
    Edwin Bates v. The United States.
    
      On the Proofs.
    
    
      Claimant is a resident of Charleston during the rebellion. He opposes secession in its inception, and in sentiment is proved to have been loyal to the government of the United States throughout the war. He is a man of wealth, and continues a large business as a clothing merchant until about the time of the surrender of the city to the Union army. He speculates in bloclcade stocles, is a stockholder in blockade companies, owning a portion of such stocks at the close of the war. He buys the cotton in question on the 9th and 20th of January, 1865, and the city is captured in February of the same year.
    
    I. Purchases of cotton from disloyal vendors in Charleston made in January, 1865, in good faith, are not void hy the Act July 17, 1862, (12 Stat. L., p. 580.) Therefore an action for the net proceeds of cotton so purchased and seized hy the authorities of the United States can he maintained in the Court of Claims under the “Abandoned or captured property act,” (12 Stat. L., p. 820.)
    II. The proviso in § 12, Act March 3d, 1863, (12 Stat. L., p. 765) relates to assignors of claims against the United States. A claim under the “Abandoned or captured property act” originates with the seizure of the property, and where no transfer of the claim subsequent to the seizure is asserted, the proviso is not applicable to such a claim. The meaning of the proviso is not to he extended beyond the plain interpretation of the language employed hy the legislature. Therefore its application and effect are limited to the transfer or assignment of claims which have already accrued against the government, hut not involving the transfer or assignment of property out of which the claim arose prior to its seizure.
    III. The voluntary connection, during the rebellion, with the violation of the blockade laws and large investments in stocks, of companies organized to violate the laws of the United States and to give aid and comfort to the rebellion, cannot he excused or satisfactorily explained as consistent with loyalty to the government, and therefore exclude a claimant from maintaining an action in the Court of Claims under the “Abandoned or captured property act,” (12 Stat. L., p. 820.)
    
      Mr. D. N. Cooley and Mr. J. J. Weed for tbe claimant:
    This claimant, who is a native-born citizen of the United States, seeks to recover in this proceeding the "net proceeds ” of eighty-two bales of upland cotton, of which he was the owner, at the time of the capture of Charleston, South Carolina, by the United States military authorities in February, A. D. 1865. This claim is made under the provisions of the 3d section of the act of Congress approved March Í2, 1863.
    The claimant has shown his ownership of the cotton.
    The court has official evidence that it was taken from his possession and sold, and so much of the proceeds as the agents of the United States have not stolen is still in the Treasury of the United States. It therefore results that this claimant is entitled to such proceeds, unless the United States or some other person can show a better legal right to them. No individual other than this claimant asserts any claim to the proceeds of this cotton. The United States has no legal right to retain them, unless it is shown by the evidence that the claimant did in fact give “ aid mid comfort” to the late rebellion.
    1. Did the claimant consistently adhere to the United States during the late rebellion?
    To adhere to, means “to cleave to,” “to stick to.” Worcester’s Dictionary defines it to mean “to be attached or devoted to — to be true to;” it must mean, when applied to adherence to a government, continued allegiance to the old in contradistinction to the new.
    2. Did the claimant give any aid or comfort to persons engaged in the rebellion?
    The evidence which the claimant has adduced in support of ■ the general proposition that he gave neither aid nor comfort to the late rebellion, must be considered as conclusive upon this question; he is entitled to the benefit of the negative presumption which this evidence creates for him in the determination of this question, and it must be held to be sufficient to establish the fact that he gave neither aid nor comfort to the rebellion, nor to persons engaged therein.
    3. Was the residence of the claimant in the rebel territory, during the rebellion, voluntary 1
    The rebel confiscation acts were sweeping and merciless in their provisions. They will be submitted to the court for their consideration in this case. They have been sufficiently proved in the case of George F. Drew v. The United States, by the testimony of A. B. Lawton, a lawyer who has frequently had occasion to examine them. The result of this evidence is, therefore—
    1. That escape from the rebel territory and authority after the rebellion became an established fact was attended with great difficulty and surrounded with extreme dangers.
    2. That successful escape from the rebel territory inevitably resulted in the confiscation of the property of the person who succeeded in making his escape.
    We leave this question of “ voluntary residence” in rebel territory here, and submit that the residence of this claimant “where the rebel authorities held sway” was not voluntary.
    
      Mr. B. 8. Sale, special counsel of the Treasury, for the defendants:
    I. The claimant, by his petition, claims eighty-three bales of upland cotton. The return from the War Department shows the seizure of eighty-two bales only. No proof is made of his title to the one bale credited Mr. Purcell, named in the registration book, nor of the seizure of that bale.
    II. The cotton in question wafc purchased, fifty-five bales, 9th January, 1865, and fifty bales, January 20,1865. No proof is made of the loyalty of any parties from whom they purchased.
    It is submitted that under the confiscation act of 17th July, 1862, and the proclamation of the same of 25th July, all sales horn persons guilty of complicity with the rebellion after 23d September, 1862, were void; and that the burden of proving loyalty of vendors is upon the claimant under the act of 25th June, 1868. Claimant must therefore fail to recover upon his title.
    III. The proof is conclusive that the claimant gave aid and comfort to the rebellion, such as to debar him from a standing in this court. His own depositions, which are put in evidence by the defendants, in lieu of his examination under the statute, ordered by the court, discloses the facts, which are amply fortified by the evidence of other witnesses in the cause, that being a man of northern birth, opposed in opinion and sentiment to secession, he voluntarily remained in Charleston during the war, engaged in active business, speculating promiscuously in blockade stocks, in cotton, in blockade goods, and whatever other adventures were at hand. As to his interest in blockade stocks and vessels, see his own testimony; he had $4,000 of Cobia stock, and $10,000 of Palmetto. The latter he purchased voluntarily from a person in Alabama. He received dividends upon tbat stock.
    He also bought as an investment $10,000 of stock in another blockade-running company, the Atlantic Steamship Company, in the fall of 1864, a company largely engaged in running out cotton and bringing in supplies for the Confederate government.
    That these operations and the persons interested in them directly contributed aid and comfort to the rebellion, and to persons engaged in the rebellion, cannot be questioned.
    To oppose these facts of aid and comfort directly given to the rebellion, the claimant produces evidence that he was reputed, with some men, a Hnion man; that he was “smart” and kept out of the rebel army; and that, following to a very moderate extent the dictates of ordinary humanity, he made contributions for the relief of sick and suffering Union’ prisoners; and that he sought by illegal transactions in cotton to make money to enable him to pay his northern creditors. It is submitted that the acts of condonation bear a similar proportion to his acts of offence, that FalstafPs supply of bread did to that of his sack.
   Milligan, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court:

The claimant seeks to recover in this action the proceeds of eighty-three bales of cotton, of which he claims to have been the owner at the time of the capture of Charleston, South Carolina, by the United States military forces, in February, 1865. The action is brought under the third section of the act of March the' 12th, 1863; and we find the ultimate facts of the case to be as follows:

1. The claimant is a citizen of the United States, and formerly a resident of the State of Vermont, but for several years last past, a citizen and resident of the city of Charleston, in the State of South Carolina. He claims eighty-three bales of upland cotton, but proves that he was the owner of only eighty-two bales, which were seized, and shipped to New York, and there sold, and the proceeds paid into the Treasury.

2. The cotton in question was purchased in two lots. One of fifty-five bales; from L. D. Mowry & Co., on the 9th of January, 1865; and the other fifty bales of E. Fourgeaud, on the 20th of tbe same montli. Fourgeaud testifies to bis own complicity witb tbe rebellion, and there is no evidence showing tbe loyalty of any of tbe members of tbe firm of Mowry & Co., from whom tbe larger lot was purchased.

3. Public sentiment in Charleston was very generally in favor of secession and tbe war; and all who opposed it were placed under censure and great surveillance exercised over them. Through fear of personal violence they were compelled to refrain from acts of loyalty to tbe United States, or even tbe open expression of sentiments favorable to tbe Union.

4. Tbe claimant is shown to have opposed secession in its inception, and in sentiment to have been loyal to tbe government of tbe United States throughout tbe war.

5. He did many acts of kindness to Federal prisoners, brought into Charleston, some of which were performed under circumstances of personal danger, which reflect credit on him as a man of kind and sympathetic nature.

6. When the national troops entered the city he received them with apparent gratitude, and guided them through the city to the arsenal, with the view of protecting it against threatened destruction by the retiring rebel soldiery.

In addition to these facts, which tend strongly to establish the claimant’s loyalty, we also find the following countervailing facts:

1. Claimant is shown to have been a man of wealth, and, at the breaking out of the war, largely engaged as a clothing merchant, which he continued until about the time of the surrender of the city.

2. Early in the war he was a member of a fire company in the city of Charleston, which was called upon sometimes to do guard duty for the protection of the city.

3. He voluntarily sought and accepted a clerkship in the Confederate treasury department, which he held for several months, but appropriated his salary to other rebel employés in the department. In his own deposition, which, under the statute and the order of the court, is put in evidence by the special counsel for the United States, he claims that his services in the fire company and the treasury department were merely subterfuges to avoid field duty in the rebel army.

4. In 1862, or early in 1863, under the apprehension that he would be conscripted, he placed a substitute in the Confederate army; and shortly thereafter he was himself exempt, on account of ill health, by a medical board, from all military service; when he immediately left the treasury department, but continued in the pursuit of his private business;

5. The claimant’s own deposition discloses the fact that he speculated in blockade stocks, which is amply corroborated by other testimony in the cause.

6. He is shown to have had large interests in blockade companies, one of which was largely engaged in running out cotton, and bringing in supplies, provisions, shoes, dry goods, &c., &c. His interest in the Atlantic Company is proven to have existed as late as the fall of 1864.

7. He owned $4,000 of stock in the Cobia Blockade Company, and $10,000 in the Palmetto Company, and received dividends upon it.

8. The Palmetto stock was voluntarily purchased by the claimant from a gentleman in Alabama, and held by him up to the close of the war.

9. He received through the blockade articles for private use for himself and friends; and was otherwise complicated with this illicit and illegal trade.

On these facts, anomalous and contradictory as they are, various legal questions are presented for our determination.

1. It is assumed that the claimant’s title to the cotton in question was invalid, and therefore this action for the proceeds of its sale cannot be maintained.

This proposition is rested on the sixth section of the Act of Congress, approved July the 11th, 1862, (12 Stat. L., p. 589,) which is in the following language: That if any person within any State or Territory of the United States, other than those named as aforesaid, after the passage of this act, being engaged in armed rebellion against the government of the United States, or aiding or abetting such rebellion, shall not, within sixty days after public warning and proclamation duly given and made by the President of the United States, cease to aid, countenance, and abet such rebellion, and return to his allegiance to the United States, all the estate, property, money, stocks, and credits of such person, shall be liable to seizure as aforesaid, and it shall be the duty of the President to seize and use them as aforesaid, or the proceeds thereof. And all sales, transfers, or conveyances, of any such property after the expiration of the said sixty days from tbe date of such warning and proclamation shall be null and void; and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought by such person for the possession or use of such property, or any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons described in this section.”

In pursuance of the provisions of this section, the President of the United States, on the 25th of July, 1862, issued his proclamation warning all persons within the contemplation of this section to cease participating in, aiding, countenancing, or abetting the rebellion, and to return to their proper allegiance to the United States, on pain of the forfeitures and seizures as within and by said sixth section provided.

It will be observed that the sixty days limited in the act under the proclamation expired on the 23d of September, 1862, and the sales of the cotton under consideration were made respectively on the 9th and 20th of January, 1865.

The sales being after the 23d of September, 1862, the question is presented whether or not they were under the statute and proclamation null and void? There is no evidence that the parties from whom the claimant purchased availed themselves of the benefits of the proclamation, but, on the contrary, one of the vendors is shown since to have been engaged in the rebel service. Then, was the sale void, or inoperative to pass the title to the claimant? We think not. This qiiestion was presented in another case on a former day of the present term, and we held that the sale was not ipso facto void under the act of Congress and the President’s proclamation, and we have now no disposition to disturb that decision.

It is obvious that the cotton was liable to seizure, but the seizure did not divest the title or authorize the United States to sell it, until after condemnation by the judgment of the district or territorial courts of the United States. (Act of July 17, 1862, § 7.)

The sale, if bona fide, was good between the parties, and operated to vest the title in the purchaser. No one could have taken advantage of it under the statute but the United States, and they only in the manner pointed out by law. The court pronouncing the judgment of condemnation and ordering the sale must first find the property seized “to have belonged to a person engaged in rebellion or who has given aid and comfort thereto;” and when that fact is judicially ascertained the rig-lit attaches in the United States to condemn and sell the property, and no subsequent sale or transfer by such disloyal owner can defeat the forfeiture. The proceeding is in rent, and the forfeiture in consequence of the crime of the lawful owner when such crime was committed, and he cannot avoid its punishment by a transfer of his property.

But in this case the United States have waived their right to take advantage of the sale of the cotton to the claimant, and to confiscate it under the act of July 17,1862, as the property of the disloyal vendors, and they cannot now, in this proceeding, avail themselves of the benefit of the sixth section of the act of 1862, and on that ground defeat the claimant’s right to recover the proceeds of the sales of his cotton now carried into the Treasury. The United States, waiving all their rights under the confiscation acts, seized the cotton, and by the act of March 12th, 1863, kindly tender to the lawful owner the right to come into this court, establish his loyalty and right to receive the proceeds of the sale, and we are bound, in such case, to render judgment therefor without any embarrassment from the provisions of the act of July 17th, 1862.

2. It is assumed that under the proviso contained in the twelfth section of the act of 3d March, 1863, (12 Stat. L., p. 765,) the claimant does not show a loyal title to the cotton claimed, and on that ground, also, the action must fail.

The facts already shown make it clear that one of the parties from whom the pinchases were made was disloyal to the United States, and the record is silent as to the political status of the others. Their voluntary residence, however, in the revolted States, raises, under the act of Congress, the presumption of disloyalty against them; and for all the purposes of this question, the vendors of the cotton stand on the same footing.

The proviso relied on declares: “That in order to authorize the said court to render a judgment in favor of any claimant, if a citizen of the United States, it shall be set forth in the petition, that the claimant and the original and every prior owner thereof, when the claim has been assigned, has at all times borne true allegiance to the government of the United States, and, whether a citizen or not, that he has not in any way voluntarily aided, abetted, or given encouragement to rebellion against the said government; and if on the trial such issue shall be decided against the claimant, his petition shall be dismissed.”

The language of this provision of the statute, as well as its reason, limits its operation to claims against the United States. The claim prosecuted in -this action was never in existence until after the seizure of the cotton, and there has been no assignment or transfer of the claim to or by any person since it accrued, and consequently the proviso can have no application to this case.

We do not feel authorized to extend the meaning of this proviso beyond the plain interpretation of the language employed by the legislature, and therefore we limit its operation and effect to the transfer, or assignment of claims which have accrued against the government, but not including the transfer, or assignment of the property out of which the claim arose prior to its seizure.

3. Next, it is insisted that the cotton was purchased in view of the fall of Charleston, and with intent to cover up the property and defraud the United States of its-lawful right of capture.

To sustain this proposition it is shown that the city of Charleston was captured on the 17th of February, 1865, and that the sales of the cotton bear date respectively on the 9th and 20th of January, 1865. The near approach of the Federal army to the city of Charleston, at the dates of the sales, is unquestionably a circumstance to which this court will look, in judging of the lona fieles the transaction; but of itself, this fact is not sufficient to justify us in holding that the sales were merely colorable. The rule of this court as laid down in the Margaret Bond Case, (2 O. Cls. R, p. 532,) is as follows: “The claimant seeking to recover the proceeds, must show not only that he purchased the property, but he must satisfy us that he did so in the regular course of his business, and not in fraud of the statute, or with the view of speculating upon the justice of the government.” Fraud will not be presumed, but it is incumbent on the claimant in every case to show a valid title to the property, the proceeds of which he claims; otherwise if it appears from the facts and circumstances that fraud intermingles with the transaction, this court is bound under the eleventh section of the act of March 3, 1863, to declare the claim forfeited to the government.

Iii tliis case, independent of the time at which the purchases were made, there is nothing in the record which impeaches the validity of the contracts. The cotton appears not to have been purchased under any special circumstances, or contrary to the ordinary course of the claimant’s business, and we therefore hold that the sale was bona fide, and with no'intention to cover up the true ownership of the cotton in question, or to defeat the United States in their lawful right of capture.

4. It is further insisted that this action cannot be maintained' on account of the disloyalty of the claimant.

The facts found by the court present the claimant in a most anomalous light. ■ He is proven to have been in opinion and sentiment loyal to the flag of his government, but to have done many things calculated to give aid and comfort to its enemies. How such an inconsistent life — by assuming the claimant’s professed devotion to the Union to have been sincere — can be accounted for, is a little difficult to determine. It may be that the- allurements of private speculation, for the time, extinguished his zeal for the safety of his government. But that patriotism which, in time of war, exalts the man and sinks the State, is not such patriotism as commends itself to this court.

The rule governing our action in cases of this character, has been so clearly announced in Margaret Bond’s Case, (2 C. Cls. R., p. 528,) that we cannot do better than to incorporate it in this opinion. The court after describing the various provisions of the act of the 12th of March, 1863, proceeds to say:

"Other provisions of this act might be cited to show that these words have been used by Congress in relation to property, and in a different sense from that in which the same, or nearly identical, words are used in the Constitution and laws of the United States to define the crime of treason and prescribe its punishment. Any acts voluntarily committed, which would tend'to assist, countenance, abet, or encourage the rebellion, are a flat bar to a claimant’s recovery under this law. And to entitle the claimant to recover, the act requires that he should prove, by those -who had the opportunity of observing his conduct, that he did not give such assistance or encouragement to-the insurrection. He must go further. His evidence to that effect must cover the entire period of the war, so that it shall appear that he 'never’ gave any aid or comfort to the rebellion.’'

Tbe facts found in. this case bring- tlie claimant within the rule just quoted. The life of the claimant was not consistently loyal throughout the entire period of the war, and lie fails affirmatively so to prove it. A. preponderance of the proof in favor of the Union is not, as in ordinary civil cases, sufficient •to turn the scales, and entitle the claimant to a standing in this court. He must show that he “Merer” gave any aid or comfort to the rebellion, and that aid or comfort is not measured by its quantity, or the number of times it was repeated. It is enough, in the lauguage of the rule in the Bond Case, if any acts voluntarily “committed tend to assist, countenance, abet, or encourage the rebellion.” • Thus, can we hold that the claimant’s voluntary ■ connection with the A'iolation of the blockade laws, and his heavy investments in stocks designed to Affolate the laAvs of the United States, and to give aid and countenance to the rebellion, do not bring the claimant clearly Avithin the rule long established and acquiesced in by this court ? Certainly not. His service in the Are company and also in the Confederate treasury department, as well as his putting in a substitute, may possibly admit of explanation under the circumstances of this case; but for his connection with the AÚolations of the blockade, there is no excuse or satisfactory explanation given, and we are therefore constrained to hold that he is not entitled to maintain this action, and dismiss the petition.  