
    Emil Heuel, as Executor, etc., of Conrad Stein, Deceased, Plaintiff, v. Alexander Stein, as Executor, and Josephine Stein, as Executrix, etc., of Conrad Stein, Deceased, and Others, Defendants. Josephine Stein Uterhart and Carl J. Stein, Appellants; Emanuel J. Myers, Guardian ad Litem, Respondent.
    
      (Supreme Court, App. Div., First Department,
    
    
      December 11, 1914.)
    Will—Action fob Construction—Judgment Valid, Although Improper Person Appointed Guardian Ad Litem—Guardian Ad Litem Wrongfully Appointed not Entitled to Compensation—When Court May Compel Guardian Ad Litem to Repay Moneys Received for Services.
    Where, in an action for the construction of a will, there is a substantial contest between two- sons of the testator and four other children who are infants, an attorney who, by means of a misleading affidavit, is appointed guardian ad litem for the infants, and appears on the trial of the action in behalf of all of the defendants, although the other members of his firm are attorneys for the two sons, is not entitled to payment out of the estate of the infants for his services as guardian ad litem, because he was not a competent person to be appointed;, within the provisions of rule 49 of the General Rules of Practice.
    The appointment of such a person as guardian ad litem was not void, however, and the judgment entered was binding upon the infants as well as the adult heirs of the testator.
    Where, on a rqotion for an order revoking and setting aside any provisions made for the compensation of such a guardian ad litem, it appears that the attorney after being denied an order fixing his compensation under rule 50 of the General Rules of Practice, procured payment from- the executors of the testator, without an order of the court, which was allowed upon a Subsequent accounting, the decree of the surrogate is res adjudieata as between the executors and the heirs, but is not conclusive as between the attorney and his former wards, and, hence, the court may require him to repay the sum which he received from the executors as compensation, with interest, under the provision of the notice of motion asking for “ such other and further relief as may seem to the court just and proper.”
    Clarke and Dowling, JJ., dissented, with opinion.
    Appeal by Josephine Stein Uterhart and another from two orders of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of ISTew York on the 18th day of November, 1913, denying their separate motions for an order revoking, canceling and setting aside any provisions heretofore made for the compensation of Emanuel J. Myers, as guardian ad litem herein, and requiring him to make restitution of the amount already received by him.
    Frederic E. Coudert, of counsel (Uterhart & Graham, attorneys), for the appellants.
    Emanuel J. Myers, respondent-, in person.
   Ingraham, P. J.

— This action was commenced in the summer of 1900 by one of the executors of the last will and testament of Conrad Stein, deceased, to obtain a construction of the will and to determine what real property was devised to the defendants, Alexander Stein and Conrad Stein, two sons of the testator, by the will. In addition to these two sons, the testator left him surviving four children who were infants. These two sons claimed that under the will they were entitled to several pieces of real- property, which the plaintiff, as one of the executors of the will, disputed. The substantial contest, therefore, was between these two sons, on the one side, and the four infants, on the other.

On. August 24, 1900, the complaint was served upon the firm of Myers, Goldsmith & Bronner, who admitted service of the complaint as attorneys for the defendants. Josephine Stein, the widow of the testator and the-mother of the four infants, two of whom were over fourteen years, and two of them under fourteen years of age, presented a petition to the Supreme Court, executed by herself as the general guardian, and by the two infants who were over fourteen years of age, asking that Emanuel J. Myers, of the firm of Myers, Goldsmith"& Bronner, be appointed as guardian ad litem for the infants. With that petition Mr. Myers presented an affidavit stating that he was an attorney and counselor at law, residing in the city of Hew York, that he had no interest adverse to those of the four infants, who desired to have him appointed as guardian ad litem, and that he was. not connected in business with any attorney or counsel whose interests were adverse to those of said infants. On that petition and affidavit on the 6th of September, 1900, the court appointed Mr. Myers as guardian ad litem of said .infants. Mr. Myers, as guardian ad litem, interposed an answer for the infants, alleging that they and each of them were strangers to all and singular the things set forth in the complaint in this action, saving and excepting they were children of Conrad Stein, deceased, who died, leaving a last will and testament, and that they were severally infants under the age of twenty-one years, and claimed such interest in the premises as they were-severally entitled to, and the said defendants by their guardian ad litem, submitted their several rights and interests in the matters in question in this action to the protection of the court. This answer was signed by Emanuel J. Myers, as guardian ad litem of the infants. The defendants, Alexander Stein and Oonrad Stein, served an answer to the complaint, claiming they were entitled to certain real estate as devisees of the testator, and that answer was subscribed by Goldsmith & Bronner, as attorneys for the defendants, two of the partners of Emanuel J. Myers. So far as appears from the record, the rights of these infants, as against their two brothers, were no.t insisted upon at the trial. Emannel J. Myers, although guardian. ad litem for the infants, seemed to have appeared upon the trial on behalf of all of the defendants and to have tried the case for them. In his answering affidavits he states that it was understood that Judge Gross should appear for and represent Josephine Stein as executrix and individually, and Alexander Stein as executor; that Goldsmith & Bronner should appear for and interpose an answer in behalf of Alexander Stein’s and Conrad Stein’s individual interests, setting up their construction of the devise and bequest in the will; that A. C. Cropsey, who was associated with Judge Gross, should appear for and interpose an answer for Josephine Stein, individually and as testamentary guardian for the infant children of the testator, and that Emanuel J. Myers should appear as guardian ad litem for the infant children of the testator. He then stated it was understood and believed that the interests of these parties were not adverse, inimical or hostile, and that the evidence which would be interposed in behalf of the defendants would be the same, and that the oral evidence to be submitted was showing the nature,-character and extent of the brewery plant, as it was considered that it was the express wish of the testator, as stated in the will, that his sons should carry on the business. He further stated that Judge Gross desired him to prepare and conduct the trial of the cause, and in particular this question of the identity of the property constituting the “ Brewery Business,” in view of his special knowledge of the Brewery Plant,” and that all of the questions raised by the complaint were to be fairly presented to the court with the view that the will should be fairly, honestly and impartially construed in the light of all circumstances showing the nature and character of the estate and throwing any light on the testator’s intention in the “ devise of the brewing business.” The cause was tried at the Special Term of the Supreme Court, presided over by Mr. Justice Bisci-ioit, who rendered a decision sustaining the position taken by Judge Gross and Emanuel J. Myers as to the validity of the trusts contained in the will, that Mrs. Josephine Stein was not required to elect but entitled to her right of dower as well as to the testamentary provisions, and further deciding that certain real estate was part of the brewery business, and against the contention of Alexander - Stein and Conrad Stein, which had been argued by Mr. Myers, although opposed to the interests of his wards, as to the four vacant lots and the foreman’s house claimed by them as part of the brewery plant.”

It is quite clear upon this record that Mr. Myers was not a competent person to be appointed guardian ad litem, within the provisions of rule 49 of the General Rules of Practice. His firm had appeared for Alexander Stein and Conrad Stein, whose interests were distinctly adverse to those of the infants, and his affidavit, upon which he was appointed guardian ad litem, was, to say the least, misleading. The will of the testator was indefinite as to the real estate which was included in the devise to these two sons, and these two sons’ claim to certain real property of the testator as included in the devise to them was adverse to those of the other children of the testator, as they would have an interest in all of the real estate which the testator owned, which was not included in the bequest to these two sons. I agree, however, with my brother Clarke that this did not make the appointment of Mr. Myers as guardian ad litem void and the judgment thus entered would bind the infants as well as the adult heirs of the testator. (See Parish v. Parish, 77 App. Div. 267 ; 175 N. Y. 181.)

Mr. Myers then made two applications to the Supreme Court for an order fixing his compensation, under rule 50 of the General Rules of Practice, but neither of the applications resulted in an order in compliance with such rule, and, therefore, it would appear that Mr. Myers was not entitled to receive any compensation as guardian ad litem, and, if the facts submitted had been before the court on these applications, it is clear that no award would have been made. It is also clear that Mr. Myers rendered no services to the infants as against the claims of their brothers to these pieces of real property. What he did was to appear as counsel for the adult defendants. So Mr. Myers was entitled to no payment out of the estate of the infants for his services as guardian ad litem.

Having failed to obtain an order which would justify such a payment, he persuaded the executors of the testator, without any order of the court, to pay him the sum of $5,363.90. That money seems to have been paid out of the general assets of the estate as at that time no property had been set apart for the infants. Subsequently, however, the executors presented to the surrogate an accounting of their proceeding, in which these infants were parties, represented by guardian ad litem. In that accounting there was a credit claim for this payment of $5,363.90, to Mr. Myers, as guardian ad litem. I cannot find that the decree of the surrogate is a part of these proceedings, but it is stated that the decree contained a provision that the said sum of $5,363.90, paid to Emanuel J. Myers as guardian ad litem of the infant children, should be paid out of the several distributive shares of' the said Josephine Stein, the younger, Paula Stein, Ella Stein and Carl Stein, in equal proportions, share and share alike, when the trust period expires at the majority of the youngest child, Carl Stein, or his death before majority.” We must assume that this decree of the surrogate is res adjudicaba as between these parties, and that as between the infants and the .executors the infants are chargeable on the final distribution of the estate with the proportionate amount of this sum- of money, illegally and improperly paid by the executors out of the estate. But Mr. Myers was not a party to that proceeding, nor was his right to retain that sum adjudicated as between himself and his wards, the infants. Undoubtedly the executors have a right to charge that payment to the wards upon the final distribution of the estate, but there is nothing in this decree, as I view it, that, as between Mr. Myers and the wards, in an adjudication which prevents the court from ordering Mr. Myers to repay to his former wards the money wrongfully paid to him and charged to them on the final distribution of the estate. He stands before this court as an attorney and counselor of this court, and he was appointed by this court as guardian ad litem on an affidavit containing statements which were misleading. He acted as guardian ad litem through the trial of the action which determined the right of his wards to certain real property, without acting solely for the wards against their brothers who claimed an interest in the real property adverse to that of the wards, and for that he has received from the infants a sum of money to which he clearly was not entitled. Under such circumstances, it seems to me that' the authority of this court in its control over its attorneys and counselors at law, when the infants arrive at age and before the final distribution of the estate, is sufficient to require the attorney to repay the sum of money which he has received without legal authority. The notice of motion is that Mr. Myers be required to repay to the executors the amount which he has received from them as com- . pensation for the service rendered as guardian;" To grant the motion in this form would be, in effect, to reverse or modify the surrogate’s decree, which, as has been said, is valid and conclusive as between the executors and the petitioners. It is not conclusive, however, as between Mr. Myers and his former wards. The notice of motion also asks for “ such other and further relief as may seem to the court just and proper in the premises,” and under this clause we are in a position to make an order adjusting the rights of the parties all of whom are before the court, which has also before it all the facts in the case. Mr. Myers is not only an officer of the court by virtue of his office as attorney "and counselor at law, but in his relation to the infants he was especially appointed as the representative and officer of the court to protect the interests of its wards. He is, therefore, subject to the summary jurisdiction of the court. He has been guilty of procuring," under circumstances which we cannot approve, a large sum of money to which he is not entitled and which has been or must be paid by his wards, who until now have had no opportunity to contest with him the propriety of the payment to him. Under these circumstances it is well within the power of the court to require him to make restitution by repaying to his former wards the sums which he received from the executors as compensation for his services as guardian ad litem, with interest. To this extent the motion will be granted, the orders appealed from being reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.

Laughlin and Scott, JJ., concurred; Clarke and Dow-ling, JJ., dissented.

Clarke, J. (dissenting).

First. Rule 49 of the General Rules of Practice provides that “ No person shall be appointed guardian ad litem, either on the application of the infant or otherwise, unless he he the general guardian of such infant, or is fully competent to understand and protect the rights of the infant, and has no interest adverse to that of the infant, and is not connected in business with the attorney or counsel of the -adverse party.”

In Parish v. Parish (77 App. Div. 267), in an action in partition, the attorney for the plaintiffs was a clerk in the office of the firm of lawyers who appeared for the adult defendants and a member of this firm appeared for some of the infant defendants while another clerk in their office appeared for others of the infant defendants as guardians ad litem. Mr. Justice O’Brien said: “ Rule 49 of the General Rules of Practice, having for its object the protection of infants, must, so far as its language is susceptible of extension, be construed in its broadest sense; and so construed, we think the term £ connected in business ’ with the attorney or counsel of the adverse party, contemplates any kind of business association and, therefore, would include clerks as well as partners. What the rule was Intended to secure is the appointment of a' guardian who has no business association with those representing adverse inter-» «ests, so that the infant might obtain the benefit of the free and independent judgment of the one selected to protect his rights. A similar construction, we also think, must be given to the expressions in the rule, £ interest adverse ’ and £ adverse party.’ So construed, the rule is not to be limited to cases wherein, as the result of an adjudication, it has been held that the interests -of the infant are or are not adverse; but is applicable as well to cases where the question of whether the interests of the-infant are or are not adverse is involved.”

On appeal (175 N. Y. 181) Cullen, J., said: “ It may be ■assumed that as to certain of the guardians, the affidavits show that their appointments were made in violation of the rule, and it may also be conceded that the proper interpretation of those rules should largely rest in the judgment of that court by which they were formulated. Hence, had the court below on a direct application to vacate the orders appointing those guardians, or on an appeal from those orders, set the appointments aside, we should in no way have interfered with their determination. * * * Doubtless it was the duty of the trial court to appoint as guardian for each of the infants a person competent to protect his interests and not connected with the attorney or counsel for the adverse party.”

It is plain, therefore, as it seems to me, that as Goldsmith and Bronner, partners of Mr. Myers, represented Alexander and Conrad Stein, the devisees, who were claiming the whole of the property in controversy, Mr. Myers’ appointment as guardian ad litem of the four infants was in violation of said rule. The infants’ interests required opposition to that of their elder brothers and the maintenance of the proposition that this property should bp determined not to have been devised to them but to have passed into the residuary estate, of which the infants were the beneficiaries. Mr. Myers was clearly connected in business with the attorneys of the adverse parties. But the Court of Appeals proceeds: “ But who was to determine these facts and qualifications? Plainly, the court to whom the application was made. The order of the court appointing the guardians ad litem recites that it satisfactorily appears to the court that the person appointed had no interest adverse to that of the infant defendants and that he was not in business with the attorney or counsel for the plaintiffs or any adverse party. If the court erred in this determination it did not deprive the court of jurisdiction or render the judgment voidable, but, like any other error, was to be corrected only by direct attack, that is to say, by appeal or by motion to set the order aside.” ’

Final judgment was entered in the action in which Mr. Myers was appointed guardian ad litem, January 16, 1902. Mo appeal was taken from the order appointing the guardian ad litem and no motion was ever made, or is now made, to vacate or set aside said order.

Second. Rule 50 of the General Rules of Practice provides that It shall be the duty of every attorney or officer of the court to act as the guardian of any infant defendant, in any suit or proceeding against him, whenever appointed for that purpose by an order of this court. And it shall be the duty of such guardian to examine into the circumstances of the case, so far as to enable him to make the proper defense, when necessary for the protection of the rights of the infant; and he shall be entitled to such compensation for his services as the court may deem reasonable. But no order allowing compensation to guardians ad litem shall be made, except upon an affidavit to be made by such guardian, if an attorney of the court, * * * showing that he has examined into the circumstances of the case, and has, to the best of his ability, made himself acquainted with the rights of his ward, and that such guardian has taken all the steps necessary for the protection of such rights, to the best of his knowledge, and as he believes, stating what has been done by him for the purpose of ascertaining the rights of the ward.”

There is no order of the Supreme Court, which appointed Mr. Myers guardian ad litem in this action, fixing or allowing any compensation for his services rendered herein. It is obvious that the language of the rule requiring an order of the court refers to the court in which the litigation was pending, in which the guardian was appointed, where the order appointing him was made and where the services were rendered. This is emphasized by the fact that two applications to the court were made for such an order- and that no such order exists. So much of the notice of motion, therefore, as asks for an order revoking, canceling and setting aside any provisions heretofore made herein for the compensation of said Emanuel J. Myers as guardian, ad litem must fail because there is no order made herein providing for compensation.

Third. Not having succeeded in obtaining an order fixing his compensation from the Supreme Court, Myers obtained from the executors of the estate of Conrad Stein, without the order of any court, the sum of $5,363.90. Thereafter, in the Surrogate’s Court, in the accounting by the executors of their decedent’s estate, said payment was allowed to them and the provision was inserted in the decree passing their accounts, that said sum should be paid out of and from the several distributive shares of the four infants in equal proportion, share and share alike, when the trust period expires at the majority of the youngest child, which period arrived November, 1912. As between the accounting exécutors and the said infants, who were all parties to the accounting proceedings, said decree is res adjudicata, said decree never having been vacated or appealed from and still existing in full force and effect. I am not able to perceive that this court in this proceeding has any power or authority over said final decree of the Surrogate’s Court which permits it to make any order in the premises affecting said provision. What is presented here is, whether, upon summary application by way of petition, the Supreme Court has the power to direct an attorney, who was appointed a guardian ad litem in a pending litigation in said court in 1900, in a litigation which was concluded by the final judgment entered in 1902, who did not procure an order of this court fixing his compensation for services, but who received such compensation from the executors of an estate upon whose final accounting a decree was entered allowing said payment, to make restitution to the infants, who, by the terms of said decree, are now called upon to pay the amount thereof to the trust estate. I think that the guardian was erroneously paid for his services as guardian, because he never obtained án order of the Supreme Court fixing and allowing his compensation. But he received payment from the executors, and their accounts showing such payment were passed and approved by the Surrogate’s Court. I fail to find upon the facts and circumstances disclosed upon this record warrant for summary proceedings of restitution by order.

The orders appealed from should be affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements to the respondent.

Dowling, J., concurred.

Orders reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion granted to the extent stated in opinion. Order to be settled on notice.

NOTE ON SPECIAL GUARDIAN.

(See note on Appointment and Qualification of Guardians, 6 Mills Surr. 471.)

Section 2530 of the Code of Civil Procedure was amended by the Laws of 1915, Gh'ap. 315, in effect Sept. 1, 1915, and is- now Section 2534 (Surrogates’ Code), having been rewritten and the scope enlarged. Authorities •governing th-e oid '§ 2530 apply to the present § 2534.

Irhe only direct grant of authority to a Surrogate’s Court to appoint a guardian ad litem for an infant is contained in this section and § 2527, which apply- exclusively1 to cases where- he has been or is- to- be cited, or is already a party to a special proceeding. (Matter of Watson, 2 Dem. 642.)

Special guardians are the most important officers of the court. Their responsibilities are much graver than those of a referee. They must act independently of all -persons- interested in the estate. Family influence should not deter them- from- a most searching inquiry into all matters of interest to their ward. The solemn assurances of the most respectable executor supplemented by personal statements of his counsel, that of his own personal knowledge the details of the account are lawful and mathematically correct, would not justify these officers- of the court in passing a single item of the account, nor any question of law involved without personal examination. They must inquire and investigate and- then dfecide as to all matters in which their ward is interested. T-heir report to the court should give- a full account of all the matters- in their charge, stating their conclusions and- their reasons therefor and all must he based upon their independent personal investigation. The court is- jealous- of the rights of infants and will be watchful over them and their property. The special guardian, is the arm of the court, and in- his person this beueficient policy of the law is to he executed. They are entitled to fair compensation. (Re Wadsworth’s Estate, 6 N. Y. Supp 932, 24 State Rep. 415, Ransom Surr.)

Before the passage of the law conferring upon surrogates the authority to appoint special guardians on- the accounting of executors-, etc., they possessed inherent authority to .appoint guardians- ad litem, to look after and protect the interest of next of kin not appearing who were under the-age of twenty-one years and the fact that no statute existed requiring-the exercise of this authority did not justify the omission to make such am appointment. (Estate of Tilden, 6 Civ. Proc. 15.)

The surrogate “must” appoint a special guardian where the infant-, does not appear by his general guardian. Where he appears by hi® general guardian the surrogate must inquire into the facts and must, appoint a special guardian, if there is any ground to Suppose the interests of the infant require it. No application for the appointment of a special guardian is needed in' such a case; the surrogate may act of his own motion. (Matter of Ludlow, 5 Redf. 391.)

The functions- of a special guardian of minors appointed by the surrogate on an application for the probate of an alleged last will- and testament, cease with the- entry of the surrogate’s decree in- such proceeding, and he is neither required nor empowerd by virtue of his office to represent the infants thereafter. If the interests of an infant need protection in proceedings- upon appeal from the surrogate’s decree it is the province of: the appellate court to appoint' for that purpose a guardian ad litem_ (Estate of Hewitt, 4 Civ. Proc. 57, Rollins Surr.)

A guardian ad litem, is functus officio on the entry of a decree in probate proceedings; in the absence of directions from the appellate tribunal as to his compensation, the- surrogate can make no allowance to him for services, on appeal. (Estate of Bull, 22 State Rep. 880, Ransom Surr.)

A guardian ad litem, in a Surrogate’s-. Court employs counsel at bis own expense. (Matter of Johnston, 6 Dem. 355, 19 State Rep. 258, Rollins. Surr.)

Where, upon the- judicial settlement of the accounts of an executor in-1882, no special guardian was appointed for an infant legatee upon whom the citation had been served' by publication, her right to demand payment of her legacy did not begin until she had attained her majority; but a proceeding instituted by her in the Surrogated Court, twenty years after she became of age, to enforce such right is barred by the Statute- of Limitations. (Matter of Cooper, 5 Mills Surr. 495.)

The only qualification required of such guardian is that he should be competent and .responsible. (Matter of Van Wagonen, 69 Hun, 365, 23 N. Y. Supp. 636.)

When Appointed. — Appointment of a special guardian for an infant party, who does not appear by bis general guardian, is properly made upon the return day of the citation. An earlier application is premature. (Matter of Leinkauf, 4 Dem. 1.)

As to the appointment of a person to protect the interests of a widow who had not been judicially declared insane, but who was of unsound mind, see Matter of Donlon (66 Hun, 199, 21 N. Y. Supp. 114.)

It is the proper practice, where no application is made for the appointment of a special guardian upon the return of the citation, for the surrogate to- appoint such' a guardian upon his own motion. (Price v. Fenn, 3 Dem. 341 ; Matter of Ludlow, 5 Redf. 391.)

There is no statutory provision requiring an infant to institute a special proceeding in a Surrogate’s Court by a special guardian. (Matter of Watson, 2 Dem. 642, Coffin Surr.)

The provision requiring a surrogate to appoint a competent and responsible person to appear in a 'Special proceeding, as special guardian for an infant party who does not appear by his general guardian, is properly complied with upon the return day of the citation. An earlier application by an infant cited, for such an appointment in his own behalf, is premature. (Matter of Leinkauf, 4 Dem. 1, Coffin Surr.)

It is the proper practice in proceedings to which an infant is a party, where no application is made upon- the return of the citation for the appointment of a special guardian, for the surrogate to appoint such a guardian upon his own motion. (Price v. Fenn, 3 Dem. 341, 8. Civ. Proc. 206, Rollins Surr.)

If an infant cited1 before the surrogate has no general guardian or if the general guardian has interests adverse to the infant, a guardian ad litem must be appointed. (Kellett v. Rathbun, 4 Paige, 102.)

The surrogate has power to appoint a special guardian or guardian ad litem for a minor, though over fourteen years' of age, without the consent of the minor. (Brick’s Estate, 15 Abb. 12, Daly Act’g Surr.) In the absence of evidence to the' contrary, the regularity of the appointment of a guardian ad litem, is to be presumed. (Id.)

Although § 2531 recognizes the authority of the surrogate to- appoint a special guardian for an infant at the latter’s instance that section must be construed, in connection with § 2630, as authorizing such appointment only where the general guardian does not appear, or the surrogate is satisfied that the latter is disqualified to adequately protect the interests of his ward. (Farm. L. & T. Co. v. McKenna, 3 Dem. 219.)

The section does not prevent a surrogate, 'on his own motion without notice, from appointing a special guardian to appear and protect an infant’s interests .in a reference for an accounting with an- administrator, where the general guardian is removed during the progress of such proceedings. (In re Monell, 19 N. Y. Supp. 360, 46 State Rep. 693.)

The appointment of a general guardian of an infant does not, of itself, revoke the .appointment of a special guardian. (Id.)

It is regular to appoint a guardian for an infant without service of a citation or notice, if the .infant is personally present andi does not object. (Matter of Seabra, 38 Hun, 218.)

Appointment of a special guardian for an infant, without service of a citation upon him, held, without jurisdiction. (Davis v. Crandall, 101 N. Y. 311.)

A special guardian, cannot be appointed until- after service on the infant. On the return day without service on the infant, a guardian was appointed who admitted service for the infant, and proofs were taken and an adjournment had. Before the adjourned day, process returnable on that d'ay was served on the infant, and a decree was made on that day without further proofs. Held, no jurisdiction was acquired of the infant. (Pinckney v. Smith, 26 Hun, 524.)

Where an infant having a general guardian applies1 to a Surrogate’s Court for the appointment of a special guardian, to represent him in a proceeding therein, he must give to the former notice of the application. (Farm. L. & T. Co. v. McKenna, 3 Dem, 219.)

It seems that the infant may apply for the appointment of a special guardian. It is only when the application is by a person other than- the infant that notice must be given. (Matter of Ludlow, 5 Redf. 391.)

If service of the citation was defective, an actual appearance of the ward pursuant to it would give the surrogate jurisdiction to appoint such special guardian. (Brick’® Estate, 15 Abb. 12.)

Where a will was offered in .evidence a grandchild objected that he had not been Served- with a citation and it appeared that the citation was served by leaving a copy with- the mother of such grandchild, then a minor under fourteen, years of age; that consent was given by one H. to become special guardian; that an oreder was- made appointing him, and- that a decree admitting .the will to probate was made by the surrogate. Held that, as the- infant was not legally served, the appointment of a guardian ad litem did not cure the defect, and' he has a right to insist on this trial that he was not concluded by the probate of the will. (Hogle v. Hogle, 49 Hun, 313.)

An ommission to appoint a guardian to take care of an infant’s interests in a proceeding to probate- a will when the infant has been duly served with citation does- not render the decree void, but only voidable at the infant’s election. (Matter of Becker, 28 Hun, 207.)

The objection cannot be taken, by one other than the infant who has consented to the proceeding. (Estate of Cooper, 2 How. N. S. 28, Rollins Surr.)

It does not follow that an irregular appointment of a special guardian is per se ground for setting aside the- decree on motion, after the time to appeal- has expired. An application of that nature is addressed to the discretion of the surrogate, his decision thereon may be reviewed, and may be reversed for a clear abuse of discretion. Story v. Dayton. 22 Hun, 450,)

The Surrogate’s Court has power independently of any express' provision of statute or rule of court, to make an allowance to the guardian ad litem of an infant party. This> power is recognized, by the- code (17) (now Judiciary Law) and' .the rules' of court, and is not limited by the code to taxable costs, (McCue v. O’Hara, 5 Redf. 336, Livingston Surr.)

A special guardian who so uses- an invalid claim held! by him against the real estate he is appointed to sell, as to put the purchaser from him of such claim into possession of the lands and render an action of ejectment necessary by the party lawfully entitled, is liable for the damages so occasioned to the latter. (Spelman v. Terry, 74 N. Y. 448 ; aff’g 8 Hun, 205.)

Alleged incompentency of heir where the only heir at law and next of kin of a testatrix successfully traverses the allegation of the petition for probate that she is mentally incompetent to protect her rights, although not judicially declared such, ap order appointing a special guardian for her will be revoked so as to enable her to appear in person or by attorney in a probate proceeding. (Matter of Haynes [1913], 82 Mis. 228, 143 N. Y. Supp. 570.)

Chapter 18 has not made any material change in the mode of appointing special guardians in proceedings before surrogates, (Matter of Ludlow, 5 Redf. 391.)

Special guardian appointed by surrogate in a proceeding before his court, may appeal from a decree therein, a® he does not become functus offieio T>y the rendition of the decree and the appointment of a special guardian to take the appeal is not necessary. (Matter of Stewart, 23 App. Div. 17, 48 N. Y. Supp, 999.)

The statute does not prescribe the qualifications of a guardian ad litem, in the Surrogate’s Court, but it is a good practice to require the same qualifications as are required' of a guardian ad litem for an infant defendant in the Supreme Court. No person ought to be selected unless he be the general guardian of the infant, or an attorney of the courts of record, fully competent to understand and protect the rights of the infant, and who .ha® no interest adverse to his, and is not connected in business with! the attorney or counsel of the adverse party. He should also be of sufficient ability- to answer to the infant for any damage which may -be sustained by his negligence- or misconduct. Story v. Dayton, 22 Hun, 450,)

If the guardian has an interest adverse to the ward a special guardian may be appointed. (Brick’s1 Estate, 15 Abb. 12.)

The surrogate will not on the nomination of the executor appoint a special guardian to examine an executor’s accounts- on behalf of a minor. (Allen’s Estate-, 1 Tuck. 69.)

A father should not be appointed, special guardian for hi® minor son unless he is an attorney at law. (Spicer’s Estate,, 1 Tuck. 80,)  