
    (110 Tex. 179)
    LASATER et al. v. LOPEZ, County Treasurer, et al.
    (No. 3215.)
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    Dec. 10, 1919.)
    1. Highways <@=399 — Power of commissioners’ court.
    The powers of commissioners’ courts in relation to the building of county roads, except as to the limits of taxation therefor, are governed wholly by general laws, following the command of Const, art. 11, § 2, particularly Rev. St. 1895, arts. 877-881, Rev. St. 1911, arts. 605-610, 2241, and articlg 2242, which follows the amendment of Const, art. 8, § 9, limiting the amount of levy.
    2. Counties <@=>173(1) — Power of commissioners’ COURT TO ISSUE NEGOTIABLE SECURITIES.
    Without special authority, the commissioners’ court of a county is without power to issue negotiable securities, depriving the county of true defenses against the original creditor, and such power is not to be implied, but must be expressly conferred.
    
      3. Counties <&wkey;167 — Interest-beabing COUNTY WARRANTS NOT NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS.
    The customary county warrants issued for public improvements, whether interest-bearing or not, have not the character of negotiable instruments, but are a convenient mode of conducting the ’ county’s authorized business, and do not protect an innocent holder from defenses of which he has no notice.
    4. Municipal corporations <&wkey;938 — Authorized COUNTY BONDS NEGOTIABLE SECURITIES.
    County bonds, authorized under Rev. St. 1911, art. 625, which makes a certificate of approval of the Attorney General and their due registration prima facie evidence of their validity, are essentially negotiable securities.
    5. Counties ,<@=^164 — Commissioners’ courts CAN ISSUE NONNEGOTIABLE WARRANTS.
    Act April 28, 1903 (Acts 28th Leg. [1st Called Sess.] c. 4, as amended by Act March 23, 1911 [Acts 32d Leg. c. 101 (Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, art. 610)]), authorizing commissioners’ courts to issue negotiable county bonds for public road purposes, did not amount to an annulment of the court’s authority to issue nonnegotiable county warrants for the same purpose.
    6. Constitutional law <&wkey;70(l) — Courts NOT TO EXERCISE LEGISLATIVE POWER IN CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES.
    Courts have nothing to do with the making or repealing of statutes, and violate their true powers and endanger their own duthority when they, undertake the legislative r81e by construing an act to abrogate an important public power of long existence and continued legislative sanction, whose lawful exercise will afford a public benefit.
    7. Statutes <&wkey;159 — Repeal by implication.
    Antagonism between two statutes must be absolute, and so pronounced that both cannot stand, before a court is warranted in holding as a mere matter of construction an earlier law, or a power conferred by such a law, repealed by implication.
    8. Counties &wkey;>164^STATUTES authorizing ISSUE OF road bonds and interest-bearing WARRANTS NOT REPUGNANT.,,
    Act April 28, 1903.(Acts 28th- Leg. [1st' Called Sess.] c. 4, as amended by Act March 23, 1911 [Acts 32d Leg. e. 101 (Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, art. 610)]), authorizing commissioners’ courts to issue negotiable bonds for constructing county roads, and previous statutes, permitting them to issue nonnegotiable interest-bearing county warrants, relate to using the county’s credit in distinctly different ways and evidencing its debt by instruments of a clearly different nature, both as to legal import and effect, and hence are not so antagonistic as to warrant the construction that the later act repeals the former acts.
    9. Counties <&wkey;166 — Warrants bearing interest COUPONS NOT BONDS.
    Where instruments issued by the commissioners’' court as evidence of the county’s debt for construction of roads have controlling features, which are those of warrants, the faqt that interest coupons were attached to them, as is ordinarily the case with bonds, is not determinative of their nature.
    10. Appeal and error &wkey;>999(l) — Conclusiveness of VERDICT.
    The jury’s verdict on issues'of fact is conclusive on appeal.
    11. Counties <&wkey;16iG-EvAsioN of laws relating TO BONDS BY ISSUANCE OF COUNTY WARRANTS.
    The issuance of county bonds by commissioners’ courts is governed by the laws on that subject, and their evasion is not to be countenanced, and the use of warrants cannot be availed of for their circumvention; but where the instruments are in truth warrants lawfully • issued as such, and no effort was made to cheat any law, the law relating to bonds is inapplicable. •
    Error to Court of Civil Appeals of Fourth Supreme Judicial District.
    Suit by Ed. C. Lasater and' others against Alonzo Lopez, County Treasurer, and others. Judgment for defendants was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals (202 S. W. 1039), and plaintitts bring error.
    Judgments of the district court and of the Court of Civil Appeals affirmed.
    , John C. North, of Corpus Christi, Geo. D. Anderson, of Beaumont, and Terrell & Terrell, of San Antonio, for plaintiffs in error.
    W. B. Teagarden and Hicks, Hicks, Dickson & Bobbitt, all of San Antonio, and L. Broeter, of Alice, for defendants in error.
    W. M. Harris, of Dallas, for interveners.
   PHILLIPS, C. J.

The purpose of the suit, instituted by Ed. C. Lasater and other tax payers of Duval County against Alonzo Lopez, County Treasurer, the County Judge, the County Commissioners and Marshall White, was to have declared invalid a series of interest bearing county warrants aggregating $25,-000 and maturing in annual installments throughout a period of 16% years, issued without the authorization of a vote of the property tax payers to White for the construction of public roads in the county under a contract entered into by -the Commissioners’ Court in the year 1915.

The contract and the warrants were assailed upon various grounds. The several issues of fact, including those of conspiracy and fraud, and whether the warrants were issued by the Commissioners’ Court in an attempt to evade the laws governing the issuance of county bonds for public road improvements, were- determined by the jury in favor of the defendants. The judgment of the District Court sustaining the warrants, was affirmed by the honorable Court of Civil Appeals.

There is but one question presented here; that is, as to the authority of the Commissioners’ Court to issue the warrants. This involves the subordinate question of whether the instruments issued were warrants or bonds.

The general question is of public interest in its bearing upon the powers of the Cojn-missioners’ Courts. Because of its importance, we granted the writ of error to afford full argument upon it.

The plaintiffs in error urge two propositions: 1. That under existing laws the Commissioners’ Court could not validly issue warrants as a means of evidencing the county’s debt for the building of the roads and appropriating its revenues for the payment of the debt. 2. That the instruments issued were not warrants, but bonds.

The county was without funds to pay for the construction of the roads, or any considerable part of the expense. As provision for the payment of the warrants, the Commissioners’ Court levied an annual tax extending for the period of their maturity and until they should be fully paid. The tax levied did not exceed the amount that could be lawfully assessed for road purposes. The taxáble values of the county were more than sufficient to provide the amount of the warrants and interest under the tax imposed.

The case, as it stands in this court, is therefore one where a Commissioners’ Court, in the execution of a duty enjoined upon it by law — the construction of public roads in the county, determined in good faith upon the issuance of county warrants, instead of bonds, as a plan of payment; and intending that the instruments should have the effect of warrants, issued them as .such, in full observance of the constitutional requirement in respect to lawful provisions for their payment.

Before public securities so issued are invalidated by the judgment of a court, it ought to be plain that their issuance was in violation of law.

The powers of the Commissioners’ Courts in relation to the building of county roads, except as to the limits of taxation for the purpose, are governed wholly by the statutes. This follows from the command of the Constitution, Article 11, section 2, that the laying out, construction and repairing of such roads shall be provided for by general laws. It is not necessary to review at length the entire legislation which deals with these powers, but some features of the legislative history of the subject are of importance in considering the question presented for decision.

In the original act organizing the County Courts, the Act of 1846, they were given the power to “lay out and establish, change and discontinue public roads and highways”; erect court houses, jails and other necessary public buildings; and to allow and settle all county accounts and direct their payment. The Commissioners’ Courts, created by the Constitution of 1876, succeeded to this power. It was conferred upon them by the Act of July 22, 1876, and, as respects county roads, is now expressed in Article 2241 in the identical language of the original act of 1846.

The first act under the present Constitution which authorized the use of county bonds for the construction of public improvements, was the Act of February 11, 1881. It related only to bonds for the building of court houses in counties not having a court house at the county seat. It was amended by the Act of the Special Session of 1884 so as to include bonds for the construction of jails, and authorize bonds for the erection of court houses generally; and further, in respect to the maturity of the bonds, by the Act of ¡March 27, 1885. In the Revised Statutes of 1895, ‘these acts were substantially embodied as Articles 877 to 881 inclusive.

The issuance of county bonds in relation to the public roads was first authorized by the Act of April 28, 1903, — an amendment of Article 877. '

Until 1899 the issuance of county bonds for the purposes authorized by law was within the discretion of the Commissioners’ Courts, limited only by the constitutional provisions in respect to the tax- levied for their payment. By the Acts of April 12 and May 26, 1899, which were substantially identical, this power was qualified. Those acts provided that the power should not be exercised except as previously authorized at an election by the vote of the qualified property tax payers of the county.

The Act of April 28, 1903, in conferring upon the Commissioners’ Courts the authority to issue bonds for public road purposes, imposed this same limitation. It declared that such bonds, or county bonds for the construction of court houses, jails or bridges also therein authorized, should not be issued unless voted as required by the Act of May 26, 1899.

The Act of April 28, 1903, was amended by the Act of March 23, 1911, so as to include the establishment of poor houses and farms in the county as a purpose for which county bonds might be issued as provided in the original act.

The Acts of April 12 and May 26,1899, constitute Articles 605 to 609 inclusive in the Revised Statutes of 1911. The Act of April 28, 1903, as amended, is Article 610.

As a means of providing county roads and these other public improvements under the authority granted and in performance of the duty enjoined by these several acts, the Commissioners’ Courts, under differing limitations, have always possessed the power of taxation. This power was conferred in broad and general terms by the original act under which they were organized. Following the amendment in 1883 of section 9 of Article 8 of the Constitution, they were invested with the general power — exercisable independently of any authorization from the tax payers of the county — to lay a tax of not exceeding fif* teen cents on the hundred dollars valuation for road and bridge purposes, and not exceeding twenty-five cents on the same valuation for the erection of public buildings and other permanent improvements. The present statute granting this authority is Article 2242.

Without special authority, a court charged with the administration of the business affairs of a county is without the power to issue negotiable securities, depriving the county of true defenses against the original creditor. It is not a power to be implied. It does not exist unless expressly conferred by law. Such is the established doctrine in this State, and has been from an early time. It was affirmed on the original appeal of San Patricio County v. MeClane, 44: Tex. 392, and reiterated in Robertson v. Breedlove, 61 Tex. 316.

County warrants, such as it has been the custom of Commissioners’ Courts throughout different periods of the State’s history to issue in payment for public improvements, whether interest bearing or not, have not the character of negotiable instruments. This is the universal rule. It was so announced as to interest bearing warrants issued for the erection of a court house and jail, on both the first appeal of San Patricio County v. McClane and in the later consideration of that case in 58 Tex. 243. Such instruments are not intended to have the qualities of commercial paper and do not possess them. County warrants serve, in general, as but a convenient mode for conducting the authorized business of the county. It would be disastrous to counties and municipalities to accord to instruments of such nature that attribute of negotiable bills which protects an innocent holder for value from defenses of which he has no notice.

Authorized county bonds, on the other hand, have a different character. They are, essentially, negotiable securities. The statute —Article 625 — which makes the certificate of approval of the Attorney General and their due registration prima facie evidence of their validity, is in aid of their negotiability.

As has been observed, the use of bonds for the construction of county public improvements was unknown in the laws of the State under the present Constitution until 1881, and in respect to county roads was not authorized until 1903. At the time of the passage of the Act of April 28, 1903, granting authority for their use for county road pur-, poses, Commissioners’ Courts had the undoubted power, within the limits of lawful taxation and by observance of the constitutional requirement relative to the creation of county indebtedness, to provide for the building of such roads by the issuance of interest bearing county warrants. They had possessed it since the original Act or 1876 providing for their organization. This authority, where it was necessary for the county to use its credit for the purpose, was but a part of the power reposed in those courts to lay out and establish the roads, and proceeded, as well, from their duty to establish them by constructing them as durably as possible within the county’s resources or limits of taxation. It was a means for executing the general power expressly granted, a lawful means because appropriate to that end.

On the second appeal of San Patricio County v. MeClane, the right of a county court in 1S61 and 1862 to issue interest bearing warrants for the erection of a court house and jail was directly challenged. The court held that since under the statute the county court was empowered to provide the county with a court house and jail and to allow and settle all county accounts, the warrants were lawfully issued. Having the authority to create the debt, but none under the law to issue negotiable paper, a draft or warrant nonnegotiable in nature was the. only kind of instrument that could well be issued as a mode of evidencing the debt.

When the*Act of April 28,1903, was passed, this was equally true as to the powers of the Commissioners’ Courts in the building of county roads and incurring county indebtedness for their construction. They were empowered to establish the roads, which included the authority to build them of durable material within their discretion; they could create a lawful interest bearing debt for the purpose; they had no power to issue negotiable securities in the name of the county; therefore, they were remitted to the issuance of instruments such as warrants, of nonnegotiable character, as proper evidence of the debt.

Such being the powers of the Commissioners’ Courts in respect to the construction of county roads when the Act of April 28, 1903, was passed — and as known to the Legislature we must assume, — the essential question in this case is reduced to simply whether that' act’s grant of authority for the issuance of negotiable county bonds for public road purposes, amounted to an annulment of the authority then residing in those courts to issue nonnegotiable county warrants for the same purpose in those instances where the particular road improvement could be accomplished by that means.

There is nothing in the act itself indicating that the Legislature had any such purpose in mind. If such effect be given the act, it can be done only by construction.

The abrogation of an important public power of long existence and continued legislative sanction, whose lawful exercise will afford a public benefit, ought to rest upon surer ground than the mere construction of statutes. It ought to be found in clear legislative declaration. There is where we would ordinarily look for it, and there is where it should be expressed. Courts have nothing to do with the making of statutes, or the repeal of statutes. They violate their true powers and endanger their own author-lty whenever they undertake the legislative role. Legislation is for legislatures, not courts.

There is no more valuable rule for the guidance of courts than that which expresses the'disfavor with which the law regards the implied repéal of a statute. The reason for the rule is the reluctance of the law to have imposed upon the- courts of the land what in its essence is a legislative province. In clear cases of repugnancy between statutes the bourts must exercise it, but only in clear cases should they exercise it. The antagonism between the two statutes must be absolute — so pronounced that both cannot stand, before a court is warranted in holding, as a mere matter of construction, an earlier law, or a power conferred by such a law,' repealed by implication.

There is no absolute antagonism between the power resting in 1903 under then existing laws in the Commissioners’ Courts to issue, within lawful limits, county warrants for the building of county roads, and the grant of the power to issue county bonds for that purpose made by the Act of April 28, 19'03. This is manifest. The power originally possessed was that of issuing for the purpose nonnegotiable instruments. The power conferred by the later act was that of issuing for the purpose negotiable securities, and contemplating, necessarily, road improvements upon a larger scale than had been or would be possible through the issuance of warrants. The two powers relate to making use of a county’s credit in distinctly different ways and evidencing its debt by instruments of clearly different nature, different in their legal import and different in their legal effect upon the rights of the county under them. There could be no positive opposition in the lawful exercise of both powers.

It could not have been absent from the mind of the Legislature in the passage of the Act of 1903 that in some counties it might be possible for the Commissioners’ Court to accomplish the desired road improvement within the limits of the county’s general power of taxation for such purpose by a smaller expenditure than is ordinarily in view where a bond issue is proposed, and hence without the need of resorting to bonds. The authority in such instances to make lawful use of the county’s credit through the issuance of county warrants cannot be denied because of the Act of 1903, unless it is to be held that the effect of that act is to absolutely require the issuance of bonds in all cases by all counties where it is necessary to contract a debt of extended maturity for road improvements. ' If the authority to issue bonds granted by the Act of 1903 does not exclude the power in such cases to make use of a county’s credit for road improvements by all other means, the authority, where necessary, to use it for that purpose through the issuance of warrants still remains in the Commissioners’ Courts and may be lawfully exercised. The power conferred by the Act of 1903 to issue negotiable bonds is not only a different power from that of issuing nonnegotiable warrants, but it cannot in our opinion be regarded as an eiclusive power for the additional reason that in the absence of express declaration the Legislature is nbt to be credited with the purpose of forcing a bond issue upon the people of a county every time it is necessary for the county to create an interest1, bearing debt of deferred maturity, however small, for road improvement. As has.been held repeatedly by the several Courts of Civil Appeals which have dealt with this question as related to', the issuance of warrants for the erection of court houses, we think the intention of the Legislature in the Act of 1903 was merely to confer upon the Commissioners’ Courts an additional power rather than deprive them of an existing authority. Stratton v. Commissioners’ Court of Kinney County et al. (Civ. App.) 137 S. W. 1170; Cowan et al. v. Dupree et al. (Civ. App.) 139 S. W. 887; Commissioners’ Court of Floyd County et al. v. Nichols et al. (Civ. App.) 142 S. W. 37; Allen v. Abernethy et al., (Civ. App.) 151 S. W. 348.

This holding by the Court of Civil Appeals in Stratton v. Commissioners’ Court was directly reviewed by this court under the petition for writ of error ably presented in that case. There the Commissioners’ Court had issued interest bearing warrants, maturing annually throughout a period of fifteen years, for the erection of a court house. It was strongly urged here that with the Act of April 28, 1903, authorizing. the issuance of bonds for the erection of court houses, and with the Act of 1899 making it unlawful for (any Commissioners’ Court to issue bonds of the county for any purpose authorized by law unless previously voted by the tax payers of ' the county, the Commissioners’ Court in that instance had no power to issue and use county warrants for the purpose. The( same general question in respect to the use of county warrants for the erection of a court house was thus clearly presented, as is now presented in respect to the use of county warrants for the building of roads. The writ of error was refused.

If the power of Commissioners’ Courts to issue interest bearing county warrants of deferred maturity for the erection of a court house was unaffected by the Acts of 1899 and 1903, as was necessarily affirmed by the court’s refusal of a writ of error on the application for the writ presented in Stratton v. Commissioners’ Court, their authority to issue like warrants for the building of roads is equally unaffected by those acts. The operation of the acts could not be other than to deny the authority in both instances, or leave it undisturbed in'both. As determined in that case by the refusal of the writ, it was not abrogated by them in the one instance, and so it must be in the other. The decision of the question as related to those warrants was correct. As applied to these, it is equally sound. The authority which it was there held the Commissioners’ Court possessed, the Legislature has by no act since withdrawn.

The instruments issued by the Commissioners’ Court to White cannot be held to be bonds. They have possibly some of the characteristics of bonds, but that does not make- them bonds. Their controlling features are those of warrants. That interest coupons were attached to them, as is ordinarily the case with bonds, is not determinative of their nature. The notes attacked in City of Tyler v. Jester, 97 Tex. 344, 78 S. W. 1058, and which it was contended were essentially bonds, also bore interest coupons. The court recognized that they had some of the characteristics of bonds, but, with the city empowered to issue notes and the evident intention being to issue nothing else, it was held that such Intention should not be denied, but -ought to be given effect. That decision governs this feature of the case. Under the jury’s verdict, conclusive here upon 'the issues of fact, the intention of the Commissioners’ Court was to issue only warrants, and it had no purpose to circumvent the laws governing the issuance of county bonds through the' use of a device. The instruments issued were as much like warrants as bonds. In our opinion they more resemble warrants. The Commissioners’ Court had the power to issue warrants. Its intention to do so,'with the instruments having essential features of warrants, should be sustained rather than thwarted..

In the issuance of county bonds Commissioners’ Courts are governed by the laws upon that subject. Their evasion is not to be countenanced. The use of warrants cannot be availed of for their circumvention. If the instruments are in truth warrants, if they be for a purpose for which warrants may be lawfully issued, and in their issuance there is no effort to cheat any law, there can be no occasion for applying to them the laws which relate to bonds.

The judgments of the District Court and Court of Civil Appeals are affirmed. 
      &wkey;»For other cases see same topic and KEY-NUMBER in all Key-Numbered Digests and Indexes
     