
    John J. ARMANO, Jr., Plaintiff, v. Michele MARTIN, Angela Donato, Nicholas Fazzio, John Rogale, Albert Frattali, and Sean Longfellow, Defendants.
    Civil No. 15-2634 (NLH/KMW)
    United States District Court, D. New Jersey.
    Signed January 15, 2016
    As Amended January 21, 2016
    
      Louis Giansante, Giansante & Assoc., LLC, 23 E. Main Street, Moorestown, NJ 08057, f Plaintiff
    Eric J. Riso, Platt & Riso, P.C., 40 Berlin Avenue, Stratford, NJ 08084, on for Defendants Michele Martin, Angela Dona-to, Albert Frattali, and Sean Longfellow
    Ellis I. Medoway, Kerri E. Chewning, Archer & Greiner, PC, Haddonfield, NJ, on for Defendant John Rogale.
    John C. Grady, Wardell Craig Annin & Baxter LLP, 41 Grove Street, Haddon-field, NJ 08033, on for Defendant Nicholas Fazzio
   AMENDED OPINION

HILLMAN, District Judge

This matter concerns claims by a township’s former solicitor regarding his allegedly improper termination. Presently before the Court are the motions of defendants to dismiss and for summary judgment. Plaintiff has cross-moved for summary judgment on two of his claims. For the reasons expressed below, defendants’ motions will granted, and plaintiffs motion will be denied.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff,'John J. Armano, Jr., Esq., a New Jersey licensed attorney, was appointed by the Mayor of the Township of Washington, and- confirmed unanimously by the Township’s Council, as the Solicitor/Director of the Department of Law of Washington Township beginning on January 2, 2013. Plaintiffs contract ran until December 31, 2016. On January 3, 2015, however, the Township Council adopted Resolution No. 23-2015, which authorized the filing of charges against plaintiff seeking his removal, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40:69A-36 &-37 and Section 2-398 of the Township Code. The Resolution arose out of plaintiffs law firm partner’s representation of an individual who sued Township . Council members in New Jersey Superior Court in March 2014. The charges filed against plaintiff asserted:

CHARGE: CONFLICT OF INTEREST — KNOWINGLY ENGAGING IN ACTION WHICH WAS CONTRARY TO THE INTERESTS OF CURRENT. CLIENTS, DULY ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES OF CLIENTS, AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE NOW REPRESENTATIVES OF CLIENTS.
Specifications:
(1) At all times relevant hereto, the firm of Trimble & Armano is and was a law firm consisting of John W. Trimble and John Armano. Said firm has been appointed as the Solicitor for the Township of Washington and remains so at all times relevant hereto.
(2) On March 28, 2014, a litigation was filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Gloucester County, Docket Number GLO-L-472-14 captioned John Daly, an individual and on behalf of other Democrats seeking an Open Primary Election vs. Frank Cian-ci, Chairman of the Washington Township Democratic Executive Committee, Angela Donato, Sean Longfellow, Albert Frattali, the Washington Township . Democratic Executive Committee, Fred Madden, Chairman of the Gloucester County Democratic Executive Committee and James N. Hogan, .Gloucester County Clerk.
(3) At the time that the litigation was initiated, by virtue of their position on Township Council for the Township of Washington, both Michelle Martin and Scott Newmann, were part of the Washington Township Democratic Executive Committee.
(4) Angela Donato, Sean Longfellow and Albert Frattali were candidates that were duly nominated by the Washington Township Executive Committee to run -as the-endorsed candidates of said Committee for the three (3) open council seats for the 2014 primary election.
(5) The litigation sought to invalidate the endorsement by the Washington Township Executive ■ Committee, of which sitting Council members Martin and Newmann are members, of candidates Donato, Longfellow and Frattali. Said litigation also sought an Order requiring an open primary which would have been against the interests of not only the Democratic Committee, but also individually of Angela Donato, Sean Longfellow and Albert Frattali. The litigation also sought an Order requiring Fred Madden as Chan-man of the Gloucester County Democratic Committee to place all the Washington Township Democratic candidates for council evenly on the ballot which also would have been against the interests of the Angela Do-nato, Sean Longfellow and Albert Frat-tali. The Complaint also sought an Order requiring the same of James Hogan, Gloucester County Clerk. There were other claims for relief with regard the Democratic Committee. Lastly, the Order sought the payment of legal fees and costs to the firm of Trimble & Armano from all named Defendants.
(6) When the firm of Trimble & Arma-no appeared in court before the Hon. Christine Allen-Jackson, J.S.C., seated as the representative of the Washington Township Democratic Committee was Councilwoman Michelle Martin which took place on April 2, 2014.
(7) On April 9, 2014, the firm of Trim-ble & Armano voluntarily dismissed said lawsuit.
(8) At the time of the primary election, Donato, Longfellow and Frattali won the primary and ran as the Democratic slate of candidates in the November election. At the time of that election, Donato and Longfellow won the general election and are now sworn sitting council persons for the Township of Washington as are Michelle Martin and Scott Newmann.
(9) The continuation of the firm of Trimble & Armano or either of the named partners in said firm in .serving as Solicitor for the Township of Washington creates a genuine conflict of interest. The firm Trimble & Armano recently represented parties which' sued Sean Longfellow and Angela Donato personally, sought relief against them and sought a payment of counsel fees and costs. The firm of Trimble & Arma-no also brought suit against the Washington Township Democratic Committee, on which Michelle Martin and Scott Newmann current council members of the Township of Washington, sit on the Committee by virtue of their position as elected public officials and Democrats. Michelle Martin was the actual party representative of the Washington Township Democratic Committee during legal proceedings before the Superior Court of New Jersey.
(10)The continued legal representation of the Township of Washington by the firm of Trimble & Armano as Solicitor/Director of the Department of Law, is in violation of New Jersey Rule Professional Conduct 1.7, 1.9, 1.10 and 1.11. The firm’s continued representation of the Township of Washington, also causes a fundamental break down in the attorney-client relationship between the individuals that he has sued personally and through the litigation against the Washington Township Democratic Committee since sitting current Council members were on said Committee.

(Docket No. 31-3.)

After having received notice of the charges, plaintiff refuted the charges in writing. In his response, plaintiff presented a report from a legal ethics expert who determined that Mr. Trimble’s representation in the Daly case did not create a conflict of interest in violation of the New Jersey Rules of Professional Conduct with regard to plaintiffs position as Washington Township’s Solicitor. A hearing on the charges was held on January 21, 2015. Plaintiff did not appear at-the hearing, but prior to the hearing, Council members had been provided with plaintiffs response to the charges. The Council voted 4-1 to remove plaintiff as Township Solicitor, and adopted Resolution 57-2015 to effect his removal. The Resolution provided a recitation of the procedural history leading up to the hearing, the presentation of evidence to the Council by the special counsel appointed to prosecute the charges, the list of exhibits provided to the Council, the specific findings by the Council, and the ultimate conclusion by the Council to remove plaintiff as Township Solicitor. (Docket No. 31-6.) The Resolution concluded:

(1) Trimble & Armano’s representation of Mr. Daly and others in the Lawsuit creates a substantial risk that Trimble & Armano’s ability to provide independent legal adricé to Council has been compromised.
(2) Council reasonably believes that that the filing of the Lawsuit created substantial doubts as to Trimble & An-nano’s impartiality and independence in rendering legal advice to Council which has resulted in a lack of confidence and trust in those advices.
(3) Council has a reasonable belief that the actions as aforesaid violate the Rules of Professional Conduct governing attorneys in the State of New Jersey.
(4) As a result of the filing of the Lawsuit by Trimble & Armano, Council can no longer reasonably trust Trimble & Armano as the Township Attorney and that the attorney/client relationship has been irreparably broken and fractured due to the lack of trust and confidence as a result of the actions of Trim-ble & Armano as aforesaid.

(Docket No. 31-6.)

Plaintiff claims that his termination was retaliation for his partner’s representation of a political rival, and was a result of a classic “shake-down” so that another attorney could be appointed as solicitor and the current Township engineer would not be replaced. Plaintiff claims that the hearing “was little more than a kangaroo court or soviet-style show trial” because the “non-lawyer governing body” ignored the only competent evidence presented on the issue of violations of the RPCs, which was his expert who determined that plaintiff had not committed any ethical missteps. Plaintiff claims that “the Township’s executive department [demonstrated] their willingness to act lawlessly, vigilante style, and wreak havoc on anyone who stood in their way,” and as a result the five named defendants “were able to secure their desired appointments without further opposition.” The defendants are Council members, Michele Martin, Angela Donato, Sean Longfellow, and Nicholas Fazzio, Albert Frattali, a member of the Board of Commissioners for the Delaware River Port Authority, and John Rogale, a retired former executive of the DRPA and former Council President of the Township Council.

Plaintiff filed a five-count complaint against the six individual defendants, bringing claims under The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) and the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a)&(c), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), and pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985 & 1988 for various civil rights violations. Plaintiff also asserts counts for an action in mandamus in lieu of prerogative writ, as well as for intentional interference with contract and abuse of process.

Defendant Roglale has moved to dismiss plaintiffs claims against him, and the other defendants have moved for summary judgment in their favor on plaintiffs claims. Plaintiff has opposed both motions, and has cross-moved for summary judgment in his favor on his civil rights claims and for his action in mandamus in lieu of prerogative writ.

DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction

This Court has jurisdiction over plaintiffs federal claims under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343, and supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs state law claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

B. Motion to Dismiss and Summary Judgmént Standards

When considering a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a court must accept all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 351 (3d Cir.2005). It is well settled that a pleading is sufficient if it contains “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Under the liberal federal pleading rules, it is not necessary to plead evidence, and it is not necessary to plead all the facts that serve as a basis for the claim. Bogosian v. Gulf Oil Corp., 561 F.2d 434, 446 (3d Cir.1977). However, “[although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not require a claimant to set forth an intricately detailed description of the asserted basis for relief, they do require that the pleadings give defendant fair notice of what the plaintiffs claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Baldwin Cnty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 149-50 n. 3, 104 S.Ct. 1723, 80 L.Ed.2d 196 (1984) (quotation and citation omitted).

A district court, in weighing a motion to dismiss, asks ‘“not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claim.’” Bell Atlantic v. Twom-bly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 n. 8, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 684, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (“Our decision in Twombly expounded the pleading standard for ‘all civil actions’ _”); Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir.2009) (“Iqbal ... provides the final nail-in-the-coffin for the ‘no set of facts’ standard that applied to federal complaints before Twombly.”).

Following the Twombly/Iqbal standard, the Third Circuit has instructed a two-part analysis in reviewing a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6). First, the factual and legal elements of a claim should be separated; a district court must accept all of the complaint’s well-pleaded facts as true, but may disregard any legal conclusions. Fowler, 578 F.3d at 210 (citing Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950). Second, a district court must then determine whether the facts alleged in the complaint are sufficient to show that the plaintiff has a “‘plausible claim for relief.’” Id. (quoting Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1950). A complaint must do more than allege the plaintiffs entitlement to relief. Id.; see also Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 234 (3d Cir.2008) (stating that the “Supreme Court’s .Twom-bly formulation of the pleading standard can be summed up thus: ‘stating ... a claim requires a complaint with enough factual matter (taken as-true) to suggest’ the required element. This ‘does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage,’ but instead ‘simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary element”). A court need not credit either “bald assertions” or “legal conclusions” in a complaint when deciding a motion to dismiss. In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1429-30 (3d Cir.1997). The defendant bears the burden of showing that no claim has been presented. Hedges v. U.S., 404 F.3d 744, 750 (3d Cir.2005) (citing Kehr Packages, Inc. v. Fidelcor, Inc., 926 F.2d 1406, 1409 (3d Cir.1991)).

A court in reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion must Only consider the facts alleged in the pleadings, the documents attached thereto as exhibits, and matters of judicial notice. S. Cross Overseas-Agencies, Inc. v. Kwong Shipping Grp. Ltd., 181 F.3d 410, 426 (3d Cir.1999). A court may consider, however, “an undis-putedly authentic document that a defendant attaches as an exhibit to a motion to dismiss if the plaintiffs claims are based on the document.” Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir.1993). If any other matters outside the pleadings are presented to the court, and the court does not exclude those matters, a Rule 12(b)(6) motion will be treated as-a summary judgment motion pursuant to Rule 56. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b).

Summary judgment is appropriate where the Court is satisfied that the materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations, admissions, or interrogatory answers, demonstrate that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 330, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

An issue is “genuine” if it is supported by evidence such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict in the nonmoving party’s favor, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A fact is “material” if, under the governing substantive law, a dispute about the fact might affect the outcome of the suit. Id. In considering a motion for summary judgment, a district court may not make credibility determinations or engage in any weighing of the evidence; instead, the non-moving party’s evidence “is to be believed and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Marino v. Industrial Crating Co., 358 F.3d 241, 247 (3d Cir.2004)(quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505). Initially, the moving party has the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party must identify, by affidavits or otherwise, specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id. Thus, to withstand a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must identify specific facts and affirmative evidence that' contradict those offered by the moving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256-57, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A party opposing summary judgment must do more than just rest upon mere allegations, general denials, or vague statements. Saldana v. Kmart Corp., 260 F.3d 228, 232 (3d Cir.2001).

C. Analysis

The starting point for assessing the viability of plaintiffs claims is the New Jersey statute that dictates the powers of the Washington Township Council. Washington Township is governed by a mayor-council form of government adopted pursuant to the Faulkner Act, N.J.S.Á. 40:69A-1 to-210 (also known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law). Under this form of government, the municipal council exercises legislative power and the mayor exercises executive , power. N.J.S.A.. 40:69A-36; N.J.SA. 40:69A-39, Relevant to this case, the Faulkner Act provides that a town council “may ... [rjemove, by at least two-thirds vote of the whole number of the council, any municipal officer, other than the mayor or.a member of council, for cause, upon notice and an opportunity to be heard.” N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37(b).

Plaintiff takes issue with how the Council enforced this provision. First, plaintiff complains that he did not receive a fair hearing because the hearing was riot presided over by an impartial arbiter. Plaintiff also contends that the written notice of the charges against him concerned'the allegations of a conflict of interest in violation of several RPCs, but at the hearing the special counsel informed the Council that they could also focus on whether plaintiffs firm’s representation in the Daly lawsuit constituted a general “appearance of impropriety.” Plaintiff argues that the lack of notice as to the “appearance of impropriety” charge violates his right to proper notice.

Related to the lack of a neutral hearing officer and proper notice of all the charges, plaintiffs next complaint concerns the Council’s finding of “cause” to remove him from his position. Plaintiff argues that his expert who opined that plaintiff did not violate any ethic rules was the only credible evidence presented, as the special counsel did not rebut the expert’s opinions with any comparable evidence. Because the only actual evidence in the record showed that plaintiff did not commit RPC violations, there was no cause to terminate him from his position based on charges that he did commit ethical violations.

The parameters of what constitutes “for cause,” “upon notice,” and “an opportunity to be heard” to remove a municipal employee under the Faulkner Act are not precisely defined. Plaintiff argues that the claimed deficiencies leading up to and at the hearing violate RICO, the Constitution, and constitute state law torts. Defendants present numerous arguments and legal bases-for the dismissal of plaintiffs claims, including immunity doctrines for the municipal council members, failure to comply with the tort claims act, lack of state action on the part of the private defendants, failure .to allege specific actions by each defendant rather than lumping claims against all of them, legally ¿insupportable claims for RIC.O and other conspiracy allegations, and a lack of jurisdiction over plaintiffs request for prerogative writ. Overall, however, the Council members argue that plaintiffs termination from his position of Township Law Department Director complied with the statutory requirements of the Faulkner Act and comported with the requirements of constitutionally protected due process.

Plaintiffs claim that he was denied proper due process is the underpinning of all of his other claims. The Court will therefore assess the process provided to plaintiff by the Council in terminating his employment. Accepting as true, as plaintiff claims, that he has a constitutionally protected property interest in his position as Township Solicitor, the Supreme Court in Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985) set forth the standard in determining what process is due in pre-termination procedures where a plaintiff has a property interest in his employment. The Loudermill Court began with the long-standing precept that “[a]n essential principle of due process is that a deprivation of life, liberty, or property ‘be preceded by notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case.’” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 105 S.Ct. 1487 (citation omitted). The Court reiterated the settled rule that due process “requires ‘some kind of a hearing’ prior to the discharge of an employee who has a constitutionally protected property interest in his employment.” Id. (citation omitted). The Court noted that one essential component of due process was a pre-ter-mination opportunity to respond. Id. The Court instructed that “the pretermination ‘hearing,’ though necessary, need not be elaborate;” rather, “’[t]he formality and procedural requisites for the hearing can vary, depending upon the importance of the interests involved and the nature of the subsequent proceedings.’” Id. After balancing the interests of public employees and employers, the Court held that “[t]he tenured public employee is entitled to oral or written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of the employer’s evidence, and an opportunity to present his side of the story.” Id. at 546, 105 5.Ct. 1487.

Considering these guideposts for providing a vested employee with due process in his pre-termination proceedings, and crediting all of plaintiffs allegations in his fa•vor, the Court finds that plaintiff was provided with “notice,” “an opportunity to be heal’d,” and a “for cause” determination that were all constitutionally proper. Each of plaintiffs challenges to the termination procedure will be addressed in turn.

1. Plaintiff claims that he did not receive a fair hearing because the hearing was not •presided over by an impartial arbiter.

As the Supreme Court noted in Louderman, a pre-termination hearing does not need to be elaborate, and the nature of the hearing depends on the circumstances of the matter at hand. Here, the Faulkner Act vests numerous powers and responsibilities to a municipal council, including the power to remove municipal officers. Stomel v. City of Camden, 192 N.J. 137, 927 A.2d 129, 137 (2007) (citing N.J.S.A. 40:69A-36(d); N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37). Even though a hearing to determine whether to remove a municipal officer “involves the exercise of a quasi-judicial function,” Galloway v. Council of Clark Twp., Union Cty., 92 N.J.Super. 409, 223 A.2d 644, 649 (1966), aff'd sub nom., 94 N.J.Super. 527, 229 A.2d 279 (1967), there are no requirements that the Council conduct the hearing as if it were proceeding as a court of law, DeSoto v. Smith, 383 N.J.Super. 384, 891 A.2d 1241, 1246-47 (2006) (explaining that a municipal solicitor who had been removed from office under the Faulkner Act and complained about lack of due process “had no right to present witnesses and be heard at a full blown evidentiary hearing”). Indeed, municipalities that have “adopted one of the Faulkner Act plans have been granted wide authority to determine the organization of departments and to control personnel.” Casamasino v. City of Jersey City, 158 N.J. 333, 730 A2d 287, 292 (1999). Consequently, plaintiffs claim that his due process was violated because his hearing was not presided over by a neutral hearing officer is without merit.

2. Plaintiff claims that the written notice of the charges against him concerned the allegations of a conflict of interest in violation of several RPCs, but at the hearing the Council focused on whether plaintiff’s firm’s representation in the Daly lawsuit constituted a general “appearance of impropriety, ” which violated his right to proper notice.

The notice sent to plaintiff of the Council’s charges against him was titled, “CONFLICT OF INTEREST-KNOWINGLY ENGAGING IN ACTION WHICH WAS CONTRARY TO THE INTERESTS OF 'CURRENT CLIENTS, DULY ELECTED. ' REPRESENTATIVES OF CLIENTS, AND INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE NOW REPRESENTATIVES OF CLIENTS.” The notice elaborated, “The continued legal representation of the Township of Washington by the firm of Trimble & Armano as Solicitor/Director of the Department of Law, is in violation of New Jersey Rule Professional Conduct 1.7, 1.9,1.10,” and “The film’s continued representation of the Township of Washington, also causes a fundamental break down in the attorney-client relationship between the individuals that he has sued personally and through the litigation against the Washington Township Democratic Committee since sitting current Council members were on said Committee.” (Docket No. 31-3.)

Plaintiff argues that because the Council considered the “appearance of impropriety” standard at the hearing, and this standard was not articulated in the pre-hearing notice of charges, his right to proper notice was violated. The Court finds that this argument is unsupportable for two reasons.

First, plaintiffs contention that he was only notified about concerns over his violation of several attorney ethics rules is belied by the content of the notice. Although the notice of charges does not specifically use the terminology “appearance of impropriety,” the notice contains language regarding the fundamental breakdown of the Council’s trust in plaintiffs legal counsel due to his firm’s lawsuit against the very Council members plaintiff was tasked with advising. It is evident that the Council was concerned with more than whether plaintiff violated the precise proscriptions of particular RPCs.

Second, even if the notice only contained the charges pertaining to specific RPC violations, the Council’s additional focus at the hearing on their concern over an “appearance of impropriety” is not a violation of plaintiffs right to proper notice. Many courts have held that notice of the basis for termination does not need to be provided in advance of thé hearing to constitute proper due process, and that informing the employee at the hearing of the charges against him is sufficient. See McDaniels v. Flick, 59 F.3d 446, 457 (3d Cir.1995) (citations omitted) (“McDaniels contends that the notice given him was insufficient because it was not provided until the beginning of the pretermination meeting. We have held, however, that advance notice is not required.”); Id. (“McDaniels contends that he did not receive adequate notice and explanation of the charges against him because he was not told or given the exact allegations made by Federici, In this regard, it is not disputed that the written summary of Federici’s allegations was not given or read to McDaniels before his termination. We have held, however, that pre-termination notice of the charges and evidence against an employee need not be in great detail as long as it allows the employee the opportunity to determine what facts, if .any, within his knowledge might be presented in mitigation of or in denial of the charges,” citing Derstein v. Kansas, 915 F.2d 1410, 1413 (10th Cir.1990) (fact that employee did not know of all relevant facts and was not given copy of investigation transcript is insignificant), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 937, 111 S.Ct. 1391, 113 L.Ed.2d 447 (1991) (other citations omitted)); Gniotek v. City of Philadelphia, 808 F.2d 241, 244 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1050, 107 S.Ct. 2183, 95 L.Ed.2d 839 (1987) (ho advance notice of the pre-termination hearing is required; “Notice is sufficient, (1)' if it apprises the vulnerable party of the nature of the charges and general evidence against him, and (2)' if it is timely under the particular circumstances of the case.”); Copeland v. Philadelphia Police Dep’t, 840 F.2d 1139, 1142-46 (3d Cir.1988) (holding that procedural due process was met where a policeman was told that he had tested positive for illegal drug use, was allowed "to respond, and was told that he would be suspended with intent to dismiss, all in the course of a single interview).

Here, plaintiff chose not to attend the hearing afforded to him as part of his due process rights, and thus did- not hear the charges lodged against him completely flushed out. His failure to fully participate in his “opportunity to be heard” cannot serve as a sword to challenge the sufficiency of the notice he was provided. Accordingly, the Court finds that plaintiff was provided proper notice of the charges against him to satisfy due process.1

3. Plaintiff contends that his expert who opined that plaintiff did not violate any ethic rules was the only credible evidence presented, and' because the only actual evidence in the record showed that plaintiff did not commit RPC violations, there was no cause to terminate him from his position based on charges that he did commit ethical violations.

“Cause,” in the context of a general “for cause” provision such as in N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37(b), “is a concept which, like all of the enduring principles of the common law, is certain as a matter of legal import while being at the same time extremely elastic as a matter of specific application.” Golaine v. Cardinale, 142 N.J.Super. 385, 361 A.2d 593, 598 (1976), aff'd, 163 N.J.Super. 453, 395 A.2d 218 (1978). “Cause” essentially means “such cause as is plainly sufficient under the law and sound public policy,” and has “reference to a substantial cause touching qualifications appropriate to the office or employment or to its administration.” Id. .(citations omitted). “It also necessarily implies such degree of misconduct or. culpability on the part of the office holder as clearly implicates the public interest in precluding his continuance in that particular office.” Id.

“Where the dereliction charged, therefore, is not of such intrinsically reprehensible character, the determination of whether a specific act or omission constitutes cause for removal requires an evaluation of the conduct in terms of its relationship of the nature of the office'itself, and, in that context, an appraisal of the actual or potential impairment of the public interest which may be expected to result from the conduct in question.” Id.

In this case, plaintiff argues that because the only, competent evidence, in the form of plaintiffs witness who is an expert on legal ethics, determined that plaintiff did not violate RPC 1.7, 1.9, 1.10 and 1.11, he cannot be terminated “for cause” on that basis. The Court finds that plaintiffs argument could be compelling if the Council terminated his employment solely on that basis. The Council, however, considered the broader implications of the situation, as described by the court in Golaine, to support the “for cause” requirement of N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37(b).

• It is important to reiterate that “the Faulkner Act was created with the intent to confer upon municipalities the greatest possible power of local self-government consistent with the Constitution of.this State and the applicable law.” Casamasino, 730 A.2d at 292. Specifically with regard to a municipality’s director of law, “[w)hile it is true that the attorney serves the public at large, it is also true that the public has elected the officials who retain their counsel. Surely the public can presume that their chosen officials, or the majority of those officials at least, should have freedom to select the professionals with whom they will work in harmony to provide, the good government the citizens believe -they will obtain through their vote. The will of the electorate may be frustrated by not giving those they have elected the right to fashion their team to carry out the mandate inherent in their election. Furthermore, requiring the majority of the governing body to receive the advice of counsel in whom it does not exhibit trust and confidence hardly engenders public respect, not to mention organizational stability and efficiency.” Hiering v. Twp. of Jackson, 248 N.J.Super. 37, 589 A.2d 1373, 1377 (1990) aff'd, 248 N.J.Super. 9, 589 A.2d 1357 (1991).

In this case, the Council .found exactly what concerned the court in Hiering: (1) “Trimble & Armano’s representation of Mr. Daly and others in the Lawsuit creates a substantial risk that Trimble & Ar-mano’s ability to provide independent legal advice to Council has been compromised,” (2) “that the filing of the Lawsuit created substantial doubts as'to Trimble & Anna-no’s impartiality and independence in rendering legal advice to Council which has resulted in a lack of confidence and trust in those advices,” ahd (3) that the “Council' can no longer reasonably trust Trimble & Armano as the Township Attorney and that the attorney/client relationship has been irreparably broken and fractured due to the lack of trust and confidence as a result of the actions of Trimble & Arma-no.” (Docket No. 31-6.)

Even accepting that plaintiff had not violated any of the ethics rules governing the conduct of attorneys, the Council articulated its grave concern over trusting the legal counsel of its solicitor whose law firm sued, on behalf of a political rival, several members of the Council. Given that plaintiffs position was a partisan political appointment, terminable at the discretionary removal by the Mayor or by two-thirds of Council, DeSoto, 891 A.2d at 1246; N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37(b), and that the elected officials should have the “freedom to select the professionals with whom they will work in harmony,” the Council’s lack of trust and confidence in plaintiffs services as Township Solicitor establishes sufficient cause to remove him from his position. Therefore, plaintiffs claim that the removal procedures were constitutionally infirm because he was not terminated “for cause” fails as a matter of law.

Having found that plaintiffs termination as the Township Solicitor was effected through constitutionally sufficient due process and in compliance with N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37(b), the Court further finds that all of plaintiffs other claims fail as a matter of law. Plaintiff claims that his removal was a conspiracy to ensure a partisan appointment of a different Township solicitor and the renewed appointment of the Township engineer. Even when accepting as true plaintiffs conspiracy claims, these political motivations do not override the constitutionally and statutorily proper termination process provided to plaintiff. Accordingly, plaintiffs claims for RICO and Hobbs Act violations, along with claims for abuse of process and intentional interference with contract, cannot be maintained. Similarly, plaintiffs action in mandamus in lieu of prerogative writ, even if the Court had jurisdiction to hear such an action, is also unsustainable.

CONCLUSION

This case presents the collision of partisan appointments and political’ wrangling with constitutional due process rights. Even accepting as true the full extent of plaintiffs allegations regarding the political motivations of the Township Council, plaintiff received the constitutionally proper process he was due as directed by the Supreme Court: he received “oral or written notice of the charges against him, an explanation of the employer’s evidence, and an opportunity to present his side of the story.” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 105 S.Ct. 1487. Moreover, as required by the Faulkner Act, N.J.S.A. 40:69A-37(b), plaintiff received a properly supported “for cause” determination. These constitutionally and statutorily proper procedures cannot serve as a basis for other claims. Accordingly, defendants are entitled to judgment in their favor on all of plaintiffs claims against them.

An appropriate Order will be entered. 
      
      . Plaintiff did not formally file a cross-motion in compliance with Local Civil Rules 7.1(h) and 56.1. Nevertheless, the Court will consider all of plaintiffs arguments presented in his briefs.
     
      
      . Plaintiff properly received a “Rice notice.” See McGee v. Twp. of E. Amwell, 416 N.J.Super. 602, 7 A.3d 785, 794 (2010) (explaining that under the .Open Public Meetings Act5 (OPMA), N.J.S.A. 10:4-6 to -21, and Rice v. Union County Regional High School Board of Education, 155 N.J.Super. 64, 382 A.2d 386 (App.Div.1977), “no public body shall hold a meeting unless adequate notice thereof has been provided to the public,” and that a public body is required to give affected employees adequate notice of the discussion of personnel matters, so that they, would have the opportunity to make a decision on whether they desire a public discussion).
     
      
      . .Because the Court finds that the process provided to plaintiff was constitutionally proper, the issue of the application of the absolute or qualified immunity doctrines need not be reached, other than to note that in the context of public employment, there is a distinction drawn between the elimination of a position and the termination of an individual employee in determining whether absolute immunity applies. See Baraka v. McGreevey, 481 F.3d 187, 199-200 (3d Cir.2007) (citations omitted) (explaining that the elimination of a public employment position — as opposed to the firing of a single individual-constitutes a legislative act that provides absolute immunity, while the firing of a particular employee is a personnel decision that does not involve general policy making, and is therefore an act of an executive or administrative nature that is not entitled to absolute immunity).
     
      
      . Defendants point out that plaintiff’s complaint does not contain a specific claim for the violation of his due process rights. Instead, plaintiff’s complaint, in his count for claims arising under 42 U.SiC. § 1983, states that defendants "conspired to deprive the plaintiff his constitutionally protected contract, first amendment and other constitutionally protected rights,” (Amend. Compl. § 55.) Plaintiff's briefs focus on how he claims his due process rights have been violated. Although not as precisely stated as they could be, it is evident'that plaintiff’s claims hinge on alleged substantive and procedural due process violations.
     
      
      . Plaintiff claims that the Council's decision to institute termination proceedings against him was motivated by political reasons - namely, that the Mayor and five other executive employees were threatened with substantial pay decreases if the Mayor did not appoint a different solicitor hand-picked by the Council, and that the new solicitor would retain the current engineering firm, with which defendant Roagle was formerly employed. As is discussed below, even accepting as true that the defendants’ actions were motivated by political reasons, in the context of political appointments and partisan affiliations, defendants’ motivations are irrelevant, so long as plaintiff received proper due process. See, e.g., Halle v. Twp. of Woodbridge, 245 N.J.Super. 61, 583 A.2d 1149, 1153 (1990) (explaining that the initial decision of whether to bring civil charges and remove a political appointee is within the sound discretion of the municipal council); In re Shain, 92 N.J. 524, 457 A.2d 828 (1983) (stating that the drafters of the Faulkner Act plainly contemplated that under a Mayor-Council form of government, the council would be empowered to undertake the investigation of departments and the removal of municipal officers for cause).
     
      
      . Compare Mele v. Fahy, 579 F.Supp. 1576, 1583 (D.N.J.1984) (holding that because a department head is appointed by the mayor and subject to patronage dismissal, the department head did not possess either a statutory or contractual property entitlement to continued employment), and DeSoto v. Smith, 383 N.J.Super. 384, 891 A.2d 1241, 1246-47 (2006) (finding that because the terms of plaintiff's employment as township solicitor indicate that her position was terminable at the mayor’s discretion, and plaintiff's termination did not in any way question her "good name, reputation, honor, or integrity,” or create a detriment to future employment, she had no property or liberty interest in her position), with McDaniels v. Flick, 59 F.3d 446, 454 (3d Cir.1995) (finding that under Loudermill, the plaintiff had a constitutionally protectable property interest in continued employment as a tenured professor at the college).
     
      
      .Even though the Council found that it had "a reasonable belief that the actions as aforesaid violate the Rules of Professional Conduct governing attorneys in the State of New Jersey,” they did so while being advised by the special counsel that the members did not have to actually find that there was a violation of the RPCs. (Docket No. 43 at 19.) Moreover, that finding must be considered in context with the Council’s determination that the attorney/client relationship had been irreparably broken and fractured due to the lack of trust and confidence resulting from plaintiff’s firm’s representation of the plaintiff in the Daly matter. Plaintiff is correct that a group of laymen cannot determine whether an attorney has violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. Indeed, it is only for the New Jersey Supreme Court, through the Disciplinary Review Board and Office of Attorney Ethics, that can determine whether a lawyer has committed unethical conduct and is subject to discipline. See N.J. Const, art. VI, § 2, ¶ 3 ("The Supreme Court shall make rules governing the administration of all courts in the State and, subject to the law, the practice and procedure in all such courts. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction over the admission to the practice of law and the discipline of persons admitted.”). It is important to note that there is no indication in the record that any disciplinary charges have been brought against plaintiff by the DRB or OAE for the conduct at issue in this case.
     
      
      . Plaintiff asserts a claim for First Amendment violations, but it is unclear how he claims his First Amendment rights were violated. If Plaintiff is contending that he was terminated because of his firm's alignment with a political rival, such a claim is not maintainable. See, e.g., Ness v. Marshall, 660 F.2d 517 (3d Cir.1981) (where the former city solicitor of York, Pennsylvania and two assistants alleged that the new mayor, a Democrat, had dismissed them because they were Republicans and in so doing had violated their First Amendment rights, the Third Circuit holding that as a matter of law the plaintiffs occupied policy-making roles and thus could be subject to patronage dismissal).
     
      
      . From the histoiy and plain language of the provisions allowing for a plaintiff to assert an action in lieu of prerogative writ, along with the tenants of various federal comity doctrines, it is highly questionable that a plaintiff can maintain action in mandamus in lieu of prerogative writ in this Court to compel a municipality’s town council to act in a certain way. See Vas v. Roberts, 418 N.J.Super. 509, 14 A.3d 766, 771 (2011) (citing N.J. Ct. Rule 2:2 — 3(a)(2)) (explaining the history of an action in lieu of prerogative writ, which is codified by the New Jersey Supreme Court's adoption of Rule 2:2-3(a)(2), and which mandates the exclusive allocation to the Appellate Division review of both “final decisions or actions of any state administrative agency or officer, and ... the validity of any rule promulgated by such agency or officer”); Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997, 1005-06, 114 S.Ct. 2647, 129 L.Ed.2d 775 (1994) (explaining that Rooker/Feldman abstention doctrine bars a party losing in state court from seeking what in substance would be appellate review of the state judgment in a United States district court, based on the losing party’s claim that the state judgment itself violates the loser’s federal rights).
     