
    Agnes Craven, Plaintiff, v. International Railway Company, Defendant.
    
      .Negligence — injury to a passenger alighting from, and passing behind, a street ca/r who is struck by another ear — when the questions of negligence and contributory negligence are for the jury — duty to look for an approaching car — effect of a conductor's direction to alight.
    
    In an action brought to recover damages for personal injuries it appeared that Genesee street in the city of Buffalo runs substantially east and west, and that Jefferson street crosses it substantially at right angles; that the defendant operated a double-track street railway in each street; .that on the afternoon of the accident the plaintiff was a passenger upon a west-bound Genesee street car which was traveling on the northerly track; that the car stopped just easterly of Jefferson street and there was evidence that the conductor notified the passengers to there transfer to Jefferson street; that the plaintiff, who desired to transfer to a south-bound Jefferson street car, rose from her seat and as she did so looked down Genesee street as far as Jefferson street, and saw the Jefferson street car which she desired to board passing across Genesee street, but saw no other car approaching on Genesee street; that just before she alighted from the rear platform of the Genesee street car, she looked down Genesee street as far as Jefferson street and saw no car approaching thereon; that after she alighted and passed around the rear end of the Genesee street car, upon the southerly Genesee street track, she looked again, but at the very instant of looking was struck by a car proceeding easterly upon such southerly track.
    There was evidence that the ear which struck the plaintiff gave no signal of its approach as it passed the standing car although there was an ordinance of the city of Buffalo prohibiting cars from passing “any other car standing at any crossing for the discharge or reception of passengers until such standing car shall have started on its course, and cleared at least 20 feet.” /
    
      Held, that upon the evidence the question of the defendant’s negligence and of the plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence should have been submitted to the jury, and that it was improper for the court to nonsuit the plaintiff;
    That it could not be said, as matter of law, that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence because she did not look for the approaching car a third time before she stepped upon the southerly Genesee street car track;
    That having been invited or directed by the conductor to make her transfer at the point where she did, such invitation or direction was somewhat of an assur- ' anee that she would have an opportunity to make such transfer in safety Which assurance she was entitled to take into account in determining how often and how vigilantly" she must look for the approaching car.
    Stover, J., dissented.
    Motion by the plaintiff, Agnes Craven, for a new trial upon a case containing exceptions, ordered to be heard at the Appellaté Division in the first instance upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the cotirt after a trial at the Erie Trial Term.’
    
      Clarenee M. Bushnell, for the plaintiff.
    
      Charles B. Sears, for the defendant.
   Hiscock, J.:

While crossing one of defendant’s street railroad tracks in'the city of Buffalo plaintiff was struck and injured hv one of its cars: Upon the trial the learned justice held that she had failed to establish a. Cause of action and directed a nonsuit. We think that this was error and that she should have been allowed to have, the jury pass ■'upon her claim.

In the city of Buffalo Genesee street runs substantially east and west and Jefferson street crosses it substantially at right angles.. Defendant at the time of the accident operated- a double-track surface railroad in each street. At aboutx five-thirty $>. m. on .February 26, 1902, plaintiff was proceeding westerly úpon Genesee street upon, one of defendant’s cars which-ran upon the northerly track' in said street. She desired at the intersection with Jefferson street to transfer to a car rufining southerly upon the latter -street upon. the westerly track therein. The car upon which she was riding-stopped just easterly of Jefferson street. She could secure the Jefferson street car at a point just southerly of Genesee street. In other words, the two cars stopped at corners of' the intersection. diagonally across from each other. As she alighted from her car she started, to pass-in its rear across" Genesee street and across- Jefferson street, to the Jefferson street car, and as she was upon the ^southerly track in Genesee street was struck by defendant’s car proceeding easterly upon that track. ■'

In view of the evidence indicating that the moving car which, struck her gave no signals as it ran past the standing .car and in view of the ordinance prohibiting one car from passing a standing one, to which we shall hereafter refer, and under all of the circumstances of the case, we-think there is no doubt that the jury would have been permitted to say that the defendant was negligent in the ■operation of its car. In fact, the issue of defendant’s negligence .-has not' upon this appeal been so vigorously debated- as the one of plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence. We think that the latter question is in fact the closer on,e, and in connection therewith we shall briefly discuss the evidence which leads us to the conclusion that plaintiff was entitled to have the jury pass upon this question and that her complaint should not havé been dismissed.

As already stated, the car upon which plaintiff was riding stopped easterly of Jefferson street. It is claimed in behalf of defendant that the ordinary stopping place for this car where passengers might alight would be upon the westerly side of the intersecting street, and it is urged that the car stopped where it did when plaintiff alighted for the purpose of enabling the motorman to see whether a car was coming upon Jefferson street which might impede passage across that thoroughfare. There is evidence, however, that cars were accustomed to stop where the one in question did for the purpose of allowing passengers to transfer to a Jefferson street car such as plaintiff was seeking. 'Inaddition to this there is testimony that the conductor upon the car in question just before it stopped, in substance notified passengers to .there transfer to Jefferson street. We, therefore, think that the jury would have had a perfect right to find that plaintiff by and with the consent and direction of the defendant might properly alight and attempt to make the transfer where, she did. Neither could it be said as a matter of law that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence because she passed in the rear of the car from which she alighted instead of in front thereof. The car had stopped a little before reaching the crossing and the more direct course for plaintiff to take was to pass' in the rear of the car and thence diagonally to the Jefferson street car as she did attempt to.

The more serious question arises with respect to the conduct of plaintiff in not seeing and detecting the approaching car before it struck her. Upon this point she says that as her car stopped and she arose to pass therefrom she looked down Genesee street as far as Jefferson street and saw the Jefferson street car passing across Genesee street, but saw no other car approaching upon the latter street; that again just before she alighted from the rear platform she looked down Genesee street and saw no car approaching thereon. It is stated that when she thus looked she could have seen quite a distance down Genesee street. The defendant says she could, have seen down there several hundred feet,, but the plaintiff says she saw down as far as Jefferson street, which would have been about 100 feet. After she alighted and passed around the rear end of. the car she looked again, but upon this occasion she had passed upon the track so that' her looking did no good, she being struck at the very instant. /"

The precise" narrow question, therefore, is whether, as matter of law, plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence because she did not look for the approaching car a third time before she stepped upon the track. Under some circumstances she doubtless would have been, but under those existing in this case we think not. Plaintiff had been invited -or directed by the defendant’s agent to make her transfer at this point, and we think that this invitation or direction was.somewhat of an assurance that she would have an \ opportunity to make such transfer in safety, which she was allowed to take into account in determining how often and how vigilantly she must look for the approaching’ car. In addition to that, there was at this time in force in the city of Buffalo' an ordinance which provided: “ No driver or other person having the charge and control of any street railroad car within the City of Buffalo, shall permit or allow such car to pass any other car standing at any crossing for the discharge or reception of passengers until such standing car shall have started on its course, and cleared at least 20 feet,” etc. A jury would have the right to presume that plaintiff knew of this ordinance so general in its character, and of the general practice thereunder, and that it also had influence upon her in determining her course of action. It is urged by the learned counsel for the defendant that this ordinance did not cover such a case as this; that there would be difficulty in following it under the circumstances disclosed in this case; that if the approaching car had stopped as • required it would have obstructed Jefferson street and would have precipitated other difficulties, and that, therefore, the defendant could not be expected to obey it. We think that the defendant itself would be responsible for any difficulties which might arise: from observing the ordinance, and that if it saw fit to stop its cars for the discharge of passengers where a jury might say the one in question stopped, it could not escape responsibility for disobedience of. the ordinance because it would be difficult to obey it.

Having in mind then these surrounding circumstances, and having looked twice while upon the stopping car for the approach of another one, we are not prepared to say that the plaintiff, as matter of law, was guilty of contributory negligence for not looking a third time for an approaching car as she hurried across the street to catch the one upon Jefferson street. Upon the other hand, the conclusion forms itself in our minds that a jury might say that under the assumptions of safety permitted to be drawn by her she had already •exercised reasonable care in looking for a car and had a right to attempt to cross the track in the belief that she would not be struck down by a car coming upon it: Neither is shexto be deprived of the benefit of these deductions simply because as matter of fact she •did look a third time as she was crossing, the track. As a matter of •extra precaution or of habit or of involuntary action she might make this extraordinary observation without being deprived of those favorable inferences by the jury as a question of fact, which would have relieved her from taking the third and last observation. •

We think that plaintiff’s exceptions should be allowed and her motion for a new trial granted.

All concurred, except Stover, J., who dissented.

Plaintiff’s exceptions sustained and motion for new trial granted, with costs to the plaintiff to abide event.  