
    Driggs & Co.’s Bank v. Norwood.
    1., Husband and Wipe: Use of wife's money,.
    
    Where a husband collected his wife’s money and used it as his owd, without objection on her part, for a period of more than ten years, and obtained credit on the faith of its being his own» the wife could not afterwards assert her claim to such money or its proceeds against the husband’s creditors. Her assent to the husband’s use of the moneywould in such .case be presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary.
    2. Voluntary Conveyances: When fraudulent against subsequent creditors.
    
    When an embarrassed debtor makes a voluntary conveyance of his property, his indebtedness raises a presumption of fraud against existing creditors, and such presumption-becomes conclusive upon insolvency. But a voluntary conveyance by a person in debt is not per se fraudulent as to his subsequent creditors, and to impeach it they must prove actual or intentional fraud.
    3. Same : Post-nuptial settlement upon wife.
    On a bill to subject real estate which a husband purchased and caused to be conveyed to-his wife, to the satisfaction of a judgment recovered against him by the plaintiffs as a member of an insolvent firm, the testimony showed that the firm was insolvent or on the verge of insolvency when heentered ii.; that he was himself largely indebted at that time, and also at the time of the conveyance to his wife; that he had a short time before entering the firm sold the larger part of his real estate and made to a friend a suspicious transfer of therestof it,.and also, of his book accounts; that the purchase of the land conveyed to his wife was made soon after he,entered the firm, and that a few days after the conveyance the firm was closed out by creditorsthat the amount thus settled upon his wife exceeded in value the rest of his príperty; that shortly after such conveyance his firm contracted a large debt with the plaintiffs which they had no reasonable grounds to believe they would be able to pay; and that the deed to the wife was not acknowledged or recorded until about two years after its execution and until after the commencement of the plaintiffs’ suit. The exact time when the plaintiffs’ debt accrued does not appear from the record. Held: That although the plaintiffs must be treated as subsequent creditors in the absence of pr.aof.of the date at -which their debt accrued, the conveyance to the wife was fraudulent as to them,. and they were entitled to the relief sought'by their bill.
    APPEAL from Nevada Circuit Court in Chancery.
    S. A. BtRnb, Judge.
    
      Atkinson & Tompkins, for appellants.
    1. The money, of the wife not having been scheduled,, or entrusted to the husband as agent, or kept separate* became the husband’s. Const. 1868, art. 12, seo. 6; 80 Ark, 79; lb., 124. By permitting the husband, to ¡use- and control her property, as his. own, and obtain credit on the faith of it, the wife lost her right as against her husband’s creditors. 2 Perry Trusts, see. 678; Sohouler on-. Pom. Pel., seo. 119 (3d Ed).
    
    2. The husband being involved at the time the lot was deeded to the wife, the conveyance was fraudulent as to his creditors both prior and subsequent. 38 ArJc.,. 419.. The fact that the deed was conveyed to the wife directly does not aid him; it is the same as if, made to-him and by him conveyed to her., 33 Ark., 762.
    
      Montgomery & Hamby, for appellees.
    1. To entitle appellants to relief they must show an unsatisfied judgment upon a debt created prior to the conveyance, the issuance of execution and inability to find property out of which to make the debt. 31 Ark., 546..
    2. The case in 30 Ark, 79, was decided before the-passage of the Act Dec. 15, 1875, which provides that a married woman shall not be prejudiced by her failure to-schedule^ and the fact that she permits her husband to-control and manage her property, is-not of itself sufficient evidence of relinquishment of her title, but he is presumed to be acting as her agent. Mansf. Dig., secs¡ 4634-6.. ¡See also Hudd v.'1 Peters, 41 Ark. 177 ; 42 Ar/c., 62; 22 Id. 429; Stewart Hush, and Wife,, see, 88; -33 Mo., 156.
   Smith, J.

The bill alleged that the plaintiffs, Driggs •& Co., had recovered'judgment against Norwood, as a member of the firm of Nelson & Co., for more than $1,200 and had taken out execution thereon, which was returned unsatisfied ; that Norwood had bought a lot in the town •of Prescott, and for the purpose of cheating and hindering his creditors, had caused the deed to be made to his wife. The prayer was for the subjection of the property to the satisfaction of the plaintiffs’ debt.

The defendants filed a-joint answer, in which they denied any fraud in the transaction, and averred that the lot was purchased and paid for with the wife’s own money. The bill was dismissed at the hearing.

The testimony developed these facts : Norwood was & country physician with a limited practice and utterly without means, until, in the year 1869, he married a widow, who had an'interest in her deceased husband’s estate. Erom this source he received fifteen 'hundred dollars. He invested eight hundred dollars in a farm, takiug the title in his own name, and lent such part of the remainder, as was not consumed in the support of the family, upon interest. He seems to have enjoyed a reasonable share of prosperity, cultivating his farm and practising his profession, until the year 1882, when he. removed to Prescott, the county seat of his county. He was then the o.wner of another small farm, in addition to the one previously, mentioned, was free from debt, and-had one thousand dollars or more due to him in notes and accounts. He was regarded by his neighbors as a man in.easy circumstances., About this time he was induced to sign a bond of $5,000; and the condition of the bond not having been performed, he and two other» of the sureties made their joint note' for $1,600 in adjustment of their liability. This nóte had not been paid down to the taking of the proofs in this cause and an action was. pending in the courts upon it. In the course of the complications growing out of this bond, andas soon as it was ascertained that the sureties were in for a loss, Norwood made a suspicious transfer of the smaller of his two farms- and of his book accounts-to a friend in Prescott. In the-fall of 1882 he also sold the other farm, and about the first of October in that year was admitted as a partner in. the mercantile firm of Nelson & Co.

On November 18th, 1882, he became surety on the bond of the postmaster at Prescott, and made oafh that he was-w’orth one thousand dollars over and above all debts, liabilities and exemptions. On November 21, 1882, occurred the transaction, which is the subject of this controversy, viz-: the purchase of the town lot for three hundred and sixty dollars and the conveyance of it to his. wife. A few days afterwards — not later than the first of' December following — Norwood’s firm failed in business,, or was closed out by creditors.' The plaintiffs recovered their judgment on September 4,1884. It does not appear-from the record when their debt was created. It is-probable that it was before the date of the conveyance,, which is attacked herein as fraudulent; since, as we have seen, the firm of Nelson & Co. failed very shortly after-wards. The plaintiffs were bankers at Prescott, and it would be strange if the firm of Nelson & Co. could have obtained so'large a credit on the verge of insolvency or after insolvency. Still on this point of the exact date of the accrual of the debt, theré is neither allegation, nor proof, and the plaintiffs must accordingly be treated as-•subsequent creditors.

The money which Norwood collected for his wife was rightfaliy hers and could have been secured to her use by an investment in real estate in her own name, or by an investment in personal property, a schedule of which was recorded in the" county of her residence: or, possibly, if it was desirable to keep it in money or choses in action, by holding it separately from that of her husband. It was her separate property so long as she chose to preserve its distinctive character, and did not entrust its management or control to him otherwise than as an agent. Beeman v. Couser, 22 Ark., 429; Constitution of 1868, art. XII, sec. 6; Humphries v. Harrison, 30 Ark., 79; Hydrick v. Burke, Ib., 124.

There is nothing to show that Norwood, in the investments he made, acted as his wife’s agent. On the contrary he purchased lands for his own benefit and dealt with her money as his own for a period of more than ten years, and obtained credit on the faith of its being his own. Mrs. Norwood is not shown to have objected to such use and her assent must be presumed. It is now too late to assert her claim to the money or its proceeds against her husband’s creditors. 2 Perry on Trusts, sec. 678; Schouler Domestic Relations, 3d Ed., sec. 119; Humes v. Scruggs, 94 U. S., 22.

K plaintiffs’ debt was in existence, when the trans-for was made, there could not be any doubt of their right impeach it. For everv voluntary alienation of his pro- * perty by an embarrassed debtor is presumptively fraudulent against existing creditors. Indebtedness raises a presumption of fraud, which becomes conclusive upon insolvency. But as to subsequent creditors, a voluntary conveyance by a person in debt is not per se fraudulent. To make it so, proof of actual or intentional fraud is required. Sexton v. Wheaton, 8 Wheat., 229 ; S. C. 1 Am. Lead. Cas. 17 and notes; Hinde’s Lessee v. Longworth, 11 Wheat., 199; Mattingley v. Nye, 8 Wall., 370; Wallace v. Penfield, 106 U. S., 260; Payne v. Stanton, 59 Mo., 159; Beade v. Livingston, 3 John. Chy., 501; Mittelbury v. Harrison, 11 Mo. App., 136, affirmed on error, 3 S. W. Rep., 203.

The cases have always made this distinction between the two classes of creditors,-as to the burden and quantum of proof. But in the text books and in the decided cases, there is some obscurity and perhaps conflict as. to what are the frauds of which subsequent creditors may take advantage. Where the fraud is directed specifically against them, as where a voluntary settlement is made with a view to becoming subsequently indebted, there can be no difficulty. Such a ease was Savage v. Murphy, 34 N. Y., 508, where the judgment debtor, being engaged in an extensive business and already considerably indebted, stripped himself of the title to all his property by'transfer to his wife and children, with the intent to contract a future indebtedness on the credit of his apparent ownership of the property transferred, of which he still remained in possession.

But is it necessary in every such attack to show a specific intent to defraud future creditors ? Or may the transfer be avoided at the suit o.f a subsequent creditor, on proof that it was a fraud upon the rights of previous creditors ?

In Tony v. McGeehee, 38 Ark., 427, it was said : A voluntary conveyance may be impeached by a subsequent creditor, on the ground that it was made in fraud of existing cteditors ; but to do so, he must show either that actual fraud was intended, or that there were debts still outstanding, which the grantor owed at the time he made it.”

As we have stated above, a creditor who assails a conveyance of his debtor’s property made before the creation of his debt, must show fraud in tact. Existing indebtedness is not conclusive, but only a circumstance from which the fraudulent ihtent may be inferred. Pepper v. Carter, 11 Mo., 543 Rose v. Brown, 11 W.Va., 134.

In Cunningham v. Williams, 42 Ark., 170, it was said that the intention must have been to put the property beyond the reach of debts which the settlor intended thereafter to contract, and which he did' not intend to pay, or had not reasonable expectation of being able to pay. Compare 1 Amer, Lead. Cases, 5th Ed., 40 et seq.; Wait on Fraudulent Conveyances, Ch. VI; Bump on Fraudulent Conveyances, Ch. XIII; Graham v. Railroad Co., 102 U. S., 148; Horback v. Hill, 112 U. S., 144; Read v. Livingstone, 3 John. Chy., 497; Shand v. Hanley, 71 N. Y., 319; Parkman v. Welch, 19 Pick., 237; Day v. Cooley, 118 Mass., 527; Claflin v. Miss., 30 N. J. Eq., 211; Johnson v Skaggs, Court of App. Ky., Jan., 1887, 2 S. W. Rep., 493.

’ But whether it be sufficient for the subsequent creditor to , * that the conveyance was intended to defraud existing: creditors, or whether he must prove that it was executed as a cover for future schemes of fraud, the deed under consideration must he condemned. It was á voluntary post-nuptial settlement by Norwood upori his wife. He was at that time, according to his own account, largely insolvent as an individual, and the firm, of which he was a member, was on the brink of min. The amount he settled upon his wife exceeded in value the rest of his property. The deed to the wife was never acknowledged before an officer by the grantor until about two years after its execution and since the commencement of this suit. Without acknowledgement it could not be recorded. The possession of the property and the concealment of the transfer may have enabled Norwood to obtain a false credit. And shortly after the transfer, his firm contracted a debt of considerable magnitude to the plaintiffs, which they had no reasonable grounds to believe they would be able to pay. The transaction wears the badge of fraud.

The decree is reversed and the cause remanded with directions to grant to the plaintiffs the relief they pray for.  