
    Charles E. Walbridge et al., Respondents, v. Andrew Simon, Appellant.
    (Superior Court of Buffalo — General Term,
    July, 1895.)
    A general denial puts 'in issue“every fact which it is essential for the plaintiff to establish to sustain a recovery, and includes the present right of > recovery at the time of the commencement of the action.
    An objection is not waived because not taken at the trial, unless it could have been obviated if so taken.
    Proof that customers and workmen found the accounts presented to them correct and settled in accordance therewith, but did not see the hooks from which they were made out, is not sufficient to authorize the: reception of such books in evidence.
    Titus, Oh. J. dissents.
    Appeal by defendant from a judgment rendered by theMunicinal Court of Buffalo.
    
      Marcy D. Glose (Louis E. Desbecker, of counsel), for respondents.
    
      J. W. R-ussell, for appellant.
   Hatch, J.

This action was commenced by the service of a. summons on the 20th of September, 1894, and is brought to recover on a promissory note and book account assigned to plaintiff by one Charles Buscher. The complaint is quite informal, and alleged in general terms on an account for goods sold and delivered to defendant by Buscher, and assigned to. t plaintiffs, and its amount. The defendant answered by a gen- : eral denial and plea of payment. The proof is undisputed that the account was not assigned to plaintiffs until September twenty-fifth, five days after the service of the summons. The answer put every fact in issue which it was essential for plaintiffs to establish in order to authorize a recovery, and included the present right of recovery at the commencement of their action. Mack v. Burt, 5 Hun, 28; Griffin v. L. I. R. Co., 101 N. Y. 348; Follmer v. Frommel, 63 Hun, 370.

Plaintiffs seek to avoid this result by the claim that defendj ant was either required to demur or answer specially; and.. further, that as no objection was taken upon the trial raising the question it was waived. It is clear that no demurrer would lie, for the complaint stated a good cause of action.

No defect appeared which required any other answer than the one interposed. The defect was of evidence and defeated plaintiffs’ claim. There was no waiver. Oases which hold that a right is waived for lack of objection only apply where the defect could or might have been supplied if an objection had been interposed, or where it appears that the party intended to waive it. Here the objection could not have been obviated, and there is nothing which shows an intention to waive it. The record discloses that the case was tried and submitted to the judge, and there is nothing upon which a waiver of the question could be predicated more than could be the waiver of any other branch of his defense. He stood insisting that there could be no recovery against him, and plaintiff was required to make his entire case, of which owner- , ship was a part.

I am also of opinion that error was committed in admitting the account books in evidence. Attempt was made to supply the proof required, but, as I view the case, it falls short of what the authorities require. So far as Deck’s testimony is concerned, it only showed that upon one occasion Buscher presented him with a bill which he found correct, and which he paid. But it is not pretended that he saw the books or settled from them, and they were not present when the bill was presented and paid. Testimony of this character was pointedly condemned in Beatty v. Clark, 44 Hun, 126.

The testimony of Pries, a workman, does not answer to supply the defect. His testimony is that he was paid every week; that he knew how much was due; that he had seen Buscher refer to a book, but that he never did, as it was not necessary, for he knew how much he was entitled to. This falls short of the proof which received support in McGoldrick v. Traphagen, 88 N. Y. 337, and is not sufficient under many well considered authorities. Dooley v. Moan, 57 Hun, 535; Davis v. Seaman, 64 id. 572.

The judgment appealed from should be reversed, with costs.

White, J., concurs.

Titus, Ch. J. (dissenting).

I cannot concur with my associate in the conclusion reached by him.

But two questions are raised on this appeal. The first relates to the sufficiency of the plaintiffs’ proof to authorize the introduction of the plaintiffs’ assignor’s books of account in evidence. From the return it appears that Charles Buscher was a plumber, engaged in doing business in this city, and assigned to the plaintiff the account for which this action was brought. It also appears that Buscher had regular dealings with defendant, extending over quite a period of time; that he had no clerk and made the entries in the book himself; that he delivered to the defendant a portion of the goods sold, and rendered some of the services charged, and, from two ° parties who had settled with him on these books, that they were correct and honest books of account. Upon this last proposition the defendant claims that there was no evidence that any person having an account with Buscher had settled with him from these books. The evidence is confined to the testimony of two witnesses. Witness Deck testifies that he did business with Buscher, and that he settled with him on an account rendered, and that the account was correct. Buscher himself testifies that he kept an account with Deck in ,these books, and that a true and exact copy of Deck’s account was made from the books, and that he gave it to him, and on this account Deck settled and paid him the amount. The witness Pries, an employee, whose account was kept in this book, says, in substance, he is paid by the week and his account is kept in the book; that he has settled with Buscher and received his pay, and at the time of such settlement Buscher looked at the account in the book, and that it was always correct. This is the only evidence introduced for the purpose of showing that the books of Buscher were honest books-of account, and I think it was sufficient, under the rule adopted by the courts, to admit these books of account in evidence. Vosburgh v. Thayer, 12 Johns. 461; McGoldrick v. Traphagen, 88 N. Y. 337.

The question that the action was prematurely brought is now raised for the first time. The written assignment of the account of Buscher to the plaintiffs bears date the twenty-fifth day of September, and the action was commenced by the service of a summons on the twentieth day of the same month, and the assignment is written on the bill of particulars, but it does not appear to have been read in evidence on the trial. The witness McCracken gives the only testimony relating to the assignment. After stating that the note and account had been assigned to the plaintiffs, he says he “ cannot give the exact date,” but on being referred to the bill of particulars, he says : “ It was on September 25th.” Evidently having been shown the date thereon written.

The defendant expressly admitted the first ten pages of the bill of items, and did not object to any of the proof on the ground that the assignment bore the date, or was made, subsequent to the commencement of the action. No motion was made for a nonsuit, or for a direction of a verdict, at the close of the case on that account, and, so far as the record shows, the counsel who tried the case in the court below did not in any manner raise the question or call the attention of the court to the fact, and took no objection on that ground during the trial, and I do not think he should be permitted now for the first time to raise a question which, if presented, might have disposed of the case, or the date corrected to conform with the facts. The case was tried on the assumption that the assignment was made before the commencement of the action, and what was assumed to be a fact by all the parties upon a matter not affecting the merits of the plaintiffs’ demand should control the court here against the date on the bill of particulars, and a party not having raised the objection should be deemed to have waived it. There is no merit in the point, because it is undisputed that the plaintiffs are, and probably at the time of the commencement of the action were, the owners of the account sued upon. The account bears date September nineteenth, and probably some one thought that a written assignment was necessary, and it was written on the back of the very bill of particulars furnished pursuant to a demand made by the defendant after joining issue in the action. Under the circumstances, and in view of the fact that the parties have assumed, until this appeal was argued, that the assignment was made to the plaintiff before the action was commenced, a reversal of the judgment on that ground would hardly be consistent with that kind of justice mentioned in the Code, section 3063, “ that the appellate court must render judgment according to the justice of the case without regard to technical errors or defects which do not affect the merits.”

I, therefore, think that the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.

Judgment reversed, with costs.  