
    [563 U.S. 395]
    DAVID BOBBY, WARDEN, Petitioner v HARRY MITTS
    563 U.S. 395, 131 S. Ct. 1762,
    179 L. Ed. 2d 819,
    2011 U.S. LEXIS 3368
    [No. 10-1000]
    Decided May 2, 2011.
   OPINION OF THE COURT

[563 U.S. 395]

Per Curiam.

An Ohio jury convicted respondent Harry Mitts on two counts of aggravated murder and two counts of attempted murder. He was sentenced to death. At issue here is part of the jury instructions given during the penalty phase of Mitts’s trial. The instructions, in pertinent part, were as follows:

“[Y]ou must determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether the aggravating circumstances, which [Mitts] was found guilty of committing in the separate counts,
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are sufficient to outweigh the mitigating factors you find are present in this case.
“When all 12 members of the jury find by proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating circumstances in each separate count with which [Mitts] has been found guilty of committing outweigh the mitigating factors, if any, then you must return such finding to the Court.
“I instruct you as a matter of law that if you make such a finding, then you must recommend to the Court that the sentence of death be imposed on [Mitts].
“On the other hand, [if] after considering all the relevant evidence raised at trial, the evidence and testimony received at this hearing and the arguments of counsel, you find that the state of Ohio failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating circumstances with which [Mitts] was found guilty of committing outweigh the mitigating factors, you will then proceed to determine which of two possible life imprisonment sentences to recommend to the Court.” App. to Pet. for Cert. 352a-353a.

We considered virtually the same Ohio jury instructions last Term in Smith v. Spisak, 558 U.S. 139, 147, 130 S. Ct. 676, 175 L. Ed. 2d 595 (2010). See Mitts v. Bagley, 620 F.3d 650, 652 (CA6 2010) (noting that the “instructions in this case are the same Ohio instructions that were given in” Spisak). That case, like this one, involved review of a federal habeas petition under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). AEDPA provides, as relevant here, that relief may not be granted unless the state court adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to . . . clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

In Spisak, we reversed a Court of Appeals decision that had found these instructions invalid under our decision in

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Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 108 S. Ct. 1860, 100 L. Ed. 2d 384 (1988). See 558 U.S., at 148-149, 130 S. Ct. 676, 175 L. Ed. 2d 595. Up until our decision in Spisak, Mitts had also pressed the claim that the instructions were invalid under Mills. After Spisak rejected that claim, the Court of Appeals in this case determined that the instructions were contrary to our decision in Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1980), and accordingly vacated Mitts’s death sentence. See 620 F.3d, at 658.

In Beck, we held that the death penalty may not be imposed “when the jury was not permitted to consider a verdict of guilt of a lesser included non-capital offense, and when the evidence would have supported such a verdict.” 447 U.S., at 627, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392 (internal quotation marks omitted). We explained that such a scheme intolerably enhances the “risk of an unwarranted conviction” because it “inteijects irrelevant considerations into the factfind-ing process, diverting the jury’s attention from the central issue of whether the State has satisfied its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of a capital crime.” Id., at 638, 642, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392. “[F]orcing the jury to choose between conviction on the capital offense and acquittal,” we observed, “may encourage the jury to convict for an impermissible reason— its belief that the defendant is guilty of some serious crime and should be punished,” even when there is “some doubt with respect to an element” of the capital offense. Id., at 632, 642, 637, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392. Because the scheme in Beck created a danger that the jury would resolve any doubts in favor of conviction, we concluded that it violated due process. See id., at 638, 643, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392.

According to the Court of Appeals below, the penalty phase instructions given at Mitts’s trial—and the Supreme Court of Ohio decision upholding their use—were “contrary to” Beck, because they “interposed before the jury the same false choice” that our holding in Beck prohibits. 620 F.3d, at 658, 657 (some internal quotation marks omitted). Referring to the instructions as “acquittal-first,” the Court of Appeals stated that they impermissibly required the jury to

[563 U.S. 398]

first decide whether to “acquit” Mitts of the death penalty before considering “mercy and some form of life imprisonment.” Id., at 656-657. Interpreting Beck to stand for the proposition that “a jury instruction violates due process if it requires a mandatory death penalty sentence that can only be avoided by an acquittal before the jury has an opportunity to consider life imprisonment,” the Court of Appeals concluded that the instructions given during the penalty phase of Mitts’s trial unconstitutionally “deprived the jury of a meaningful opportunity to consider” a life sentence. 620 F.3d, at 658, 657 (some internal quotation marks omitted).

The instructions here are surely not invalid under our decision in Beck. The concern addressed in Beck was “the risk of an unwarranted conviction” created when the jury is forced to choose between finding the defendant guilty of a capital offense and declaring him innocent of any wrongdoing. 447 U.S., at 637, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392 (emphasis added); id., at 638, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392; see also Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 455, 104 S. Ct. 3154, 82 L. Ed. 2d 340 (1984) (explaining that the “goal of the Beck rule” is “to eliminate the distortion of the factfinding process that is created when the jury is forced into an all-or-nothing choice between capital murder and innocence”); Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 646, 111 S. Ct. 2491, 115 L. Ed. 2d 555 (1991) (“Our fundamental concern in Beck was that a jury convinced that the defendant had committed some violent crime but not convinced that he was guilty of a capital crime might nonetheless vote for a capital conviction if the only alternative was to set the defendant free with no punishment at all”).

The question here, however, concerns the penalty phase, not the guilt phase, and we have already concluded that the logic of Beck is not directly applicable to penalty phase proceedings. In California v. Ramos, 463 U.S. 992, 103 S. Ct. 3446, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1171 (1983), we rejected an argument that Beck prohibited an instruction to “a capital sentencing jury regarding the Governor’s power to commute a sentence of life without possibility of parole.” 463 U.S., at 994, 1006-1009, 103 S. Ct. 3446, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1171. In so doing, we noted the “fundamental

[563 U.S. 399]

difference between the nature of the guilt/innocence determination at issue in Beck and the nature of the life/death choice at the penalty phase.” Id., at 1007, 103 S. Ct. 3446, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1171. In light of that critical distinction, we observed that “the concern of Beck regarding the risk of an unwarranted conviction is simply not directly translatable to the deliberative process in which the capital jury engages in determining the appropriate penalty.” Id., at 1009, 103 S. Ct. 3446, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1171; see also Schad, supra, at 647, 111 S. Ct. 2491, 115 L. Ed. 2d 555 (stating that the “central concern of Beck simply is not implicated” when the “jury was not faced with an all-or-nothing choice between the offense of conviction (capital murder) and innocence”).

The jurors in Mitts’s case could not have plausibly thought that if they declined to recommend the death penalty Mitts would “escape all penalties for his alleged participation in the crime.” Beck, supra, at 629, 100 S. Ct. 2382, 65 L. Ed. 2d 392. They had just convicted him on two counts of aggravated murder and two counts of attempted murder. They were specifically instructed that if they did not find that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors—and therefore did not recommend the death penalty—they would choose from two life sentence options. There is accordingly no reason to believe that the jurors in this case, unlike the jurors in Beck, could have been improperly influenced by a fear that a decision short of death would have resulted in Mitts walking free.

We all but decided the question presented here in Spisak itself. After rejecting the contention that the Ohio instructions were contrary to Mills, we noted that “the Court of Appeals found the jury instructions unconstitutional for an additional reason, that the instructions ‘require [d] the jury to unanimously reject a death sentence before considering other sentencing alternatives.’ ” 558 U.S., at 149, 130 S. Ct. 676, 175 L. Ed. 2d 595 (quoting Spisak v. Mitchell, 465 F.3d 684, 709 (CA6 2006)). That is essentially the Beck claim presented here. See 620 F.3d, at 658 (holding that a “jury instruction violates due process if it requires a mandatory death penalty sentence that can only

[563 U.S. 400]

be avoided by an acquittal before the jury has an opportunity to consider life imprisonment”). We rejected that claim in Spi-sak under AEDPA, noting that “[w]e have not . . . previously held jury instructions unconstitutional for this reason.” 558 U.S., at 149, 130 S. Ct. 676, 175 L. Ed. 2d 595. Although neither the parties nor the courts below in Spisak had cited Beck, a separate concurrence in Spisak would have struck down the instructions in reliance on that decision. See 558 U.S., at 158-161, 130 S. Ct. 676, 175 L. Ed. 2d 595 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). The Court nonetheless concluded that whatever the merits of that argument on direct review, “the jury instructions at Spisak’s trial were not contrary to ‘clearly established Federal law’ ” under AEDPA. Id., at 149, 130 S. Ct. 676, 175 L. Ed. 2d 595. The same conclusion applies here.

The petition for certiorari and the motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis are granted. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit is reversed.  