
    Camp v. Smith.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department.
    
    June 19, 1888.)
    Executors and Administrators—Receipt of Notes in Payment of Legacy.
    Where a legatee receives the individual notes of an executor of the estate, and notes of a firm of which such executor was a member, in payment of a portion of her legacy, such legatee’s executor cannot maintain an action for the amount of the notes as for money had and received to the legatee’s use against the former executor individually; as, there having been no original individual indebtedness due from such executor, the only right of action is upon the notes.1
    Hn Maine a note given for a debt is presumed to be taken in payment of it, but such presumption may be rebutted. Bunker v. Barron, 8 Atl. Rep. 853, and note. So, also, in Massachusetts, Walker v. Mayo, 8 N. E. Rep. 873; and in Vermont, Ricker v. Adams, 8 Atl. Rep. 878. The general rule is that a negotiable instrument given for an antecedent debt does not discharge it, unless given and received in absolute payment. Belle-ville Sav. Bank v. Bornman, (111.) 10 N. E. Rep. 558, and note: Webster v. Howe Mach. Co., (Conn.) 8 Atl. Rep. 4a8, and note; but see Nixon v. Beard, (Ind.) 18 N. E. Rep. 131, where it is held that the giving of a negotiable promissory note for a precedent debt operates as a payment thereof, where no contrary intention is shown.
    Appeal from judgment on report of Hamilton Odell, Referee.
    This is an action by James W. Camp, as executor of Mary Etta Camp, against James W. Smith, to recover the balance of the legacy and distributive share to which said Mary Etta Camp was entitled under the will of her father, William Smith, after deducting certain payments' on account thereof. From a judgment for plaintiff on report of the referee defendant brings this appeal.
    Argued before Van Brunt, P J., Brady and Bartlett, JJ.
    
      Eugene H. Pomeroy, for appellant. Wm. Mitchell, for respondent.
   Van Brunt, P. J.

This action was brought to recover from the defendant the sum of $14,230.18, moneys had and received by the defendant to and for the use of the plaintiff’s testatrix, and which the defendant promised to pay to said testatrix. It is true that the complaint contains various other allegations leading up to the one in question. But it is this allegation which has been supported by the referee in his report, and upon which the same was founded, and it is therefore not necessary to consider the other allegations contained in the complaint, which seem to be only allegations of evidence upon which is based an allegation of fact that the defendant had received, to and for the use of the plaintiff’s testatrix, the sum of money mentioned. The allegations in the complaint referred to were denied by the answer, and also the plea of the statute of limitations was set up. The facts, as found by the referee, appear to be these: William Smith, father of the defendant and of Mary Etta Camp, the plaintiff’s testatrix, died in the fall of 1875, leaving a last will and testament, which was admitted to probate, and on November 4th the defendant and Mrs. Camp qualified as executor and executrix thereof. By his will, Mrs. Camp was given a legacy of $10,000, and a third of the residuary estate. On December 9th, the defendant, acting as executor, gave to Mrs. Camp three notes: one made by himself individually for $2,887.89; one made by the firm of J. W. & W. F. Smith, of which the defendant was a member, for $1,188.36; and one made by Wilbur F. Smith for $573.93,—in part payment of the legacy above mentioned to her. Mrs. Camp gave to the defendant, as executor, for the notes, a receipt in the following language: “Received, New York, December 9, 1875, from James W. Smith, executor, etc., of William Smith, deceased, the sum of $4,645.18 on account of the legacy |¿o me directed to be paid by the will of said William Smith, deceased. $4,645.18. [Signed] Mary E. Camp,”—being the aggregate amount of the three notes above mentioned. ' On the 5th of June, 1877, the defendant made another payment on account of said legacy, which payment was made by delivering to Mrs. Camp a note made by the defendant individually for .$3,400, and a note made by said firm for $1,185, and received from Mrs. Camp a similar receipt. On the 28th of July, 1877, the defendant, as executor, made a third payment to Mrs. Camp, on account of said legacy, of $4,000, such payment made by a note of the defendant’s firm, and Mrs. Camp gave a similar receipt. On the 18th of March, 1878, the defendant, as executor, made a fourth payment of $1,000 to Mrs. Camp, on account of this legacy, which payment was also made by delivering a note of the defendant’s firm for that amount; and Mrs. Camp gave á receipt in substantially the language above mentioned. The defendant testified upon the trial that he told her that he had no money, and he gave her the notes. On the 6th of January, 1879, the defendant filed with the surrogate an account of his proceedings as executor, wherein he claimed that, on the date of the said receipts, he had paid to Mrs. Camp the several sums in the receipts mentioned. Thereafter, upon the petition of certain parties interested under said will, the defendant and said Mary E. Camp were required to file their account, with vouchers in support thereof. Exceptions were taken to such account, and a hearing was had before an auditor, who on the 5th of August, 1880, reported, among other tilings, that the said Mary E.1 Camp had received from the executor and executrix the sum of $14,230.18, being the aggregate of the payments above mentioned, which payment was in part not due, and that up to the date of said report not more than the sum of $7,500 was properly or legally payable to her under said will. This report was confirmed by the surrogate; and on November 15,1880, a decree was entered settling and allowing the said account as filed and adjusted, and directing the sale by said executors, within the time limited, of certain real estate out of which the said legacy of $10,000 was to be paid to Mrs. Camp, and also directing that after such sale the said executor and executrix be permitted and allowed to file a further and supplemental account, and apply to this court for a final decree in this matter. In August, 1881, the defendant, as sole acting executor, rendered his final account, showing a sale of the real estate above referred to, and the payment to Mrs. Camp of $6,730.18, being part of her legacy under the will, and not allowed on the former decree as prematurely paid. Upon this accounting, counsel appeared for Mrs. Camp as executrix and also as specific and residuary legatee. The case was heard before an auditor, whose report was substantially confirmed by a decree dated October 5, 1883. By this decree the executor was credited with the sum of $2,500 as the'balance of the specific legacy given by the will to Mrs. Camp, and her share of the residuary estate was settled at $4,726.53, against which the defendant was allowed a credit of $4,230.18, prematurely paid to her, as above stated, and that the defendant pay to her the further sum of $496.35, which the decree declared “ will be in full of her share of the residuary estate of said testator distributable upon this accounting. ” This payment was subsequently made by the executor.

It is stated by the learned referee that the contention upon the part of the defendant’s counsel before him was that the question whether the legacies due to Mi’S. Camp were paid is res adjudicata by the surrogate’s decree; and that, if this action had been brought for the legacies, it would necessarily fail; that the decree settled that all of Mrs. Camp’s claims against the estate of William Smith, and against the defendant as executor, have been fully satisfied; but that the defendant is not sued in his representative character, nor is it sought to hold him liable for any acts done or defaults suffered by him as executor, but that it is the individual liability of the defendant which the plaintiff is seeking to enforce. And he founds the right of the plaintiff to recover anything upon his conclusion that the result of the transaction was that Mrs. Camp had made a loan of this money to the defendant, Smith, as an individual, and that she accepted his personal responsibility in lieu of the responsibility of the estate to her for the amount of these legacies'. In this we think the referee erred. He has been led to this conclusion because of the identity of the defendant and the sole acting executor under the will of Wiiliam Smith, deceased, which estate was indebted, if its assets were sufficient, to Mrs. Camp for the amount of her legacy. It is found by the decrees of the learned surrogate that all claims on the part of Mrs. Camp, or her representatives, against the estate of her father, have been paid and satisfied; and this is in entire accordance witli the facts. But iiow have they been paid and satisfied? She has accepted, in payment of this legacy, certain notes, some of them the individual notes of James W. Smith, some the notes of the firm of ■ J. W. & W. 1?. Smith, and one note of W. 3?. Smith. She has received these evidences of indebtedness in payment of her claims upon the estate, and has thus relieved the estate from any claim which she had against it. It is clear that if the executor had given to Mrs. Camp notes of other parties, which he owned, under the same circumstances, there would have been no claim against James W Smith, either as an individual or as executor; and this seems to be conceded by the referee when he allows a credit of the amount of the note of W. 3?, Smith. Why, upon the same principle, he should not have allowed credit of the notes of the firm of which he was a member, we cannot perceive. The transaction is in no respect a loan of money by Mrs. Camp to James W. Smith, nor does the transaction bear the construction sought to be placed upon it by the cause of action she has sued upon, namely, that James W. Smith had received the amount of this legacy from the estate for and to the use of Mrs. Camp. There is no pretense that that was the form of the transaction. But James W. Smith has paid these legacies by notes which he gave, —by other and additional security from that which Mrs. Camp had,—because her claim was only against the estate, and not against Smith, as an individual; and it was by the giving of these notes that there first arose a claim upon Mrs. Camp’s part against either James W. Smith, or the firm of J. W. & W. F. Smith, or Wilbur F. Smith. There is no original indebtedness due from either of the makers of these notes which can be resorted to, and the claim upon the notes abandoned. The first time that the indebtedness against the makers of these notes sprang into existence was when the notes -were delivered to and received by Mrs. Camp in payment of her claim against the estate of William Smith. If there was a substitution of credit, it was done by means of these notes, and in no other way.

It is entirely true that the delivery to a creditor of a debtor’s own note has never been deemed a satisfaction of the debt, even when expressly agreed to be received as payment. But in the application of this principle the leaimed referee has overlooked the fact that James W. Smith was not a debtor of Mrs. Camp. It was the estate of William Smith which was the debtor, and it was to cancel the debt of William Smith’s estate to Mrs. Camp that the notes of James W. Smith, his firm, and his brother were given. The fact that James W. Smith was the executor of the estate of William Smith, and may be said to have had sufficient assets in his hands to pay the claims against the estate of William Smith in full, in no manner alters the question. That fact did not make him individually a debtor of the creditors of the estate. He was bound, undoubtedly, to satisfy the creditors of that estate out of the assets of the estate; but, when he bad done that, his obligations as executor were discharged. If any one of these creditors of the estate, or claimants against the estate, chose to take other securities than money, that was a matter between them and the executor; and, if they chose to receive notes of the executor’s firm and of his brother, it seems to be clear that no further claim, because of the indebtedness of the estate, existed against James W. Smith, either as executor or individually. The same is equally true of that part of the claim against the estate which was discharged by his own individual notes. The estate owed Mrs. Camp so much money. The executor admitted that he had assets sufficient to pay that claim. He offers her his individual note for the amount, and she accepts it, and discharges the executor and the estate from all claims. There is no further obligation upon the part of the executor to pay. There is no obligation upon the part of the individual to pay, except because of his promise as contained in his promissory note. This is the origin of his individual liability. It first sprang into existence by the delivery and acceptance of the notes, and has nothing behind it which can be reached disregarding the note. We think, therefore, that, this action not being brought upon the notes in question, no cause of action whatever was made out against James W. Smith.

But, assuming that this is not so, the referee has found that, as far as the note of Wilbur F. Smith was concerned, James W- Smith was discharged, upon the theory that other and additional security had been given, which had been received in payment of the indebtedness. This ruling equally applies to the notes of the firm of J. W. & W- F. Smith, because the security of a third party was received by Mrs. Camp in payment to the extent of those firm notes. She had no claim on W. F Smith. On receipt of these notes by her, he became her debtor to the amount of the notes, to the same extent that he became her debtor upon the individual note which she received; and, if the receipt of the one note canceled the obligation to that extent, so, necessarily, must the receipt of the note which bears the name of a third party operate to the same extent. These notes were given at the time of the payment, and come distinctly within the rule laid down by the referee, that it is only where the delivery of the note of a third person is coincident with the creation of the debt that the law presumes it was taken in payment. Therefore, under no circumstances could Mrs. Camp have any claim for money had and received, except to the extent of James W. Smith’s individual notes. The evidence shows conclusively that James W. Smith has paid more, than sufficient to cancel these obligations. It is true that these payments were made without any application thereof, either by James W. Smith at the time of making them, or by Mrs. Camp at the time of their receipt. But, under the principle which has been recognized in a case recently decided, by the present plaintiff against the firm of J. W. & W. F. Smith, (infra,) these payments, being made by James W. Smith individually, must necessarily be credited first upon the individual indebtedness of Smith. These payments, therefore, having more than extinguished this claim; and, the copartnership debt being outlawed, there was no cause of action existing in the name of the plaintiff.

The judgment should be reversed, and new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.

Brady and Bartlett, JJ., concur.  