
    EXPLOSIVES — NEGLIGENCE.
    [Harrison Circuit Court,
    May Term, 1901.]
    Burrows, Bauble and Cook, JJ.
    Edward Laugabough et al. v. Hugh T. Anderson.
    When the Storing oe Crude Oh, Creates Liabidity.
    Whether or not petroleum or crude oil is a highly inflammable and dangerous substance, and a constant menace to property in its vicinity, when stored in large quantities, are questions of fact to be determined by the jury; and when these questions are determined in the affirmative, it is not necessary to a recovery by a party whose property has been destroyed by fire arising from the escape of petroleum so stored, to show negligence upon the part of its owners, but such owners must keep the same upon their own premises at their peril.
    Heard on Error.
    
      Bow, Harrison & Aston and Pearce & Lemmon, for plaintiffs in error’
    
      D. A. Hollingsworth, for defendant in error.
   Cook, J.

Eaugabough, Morton and Hardwick leased from Mary Scott a small parcel of land in the village of Scio, Harrison county, being one-half of an ordinary sized village lot, for the purpose of putting down an oil well, Mrs. Scott to receive one-eighth of, the oil obtained, as royalty.

Scio is a populous village, the houses being built quite closely together and principally frame buildings. A well was drilled upon the half lot, oil was procured, and a large amount stored in two tanks upon the premises. An elevated tank from some cause toppled over and the oil ran down to a small run or creek close by; the oil took fire and the dwelling house and out buildings of defendant in error, Anderson, situated on the adjoining half lot, were destroyed.

Under these circumstances the court charged the jury that the main question for them to determine was: Is crude oil stored in tanks a highly explosive and dangerous substance and a constant menace to property m its vicinity ? And, if so, was the storing of such oil the proximate cause of the burning of plaintiff’s property? And if they should determine these two questions in favor of the plaintiff, then they should return a verdict for him.

The jury found for plaintiff. Upon the hearing before us two questions were made :

First, that the verdict is against the evidence; and

Second, that the court erred in its charge to the jury.

We think the evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict. It clearly shows that petroleum or crude oil is a highly inflammable and dangerous substance and a constant menace to property in its vicinity. True the evidence did not show that crude oil ordinarily was highly explosive, but from our view of the case it was not necessary' to submit that question to the jury, and plaintiffs in error were in no way prejudiced thereby.

The criticism made by counsel for plaintiffs in error upon the charge of the court is that it wholly eliminates the question of negligence; and counsel insists that the storers can be held responsible only when the oil escapes through their negligence.

This case presents the question whether a person who brings upon his premises a highly inflammable and dangerous substance which is a constant menace to the property of others, is required at his peril to so keep it that it will not escape and injure his neighbor ; and, if it does escape and injure his neighbor, is he responsible although he may have used proper care and diligence to prevent such escape and injury? These questions, both upon authority and principle, we answer in the affirmative.

In Tiffin v. McCormack, 34 Ohio St., 638, 644 [32 Am. Rep., 408], Judge McIlvaine use3 this language:

“As between the owners of adjacent lands, the maxim of the common law, Sic utere tuo ut alienum non loedcis, applies with special force; not because it forbids the exercise of the right of dominion or control of property, according to the pleasure of the owner, in one case more than in another, whether it be real or personal property, or whether it be owned for special or general purposes, but because the right to use or control it, according to the pleasure of the owner, is limited under some circumstances more than under others. Undoubtedly, the right to use property as the owner may please,provided that reasonable care is ta ken not to do unnecessary injury to others, is the ordinary rule. But this rule can not be interposed to justify the committing of a trespass or the maintaining of a nuisance. A man who digs a pit on his own land, whereby the soil of an adjoining proprietor is disturbed on account of the loss of lateral support, cannot justify his act on the ground that he used reasonable care to prevent the injury. Neither can one in the possession of a parcel of land operate and manage a mine or quarry upon it in such manner as to injure or destroy the property of an adjoining proprietor, justify himself by showing that he used ordinary care in the use of his own property. In such cases, the right to use is subject to the limitation that its use will not injure his neighbor. The true doctrine upon this point is well stated in the case of Hay v. The Cohoes Co.,’ 2 Comstock (N. Y.), 159, as follows: ‘ The use of land by the proprietor is not therefore an absolute right, but qualified and limited by the higher right of others to the lawful possession of their property. To this possession the law prohibits all direct injury, without regard to its extent or the motives of the aggressor. A man may prosecute such business as he chooses upon his premises, but he cannot erect a nuisance to the annoyance of the adjoining proprietor, even for the purpose of lawful trade. 9 Coke, 58. He may excavate a canal, but he can not cast the dirt or stones upon the land of his neighbor, either by human agency or the force of gunpowder. If he can not construct the work without the adoption of such means, he must abandon that mode of using his property or be held responsible for all damages resulting therefrom. He will not be permitted to accomplish a legal object in an unlawful manner. ’ And in Tremain v. The Cohoes Co., Ib., 163, it was held, that, in such case, evidence to show that the work was done in the most careful manner is inadmissible where there is no claim made for exemplary damages.”

This case, it seems to us, is analogous to the case under consideration, and the principles there set forth, of themselves, would be decisive of the proposition involved.

In Defiance Water Co. v. Olinger, 54 Ohio St., 532 [44 N. E. Rep. 238 ; 32 L. R. A., 736], it is held:

“ One who collects on his own premises a substance liable to escape, and, if it should escape, likely to cause mischief, must, at least, use reasonable care to restrain it. If for want of such care it escapes and injures persons or property rightfully on adjoining premises, he is answerable for the damages sustained on account thereof.”

In this case Bradbury, J., endorses directly the principle laid down in Fletcher v. Rylands, 1 Exch. Law Rep., 265, and more than intimates that the party would be liable, independent of the question of negligence; but it being a demurrer to the petition and the petition having averred negligence, it was not necessary to pass upon the question as to whether a party would be responsible whether there was negligence or not.

In Bradford Glycerine Co. v. Woolen Mfg. Co., 60 Ohio St., 560 [54 N. E. Rep., 528 ; 71 Am. St. Rep., 740], it is held:

“ Nitroglycerine is a substance usually recognized as highly explosive and dangerous, the storage of which at any place is a constant menace to the property in that vicinity. And one who stores it on his own premises is liable for injuries caused to surrounding property by its exploding, although he neither violates any provision of the law regulating its storage, nor is chargeable with negligence contributing to the explosion.
“2. A right of action will exist in favor of all property within the circle of danger, and the fact that the property injured was not on premises adjacent to those on which the explosive substance was stored, will not defeat a recovery.”

While crude oil differs from nitroglycerine to a certain extent, it is of a like dangerous character. It is not so explosive, blit it is highly inflammable and when large quantities of it take fire, it is equally destructive to property in its vicinity.

In Bradford Glycerine Co. v. Woolen Mfg. Co., supra, Fletcher v. Rylands, 1 Exch. L. R., 265, is approved. Bradbury, C. J., makes the following quotations from that case, as furnishing the correct principle applicable to cases of this character :

“ ‘ We think that the true rule of law is, that the person who, for his own purposes, brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief, if it escapes, must keep it in at his peril, and, if he does not do so, is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape. He can excuse himself by showing that the escape was owing to the plaintiff’s deiault; or perhaps that the escape was the consequence of vis major, or the act of God; but as nothing ot this sort exists here, it is unnecessary to inquire what excuse would be sufficient. The general rule, as above stated, seems, on principle, just. The person whose grass or corn is eaten down by the escaping cattle of his neighbor, or whose mine is flooded by the water from his neighbor’s reservoir, or whose cellar is invaded by the filth of his neighbor’s privy, or whose habitation is made unhealthy by the fumes and noisome vapors of his neigbor’s alkali works, is damnified without any fault of his own; and it seems but reasonable and just that the neighbor, who has brought something on his own property, which was not naturally there, harmless to others so long as it is confined to his own property, but which he knows to be mischievous if he gets on his neighbor’s, should be obliged to make good the damage which ensues if he does not succeed in confining it to his own property. But lor his act in bringing it there no mischief could have accrued, and it seems but just that he should, at his peril, keep it there so that no mischief may accrue, or answer for the natural and anticipated consequences. And upon authority, this we think is established to be the law whether the things so brought be beasts, or water, or filth, or stenches.’
“ This language was approved in the house of lords when the cause came up for consideration there, Lord Cranworth saying: ‘ My Lords, I concur with my noble and learned friend in thinking that the rule of law was correctly stated by Mr. Justice Blackburn in delivering the opinion of the exchequer chamber. It a person brings, or accumulates, on his land anything which, if it should escape, may cause damage to his neighbor, he does so at his peril. If it does escape, and cause damage, he( is responsible, however careful he may have been, and whatever precautions he may have taken to prevent the damage.’ ”. ■

One other question is made: Counsel for Mary Scott claim that whatever may be the liability of the lessees, she is not responsible. As she leased the premises for the express purpose of drilling for and storing oil and was the owner of one-eighth of the oil, it necessarily follows that she occupies the same relation to the injury as the lessees, and is equally liable.

,. It seems to us, therefore, to be clearly settled in this state that one who brings or stores upon his own premises in large quantities, a substance like crude oil, which is highly inflammable and dangerous and a menace to his neighbor’s property, must keep the same upon his own premises at his peril, independent of all question of negligence.

We therefore find that there was no error in the charge of the court and the judgment will be affirmed.  