
    Western Lime & Cement Company, Appellant, vs. Copper River Land Company, Respondent.
    
      February 18
    
    March 9, 1909.
    
    (1) Contracts: Construction by court: Findings of fact: Presumption on appeal. (2-7, 9) Vendor and purchaser: Exception or reservation? When title passes: Rights of vendor’s assignee: Removal of timber excepted from grant: Limitation of time: Condition subsequent: Payment of taxes. (8) Parol evidence affecting writing.
    
    1. Where the trial court- decides and finds that a contract is not ambiguous so as to justify consideration of extrinsic evidence as to the surrounding circumstances, further so-called findings as to the. intention of the parties evinced by various clauses-of the contract are not findings of fact in favor of which there would be a presumption on appeal, but are merely conclusions, of law reached in construing a writing from its own terms.
    2. A land contract and a deed made in execution thereof, in both of which the words “excepted” and “reserved” were used interchangeably with respect to timber on the land, are construed as showing an intention of the parties that such timber should be excepted from the conveyance, and it is held, therefore, that the title thereto remained in the grantor.
    3. Under a land contract and a subsequent deed in pursuance thereof the real transfer of title takes place at the time of the contract, at least in case of part payment of the consideration, and the deed when made relates back to the date of the contract.
    4. Where in such case the deed is made by a transferee of the rights of the original vendor subject to the land contract and, as to the right to cut and remove timber excepted from the grant, expressly refers to the terms and conditions of the contract, such terms and conditions control that right.
    5. Where otherwise the result would be unreasonable or absurd, a mere agreement in a land contract to remove within a certain time standing timber which is to be excepted from the conveyance may be construed to include a further agreement that failure to so remove the timber shall be deemed a breach of a condition subsequent and divest the vendor of his title thereto.
    6. So held as to a contract for the sale of a large tract of land for the known purpose of colonization and sale in small parcels to settlers, where no right of actual occupancy and use could be transferred to such settlers so long- as timber belonging to the original vendor remained on the parcels purchased by them.
    7. In a contract for the sale of 37,000 acres of land excepting the standing timber, an agreement by the vendor to remove all of such timber at the rate of at least 6,000 acres per year was followed by a provision that in case of his failure to do so he should pay such enhancerhent of taxes as resulted from the timber remaining on the land. It appeared, among other things, that at the time of making the contract the estimate of the amount of the timber was approximate only and the capacity of the vendor’s mills to consume in each year the product of 6,000 acres was doubtful. Reid that, while removal of the timber was a condition subsequent, yet it was the evident intention of the parties that there should be some period of grace during which the failure of strict performance should not work a forfeiture of the vendor’s title to the timber; and such period not being specified, the vendor was entitled to a reasonable time, in view of all the circumstances, for removal of the timber after the expiration of the time expressly stipulated.
    8. Generally, verbal negotiations between parties who finally reduce their contract to writing are incompetent, except so far as they are declaratory or evidentiary of facts and circumstances in the light of which the contract is made and in the light of which thereafter it may be construed.
    
      9. In a contract for sale of a large tract of land to a company for colonization purposes the timber was excepted and the vendor agreed to pay the taxes until all the timber had been removed .or until a tract or tracts should be sold or contracted by the purchaser to third persons. Held, that assignment of the contract by the purchaser to another company was not such a sale of a tract or tracts as relieved the vendor from payment of taxes.
    Appeal from a judgment of tbe circuit court for Milwaukee county: J. C. Ludwig, Circuit Judge.
    
      Reversed.
    
    In September, 1899, tbe Upbam Manufacturing Company entered into a land contract with tbe Rib River Farm Land Company for tbe sale to tbe latter of approximately 31,000 acres' of land, situated in Taylor and Lincoln counties, covered by timber so as to be unavailable to tbe purchaser for its known purpose of colonization and sale in small parcels to settlers. Tbe land contract, after agreeing to convey upon payment of tbe purchase price of something over $92,000, in instalments, $26,000 cash and $10,000 at intervals thereafter up to May 25, 1902, with interest, contained tbe following:
    “And this agreement and such conveyances being and to be subject to reservations and exceptions following, to wit: All timber and forest products of or on said lands, save only such growth as is fit for cord wood only, being growth five inches in diameter or under, are and are to be excepted from such sales and conveyances, and are expressly reserved by said party of tbe first part to itself, its successors and assigns, with tbe right to cut and remove the same. And tbe said party of the first part hereby agrees and binds itself, its successors and assigns, to cut and remove tbe said timber and forest products so reserved to itself at tbe rate of at least six thousand (6,000) acres per year, commencing May 1st, 1900, and in case of failure so to do, said party of tbe first part shall at all times be liable for and pay any increase of taxes or assessments levied or made by reason of such timber remaining or continuing upon tbe lands while tbe same remains or continues thereon. Said party of tbe first part also excepts and reserves to itself, its successors and assigns, from tbe operation of this agreement and from such conveyances, tbe necessary grounds for sawmill or manufacturing plant and site and pond on Eib river or elsewhere, to be selected by it witbin one year from the date hereof, and also excepts and reserves to itself, its successors and assigns, from the operation of this agreement, and such conveyances, a strip not exceeding one hundred (100) feet-in width, for right of way for railway or logging railroad and spurs over such of said lands as such railroad or spurs when projected may cross or enter upon, such strip to be selected, and such railroad and spurs to be projected and surveyed, by said party of the first part within such time as may be reasonable, considering the need and state of development of said lands. . . . Said party of the first part further agrees and binds itself, in case of sales by said second party to actual settlers of any of such tracts of forty acres or over, so paid for and conveyed hereunder, that it, said first party, will, upon written request, cut such tracts in the next logging season and peeling season after such request, and then it will give preference to such settlers in case they or any of them should wish to work at cutting and logging on the premises purchased by them respectively, as employees of said first party on such lands in said work. And in consideration of the premises said party of the first part further agrees and binds itself to build, within nine months from the date hereof, at least ten miles of railroad within said counties, or from Athens, Wisconsin, toward and into said counties or one of them. It is further agreed and understood that said party of the first part is to pay the taxes on said lands until it shall,,' first, have given to said party of the second part written notice that all timber has been removed from tracts specified in such notice, or, second, until a tract or tracts shall have been sold, or contracted by said second party to some third person or persons, and thereupon, and in either of said events, and thereafter, the party of the second part shall pay all taxes and assessments on all tracts so specified in such notice, or so sold or contracted.”
    Prior to 1902 the rights and obligations of the Upham Manufacturing Company became transferred to the Marsh-field Land & Lumber Company, subject to said contract. The rights of the Eib Eiver Farm Land Company as to certain specified lands constituting about one quarter of the acreage became transferred to the plaintiff, Western Lime & Cement Company, and the interest of the Eib Eiver Farm Land Company in the remainder of said lands was conveyed back to the Marshfield Land & Lumber Company. In September, 1902, the Marshfield Company executed to the plaintiff warranty deeds, one for each county, of the lands to which it had acquired the contract rights, which are the lands described in the complaint. Those deeds, after full words of conveyance and prior to the habendum clause, contained the following:
    “This conveyance is subject to the reservations and exceptions following: The said party of the first part does hereby except from sale and reserve to itself, its successors and assigns, all the timber and forest products of or on said lands, save only such growth as is fit for cord wood only, and all such timber and forest product fit and valuable for any other purpose than cord wood is expressly reserved by the said party of the first part to itself, its successors and assigns, with the right and license to enter upon said lands, and cut and remove the same, according to the terms and conditions of” the land ■contract.
    Later, on May 18, 1906, the reserved rights of the Marsh-field Company were conveyed to the defendant by an ordinary deed of conveyance “subject to the terms and conditions of said contract.” In the logging seasons between the date of the contract and that of 1906 and 1907 the Upham Company, by authority of the Marshfield Company, cut the timber on about 14,000 acres of the lands covered by the original contract, but practically none upon the lands described in the complaint, and in the following year, prior to the commencement of this action, the defendant cut 6,600,000 feet, a part thereof from plaintiff’s lands, and was threatening to continue its cutting upon plaintiff’s lands at its convenience thereafter, claiming to own all the timber and forest products other than those conveyed only for cord wood.
    Plaintiff commenced this action to establish its title to all timber upon the lands mentioned in the complaint, to enjoin defendant from entering and cutting any thereof, and to require the defendant to account for all that had been cut and removed subsequent to May 1, 1906, a date apparently adopted as tbe expiration, of seven years after tbe date of tbe land contract.
    Upon tbe trial a large amount of parol testimony was taken both as to tbe situation and business purposes of tbe parties to tbe contract, and also as to tbeir oral negotiations and agreements and as to tbeir understanding of certain terms of tbe written contract. Tbe court in its finding declared tbat tbe contract was not ambiguous and tbat tbe extrinsic evidence should not be considered. He, however, obviously did consider tbe extrinsic evidence as to tbe character of tbe land .and tbe extent to which tbe presence of tbe timber prevented any practical occupation or use of it by tbe plaintiff, in finding as a fact tbat tbe timber so covered tbe land as to render “the surface thereof unavailable to plaintiff while said timber remained thereon.” It was found as a fact tbat tbe timber was not conveyed, but remained tbe property of tbe Upham Manufacturing Company and its assigns, together with a right to enter and cut at any time without limitation, subject •only to liability for damages for breach of its covenants to remove.
    As conclusions of law be held tbat plaintiff did not own .any of tbe timber; tbat defendant owned all of it on tbe lands described in tbe complaint, and plaintiff was entitled to no relief in this action, and entered judgment dismissing tbe •complaint, but without prejudice to plaintiff’s right to maintain an action to compel tbe removal of said timber and for ■damages for breach of tbe agreement to cut; from which judgment plaintiff appeals.
    For tbe appellant there were briefs by Harrison 8. Green, attorney, and Van Bylee & Van Bylee, of counsel, and oral argument by Mr. Green.
    
    For tbe respondent there was a brief by Quarles, Spence & •Quarles, attorneys, and A. E. Thompson and George Lines, of counsel, and oral argument by Mr. Lines and Mr. Thompson.
    
   Dodge, J.

The trial court reached the conclusion that the contract in question was not ambiguous so as to justify consideration of the surrounding circumstances needing to be disclosed by extrinsic evidence. The so-called findings of fact, as to the intention of the parties evinced by various clauses thereof, therefore are not such, but merely his conclusions of law in the judicial function of construing a writing from its own terms. We must therefore approach the question of construction as an original one, unaided and unembarrassed by the presumption in favor of a finding of fact.

The first question, very much debated, is whether the forest products other than cord wood, which for brevity we shall hereafter designate timber, were excepted from the conveyance to the plaintiff’s grantor, or whether there was merely a. reservation of a right to enter and retake Such timber, a distinction which is well recognized in the authorities. The expressions used, both in the deed and contract, are “excepted” and “reserved,” sometimes one and sometimes the other. Such interchangeable use of the two terms of itself creates a measure of ambiguity. Pritchard v. Lewis, 125 Wis. 604, 104 N. W. 989. But from consideration of the entire contract and the purposes of the parties as they are disclosed by the contract itself, we reach the conclusion that, so far as the-parties had intention on the particular subject, it was to the-effect that the title to the timber should remain in the original owner and not be conveyed either by the contract or the deed. We do not deem it necessary to enter into extended discussion of the reasons for such conclusion. It is supported by very much the same reasoning as contained in Pritchard v. Lewis, supra, and the authorities therein cited; also by Williams v. Jones, 131 Wis. 361, 111 N. W. 505. Starting, therefore, with that definition of the title, we have yet to consider the force and effect of the clause in the contract whereby the defendant’s predecessor agreed to remove such timber at the rate of 6,000 acres per year, or, in other words, the whole-of it within seven years. We deem that provision of the contract to control defendant’s rights, both because of the special reference thereto contained in the deed made in execution of the original land contract, and because of the principle, well established in Wisconsin, that the real transfer of title under a land contract and a subsequent deed in pursuance thereof' takes place at the time of the contract, at least in case of part payment of the consideration, and that the deed when made relates back to the date of the contract. Krakow v. Wille, 125 Wis. 284, 103 N. W. 1121. The trial court treated this-clause as a mere promise, with no result from its breach except money damages. Appellant contends that the parties intended thereby to limit the right to the timber and that by its breach a forfeiture results. It is urged, on authority, that courts will be slow to import into a mere agreement to do-some act, a further agreement that the failure to perform it shall constitute a condition subsequent sufficient to divest an existing title. Nevertheless if from the contract, properly construed, we must conclude that the parties intended and attempted to express an agreement to that effect, it is our duty to so construe and enforce it. Justification for construction of even very plain words in a contract may arise if otherwise-the result would be wholly unreasonable or absurd. Corbett v. Joannes, 125 Wis. 370, 387, 104 N. W. 69. It seems to us that in a sale of a large tract of land to a purchaser for the purpose of presently selling the same in parcels to actual settlers, an agreement that the seller might persist in practical possession and occupancy of the whole of said land, so that as to none of it could anything but a bare legal title without right of occupancy and use be transferred to such settlers, would be unreasonable to the extent of absurdity. It would be in practical negation of the acquisition of the rights for-which it is apparent the purchaser pays his money. We cannot read this clause, so industriously inserted, in any other-light than indicating the intention of the parties to express an agreement for some limitation upon the right of the seller to occupy said land with its timber to the exclusion of the purchaser and its anticipated and intended grantees. How it should be effective as a limitation, whether by mere threat of damages, or by way of some termination of the seller’s right, is not declared. A right to recover damages for breach of this agreement would not accomplish the obvious purpose of placing the lands in a condition for use by the purchaser, and the amount of the money damages really suffered would be .almost conjectural. The situation is not without precedent ■or at least analogy in several cases which have come before this court with reference to contracts or conveyances separating the title to the standing timber from the title to the soil, .and in nearly all of them an expression of a time limit within which the right of severance of the timber from the land is to be exercised has been held sufficient to express a meeting of the minds of the parties upon the intention that the right to the timber and to enter for removing the same should be terminated at the end of such period. In other words, that the declaration of such duty to remove, whether in the form merely of a covenant or a limitation, implied a condition subsequent on the happening of which the right should terminate. Smith v. Scott, 31 Wis. 437, 440; Golden v. Glock, 57 Wis. 118, 15 N. W. 12; Hicks v. Smith, 77 Wis. 146, 46 N. W. 133; Williams v. Jones, 131 Wis. 361, 111 N. W. 505; Peshtigo L. Co. v. Ellis, 122 Wis. 433, 100 N. W. 834. Another class of cases présents numerous instances where words of mere covenant have been held sufficient to express a real intention of a condition subsequent and resulting forfeiture by reason of the impossibility otherwise to avert inequitable results. Illustrations are: Glocke v. Glocke, 113 Wis. 303, 89 N. W. 118; Wanner v. Wanner, 115 Wis. 196, 91 N. W. 671; Burgson v. Jacobson, 124 Wis. 295, 102 N. W. 563. We are convinced that the reasons of such analogous decisions should control the instant situation and lead us to construe this limitation of time as declaring a condition subsequent.

If, therefore, the agreement to cut and remove all tbe timber within seven years stood alone, we should be unable to avoid the conclusion that defendant’s right thereto had ceaséd, whether that right was a title excepted from the grant to the plaintiff’s predecessor or merely a reservation of a privilege to enter and remove the timber. That agreement, however, does not stand alone. It is immediately followed by the provision of the contract that if the owner does not remove the timber within the time limited he shall be subject to other duties, namely, the payment of such enhancement of taxes as results from the presence of the timber on the land. This provision is extremely significant of the mental attitude of the parties to the contract. It is inconceivable that they should have thus embodied it in immediate context with an absolute agreement to remove the timber at the rate of 6,000 acres per year unless they had contemplated that in some contingency that agreement might not be carried out; and yet it must have been their intention that, even thoxigh not carried out according to its strict letter, the seller should continue to have some rights in the timber upon which it was to continue to pay taxes. Still, we are unable to bring ourselves to a belief in an intention that there should be no limit of the time within which it must remove it or forego all right thereto. In this state of uncertainty as to just what purpose was intended to be expressed by these somewhat contradictory provisions, we have been driven to consider certain facts with reference to the situation of the parties at the time of contracting: such as that the seller was a manufacturer of lumber and lumber products, with mills, adapted to the use of the timber on these lands; that the estimate of the amount of timber on the lands was approximate only, and that the capacity of the mills to consume in each year the product of 6,000 acres was necessarily doubtful, although the seller asserted such capacity with great positiveness. Again, both parties must have realized that business or climatic conditions might affect the practical possibility of carrying out the letter of the agreement for removal. We think it fairly apparent, from the context of an agreement to remove at a definite rate ■and of a provision recognizing failure to do so as within contemplation, that there was an intention on both sides, as somewhat of an afterthought, to annex to the positive agreement some measure of elasticity and to allow some grace to intervene between a breach of the express agreement to remove and the absolute forfeiture of the seller’s right to the timber. The length of such period of grace has no expression in the contract, but, according to a principle of construction applicable to all contracts, that parties who stipulate for the doing of •some act and do not specify the time therefor intend that it shall be done within a reasonable time, we are moved to the conclusion that the real intention was that the timber must be removed as specified, at the rate of 6,000 acres per year, but that if the seller in the course of events should not be able to accomplish it exactly within that period, he must do so within a reasonable time thereafter. No finding has been made as to whether such reasonable time has yet expired for the removal of all of the timber in due and diligent effort to comply with the spirit of the contract, in view of the situation of the parties and their known purposes with reference to the dealing in the land on one side and the timber on the other at the time of the making of their contract. We do not feel that the question has been tried sufficiently for us to safely undertake to make answer thereto from the record, or, if we should •conclude that the reasonable time has not expired, to fix the limit thereof. We are persuaded that question should be •carefully tried in the circuit, and that court should, from evidence already taken and such additional as may be introduced, decide when such period will expire, if it appears that it has not, and adjudge that at the termination of the period’ so found the rights of the defendant in all timber then remaining upon the plaintiff’s lands shall terminate, and that meanwhile its right to enter and remove shall persist.

In. considering tbe subject of a reasonable time to remove the timber the court will doubtless need to consider the facts, circumstances, and conditions surrounding the making of the original contract as bearing upon the'reasonableness of any term; not only with reference to the reasonableness of a period as a restriction upon the very obvious intention that the Upham Company was to own and have a right to remove all the timber, if it proceeded diligently, but also with reference to impairment and delay of the Rib River Company’s enjoy.ment of the lands -which it purchased in the manner it was known to contemplate and intend enjoyment and use.

The trial below was characterized by the offer and adnds.sion de bene esse of a great deal of wholly improper and irrelevant evidence as to what the parties agreed on in parol and as to their understanding of the meaning of the terms used in the written agreement. Generally, verbal negotiations between parties who finally reduce their contract to writing are incompetent, except .so far as they are declaratory or eviden-tiary of facts and circumstances in the light of which the contract is made and in the light of which thereafter it may be construed. The subject has had careful exposition in several cases and proper distinctions noted. Some of those cases are: Brittingham & H. L. Co. v. Manson, 108 Wis. 221, 84 N. W. 183; Excelsior W. Co. v. Messinger, 116 Wis. 549, 93 N. W. 459; Corbett v. Joannes, 125 Wis. 370, 388, 104 N. W. 69; Loree v. Webster Mfg. Co. 134 Wis. 173, 114 N. W. 449; Hackley Nat. Bank v. Barry, 139 Wis. 96, 120 N. W. 215.

To avoid uncertainty, we think it best to express our opinion on the rights and duties of the respective parties as to taxes, although there seems to have been no disagreement thereon prior to the commencement of this action. The last-quoted clause of the land contract required the seller to pay all taxes on the land until it had removed the timber from any specific parcel thereof and given written notice of such removal, or until a tract or tracts shall have been sold or con-traeted by said second party to some third person or persons. The Upham Company and its assigns did pay all taxes that had become due up to the commencement of the action. Our-opinion is that the assignment of the contract from the Rib River Company to the plaintiff was not a sale of any parcel or parcels of land within the meaning of this clause. That phrase, we think it obvious, had application to those sales to' individual settlers mentioned elsewhere in the contract and manifestly within the contemplation of the parties; hence that the duty of the defendant has persisted and will persist until it removes the timber, if the court shall finally decide that it. is entitled to more time, subject, of course, to the condition that actual sales to settlers of individual parcels will terminate that duty, except for the other agreement to pay any enhancement of the taxes on lands sold by reason of defendant’s-timber remaining thereon after the sale.

By the Court. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings in accord with this opinion.

Timlin, J., took no part.  