
    Edward Marshall, Resp’t, v. George R. Sherman, App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Third Department,
    
    
      Filed February 12, 1895.)
    
    1. Corporation—Stockholders—Liability.
    The ordinary statutory liability of a stockholder is a contract liability and, as such, enforceable in any state or court where jurisdiction may be obtained of the person, unless an exclusive remedy is provided in the state where the corporation is organized.
    2. Same.
    Where the act of incorporation of a foreign corporation declares in terms that each stockholder shall be individually liable for the debts of the corporation, the courts of this state are open to a creditor of such corporation to enforce the liability of the stockholder for such debts according to the terms of the charter, and it contemplates and provides for an action against a single stockholder.
    Appeal from a judgment overruling a demurrer to the complaint.
    
      McLaughlin & Rowe, (C. B. McLaughlin, of counsel), for app’lt; Riley & Cantwell (Frank N. Hagar, of counsel), for resp’t.
   Herrick, J.

This is an appeal from a judgment against the defendant overruling a demurrer to the plaintiff’s complaint. The plaintiff is a judgment creditor of the Miltonvale State Bank, a corporation existing under the laws of the state of Kansas. The defendant is a stockholder in the same bank. The plaintiff’s complaint shows that in 1859 the people of the state of Kansas adopted a constitution, which, among other provisions, contains the following :

«“Dues from corporations shall be secured by the individual liability of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to the stock owned by each individual; and such other means as shall be provided by law; but such individual liability shall not apply to railroad corporations nor corporations ior religious or charitable purposes.”

In October, 1868, the legislature of the state of Kansas passed a law providing for the incorporation of banking institutions. Said act provided, among other things, as follows :

“If any corporation, created under this or any general statute of this state, except railway or charitable or religious corporations, be dissolved, leaving debts unpaid, suits may be brought against any person or persons who were stockholders at the time of such dissolution, without joining the corporation in such suit; and if judgment be rendered, and execution satisfied, the defendant or defendants may sue all who were stockholders at the time of dissolution, for the recovery of the portion of such debt for which they were liable, and the execution upon the judgment shall direct the collection to be made from property of each stockholder, respectively; and if any number of stockholders (defendants in the case) shall not have property enough to satisfy his or their portion of the execution, then the amount of the deficiency shall be divided equally among all the remaining stockholders, and collections made accordingly, deducting from the amount a sum in proportion to the amount of stock owned by the plaintiff at the time the company dissolved.”

Said act also contains a further provision, reading as follows:

“Execution against Stockholder—Action. That if any execution shall have been issued against the property or effects of a corporation, except a railway or a religious or charitable corporation, and there cannot be found any property whereon to levy such execution, then execution may be issued against any of the stockholders, toan extent equal in amount to the amount of stock by him or her owned, together with any amount unpaid thereon; but no execution shall issue against any stockholder, except upon an order * * * brought or instituted, made upon motion in open court, after reasonable notice in writing to the person or persons sought to be charged: and, upon such motion, such court may order execution to issue accordingly; or the plaintiff in the execution may proceed by action to charge the stockholders with the amount of his judgment.”

Such statutes were subsequently embodied in a revision of the laws of the state of Kansas, made in 1879 and 1889 ; and the complaint alleges that they are now, and ever since their enactment have been, the law of the state of Kansas. The complaint sets forth the manner of incorporation provided by statute, and that in July, 1886, a corporation was duly organized under such laws of the state of Kansas, under the name of the Miltonvale State Bank. The complaint also, by appropriate allegation, shows that the plaintiff became a creditor of said bank; that he obtained a judgment against such banking corporation upon his claim against the same ; and that execution -was issued thereon, and returned unsatisfied. It also sets forth that such banking corporation has been dissolved, and has ceased to do business, and that a receiver thereof has been appointed ; that such receiver has paid a portion of plaintiff’s said judgment, but that there is a balance remaining unpaid to the amount of $943.32, with interest from September 5-, 1891. lie further alleges that such banking corporation is wholly insolvent, and has no assets of any kind, nature, or description from which can be made the money due the plaintiff upon the various demands set out in the complaint, and the judgment recovered thereon. Plaintiff also alleges that the stockholders of said corporation who reside in Kansas have paid to the creditors thereof the full amount of their stockholders' liability for which they are liable under the constitution and laws of the state of Kansas, but t-hatthe defendant has not paid any part of his liability as a stockholder. This is the substance of the plaintiff’s complaint.

The defendant demurred to the complaint, on the ground “that it appears upon the face of the complaint that there is a defect of parties defendant, in that all of the stockholders of the Milton-vale State Bank are not made defendants herein’’; also, that it appears upon the face of the complaint “that causes of action have been improperly united therein, and that plaintiff seeks to recover as a judgment creditor upon a statute purporting to give a joint cause of action against all the stockholders of the Miltonvale State Bank, and also seeks to recover as a general creditor upon a statute purporting to give cause of action against this defendant as a stockholder of said bank separately”; and, for a third ground of demurrer, asserts “that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”

I think the complaint sets forth a good cause of action, and that the judgment overruling the demurrer should be affirmed. The court has been referred to a large number of authorities in other states, and in considering the questions here presented, has examined many others; but it seems to me that a review and discussion of the various decisions that have been rendered in other states, where similar or somewhat similar questions were involved, is unnecessary, and will lead to confusion, rather than clearness, in-expressing the determination that I have arrived at in this case. A brief reference to general principles, together with a few cases in our own state, and in the supreme court of the United States, seems to me abundantly sufficient.

' It is alleged that the defendant is a stockholder in a dissolved and insolvent bank in the state of Kansas; that, by the constitution and statutes of that state under which such banking corporation was organized, the stockholders of such bank are liable to the creditors thereof “to an additional amount equal to the stock owned by each stockholder.” The ordinary statutory liability of a stockholder is a contract liability, and, as such, enforceable in any state or court where jurisdiction may be obtained of the person. Cook, Stock, Stockh. & Corp. Law, § 223; Ex parte Van Riper, 20 Wend. 614; Corning v. McCullough, 1 N. Y. 47; Dennick v. Railroad Co., 103 U. S. 11; Flash v. Conn. 109 U. S. 371-379; 3 Sup. Ct. 263. “Every shareholder in a corporation is supposed to be cognizant of the provisions of its charter, and the general laws of the state which relate to his duties as such shareholder, and which define the nature and extent of his liability to the cred itors of the corporation.” Savings Association of St. Louis v. O'Brien, 51 Hun, 45; 20 St. Rep. 826. The personal liability of stockholders for the debts of a corporation by virtue of its charter is not in the nature of a penalty or forfeiture, and does not exist solely as a liability imposed by statute. It is not enforced simply as a statutory obligation, but is regarded as voluntarily assumed by the act of becoming a stockholder. By such act he assents to be bound, or that his property shall be charged with debts of the corporation, to the extent and in the manner prescribed by the act of incorporation. Where, therefore, the act of incorporation declares in terms that each stockholder shall be individually liable for' the debts of the corporation, the courts of this state are open to a creditor of such corporation to enforce the liability of the stockholder for such debts, according to the terms of the charter. Lowry v. Inman, 46 N. Y. 119-126.

Morawetz, in his excellent work on Private Corporations (section 875), lays down the following as a general rule:

“It seems clear, upon principle, that a creditor of a corporation whose shareholders are individually liable for its debts may maintain a suit to enforce this liability wherever he can obtain jurisdiction over the necessary parties. The right to maintain a suit of this character outside of the jurisdiction of the state by which the corporation was chartered does not depend upon the comity of the state where the suit is brought, or its willingness to recognize and give effect to the laws of a foreign state; it depends upon the willingness of the courts to enforce a contract validly entered into between the parties in another jurisdiction. A refusal to grant a remedy in a case of this kind would not be a refusal to enforce a foreign law; it would be simply a denial of justice.”

I think it may be laid down as the settled law of this state that a liability like that of the one in question here is a contract liability, and one that can be enforced in this state, unless an exclusive remedy is provided in the state where the corporation is organized. In the case of Lowry v. Inman, supra, it was held that plaintiff could not maintain his action in this state, because there was a special and exclusive remedy provided, which in its nature could only be enforced in the state of Georgia. By the statutes of that state, a judgment and execution against a corporation was made a lien upon and enforceable against the property of the stockholder, and no provision was made for an independent action against a stockholder. It is perfectly apparent that a remedy of that kind could only be enforced in the state where the corporation existed. Again, in Christensen v. Uno, 106 N. Y. 97-103; 8 St. Rep. 682, it was held that the liability of the stockholder could not be enforced in this state, because the remedy provided in that case authorized the creditors of the corporation who should have obtained a judgment, and the execution thereon was returned unsatisfied, to issue an execution against any stockholder to an amount equal in amount to the stock held by him, together with the amount unpaid thereon. In Barnes v. Wheaton, 80 Hun, 8; 61 St. Rep. 492, where the Ohio statute in relation to the liability of stockholders was in question, it was held “that an independent action could not be maintained in Ohio against one stockholder alone, and that the remedy to enforce such liability, being specially provided by the statutes of that state, is exclusive, and not available here.” As I read the statute of Kansas, no exclusive remedy is provided. The creditor • who desires to charge the stockholders personally, and who has obtained a judgment against the corporation, and has issued an execution thereon, and no property of such corporation can be found whereon to make a levy, may then issue an execution against any of the stockholders to an extent equal in amount to the amount of stock owned, together with any sum unpaid thereon, or “the plaintiff in an execution may proceed by action to charge the stockholder with the amount of his judgment.” The first remedy is obviously one that can only be availed of in the state where the judgment is obtained against the corporation and against the stockholders in such state, or who may have property in such state, and cannot be availed of as against foreign stockholders. The second remedy is not exclusive, but, under the authorities heretofore cited, may be availed of in any jurisdiction.

But it is contended that an action cannot be maintained against a single stockholder; that it must be brought against all. Under a statute of our state, reading as follows: “Where the capital stock of a corporation has not been paid in, and capital paid shall be insufficient to satisfy the claims of its creditors, each stockholder shall be bound to pay on each share held by him a sum necessary to complete the amount due on such share as fixed by the charter of the company, or such proportion of that sum as shall be required to satisfy the debts of the company” (1 Bev. St. p. 600, § 5)—it has been held that one stockholder could not be sued alone; that, no remedy being prescribed by the statute, it was to be enforced by such practice and in such form as the nature of the right and the relief sought demanded. It was decided that a bill in equity, bringing in the corporation and the delinquent stockholders, was the proper course. Then an account of all the debts and of the assets could be had, together with the amount unpaid by each of the stockholders, so that they could be made equally liable. Mann v. Pentz, 3 N. Y. 415. And it was held of a similar statute of New Jersey that the liability could not be enforced against a single stockholder in this state for the same reason. Griffith v. Mangara, 73 N. Y. 611. Under that statute no provision was made for distributing the indebtedness equally among the stockholders. Under the statute of Kansas, such provision is made that the stockholder who "is compelled to pay the judgment may bring an action against all who are stockholders at the time of the dissolution of the corporation, for the recovery of the portion of such debt for which they are liable; thus bringing about an equitable distribution of the debts among all the stockholders. Again, the statute in terms provides that a “suit may be brought against any person or persons who are stockholders at the time of such dissolution, without joining the corporation in such suit.” This obviously means permission to sue one or all of the stockholders. That view is further supported by the ensuing sentence, reading as follows : “If judgment be entered and execution satisfied the defendant or defendants may issue to all who are stockholders at the time of the dissolution,” etc. It seems to me, therefore, that one of the remedies provided by the statute of the state of Kansas—that is, “ by action,”—is one that is not exclusive; it simply gives a right of action, the same as exists upon any contract liability, and is one that may be pursued in this state; and that such statute contemplates and provides for an action against a single stockholder. For these reasons, the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

All concur.  