
    Abu-Ali ABDUR'RAHMAN et al. v. Tony PARKER et al.
    No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV
    Supreme Court of Tennessee, AT NASHVILLE.
    October 3, 2018 Session FILED October 8, 2018
    Kelley J. Henry, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, Abu-Ali Abdur'Rahman, Donnie Johnson, Charles Walton Wright, Edmund Zagorski, John Michael Bane, Byron Black, Andre Bland, Kevin Burns, Tony Carruthers, Tyrone Chalmers, James Dellinger, David Duncan, Kennath Henderson, Anthony Darrell Hines, Henry Hodges, Stephen Hugueley, David Ivy, Akil Jahi, David Jordan, David Keen, Donald Middlebrooks, Farris Morris, Pervis Payne, Gerald Powers, William Glenn Rogers, Michael Sample, and Oscar Smith.
    Dana C. Hansen Chavis and Stephen M. Kissinger (at trial), pro hac vice, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellants, David Earl Miller, Nicholas Todd Sutton, Stephen Michael West, and Larry McKay.
    Bradley A. MacLean, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Abu-Ali Abdur'Rahman.
    Carl Eugene Shiles, Jr., and William J. Rieder, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Billy Ray Irick.
    Kathleen Morris, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Lee Hall, a/k/a Leroy Hall.
    Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrée S. Blumstein, Solicitor General; Jennifer L. Smith, Associate Solicitor General; Scott C. Sutherland, Deputy Attorney General; and Rob Mitchell and Charlotte M. Davis, Assistant Attorneys General, for the appellees, Tony Parker, Tony Mays, John/Jane Doe Executioners 1-100, John/Jane Doe Medical Examiner(s) 1-100, John/Jane Doe Pharmacists 1-100, John/Jane Doe Physicians 1-100, and Jane/John Does 1-100.
    Jeffrey S. Bivins, C.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Cornelia A. Clark, Holly Kirby, and Roger A. Page, JJ., joined. Sharon G. Lee, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
   Jeffrey S. Bivins, C.J.

This appeal represents the third time, each after a trial on the merits, that we have addressed the facial constitutionality of Tennessee's lethal injection protocol. In both prior appeals, we upheld the particular protocol at issue. In this most recent litigation, the death-sentenced inmates challenge Tennessee's current three-drug protocol, which calls for the administration of midazolam followed by vecuronium bromide and potassium chloride. The trial court dismissed the inmates' complaint for declaratory judgment. This Court, upon its own motion, assumed jurisdiction over the appeal. After our review of the record and applicable authority, we conclude that the inmates failed to carry their burden of showing availability of their proposed alternative method of execution-a one-drug protocol using pentobarbital-as required under current federal and Tennessee law. For this reason, we hold that the inmates failed to establish that the three-drug protocol constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. This holding renders moot the majority of the other issues before us. The expedited appellate procedure has not denied the inmates due process, and they are not entitled to relief on their remaining issues. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

Historical and Procedural Background

Since 2000, lethal injection has been the default method of execution in Tennessee. State v. Morris , 24 S.W.3d 788, 797 (Tenn. 2000). In 2004, this Court upheld the use of lethal injection as a constitutionally permissible means of imposing the death penalty. See State v. Robinson , 146 S.W.3d 469, 529 (Tenn. 2004) (appendix).

The next year, in Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen , 181 S.W.3d 292 (Tenn. 2005), cert. denied , 547 U.S. 1147, 126 S.Ct. 2288, 164 L.Ed.2d 813 (2006), we addressed for the first time the facial constitutionality of Tennessee's lethal injection protocol. The protocol at issue in that case used the following three drugs: sodium pentothal, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride. Id. at 300. We held that the protocol: (1) did not violate the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution, (2) did not violate due process provisions under the United States Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution, (3) did not deny access to the courts in violation of the United States Constitution or the Tennessee Constitution, (4) did not violate the Uniform Administrative Procedures Act, (5) did not violate the Nonlivestock Animal Humane Death Act, (6) did not violate provisions governing the practice of medicine and provisions of healthcare services, and (7) did not violate the Drug Control Act or the Pharmacy Practice Act. Id. at 297-98.

A second round of litigation led to the same result in 2012, when the Tennessee Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's ruling that the protocol, as revised in November 2010 to add checks for consciousness, did not violate the constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. West v. Schofield , 380 S.W.3d 105, 107 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2012), cert. denied , 568 U.S. 1165, 133 S.Ct. 1247, 185 L.Ed.2d 192 (2013), and cert. denied sub nom.

Irick v. Schofield , 569 U.S. 927, 133 S.Ct. 1808, 185 L.Ed.2d 827 (2013). This Court denied discretionary review. West v. Schofield , No. M2011-00791-SC-R11-SC (Tenn. Aug. 17, 2012) (Order).

Approximately one year later, on September 27, 2013, the Tennessee Department of Correction ("TDOC") adopted a new lethal injection protocol providing that inmates sentenced to death be executed by the injection of a lethal dose of a single drug, pentobarbital, which is a barbiturate. See West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d 550, 552 (Tenn. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. West v. Parker , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 476, 199 L.Ed.2d 364 (2017), and cert. denied sub nom. Abdur'Rahman v. Parker , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 647, 199 L.Ed.2d 545 (2018), reh'g denied , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 1183, 200 L.Ed.2d 328 (2018). TDOC amended the protocol twice: in 2014 to specify that the lethal injection drug would be compounded pentobarbital rather than manufactured pentobarbital ; and in 2015 to incorporate a contract between TDOC and a pharmacist for the provision of the compounded pentobarbital. Id. at 552-53.

In West v. Schofield , filed on March 26, 2017, we addressed for the second time the facial constitutionality of Tennessee's lethal injection protocol. 519 S.W.3d 550. We held that the one-drug pentobarbital protocol: (1) did not violate the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution, (2) did not violate federal laws regulating the provision and use of certain prescription drugs, and (3) did not violate the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. Id. at 552.

On January 8, 2018, TDOC adopted the current three-drug protocol as an alternative to the one-drug pentobarbital protocol. The three-drug protocol calls for the administration of 500 milligrams of midazolam (a sedative in the benzodiazepine family of drugs) followed by vecuronium bromide (a paralytic agent) and potassium chloride (a heart-stopping agent).

Three days after TDOC adopted the current three-drug protocol, the State filed in this Court a notice that the United States Supreme Court had denied certiorari in the two petitions seeking review of our recent decision in West v. Schofield . A week later, we sua sponte set an execution date of August 9, 2018, for Billy Ray Irick. See State v. Irick , No. M1987-00131-SC-DPE-DD (Tenn. Jan. 18, 2018) (Order) (citing Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 12(4)(E) ). Mr. Irick was one of the appellants in this case.

On February 15, 2018, the State filed in this Court a motion to set execution dates in eight capital cases before June 1, 2018, because of ongoing difficulty in obtaining the necessary lethal injection drugs. Five days later, the thirty-three original Plaintiffs, each death-sentenced inmates, initiated this declaratory judgment action against the Defendants, asserting facial challenges to the constitutionality of the January 8, 2018 lethal injection protocol. Thereafter, responses were filed in this Court opposing the State's motion to set the expedited execution dates in the eight capital cases. We denied the State's motion on March 15, 2018. That same day, we sua sponte set execution dates for two other Plaintiffs: October 11, 2018, for Edmund Zagorski; and December 6, 2018, for David Earl Miller. See State v. Zagorski , No. M1996-00110-SC-DPE-DD (Tenn. Mar. 15, 2018) (Order) (citing Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 12(4)(E) ); State v. Miller , No. E1982-00075-SC-DDT-DD (Tenn. Mar. 15, 2018) (Order) (same).

Thereafter, the Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint in this declaratory judgment action that identified the one-drug pentobarbital protocol as an alternative method of execution to the three-drug protocol. Two days later, on July 5, 2018, TDOC revised the lethal injection protocol to eliminate the one-drug protocol as an alternative so that the three-drug protocol became the exclusive method of execution by lethal injection in Tennessee.

A ten-day trial commenced on July 9, 2018. The Plaintiffs presented testimony from four experts: Craig Stevens, Ph.D., a neuropharmacologist; Dr. David Greenblatt, a clinical pharmacologist with particular expertise concerning midazolam ; Dr. Mark Edgar, a pathologist; and Dr. David Lubarsky, an anesthesiologist. The Plaintiffs also introduced testimony from twelve attorneys who had witnessed their respective clients' executions in other states. The Plaintiffs made an oral motion at the close of their proof to amend the pleadings to assert removal of vecuronium bromide from the three-drug protocol as a known, feasible, and available alternative method of execution. After a hearing the next day, the trial court denied the Plaintiffs' motion. In addition, the trial court clarified that, by express consent of the parties, the pleadings were amended to limit the claims to facial challenges to the constitutionality of the July 5, 2018 revised protocol. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 15.02 ("When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings.").

Thereafter, the Defendants presented testimony from two experts and three TDOC officials.

On July 23, 2018, which also was the last day of testimony in the trial, TDOC timely provided notice to Mr. Irick that the July 5, 2018 revised protocol was to be used in his scheduled execution. See State v. Irick , No. M1987-00131-SC-DPE-DD (Tenn. July 10, 2018) (Order) ("No later than July 23, 2018, the Warden or his designee shall notify Mr. Irick of the method that the Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC) will use to carry out the execution[ ] and of any decision by the Commissioner or TDOC to rely upon the Capital Punishment Enforcement Act.").

On July 26, 2018, two days after closing arguments, the trial court dismissed the complaint for declaratory judgment. Regarding the claims that the protocol, on its face, amounts to cruel and unusual punishment, the trial court found that the Plaintiffs failed to prove an essential element-that an available alternative method of execution exists-and, on this basis alone, their claims must be dismissed. Though not necessary for its ruling, the trial court also found that the Plaintiffs failed to prove the other essential element-that the three-drug protocol creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain. In addition, the trial court denied relief as to the Plaintiffs' other constitutional claims that included substantive due process, procedural due process, and access to the courts.

Four days after the trial court filed its judgment, twenty-nine Plaintiffs (all of the original Plaintiffs except Mr. Miller, Mr. Sutton, Mr. West, and Mr. McKay) filed a notice of appeal in the Tennessee Court of Appeals. Two weeks later, this Court, upon its own motion, assumed jurisdiction over this appeal. See Abdur'Rahman v. Parker , No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV (Tenn. Aug. 13, 2018) (Order) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-3-201(d)(3) ). Nine days later, the appellate record was filed. The next day, the remaining four Plaintiffs filed their notice of appeal.

Two weeks later, on September 6, 2018, the lead Plaintiffs and the other four Plaintiffs filed separate briefs. The lead Plaintiffs' brief contains a 174-page argument section that is three times the length allowed under the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Tenn. R. App. P. 27(i). The lead Plaintiffs filed a "Motion to Waive Rule 27(i) Page Limit on Argument" and a "Motion to Waive Table of Authorities Required by Tenn. R. App. Pro. 27(a)(2)." We denied the motion to waive the table of authorities but granted an extension until September 12, 2018, to file it. See Abdur'Rahman v. Parker , No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV (Tenn. Sept. 7, 2018) (Order). In the interests of justice given the accelerated time deadlines for briefing, we granted the motion to exceed the page limitation. See id.

Also on September 6, 2018, the lead Plaintiffs filed a "Motion to Consider Records Produced by Defendants as Part of the Procedures for Executing Billy Ray Irick after the Chancery Court Entered its Judgment." The Defendants filed a response in opposition and a motion asking the Court to strike all portions of the lead Plaintiffs' brief that refer to or rely on these matters. We deferred ruling on these motions until after oral argument. See Abdur'Rahman v. Parker , No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV (Tenn. Sept. 14, 2018) (Order). Following an accelerated briefing schedule, we heard oral argument in this appeal on October 3, 2018.

Analysis

Standard of Review

Resolution of a constitutional claim after an evidentiary hearing generally presents a mixed question of law and fact. West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 563. The standard of review on appeal is de novo with a presumption of correctness extended only to the trial court's findings of fact. Id.

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

The Plaintiffs assert that Tennessee's current three-drug lethal injection protocol, on its face, violates the constitutional prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. They contend that midazolam, the first drug used in the protocol, fails to render a person insensate and that "there is a substantial, constitutionally unacceptable risk of suffocation from the administration of [the paralytic] and pain from the injection of potassium chloride." (alteration in original).

Summary of Law

The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment. U.S. Const. amend. VIII ("Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."). Article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution contains similar language. Tenn. Const. art. I, § 16 ("That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.").

The United States Supreme Court addressed lethal injection as a method of execution for the first time in Baze v. Rees , 553 U.S. 35, 128 S.Ct. 1520, 170 L.Ed.2d 420 (2008) (plurality opinion). Baze concerned a declaratory judgment action challenging Kentucky's lethal injection protocol. Id. at 41, 128 S.Ct. 1520. The Baze Court upheld Kentucky's protocol that used sodium thiopental followed by pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride. Id. at 45, 128 S.Ct. 1520. Tennessee's former protocol, which this Court upheld in 2005 in Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen , 181 S.W.3d at 297, used this same combination of drugs.

Beginning with the settled principle that capital punishment is constitutional, the Baze plurality observed:

It necessarily follows that there must be a means of carrying it out. Some risk of pain is inherent in any method of execution-no matter how humane-if only from the prospect of error in following the required procedure. It is clear, then, that the Constitution does not demand the avoidance of all risk of pain in carrying out executions.

553 U.S. at 47, 128 S.Ct. 1520. The condemned prisoners in Baze , like the Plaintiffs in this case, argued that an unacceptable risk of suffering could be eliminated with an alternative one-drug protocol using a lethal dose of a barbiturate. See id. at 56, 128 S.Ct. 1520. Baze explained that an Eighth Amendment method-of-execution claim requires more than merely showing a slightly or marginally safer alternative:

Permitting an Eighth Amendment violation to be established on such a showing would threaten to transform courts into boards of inquiry charged with determining "best practices" for executions, with each ruling supplanted by another round of litigation touting a new and improved methodology. Such an approach finds no support in our cases, would embroil the courts in ongoing scientific controversies beyond their expertise, and would substantially intrude on the role of state legislatures in implementing their execution procedures-a role that by all accounts the States have fulfilled with an earnest desire to provide for a progressively more humane manner of death.

Id. at 51, 128 S.Ct. 1520.

In summarizing the standard adopted on this issue, the Baze plurality instructed that an Eighth Amendment method-of-execution claim requires a condemned prisoner to establish both "that the State's lethal injection protocol creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain" and "that the risk is substantial when compared to the known and available alternatives." Id. at 61, 128 S.Ct. 1520. Importantly, Baze made clear that a "State with a lethal injection protocol substantially similar to the protocol we uphold today would not create a risk that meets this standard." Id.

Seven years after Baze , the United States Supreme Court returned to the issue of Eighth Amendment challenges to lethal injection protocols in Glossip v. Gross , 576 U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2726, 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015). Glossip concerned a 28 U.S.C. section 1983 action seeking to enjoin the use of midazolam as the first drug in Oklahoma's three-drug lethal injection protocol. The Glossip Court upheld Oklahoma's protocol that called for the administration of 500 milligrams of midazolam followed by a paralytic (pancuronium bromide, vecuronium bromide, or rocuronium bromide ) and potassium chloride. Id. , 135 S.Ct. at 2734-35. Tennessee's current three-drug protocol uses the same combination of drugs, including the same amount of midazolam.

The Glossip Court recognized the practical difficulties in obtaining lethal injection drugs:

Baze cleared any legal obstacle to use of the most common three-drug protocol that had enabled States to carry out the death penalty in a quick and painless fashion. But a practical obstacle soon emerged, as anti-death penalty advocates pressured pharmaceutical companies to refuse to supply the drugs used to carry out death sentences.

Id. , 135 S.Ct. at 2733. States, including Tennessee, then began using pentobarbital as an alternative barbiturate. See id. "Before long, however, pentobarbital also became unavailable. Anti-death-penalty advocates lobbied the Danish manufacturer of the drug to stop selling it for use in executions." Id. (citation omitted). "Unable to acquire either sodium thiopental or pentobarbital, some States have turned to midazolam, a sedative in the benzodiazepine family of drugs." Id. , 135 S.Ct. at 2734. Tennessee is among those states turning to midazolam.

As we observed recently in West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 563, Glossip "reiterated and emphasized" the Baze holding that an Eighth Amendment method-of-execution claim challenging a lethal injection protocol has two separate requirements. The Glossip Court affirmed the denial of injunctive relief for "two independent reasons." Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2731. "First, the prisoners failed to identify a known and available alternative method of execution that entails a lesser risk of pain." Id. (citing Baze , 553 U.S. at 61, 128 S.Ct. 1520 ). "Second, the District Court did not commit clear error when it found that the prisoners failed to establish that Oklahoma's use of a massive dose of midazolam in its execution protocol entails a substantial risk of severe pain." Id. The prisoners in Glossip , like the Plaintiffs in this case, suggested the use of a barbiturate (sodium thiopental or pentobarbital ) in a single-drug protocol as an alternative method of execution. See id. , 135 S.Ct. at 2738. The record showed, however, that "Oklahoma [had] been unable to procure those drugs despite a good-faith effort to do so." Id.

In addition to applying the Glossip standard to claims under the federal constitution, this Court has adopted the same two-pronged Glossip standard for method-of-execution claims under article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 567-68. To prevail on a method-of-execution claim challenging Tennessee's lethal injection protocol as cruel and unusual punishment under the federal or state constitution, a death-sentenced inmate must establish both (1) that the protocol creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain and (2) that the risk is substantial compared to the known and available alternatives. Under the first requirement, the inmate must show that the protocol is "sure or very likely" to cause "objectively intolerable," "needless suffering." Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2737 (quoting Baze , 553 U.S. at 50, 128 S.Ct. 1520 ). Under the second requirement, concerning availability, the inmate "must identify an alternative that is 'feasible, readily implemented, and in fact significantly reduce[s] a substantial risk of severe pain.' " Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Baze , 553 U.S. at 52, 128 S.Ct. 1520 ). Because both requirements must be met, failure to satisfy either essential element provides an independent reason for denying a method-of-execution claim. See Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2731. Viewing availability as a prerequisite for a method-of-execution claim comports with our recent interpretation of the Glossip standard. See West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 565-66.

Preliminary Issues

Following the United States Supreme Court's lead in Glossip , we begin our analysis with the availability requirement. As a preliminary matter, we address several threshold issues and a related issue concerning the trial court's refusal to add as-applied claims.

First, the Plaintiffs argue that the availability requirement should not apply to them because of discovery disputes and "state secrecy laws related to executions." See Tenn. Code Ann. § 10-7-504(h)(1). Acceptance of this argument would require this Court to establish new law not recognized in any federal court or in any other state. We decline to do so. In any event, the trial court properly balanced the propriety of discovery requests with the confidentiality provisions protecting the identity of those involved in executions. See West v. Schofield , 460 S.W.3d 113, 128 (Tenn. 2015) (setting forth balancing test).

Second, the Plaintiffs assert that they were denied notice and an opportunity to be heard on availability of an alternative method of execution because TDOC revised the lethal injection protocol on the eve of trial. Four of the Plaintiffs-David Earl Miller, Nicholas Todd Sutton, Stephen Michael West, and Larry McKay-filed a motion to reconsider the trial court's order clarifying that, by express consent of the parties, the pleadings were amended to conform to the evidence limiting the claims to facial challenges to the constitutionality of the July 5, 2018 revised protocol. They contended that the revision to the protocol constituted a substantial change.

In denying the motion to reconsider, the trial court found that eliminating the alternative one-drug protocol was not a substantial change to the lethal injection protocol for purposes of this facial challenge. We agree. From the time of the filing of the original complaint on February 20, 2018, the method-of-execution claim: (1) challenged the three-drug protocol and (2) alleged a one-drug protocol using pentobarbital as an alternative method of execution. Availability in theory of pentobarbital, based solely on its status as an option in the lethal injection protocol prior to the revision on July 5, 2018, would not have satisfied the Plaintiffs' burden of proof. Furthermore, the State's February 15, 2018 motion, asking this Court to set execution dates in eight capital cases before June 1, 2018, because of ongoing difficulty in obtaining the necessary lethal injection drugs, put the Plaintiffs on notice that the three-drug protocol likely would be used. Additional notice came to the Plaintiffs on May 21, 2018, when the Defendants filed, as an attachment to a Motion for Protective Order, an affidavit of the TDOC commissioner, which stated, "As Commissioner, I approved the January 8, 2018 [lethal injection protocol] because the drug pentobarbital and chemicals to compound pentobarbital, the drug in TDOC's previous procedures, are unavailable to TDOC for the purpose of carrying out executions by lethal injection."

Third, the Plaintiffs argue that the Eighth Amendment does not require proof of an alternative when the method of execution inflicts torture. Glossip rejected this argument: "Instead, [the prisoners] argue that they need not identify a known and available method of execution that presents less risk. But this argument is inconsistent with the controlling opinion in Baze , 553 U.S. at 61, 128 S.Ct. 1520, which imposed a requirement that the Court now follows." Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2738. The principal dissent in Glossip made this same argument. See id. at 2795 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting). Commenting on this argument, the majority stated: "Readers can judge for themselves how much distance there is between the principal dissent's argument against requiring prisoners to identify an alternative and the view, now announced by Justices Breyer and Ginsburg, that the death penalty is categorically unconstitutional." Id. at 2739 (citation omitted).

We conclude that the trial court properly rejected the Plaintiffs' attempt to expand the law. Tennessee's current three-drug lethal injection protocol does not rise to the level of punishments that are categorically forbidden by the Eighth Amendment. See Baze , 553 U.S. at 48, 128 S.Ct. 1520 (plurality opinion) (defining punishments of torture by reference to "cases from England in which 'terror, pain, or disgrace were sometimes superadded' to the sentence, such as where the condemned was 'embowelled alive, beheaded, and quartered,' " and explaining: "What each of the forbidden punishments had in common was the deliberate infliction of pain for the sake of pain-'superadd[ing]' pain to the death sentence through torture and the like." (alteration in original) (quoting Wilkerson v. Utah , 99 U.S. 130, 135, 25 L.Ed. 345 (1878) ) ). Reiterating and emphasizing the comparative analysis adopted in Baze , the Glossip Court declined to accept the principal dissent's invitation to abandon the availability requirement for a three-drug protocol, like Tennessee's current protocol at issue here, which uses midazolam and vecuronium bromide as the first and second drugs. Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2739. As we noted recently in West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 568 n.16, "there is no difference in language between the United States Constitution and the Tennessee Constitution which would warrant application of a different standard under the Tennessee Constitution." Therefore, we adhere to the Glossip standard requiring the Plaintiffs to plead and prove a known and available alternative method of execution in our analysis of any such claim under the Tennessee Constitution.

Next, the Plaintiffs assert that the voluminous record precludes meaningful appellate review under the expedited procedure in this appeal. They contend that the expedited appellate procedure has denied them due process.

Under the expedited procedure, the Plaintiffs' brief was due on or before September 6, 2018, two weeks after the filing of the record. The Defendants' responsive brief was due on or before September 21, 2018. Any reply brief filed by the Plaintiffs was due on or before September 28, 2018. We heard oral arguments on October 3, 2018.

In the interests of justice given the accelerated time deadlines, we permitted the lead Plaintiffs to exceed the fifty-page limitation for the argument section of their brief by filing an argument section consisting of 174 pages. See Tenn. R. App. P. 27(i)

("Except by order of the appellate court or a judge thereof, arguments in principal briefs shall not exceed 50 pages, and arguments in reply briefs shall not exceed 25 pages."). In addition, four other Plaintiffs (Mr. Miller, Mr. Sutton, Mr. West, and Mr. McKay) filed a separate forty-nine-page brief. Furthermore, we permitted an additional fifteen minutes for argument so that each side had a total of forty-five minutes. See Tenn. R. App. P. 35(c) ("Unless the appellate court otherwise orders, each side requesting the same relief shall be allowed 30 minutes for argument. If a party is of the opinion that additional time is necessary for the adequate presentation of the case, the party may request additional time by motion filed reasonably in advance of the date fixed for hearing.").

The Plaintiffs emphasize the role "meaningful appellate review" plays to "ensure that death sentences are not imposed capriciously or in a freakish manner," citing Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153, 195, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 49 L.Ed.2d 859 (1976). Gregg concerned the importance of automatic appellate review of a capital jury's imposition of the death penalty as an "additional safeguard against arbitrariness and caprice." Id. at 198. Gregg provides no support for the Plaintiffs' argument that the expedited appellate review in this case, involving a separate collateral attack upon the Plaintiffs' death sentences, has denied them due process.

The Plaintiffs suggest no other authority, and we have found none, holding that expedited appellate review in light of a scheduled execution date violates due process. Contrary to their assertion, neither the voluminous record nor the expedited schedule has prevented this Court in any way from engaging in meaningful appellate review. We conclude that the expedited appellate procedure has not denied the Plaintiffs due process.

The final issue to be addressed as a preliminary matter has been raised only by Mr. Zagorski. He argues that the trial court erred in denying a June 28, 2018 motion to amend the complaint to add as-applied claims on behalf of the Plaintiffs whose execution dates were set. The Plaintiffs assert that they had learned only a week earlier of the Defendants' intent to compound midazolam. The motion to amend the complaint, alleging new claims regarding the use of compounded midazolam, was filed ten days before the start of the trial.

Under the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may amend its pleadings once as a matter of course before a responsive pleading is served. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 15.01. If the opposing party has filed a responsive pleading, the party seeking to amend must obtain written consent of the adverse party or leave of court, "and leave shall be freely given when justice so requires." Id. We address in another section of this opinion the trial court's denial of the Plaintiffs' oral motion, made at the close of their proof, to amend the pleadings to conform to the evidence under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15.02. Similar considerations apply under Rule 15.01 and 15.02. See Pratcher v. Methodist Healthcare Memphis Hosps. , 407 S.W.3d 727, 740 (Tenn. 2013). "Trial courts have broad authority to decide motions to amend pleadings and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion." Id. at 741. When applying the abuse of discretion standard of review, an appellate court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Id. (citing Williams v. Baptist Mem'l Hosp. , 193 S.W.3d 545, 551 (Tenn. 2006) ). The numerous factors that guide a trial court's discretionary decision whether to allow an amendment of the pleadings include "undue delay, bad faith by the moving party, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous amendments[,] and futility of the amendments." Id. (citing Merriman v. Smith , 599 S.W.2d 548, 559 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979) ).

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Rule 15.01 motion to amend based on "undue delay." Mr. Irick, Mr. Zagorski, and Mr. Miller had notice and opportunity to assert their proposed as-applied claims long before the June 28, 2018 motion to amend the complaint. We agree with the trial court that the Defendants' decision to use one or more compounded drugs to carry out the lethal injection protocol did not create or constitute a "new, unwritten protocol." The January 8, 2018 protocol had explicitly provided for the use of one or more compounded formulations of the lethal injection drugs.

Furthermore, we decline Mr. Miller's request to stay his execution and the Plaintiffs' request to hold this appeal in abeyance pending the United State Supreme Court's decision in Bucklew v. Precythe , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 1706, 200 L.Ed.2d 948 (2018). In addition to the questions presented in the petition in Bucklew , the parties were directed to brief and argue the following question: "Whether [the] petitioner met his burden under Glossip v. Gross , 576 U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2726, 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015), to prove what procedures would be used to administer his proposed alternative method of execution, the severity and duration of pain likely to be produced, and how they compare to the State's method of execution." Id. The Plaintiffs contend that the "answer to this question may impact [their] claim that the Eighth Amendment does not require proof of an alternative when the method of execution inflicts torture." We disagree. This case is clearly distinguishable from Bucklew , which concerns an as-applied challenge based on the petitioner's unique medical condition. Id.

Burden to Plead

Baze and Glossip establish a pleading burden, in addition to a burden of proof, for availability of an alternative method of execution. See Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2739 ( Baze "made clear that the Eighth Amendment requires a prisoner to plead and prove a known and available alternative.").

A pleading that sets forth a claim for relief must contain a "simple, concise and direct" statement of the claim and demand for relief. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 8.05. "No technical forms of pleading or motions are required." Id. The sufficiency of the pleading is a matter of law, which we review de novo without any presumption of correctness. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc. v. Ditto , 488 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2015).

The Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in refusing to consider a two-drug protocol, eliminating vecuronium bromide from the current three-drug protocol, as a proposed alternative method of execution in addition to a one-drug protocol using pentobarbital. The Plaintiffs sufficiently pleaded in their July 3, 2015 second amended complaint, in a section designated "Available Alternative," that a one-drug pentobarbital protocol is an available alternative to the three-drug protocol. But the Plaintiffs completely failed to plead a two-drug protocol as an "Available Alternative."

The Plaintiffs invite us to examine their trial brief to determine what claims were pleaded in their second amended complaint, citing Flax v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. , 272 S.W.3d 521, 541 (Tenn. 2008) ("Prior to trial, the plaintiffs filed a trial brief clarifying that they were attempting to bring two separate failure to warn claims."). We have accepted that invitation and our review shows that the Plaintiffs devoted twenty-seven pages in their July 5, 2018 trial brief to argument regarding the alternative method requirement under the Glossip standard. Their argument focused almost entirely on a one-drug protocol using pentobarbital. They stated that their "trial evidence will identify" Tennessee's one-drug pentobarbital protocol as an alternative method of execution. Their argument included no discussion of other alternatives, with the exception of one sentence stating that "discovery in this case has revealed at least three other feasible and readily implemented alternatives," including to "eliminate the use of vecuronium bromide." Even considering their trial brief as a possible source of clarification about a two-drug protocol as an alternative, this one sentence in their trial brief is totally inadequate to demonstrate that they met the pleading requirements of Rule 8.05, even with its liberal construction as adopted by this Court in Flax .

Additionally, the Plaintiffs made an oral motion at the close of their proof to amend the pleadings to assert removal of vecuronium bromide from the three-drug protocol as an alternative method of execution. When an unpleaded issue is tried by implied consent, the pleadings may be amended to conform to the evidence. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 15.02. A trial court has discretion to decide whether there was implied consent under Rule 15.02, and we will not reverse its discretionary decision absent an abuse of discretion. Zack Cheek Builders, Inc. v. McLeod , 597 S.W.2d 888, 891 (Tenn. 1980). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court applies an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical or unreasonable decision, or bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence. Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher , 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010).

"Generally speaking, trial by implied consent will be found where the party opposed to the amendment knew or should reasonably have known of the evidence relating to the new issue, did not object to this evidence, and was not prejudiced thereby." Zack Cheek Builders , 597 S.W.2d at 890. However, presentation of evidence that is relevant to both a pleaded issue and an unpleaded issue does not establish trial by implied consent. Hiller v. Hailey , 915 S.W.2d 800, 805 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). The most important factor is whether the opposing party "would be prejudiced by the implied amendment, i.e., whether he had a fair opportunity to defend." Zack Cheek Builders , 597 S.W.2d at 891 (citation omitted).

At the hearing on the Rule 15.02 motion, the trial court noted that vecuronium bromide pertained to a number of the causes of action but that its removal from the three-drug protocol had not been viewed analytically as an alternative method of execution. The trial court recognized that implied amendment of the pleadings would seriously prejudice the Defendants, who did not cross-examine the Plaintiffs' expert witnesses regarding the removal of vecuronium bromide from the three-drug protocol as an alternative method of execution. The record entirely supports the trial court's determination. The Plaintiffs' proposed amendment of the pleadings was much more than a "housekeeping measure." See Zack Cheek Builders , 597 S.W.2d at 892 (holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting an amendment to the pleadings that "was largely unnecessary, except as a housekeeping measure").

The trial court's order denying the Rule 15.02 motion noted that removal of vecuronium bromide as an alternative method of execution "was known or could have been known by the Plaintiffs upon the filing of the lawsuit." Contrary to the Plaintiffs' assertion, the trial court did not apply an incorrect legal standard by acknowledging their responsibility for the undue delay that prejudiced the Defendants. With the filing of an original complaint, an amended complaint, and then a second amended complaint, the Plaintiffs had repeated opportunities to plead removal of vecuronium bromide from the three-drug protocol as an alternative method of execution. The Plaintiffs have no justifiable excuse for their failure to plead a two-drug protocol as an alternative, given their acknowledged recognition of it during discovery and their second opportunity to amend the complaint just six days before the trial started. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the Plaintiffs' motion to amend the pleadings to assert removal of vecuronium bromide from the three-drug lethal injection protocol as an alternative method of execution.

Burden to Prove

Our recent decision in West v. Schofield did not analyze what it means for a proposed alternative method of execution to be available because the condemned inmates in that case affirmatively abandoned any effort to satisfy this prerequisite. 519 S.W.3d at 565. For lethal injection drugs, the term "available" under the Glossip standard has been construed to mean the ability of the state to obtain the drugs with ordinary transactional effort:

Ohio itself contacted the departments of correction in Texas, Missouri, Georgia, Virginia, Alabama, Arizona, and Florida to ask whether they would be willing to share their supplies of pentobarbital. All refused. Granted, for the one-drug protocol to be "available" and "readily implemented," Ohio need not already have the drugs on hand. But for [the Glossip ] standard to have practical meaning, the State should be able to obtain the drugs with ordinary transactional effort. Plainly it cannot.

In re Ohio Execution Protocol , 860 F.3d 881, 891 (6th Cir. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. Otte v. Morgan , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2238, 198 L.Ed.2d 761 (2017) ; see also McGehee v. Hutchinson , 854 F.3d 488, 493 (8th Cir. 2017) ("We do not say that an alternative method must be authorized by statute or ready to use immediately, but we concur with the Eleventh Circuit that the State must have access to the alternative and be able to carry out the alternative method relatively easily and reasonably quickly.") (citation omitted), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1275, 197 L.Ed.2d 746 (2017).

We will not judge the reasonableness of Tennessee's efforts to obtain lethal injection drugs by the ability of other states to do so. See Arthur v. Comm'r, Ala. Dep't of Corr. , 840 F.3d 1268, 1302 (11th Cir. 2016) ("We expressly hold that the fact that other states in the past have procured a compounded drug and pharmacies in Alabama have the skills to compound the drug does not make it available to the ADOC for use in lethal injections in executions."), cert. denied sub nom. Arthur v. Dunn , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 725, 197 L.Ed.2d 225 (2017), reh'g denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1838, 197 L.Ed.2d 777 (2017). Proof that lethal injection drugs are available with ordinary transactional effort requires more than mere speculation, more than just a showing of hypothetical availability. See In re Ohio Execution Protocol , 860 F.3d at 891 (discounting testimony that the witness "believed 'there are pharmacists in the United States that are able to compound pentobarbital for use in lethal injections because other states have been reported to have obtained compounded pentobarbital for use in executions,' " because "that is quite different from saying that any given state can actually locate those pharmacies and readily obtain the drugs"). The fact that other states have or can obtain pentobarbital for executions is not proof that Tennessee can do so with ordinary transactional effort. See id.

The trial court ruled that the Plaintiffs failed to prove that their proposed alternative method of execution, a one-drug protocol using pentobarbital, is available to the Defendants. The Plaintiffs offered no direct proof as to availability of this alternative method of execution. All of the Plaintiffs' expert witnesses confirmed that they were not retained to identify a source for pentobarbital and that they had no knowledge of where TDOC could obtain it. The Plaintiffs attempted to prove availability of pentobarbital by discrediting the testimony of the following witnesses for the Defendants: the TDOC Commissioner, the TDOC Deputy Commissioner for Administration, and the Warden of Riverbend Maximum Security Institution who is responsible for carrying out executions.

The trial court found nothing in the demeanor of these TDOC officials, nor the facts to which they testified, to overcome the presumption that they had discharged their duties in good faith and in accordance with the law. See West v. Schofield , 460 S.W.3d at 131. The trial court found convincing their testimony that TDOC would use pentobarbital if it were available, because this Court recently upheld the one-drug protocol using pentobarbital. See West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 552. We agree with the trial court that the Plaintiffs' argument-that TDOC would not make a good-faith effort to locate pentobarbital-defies common sense. Moreover, the trial court accredited the testimony of the TDOC officials, finding them all to be credible. We will not second-guess the trial court's credibility determinations without clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, which this record does not contain. See King v. Anderson Cnty. , 419 S.W.3d 232, 246 (Tenn. 2013).

The Commissioner and the Deputy Commissioner provided testimony regarding TDOC's unsuccessful efforts to obtain pentobarbital for use in the lethal injection protocol. The trial court found that "they proceeded reasonably as department heads to delegate the task of investigating supplies of pentobarbital to a member of their staff." A PowerPoint presentation, introduced as part of trial exhibit 105, detailed those unsuccessful efforts. The trial court found "that trial exhibit 105 and the testimony of the TDOC officials establish that Tennessee does not have access to and is unable to obtain [pentobarbital] with ordinary transactional effort." Our review of this finding of fact is accompanied by a presumption of correctness, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) ("Unless otherwise required by statute, review of findings of fact by the trial court in civil actions shall be de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.").

The Plaintiffs assert that uncontroverted proof shows pentobarbital was available for purchase in 2017 and would still be good for use in executions in 2019 and 2020. They also contend that the Defendants have (1) a physician willing to write a prescription for pentobarbital, (2) a pharmacy and pharmacist with the proper licensing to obtain pentobarbital, and (3) two contracts with two different compounding pharmacists to compound pentobarbital for executions. None of this evidence is relevant, however, if pentobarbital is not now available. The Plaintiffs' argument-that the Defendants acted in bad faith by choosing not to obtain pentobarbital when it was feasible and readily available-is totally inconsistent with the trial court's credibility determinations. We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court's finding that Tennessee does not have access to and is unable to obtain pentobarbital with ordinary transactional effort for use in lethal injections.

In summary, we agree with the trial court's finding that pentobarbital-the only alternative method of execution that the Plaintiffs sufficiently pleaded-is not available for use in executions in Tennessee. Therefore, the Plaintiffs failed to carry their burden of showing availability of their proposed alternative method of execution, as required under the Glossip standard set forth by the United States Supreme Court and recently adopted by this Court in West v. Schofield for state constitutional purposes. As we noted earlier, this requirement is an independent requirement, separate and apart from the requirement to prove that the protocol creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain. Therefore, for this reason, we hold that the Plaintiffs failed to carry their burden to establish that Tennessee's current three-drug lethal injection protocol constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article 1, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. As a result, we need not address the Plaintiffs' claim that the three-drug protocol creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's dismissal of this action.

Pretermitted Issues

Our holding above renders moot the remaining issues before us. In light of this holding, we pretermit the following issues: (1) whether this Court should grant the Plaintiffs' "Motion to Consider Records Produced by Defendants as Part of the Procedures for Executing Billy Ray Irick after the Chancery Court Entered its Judgment;" (2) whether the lethal injection protocol creates a demonstrated risk of severe pain; (3) whether the protocol violates the right to counsel and access to the courts; (4) whether the protocol violates substantive due process; (5) whether the trial court erred in dismissing the claims concerning dignity and evolving standards of decency; (6) whether the trial court erred in failing to exclude the Defendants' experts, who testified regarding the risk of severe pain; and (7) whether the trial court "relied on fact-based findings from other cases-not the facts developed below-when it addressed Glossip 's first prong, and thereby violated Plaintiffs' right to due process of law."

Given the magnitude of what is at stake in these proceedings, we do reiterate three additional points made in our order denying Mr. Irick's motion to vacate execution date. See Irick , --- S.W.3d at ----. First, the United States Supreme Court's 2015 opinion in Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2731, upheld Oklahoma's three-drug protocol that used the same combination of drugs, including the same amount of midazolam, as found in the protocol at issue in this case. Second, our 2017 opinion in West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 552, expressly approved the use of a compounding process when we upheld the protocol at issue in that case. Third, our 2005 opinion in Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen , 181 S.W.3d at 309, upheld a three-drug protocol that used a paralytic as the second drug and potassium chloride as the third drug. In that case, we also considered and rejected other constitutional claims-procedural and substantive due process, contemporary standards of decency and dignity, and access to the courts-substantially similar to those raised here. See id. at 306-11.

Conclusion

We conclude that the Plaintiffs failed to carry their burden of showing availability of their proposed alternative method of execution. For this reason, we hold that the Plaintiffs failed to establish that Tennessee's current three-drug lethal injection protocol constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. This holding renders moot the majority of their other issues. The expedited appellate procedure has not denied the Plaintiffs due process, and they are not entitled to relief on their remaining issues. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

Sharon G. Lee, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

The Petitioners, who have been sentenced to death, contend that the State's recently adopted lethal injection protocol violates their federal and state constitutional rights to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. On this important issue, the Petitioners are entitled to a fair and meaningful opportunity to be heard at trial and on appeal without regard to 1) the constitutionality of other lethal injection protocols the State has no plans to use; 2) the execution dates previously set by this Court for Petitioners Billy Ray Irick (already executed), Edmund Zagorksi, and David Earl Miller; and 3) the length of the Petitioners' briefs or the extra minutes granted for oral argument.

The constitutionality of the State's current lethal injection protocol is a complicated issue, involving extensive expert testimony. Several factors, over which the Petitioners had little or no control, combined to deprive them of a fundamentally fair process. One significant factor is the Court's unfortunate rush to execute based on the perceived need to end this case before the executions of Petitioners Irick, Zagorski, and Miller. With the stroke of a pen and in the interest of fairness and justice, the Court could have reset these executions.

By putting this case on a rocket docket, the Court denied the Petitioners a fair and meaningful opportunity to be heard and jeopardized the public's confidence and trust in the impartiality and integrity of the judicial system. Today, the Court meets its self-imposed deadline by deciding this case before Zagorski's October 11 execution and Miller's December 6 execution-but at great cost. I cannot go along with the Court's decision because these proceedings have not been fundamentally fair to the Petitioners.

I.

For many years, the State's lethal injection protocol has been a moving target, with the Tennessee Department of Correction frequently changing its lethal injection protocols. On January 8, 2018, the Department adopted a new lethal injection protocol consisting of two options: 1) Protocol A, using compounded pentobarbital ; 2) Protocol B, using midazolam, vecuronium bromide, and potassium chloride. Ten days after the Department announced these protocols, this Court set Irick's execution date for August 9, 2018.

On February 20, 2018, the Petitioners filed a declaratory judgment action in the trial court, challenging the constitutionality of Protocol B, the new midazolam-based protocol. The Petitioners claimed that the midazolam-based protocol would cause them to suffer intolerable pain and that execution by Protocol A, pentobarbital, was an available, less painful execution alternative. The Petitioners, at the close of proof, moved to amend their pleadings to conform to the evidence to allege that a two-drug cocktail of midazolam and potassium chloride was an alternative method of execution. The trial court denied this request.

The Petitioners faced a steep uphill battle in their efforts to have the midazolam-based protocol declared unconstitutional. Their obstacles, which ultimately proved insurmountable, included 1) inconsistent and unworkable requirements imposed by Glossip v. Gross, --- U.S. ----, 135 S.Ct. 2726, 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015) and the cloak of secrecy regarding Tennessee executions; 2) the extraordinary and unnecessary time constraints imposed by this Court; and 3) the State's evasiveness and last-minute decision about its lethal injection protocol.

To begin with, Glossip, a split 5-4 decision by the United States Supreme Court, required the Petitioners to prove 1) that the State's execution protocol was likely to cause an intolerable risk of severe pain or needless suffering, and 2) an alternative feasible, readily implemented, available method of execution that would significantly reduce a substantial risk of severe pain. Glossip, 135 S.Ct. at 2736-37 (quoting Baze v. Rees , 553 U.S. 35, 50, 52, 128 S.Ct. 1520, 170 L.Ed.2d 420 (2008) ). The Petitioners presented expert testimony that the State's execution protocol of midazolam, vecuronium bromide, and potassium chloride will cause the inmate being executed to feel severe pain and terror. This is because midazolam has no analgesic effects and will not render the inmate insensate to pain; vecuronium bromide causes great anxiety, noxious stimulus, paralysis, and the feeling of suffocation-all "quite horrific"-and potassium chloride, which stops the heart, causes the inmate to have very painful feelings of burning upon injection.

Despite this evidence, the trial court dismissed the Petitioners' case because they failed to prove the second Glossip prong of an available alternative execution method that would have reduced a substantial risk of severe pain. This Glossip requirement has been aptly described as "perverse" because it replaces the Eighth Amendment's categorical prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment with a conditional one. Thus, under Glossip, even if the Petitioners establish that the State's execution method will cause them to experience needless suffering or intolerable pain, the State may still carry out the execution unless the Petitioners also prove an available alternative method for their own executions.

Considering the Eighth Amendment's clear prohibition on "cruel and unusual punishments," the focus here should have been on whether the Petitioners proved that the State's execution method was likely to cause needless suffering and pain. Yet the Petitioners' claims and evidence of intolerable pain and torture were not the basis of the trial court's decision and thus not reviewed on appeal.

Not only is Glossip 's available alternative requirement perverse, it is also unworkable. In Tennessee, executions are cloaked in secrecy, which makes it difficult-if not impossible-for the Petitioners to establish an available alternative to the State's method of execution. Tennessee Code Annotated section 10-7-504(h) (Supp. 2017) protects the identity of individuals or entities directly involved in the execution process. The trial court here prohibited identification of the Department's agents who were involved in procuring execution drugs, such as pentobarbital, and of its potential suppliers.

In addition to the heavy burden imposed by Glossip and the cloak of secrecy surrounding executions, the Petitioners were operating under extraordinary time constraints because of the Court's scheduling of Irick's execution on August 9. After the Petitioners filed their challenge, the starting pistol was fired and the race to execute began. The trial court had to fast-track the case so that the parties could present their evidence and the trial court could prepare and file findings of fact, conclusions of law, and its decision before the August execution date. The trial court set the trial to begin on July 9, 2018, giving the parties less than five months to effectively conduct written discovery, litigate discovery disputes, take discovery depositions, locate and retain expert witnesses, research legal issues, file trial briefs, and prepare for trial. The discovery schedule was so compressed that the trial court eliminated summary judgment as an option because the Petitioners lacked the time to complete discovery and respond to a motion for summary judgment. Sufficient time for investigation, research, and discovery was out of the question because of the looming execution date.

The rush to execute here is in stark contrast to the measured way previous challenges to the State's lethal injection protocols have been handled. This case was pending in the trial court only 156 days. Yet the 2002 challenge to the State's protocol using sodium pentothal, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride took twice as long. It was pending in the trial court for 311 days. See Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen , 181 S.W.3d 292 (Tenn. 2005), cert. denied , 547 U.S. 1147, 126 S.Ct. 2288, 164 L.Ed.2d 813 (2006). The 2013 challenge to the State's protocol using compounded pentobarbital took four times as long, lasting 645 days in the trial court, which included an appeal of a discovery dispute. See West v. Schofield, 519 S.W.3d 550 (Tenn. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. West v. Parker, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 476, 199 L.Ed.2d 364 (2017), cert. denied sub nom. Abdur'Rahman v. Parker, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 647, 199 L.Ed.2d 545 (2018), reh'g denied, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 1183, 200 L.Ed.2d 328 (2018).

The Petitioners, already shouldering the heavy burden imposed by Glossip, the cloak of secrecy surrounding executions, and the fast pace of the proceedings, were also impeded by the State's evasiveness about the availability of pentobarbital until the eve of trial and by its last minute decision to eliminate pentobarbital as an execution protocol. The parties took discovery depositions throughout June, with the Petitioners reasonably assuming that Protocol A (pentobarbital) was an available alternative execution method under Glossip. Just a few hours before the parties filed their trial briefs on July 5, 2018, the Department adopted a revised execution protocol that abandoned Protocol A, leaving only Protocol B. But the Department, according to testimony from its Commissioner, had known that pentobarbital was unavailable for executions for about two months before it retained pentobarbital as a lethal injection method in January 2018. Even so, the State failed to notify the Petitioners and failed to take a consistent position on the availability of pentobarbital until the eve of trial.

For example, at the first pretrial hearing on April 11, 2018, counsel for the State dodged the trial court's questions about the availability of pentobarbital. The trial court, acutely aware of the time constraints, zeroed in on the problem and repeatedly questioned counsel about the availability of pentobarbital. The trial court emphasized that the availability of Protocol A was "essential for the case,"

and if that question could not be answered, the trial court proceedings would be "futile and useless," putting the court as well as the parties in an "untenable position." The State's response to the trial court's direct question - "will [Protocol A] be available for the August 9th execution?" - was "I can't answer that question, Your Honor." The trial court then correctly observed that "if you can't answer [that question] then our proceedings here are really meaningless" and that it created a "Catch 22" dilemma for the court and the litigants.

The Department's Commissioner testified on June 5, 2018, that the Department would "search out all options to obtain pentobarbital," but the Department's records tell a different story. Those records show that the Department's designated drug procurer only looked for pentobarbital over a four-month period from March 2017 through July 2017, There appears to have been no activity after July 2017 until June 20, 2018, when the drug procurer emailed a potential supplier, stating that the Department was "still searching for USP grade pentobarbital" and "circling back around with folks" to check on availability for purchase. That said, Texas officials used pentobarbital on July 17, 2018, to execute Christopher Young; on June 27, 2018, to execute Danny Bible; on May 16, 2018, to execute Juan Castillo; on April 25, 2018, to execute Erick Daniel Davila; on March 27, 2018, to execute Rosendo Rodriguez III; on February 1, 2018, to execute John David Battaglia; on January 30, 2018, to execute William Rayford; and on January 18, 2018, to execute Anthony Shore. And in Georgia, officials used pentobarbital to execute Carlton Michael Gary on March 15, 2018, and Robert Butts, Jr., on May 4, 2018. Most recently, pentobarbital was used in Texas on September 26, 2018, to execute Troy Clark; and on September 27, 2018, to execute Daniel Acker.

The State's retention of pentobarbital as an execution protocol until July 5, 2018, and its refusal to take a firm position on the availability of pentobarbital for Irick's August execution refutes the State's argument that the Petitioners had actual notice as early as February 2018 that pentobarbital was not available. Petitioners could have reasonably inferred the availability of pentobarbital from the Department's adoption of it in January 2018, the Department's retention of it until July 5, 2018, and the State's representations in the trial court.

As the trial court accurately observed, the availability of pentobarbital was essential to the case, and without the State answering the question as to the availability of pentobarbital, the trial court proceedings were meaningless. For the State to provide the answer on the eve of trial while effectively evading the question for months was patently unfair to the Petitioners.

For all these reasons, the Petitioners were denied due process in the form of a fundamentally fair process. "At its core, the right to due process reflects a fundamental value in our American constitutional system." Boddie v. Connecticut , 401 U.S. 371, 374, 91 S.Ct. 780, 28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971). An essential requirement of due process is notice and an opportunity to be heard. Phillips v. State Bd. of Regents, 863 S.W.2d 45, 50 (Tenn. 1993) (citations omitted). The purpose of notice is to give the affected party the opportunity to marshal its proof. Id. (citation omitted). " 'Due process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.' " Id. (quoting Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S.Ct. 1187, 14 L.Ed.2d 62 (1965) ). The factors we consider in determining whether a party has been deprived of due process are 1) the private interest affected; 2) the risk that the procedures in place would erroneously deprive the affected party of that private interest; and 3) the government's interest, including any fiscal or administrative burdens that would be caused by additional or substitute procedural requirements. Id.

There could hardly be a more substantial private interest at stake than making sure that the Petitioners are not made to suffer intolerable pain when the State puts them to death and that their federal and state constitutional rights to be free from cruel and unusual punishment are protected. Resetting the scheduled execution dates would have gone a long way in giving the Petitioners a fair and meaningful opportunity to be heard and would not have placed any appreciable fiscal or administrative burdens on the State.

In the end, the difficulties of meeting the inconsistent and unworkable Glossip requirements and the cloak of secrecy surrounding Tennessee executions; the extraordinary and unnecessary time constraints imposed by the Court due to the impending, and seemingly unalterable, execution dates; and the State's evasiveness about its execution method and its last-minute changes to the lethal injection protocols combined to deny the Petitioners due process in the form of a fundamentally fair process.

II.

This is the Court's first opportunity to review a trial court decision on the constitutionality of the midazolam-based protocol. The Petitioners, faced with the prospect of suffering needlessly while being put to death by the State, deserve meaningful appellate review of the trial court's ruling. Meaningful review includes giving counsel adequate time to review trial testimony, research and brief the issues, and effectively advocate for their clients in their appellate briefs and at oral argument. Only then can the Court, after reviewing the record from the trial court, reading the parties' briefs, listening to the oral arguments, and studying applicable legal authorities, render its decision. The Court should not make its decision in haste, but after thoughtful and careful deliberation. The parties and the public deserve no less. Here, the super-expedited schedule imposed by the Court denied the Petitioners meaningful appellate review.

To begin with, the Court unreasonably reduced the time for the Petitioners to file the record with the appellate court clerk from a minimum of 105 days (or more if an objection to the record is filed or if the record needs to be supplemented) to nine days (seven days excluding a weekend). This was rather extraordinary given that the trial lasted ten days, with twenty-three witnesses testifying and 139 exhibits admitted into evidence. The record filed with the appellate court clerk consisted of twenty-nine volumes of court filings, thirty-two volumes of trial transcripts, and nineteen volumes of trial exhibits, totaling well over 10,000 pages. In reducing the Petitioners' time for filing the record, the Court failed to consider that filing the record is a three-part process, involving the parties, the trial court clerk, and the trial court judge. The trial court had no opportunity to review and approve the record, and the parties had no chance to point out any errors in the record. Not surprisingly, the record-prepared in great haste-is not completely accurate. The Lead Petitioners noted that their counsel "corrected apparent transcription errors," but that they did "not have the physical ability to correct all of the errors in this record prior to September 6, 2018." Likewise, the Miller Petitioners pointed to specific "transcription errors [that] change[d] the substance of testimony."

Next, the Court cut in half the parties' briefing period from seventy-four days to thirty-seven days (twenty-six days, excluding weekends and Labor Day). Abdur'Rahman v. Parker , No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV (Tenn. Aug 13, 2018) (Lee, J., dissenting). The Lead Petitioners had only fifteen days to review the record and to prepare and file their brief, while the Miller Petitioners had just ten days to review the record and to prepare and file their brief and the State had fifteen days to brief the case. Abdur'Rahman v. Parker, No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV (Tenn. Aug 27, 2018) (Lee, J., dissenting).

The detrimental effects of the limited briefing schedule are evident from the parties' briefs. The Miller Petitioners admitted in their brief that they did not have time to brief fully the trial court's errors:

Due to the "compressed super-expedited" briefing schedule, the Miller Plaintiffs primarily raise in this brief due process violations because those errors undermine the integrity of the entire proceeding below. Undersigned counsel acknowledges the rule on waiver that usually applies when an issue is not fully briefed on appeal, however, counsel does not have the time or resources to brief all significant errors which occurred in the proceedings below and are reflected in the Chancery Court's final order.

(Emphasis added). The Miller Petitioners also noted in their reply brief that it was "prepared under an extreme time limitation and likely contains errors," and that it lacked an introduction, all relevant facts, legal authority, record cites and an exhaustive analysis. Predictably, given the time constraints, the Lead Petitioners had to late-file their brief's table of authorities. The State even had to file a substitute brief to correct erroneous page references in the table of contents, in the table of authorities, and in its response to the issues raised by the Miller Petitioners, as well as citation errors.

Previous appeals of constitutional challenges to the State's lethal injection protocols have not been rushed or decided hastily. This case was pending only fifty-six days from the time the Court reached down and assumed jurisdiction on August 13, 2018, until it released its opinion today. Yet the appeal of the 2002 challenge to the State's protocol using sodium pentothal, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride was pending in this Court for 231 days. See Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen, 181 S.W.3d 292 (Tenn. 2005), cert. denied , 547 U.S. 1147, 126 S.Ct. 2288, 164 L.Ed.2d 813 (2006). The appeal of the 2013 challenge to the State's protocol using compounded pentobarbital lasted 391 days in this Court. See West v. Schofield, 519 S.W.3d 550 (Tenn. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. West v. Parker, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 476, 199 L.Ed.2d 364 (2017), cert. denied sub nom. Abdur'Rahman v. Parker, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 647, 199 L.Ed.2d 545 (2018), reh'g denied, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 1183, 200 L.Ed.2d 328 (2018).

The Court does not cure the unfairness of this super-expedited appeal by allowing the Lead Petitioners to file a brief with an argument section that exceeded the fifty-page limit in Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27 and by granting both parties fifteen more minutes for oral argument.

Given the gravity of the issues in this appeal, the extensive record, and the required legal analysis, the Court's accelerated schedule deprived the Petitioners of meaningful appellate review. This mad dash to the finish line was unnecessary. Nothing prevented the Court from giving the Petitioners, who are facing possible torture during their upcoming executions, appellate review that is fair and meaningful.

III.

Because these proceedings have not been fundamentally fair to the Petitioners, I dissent. 
      
      Tennessee adopted lethal injection as a method of execution on May 18, 1998. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-23-114 (Supp. 1998). Two years later, on March 30, 2000, Tennessee adopted lethal injection as the default method of execution. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-23-114 (Supp. 2000).
     
      
      Twenty-five of the appellants in this case were also appellants in that case.
     
      
      Rule 12(4)(E) provides: "Where the date set by the Court for execution has passed by reason of a stay or reprieve, this Court shall sua sponte set a new date of execution when the stay or reprieve is lifted or dissolved, and the State shall not be required to file a new motion to set an execution date." Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 12(4)(E).
     
      
      On July 30, 2018, while this appeal was pending in the Tennessee Court of Appeals, Mr. Irick filed in this Court a motion to vacate his execution date. On August 6, 2018, we denied the motion, ruling that Mr. Irick had not shown a likelihood of success on the merits of this collateral litigation. State v. Irick , --- S.W.3d ----, ---- (Tenn. 2018) (Order) (citing Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 12(4)(E) ). On August 9, 2018, the United States Supreme Court denied Mr. Irick's application for stay of execution of sentence of death. Irick v. State , --- U.S. ----, 139 S.Ct. 1, --- L.Ed.2d ----, 2018 WL 3767151 (Aug. 9, 2018). Later that same day, Mr. Irick was executed using the three-drug protocol at issue in this appeal.
     
      
      The eight capital cases in which the motion was filed include the following: Abu-Ali Abdur'Rahman , No. M1988-00026-SC-DDT-DD; Lee Hall , No. E1997-00344-SC-DDT-DD; Donnie Johnson , No. M1987-00072-SC-DPE-DD; David Earl Miller , No. E1982-00075-SC-DDT-DD; Nicholas Todd Sutton , No. E2000-00712-SC-DPE-DD; Stephen Michael West , No. M1987-00130-SC-DPE-DD; Charles Walton Wright , No. M1985-00008-SC-DDT-DD; and Edmund Zagorski , No. M1996-00110-SC-DPE-DD.
     
      
      The Plaintiffs include the following: Abu-Ali Abdur'Rahman, Lee Hall, a/k/a Leroy Hall, Billy Ray Irick (since executed on August 9, 2018), Donnie Johnson, David Earl Miller, Nicholas Todd Sutton, Stephen Michael West, Charles Walton Wright, Edmund Zagorski, John Michael Bane, Byron Black, Andre Bland, Kevin Burns, Tony Carruthers, Tyrone Chalmers, James Dellinger, David Duncan, Kennath Henderson, Anthony Darrell Hines, Henry Hodges, Stephen Hugueley, David Ivy, Akil Jahi, David Jordan, David Keen, Larry McKay, Donald Middlebrooks, Farris Morris, Pervis Payne, Gerald Powers, William Glenn Rogers, Michael Sample, and Oscar Smith.
     
      
      The named Defendants include the following: Tony Parker, in his official capacity as Tennessee Commissioner of Correction, Tony Mays, in his official capacity as Warden of Riverbend Maximum Security Institution, John/Jane Doe Executioners 1-100, John/Jane Doe Medical Examiner(s) 1-100, John/Jane Doe Pharmacists 1-100, John/Jane Doe Physicians 1-100, and John/Jane Does 1-100.
     
      
      Under the Capital Punishment Enforcement Act ("CPEA"), which became effective on July 1, 2014, "[t]he alternative method of execution [electrocution] shall be used if: (1) Lethal injection is held to be unconstitutional by a court of competent jurisdiction in the manner described in subsection (d); or (2) The commissioner of correction certifies to the governor that one (1) or more of the ingredients essential to carrying out a sentence of death by lethal injection is unavailable through no fault of the department." Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-23-114(e) (2018). See West v. Schofield , 468 S.W.3d 482, 484-85 (Tenn. 2015) (dismissing as unripe the death-sentenced inmates' claims challenging the constitutionality of the CPEA). This Court filed similar orders setting forth the deadline to provide notice of the method of execution to two other Plaintiffs: no later than September 27, 2018, for Mr. Zagorski; and no later than November 21, 2018, for Mr. Miller. See State v. Zagorski , No. M1996-00110-DPE-DD (Tenn. July 10, 2018) (Order); State v. Miller , No. E1982-00075-SC-DDT-DD (Tenn. July 10, 2018) (Order).
     
      
      Section 16-3-201(d)(3) states that this Court "may, upon its own motion, when there is a compelling public interest, assume jurisdiction over an undecided case in which a notice of appeal ... is filed with an intermediate state appellate court." Tenn. Code Ann. § 16-3-201(d)(3).
     
      
      The Defendants contended that these matters, which they described as "extra-record documents, media reports, and un-cross-examined expert opinions," are outside the scope of Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 14(a) and this Court's appellate jurisdiction. The Defendants asserted that the Plaintiffs "are attempting to use the alleged 'post-judgment facts' to bring before this Court an issue that was not before the trial court, namely an as-applied challenge to the protocol." Noting this Court's appellate jurisdiction, the Defendants submitted that this Court may not consider disputed evidence or a claim not litigated in the trial court. The Defendants further argued that the Plaintiffs' inclusion of the post-judgment material in their brief prior to seeking this Court's permission violated Rules 13(c), 14(c), and 27(a)(6) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure.
     
      
      The Court expresses its gratitude to the court reporter, the trial court, and the attorneys for their exemplary compliance with the expedited procedure in this appeal, which has allowed the Court to provide appellate review prior to Mr. Zagorski's October 11, 2018 execution date.
     
      
      Sodium pentothal (a barbiturate) is also known as sodium thiopental. See Workman v. Bredesen , 486 F.3d 896, 917-18 (6th Cir. 2007) (vacating the temporary restraining order entered by the federal district court in a 23 U.S.C. § 1983 action challenging the constitutionality of Tennessee's former three-drug lethal injection protocol), cert. denied , 550 U.S. 930, 127 S.Ct. 2160, 167 L.Ed.2d 887 (2007).
     
      
      Interestingly, the dissent describes the Glossip standard as "perverse," "inconsistent," and "unworkable." Yet, the dissenting justice concurred in this Court's unanimous adoption of the Glossip standard just last year in West v. Schofield . See West , 519 S.W.3d at 550.
     
      
      This confidentiality provision in the Public Records Act provides in pertinent part: "Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, those parts of the record identifying an individual or entity as a person or entity who or that has been or may in the future be directly involved in the process of executing a sentence of death shall be treated as confidential and shall not be open to public inspection." Tenn. Code Ann. § 10-7-504(h)(1) (Supp. 2018).
     
      
      As the Defendants note, the "promise" of Gregg has already been fulfilled. Each of the Plaintiffs was afforded counsel and tried twice by a jury, first to determine whether they were guilty of first degree murder and then to determine whether death was the appropriate sentence based on an individualized assessment of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Each of the Plaintiffs was convicted and sentenced according to the law and was afforded the right to direct and post-conviction review in the state and federal courts. The method of execution to be employed by Tennessee to carry out their lawful sentences has been upheld by the United States Supreme Court and numerous other courts. It has never been held unconstitutional. Thus, there is nothing arbitrary or "freakish" about this course of events.
     
      
      As noted earlier, Mr. Irick was executed on August 9, 2018, the day on which his execution was set. Mr. Zagorski's execution is set for October 11, 2018; and Mr. Miller's execution is set for December 6, 2018. Because the separate brief relating to Mr. Miller and three other Plaintiffs (Mr. Sutton, Mr. West, and Mr. McKay) indicates that they do not waive any right to relief contained in the other Plaintiffs' brief, we have reviewed this issue on behalf of Mr. Miller, as well as Mr. Zagorski. With respect to all other issues addressed in this opinion, our review has extended to all of the Plaintiffs, regardless of which brief contains the issue.
     
      
      We also note that the protocol recently approved by this Court in West v. Schofield , 519 S.W.3d at 552, included the use of compounded formulations.
     
      
      The Plaintiffs also argue that, at worst, a two-drug protocol alternative is a new argument in support of a constitutional claim and therefore should have been considered by the trial court. This argument is unavailing in light of the United States Supreme Court's express directive that "requires a prisoner to plead and prove a known and available alternative." Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2739 (emphasis added).
     
      
      The pleadings do not include trial briefs. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 7.01. Unless a party otherwise designates in writing, trial briefs are not included in the record. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(a).
     
      
      We note that the Plaintiffs' experts testified at trial that removal of vecuronium bromide (the paralytic) from the three-drug protocol would be less painful and cause less suffering in the sense that death would come sooner due to the sequential administration of two drugs instead of three. In upholding Kentucky's decision to include the paralytic as the second drug in its three-drug protocol, the Baze Court rejected the argument that the paralytic "serves no therapeutic purpose while suppressing muscle movements that could reveal an inadequate administration of the first drug." 553 U.S. at 57, 128 S.Ct. 1520. The paralytic serves two purposes: (1) it "stops respiration, hastening death"; and (2) "it prevents involuntary physical movements during unconsciousness" that "could be misperceived as signs of consciousness or distress." Id. Although Dr. Greenblatt, an expert for the Plaintiffs, stated that the second drug would not hasten death, he qualified that statement by saying "except that there would be a period of time when [the inmate] can't breathe." In Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen , 181 S.W.3d at 307-13, we rejected constitutional, as well as statutory, claims challenging the use of the paralytic in the former three-drug protocol.
     
      
      Common sense and logic clearly dictate that TDOC would utilize pentobarbital if the drug could be secured, given that TDOC recently spent three and one-half years successfully defending the one-drug protocol in West v. Schofield .
     
      
      As the Defendants point out, the Plaintiffs' emphasis on TDOC's efforts to obtain pentobarbital is a red herring. Glossip requires the inmate challenging the method of execution to identify a known and available alternative; it places no burden on a state to show it exhausted all avenues of supply. See Arthur , 840 F.3d at 1303 ("[I]t is not the state's burden to plead and prove 'that it cannot acquire the drug.' " (quoting Brooks v. Warden , 810 F.3d 812, 820 (11th Cir. 2016) ) ).
     
      
      As the trial court recognized in its order dismissing the Plaintiffs' challenge to Tennessee's lethal injection protocol, their other constitutional claims fall under the Eighth Amendment's analytical standard. See Graham v. Connor , 490 U.S. 386, 395, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989) (holding that where a particular Amendment "provides an explicit textual source of constitutional protection" against a particular sort of government behavior, "that Amendment, not the more generalized notion of 'substantive due process,' must be the guide for analyzing these claims"). Because the Plaintiffs failed to satisfy the Glossip standard's availability requirement, these other constitutional claims also must fail. See Kelley v. Johnson , 2016 Ark. 268, 496 S.W.3d 346, 360 (2016) (dismissing amended complaint challenging constitutionality of lethal injection protocol), reh'g denied (July 21, 2016), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1067, 197 L.Ed.2d 235 (2017), reh'g denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1838, 197 L.Ed.2d 777 (2017).
     
      
      By order filed contemporaneously with this opinion, we have denied this motion, as well as the Defendants' motion to strike, as moot.
     
      
      The Plaintiffs mischaracterize as "reliance" the trial court's observation that numerous other courts have concluded that midazolam is a constitutionally adequate substitute for pentobarbital as the first drug in a three-drug lethal injection protocol. See Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2740 (citing findings from other cases, including those where, as in this case, Dr. Lubarsky testified for the death-sentenced inmates).
     
      
      We recognize that Glossip was decided in a preliminary injunction posture under a more deferential "clear error" standard of review compared to the declaratory judgment action here. This procedural difference, along with any substantive difference in the trial testimony in this case, does not require us to discredit, as the Plaintiffs suggest, the premise on which Glossip 's observations about midazolam were based. The District Court in Glossip made its finding-that the use of midazolam will not result in severe pain and suffering-after a three-day evidentiary hearing at which it heard testimony from seventeen witnesses and reviewed numerous exhibits. See Glossip , 135 S.Ct. at 2735. As we noted earlier, Baze cautioned against "transform[ing] courts into boards of inquiry charged with determining 'best practices' for executions, with each ruling supplanted by another round of litigation touting a new and improved methodology." Baze , 553 U.S. at 51, 128 S.Ct. 1520.
     
      
      Zagorski is set to be executed on October 11, 2018, and Miller on December 6, 2018. Irick was executed on August 9, 2018, after this Court and the United States Supreme Court denied him a stay of execution. See Irick v. Tennessee, 585 U.S. ----, ----, 139 S.Ct. 1, --- L.Ed.2d ----, 2018 WL 3767151 (2018) (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) ("In refusing to grant Irick a stay, the Court today turns a blind eye to a proven likelihood that the State of Tennessee is on the verge of inflicting several minutes of torturous pain on an inmate in its custody, while shrouding his suffering behind a veneer of paralysis. I cannot in good conscience join in this 'rush to execute' without first seeking every assurance that our precedent permits such a result. No. M1987-00131-SC-DPE-DD (Lee, J., dissenting), at 1. If the law permits this execution to go forward in spite of the horrific final minutes that Irick may well experience, then we have stopped being a civilized nation and accepted barbarism.").
     
      
      On March 15, 2018, the Court set the execution dates for Zagorski and Miller.
     
      
      McGehee v. Hutchinson , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1275, 1276, 197 L.Ed.2d 746 (2017) (Sotomayor, J., dissenting).
     
      
      See Glossip, 135 S.Ct. at 2793 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting).
     
      
      In Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen, the plaintiffs filed their petition on July 26, 2002, and the trial court issued its decision on June 2, 2003.
     
      
      In West v. Schofield , the plaintiffs filed their petition on November 20, 2013. The trial began on July 7, 2015, and the trial court issued its decision on August 26, 2015.
     
      
      Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), Execution List 2018, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/execution-list-2018.
     
      
      Id.
     
      
      Id.
     
      
      See Abdur'Rahman v. Parker, No. M2018-01385-SC-RDO-CV (Tenn. Aug 13, 2018) (Lee., J., dissenting) (reviewing the time frames afforded each participant to fulfill their role, including sixty days for the Petitioners to file a certified transcript of the proceedings with the trial court clerk, forty-five days for the trial court clerk to assemble and transmit the record to the appellate court clerk after the filing of the transcript; and approval of the transcripts and exhibits by the trial court judge within thirty days after the expiration of the time for filing objections).
     
      
      "Lead Petitioners" refers to the twenty-nine original petitioners who filed a Notice of Appeal in the Court of Appeals on July 30, 2018. "Miller Petitioners" refers to the four remaining petitioners, David Earl Miller, Nicholas Todd Sutton, Stephen Michael West, and Larry McKay, who filed a Notice of Appeal in the Court of Appeals and in this Court on August 23, 2018.
     
      
      For instance, on page three of their brief, the Miller Petitioners called the Court's attention to an error in Volume XLII, page 1795 of the transcripts of proceedings ("It was a very firm decision that because there was no memory created does [sic- doesn't] mean that the suffering was not occurring.").
     
      
      In Abdur'Rahman v. Bredesen , this Court granted the plaintiff's application for permission to appeal on February 28, 2005, and filed its opinion on October 17, 2005.
     
      
      In West v. Schofield , this Court granted the State's motion to assume jurisdiction on March 2, 2016, and filed its opinion on March 28, 2017.
     