
    The People of the State of New York ex rel. Michael R. Brennan, Relator, v. Theodore A. Bingham, Police Commissioner of the City of New York, Respondent.
    First Department,
    March 12, 1909.
    Municipal corporations —removal of police officer, city of Mew York— evidence not establishing neglect of duty.
    Certiorari to review the removal of the superintendent of telegraph and electrical service in the police department of the city of Mew York. Evidence examined, ■ and held, insufficient to justify the removal.
    The trial of charges against a member of the police department should be something more than a mere form to cover a predetermined intention to be rid of him.
    McLaughlin and Laughlin, JJ., dissented.
    Ceetioeaei issued out of the Supreme Court and attested on the 10th day of September, 1908, directed to Theodore A. Bingham, commissioner of police of the police department of the city of Bew York, commanding him to certify and return to the office of the clerk of the county of Bew York all and singular his acts and proceedings had in regard to the removal of the relator from his position in the police department of the city of Bew York.
    
      Emil Goldmark, for the relator.
    
      Theodore Connoly, for the respondent.
   ' Soott, J.:

This is a proceeding by certiorari to review the removal, of the relator from the position of superintendent of telegraph and electrical service in the police department of the city of Bew York. The principal charges against the relator were “Beglect of Duty, Beglect of Orders and Violation of Buies.” Three separate charges were made, all to the same general effect, and the trial Was had upon all of them. The principal offense charged in the specifications was that the relator had omitted and neglected to keep or cause to be kept accurate diagrams of the locations of cables, wires, and connections with reference to police lines, and had failed to keep or cause to be kept accurate records thereof. The disobedience of orders charges, in effect, covered the same alleged delinquencies. When the deputy commissioner who fathered the charges found by investigation that such records as he deemed necessary to be kept had not been kept, he ordered relator to deliver to him the nonexistent records. Of course the relator could not comply, and the charge of disobedience of orders is predicated upon this inability. No rule of the department had required diagrams to be made, no expert evidence was produced showing any police necessity for such diagrams, and it does not appear that there had ever been any embarrassment or lack of efficiency arising from the lack of such diagrams. The relator was able to show an unusual record of efficient service. His employment began on March 28,1876, when he was appointed telegraph operator in the police department of the former city of New York. He was promoted to chief operator in 1887; was made assistant superintendent in 1889, and in 1893 became superintendent of the telegraph bureau of the police" department of the former city of New York. Upon consolidation on January 1, 1898, he became superintendent of telegraph for the greater city, embracing all the boroughs and then became a member of the uniformed force. When, relator became superintendent in 1893, the electrical equipment of the police department was insignificant. The old dial system was in use, there being only five- dials and 85 miles of wire. There were no telephones in use, except one or two used experimentally and no wires under ground. Since relator became superintendent the electrical equipment has increased enormously under his direction and supervision. There are now ninety-one precincts and subprecincts, as against thirty-five in 1893; the mileage of conductors has increased from 85 miles to 2,800, of which more than 2,300 "miles have been placed under ground. In addition, a signal service has been installed, with upwards of 1,200 signal stations, and the working force of the bureau has been increased from twelve to eighty-seven men. All this has been done under the direct and immediate supervision and direction of relator, and no complaint is made of the manner, in which the work has been performed, or of its efficiency and present condition. The relator has, of course, served under many commissioners, all or nearly all of whom testified to Ms faithfulness and efficiency while they were at the head of the department. It appears that when relator was made superintendent, in 1'893, he caused diagrams to be made showing the police wires-then in use in the former city of Hew York. These have been wholly or partly supplanted by'underground wires, which are laid in com duits Constructed-by a corporation authorized to construct conduits for carrying electrical Conductors under ground. The contracts With this company are on file in the police department, and show " with accuracy and in detail the termini and course of each section óf wire laid in such conduits. To make a diagram showing grapli- ' ically the course of all these wires would be an easy matter from these contracts, but it is not apparent that any particular advantage - would result therefrom. It appears in evidence that during relator’s superintendence there has never been a break or interruption of service in any wire, -either underground or overhead, which has not been located and repaired within two hours. So that however desirable it may have been, theoretically, to keep on hand diagrams 'such as relator is accused of having failed to keep, they have not ■been shown, in the course.of fifteen years, to have-been at all necessary to the practical efficiency of the police service.. A further charge against relator was based upon the inefficient; manner in which, as was alleged, he kept account of the electrical supplies. Of course, with the vast increase of the electrical equipment, the ainoimt of supplies necessary to- be kept on hand to meet emergen- - cies proportionately increased, and equally, of course, the relator himself, with the onerous duties, imposed upon him, could not give " his personal attention' to handing out supplies when needed. In this regard he was obliged to rely upon subordinates. It appeared that he made rules which, if followed, would have kept an accurate record of such supplies as they were used, and so far as appears such rules were effective, because an attempt to show a shortage failed, and the charge based thereon was fotind to be not proven. It was also charged against relator that he had on one occasion bought a mile-of telephone* wire instead of making a requisition for it upon -the bureau of supplies. This was technically in violation of a rule of the department, but it appeared that the work for which'the wire was required-was what may justly be termed emergency work, being performed in pursuance of an order of the commissioner to-make immediate.telephonic"connections with a. certain point, and to do whatever was necetisary in that regard. The work was in fact done within twenty-four, hours. A further charge was based on the fact that the wires entering the building were not properly guarded. The wires leading from Mulberry street into police headquarters are inclosed in a leaden sheath, which-is itself contained in an iron conduit. The conduit passes, under the street, under the sidewalk and issues into a grating-covered area four feet wide, thence across the area past the outside line of the building wall and through an archway for eighteen inches. The wall of the building is twenty-eight inches thick, for the last ten inches of which, within the wall itself, the lead-covered cable is not protected by an iron sheath. The conduit passes through the area four feet and a half below the grating. It was also said that the so-called bridle wires ” leading from the conduit, in the cellar of police headquarters, were not. so protected as to render it impossible for'a maliciously disposed person to tamper with them. This charge seems to be little short of trivial, wdien asserted as the justification for the discharge of an old and well-tried employee. It is true that it is conceivable that if police headquarters were left entirely unguarded an ingenious and maliciously disposed person might get at the wires and injure them,, but it seems-quite improbable that such a thing would happen, and if extreme assurance on this point were desired, it could be effected by a simple order, hiothing had happened for fifteen years, and the leaving of matters in this condition falls far short of. showing general inefficiency. If there were any question of fact at issue, involving the consideration of conflicting testimony, we ought to be and should be very slow to reverse the action of the connmissioner. There is no conflict, however, as to the facts, and the only question before us is whether upon the established and uncon-' tradicted facts the action of the commissioner can be justified. General inefficiency in a public officer is a serious defect, and yet one which is often difficult to prove. When it exists it usually, displays itself • in a general slackness in the performance of duty. Hothing of that sort was charged or proven against the relator. On the contrary his general efficiency, as judged by the result of his services, appeal’s to have been of a high order. Indeed his superiors in the department appear to have found some difficulty in formulating charges upon' which. the relator might be removed. On November 8, 1907, he was suspended from duty without pay “pending investigation of the Bureau of Electrical Service and trial of charges against him.” For nearly three months no charges were preferred, when he made an application for a mandamus for restoration. This motion was returnable on January 31, 1908. Three days before that time he was served with the first charge. On February eleventh and twenty-fourth further charges were prepared and served. He was granted a mandamus ordering his reinstatement, and he was reinstated, but on the ■ same day, and only twenty minutes later, he was again suspended without pay, and so remained until his dismissal. It seems that during the period covered by the first suspension two experts, employed for the purpose, were engaged in scrutinizing the electrical equipment of the department, in search of deficiencies which would serve as a basis for charges against the relator. The trial of charges against a member of the police department should be something more than a mere form to cover a predetermined intention to be rid of him. (People ex rel. Trayer v. Bingham, 126 App. Div. 350.) As was said by this court in People ex rel. Mitchel v. La Grange (2 App. Div. 444; affd., 151 N. Y. 664): “It is equally well settled that the cause assigned must be substantial and not shadowy, and that the explanation must be received and acted upon in good, faith and not arbitrarily. To be substantia], the cause assigned must be some dereliction on the part of the subordinate, or neglect of duty, or something affecting his character or fitness for the position. * * * If it is such an explanation as should satisfy any fair-minded man, if it admits of no reasonable inference of dereliction or incompetency, it cannot be denied its due effect in acquitting the accused and securing his continuance in office.”

■The language used by this court in People ex rel. Gannon v. McAdoo (117 App. Div. 438) is equally applicable to the present case. “ It is unquestionably true that the charter (Laws of 1901, chap. 466, § 302) vests the discretion in the police commissioner —- where a member of the force has been found guilty of charges preferred against him — of determining the punishment to be inflicted, but the charge must be substantial and fairly sustained by evidence. It cannot be that the Legislature intended, when lodging this discretion with the' police commissioner, that the extreme penalty should be visited upon a police officer for what at most is a mere technical violation of a rule which is not shown to have prejudiced any right of the department. (People ex rel. Devaney v. Greene, 89 App. Div. 296.) The facts here proved do not establish a conscious violation of any rule or the omission of any duty on the part of the relator, or any intent on his part to deceive his superior officer or .any one else, and it cannot be that a conviction of neglect of duty, conduct unbecoming an officer, and violation of the rules of the department can possibly be' sustained upon the evidence set out in this record without doing manifest injustice. . (People ex rel. Reardon v. Partridge,86 App. Div. 313; People ex rel. Hogan v. French, 119 N. Y. 493.)

“ Here, as already indicated, this officer had been a member of the police department for upwards of fifteen years. His record so far as appears, is good, and if appeals to this court are to be anything more than a form, I do not see how it can be said, upon this record, that the dismissal of the relator can be sustained.”

The cases are not unlike except that the relator in the present case has a much longer record of efficient service and is charged with even more unsubstantial offenses. The writ should be sustained, the dismissal reversed and the relator reinstated, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.

Ingraham and Clarke, JJ., concurred; McLaughlin and Laughlin, JJ., dissented.

Writ sustained, proceeding annulled and relator reinstated, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements. Settle order on notice.  