
    P. M. SPENCER and GEORGE DONAHOO, Trading as P. M. Spencer & Co., vs. THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD COMPANY and THE AMERICAN BRIDGE COMPANY.
    
      Declarations: amendments; amounting to new form of action; change from case to trespass; limitations may be interposed.
    
    Where an amended declaration introduces a different claim and demand, it is equivalent to a new suit, upon a new cause of action, and opens the suit to the plea of the bar of the statute of limitations. ' p. 201
    In such a ease, if sufficient interval should have elapsed between the time of the filing of the original declaration and the filing of the amended declaration, equivalent to a new suit, the plea of limitations is available and proper. p. 201
    Where an original declaration alleged that the damages therein set out were caused by the negligent location, construction and maintenance of the defendant’s railroad bridge, and an amended declaration changed the plaintiff’s right to recovery from negligence to trespass to real and personal property, with counts for the indirect injury, it was: Held, that the amendments were based upon a new cause of action, equivalent to a new suit, and to such amended declaration the plea of limitations could be legally interposed. p. 201
    By sections 3 and 24 of Article 75 of the Code, it is sufficient if the substance of the pleadings there given be used, without reference to mere questions of form. p. 202
    
      Where a declaration was filed in February, 1914, a plea of limitations, concluding that the alleged cause of action did not accrue within three years prior to February, 1914, instead of concluding “before this suit,” is sufficient. p. 202
    
      Decided April 21st, 1915.
    
    Appeal from the Circuit Court for Harford County. (Harlan, J.)
    The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
    The following are the counts in the 4th amended declaration that the Court directed should be printed 'u the report of the ease:
    “First—For that the defendants on or about the twenty-third day of January, 1910, broke and entered certain land of the plaintiffs of which land they were then and there in actual and rightful possession, situate in the town of Lapidum, in Harford County, in the State of Maryland, in the northern part of said town, on the west shore of the said Susquehanna river, consisting of about one and one-half (1%) acres of ground, more or less, improved by two dwelling houses, a stable and outbuildings, and also of a salting plant situate on the west shore of said river, in said town of Lapidum, on the land of one William F. Cook, being about two and one-half (2%) miles north of the town of Havre de Grace, in said county, and that said defendants flooded said land with water, and rendered the same unfit for occupancy or any beneficial use.
    “Second—And for that the defendants erected certain obstructions in and about the construction, reconstruction and maintenance of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad bridge across the Susquehanna Eiver between the Counties of Harford and Cecil, in the State of Maryland,- and along the line of the railroad of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, defendant, and thereby caused a gorge to form on or about the 23rd day of January, 1910, in said river, at or about the said bridge, which said obstruction, consisting of said bridge and the appurtenances, additions, appliances, piers and piles used, erected or constructed in connection with said bridge and the construction or reconstruction-of the same, impeded and obstructed the natural and accustomed flow of water and the free passage of ice down and along said river, and caused large bodies of water and ice to be thrown upon the property of the plaintiffs, situate in part upon their lands aforesaid, in the town of Lapidum, and in part a dwelling house and other buildings in the said town, whereby the plaintiff’s property, consisting in part of real estate situate as aforesaid, in said town of Lapidum, in Harford County, in the State of Maryland, and in part of vats, boats, sheds, seines, floats, barrels, ropes, oars, fishing tackle and supplies used in a fishing trade situate at, upon or near the aforesaid lands of the plaintiffs, was greatly damaged, injured and in part totally destroyed.”
    The cause was argued before Boyd, 0. J., Briscoe, Burke.. Thomas, Pattison, TJrner, Stockbridge and Constable, JJ.
    
      Wm. H. Surratt and Wilton Snowden, Jr., for tbe appellants.
    
      S. A. Williams and Wm. C. Coleman (with whom were Duncan K. Brent and Semmes, Bowen & Semmes on tbe brief), for’tbe appellees.
   Brtscoe, J.,

delivered tbe opinion of tbe Court.

This case is before us for tbe second time. Tbe first appeal was taben from tbe action of tbe Circuit Court for Plarford County, in overruling the plaintiffs’ demurrers to certain pleas interposed by the defendants, in the progress of the trial.

There was no final order or judgment on the first appeal from which an appeal could be taken, and the defendants' motion to dismiss prevailed, and the appeal was dismissed by this Court, on the 4th of December, 1914. (See same case, No. 79, Court of Appeals, October Docket, 1914.)

The case is now properly before us on the plaintiffs’ appeal from a final judgment in favor of the defendants and from which judgment the plaintiffs have taken this appeal.

The questions in the case arise solely upon the pleadings. They are not only somewhat lengthy, but positively voluminous, and the record contains numerous demurrers, pleas, motions, replications and exceptions.

There were four declarations filed in the case, one original and three amended ones, claiming damages from $3,000, in the first, to $5,000, in the third, and to $6,000 in the fourth.

These declarations were separately demurred to by each of the defendants, and the demurrers sustained, except to the plaintiffs’ third amended declaration, and to this, they were overruled. Thereupon, each defendant filed seven pleas> and the plaintiffs demurred to each of these pleas except the first, which was the general issue plea. These demurrers were overruled, and the plaintiffs refusing to reply to the defendants’ pleas, a judgment, by default, was entered against them in favor of the defendants.

The pleadings involved at the trial, on the amended declaration as shown by the docket entries are as follows: Eeb. 19, 1914, leave granted to file amended declaration, and amended declaration filed. March 25, 1914, demurrer to B. & O. R. R. Co. and demurrer of Am. Bridge Co. to 3rd amended declaration. April 10, 1914, demurrer of each defendant heard and overruled, with leave to each defendant to plead. April 13, 1914, plea of B. & O. R. R. Co. and plea of Am. Bridge Co., filed. April 22, 1914, plaintiff’s replications to pleas of each defendant, joins issue on 1st, 6tli and 7th pleas and demurs to 2nd, 3rd, 4th and oth pleas. May 2, 1914, leave granted to withdraw joinder of issue to defendant’s 6th and 7th pleas in each case, and demurrer to same. May 2, 1914, all demurrers in each case overruled. May 9, 1914, motion by plaintiff of ne recipiatur as to defendant’s 6th and 7th pleas. June 20, 1914, application of defendants for leave to withdraw their 2nd and 3rd pleas and file in lieu ■thereof four additional pleas to be numbered 8, 9, 10 and 11, respectively, and order of Court granting permission. June 20, 1914, additional pleas Nos. 8, 9, 10 and 11 of defendants filed. June 27, 1914, order of plaintiff to enter an appeal to the Court of Appeals from the order of Court of May 2nd, 1914, overruling demurrers of the plaintiff to the pleas of the defendants. July 9, 1914, motion ne recipiatur by plaintiff as to certain pleas of defendants heretofore filed “withdrawn.” September 24, 1914, record sent to Court of Appeals of Maryland. October 7, 1914, opinion of Court that judgment be entered in favor of defendants by default and order of Court that this be done. October 7, 193.4, judgment in favor of defendants under order of Court. December 5, 1914, order of plaintiff to enter an appeal to the Court of Appeals from the order entering judgment under1 date October 7, 1914. January 5, 1915, mandate from Court of Appeals of December 4, 1914, viz: “Appeal dismissed by the Court,” received and filed.

In the view we take of this case, it would answer no good purpose to discuss in detail or at length, the various questions of pleading sought to be raised by the record because it is clear that if the defendants’ sixth and seventh pleas, to the plaintiffs’ third amended declaration are good and valid pleas, they constitute a good defense, and would defeat the plaintiffs’ - right of recovery.

The sixth and seventh pleas are pleas of limitations and are as follows:

(6) That the alleged damages claimed by the plaintiff did not accrue within three years prior to February 19, 1914.

(J) That the alleged cause of action did not accrue within three years prior to February 19, 1914.

The Court below overruled the demurrers to these pleas and held that upon the record, they presented a valid defense to the plaintiffs’ action, and in these rulings we concur.

The suit, it will be seen, was brought by the plaintiffs, residents of Harford County, against the defendants, The Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company, a body corporate, operating a line of railroad in the State, and The American Bridge Company, a New York corporation, but doing business in this State.

The original declaration was filed on the 18th of January,' 1913, and the suit was instituted for the purpose of recovering damages for the alleged negligence of the defendants in the location, construction and maintenance of a bridge across the Susquehanna river between the counties of Harford and Cecil, near Havre de Grace, Maryland," whereby the natural flow of water and free passage of ice down and along the river was impeded and obstructed and which caused the ice to gorge in the river, overflow and damage the property of the plaintiff on or about the 23rd of January, 1910.

The conclusion of the original, the first and second amended declarations, is in substance as follows: And the plaintiffs say that the damage set forth in the above several coimts and in each of them, was caused by the negligence, unskilfullness and want of care on the part of the defendants or either or both of them, their officers, agents, servants and employees, and without any negligence or want of care on the part of the plaintiffs.

On the 19th of February, 1914, more than four years after the alleged ice gorge, the plaintiff by leave of Court, filed a third amended declaration, which was the fourth declaration in the case, changing the cause of action from one in case for negligence to one in trespass to real and personal property. This declaration contains three counts, the third of which is as follows (the Eeporter will set out the first and second counts in his report of the case) : “For that the defendants, The Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company and'The American Bridge Company, during the years 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1010, so located, constructed, reconstructed and maintained the bridge of the Baltimore and Ohio* Eailroad Company, defendant, across the Susquehanna Eiver, between the counties of Harford and Cecil, in the State of Maryland, as to obstruct by means of said bridge and the appurtenances, additions, appliances, piers and piles used, erected or constructed in connection with said bridge, and the construction and re-construction of the same, the natural and accustomed flow of water and the free passage of ice down and along the said Susquehanna Eiver, and so as to* cause an ice gorge to form in said river at or about said bridge on or about the 23rd day of January, 1910, thereby causing the water .of said river to back up and overflow and flood the property of the plaintiff mentioned and described in the above first and second counts, and greatly damaged the same. And the plaintiffs say that the damage set forth in the above several counts and in each of them was caused by the defendants*, their officers, agents, servants and employees, and the plaintiffs claim $6,000 damages.”

' This brings us to the controlling question in the case, and that is, whether or not the plaintiffs’ third amended declaration filed on the 14th of February, 1914, so changed the cause of action as to* entitle the defendants to plead the statute o*f limitations thereto.

The rule is well settled in this State, and in other jurisdictions, that where an amended declaration introduces a new or different cause of action and makes a different claim and demand, it is equivalent to a new suit, upon a new cause of action, and opens the case to the bar of the statute of limitations and the plea is proper and available, and this rule applies although the two causes of action arise out of the same transaction.

As was said, by tbe Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in tbe ease of Crier Bros. v. Northern Assur. Co., 183 Pa. 334: “The doctrine that a new cause of action cannot be introduced, or new parties brought in, or a new subject-matter presented, or a fatal and material defect in tbe pleadings be corrected, after tbe Statute of Limitations bas become a bar, is so familiar to tbe profession, and bas been declared by this Court, and by tbe Courts of last resort of many other States of tbe Union, so frequently, that an extended review of tbe authorities is quite unnecessary.”

Tbe rule has been enforced and applied, in tbe following ■cases in this Court: Schultze v. Fox, 53 Md. 37; Western Tel. Co. v. State, 82 Md. 293; Hamilton v. Thirston, 94 Md. 253; Di Giorgio Co. v. Stock, 116 Md. 201; Schuck v. Bramble, 122 Md. 411.

Tbe decisions of the Supreme Court of tbe United States and many of tbe appellate Courts of tbe States, sustain and announce tbe same doctrine. Sicard v. Davis, 6 Peters, 140; Texas Pac R. Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 593; Union Pacific Ry. v. Wyler, 158 U. S. 285; Johnson v. District, 1st Mackey, D. C. 428; Railroad Co. v. Smith, 81 Ala. 229; Mumma v. Mumma, 92 Atl. Rep. 504.

In tbe case at bar, it will be observed, that tbe original and two amended declarations allege that the damage set ■out therein was caused by tbe negligent location, construction and maintenance of tbe bridge of tbe railroad company by both tbe defendants. Tbe last amended declaration proceeds upon an entirely different theory of liability and changed the plaintiff’s right to recover from negligence to trespass to real and personal property with counts iu .case for tbe indirect injury.

It is, therefore, clear that tbe third amended declaration (tbe fourth declaration), was based upon a new cause of ■action and was equivalent to a new suit and tbe defendants under tbe authorities cited, bad tbe right to interpose tbe qdca of limitations as a defense to tbe new case against them.

The Court therefore committed no error in holding these pleas to be sufficient and in overruling’ the plaintiff’s demurrer to these pleas.

As to the plaintiff’s contention that the pleas of limitations are defective and bad in form, because they each conclude-“prior to February, 1914” instead of “before this suit,” we need only say, that the pleas are set out in the opinion and it will be seen that they sufficiently state the defense relied upon by the defendants, to comply with the statute.

By section 3 of Article 75 of the Code, it is provided, that any plea necessary to form a legal defense shall be sufficient without reference to mere form, this to-apply to replications, rejoinders and all subsequent pleadings. Section 2 of Article 75, Code of P¡ G. L.

By section 24 of Article 75 of the Code, it is also provided, “the forms of pleadings which follow shall be sufficient and the like forms may be used with such modifications as may be necessary to meet the facts of the case, but nothing herein contained shall render it erroneous or irregular to depart from said forms so- long as substance is expressed.” Gott v. State, 44 Md. 336; Wallace v. Schaub, 81 Md. 594; Brooks v. Preston, 106 Md. 693.

We hold, therefore, that the statute of limitations was properly pleaded in this case, and as it constitutes a complete bar to the plaintiff’s right of recovery, it will not be necessary to consider the defenses presented by the other pleas.

Finding no error in any of the rulings of the Court, and as the plaintiff re-fuseed to reply to the defendant’s pleas, after the demurrers were overruled, judgment in favor of the defendants by default was properly entered by the Court,, and it will be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  