
    Renee MIHALIK, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CREDIT AGRICOLE CHEUVREUX NORTH AMERICA, INCORPORATED, Defendant-Appellee.
    Docket No. 11-3361-cv.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Argued: Sept. 28, 2012.
    Decided: April 26, 2013.
    
      Brian Heller, Schwartz & Perry, LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
    
      Barbara M. Roth (Dori Ann Hanswirth, on the brief), Hogan Lovells U.S. LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellee.
    Before: CHIN, LOHIER, AND DRONEY, Circuit Judges.
   CHIN, Circuit Jüdge:

In this case, plaintiff-appellant .Renee Mihalik sued her former employer, defendant-appellee Credit Agricole Cheuvreux North America, Inc. (“Cheuvreux”), alleging that her supervisor ran the office like a “boys’ club,” subjecting her to sexually suggestive comments and twice propositioning her for sex. She alleges that when she refused his sexual advances, he retaliated by berating her in front of other employees and ultimately firing her. Mi-halik asserted claims of gender discrimination and retaliation under the New York City Human Rights Law (the “NYCHRL”), N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(1)(a), (7). The district court granted summary judgment to Cheuvreux, dismissing the complaint. We conclude the district court erred in its application of the NYCHRL. Because Mihalik presented sufficient evidence to show there are genuine disputes of material fact regarding both her claims, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for trial.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

A. The Facts

With all conflicts in the evidence resolved and all reasonable inferences drawn in Mihalik’s favor, the facts may be summarized as follows:

1. Cheuvreux Hires Mihalik

In July 2007, Cheuvreux hired Mihalik as a Vice President of Alternative Execution Services, working under Chief Executive Officer Ian Peacock. This position required Mihalik to sell Cheuvreux’s electronic equity trading services to institutional clients and cultivate them into regular customers. Cheuvreux hired Mihalik because she had contacts with several potential clients. Cheuvreux realized, however, that Mihalik was “coming from a standing start” and that these relationships were not “immediately transferable.” Therefore, Cheuvreux did not set “a hard target” for the revenue she had to generate.

2. Mihalik’s Treatment

From the moment Mihalik started, Peacock paid “special attention” to her, asking her about her relationship status and whether she preferred older men dr was a “cougar.” Immediately, Peacock asked Mihalik to make sure her travel arrangements for a business trip coincided with his so they could “enjoy traveling together” and “get to know each other.” He commented on her appearance often, telling her she looked “sexy” and that her red shoes meant she was “promiscuous.” When she wore certain outfits, he told her that she should “dress like that every day. You might get more clients in turn.” About two months after she started, he asked her if she “fancfied] dogging” and then, when she did not know what that was, described the sex act to which he was referring. In response, Mihalik would always tell Peacock that his behavior was “inappropriate and unbefitting a CEO.”

Peacock’s boorish behavior was typical of the “boys[’] club” atmosphere in the Cheuvreux office. The male employees regularly talked about visiting strip clubs and rated their female colleagues’ appearances. Shortly after one of Mihalik’s female co-workers had given birth, Peacock joked that he could not see that co-worker because her “breasts were in the way” and then told her, “[I]f this job doesn’t work out, Scores [a New York strip club] is hiring.” Upon introducing Mihalik to a new male employee in January 2008, Peacock told her to “respect” the new employee because he was “male” and “more powerful” than she was.

The male employees also frequently looked at pornography on their computers and Peacock showed Mihalik pornography “once or twice a month.” In one instance in August 2007, Mihalik noticed Peacock laughing about something on his computer screen and, when she asked him what was so funny, he showed her an image of a man hanging from his genitals. He then emailed this image to other employees. Also that month, another Cheuvreux employee emailed Mihalik a video parody of the television series CSI, in which detectives used a black light to search for semen residue on a woman’s mouth.

In December 2007, Peacock propositioned Mihalik twice, both times inviting her to spend the night with him at the “Cheuvreux flat.” Mihalik rejected the overtures, telling Peacock “in no uncertain terms that [she] had no interest in a personal relationship with him” and that his conduct was “offensive and shameful.” After these rejections, Peacock stopped sitting next to Mihalik at the trading desk— where he had sat for the first several months of her employment — and began treating her differently. Among other things, Peacock began to exclude her from meetings, berate her in front of other employees, and criticize the quality of her work.

3. Mihalik Complains

Mihalik first complained about this behavior around the end of 2007. By then, however, the head of human resources had resigned, leaving Peacock responsible for most employment matters until a replacement was hired in March 2008. Thus, beginning in November 2007, Mihalik complained about Peacock’s inappropriate sexual comments to David Zack, the head compliance officer, instead of reporting her concerns to human resources. Zack’s only response was, “[Y]ou can’t prove it, he’s the CEO, and nobody is going to back' you.”

In April 2008, Mihalik presented Zack with a draft email she intended to send to Peacock. In the draft email, Mihalik planned to confront Peacock about criticizing her in front of her co-workers, calling his behavior “very unprofessional” and his criticisms “inaccurate,” and asking him to calmly discuss these matters with her in private. After reviewing the email, Zack advised Mihalik that she should send it only if she wanted to get fired.

4. Mihalik’s Performance Problems

Mihalik’s performance was deficient in certain respects throughout her tenure. First, her monthly sales commissions were substantially below those of her peers. There were, however, mitigating circumstances. Only one of Mihalik’s clients was actively trading through the sales desk during her tenure. While Mihalik had successfully signed several institutional clients, those clients had to finish negotiating their contracts with Cheuvreux before they could generate revenue and these negotiations took several months. Some of Mihalik’s clients did not begin generating revenue for Cheuvreux until after her discharge. In contrast, most of her colleagues had established books of clients who regularly conducted business with Cheuvreux.

Second, Mihalik. did not follow up on some sales leads' in a timely manner. For example, in August 2007, a week after Peacock had provided Mihalik and a colleague with three sales leads, Mihalik emailed, the colleague to ask if he knew “anything about these accounts Ian keeps asking us about.” At the end of November 2007, she sent a similar email to another colleague, asking about a sales lead that Peacock had originally given her in mid-October. And in January 2008, Mihalik apologized to an overseas colleague for not following up with a client as she had promised, explaining that she was delayed because her airline had lost her luggage containing her business notes.

Finally, Mihalik missed approximately thirty-five days of work during her nine months at Cheuvreux due to vacations, sickness, and personal reasons. Mihalik provided notice and obtained permission for all of her absences, however, and never exceeded her allotted number of vacation and sick days.

5. Mihalik is Discharged

In April 2008, after she failed to complete an assignment, Cheuvreux discharged Mihalik. Peacock had instructed Mihalik to conduct cold calls for seven days while he was away on business and to have twenty conversations with prospective clients each day. When Mihalik did not complete the assignment, Peacock scheduled a meeting with her. Although initially he had intended only to give her a performance warning, Peacock ultimately fired Mihalik after she asked him, in an allusion tó his sexual propositions, “What’s not working out[?] Me "and you or me at the company?”

B. Proceedings Below

After her discharge, Mihalik filed a complaint against Cheuvreux in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County, alleging gender discrimination and retaliation in violation of the NYCHRL, N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8—107(1)(a), (7). Mihalik did not assert claims under federal or state law. Cheuvreux removed the case to the -Southern District of New York on the basis of diversity of citizenship of the parties.

After the close of discovery, Cheuvreux moved for summary judgment. In a memorandum and order filed July 29, 2011, the district court granted Cheuvreux’s motion, relying on the traditional federal standards for discrimination and retaliation, and noting that it was “incorporating] the special considerations” for NYCHRL claims. Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., No. 09 Civ. 1251, 2011 WL 3586060, at *1, *5-6 (S.D.N.Y. July 29, 2011) (citing Williams v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 872 N.Y.S.2d 27 (1st Dep’t 2009)).

The district court analyzed Mihalik’s gender discrimination claim using the federal quid pro quo and hostile work environment theories. See id. at *6-8. Considering her claim under the quid pro quo analysis, the district court concluded that Mihalik failed to show any connection between Peacock’s sexual propositions and any tangible job detriment, including her discharge. See id. at *6-7. The district court held that, alternatively, Mihalik failed to show that the legitimate nondiscriminatory reason articulated by Cheu-vreux for her dismissal — her poor job performance — was pretextual. See id. at *8.

Next, the district court performed a hostile work environment analysis. See id. at *9-10. Although the court took note that plaintiffs are not required to satisfy the federal “severe and pervasive conduct” standard to prevail on a claim brought under the NYCHRL, id. at *9; see Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 37-39, it relied heavily on the First Department’s admonition ,in Williams v. New York City Housing Authority that the NYCHRL is not a “ ‘general civility code,’ ” Mihalik, 2011 WL 3586060, at *9 (quoting Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 40-41). Thus, it held that Mihalik had merely presented evidence of “ ‘sporadic insensitive comments,’ ” rather than an actionable hostile work environment. Id. at *9-10 (quoting Fullwood v. Ass’n for the Help of Retarded Children, Inc., 08 Civ. 6739, 2010 WL 3910429, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2010)).

Finally, the district court considered Mi-halik’s retaliation claims. While recognizing that, under the NYCHRL, protected activities include “ ‘opposing] any practice forbidden under this chapter,’ ” id. at *10 (alteration in original) (quoting N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(7)), the district court held that Mihalik failed to show a causal connection between her discharge and either her complaints of harassment or her rejection of Peacock’s propositions. Id. at *10-11. The court held that, alternatively, she had not presented evidence that Cheu-vreux’s non-discriminatory reasons for her termination were pretextual. See id. at *11.

Final judgment dismissing all Mihalik’s claims was entered on July 29, 2011. This, appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

A. Applicable Law

1. Standard of Review

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor. McElwee v. Cnty. of Orange, 700 F.3d 635, 640 (2d Cir.2012). Summary judgment is appropriate only when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a).

2. The NYCHRL

For many years, we construed the NYCHRL to be coextensive with its federal and state counterparts. See, e.g., Estate of Hamilton v. City of New York, 627 F.3d 50, 55 (2d Cir.2010); Leibowitz v. Cornell Univ., 584 F.3d 487, 498 n. 1 (2d Cir.2009); Cruz v. Coach Stores, Inc., 202 F.3d 560, 565 n. 1 (2d ’Cir.2000). In 2005, however, the New York City Council amended the NYCHRL by passing the Local Civil Rights Restoration Act of 2005 (the “Restoration Act”), N.Y.C. Local L. No. 85. See, e.g., Loeffler v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 582 F.3d 268, 278 (2d Cir.2009); Williams v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 872 N.Y.S.2d 27, 36 (1st Dep’t 2009) (Acosta, J.); see generally Craig Gurian, A Return to Eyes on the Prize: Litigating Under the Restored New York City Human Rights Law, 33 Fordham Urb. L.J. 255 (2006). As amended, the NYCHRL requires an independent analysis. See Restoration Act § 1; Loeffler, 582 F.3d at 278. Nonetheless, district courts. continued — erroneously—to apply' federal standards to NYCHRL claims. See, e.g., St. Jean v. United Parcel Serv. Gen. Serv. Co., 509 Fed.Appx. 90, 90, No. 12-544-cv, 2013 WL 336006, at *1 (2d Cir. Jan. 30, 2013) (summary order) (“[T]he district court erred to the extent it found that federal standards for recovery are applied in determining employment discrimination claims under the City HRL.... ”); Simmons v. Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP, 508 Fed.Appx. 10, 13, No. 11-4480-cv, 2013 WL 261537, at *2 (2d Cir. Jan. 24, 2013) (summary order). (“[T]he district court erred to the extent that it ... analyzed [the NYCHRL claim]-under the same standard as her claims under federal and state law.”).

In amending the NYCHRL, .the City Council expressed the view that the NYCHRL had been “construed too narrowly” and therefore “underseorefd] that the provisions of New York City’s Human Rights Law are to be construed independently from similar or identical provisions of New York state or federal statutes.” Restoration Act § 1. To bring about this change in the law, the Act established two new rules of construction. First, it created a “one-way ratchet,” by which interpretations of state and federal civil rights statutes can serve only “ ‘as a floor below which the City’s Human Rights law cannot fall.’ ” Loeffler, 582 F.3d at 278 (quoting Restoration Act § 1). Second, it amended the NYCHRL to require that its provisions “be construed liberally for the accomplishment of the uniquely broad and remedial purposes thereof, regardless of whether federal or New York State civil and human rights laws, including those laws with provisions comparably-worded to provisions of this title],] have been so construed.” Restoration Act § 7 (amending N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-130).

Pursuant to these revisions, courts must analyze NYCHRL claims separately and independently from any federal and state law claims, see Restoration Act § 1; Hernandez v. Kaisman, 103 A.D.3d 106, 957 N.Y.S.2d 53, 58 (1st Dep’t 2012); Guri-an, supra, at 275-77, construing the NYCHRL’s provisions “broadly in favor of discrimination plaintiffs, to the extent that such a construction is reasonably possible,” Albunio v. City of New York, 16 N.Y.3d 472, 477-78, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135 (2011). Thus, even if the challenged conduct is not actionable under federal and state law, federal courts must consider separately whether it is actionable under the broader New York City standards. See Hernandez, 957 N.Y.S.2d at 58 (“While we find that the complained-of incidents do not rise to the level of ‘severe and pervasive’ for purposes of a claim pursuant to the State HRL, this does not dispose of the question whether plaintiffs’ City HRL claim is still viable.”).

a. Gender Discrimination

Section 8-107(1)(a) of the NYCHRL makes it “an unlawful discriminatory practice ... [f]or an employer or an employee or agent thereof, because of the ... gender ... of any person, to refuse to hire or employ or to bar or to discharge from employment such person or to discriminate against such person in compensation or in terms, conditions or privileges of employment.” N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(l)(a). Applying the Restoration Act’s new rules of construction, the First Department has established a new standard of liability for gender discrimination under the NYCHRL.

Construing the phrase “discriminate against ... in terms, conditions or privileges of employment” broadly, the First Department reasoned that forcing a targeted employee to suffer “unwanted gender-based conduct” imposes a different term or condition of employment on her, even if the harassing conduct does not rise to the level of being “severe and pervasive.” Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 38. Therefore, the First Department declined to use the federal “severe and pervasive” standard for NYCHRL claims and instead adopted “a rule by which liability is normally determined simply by the existence of differential treatment.” Id. To establish a gender discrimination claim under the NYCHRL, the plaintiff need only demonstrate “by a preponderance of the evidence that she has been treated less well than other employees because of her gender.” Id. at 39; accord Nelson v. HSBC Bank USA 87 A.D.3d 995, 929 N.Y.S.2d 259, 264 (2d Dep’t 2011) (adopting the same standard of liability).

Under this standard, the conduct’s severity and pervasiveness are relevant only to the issue of damages. See Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 38. To prevail on liability, the plaintiff need only show differential treatment — that she is treated “less well” — because of a discriminatory intent. See id. at 39. Indeed, the challenged conduct need not even be “ ‘tangible’ (like hiring or firing).” Id. at 40.

When applying this standard, however, district courts must be mindful that the NYCHRL is not a “general civility code.” Id. at 40-41 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The plaintiff still bears the burden of showing that the conduct is caused by a discriminatory motive. It is not enough that a plaintiff has an overbearing or obnoxious boss. She must show that she has been treated less well at least in part “because of her gender.” Id. at 39, 40 n. 27 (emphasis added).

Even if the plaintiff establishes that she was treated “less well” because of her gender, defendants may assert “an affirmative defense whereby [they] can still avoid liability if they prove that the conduct complained of consists of nothing more than what a reasonable victim of discrimination would consider ‘petty slights and trivial inconveniences.’ Id. at 41 (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., 523 U.S. 75, 81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998)). As with most affirmative defenses, the employer has the burden of proving the conduct’s triviality under the NYCHRL. See Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp. Inc. v. Galadari, 111 F.2d 877, 880 (2d Cir.1985) (citing Blunt v. Barrett, ,124 N.Y. 117, 119, 26 N.E. 318 (1891)) (“The party asserting an affirmative defense usually has the burden of proving it.”). The employer may prevail on summary judgment if it shows that a reasonable jury could conclude only that the conduct amounted to no more than a petty slight. Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 41. Thus, courts may still dismiss “truly insubstantial cases,” where the defense is clear as a matter of law. Id.

In evaluating both the plaintiffs claim and the defendant’s affirmative defense, courts must consider the “totality of the circumstances.” Hernandez, 957 N.Y.S.2d at 59. “[T]he overall context in which [the challenged conduct occurs] cannot be ignored.” Id. Even “a single comment that objectifies women ... made in circumstances where that comment would, for example, signal views about the role of women in the workplace [may] be'actionable.” Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 41 n. 30.

Although the First Department has observed that a jury is often best suited to make this determination, id. at 41, .we note that summary judgment still can be an appropriate mechanism for resolving NYCHRL claims. Even in this context, summary judgment remains “an integral part of the Federal Rules [of Civil Procedure] as a whole, which are designed ‘to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action.’ ” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 1). The Restoration Act cannot, as a procedural matter, limit our interpretation of Rule 56. See Com/Tech Commc’n Techs., Inc. v. Wireless Data Sys., Inc., 163 F.3d 149, 150-51 (2d Gir. 1998) (per curiam) (“[W]here the matter in question is one covered by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, ‘it is settled that ... the Federal Rule applies regardless of contrary state law.’ ” (omission in original) (quoting Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 n. 7, 116 S.Ct. 2211, 135 L.Ed.2d 659 (1996))). While the New York City Council may provide a different substantive standard to be applied to particular claims in federal court, the same federal procedural rules apply. See, e.g., id. at 150 (“Under the Erie doctrine, federal courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Furthermore, even New York courts continue to grant and affirm the granting of summary judgment dismissing NYCHRL claims. See, e.g., Melman v. Montefiore Med. Ctr., 98 A.D.3d 107, 946 N.Y.S.2d 27, 44 (1st Dep’t 2012) (“[E]ven after the passage of the [Restoration Act], not every plaintiff asserting a discrimination claim will be entitled to reach a jury----”); Bennett, 936 N.Y.S.2d at 123-25 (affirming grant of summary judgment); Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 42 (same). Accordingly, district courts may still grant summary judgment with respect to NYCHRL claims if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact regarding plaintiffs claim and the employer’s affirmative defense. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548.

b. Retaliation

Section 8-107(7) of the NYCHRL prohibits employers from “retaliating] or discriminating] in any manner against any person because such person has ... opposed any practice forbidden under this chapter.” N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(7). The Restoration Act amended this section to further provide:

The retaliation or discrimination complained of under this subdivision need not result in an ultimate action with respect to employment, ... or in a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment, ... provided, however, that the retaliatory or discriminatory act or acts complained of must be reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in protected activity.

Restoration Act § 3 (amending N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(7)). Thus, to prevail on a retaliation claim under the NYCHRL, the plaintiff must show that she took an action opposing her employer’s discrimination, see Albunio, 16 N.Y.3d at 479, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135, and that, as a result, the employer engaged in conduct that was reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in such action, see Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 33-34.

In accordance with the Restoration Act’s rules of construction, New York courts have broadly interpreted the NYCHRL’s retaliation provisions. See, e.g., Albunio, 16 N.Y.3d at 477-78, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135. The New York Court of Appeals has held that “opposing] any practice” can include situations where a person, before the retaliatory conduct occurred, merely “made clear her disapproval of [the defendant’s] discrimination by communicating to [him], in substance, that she thought [his] treatment of [the victim] was wrong.” Id. at 479, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135.

Similarly, the First Department has held that “no challenged conduct may be deemed nonretaliatory” unless “a jury could not reasonably conclude from the evidence that such conduct was ... ‘reasonably likely to deter a person from engaging in protected activity.’ ” Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 34. This “assessment [should] be made with a keen sense of workplace realities, of the fact that the ‘chilling effect’ of particular conduct is context-dependent, and of the fact that a jury is generally best suited to evaluate the impact of retaliatory conduct.” Id.

3. Analysis of NYCHRL Claims

To summarize, federal courts reviewing NYCHRL claims are to be guided by the following considerations:

(1) NYCHRL claims must be analyzed separately and independently from federal and state discrimination claims, see Restoration Act § 1; Hernandez, 957 N YS.2d at 58;
(2) the totality of the circumstances must be considered because “the overall context in which [the challenged conduct occurs] cannot be ignored,” Hernandez, 957 NY.S.2d at 59;
(3) the federal severe or pervasive standard of liability no longer applies to NYCHRL claims, and the severity or pervasiveness of conduct is relevant only to the scope of damages, see Williams, 872 NY.S.2d at 38;
(4) the NYCHRL is not a general civility code, see Williams, 872 NY.S.2d at 40, and a defendant is not liable if the plaintiff fails to prove the conduct is caused at least in part by discriminatory or retaliatory motives, see id. at 39-40 & n. 27, or if the defendant proves the conduct was nothing more than “petty slights or trivial inconveniences,” id. at 41;
(5) while courts may still dismiss “truly insubstantial cases,” even a single comment may be actionable in the proper context, id. at 41 & n. 30; and
(6) summary judgment is still appropriate in NYCHRL cases, but only if the- record establishes ás a matter of law that a reasonable jury could not find the employer liable under any theory, see Melman, 946 NY.S.2d at 30; Furfero v. St. John’s Univ., 94 A.D.3d 695, 941 NY.S.2d 639, 642 (2d Dep’t 2012).

B. Application

We consider in turn Mihalik’s claims of gender discrimination and retaliation.

1. Gender Discrimination

Applying the standards set out above, we conclude that the district court erred in granting summary judgment dis-' missing Mihalik’s gender discrimination claim because there is a genuine dispute as to whether she was treated less well than her male colleagues because of her gender. Mihalik presented evidence that men in the Cheuvreux office “objéctified” women by openly viewing and sharing pornography, discussing their jaunts to strip clubs, rating the female employees’ appearances, and making lascivious comments about women’s outfits and bodies. See Hernandez, 957 N.Y.S.2d at 59 (“[C]omments and emails objectifying women’s bodies and exposing them to sexual ridicule, even if considered ‘isolated,’ clearly signaled that defendant considered it appropriate to foster an office environment that degraded women.”). ' There was even evidence that Peacock explicitly told Mihalik that male employees should be respected because they were “male” and thus “more powerful” than, women. See Williams, 872 NY.S.2d at 41 n. 30 (“[A] single comment that objectifies women ... made in circumstances where that comment would, for example, signal views about the role of women in the workplace [may] be actionable.”).

Mihalik was subjected to this environment, and also had to suffer Peacock’s unwanted sexual attention, including two sexual propositions. If a jury were to credit Mihalik’s testimony, it could reasonably find that she was treated “less well” than her male colleagues because of her gender, and that the conduct complained of was neither petty nor trivial. Id. at 39, 41; see also Hernandez, 957 N.Y.S.2d at 57 (“ ‘The mere fact that men and women are both- exposed to the same offensive circumstances on the job site ... does not mean that, as a matter of law, their work conditions are equally, harsh.’” (quoting Petrosino v. Bell Atl, 385 F.3d 210, 221 (2d Cir.2004))).

The district court reached. a different conclusion by relying on reasons that find no support in the NYCHRL, as interpreted by New York courts. First, the district court analyzed. Mihalik’s gender discrimination claim under two federal standards of liability: the quid pro quo analysis— looking for a connection between the discriminatory conduct and a materially adverse employment action — and a hostile work environment analysis — looking for conduct severe or pervasive enough to alter the terms of Mihalik’s employment. Mihalik, 2011 WL 3586060, at *6-10. Williams made clear, however, that the NYCHRL does not require either materially adverse employment actions or severe and pervasive conduct. See Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 34, 37-39. Instead, “a focus on unequal treatment based on gender-regardless of whether the conduct is ‘tangible’ (like hiring or firing) or not — is in fact the approach that is most faithful to the uniquely broad and remedial purposes of the local statute.” Id. at 40. Thus, Peacock’s alleged mistreatment of Mihalik would be actionable under the NYCHRL even if it was unrelated to her discharge and was neither severe nor pervasive. Id. at 39.

Second, the district court concluded that Mihalik had not shown that Cheu-vreux’s proffered reason for her dismissal — her poor performance — was a pretext for discrimination. Under the NYCHRL, however, differential treatment may be actionable even if it does not result in an employee’s discharge. See id. at 40. Even a poorly-performing employee is entitled to an environment free from sexual harassment. See id. at 38 (“[A]nalysis of the City HRL must be guided by the need to make sure that discrimination plays no role [in. the workplace].... ”). Therefore, Mihalik’s alleged poor performance would not excuse Peacock’s alleged sexual advances and demeaning behavior. In other words, even assuming that Mihalik could not prove she was dismissed for a discriminatory reason or that Cheuvreux had good grounds for discharging her, Mihalik could still, recover .for any other differential treatment based on her gender.

Finally, the district court concluded that Mihalik’s testimony showed no more than “ ‘sporadic insensitive comments’ ” and it granted summary judgment because the NYCHRL was not a “general civility code.” Mihalik, 2011 WL 3586060, at *9-10 (quoting Fullwood, 2010 WL 3910429, at *9). This analysis places too much emphasis on Williams’s recognition that the NYCHRL should hot “operate as a ‘general civility code,’ ” and too little emphasis on its exhortation that even “a single comment” may be actionable in appropriate circumstances. See Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 40-41 & n. 30 (quoting Oncale, 523 U.S. at 81, 118 S.Ct. 998). Under New York law, a defendant is entitled to summary judgment based on the conduct’s triviality only if a reasonable jury could not interpret the alleged comments as anything “more than petty slights or trivial inconveniences.”- Id. at 41. Construing the evidence in its totality and in Mihalik’s favor, we conclude that a jury could reasonably find that Peacock’s behavior constituted more than “petty slights or trivial inconveniences,” and that it was sexually-charged conduct that subjected Mihalik to a different set of employment conditions than her male colleagues. Accordingly, the grant of summary judgment dismissing Mihalik’s gender discrimination claim was inappropriate.

2. Retaliation

Applying the New York courts’ interpretation of the NYCHRL’s retaliation provision, we conclude there is a genuine dispute as to whether Peacock retaliated against Mihalik for opposing his discriminatory conduct. First, there is an issue of fact regarding what occurred in the April 2008 meeting at which Mihalik was fired. It is undisputed that Peacock had no intention of firing Mihalik before that meeting, but the parties do dispute what happened during the meeting. Mihalik testified that Peacock fired her only after she asked, “What’s not working out[?] Me and you or me at the company?” Under the NYCHRL, by implicitly referencing her rejection of his sexual propositions, she may have opposed his discrimination by “communicating to [Peacock], in substance, that she thought [Peacock’s] treatment of [her] was wrong.” Albunio, 16 N.Y.3d at 479, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135. If the jury credits this testimony and finds that Peacock fired Mihalik because she denounced his sexual propositions in the April 2008 meeting, Peacock would be liable for retaliation under the NYCHRL. Thus, the district court erred in concluding that “disputes about details of this meeting are not relevant.” Mihalik, 2011 WL 3586060, at *3 n. 4.

Second, putting aside what happened at the April 2008 meeting, there is a genuine dispute as to whether Peacock retaliated against Mihalik in other ways. A jury could reasonably find that Mihalik had also opposed Peacock’s discriminatory conduct by rejecting his advances'in December 2007 and telling him that his actions were “offensive and shameful.” Cf. Albunio, 16 N.Y.3d at 479, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135 (affirming jury’s finding that an employee “ ‘opposed! discrimination” by telling her supervisor, after he criticized her for recommending a homosexual candidate for a job, that she would do it again and making clear her disapproval of her supervisor’s discriminatory action). Mi-halik testified in her deposition that, after she rejected Peacock’s propositions in this manner, he began to tell her — in front of her mostly male colleagues — that she “add[ed] nothing of value,” that she has “no fucking clue what [she was] doing,” and that she was “pretty much useless.” Mihalik also alleges that Peacock stopped sitting next to her at the trading desk and instructed the staff to exclude her from meetings.

The jury could find that Peacock’s actions were the result of Mihalik’s opposition in December 2007. While Cheuvreux presented evidence of flaws in Mihalik’s performance throughout her employment, the company presented no evidence that anyone confronted her about these problems before she rejected Peacock’s alleged advances in December 2007. Indeed, Mi-halik alleges that the meeting in April 2008 was the first time Peacock met with her to review her performance. Again, Peacock had no intention of firing Mihalik before the meeting. Drawing all reasonable inferences in Mihalik’s favor, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that there was no causal connection between the rejections and Peacock’s subsequent demeaning conduct. Moreover, keeping in mind “workplace realities” and “the fact that the ‘chilling effect’ of particular conduct is context-dependent,” a jury could reasonably find that publicly humiliating Mihalik in front of her male counterparts and otherwise shunning her was likely to deter a reasonable person from opposing his harassing behavior in the future. See Williams, 872 N.Y.S.2d at 34; see also Albunio, 16 N.Y.3d at 476, 478, 922 N.Y.S.2d 244, 947 N.E.2d 135 (finding no merit in defendant’s argument that certain employment actions, including being “shunned and excluded from meetings,” were not adverse as a matter of law); Gurian, supra, at 322 (asserting that if “the cost of opposing discrimination would be the loss of all future social intercourse with other employees, the workplace reality would be that some people — indeed, many people — would become less likely to oppose discrimination than they otherwise would be”).

The district court also granted summary judgment on the alternative ground that Mihalik had not shown that Cheuvreux’s non-discriminatory justification for Miha-lik’s discharge was pretextual. We conclude this was error. As an initial matter, summary judgment is appropriate only if the plaintiff cannot show that retaliation played any part in the employer’s decision. See Melman, 946 N.Y.S.2d at 30-31; Furfero, 941 N.Y.S.2d at 642. At the least, the dispute surrounding the April 2008 meeting raises a question of fact as to whether Cheuvreux had mixed motives for firing Mihalik. Because the undisputed evidence demonstrates that her performance did not motivate Peacock to fire her before the April 2008 meeting, a jury could credit Mihalik’s version of that meeting and find that retaliation was a motivating factor for her discharge.

In addition, we conclude that Mihalik has presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude Cheuvreux’s non-discriminatory rationale was pretextual. In response to Cheuvreux’s evidence of her low sales commissions and failure to follow up on some sales leads, Mihalik presented evidence that: Cheuvreux hired her because she had pre-existing contacts with prospective clients; Mihalik in fact signed many of those clients; Cheuvreux set no hard sales targets for Mihalik because she was beginning from a “standing start”; Cheuvreux knew it could take many months for a new client to start generating revenue; and some of the clients Mihalik signed began producing revenue for Cheuvreux only after her dismissal. Mihalik also presented evidence showing that she did not exceed her allotted number of vacation and sick days, and that Peacock had approved each ' of her vacation requests. From this evidence, a jury could find that Mihalik’s true value rested on her ability to recruit large institutional clients and Cheuvreux knew that several of them would begin to generate income shortly.

More.importantly, while we agree that the evidence of Mihalik’s poor performance was substantial, we also conclude that a jury could find, notwithstanding that poor performance, that Cheuvreux was not- yet ready to fire Mihalik and that it did so only after Peacock became angry that Mi-halik raised the issue of his sexual advances. Moreover, because Peacock had never criticized Mihalik’s performance before she rejected his propositions, a jury could find that he used her shortcomings as an excuse to humiliate and punish her for opposing his discriminatory behavior. If a jury so found, it would be free to infer that Cheuvreux is using Mihalik’s poor performance now as a mere cover-up for retaliation. See Bennett, 936 N.Y.S.2d at 124. Therefore, the district court erred in granting summary judgment on Mihalik’s retaliation claim.

CONCLUSION

• We conclude that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because the record below presented genuine disputes of material fact regarding both Mi-halik’s claims under the NYCHRL. Accordingly, the judgment is VACATED and the case is REMANDED for trial: 
      
      . In this context, as the district court noted, the term "cougar” refers to “ 'a middle-aged woman seeking a romantic relationship with a younger man.' ” Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., No. 09 Civ. 1251, 2011 WL 3586060, at *2 n. 2 (S.D.N.Y. July 29, 2011) (quoting Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/cougar (last visited July 27, 2011)).
     
      
      . Peacock’s recollection of this incident differs substantially, as he recalls that Mihalik raised the subject of gender. According to his contemporaneous notes, Mihalik instigated a fight with the new employee after telling him that his marketing ideas were "crap.” Peacock contends that Mihalik stated in this context, "[L]et’s face it Ian, you hired me for my looks and that’s the only reason people do business.... It is because I have breasts and look good.”
     
      
      . Cheuvreux presented evidence that it blocks employees from accessing pornographic websites on their work computers.
     
      
      . Cheuvreux alleges that this video originated with Mihalik and that she sent it to both the Cheuvreux employee and a client. The email Cheuvreux cites, however, clearly indicates that Mihalik received the video from the Che-uvreux employee and she forwarded it only to the client.
     
      
      . Cheuvreux presented evidence that it does not maintain an apartment or hotel room in New York City.
     
      
      . Mihalik is a citizen of New Jersey and Cheu-vreux is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in either New York or California.
     
      
      . We note that our discussion applies only to disparate treatment claims and that a separate provision of the NYCHRL applies to disparate impact claims. See N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-107(17); Levin v. Yeshiva Univ., 96 N.Y.2d 484, 491, 730 N.Y.S.2d 15, 754 N.E.2d 1099 (2001); cf. Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 577-78, 129 S.Ct. 2658, 174 L.Ed.2d 490 (2009) (explaining that, under Title VII, liability for disparate treatment requires intentional discrimination, but liability for disparate impact does not).
     
      
      . It is unclear whether, and to what extent, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis has been modified for NYCHRL claims. Compare Bennett v. Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 92 A.D.3d 29, 936 N.Y.S.2d 112, 116 (1st Dep't 2011) (beginning to consider how McDonnell Douglas framework should be modified), with Melman v. Montefiore Med. Ctr., 98 A.D.3d 107, 946 N.Y.-S.2d 27, 30 (1st Dep’t 2012) ("[N]either the [Restoration Act] nor the City Council report thereon ... indicates that the McDonnell Douglas framework is to be discarded.”). Although Bennett seemed to suggest the analysis has changed, the First Department later narrowly construed Bennett as only requiring trial courts to consider whether plaintiff's claim could survive under either the McDonnell Douglas analysis or a mixed motives theory of liability. See Melman, 946 N.Y.S.2d at 30. It is unclear how this differs from the federal standard. See, e.g., Garcia v. Hartford Police Dep’t, 706 F.3d 120, 127 (2d Cir.2013) ("[T]o defeat summary judgment ... the plaintiff is not required to show that the employer's proffered reasons were false or played no role in the employment decision, but only that they were not the only reasons and that the prohibited factor was at least one of the motivating factors.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
      It is not necessary to resolve this issue. While it is unclear whether McDonnell Douglas continues to apply to NYCHRL claims and, if so, to what extent it applies, the question is also less important because' the NYCHRL simplified the discrimination inquiry: the plaintiff need only show that her employer treated her less well, at least in part for a discriminatory reason. The employer may present evidence of its legitimate, non-discriminatory motives to show the conduct was not caused by discrimination, but it is entitled to summary judgment on this basis only if the record establishes as a matter of . law that "discrimination play[ed] no role” in its actions. Williams v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 61 A.D.3d 62, 872 N.Y.S.2d 27, 38, 40 n. 27 (1st Dep’t 2009); see also Furfero v. St. John’s Univ., 94 A.D.3d 695, 941 N.Y.S.2d 639, 642 (2d Dep’t 2012) (citing Bennett, 936 N.Y.S.2d at 124).
     
      
      . For reasons discussed more fully in the next section, there is also a genuine dispute as to Cheuvreux's motivation for Mihalik's discharge.
     
      
      . Of course, whether Mihalik's discharge resulted from discriminatory treatment against her would be relevant to the quantum of damages.
     
      
      . While there is evidence that Mihalik engaged in similar boorish behavior, such as sending an email to a male employee that read "hey ... Stud” or telling another that he "looked so ripped,” it is the province of the jury to weigh this competing evidence and decide whether it indicates that Mihalik worked under the same terms and conditions of employment as her male co-workers or that the challenged conduct was too trivial to be a basis for liability. Viewing Mihalik's comments in context, a jury may conclude that they were made in jest, were less offensive than those allegedly made by the male employees, or were her attempt to cope with her hostile work environment. Therefore, we cannot conclude that this evidence shows Cheuvreux is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
     
      
      . We offer no opinion on whether merely rejecting a sexual advance is cognizable under the federal or state counterparts to the NYCHRL. Compare LeMaire v. Louisiana Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 480 F.3d 383, 389-90, (5th Cir.2007) ("rejecting sexual advances” in and of itself is not a protected activity under Title VII), with Ogden v. Wax Works, 214 F.3d 999, 1007 (8th Cir.2000) (rejecting advance and telling supervisor to stop his offensive conduct constituted "the most basic form of protected conduct”). As we caution above, the NYCHRL calls for an independent analysis that is consistent with its "uniquely broad and remedial purposes.” Restoration Act § 7.
     
      
      . For similar reasons, a jury could also find that Peacock's behavior and Mihalik’s discharge were additional instances in which she was treated less well because of her gender. Instead of viewing Mihalik’s rejections as opposing discrimination, a jury may view them as failing to submit to Cheuvreux’s discriminatory term or condition of employment — i.e., accepting the CEO’s sexual advances — which Peacock sought to enforce by humiliating and firing her.
     