
    WILLIAM OVERMAN, Adm’r, &c., vs. DANIEL COBLE AND HENRY STALY.
    Where a witness to a contract,' subsequently to his attestation, acquires an interest in the contract, through or under one of the contracting parties, ho is an incompetent witness for the party so creating the interest, unless tho circumstances entirely negative any idea of fraud, as where the interest was thrown upon him by the act of the law, or where, after attestation of, an instrument, the witness has married the party seeking to establish tho instrument.
    Where a plaintiff gives evidence of the declarations of a defendant, the defendant has a right to call for all the defendant said at the time, provided it be pertinent to the issues or to the declarations proved by the plaintiff, hut not otherwise.
    
      A party claiming a new trial, because of evidence improperly rejected, must set forth, in his bill of exceptions, what was the evidence tendered, in order to enable the Court to decide upon its relevancy.
    The cases of Hamilton v. Williams, 1 Hay. 139, Hall v. Bynum, 2 Hay. 828, and Johnson v. Knight, 1 Mur. 298, cited and approved.
    Appeal from the Superior Court of Law of Randolph County, at the Fall Term, 1851, his Honor Judge Ellis presiding. ;
    This was an action of trover for a bed, and a variety of articles of household furniture, brought by the plaintiff as administrator of Rachel Bunting, against the defendants, Coble and Staly.
    It appeared in evidence, that the intestate, Rachel Bunting, who had lived in the house of the defendant, Coble, for fifteen years, died on the 27th of September, 1846. The defendant Coble, after her death, sold the property in question to the defendant, Staly, who removed it to his own house. The defendants relied for title on a bill of sale for- the property, purporting to have been made by the said Rachel to the defendant, Coble, and to be witnessed by the defendant Staly. This bill of sale was offered in evidence, upon proof of the hand-writing of the said Staly. A bond by the said Coble to the said Staly was also offered in evidence, purporting to have been made at the same time with the bill of sale, conditioned for the support of the said Rachel by the said Coble, during her lifetime. This was in like man- ■ ner attested and proved.
    The plaintiff insisted that these papers were forgeries, after the death of the said Rachel, and offered evidence tending to shew, that they were not in existence during her lifetime, but were made subsequently. To rebut this evidence, the defendants proved, that a few days before the death of the said Rachel, the defendant, Staly, came home from her house, with two papers, which he filed among his deeds. The defendants then proposed to prove, that, at that time, Staly said, that he had been at the house of Co-ble, and had written a bond for the support of the said Rachel by the said Coble, and a bill of sale from the said Rachel to the said Coble for the property in controversy, and that the papers, which he then had with him, were the bond and bill of sale, the first having been executed by'the said Coble, and the latter by the said Rachel, on that day. This evidence was objected to, on the ground that it consisted of the declaration of the defendant only, and the objection was sustained by the Court, and the evidence rejected.
    A witness testified, that, after the alleged sale to Staly, in 1847, he purchased from the defendant, Coble, a flax wheel, as the property of the said Rachel; and the witness went on to say, that, at the time of the sale, the defendant spoke of it as the property of the said Rachel. Upon cross examination, the defendants’ counsel proposed to give in evidence all the declarations of the said Coble at that time, which, upon objection, the Court refused to permit.
    A verdict was returned for the plaintiff, a rule for a new trial was moved for and refused, and judgment rendered on the verdict. An appeal was then taken to the Supreme Court, on the ground of error in the Judge in rejecting competent evidence.
    No Counsel for the plaintiff.
    
      Gilmer and Miller, for the defendants.
   Nash, J.

In the trial of this cause below, the only error committed, that I can perceive, was in receiving evidence of the handwriting of Staly, the subscribing witness, to prove the execution of the papers offered in evidence by the defendant. The testimony, however, was not objected to by the plaintiff, and, of course, it was l’eceived by consent. The error, therefore, was not in the action of the Court; and neither party can now object to it. The general rule of evidence is, that when a deed, or other paper writing is attested, it must be proved by the attesting witness, if he is capable of being examined. If not so capable, proof of his handwriting will be sufficient. 1st Phillips’ Evidence, 473. Among the causes enumerated by Mr. Phillips for admitting proof, is that of an interest acquired by the witness, since his attestation. In Godfrey v Morris, 1st Strange, 36, the attesting witness had, subsequently to his witnessing the bond, upon which the action was brought» become the administrator of the obligee, and he was, therefore, the plaintiff in the action. His handwriting was proved, because the interest had been created by the act of the law; it was thrown upon him by law, and was assumed for the benefit of others. And the rule has been extended to cases, where the witness, after attestation married the plaintiff, who sought to establish the instrument. Bulkley v Smith, 2d Esp. R. 697. But in no case, that I have been able to find, does the rule operate, where the party, seeking to prove the instrument, has created the disqualification, or been the means of doing so, under circumstances justly subjected to suspicion of fraud; in other words, the circumstances must be free from all suspicion of fraud. This principle was adopted in our State, at an early period. In Hamilton v Williams, 1st Hay. 139, in an action on a-bond, the attesting witness had become an assignee, and the plaintiff offered to prove his handwriting, but the evidence was finally rejected by the Court. The same question presented itself in the case of State v Bynum, 2 Hay. 328. The defendant had executed the bond, on which the action was brought, to James Short, and it was attested by John Short, who was the assignee of James, and who assigned it to the plaintiff. The question was, whether the execution of the bond could be proved by proving the handwriting of the subscribing witness, and that of the obligee. The Court decided it could not. Judge Hall, in delivering the opinion of the Court, said, that the case was not at all like those, where the subscribing witness was dead, &c., “for such disqualification was not brought about by the agency of the obligee.” He then assigns the reason : If such proof were competent, a forged bond may easily be established against any one, without swearing to a falsity.” In Johnston, assignee, v Knight, 1st Murp. 292, the principle is again affirmed — the Court, in its opinion, observing, “ The subscribing witness is selected by the parties to bear testimony to their contract, in case a dispute should arise; that his production has been dispensed with only in cases of necessity, — as where he is dead, &c., or become interested by operation of law. But the necessity, in this case, arises entirely from the act of the person, (or, at least, with his concurrence,) who offers the lesser evidence, which certainly cannot, and should not, form an exception to the general rule.” The same principle is recognised in our sister State of Alabama, Bennett v Robinson’s Administrator, 3 Stev. and Porter, 227. Best,. Justice, in Floville v Stephenson, 5 Bingham, 493, observes, But in the present case, the witness has only obtained an interest in the contract which he was to prove, and that interest he derived immediately from the plaintiff, who proposed to call him. The plaintiff cannot complain, that his witness is disqualified, when he himself has been the cause of the disqualification.” See Phillips on Evidence, page 468, and the note by Cowen and Hill, 881, page 1265-66, where the above cases are collected, and commented on. They fully prove the position, that, where a witness to a contract, subsequently to his attestation, acquires an interest in the contract, through, or under, one of the contracting parties, he is an incompetent witness for the party so creating the interest, unless the circumstances entirely negative the idea of any fraud, as in the case of Bulkley v Smith, 2d Esp. R. — nor can his handwriting be proved by such party.

The facts in this case bring it completely within the rule established in those referred to, and show the extreme danger of admitting the evidence offered. Coble claimed the property in question, by a purchase from the intestate, and Staly was a witness to the alleged conveyance, and to him Coble, sold it. The plaintiff produced evidence to prove, that the paper purporting to be such conveyance, was a forgery, made after her death. To sustain that conveyance, it was proposed to give in evidence, the declarations of Staly. Could a case be described more emphatically calling for their exclusion ? The interest of Staly was acquired from Coble, and after his attestation. To admit such evidence, would be to open a very wide door to fraud, as it is a rule of law, that, where proof of the handwriting of an attesting witness is admissible, it is evidence of the execution of the instrument, and the sealing and delivery of it will be presumed. 1st. Phil, on Ev. 574. Staly was not a competent witness for the defendant Coble, nor was the latter entitled to prove his handwriting. It follows, as a necessary consequence, that his declarations, concerning the execution of the papers, was not evidence for his co-defendant nor himself, he being a party to the record. His Honor committed no error in rejecting the testimony offered.

The proposition of the defendant, as to the declarations of Coble, was too broad. All that he said at that, time upon the subject, to which his declarations, as proved by the plaintiff, related, would have been competent. But the defendant did not so qualify his proposition. As stated by him in his bill of Exceptions, he wished to prove all that he said at that time. It might have embraced declarations «relevant to the issues, or if relevant, not connected with the declarations proved by the plaintiff, and forming no part of them. A party wishing for a venire de novo, because of testimony improperly rejected, must, in his Bill of Exceptions, set forth what the evidence was that he tendered, and not its effects, to enable the Court to see its relevancy. This evidence was properly rejected.

Per Curiam. Judgment affirmed.  