
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Henry Hosier, Appellant.
    First Department,
    May 7, 1909.
    Crime— appeal — presumption as to challenge of jurors — questions showing hias :— effect of former conviction.
    Although the record on appeal does not show that challenges were made to every juror, where the district attorney and the defendant’s counsel examined each of the proposed jurors and there was no objection upon the ground that there-was no challenge, the court will assume that a challenge was made as to each particular juror.
    Where one of the issues raised by an indictment is as to whether the defendant had been formerly convicted of 'grand larceny, an objection to the defendant’s question to a juror asking whether if the evidence should show' that the defendant had been previously convicted and had served a term in the penitentiary, it would influence the juror in the consideration of the evidence is properly sustained.,
    Where the grade of a larceny depends upon a former conviction for larceny, but the defendant’s guilt or innocence depends upon the proof of’ the particular crime charged in the indictment, it is reversible error to sustain an objection to the defendant’s question to a juror, asking whether if the defendant was formerly arraigned, tried and convicted and had served a term of imprisonment . it would influence the juror in arriving at a verdict of guilt or innocence.
    Appeal by the defendant, Henry Hosier, from a judgment of -the pourt of General Sessions pf the Peace in and for the <?ototy of Hew York in favor of the plaintiff, rendered on the 19th day of June, 1908, convicting the defendant of grand larceny in the first degree as a second offénse.
    
      John M. Coleman, for the appellant.
    
      E. Crosby Kindleberger, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J.:

The defendant was indicted for grand larceny in the first degree for having, on the 3d of October, 1905, stolen two promissory notes, one for $750 and the other for $500.

. A serious question that is raised by an exception of the defendant to a question asked one of the jurors upon a challenge as to his qualification as a juror to try this ¡particular case is presented. The record does not disclose that a challange was interposed as to each of these jurors, but the district attorney and counsel for the defendant examined each of the proposed jurors, and no objection was taken to the questions upon the ground that no challenge had been interposed. I think we must assume that there was such a challenge and that the questions were asked to determine the competency of each particular juror. Under this indictment there were two questions for the jury to consider, (1) whether the defendant was guilty of the crime charged, to wit, the larceny of certain promissory notes, and (2) whether the defendant had been formerly convicted of grand larceny in the second degree. In the examination of the proposed jurors counsel for the defendant asked one juror whether, if the evidence would show that the defendant had been convicted before of a crime and had served a term in the penitentiary, that would influence him at all in the consideration of the evidence of this case. To that the district attorney objected, and the court sustained the objection, as the second conviction was one of the issues in the case. I think this objection was properly sustained, as in considering the second question referred to the jury would have to consider whether or not the defendant had been before convicted of a crime. Counsel for the defendant then asked a juror this question: “ I will ask the eighth juror, if it develops from the evidence that this defendant was arraigned upon an indictment, charging him with grand larceny, and tried, and convicted and served a term, • would that influence you in arriving at a verdict of guilt or innocence ? ” This question was objected to by the district attorney. Ho ground of objection is stated, but the court sustained .the objection, stating, “ How, the objection has been sustained, and the record may show that you have asked the question of each juror, if yon wish,” to which counsel- for the defendant stated, “Yes, sir. And that the objection was made and sustained, to which we saved an exception,” and the court replied1,. “ Yes.” The defendant could not be convicted unless the jury found that he was guilty of larceny in stealing one or both of the two notes mentioned in the indictment. His. guilt or innocence, therefore, depended upon the jury finding him guilty of this larceny, and while the grade of the offense depended upon his former conviction, his guilt or innocence of the crime' charged depended upon the question whether he was guilty of the larceny of the notes set forth in the indictment. Upon the trial of that issue he was entitled to a trial by a fair and impartial jury; and in determining the challenge of a juror he was entitled to ascertain whether or not he would be influenced by consideration's other than the evidence presented upon the trial. Ujion this statement in the record defendant must he presumed to have asked each of the jurors called th'e question: Whether the former conviction would influence, the juror in arriving, at a verdict of guilt or innocence] and the court, in excluding that question to each juror, prevented the defendant from ascertaining whether, or not a former conviction would influence him in arriving at a conclusion as to the guilt of the defbndant of the offense charged.

Section 376 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that particular causes of challenge are of two kinds, (1) “ For such a bias, as, when the existence of the facts is ascertained, does in judgment of law disqualify the juror, and which is known in this Code as implied bias;” and (2), “For the existence' of a state of mind on the part of the juror, in reference to the case, or to either party, which satisfies the court, in the exercise óf a sound discretion, that such juror cannot try the issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the party challenging, and which is known in this Code as actual bias.” Section 383 provides: H Upon th© trial of a challenge to an individual juror, the. juror challenged may be examined as a witness, to prove or disprove the challenge ; and is bound to answer every question pertinent to the inquiry therein; ” and section 384 provides that “ the rules of evidence applicable to the trial of other issues govern the admission or exclusion of testimony, on the trial of the challenge.” A question which has reference to the state of mind of the juror in reference to the case or to either party which should be considered ■ by the court in determining whether such juror could try the issues impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the defendant was competent, and its exclusion "was an error which affected-the constitution of the jury that was to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. I cannot escape the conviction that this question was competent and that the defendant should have been allowed to ask of each juror whether or not the fact that he had been convicted of a former crime would influence him in determining the question as to his guilt or innocence of' the particular crime with which he was charged. It is quite true that the jurors were bound in determining the grade of crime to consider whether' or not the defendant had been convicted of a felony; and it is also quite true that if the defendant offered himself as a witness iqion the trial the jury was justified in considering his former conviction in .determining the weight to be given to his- testimony. It is, however, a fundamental principle of the English common law that a former conviction is not properly to be considered by a jury in determining whether or not a defendant is guilty of the crime charged. If a juror was so constituted that in determining the question of the guilt or innocence of a defendant of the crime charged he would not be able to eliminate the impression of guilt produced upon his mind by the fact of a former conviction so that it would influence his determination of the guilt of the defendant of the crime charged lie could not try that issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the defendant; and that that is not an impossible mental condition is shown in this case by the fact that other of the jurors voluntarily stated upon their examination as to their competency as jurors that the prior conviction would probably affect them in making up their minds as to his guilt or innocence, and when that appeared the juror was excluded. The right of a defendant to a fair and impartial jury who will determine the question as to his guilt or innocence solely upon the testimony, and without prejudice or bias, is one that the courts are bound to uphold and which the court below was bound to protect. The defendant had the right to have the question as to whether or not each particular juror was an, impartial juror determined by the court and was entitled to a reasonable examination of each proposed juror so that that fact’ could he intelligently determined. It was an important element in determining the question as to the competency of a juror to ascertain whether the former conviction of the defendant would influence him when he came to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant; and if it appeared that a juror would not or cpuld not weigh the evidence in regard to.the commission of the crime charged without being influenced by the fact that the defendant had been convicted of a former crime, he was not an impartial juror, and the challenge should have- been sustained, and that fact could only be ascertained by .an examination of the juror as to the effect upon his mind of the former conviction. I am, therefore, satisfied that it was error to refuse to allow counsel for the defendant to interrogate each juror as to the weight that he .would give to a former conviction, and that a refusal to allow the defendant to ask the jurors this question seriously impaired his fundamental right to have the court pass upon the question whether such juror could try the issue impartially and without, prejudice to the substantial rights of the defendant; and for that reason the judgment must be reversed.

It is proper for us to say that we have examined the other questions presented by counsel for the defendant; that we think the verdict was sustained by the evidence, and but for this error we should affirm the judgment.

The judgment appealed from is, therefore, reversed and a hew trial ordered.

Patterson, P. J., Clarke, Houghton and Scott, JJ., concurred.

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered. Settle order on no tice.  