
    DUFF & PHELPS, LLC, Plaintiff, v. VITRO S.A.B. DE C.V., Defendant.
    No. 13 Civ. 3242(PAE).
    United States District Court, S.D. New York.
    Signed Jan. 21, 2014.
    
      William M. Dolan, Brown & Kelly, Buffalo, NY, Aaron Benjamin Lauchheimer, Brown Rudnick LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff.
    Alan Joseph Stone, Matthew John Lat-terner, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, New York, NY, Patrick Daniel Ma-réela, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendant.
   OPINION & ORDER

PAUL A. ENGELMAYER, District Judge:

Plaintiff Duff & Phelps, LLC (“Duff & Phelps”), as successor-in-interest to Cha-nin Capital Partners, LLC (“Chanin”), brings this action against Vitro S.A.B. de C.V. (“Vitro”), a glass manufacturer based in Mexico. Duff & Phelps asserts claims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment arising from Vitro’s refusal to pay Chanin a $3.25 million “Restructuring Fee,” which, according to Chanin, was triggered, under a contract between the two, by Vitro’s settlement with its noteholders, entered on March 14,2013.

Vitro now moves to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). According to Vitro, the contract between Vitro and Chanin, which provided for a Restructuring Fee, was discharged during Vitro’s Mexican bankruptcy proceeding. Accordingly, Vitro claims that the Court, under the doctrine of international comity, should abstain from re-litigating Chanin’s claim for a Restructuring Fee.

For the reasons that follow, Vitro’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion is denied. However, in the interest of international comity, the Court will stay discovery in this case for three months. During this time, Vitro may seek to obtain clear proof, which is lacking on the current record, that the Mexican District Court’s intent, in adjudicating Vitro’s bankruptcy, was to discharge Chanin’s claim to a Restructuring Fee. Vitro is directed to submit any such evidence to the Court by April 22, 2014. Absent proof of such discharge, the parties will, at that timo, proceed to discovery.

Separately, Vitro moves to dismiss Duff & Phelps’ claim for unjust enrichment under Rule 12(b)(6). For the reasons given below, that motion is also denied.

I. Background

A. Vitro’s Efforts to Restructure Its Debt

Vitro is the parent corporation for a large glass manufacturing enterprise based in Mexico. Compl. ¶ 7; Santos Decl. ¶ 3. In early 2009, Vitro announced that it would restructure substantially all of its debt, which, at that time, totaled approximately $3.7 billion. Santos Decl. ¶¶4-5. This amount included $1.216 billion in outstanding principal for notes issued under three separate indentures: (1) $300 million in 8.625% Senior Notes due 2012; (2) $225 million in 11.75% Senior Notes due 2013; and (3) $700 million in 9.125% Senior Notes due 2017 (collectively the “Old Notes”). Id. In February 2009, Vitro started restructuring negotiations with an ad hoe committee of entities that beneficially held a majority of the outstanding principal in the Old Notes (“Ad Hoc Group”). Id. ¶ 6. To facilitate negotiations, Vitro agreed to pay the fees and expenses of the Ad Hoc Group’s legal counsel and financial advisor. Id. The Ad Hoc Group’s financial advisor was Chanin. Id.

On July 17, 2009, Vitro executed a letter agreement with Chanin. Id. ¶ 7; Compl. Ex. 1 (“Letter Agreement”). Chanin agreed to provide financial advisory services to the Ad Hoc Group, including the performance of due diligence concerning Vitro’s business, capital structure, and debt capacity. Santos Decl. ¶ 7. Vitro agreed to pay Chanin: (1) a monthly retainer of $250,000 during a three-month Initial Term and $100,000 during a one-month Extension Term; (2) $175,000 per month if Chanin was retained by the Ad Hoc Group during the “Restructuring Engagement”; and (3) reasonable, necessary, and documented out-of-pocket expenses. Letter Agreement ¶¶ 4(a), 5(a)(i), 6. In addition, if Vitro entered into a “Transaction” during the Restructuring Engagement (or “within 12 months from the effective termination ... or expiration of the Restructuring Engagement”), Vitro would pay Chanin a one-time, cash “Restructuring Fee.” Id. ¶ 5(a)(ii). The amount of this fee was to be the greater of $2.5 million or 1.0% of the “cash, securities or other property actually received by the Noteholders, in the aggregate ... if the value of such cash and securities exceeds $375,000,000,” provided, however, that the fee could not exceed $5 million. Id. The Restructuring Fee would thus fall somewhere between $2.5 million and $5 million.

Between August 2009 and July 2010, the Ad Hoc Group rejected three restructuring proposals made by Vitro. Santos Decl. ¶ 8. On October 18, 2010, Vitro learned that the Ad Hoc Group no longer held a majority of the Old Notes. Id. ¶ 9. In November 2010, “an impasse” was reached in the restructuring negotiations. Id. ¶ 8. By this time, the Ad Hoc Group included several new members who had purchased Old Notes in the secondary market. Id. ¶ 10. For reasons not relevant to this action, Vitro concluded that the Ad Hoc Group “had no intention of continuing to work together on a consensual restructuring plan.” Id. ¶ 12. Vitro decided to cease payments to the Ad Hoc Group’s legal counsel and to Chanin. Id. Up to that point, Vitro had paid Chanin $2.95 million in monthly fees and about $130,000 in expenses. See Latterner Decl. Ex. C.

On November 1, 2010, Vitro publicly launched a joint tender and exchange offer to all holders of the Old Notes, which contemplated Vitro entering into a voluntary judicial reorganization (or “concur-so”) proceeding in Mexico following the expiration of these offers. Santos Decl. ¶ 13. A concurso in Mexico is governed by the Ley de Concursos Mercantiles (“LCM”) (the “Mexican Business Reorganization Act”). Id. ¶ 14.

B. Vitro’s Bankruptcy Proceedings in Mexico

On December 13, 2010, Vitro initiated a concurso proceeding in the Mexican District Court by filing a concurso petition (the “Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding”). Santos Decl. ¶ 14.

On April 8, 2011, Vitro’s concurso petition was granted, and Vitro was declared in concurso mercantile. Id. Upon being declared in concurso mercantile, Vitro was ordered to stop payment of all outstanding debts other than those necessary to carry on its business, and the Mexican District Court ordered the appointment of an independent Conciliador to oversee bankruptcy proceedings. Id. ¶ 15.

Under the LCM, the Conciliador is responsible for compiling a list of creditors for the Mexican District Court, and for valuing and ranking each creditor’s claim. Id. ¶ 16. On June 27, 2011, Chanin submitted its proof of claim to the Concilia-dor, requesting recognition of claims under the Letter Agreement. Id. ¶ 17; Latter-ner Decl. Ex. C (“Chanin Claim Recognition Application”); Laucheimer Deck Ex. A (same). Chaniris claims, which totaled $3,291,965.01, consisted of: (1) unpaid monthly fees and expenses accrued between November 2010 and June 2011 of $1,266,965.01; and (2) a Restructuring Fee of $2,025,000. See Chanin Claim Recognition Application.

On or about August 5, 2011, the Concili-ador submitted to the Mexican District Court his recommendation for which creditors should be recognized and how each claim should be valued and ranked. Santos Decl. ¶ 18; Laucheimer Decl. Ex. B (“Counciliador Claims Recognition Recommendation”); Latterner Decl. Ex. F (same). As to Chanin, the Conciliador recommended that the amounts requested be recognized only up to April 8, 2011, the date when Vitro was declared in concurso mercantile. See Counciliador Claims Recognition Recommendation (“The claim may be only partially recognized as this proposal considers recognizing indebtedness accrued through April 8, 2011, which is the date in which the reorganization judgment was issued and which must be used to determine the amount of the indebtedness of the merchant.”). Accordingly, the Con-ciliador recommended that the Mexican Bankruptcy Court recognize Chaniris claim for $869,733.81, or 2,224,938.56 UDI’s. Id.; Santos Decl. ¶ 18.

The Conciliador declined, however, to recognize Chaniris claim for a $2,025,000 Restructuring Fee. He explained:

The amount claimed by [Chanin] of $2,025,000 cannot be granted as it is subject to a condition precedent consisting of the closing of a certain transaction as agreed in clause 5 — a—(ii) of the Letter Agreement that was entered into by and between [Chanin], White & Case LLP and the merchant.
Since such condition has not occurred as of the date the judgment was issued, thus no credit in favor of the creditor is susceptible of recognition. However, should the condition agreed upon under the above-referred agreement occur and in the event payment of this claim by the creditor is appropriate, the latter [creditor] will have the right to claim its payment through the proceedings and terms that it deems appropriate

Claims Recognition Recommendation.

A week later, on August 12, 2011, the Mexican District Court issued a ruling that adopted in Ml the Conciliador’s recommendations with respect to Chanin’s claim against Vitro. Santos Decl. ¶ 19; Latterner Decl. Ex. H (“Claims Recognition Ruling”). The ruling thus recognized Cha-nin’s claim for 2,224,938.56 UDI’s, the same amount contained in the Concilia-dor’s recommendation. See Claims Recognition Ruling. The Mexican District Court did not make any specific comment regarding Chanin’s claim for the Restructuring Fee. Id. Chanin did not appeal this Ruling. Santos Decl. ¶ 20.

In December 2011, the Conciliador submitted to the Mexican District Court a reorganization plan for Vitro, which had the support of recognized creditors holding 74.67% of the recognized claims. Santos Decl. ¶ 22; Latterner Decl. Ex. O (“Con-curso Plan”). The Concurso Plan provided for a distribution of new notes and cash (together, the “Restructuring Consideration”) to recognized creditors, which was roughly equivalent to a return of 70 cents on the dollar on recognized claims. Santos Decl. ¶ 22. Again, the Concurso Plan did not expressly mention Chanin, or the Restructuring Fee that Chanin had previously sought in its submission to the Concilia-dor. See Concurso Plan.

On February 3, 2012, the Mexican District Court issued an order approving the Concurso Plan. Santos Decl. ¶ 23; Latterner Decl. Ex. L (“Concurso Approval Order”). In this order, Chanin was listed as an unsecured creditor with a claim for 2,224,938.56 UDI’s, which, again, translated to $869,733.81 — the same amount in the Conciliador’s recommendation. See Con-curso Approval Order at 13. Chanin did not appeal this order. Santos Decl. ¶ 23.

On February 23, 2012, Vitro consummated the Concurso Plan by issuing the Restructuring Consideration to third party payment trusts, which, in turn, were charged with delivering such consideration to Recognized Creditors. Santos Decl. ¶ 24. As of this date, Chanin has refused to acknowledge that the Concurso Plan settles its claims against Vitro. Id. ¶ 25. Accordingly, Chanin has not received the Restructuring Consideration to which it is entitled. Id.

C. Settlement with U.S. Noteholders

After the Concurso Plan was approved, a group of noteholders in the United States refused to tender their notes or to receive their Restructuring Consideration. Santos Decl. ¶ 27. As a result, Vitro attempted to enforce the Concurso Plan against these noteholders by filing a Chapter 15 suit in the Northern District of Texas (“Texas Bankruptcy Court”). Santos Decl. ¶ 28. After the Mexican District Court approved the Concurso Plan on February 3, 2012, Vitro filed a motion with the Texas Bankruptcy Court for an order giving Ml force and effect to the Concurso Approval Order in the United States, and for a permanent injunction to prohibit creditors from commencing or continuing actions to enforce claims against Vitro in the United States. Id. ¶ 29.

The U.S. noteholders primarily objected to the Concurso Plan on the basis that it treated Vitro’s non-debtor subsidiaries as debtors within the Concurso proceeding, yet provided no opportunity for the creditors of these subsidiaries to vote on whether to confirm the Concurso Plan. See id. ¶ 26; In re Vitro, S.A.B. de C.V., 473 B.R. 117, 129 (Bankr.N.D.Tex.2012) motion to certify appeal granted, 11-33335-HDH-15, 2012 WL 2367161 (Bankr.N.D.Tex. June 21, 2012) and aff'd, 701 F.3d 1031 (5th Cir.2012) cert. dismissed, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1862, 185 L.Ed.2d 862 (2013). Because these subsidiaries were not debtors within the Mexican Concurso proceeding, the U.S. noteholders argued that these subsidiaries’ guarantees were not properly-extinguished in that proceeding. See In re Vitro, S.A.B. de C.V., 473 B.R. at 131.

On June 13, 2012, the Texas Bankruptcy Court, agreeing with the U.S. noteholders, held that the discharge of non-debtor subsidiary obligations was not authorized under Chapter 15. See In re Vitro, S.A.B. de C.V., 473 B.R. at 133 (“Accordingly, this Court concludes that the Concurso plan approved in this instance, which extinguishes the guarantee claims of the [U.S. noteholders] that were given under an indenture issued in the United States against non-debtor entities that are subsidiaries of Vitro, should not be accorded comity to the extent it provides for the extinguishment of the non-debtor guarantees of the indentures. Such order manifestly contravenes the public policy of the United States and is also precluded from enforcement under §§ 1507, 1521 and 1522 of the Bankruptcy Code.”). Accordingly, the court denied Vitro’s Enforcement Motion. Id. On November 28, 2012, the Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding that the Texas court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the Concurso Plan sought to discharge non-debtor obligations, and in declining, on that basis, to enforce that Plan in the United States. In re Vitro S.A.B. de C.V., 701 F.3d 1031, 1059 (5th Cir.2012) cert. dismissed, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1862, 185 L.Ed.2d 862 (2013).

As a result, the non-debtor subsidiary obligations remained enforceable in the United States. Santos Decl. ¶ 30. On March 1, 2013, to discharge these obligations, Vitro entered into a global settlement with the U.S. noteholders who had refused to tender their notes. Id. ¶ 31; Compl. Ex. 3 (“Settlement”). As part of this settlement, the noteholders agreed to cease all pending appeals and challenges to the bankruptcy proceeding in Mexico, and to dismiss with prejudice all their enforcement actions in the United States. See Settlement. In return, they received $852.50 for each $1,000 in principal amount for their notes — this settlement resulted in a total payment of $729,215,000. Settlement at § 2.1(d)(i); Compl. ¶¶ 35-36. The Texas Bankruptcy Court approved the settlement on March 14, 2013. See In re Vitro, S.A.B. de C.V., Bankruptcy Petition No. 11-33335-hdh (Bankr.ND.Tex.), Dkt. 547 — 49; Latterner Decl. Ex. M.

On April 12, 2013, Chanin sent Vitro an invoice, requesting payment of $3.25 million as its Restructuring Fee, which it claimed to be owed based on the March 14, 2013 Settlement. Compl. ¶ 43. Vitro refused to pay the invoice. Id. ¶ 44.

D. Procedural History of This Case

On May 14, 2013, Chanin’s successor in interest, Duff & Phelps, filed the Complaint in this case, alleging that Vitro’s failure to pay Chanin the Restructuring Fee constituted breach of contract and unjust enrichment. Dkt. 1. On July 1, 2013, the Court stayed the case due to the pending Chapter 15 action. Dkt. 11. On August 23, 2013, the Court lifted its stay. Dkt. 12.

On September 3, 2013, Vitro moved to dismiss the Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). Dkt. 13. Vitro also moved to dismiss Duff & Phelps’ unjust enrichment claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Id. With its motion, Vitro submitted a supporting memorandum of law, Dkt. 14 (“Def. Br.”), and three supporting declarations, Dkt. 15-17. On October 15, 2013, Duff & Phelps submitted a memorandum of law in opposition to Vi-tro’s motion to dismiss, Dkt. 21 (“Pl. Br.”), and two supporting declarations, Dkt. 22-23. On November 5, 2013, Vitro submitted its reply brief, Dkt. 24 (“Def. Rep. Br.”), and one supporting declaration, Dkt. 25. On December 5, 2013, the Court heard argument. See Transcript of Oral Argument (“Tr”).

II. Legal Standards

Once subject matter jurisdiction is challenged, “[a] plaintiff asserting subject matter jurisdiction has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that jurisdiction exists.” Giammatteo v. Newton, 452 Fed.Appx. 24, 27 (2d Cir.2011) (citing Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir.2000)). In resolving a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1), “the court must take all facts alleged in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff,” Natural Res. Def. Council v. Johnson, 461 F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir.2006), but “jurisdiction must be shown affirmatively, and that showing is not made by drawing from the pleadings inferences favorable to the party asserting it.” Shipping Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Drakos, 140 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir.1998); see also APWU v. Potter, 343 F.3d 619, 623 (2d Cir.2003); Amidax Trading Group v. S.W.I.F.T. SCRL, 671 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir.2011). In addition, on a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, a district court may consider evidence outside the pleadings, such as affidavits and exhibits. See Makarova, 201 F.3d at 113.

To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). Accordingly, in considering a motion to dismiss, a district court “must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint, and ‘draw[] all inferences in the plaintiffs favor.’ ” Brown v. Kay, 889 F.Supp.2d 468, 479 (S.D.N.Y.2012) aff'd, 514 Fed.Appx. 58 (2d Cir.2013) (quoting Allaire Corp. v. Okumus, 433 F.3d 248, 249-50 (2d Cir.2006)).

III. Discussion

A. Vitro’s 12(b)(1) Motion: Principles of International Comity

Vitro asserts that the Restructuring Fee sought by Duff & Phelps in this case was “already the subject of and disallowed” in the Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding, and therefore that the Court should, in the interest of international comity, “decline to exercise jurisdiction over” the Complaint. Def. Br. at 15. “The decision to grant comity is a matter within a court’s discretion and the burden of proof to establish its appropriateness is on the moving party.” Maersk, Inc. v. Neewra, Inc., No. 05 Civ. 4356(CM), 2010 WL 2836134, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2010) aff'd sub nom. Maersk, Inc. v. Sahni, 450 Fed.Appx. 3 (2d Cir.2011) (citing In re Perry H. Koplik & Sons, Inc., 377 B.R. 69, 75 (S.D.N.Y.2007)); see also Allstate Life Ins. Co. v. Linter Group Ltd., 994 F.2d 996, 999 (2d Cir.1993). Accordingly, Vitro bears the burden of proving that comity is appropriate in this case.

“International comity has been described by the Supreme Court as ‘the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having due regard both to international duty and convenience, and to the rights of its own citizens or of other persons who are under the protection of its laws.’ ” JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Altos Hornos de Mexico, S.A. de C.V., 412 F.3d 418, 423 (2d Cir.2005) (“JP Morgan”) (quoting Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 164, 16 S.Ct. 139, 40 L.Ed. 95 (1895)). The Second Circuit has “repeatedly noted the importance of extending comity to foreign bankruptcy proceedings.” Finanz AG Zurich v. Banco Economico S.A., 192 F.3d 240, 246 (2d Cir.1999); see also JP Morgan, 412 F.3d at 424 (“We have repeatedly held that U.S. courts should ordinarily decline to adjudicate creditor claims that are the subject of a foreign bankruptcy proceeding.”). Because the “equitable and orderly distribution of a debtor’s property requires assembling all claims against the limited assets in a single proceeding, American courts regularly defer to such actions.” Finanz AG, 192 F.3d at 246 (quoting Victrix S.S. Co., S.A. v. Salen Dry Cargo A.B., 825 F.2d 709, 713-14 (2d Cir.1987)); Allstate Life Ins., 994 F.2d at 999 (“[W]e have recognized that comity is particularly appropriate where, as here, the court is confronted with foreign bankruptcy proceedings.”). In general, this Court will afford comity to a foreign bankruptcy proceeding, so long as that proceeding “abides by fundamental standards of procedural fairness” and does not “violate the laws or public policy of the United States.” Finanz AG, 192 F.3d at 246 (citations omitted).

Duff & Phelps does not oppose Vitro’s motion to dismiss on the grounds either that the Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding was proeedurally unfair to Chanin, or that heeding its outcome would violate U.S. law or public policy. See Pl. Br. 10. Rather, Duff & Phelps’ primary argument is that, as a factual matter, the Restructuring Fee at issue was not discharged in that proceeding. See id. (“Comity is inappropriate in this case, because the Claims Recognition Ruling and the Concurso Approval Order did not disallow the Restructuring Fee.”). Therefore, Vitro’s motion to dismiss on the basis of comity turns on whether the Restructuring Fee at issue was or was not discharged in Vitro’s Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding.

B. Vitro’s 12(b)(1) Motion: The Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding

There are three main disputes concerning Vitro’s Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding that bear on Vitro’s motion to dismiss: (1) whether Chanin submitted its claim for the Restructuring Fee to the Conciliador; (2) whether the LCM permits a Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding to discharge contingent liabilities; and (3) most centrally, whether Vitro’s Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding, as a factual matter, discharged the contingent liability at issue — namely, the Restructuring Fee.

1. Chanin Submitted its Claim for the “Restructuring Fee”

As a threshold matter, the parties dispute whether Chanin submitted a claim for the Restructuring Fee to the Councili-ador. Duff & Phelps asserts that Chanin’s claim did not include the Restructuring Fee, see Pl. Br. at 20, whereas Vitro asserts that Chanin’s claim did include the Restructuring Fee, see Def. Rep. Br. at 4.

As to this point, the materials submitted to this Court compellingly favor Vitro. On June 27, 2011, Chanin submitted its claim to the Conciliador in Vitro’s bankruptcy. See Latterner Decl. Ex. C (“Chanin Claim Recognition Application”). Chanin listed two claims under the section titled “Claim against the Marketer,” one for $1,266,965.01, the other for $2,025,000. Id. Chanin’s submission also contained an “Annex,” which explained these claims in more detail. Id. In the first section of the “Annex,” also titled “Claim Against the Marketer,” Chanin stated that the $1,266,965.01 it sought was “for pending expenses and fees,” and that the $2,025,000 it sought was “for closing a transaction (according to [how] this term ... was defined in section 3 of the agreement).” Id. This submission reveals that Chanin included in its claim to the Counciliador the Restructuring Fee at issue in this case.

Duff & Phelps’ counter-argument is that Chanin’s final summary of the claim, in paragraph six of the “Annex,” made its claim for the Restructuring Fee contingent on future events, such that Chanin only intended to pursue the Restructuring Fee within its claim if events that developed later gave it a contractual right to such a fee. Specifically, Chanin’s final summary states: “[Vitro] currently owes for fees and expenses to [Chanin] the amount of $1,266,965.01 ... and if an Operation [or a Transaction] closes, [Vitro] will owe [Cha-nin] an additional amount of $2,025,000.” Id. ¶ 6. However, this linguistic formulation at one point in Chanin’s submission is insufficient to overcome Chanin’s explicit statements that it was pursuing, in that proceeding, the $2,025,000, and that this sum represented a Restructuring Fee.

That Chanin included the $2,025,000 claim in its formal list of claims against Vitro, and that Chanin defined this claim as payment for “closing a transaction,” convincingly shows that Chanin’s intent was to include, within the Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding, a claim against Vitro for the Restructuring Fee at issue in this case. Notably, the Conciliador, although ultimately declining to recognize the Restructuring Fee on the grounds that Chanin’s entitlement turned on future events, clearly understood Chanin to be seeking that fee in the Mexican Bankruptcy Proceedings, and Chanin, for its part, did nothing to disabuse the Conciliador of that understanding.

2. A Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding May Discharge Contingent Liabilities.

The parties also dispute whether the LCM allows for the discharge of contingent claims or executory contracts. Duff & Phelps asserts that, as a matter of Mexican law, it was impossible for the Restructuring Fee to be discharged in bankruptcy, because the LCM only permits the Mexican District Court to resolve claims that “exist” as of the concurso ruling. PI. Br. at 14-15. Vitro counters that the LCM, like the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, contemplates resolving a debtor’s contingent liabilities and executory contracts. Def. Rep. Br. at 3-4.

Again, as to this point, the Court holds in favor of Vitro. U.S. Bankruptcy Courts and trustees, of course, routinely recognize and discharge the contingent liabilities of bankrupt debtors. See In re Chateaugay Corp., 944 F.2d 997, 1003 (2d Cir.1991) (“[A]ll legal obligations of the debtor, no matter how remote or contingent, will be able to be dealt with in the bankruptcy case.”) (citation omitted); Route 21 Associates of Belleville, Inc. v. MHC, Inc., 486 B.R. 75, 82 (S.D.N.Y.2012), aff'd sub nom., In re Lyondell Chem. Co., 542 Fed.Appx. 41 (2d Cir.2013) (it is well established that the U.S. Bankruptcy Code allows trustees to “reject any executory contract”); In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 85 F.3d 992, 998-99 (2d Cir.1996) (an exec-utory contract is generally one in which “performance remains due to some extent on both sides”). After reviewing the helpful declarations from the expert witnesses on both sides, the Court concludes that the LCM similarly allows a Mexican District Court to discharge contingent claims and executory contracts in the course of a Mexican bankruptcy proceeding.

In making this ruling, the Court relies primarily on the Reply Declaration of Jose Victor Rodriguez Barrera, Vitro’s expert witness on Mexican Law. See Barrera Rep. Decl. According to Barrera:

Article 88, Section II of the LCM specifically addresses treatment of contingent liabilities, providing that, with respect to any claims subject to a condition precedent that had not occurred at the date that the debtor was declared in concur-so, those claims will be treated as if the conditions precedent had not occurred. This provision of the LCM makes clear that the Mexican District Court has the jurisdiction to reorganize and/or discharge contingent liabilities. The fact that no “Transaction” (as that term is defined in the Letter Agreement) had occurred as of the date of the Concurso Ruling merely rendered Plaintiffs claim for a [Restructuring Fee] contingent, not non-existent.

Barrera Rep. Decl. ¶¶ 5-7. The text of Article 88 strongly supports Barrera’s interpretation of that law:

In order to determine the amount of any credits payable by the Merchant, as from the date on which a judgment is issued to declare the business reorganization:
I. The Merchant’s outstanding obligations shall be deemed due.
II. Any credits subject to a suspen-sive condition [condición suspen-siva], the condition shall be regarded as not having taken place.

Latterner Decl. Ex. D at 24 (emphasis added). According to Article 88, then, contingent claims are capable of recognition; in fact, the court is instructed to regard “[a]ny credits subject to a suspen-sive condition [i.e., a condition precedent],” as having not taken place when determining the amount of credits “payable by the Merchant.” Id.

Notably, Duff & Phelps’ expert witness, Alfonso Lopez Melih, does not point to any provision of the LCM that contradicts the plain meaning of Article 88. According to Melih:

Pursuant to articles 130 and 132 of the LCM, claims from Merchant’s creditors are subject to judicial recognition.... If credits do not exist at the moment of the rendering of the concurso ruling, the conciliador cannot request or propose their recognition to the court. Accordingly, credits are only to be recognized if they exist by or before the declaration of Merchant’s concurso.

Melih Decl. ¶33. However, articles 130 and 132 do not support Melih’s apparent argument that a credit cannot be contingent. Both Article 130 and 132 speak in terms of “credits” that creditors can claim against a debtor’s assets, but neither Article states that contingent credits may never be recognized or discharged. Latterner Decl. Ex. D at 35-36. Duff & Phelps thus fails to identify any provision of the LCM that would have precluded the Conciliador or Mexican District Court from discharging contingent claims (such as the Restructuring Fee) during Vitro’s Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding, had they chosen to do so.

The Court therefore holds that the LCM, Article 88, permitted the Concilia-dor and Mexican District Court to discharge the Restructuring Fee at issue in this case.

3. Vitro has Failed to Establish that its Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding Discharged the Restructuring Fee.

This case therefore turns on a factual dispute&emdash;did the Conciliador and Mexican District Court, in the course of Vitro’s Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding, discharge the Restructuring Fee at issue? If so, Vitro’s motion to dismiss should be granted.

As to this issue, the evidence submitted to the Court on Vitro’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion favors Duff & Phelps. Although the intentions of the Mexican District Court as to this point are not perfectly pellucid, such evidence as has been presented to the Court does not permit a ruling in favor of Vitro, whose burden it is to prove that the Mexican District Court intended to discharge the Restructuring Fee. Instead, on balance, the evidence presented strongly favors Duff & Phelps’ claim that Chanin’s right to pursue that fee at a later date was left intact.

In so holding, the Court places significant weight on the Conciliador's “Claims Recognition Recommendation,” which was submitted to the Mexican District Court on August 5, 2011. See Laucheimer Decl. Ex. B. As to Chanin, the Conciliador recommended that the Mexican District Court recognize a claim for only $869,733.81&emdash;not the $3,291,965.01 that Chanin requested. Id. For each of his recommendations, the Conciliador provided “reasons and causes supporting the proposal for final recognition of credits.” Id. As to his recommendation concerning Chanin, the Conciliador stated:

The claim may be only partially recognized as this proposal considers recognizing indebtedness accrued through April 8, 2011, which is the date in which the reorganization judgment was issued and which must be used to determine the amount of the indebtedness of the merchant.
The amount claimed by [Chanin] of $2,025,000 cannot be granted as it is subject to a condition precedent consisting of the closing of a certain transaction as agreed in clause 5-a-(ii) of the Letter Agreement that was entered into by and between [Chanin], White & Case LLP and the merchant.
Since such condition has not occurred as of the date the judgment was issued, thus no credit in favor of the creditor is susceptible of recognition. However, should the condition agreed upon under the above-referred agreement occur and in the event payment of this claim by the creditor is appropriate, the latter [creditor] will have the right to claim its payment through the proceedings and terms that it deems appropriate.

Laucheimer Decl. Ex. B (emphases added).

The most convincing meaning of the Conciliador’s explanation is that (1) he would not, at that time, recognize Chanin’s contingent claim for a Restructuring Fee, but that (2) he would not foreclose Cha-nin’s future right to pursue payment of the Restructuring Fee, if and when the “condition precedent” in the contract occurred. Id. The Conciliador’s explanation is not plausibly read, in Vitro’s favor, to recommend that Chanin’s claim to the Restructuring Fee be discharged in its entirety. Rather, the Conciliador appears to have recommended keeping open Chanin’s right to claim payment of the Restructuring Fee at a later date, “should the above-referred agreement occur,” and if Vitro’s payment of the claim became appropriate. Id. The Conciliador’s statement that Chanin should have the “right to claim its payment through proceedings” that it deemed appropriate appears to contemplate proceedings such as the present litigation in this Court. Put differently, rather than having recommended the discharge of Vitro’s contingent liability, the Conciliador appears to have recommended that the ability to pursue such a claim be allowed to survive the Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding.

The Mexican District Court then issued a ruling, in which, significant here, it adopted the Conciliador’s recommendation as to Chanin in full. See Latterner Deck Ex. H (“Claims Recognition Ruling”). Consistent with that course, the Mexican District Court recognized Cha-nin’s claim for the exact amount that the Conciliador had recommended (i.e., $869,733.81, or 2,224,938.56 UDI’s). A reasonable inference is that the Mexican District Court also accepted the Concilia-dor ’s recommendation to preserve, for the future, Chanin’s ability to pursue the Restructuring Fee. To be sure, the Mexican District Court did not expressly mention Chanin’s Restructuring Fee, and it is therefore conceivable, albeit quite unlikely, that that Court sub silentio intended, as an exercise of its power to discharge contingent liabilities, to discharge Chanin’s right to pursue a Restructuring Fee. The Court’s wholesale adoption of the Concilia-dor’s recommendation, however, strongly suggests otherwise.

The Court, therefore, denies Vitro’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). The basis for that motion is the assertion that the Mexican District Court’s ruling in its bankruptcy proceeding intended to discharge Chanin’s claim to a Restructuring Fee, but Vitro has failed to establish any such discharge. As a result, there is no inconsistency between Duff & Phelps’ pursuit of that fee in this lawsuit and the earlier decision of a foreign tribunal, and principles of international comity therefore do not require dismissal of this case.

All that said, the Court is mindful that the Mexican District Court did not address in haec verba the Restructuring Fee, and that this Court’s ability to discern the unexpressed intentions of that foreign tribunal may be imperfect. It would be unfortunate, and a waste of the parties’ time and money, if&emdash;after potentially extensive and expensive discovery proceedings had commenced&emdash;conclusive evidence were to come to light that, in fact, the Mexican District Court had intended all along to extinguish Chanin’s right to pursue such a fee.

The Court, accordingly, will stay the onset of discovery in this case for three months. Diming this three-month period, the parties may seek clarification from the Mexican District Court as to its intentions with regard to Chanin’s claim to a Restructuring Fee. Should such clarification be pursued, the Court expects the parties to approach the Mexican District Court jointly, rather than unilateral!y, lest a pronouncement by that Court following a unilateral approach be later challenged as based on a skewed presentation of the relevant background, facts, or law. The Court expects the parties to present the relevant issue to that Court in a neutral manner, presumably with this decision attached as a guide to the Mexican District Court as to the issue on which this Court would welcome clarification.

In the event of a pronouncement by the Mexican District Court clarifying that it intended to extinguish such a claim, Vitro may then renew its motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). If, however, no such pronouncement has issued by April 22, 2014, discovery in this case will then commence. The parties are directed, by April 1, 2014, to submit a proposed case management plan and discovery schedule, consistent with the Court’s Individual Rules, under which (barring clarification by the Mexican District Court) discovery is to commence on April 23, 2014.

C. Vitro’s 12(b)(6) Motion

Separately, Vitro moves to dismiss Duff & Phelps’ claim for unjust enrichment under Rule 12(b)(6). According to Vitro, Duff & Phelps’ claim for unjust enrichment is “duplicative of its breach of contract claim and must be dismissed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).” Def. Br. at 25. Under New York law, however, a claim for unjust enrichment is not precluded by a breach of contract claim when the parties dispute the existence of the contract. See Curtis Props. Corp. v. Greif Cos., 236 A.D.2d 237, 653 N.Y.S.2d 569, 571 (1st Dep’t 1997) (“[A] party is not precluded from proceeding on both breach of contract and quasi-contract theories where there is a bona fide dispute as to the existence of a contract or where the contract does not cover the dispute in issue.”) (citing Joseph Sternberg Inc. v. Walber 36th St. Assoc., 187 A.D.2d 225, 594 N.Y.S.2d 144 (1st Dep’t 1993)). Here, as discussed in detail above, the parties dispute whether the contractual clause at issue was discharged during Vitro’s Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding. The Court also notes that because the contract and unjust enrichment claims derive from the same underlying conduct, retaining both claims in the case will not expand the scope of eventual discovery.

Accordingly, Vitro’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion is also denied without prejudice.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Vitro’s motion to dismiss is denied. Discovery in this case is stayed until April 22, 2014, for the limited purpose of enabling the parties jointly to seek clarification from the Mexican District Court as to whether it intended to extinguish Chanin’s claim to a Restructuring Fee.

The Clerk of Court is directed to terminate the motion pending at docket number 13.

SO ORDERED. 
      
      . The facts are drawn in large part from the Complaint ("Compl.”) (Dkt. 1) and the exhibits attached thereto: (1) the Letter Agreement between Chanin and Vitro; (2) documents reflecting Duff & Phelps’ merger with Chanin; and (3) the Settlement Agreement entered into between Vitro and holdout note-holders on March 1, 2013. See Leonard F. v. Israel Disc. Bank of N.Y., 199 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir.1999) (citing Allen v. WestPoint-Pepperell, Inc., 945 F.2d 40, 44 (2d Cir.1991)).
      In addition, on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), a district court may consider evidence outside the pleadings, such as affidavits and exhibits. See Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir.2000). Here, the parties have submitted multiple declarations with accompanying exhibits. Vi-tro submitted: (1) the Declaration of Jose Victor Rodriguez Barrera, Dkt. 19 (“Barrera Decl.”); (2) the Declaration of Javier Arecha-valeta Santos, Dkt. 16 ("Santos Decl.”); (3) the Declaration of Matthew J. Latterner, with Exhibits A-P, Dkt. 17 ("Latterner Decl.”); and (4) the Reply Declaration from Jose Barrera, Dkt. 25 ("Barrera Rep. Decl.”). Duff & Phelps submitted: (1) the Declaration of Aaron B. Laucheimer, with Exhibits A-G, Dkt. 22 ("Laucheimer Decl.”); and (2) the Declaration of Alfonso M. Lopez Melih, Dkt. 23 ("Melih Decl.”).
      Duff & Phelps’ response' to Vitro’s motion to dismiss includes a motion to strike sections of the Santos Declaration. See Dkt. 21 at 18-21. Because the Court has denied Vitro’s Motion to Dismiss, Duff & Phelps motion to strike is moot. In the Background section of this opinion, the Court has drawn extensively from the Santos Declaration, but only with respect to facts that Duff & Phelps does not, or cannot, dispute.
     
      
      . Under the LCM, the debts of a company (or individual) in concurso are first converted to Mexican pesos and then converted to UDI’s (iUnidad de Inversion ) — an inflation-indexed measure of value published by Mexico’s central bank. Santos Decl. ¶ 18 n. 3.
     
      
      . The Court has used the English translation of the Conciliador's recommendation, provided by Duff & Phelps in Laucheimer Decl. Ex. B. The translation provided by Vitro in Latterner Decl. Ex. F differs slightly:
      The amount claimed by [Chanin] for the amount of $2,025,000 is considered inadmissible since it is subject to a condition consisting on the closure of a certain operation, according to what is agreed in clause 5-a-ii of the Commitment Letter undersigned by [Chanin], White & Case, LLP, and the Party in Bankruptcy Procedure.
      ■ Due to this condition there has been a noncompliance on the date when the ruling was made nor it is a credit generated in favor of the creditor subject to acknowl-edgement. However, in case the condition agreed in the above mentioned agreement was generated, in case the payment of the amount claimed by the creditor proceeds, it can claim it according to the means and terms deemed proper.
     
      
      . Duff & Phelps asserts that “the decision of whether or not to grant comity to a foreign court’s ruling is to be analyzed under applicable state law.” Pl. Br. at 17 (citing Maersk, 2010 WL 2836134). However, in Maersk, the court also noted that a federal court’s "subject-matter jurisdiction is [a] federal question,” and that ”[i]n cases involving federal questions, federal courts generally apply federal law to determine whether to recognize a foreign country judgment.” Maersk, 2010 WL 2836134, at *9-*10 (citations omitted). In any event, "New York and federal comity law share many of the same fundamental principles for recognizing foreign judgments.” Id. at *10 (citing Johnston v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 242 N.Y. 381, 152 N.E. 121 (1926)). Here, the dispute is academic. Because the Court has determined that Vitro's Mexican Bankruptcy Proceeding did not discharge the Restructuring Fee at issue, see infra, the Court need not decide whether to apply federal or New York state principles as to comity.
     
      
      . Vitro also argues, without citing any provision in the LCM, that "the Concurso Plan provides for the cancellation of all pending contracts to which Vitro was party and a discharge of all of Vitro's obligations under such contracts.” Def. Rep. Br. at 7-8. For this sweeping proposition, Vitro cites only its expert on Mexican Law, Barrera, who in turn, relies only on Chapter Nine of the Concurso Plan. See Barrera Decl. ¶21. Chapter Nine states, inter alia, that the payment of the restructuring fees and instruments agreed to in the Concurso Plan will:
      [Substitute, replace and terminate the above obligations, instruments, securities, agreements and warranties in which were agreed upon Approved Credits and, therefore, ... will terminate personal guarantees granted a third and/or direct and indirect subsidiaries of Vitro with regards to the obligations, instruments, securities and agreements that gave rise to the Approved Credits.
      Latterner Decl. Ex. O at 19. According to Vitro, this clause means that all contracts between Vitro and its creditors were discharged. Def. Rep. Br. at 7-8; Tr. at 8-11, 24-26. But the clause does not actually state that it cancels "all contracts”; rather, it states that it replaces "the above obligations, instruments, securities, agreements and warranties" with new instruments. Therefore, read in context, the clause appears to be concerned not with discharging pending contracts, but with ensuring that new debt instruments issued as part of the Concurso plan replace Vitro's old debt instruments. Absent text that reliably reveals an intent to extinguish Cha-nin’s right to pursue a Restructuring Fee, the Court declines to adopt Vitro's reading of this single clause as cancelling those of Vitro's contractual obligations that appear to have been explicitly preserved by the Conciliador ’s recommendation and the Mexican District Court's subsequent Claims Recognition Ruling.
     
      
      . To be clear, in permitting such a motion based on a new pronouncement from the Mexican District Court, the Court does not invite Vitro to challenge, whether through new expert declarations or new briefing or otherwise, the Court’s decision on the present record. The three-month stay is intended solely to enable the parties to seek clarification from the Mexican District Court.
     