
    PEOPLE v BLANTON
    Docket No. 328690.
    Submitted April 12, 2016, at Grand Rapids.
    Decided August 30, 2016, at 9:05 a.m.
    Timothy L. Blanton, Jr., was convicted in the Kent Circuit Court after pleading guilty to armed robbery, MCL 750.529, assault with intent to do great bodily harm, MCL 750.84, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Blanton had agreed to plead guilty to those charges in exchange for the dismissal of other charges against him and the dismissal of a second-offense habitual offender enhancement, MCL 769.10. The court, George J. Quist, J., conducted the plea colloquy with Blanton before accepting his plea. With the exception of the felony-firearm charge, the court advised Blanton of the sentences possible for the charges against him. The court did not inform Blanton of the mandatory sentence that would be imposed for a conviction of felony-firearm or that the felony-firearm sentence would have to be served consecutively to the sentences for his other convictions. The remainder of the plea colloquy was properly conducted. The court advised Blanton of the rights he would be giving up if he pleaded guilty, asked how he wished to plead to the charges, elicited a factual basis for Blanton’s guilty plea, concluded that Blanton’s plea was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made, accepted the plea, and adjudicated Blanton guilty of the three charges included in the plea agreement. At sentencing, Blanton pleaded guilty to a probation violation and was sentenced to 5 to 25 years of imprisonment for that violation. The court then sentenced Blanton to 5 to 10 years of imprisonment for the assault with intent to do great bodily harm conviction, 20 to 50 years of imprisonment for the armed robbery conviction, and 2 years of imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. The sentences for the convictions other than felony-firearm were to run concurrently after defendant served the felony-firearm sentence. Blanton subsequently moved to withdraw his guilty plea under MCR 6.310(C). He contended that there had been an error in the plea proceeding'—-that his plea was not knowing, understanding, or voluntary because the court had failed to advise him of the maximum possible penalty he faced for conviction of felony-firearm and that the other sentences would have to be served consecutively to the two-year felony-firearm sentence. The prosecution conceded the error but argued that Blanton could not withdraw his plea to all charges, only to the felony-firearm charge. At a hearing on the matter, the court acknowledged that the plea proceeding was defective but refused to adopt the prosecution’s approach to the issue. The court noted that the plea to felony-firearm was made as part of a “package deal” and that the plea agreement was indivisible. The court denied the prosecution’s motion for reconsideration but agreed with the prosecution’s position that the court failed to comply with MCR 6.310(C), which instructed that the court advise Blanton of the consequences of withdrawing his plea and give him the opportunity to let his plea stand or to withdraw it. Blanton chose to withdraw his plea. The court ordered that Blanton’s sentences be vacated and opened the case for further proceedings. The prosecution appealed, and the trial court stayed the proceedings.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    
      1. MCR 6.310(C) permits a defendant to move to withdraw his or her plea within six months of sentencing, and the defendant has the burden of demonstrating a defect in the plea-taking process. If the trial court concludes that there was an error in the plea proceedings, the court must do what is necessary to remedy the error and give the defendant an opportunity to allow the plea and sentence to stand or to withdraw the plea. In this case, there was no dispute that the trial court erred. As part of a defendant’s plea proceeding, MCR 6.302(B)(2) requires a trial court to inform the defendant of the maximum possible prison sentence he or she could receive for conviction of the offense and of any mandatory minimum sentence required by law. Because the understanding, voluntary, and accurate components of a valid plea—set forth in MCR 6.302(A)—are grounded on the guarantees of constitutional due process, a trial court may be required to advise a defendant of information not expressly stated in MCR 6.302. This obligation extends to informing a defendant of any consecutive or mandatory sentencing consequences of his or her conviction. Failure to advise a defendant of any consecutive or mandatory sentences constitutes a clear defect in the plea proceeding because the defendant cannot make an understanding plea without that information. A plea that is not voluntary or understanding violates both the state and the federal Due Process Clauses. In this case, the trial court failed to inform Blanton that his felony-firearm conviction carried a mandatory and consecutive two-year sentence that had to be served before the other sentences he received. This failure was a clear defect in the plea proceeding because Blanton could not tender an understanding plea without knowing about the full consequences of his plea.
    2. If a clear defect in a plea proceeding has occurred, the trial court must, under MCR 6.310(C), correct the error and give the defendant the opportunity to withdraw his or her plea or to elect to let the plea and sentence stand. A plea agreement is subject to review under contract principles. A plea agreement that includes pleading to more than one offense is generally considered a “package deal”; that is, a defendant’s choice to withdraw his or her plea effectively means that the plea is withdrawn as to all the charges against the defendant, not just the charge or charges affected by the error in the plea proceeding. A plea agreement covering multiple offenses is indivisible when the objective facts and circumstances indicate that the parties intended the agreement to include multiple offenses. In this case, Blanton was charged with multiple offenses in a single information and made an agreement with the prosecution to plead guilty to three charges at the same time in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining charges and the habitual offender enhancement. The trial court did not ask Blanton to plead to each offense separately. Instead, Blanton entered a single plea to all three charges. The terms of the plea agreement were contained in a single document, and Blanton’s plea to the multiple charges was accepted at a single proceeding. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Blanton to withdraw his plea to all three charges because the plea agreement was indivisible.
    Affirmed.
    Criminal Law — Guilty Plea to Multiple Offenses — Plea Withdrawal — Divisibility of Plea Agreement.
    A plea agreement is evaluated using, contract principles, and the parties’ intent is paramount; when objective facts and circumstances indicate that the parties intended a plea agreement involving multiple offenses to be a “package deal,” the agreement is indivisible and a defendant may not elect to withdraw his or her plea to a single offense; plea withdrawal in the case of indivisible plea agreements means that the plea to one offense is inseparable from the plea to other offenses encompassed by the same plea agreement (MCR 6.310).
    
      Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, William A. Forsyth, Prosecuting At-
      toruey, James K. Benison, Chief Appellate Attorney, and Gary A. Moore, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
    State Appellate Defender (by Christine A. Pagac) for defendant.
    Before: SAAD, P.J., and BORRELLO and GADOLA, JJ.
   BORRELLO, J.

The prosecution appeals by leave granted the June 19, 2015 circuit court order granting defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea to charges of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; assault with intent to do great bodily harm, MCL 750.84; and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b, on the basis that the plea proceeding was defective. The trial court denied the prosecution’s motion for reconsideration on July 24, 2015. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Defendant was originally charged with one count each of assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; assault with intent to rob while armed, MCL 750.89; being a felon in possession of a firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f; and felony-firearm in connection with events that occurred on May 19, 2014, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was charged as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10. Defendant was bound over for trial following a preliminary examination.

The record reflects that defendant was originally offered a plea deal that would have allowed bim to plead guilty to the charges of assault with intent to commit murder, felon-in-possession, and felony-firearm in exchange for the prosecution’s dropping the assault with intent to rob while armed charge and the second-offense habitual offender enhancement. However, at a status conference on July 16,2014, defendant rejected that plea offer.

Defendant was subsequently offered a second plea deal that would allow him to plead guilty on an amended information to charges of armed robbery, assault with intent to do great bodily harm, and felony-firearm in exchange for the prosecution’s dropping the assault with intent to commit murder, assault with intent to rob while armed, and felon-in-possession charges as well as the second-offense habitual offender enhancement. Additionally, the prosecution agreed that the sentencing guidelines range would be 171 to 285 months’ imprisonment. Defendant expressed his desire to accept that plea offer.

A plea proceeding was held on September 22, 2014, during which the terms of the second plea offer were placed on the record. The trial court placed defendant under oath. Thereafter, the trial court advised defendant that because he was on probation at the time he allegedly committed the charged offenses, he could be punished “up to the statutory maximum for whatever [he was] on probation for” and that any such sentence would “run concurrently, meaning at the same time, as any counts in this case except for the felony firearm.” Defendant expressed his understanding of these facts. The trial court then advised defendant that upon a conviction for armed robbery, he faced a maximum possible penalty of life imprisonment. Defendant expressed his understanding. The trial court further advised defendant that upon a conviction for assault with intent to do great bodily harm, he faced a maximum possible penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment. Without asking if defendant understood this fact, the trial court then advised defendant that he was also charged with felony-firearm, but did not advise defendant of the maximum possible penalty for this offense or the fact that the penalty would run consecutively to the other sentences. The trial court then simply asked defendant if he “underst[ood] the nature of the charges.” Defendant responded affirmatively.

The trial court next advised defendant of the rights he would be giving up by pleading guilty as well as the fact that once the plea was accepted, defendant did “not have any automatic right to withdraw [the] plea or to change [his] mind.” Defendant expressed his understanding. Defendant further acknowledged that he was not forced or threatened to enter the plea. After satisfying itself that the pertinent information had been discussed, the trial court asked defendant, “To the charge of armed robbery, assault with intent to do great bodily harm, and felony firearm on May 19th, 2014, how do you plead; guilty or not guilty?” Defendant responded, “Guilty, Your Honor.” After eliciting a factual basis for the plea, the trial court found that defendant’s plea was ‘knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made” and accepted the plea. The trial court then adjudicated defendant guilty.

Sentencing was held on October 20, 2014. At the outset of the hearing, defendant entered a guilty plea to his pending probation violation. Ultimately, defendant was sentenced to 5 to 25 years’ imprisonment for the probation violation, 5 to 10 years’ imprisonment for the assault with intent to do great bodily harm conviction, 20 to 50 years’ imprisonment for the armed robbery conviction, and 2 years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. The former three sentences were ordered to be served consecutively to the felony-firearm sentence.

After he was sentenced, defendant requested and was appointed appellate counsel. Then, on April 17, 2015, defendant, through his appellate counsel, moved in the trial court to withdraw his guilty plea. As the basis for withdrawing his plea, defendant argued that his plea was not knowingly, understandingly, and voluntarily entered because during the plea proceeding the trial court failed to advise him of the maximum possible penalty he faced for conviction of the felony-firearm charge and that the felony-firearm sentence would run consecutively to the other sentences. Defendant contended that the failure to so advise him violated MCR 6.302(B)(2). Accordingly, because there was “an error in the plea proceeding,” defendant argued that he was entitled under MCR 6.310(C) to withdraw his plea.

In response to defendant’s motion, the prosecution conceded that the trial court had erred by failing to advise defendant during the plea proceeding of the maximum possible penalty for the felony-firearm offense and that the sentence for that offense would be consecutive to the other sentences. However, while the prosecution conceded that the error entitled defendant to withdraw his guilty plea to the felony-firearm charge, it disputed the notion that defendant was entitled to withdraw “all his pleas to the charged offenses.” Instead, the prosecution argued that because defendant had been properly advised regarding the charges of armed robbery and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm, and because any failure to inform defendant regarding the felony-firearm charge was “extrinsic” to those other charges, defendant was not entitled to withdraw his guilty plea to those other charges. Therefore, the prosecution requested that defendant’s motion to withdraw be denied as it pertained to the convictions for armed robbery and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm.

Ahearing on defendant’s motion was held on June 19, 2015. At the outset, the trial court recognized that there was “no dispute that the plea proceeding was defective in some way because [defendant] was not informed about the . . . penalty regarding the felony firearm” charge. As to the issue whether defendant was entitled to withdraw his plea in total or only with respect to the felony-firearm charge, the trial court agreed with defendant’s position that the plea agreement was a “comprehensive deal” and was not divisible:

I agree with the defendant in this case. A plea agreement, I think, is a comprehensive deal. There’s a plea — Michigan Court Rule 6.310(C) controls this case — or controls this issue. If there’s an error in the plea proceeding, it allows the withdrawal of the plea. And I do find the defendant’s position persuasive that pleas are comprehensive deals. You can’t just take one part out because it’s a negotiated process. So, [defendant] will be allowed to withdraw his entire plea ....

The trial court subsequently entered two written orders on June 19, 2015. Specifically, in one order the trial court granted defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea in full. In the other order, the trial court vacated the judgment of sentence and reopened the case for further proceedings.

The prosecution moved the trial court for reconsideration on July 10, 2015. As a threshold matter, the prosecution argued that the trial court erred by simply granting defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea instead of following the procedure set forth in MCR 6.310(C), which provides that “[i]f the trial court determines that there was an error in the plea proceeding that would entitle the defendant to have the plea set aside, the court must give the advice or make the inquiries necessary to rectify the error and then give the defendant the opportunity to elect to allow the plea and sentence to stand or to withdraw the plea.” According to the prosecution, by granting the motion without even asking defendant what his preference was, the trial court left open the possibility that defendant could be tried and convicted of all counts (including those dropped as part of the plea) and sentenced to a harsher punishment, only to then insist that he be reoffered the plea deal because he never rejected it on the record. Therefore, the prosecution contended that, at a minimum, a hearing needed to be held at which defendant could be advised of his rights and allowed to choose whether to withdraw his plea or allow it to stand. Next, as it pertained to his right to withdraw the plea, the prosecution maintained that the trial court had erred by allowing defendant to withdraw his entire plea; rather, “the proper remedy” was “to allow him to withdraw the plea to the felony firearm count but not his pleas to the other two counts . . . .” In the interest of “maintaining the otherwise valid pleas” and to dispel any concern that allowing defendant to withdraw only his plea to the felony-firearm charge could result in his admissions from the plea proceeding being used against him in a subsequent trial on that charge, the prosecution agreed to drop the felony-firearm charge if the trial court granted its motion for reconsideration. As the prosecution reasoned, “Once the felony firearm count has been dismissed, the issues with the improper plea proceeding will be moot, and Defendant will have no basis to challenge his other two pleas.”

While the prosecution’s motion for reconsideration was pending, a status conference was held on July 23, 2015. The trial court indicated on the record that it would be denying the motion for reconsideration, but acknowledged that it had failed to comply with the process set forth in MCR 6.310(C). Therefore, after placing defendant under oath, the trial court briefly advised defendant of the consequences of withdrawing his plea; namely, that if another plea deal could not be reached, he would be tried and, if convicted, the penalties would be “much more severe than the sentence that was issued” previously. Defendant expressed that he still wished to withdraw his plea, and the trial court granted his request.

Ultimately, the trial court entered an order on July 24, 2015, denying the prosecution’s motion for reconsideration. In so doing, the trial court concluded:

The People do not provide any specific case, statute, or court rule to support their position that the defendant should only be allowed to withdraw the “defective” portion of his plea. The Court is not aware of any case law in Michigan which supports the People’s position. However, the Court finds that plea agreements are “package deals” and indivisible. Although the Court knows of no binding precedent in Michigan on this issue, the Court finds the Supreme Court of Washington’s analysis in the [sic] State v. Turley, 149 Wash. 2d 395, 69 P. 3d 338 (2003) persuasive.
Based on the above analysis, the People’s motion for reconsideration is respectfully denied.

The prosecution filed an application for leave to appeal the trial court’s June 19, 2015 decision, which, as noted, this Court granted. In the meantime, the trial court granted the prosecution’s motion to stay the proceedings.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion to withdraw a plea. People v Brown, 492 Mich 684, 688; 822 NW2d 208 (2012). Likewise, we review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion for reconsideration. People v Perkins, 280 Mich App 244, 248; 760 NW2d 669 (2008). “Atrial court abuses its discretion when it selects an outcome that does not fall within the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” People v Young, 276 Mich App 446, 448; 740 NW2d 347 (2007). Interpretation of court rules presents a question of law that we review de novo. People v Lee, 489 Mich 289, 295; 803 NW2d 165 (2011).

III. ANALYSIS

A defendant’s ability to withdraw a guilty or nolo contendere plea is governed by the Michigan Court Rules. Under those rules, a defendant has an absolute “right to withdraw any plea until the court accepts it on the record.” MCR 6.310(A). However, “[t]here is no absolute right to withdraw a guilty plea once it has been accepted.” People v Gomer, 206 Mich App 55, 56; 520 NW2d 360 (1994). Instead, under MCR 6.310, a defendant’s ability to withdraw a plea after the trial court has accepted it is limited to certain circumstances. Specifically, as relevant to this case, a motion to withdraw a guilty plea after sentencing is governed by MCR 6.310(C), which provides, in relevant part:

Motion to Withdraw Plea After Sentence. The defendant may file a motion to withdraw the plea within 6 months after sentence.... If the trial court determines that there was an error in the plea proceeding that would entitle the defendant to have the plea set aside, the court must give the advice or make the inquiries necessary to rectify the error and then give the defendant the opportunity to elect to allow the plea and sentence to stand or to withdraw the plea.

In other words, under MCR 6.310(C), “[a] defendant seeking to withdraw his or her plea after sentencing must demonstrate a defect in the plea-taking process.” Brown, 492 Mich at 693.

At the outset, as the trial court concluded and the prosecution conceded, there was a clear defect in the plea-taking process vis-a-vis the felony-firearm charge. “Guilty- and no-contest-plea proceedings are governed by MCR 6.302.” People v Cole, 491 Mich 325, 330; 817 NW2d 497 (2012). “The first sentence of [MCR 6.302(A)] provides that a ‘court may not accept a plea of guilty or nolo contendere unless it is convinced that the plea is understanding, voluntary, and accurate.’ ” Id. at 330-331, quoting MCR 6.302(A); see also Brown, 492 Mich at 688-689. In order for a plea to be voluntary and understanding, the defendant “must be fully aware of the direct consequences of the plea.” Cole, 491 Mich at 333 (quotation marks and citations omitted). The penalty to be imposed is “[t]he most obvious ‘direct consequence’ of a conviction[.]” Id. at 334 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Accordingly, under MCR 6.302(B)(2), a trial court must, as part of the plea colloquy, inform the defendant of “the maximum possible prison sentence for the offense and any mandatory minimum sentence required by law . . . (Emphasis added.) Additionally, because “the ‘understanding, voluntary, and accurate’ components of [MCR 6.302(A)] are premised on the requirements of constitutional due process,” a trial court may, in certain circumstances, be required to inform a defendant about facts not explicitly required by MCR 6.302. Cole, 491 Mich at 332. For example, although not explicitly required by MCR 6.302(B), it is well settled that a trial court must inform the defendant of any “consecutive and/or mandatory sentencing” requirements. People v Mitchell, 102 Mich App 554, 557; 302 NW2d 230 (1980), rev’d in part on other grounds 412 Mich 853 (1981). When a defendant is not fully informed about the penalties to be imposed, there is a “clear defect in the plea proceedings” because the defendant is unable “to make an understanding plea under MCR 6.302(B).” Brown, 492 Mich at 694. A plea that is not voluntary and understanding “violates the state and federal Due Process Clauses.” Id. at 699, citing US Const, Ams V and XIV, and Const 1963, art 1, §17.

At the time of defendant’s sentencing, the felony-firearm statute, MCL 750.227b, provided in relevant part:

(1) A person who carries or has in his or her possession a firearm when he or she commits or attempts to commit a felony, except a violation of [MCL 750.223, MCL 750.227, MCL 750.227a, or MCL 750.230], is guilty of a felony, and shall be imprisoned for 2 years. ...
(2) A term of imprisonment prescribed by this section is in addition to the sentence imposed for the conviction of the felony or the attempt to commit the felony, and shall be served consecutively with and preceding any term of imprisonment imposed for the conviction of the felony or attempt to commit the felony.

The plain language of MCL 750.227b thus makes clear that when a defendant carries a firearm during the commission of a felony, he or she is subject to a mandatory two-year term of imprisonment to be served “consecutively with and preceding any term of imprisonment imposed” for the underlying felony. See People v Clark, 463 Mich 459, 463-464; 619 NW2d 538 (2000). Accordingly, to comply with MCE 6.302(B), the trial court, as part of the plea colloquy in this case, should have advised defendant that by pleading guilty to felony-firearm (1) he would be sentenced to a mandatory two-year term of imprisonment, (2) this term of imprisonment would be served first, and (3) the concurrent sentences for armed robbery and assault with intent to commit great bodily harm would be served consecutively to the felony-firearm sentence. See Mitchell, 102 Mich App at 557. There is no dispute that the trial court failed to do so. Consequently, there was a “clear defect in the plea proceeding” because defendant, unaware of the full nature of the penalty for felony-firearm, could not make an understanding and voluntary plea as required by MCR 6.302. See Brown, 492 Mich at 694. See also Mitchell, 102 Mich App at 557 (remanding the case to the trial court so that the defendant could be properly advised that “a felony-firearm conviction carries a mandatory two-year sentence which must be served before, rather than concurrently with, any sentence imposed with regard to his plea on the murder charge”).

Given this defect in the plea-taking process, the issue before this Court is the remedy to which defendant is entitled. As noted, under MCR 6.310(C), a defendant, upon showing a defect in the plea-taking process, is entitled to have the error corrected by the trial court and to thereafter have “the opportunity to elect to allow the plea and sentence to stand or to withdraw the plea.” See also Brown, 492 Mich at 702. However, the parties dispute whether this rule allows defendant to withdraw his entire plea or only his plea to the felony-firearm charge. We are unaware of any Michigan caselaw addressing this question.

The prosecution asserts that the matter can be resolved simply by looking to the plain language of MCR 6.302 and MCR 6.310. Specifically, as the prosecution points out, MCR 6.302 and MCR 6.310 each make “repeated references” to the singular terms “plea” or “plea proceeding,” as opposed to the plural terms “pleas” or “plea proceedings.” It follows, according to the prosecution, that “a defect in the plea proceeding would necessarily reference a defect as to the particular plea, not as to any plea entered during a single hearing.” In other words, the prosecution appears to argue that the use of the singular terms denotes an intention by the drafters of the court rules to treat a plea involving multiple charges as divisible so that a defect in the plea proceeding as to one charge would not render the proceeding defective as to the other charges.

The prosecution’s argument lacks merit. As a threshold matter, to the extent that our Supreme Court’s intent can be gleaned from its use of the singular terms “plea” and “plea proceeding” in the court rules, the intent espoused would be the exact opposite of what the prosecution suggests—i.e., the use of the terms in their singular form denotes an intention to treat a “plea” pertaining to multiple charges as part of one singular and indivisible whole that cannot be divided according to the specific offenses. However, the mere fact that the Supreme Court used singular terms in the court rules is ultimately not that helpful in determining its intent because MCR 1.107 expressly provides that “[w]ords used in the singular also apply to the plural, where appropriate.” Consequently, the Supreme Court’s use in MCR 6.302 and MCR 6.310 of the singular terms “plea” and “plea proceeding” does not necessarily resolve the issue. Therefore, given the absence of a clear directive in the court rules, reference to the rules does not end our inquiry.

We are not aware of any relevant Michigan caselaw addressing this issue. However, in the seminal case of State v Turley, 149 Wash 2d 395; 69 P3d 338 (2003)— relied on by the trial court in this case—the Washington Supreme Court addressed the very issue currently before this Court. Id. at 398. In Turley, the defendant pleaded guilty to two charges but was erroneously advised at the plea hearing regarding the mandatory sentencing requirements of only one of the charges. Id. at 396. When the defendant was later sentenced according to those mandatory requirements, he moved to withdraw his plea pursuant to a court rule requiring the trial court to allow a defendant to withdraw a guilty plea “whenever it appears that the withdrawal is necessary to correct a manifest injustice.” Id. at 398. The defendant argued that the plea agreement was indivisible and that “because the plea agreement covered both charges, the court should allow him to withdraw both pleas” even though the plea proceeding was defective as to only one of the charges. Id. at 397. The trial court agreed that the defendant’s plea was not intelligent and voluntary, but allowed him to withdraw only the plea pertaining to the charge for which the plea proceeding was defective. Id. at 397-398. The Washington Court of Appeals affirmed. Id. at 398.

On appeal, the Washington Supreme Court addressed the question “whether a trial court may grant or deny a motion to withdraw a plea agreement as to each count separately when the defendant pleaded guilty to multiple counts entered the same day in one agreement.” Id. The court answered that question “in the negative.” Id. The court observed that “[a] plea agreement is essentially a contract made between a defendant and the State,” and the court looked to contract principles—specifically, “the intent of the parties”—to determine whether a plea agreement should be considered separable or indivisible. Id. at 400.

The court found several “objective indications of intent” relevant to determining the intent of the parties. Id. First, the defendant “negotiated and pleaded to two charges contemporaneously.” Id. Second, “[o]ne document contained the plea to and conditions for both charges.” Id. Finally, “[t]he trial court accepted his plea to both charges at one hearing” without separately advising the defendant of the consequences of each individual charge. Id. Finding no “objective indications to the contrary in the agreement itself,” the court ultimately concluded that the plea agreement was indivisible and that the defendant “should have been permitted to withdraw both pleas” as a result of the incomplete information given at the plea hearing. Id. at 400-401.

Since the Washington Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Turley, Washington appellate courts have consistently adhered to the principle that when the objective circumstances indicate an intent by the prosecution and the defendant to treat a plea agreement to multiple charges as a “package deal,” id. at 400, the plea agreement is indivisible and the defendant is permitted, upon showing a defect, to withdraw the plea in its entirety, even when the defect pertains to only one charge. See, e.g., In re Personal Restraint of Shale, 160 Wash 2d 489, 493-494; 158 P3d 588 (2007) (holding that a plea agreement involving multiple charges was indivisible when, although the individual pleas were described in different documents, they were for crimes committed at the same time, were signed on the same day, and referred to one another); In re Personal Restraint of Bradley, 165 Wash 2d 934, 942-943; 205 P3d 123 (2009) (holding that a plea agreement involving multiple charges was indivisible even though the crimes were committed three months apart and charged in separate informations because the objective circumstances evidenced “that the pleas were negotiated as part of a package deal”); State v Bisson, 156 Wash 2d 507, 519-520; 130 P3d 820 (2006) (rejecting the defendant’s request to withdraw only that portion of his plea pertaining to sentencing enhancements because the plea agreement was indivisible and the remedy was therefore “restricted to the withdrawal of his plea in its entirety”).

Other states have also applied contract principles to determine that a plea agreement is indivisible and therefore not capable of being partially withdrawn. See, e.g., Whitaker v State, 881 So 2d 80-82 (Fla App, 2004) (holding that the trial court erred by granting only partial withdrawal of the defendant’s guilty plea because the record demonstrated that the parties intended to negotiate the defendant’s pleas to several charges as part of a “package” in exchange for the dismissal of other charges). But see People v Kazadi, 284 P3d 70, 76 (Colo App, 2011) (recognizing that “some jurisdictions allow withdrawal of multiple pleas when one of the pleas was not validly entered and the plea bargain was a ‘package deal,’ ” but declining to adopt that approach because the Colorado Supreme Court had previously “invalidated one plea but not the other in an alleged ‘plea package,’ when the basis for voiding one did not necessarily undermine the other”).

We conclude that the contractual approach set forth in Turley is persuasive. This Court has previously explained that “[c]ontractual analogies may be applied in the context of a plea agreement” if to do so would not “subvert the ends of justice.” People v Swirles (After Remand), 218 Mich App 133, 135; 553 NW2d 357 (1996). See also People v Martinez, 307 Mich App 641, 651; 861 NW2d 905 (2014). Given the nature of the plea-bargaining process in Michigan, during which both parties often tend to negotiate a “package deal,” we conclude that adherence to the approach set forth in Turley would not “subvert the ends of justice.” Swirles, 218 Mich App at 135. Moreover, we note that review in this case is for an abuse of discretion. Brown, 492 Mich at 688. Given that there was no precedential authority on this issue in Michigan, we decline to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by applying the contractual approach set forth in Turley.

Applying the contractual approach to the instant case, the objective facts reveal an intent by the prosecution and defendant to treat the plea agreement as indivisible. Turley, 149 Wash 2d at 400. Specifically, defendant was charged with multiple offenses in a single information. He negotiated with the prosecution to allow him to plead guilty to three charges contemporaneously in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining charges and the habitual offender enhancement. A single document contained the terms of the plea agreement. And the trial court accepted defendant’s plea to all three charges at one hearing. Specifically, at the sentencing hearing, the trial court did not ask defendant his plea to each individual charge; instead, the trial court asked defendant how he pleaded to the charges, and defendant’s sole response was “[gjuilty.” In other words, the “pleas to multiple counts or charges were made at the same time, described in one document, and accepted in a single proceeding,” and were thus part of a “package deal.” Id. Consequently, defendant offered a guilty plea to the entirety of the plea agreement. Neither the trial court nor the state sought from defendant a bifurcation of any of the factual underpinnings for any of the crimes to which he tendered a plea of guilty. Because the plea agreement was indivisible, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing defendant to withdraw the plea in its entirety, rather than withdraw only the plea affected by the trial court’s omission.

Affirmed.

SAAD, P.J., and GADOLA, J., concurred with BORRELLO, J. 
      
      
        People v Blanton, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 19, 2015 (Docket No. 328690).
     
      
       Defendant admitted that he was present in Grand Rapids on May 19, 2014, that he went to 506 Dickinson Street, that he was armed with a firearm, and that he shot the victim with the intent to steal the victim’s “sunglasses and a cell phone.”
     
      
       A written plea agreement, which was signed by defendant and acknowledged at the plea proceeding, was placed in the lower court record. The plea agreement does not refer to the penalties defendant faced by pleading guilty.
     
      
       Under MCR 7.215(J)(1), Mitchell is not precedentially binding because it was published before November 1, 1990. Nonetheless, this Court finds its reasoning to be persuasive.
     
      
       MCL 750.227b was amended effective July 1, 2015, but the amendment did not alter the substantive provisions at issue in this case. See 2015 PA 26.
     
      
       Decisions from foreign jurisdictions are not precedentially binding but may be considered persuasive. People v Campbell, 289 Mich App 533, 535; 798 NW2d 514 (2010).
     