliminary step which they had the right to take thirty years before, but had neglected to take during all those years?

Such a course involved great risk. Was it fatal?

There can be no doubt, we think, that the right of action of the remainder-men, if they were remainder-men under the will, did not accrue until the death of the life tenant, Elizabeth Haines, March 7, 1883. Had the will been probated in Ohio they might, as remainder-men, have brought suit to enjoin waste of the estate, for their estate in remainder had vested on the death of the testator, but their right to sue for possession did not accrue until they were entitled to possession upon the taking effect of their estate in remainder, at the death of the life tenant. But 'this right to sue as remainder-men was contingent not only upon the death of the life tenant, but upon the probating of the will in Ohio, for until such probate was made, the will was not a will at all as to Ohio lands there was no estate in remainder. The right to probate that will and the power to do so existed in those heirs, as we have seen, long before the death of the life tenant — in fact, from the death of the testator. If they failed to probate this will and so fix their ■right, they cannot now take advantage of their own neglect; they could mot by such neglect postpone the time at which the statute of limitations began to run. It began to run against them and in favor of those holding adverse possession from the time of the vesting of their estate in remainder — i. e., at the death of the testator, subject only to their rights as minors. The statutory time for the protection of their rights as minors has long since passed as to all of the heirs living at the time of the death of the life tenant. The statute having commenced to run as, to these heirs, of course has continued to run as to their children and heirs which include all of the plaintiffs in this ease, See Williams v. Presbyterian Soc., 1 Ohio St. 478.

Having slept on their rights, rights of which their own testimony proves them to have had full knowledge, they are now estopped from claiming those rights as against those claiming title and holding adverse possession for more than twenty-one years.

Whether, therefore, the will be construed as an Indiana will or as ran Ohio will the claim of plaintiff under the will is barred.

But what is the will on which they base their rights? To convey -to them any title, it must be a will enforcible under the Ohio law. Is this such a will?

As stated in the outset, this clause under which plaintiffs claim was apparently written in the margin of the will, not in the body of it. Photographs of the records of the will in DeKalb county, Indiana, were offered in evidence and disclose the appearance of the will as recorded.

The original will may or may not have been written in the exact •form in which it was copied into the record. The presumption is, that the record is a true record. It is offered by plaintiffs to sustain their ■claim. They are bound by it.

vA part of this marginal will as far as the record shows — and that is the only evidence we have to guide us — was written below the signature of the will.'

The Ohio law, Rev. Stat. 5116 (Lan. 8631), requires that every last will and testament shall be signed at the end thereof by the party making the same.

Our Supreme Court in the recent case of Irwin v. Jacques, 71 Ohio St. 395, held that a will containing such marginal matter, a part of which was below the signature, was not signed at the end thereof. True, in that case the marginal portion was not numbered so as to show just where it was to be inserted as was done in the ease at bar, but, on the other hand, the proof was positive that the marginal portion had been written at the request of the testator and before he signed the will, making a case much stronger for claimants than the case at bar.

In the case at bar, there was no such proof.

The original will was not produced. The proof shows that the marginal portion not only extended below the signature but that it was recorded in a different handwriting from that of the body of the will. The evidence is conflicting as to who was the real writer of the different portions of the record, but the apparent preponderance of testimony is, that the marginal portion was not written by the officer having, at the time, authority so to do, nor by his deputy.

The proof as to this is not, I say, convincing, but under the decision of Irwin v. Jacques, supra, it seems clear to us that this will cannot be held to be a valid will under the laws of Ohio, unless we can give to the record of the will a different interpretation and greater validity than we could have given to the original will if produced. We know of no rule of law justifying such a course.

How then does it affect the case? The plaintiffs’ rights depend entirely on the Ohio probate or record of an Indiana will. The will gives plaintiffs no rights as an Indiana -will, but we are asked to enforce, it as an Ohio will.

Under the Indiana law, it conveyed a fee simple estate, and the grantee of that fee simple estate attempted to convey the fee which she presumably supposed that she had a right to convey, and which the testator, having his will drawn, and skilfully drawn, under the laws of Indiana, with which alone he and his scrivener were presumably familiar, evidently intended to give her the right to convey.

We are asked to decree that this will is of no validity as an Indiana will, so as to declare the will void so far as it purports to convey a fee, but to declare it valid as an Ohio will, so as to recreate a life estate-under which plaintiffs can claim. Before we can do this, it must first be necessary to produce a will which, if made in Ohio, would satisfy the laws of Ohio.

This, we think, has not been done. But this conclusion is not essential to the decision of this case. Whether this will was originally properly executed or not, the statute of limitations has completely barred plaintiff’s claim.

If these conclusions are correct, it follows that the will is now void as an Ohio will, and that as to the eighty acres in Ohio,.Joshua Kelly died intestate.

His estate in these eighty acres then descended to his heirs generally. The record discloses that there were at least seven of his heirs-mentioned in his will. One of these, Elizabeth, conveyed her interest, whatever it was, by her warranty deed.

The plaintiffs, as heirs of Joshua Kelly, are, in the absence of a will, heirs only of the portion of their mother, Elizabeth, and her interest is lost to them by her warranty deed, as well as by the statute of limitations.

The remaining six heirs of Joshua Kelly have made no claim and their rights are now barred by the statute of limitations.

The question of notice raised by the recitals of the deed from Elizabeth Haines to Thomas Kelly becomes immaterial in view of the conclusions we have reached.

It follows therefore that the court below erred in directing a verdict for the plaintiff, that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence and should have been for defendant.

The judgment of the court below, will therefore be reversed, and this court proceeding upon the undisputed facts, to render the judgment which ought to have been rendered by the court of common pleas, the petition of the plaintiff, Leslie M. Haines et al., is dismissed at plaintiff’s costs, and the title of defendants, Morris Hosier and Laura-P. Barr, to the real estate described in the petition will be quieted as against plaintiff. Judgment against plaintiff, Leslie M. Haines et al.,. for costs, for which execution is awarded and cause remanded for execution.

VoIIrath and Norris, JJ., concur.  