
    BOESE, Receiver, v. KING & Others.
    IN ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OP THE STATE OP NEW YORK.
    Decided April 30th, 1883.
    
      Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors — Bankruptcy—Conflict of Lem.
    
    1. A general assignment for the benefit of creditors, made ■without intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, is valid for the purpose of securing an equal distribution of the estate of the assignor among his creditors, in proportion to their several demands, except as against proceedings instituted under the Bankrupt Act for the purpose of securing the administration of the property in a bankruptcy court.
    2. A general assignment of a debtor’s property made for the benefit of creditors, purporting to be made under a State Insolvent Law which had, at the time of the assignment, been suspended in whole or in part by a bankrupt act, may nevertheless be sustained as sufficient to pass a title to assignees in the absence of proceedings in bankruptcy impeaching it, or of appropriate steps by the assignor for its cancellation.
    3. The assignees of a debtor under a general assignment fourths ratable distribution of his property among his creditors, purporting to be made under a local insolvent law of the State in which the debtor resides, deposited for convenience the proceeds of the sales of the debtor’s property in a bank in another State. In the latter State, creditors of the debtor obtained judgment and execution against him. The execution being returned unsatisfied, the judgment creditors, under a local law of the latter State, obtained the appointment of a receiver of the debtor’s property within that State. The receiver, thereupon, brought suit against the assignees for the sum so deposited, claiming it as the property of the debtor : Held, That the receiver was not entitled by reason of any conflict between the local statute and the Bankrupt Act, or by force of the judgment and the proceedings thereunder, to the possession of the assigned property or of its proceeds, as against the assignees, or to a priority of claim for the benefit of the judgment creditors upon such proceeds.
    Suit by a receiver appointed by a State court in New York on return of execution unsatisfied; brought -in New York against assignees of the property of the judgment debtor under an assignment for the benefit of creditors,, made in accordance with the laws of New Jersey (of which State the 'assignees and the debtor are citizens), and to recover proceeds of the debtor’s property voluntarily brought within the State of New York by the assignees for distribution under the assignment.
    
      By deed of assignment executed and delivered September 25th, 1873, ¥m. H. Locke, a citizen of New Jersey, transferred and conveyed to ¥m. King, John M. G-oetchius, and Edward E. Poor, and the survivor of them,' and their and his heirs and assigns, all his property of every kind and description — except such as was exempt by law from execution — “ in trust to take possession of and collect and to sell and dispose of the same at public or private sale in their discretion, and to distribute the proceeds to and among the creditors of the said ¥m. H. Locke, in proportion to their several just demands, pursuant to the statutes in such case made and provided, and on the further trust to pay the surplus, if any there be, after fully satisfying and paying the said creditors and all proper costs and charges, to the said ¥m. H. Locke.”
    The intention of Locke and the assignors was to heve a distribution made among the creditors of the former in conformity with the requirements of an act of the legislature of New Jersey, passed April 16th, 1846, entitled “An Act to secure to creditors an equal and just division of the estates of debtors who convey to assignees for the benefit of creditors.”
    That act provided, among other things, that every conveyance or assignment by a debtor of his estate, real or personal or both, in trust, to an assignee fo^ the benefit of creditors, shall be-made for their equal benefit in proportion to their several demands to the net amount that shall come to the hands of the assignee for distribution; and all preferences of one creditor over another, or whereby one shall be first paid or have a greater proportion in respect- to his claim than another, shall be deemed .fraudulent and void, excepting mortgage and judgment creditors, when the judgment has not beep, by confession for the purpose of preferring creditors (§ 1); further, that the debtor shall annex to his assignment an inventory, under oath or affirmation, of all of his property, together with a list of his creditors, and the amount of their respective claims, such inventory not, however, to be conclusive as to the quantity of the debtor’s estate, and the assignee to be entitled to any other •property belonging .to the debtor at the time of the assignment, and comprehended within its general terms (§ 2). Other sections provided for public notice by the assignee of the assignment ; for the presentation of claims of creditors; for filing by the assignee under oath of a true inventory and valuation of the estate; for the execution by him of a bond in double the amount of such inventory or valuation; for the recording of such bond; for the filing with the clerk of the court of c'omriion pleas of the county of the debtor’s residence, within three months after the date of the assignment, of a list of all such creditors as claim to be such, and the amount of their demands, first making it known by advertisement that all claims against the estate must be made as prescribed in the statute, or be forever barred from coming in for a dividend of said estate, otherwise than as provided; for the right of the assignee or • any creditor or person interested to except to the allowance of any claim presented; for the adjudication of such exceptions; for fair and equal dividends from time to time among the creditors of the assets in proportion • to their respective claims; and for a final accounting by the assignee in the orphans’ court of the county — such settlement and' adjudication to be conclusive on all parties, except for assets which may afterward come to hand, or for frauds or apparent error (§§ 3, 4, 5, 6 and Y).
    
    The act further provided
    § 11. If any creditor shall not exhibit his, her, or their claims within the/ term, of three months as aforesaid, such claim shall be barred of a dividend unless the estate shall prove sufficient after the debts exhibited and allowed are fully satisfied, or such cred- ' itor shall find some other estate not accounted for by the assignee or assignees before distribution, in which case such barred creditor shall be'.entitled to a ratable proportion therefrom.
    “'§ 12. Whenever any assignee or assignees, as aforesaid, shall sell any real estate of such debtor or debtors as is conveyed in trust as aforesaid, he or they shall proceed to advertise and sell the same in manner as is now or may hereafter be prescribed in the case of an executor or administrator directed to sell lands hy an order of the orphans’ court for the payment of the debts of the testator or intestate.
    “ § 13. Every assignee, as aforesaid, shall have as full power and authority to dispose of all estate, real and personal, assigned, as the said debtor or debtors had at the time of the assignment, and to sue for and recover in the proper name of such assignee or assignees, everything belonging or appertaining to said estate, real or personal, of said debtor or debtors, and shall have full power and authority to refer to arbitration, settle and compound, and to agree with any person concerning the same; and to redeem all mortgages and conditional contracts, and generally to act and do whatever the said debtor or debtors might have lawfully done in the premises.
    “ § 14. Nothing in this act shall be taken or understood as discharging said debtor or debtors from liabilities to their creditors who may not choose to e ¿bibit their claims either in regard to the persons of such debtors or to any estate, real or personal, not assigned as aforesaid, but with respect to the creditors who shall come in under said assignment and exhibit their demands as aforesaid for a dividend, they shall be wholly barred from having afterward any action or suit at law or equity against such debtors or their representatives, unless on the trial of such .action or hearing in equity the said creditor shall prove fraud in the said debtor or debtors with respect to the said assignment, or concealing his estate, real or personal, whether in possession, held in trust, or otherwise.”
    The estate which came into the hands of the assignees was converted into money in New Jersey — the amount being nearly $200,000 — and the proceeds, for the convenience of the assignees, were deposited in a bank in the city of New York. No proceedings in bankruptcy were ever taken against Locke.
    On the 3d day of February, 1876, William Pickhardt and Adolph Kutroff recovered a judgment against Locke in the Supreme Court of the City and County of New York for $3,086.85. Upon that judgment execution was issued and returned unsatisfied. Subsequently, May 27th, 1876, in certain proceedings, before one of the judges of that court, supplementary to the return of execution, Thomas Boese, plaintiff in error, was appointed receiver of the property of Locke, and having executed a bond for the faithful discharge of the duties, of his trust, he obtained an order from the same .court giving him authority, as receiver, to bring an action against the assignees of Locke. Thereupon, June 9th, 1876, he. commenced this action. It proceeds upon these grounds: 1. ■ That the indebtedness from Locke to .Pickhardt and Kutroff arose in New York, where they reside, before the making of said assignment; 2. That the statute of New Jersey with reference to or under which said assignment was made was, by force of the Bankruptcy Act of 1867, suspended and of no effect; 3. That the assignment was fraudulent and void by the laws of New Jersey, in that it was made with- the intent upon the part of Locke to hinder, delay, and defraud his creditors, and in that .he had a large amount of money and other property which hfe fraudulently retained to his own use and did not surrender to the assignees.
    The prayer of the complaint — the allegations of which were fully met by answer — was for judgment against the defendants ; that the assignments be adjudged fraudulent and void; and that the defendants be required to account to plaintiff for all the property and money received or to which they are entitled under and by virtue of the assignment. It was conceded at the hearing that defendants hhd in their hands, of the proceeds of the sale of the assigned property, an amount sufficient to pay the judgipent of Pickhardt and Kutroff.
    The Supreme Court of New York, both in general and special terms, sustained the action and gave judgment' against the. assignees in favor of Boesé, as receiver, for the amount of the demand of Pickhardt and Kutroff. But in the Court of Appeals that judgment-was, reversed, with directions .to enter judgment for the defendants.'
    The receiver brought the suit here in error asking to have this decision reversed.
    
      Mr. G. Bmmbridge Smith for plaintiff in error.
    
      Mr. A. P. Whitehead for defendant in error.-
   Mr. Justice Harlan

delivered the opinion of the court.

After reciting the facts in the foregoing language he continued :

We are to consider in this case whether the final judgment of the Court of Appeals of New York has deprived the. plaintiff in error of any right, title, or privilege under the Constitution or laws of the United States.

We dismiss from consideration all suggestions in the pleadings of actual fraud upon the • part either of Loche or of his assignees. . The court of original jurisdiction found as a fact— and upon that basis the case was considered' by the Court of Appeals — that the assignment was executed and delivered by the former and accepted by the latter in good faith and without any purpose to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of Locke. It is further found as a fact that the assignment was made with the. intent, bona fide, to make an equal distribution of the proceeds of the trust estate among creditors, in conformity with the local statute. The Supreme Court of New York ruled that the statute of New Jersey was, in its nature and effect, a bankrupt law, and the power conferred upon Congress to establish a uniform system of bankruptcy, having been exercised by the passage of the act of 1867, the latter act wholly suspended the operation of the local statute as to all cases within its purview ; consequently, it was held, the assignment was not valid for any purpose. The Court of Appeals, recognizing the paramount nature of the Bankrupt Act of Congress, and assuming that the 14th section of the New Jersey statute, relating to the effect upon the claims of creditors who exhibit their demands for a dividend, was inconsistent with that, act, and therefore inoperative, adjudged that other portions of the local statute providing for the equal distribution of the debtor’s property among his creditors, and regulating the general conduct of the assignee, were not inconsistent with nor were they necessarily suspended by the act of 1867; further, that the New Jersey statute did not create the right to make voluntary assignments for the equal benefit of creditors, but was only restrictive of a previously existing right, and imposed, for the benefit of creditors, salutary safeguards around its exercise; consequently, had the whole- of the New Jersey statute been superseded, the right of a debtor to make a voluntary assignment would still have existed. The assignment, as a transfer of the debtor’s property, was, therefore, upheld as in harmony with the general object and purposes of the Bankrupt Act, un-' assailable by reason merely of the fact that some of the provisions óf the local statute may have been suspended by the act of 1867.

In the view which we take of the case it is unnecessary to-consider all of the questions covered by the opinion of the State court and discussed here by counsel. Especially it is not necessary to determine whether the Bankrupt Act of 1867 suspended or superseded all of the provisions of the New Jersey statute. Undoubtedly the local statute was, from the date of the passage of the Bankrupt Act, inoperative in so far as it provided for the discharge of the debtor from future liability to creditors who came in under the assignment and claimed to participate in the distribution of the proceeds of the assigned property. It is equally clear, we think, that the assignment by Locke of his entire property to be disposed of as prescribed by the statute of New Jersey, and therefore independently of the bankruptcy court, constituted,, itself,, an act of bankruptcy, for which, upon the petition of a creditor filed in proper time, Locke could have beén adjudged a bankrupt, and the property wrested from his assignees for administration in the bankruptcy court. In re Burt, 1 Dillon, 439, 440; In re Goldschmidt, 3 Bank. Reg. 164; In matter of Seymour T. Smith, 4 Bank. Reg. 377. The claim of Piekhardt and Kutroff existed at the time of the assignment. The way was, therefore, open for them, by timely action, to secure the control and management of the assigned property by that court for the equal benefit of all the creditors of Locke. But they elected to lie by until after the expiration of the time within which the assignment could be attacked under the provisions of the Bankrupt Act; and now seek, by this suit in the name of the plaintiff in error, to secure an advantage or preference over all others; this, notwithstanding the assignment was made without any intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. ■ In order to obtain that advantage or preference, the plaintiff in error relies on the paramount force of the Bankrupt Act, the primary object of which, as this court has frequently announced, was to secure equality among the creditors of a bankrupt. Mayer v. Hellman, 91 U. S. 496-501; Reed v. McIntyre, 98 U. S. 507-509; Buchanan v. Smith, 16 Wall. 277. It can hardly be that the court is obliged to lend its aid to those who, neglecting or refusing to avail themselves of the provisions of the act of Congress, seek to accomplish ends inconsistent with that equality among creditors which those provisions were designed to secure. If it be assumed, for the purposes of this case, that the, statute of New Jersey was, as to each and all of its provisions, suspended when the Bankrupt Act of 1867 was passed, it does not follow that the assignment by Locke was ineffectual for every purpose. Certainly, that instrument was sufficient to pass the title from Locke to his assignees. It was good as between-them, at least until Locke, in some appropriate mode, or by some: proper proceedings, manifested a right to have it set aside; or cancelled upon the ground of a mutual mistake in supposing that the local statute of 1846 was operative. And in the absence of proceedings in the bankruptcy court impeaching the assignment, and so long as Locke did not object, the assignees had authority to sell the property and distribute the proceeds among all the creditors, disregarding so much of the' deed.of assignment as required the assignees, in the distribution of the proceeds, to conform to the local statute. The assignment was not void as between- the debtor and the assignees .simply because it provided for the distribution' of the proceeds of the property in pursuance of a statute, none of the provisions of which, it is claimed, were then in force. Had this suit been framed for the purpose of compelling the assignees to account to all the creditors for the proceeds of the sale of the property committed .to their hands, without discrimination against those who did not recognize the assignment and exhibit their demands within the time and mode prescribed by the New Jersey statute, a wholly different question would have been presented for deter-; mination. It has been framed mainly upon the idea that by reason of the mistake of Locke and his assignees in supposing that the property could be administered under the provisions of the local statute of 1846, even while the Bankrupt Act was in force, the title did not pass for the benefit of creditors according to their respective legal rights. In this view, as has been indicated, we do not concur.

We are of opinion that, except as against proceedings instituted under the Bankrupt Act for the purpose of securing the administration of the property in the bankruptcy court, the assignment, having been made without intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, was valid, for at least the purpose of securing an equal distribution of the estate among all the creditors of Locke, in proportion to their several demands, Reed v. McIntyre, 98 U. S. 507-509; and, consequently, we adjudge only that the plaintiff in error is hot entitled, by reason of any conflict between the local statute and the Bankrupt Act of 1877, or by force of the before-mentioned judgment and the proceedings thereunder, to the possession of the assigned property or of its proceeds, as against the assignees, or to a priority of claim for the benefit of Pickhardt and Kutroff upon such proceeds.

The judgment is affirmed.

Mr. Justice Matthews

(with whom concurred Miller, Gbat, and Blatchford, JJ;), dissenting.

Mr. Justice Miller, Mr. Justice Gray, Mr. Justice Blatchford, and myself, are unable to agree with the opinion and judgment of the court in this case. The grounds of our dissent may be very generally and concisely stated as follows:

The New Jersey statute of April 16th, 1846, the validity and effect of which are in question, is an insolvent or bankrupt law, which provides for the administration of the assets of debtors who make assignments of all their assets to trustees for .creditors, and for their discharge from liabilities to creditors sharing in the distribution. It was accordingly in conflict with the National Bankrupt Act of 1867 when the latter took effect, and from that time became suspended and without force until the repeal of the act of Congress. It is conceded that the 14th section, which provides for the discharge of the debtor, is void by reason of this conflict, and, in our opinion, this carries with it the entire statute. • For the statute is an entirety, and, to take away the distinctive feature contained in the 14th section, destroys the system. It is not an independent provision, but an inseparable part of the scheme contained in the law.

This being so, the assignment in the present case must be regarded as unlawful and void as to creditors. For it was made in view, of this statute and to be administered under it. Such is the express recital of the instrument and the finding of the fact by the court. It is as if the provisions of the act had been embodied in it'and it had declared expressly that it was executed with the proviso that no distribution should be made of any part of the debtor’s estate to any creditor except upon condition of the release of the unpaid portion of. his claim.

It is not possible, we think, to' treat the assignment as though the law of the State in view of which it was made, and subject to the provisions of which it was intended to operate, had never existed, or had been repealed before its execution. Because there is no reason to believe that, in that state of the case, the debtor would have made an assignment on such terms. To do so is to construct for him a contract which he did not make and which there is no evidence that he intended to make. It must be regarded, then, as a proceeding under the statute of New Jersey, and as such, with that statute, made void, as to creditors, by the National Bankrupt Act of 1867. Otherwise that uniform rule as to bankruptcies, which it was the policy of the Constitution and of the act of Congress pursuant to it, to provide, would be defeated. No title under it, therefore, could pass to the defendants in error, and the 'judgment creditors who acquired a lien upon the fund in their hands were by law entitled to appropriate it,, as the property of their debtor, to the payment of their claims.

For these reasons we are of opinion that the judgment of the Court of Appeals of New York should be reversed.  