
    Edmund C. Viemeister, Appellant, v. The Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company, Respondent.
    
      Negligence—liability of an elevated raib'oad company controlling the access to its platform for injury to a passenger resulting from the overcrowding of its cars,
    
    In an action brought to recover damages for personal injuries, it appeared that the plaintiff took passage on one of the defendant’s elevated trains and for the purpose of being transferred to-another train alighted at a station, the platform of which was crowded; that when the other train arrived it also was crowded,, but was capable of receiving a few more passengers; that one of the defendant’s guards standing upon the platform opened the middle door of one of the cars and that the plaintiff with several others entered; that so many g'ot in that by force of the crowd and the possible necessary jerk with which the car wasi started, the plaintiff’s knee was pressed violently against one of the seats and he was injured.
    There was some evidence that the overcrowding of the car was due not only to the natural and voluntary rush of passengers from the platform, but owing to the fact that the guard, against the remonstrance of those that were in the car, pushed and forced others into it with considerable violence.
    The defendant controlled access to the elevated structure, and a crowd could not congregate thereon unless, the individuals composing it paid their fares in advance.
    The court charged the jury that if the plaintiff was injured by the overcrowding of the platform or of the car, he could not recover; that he could only recover in case his injury was inflicted by the guard in pushing more people into the car than it would safely hold.
    
      Held, that the charge was erroneous and required the reversal of a j udgment entered upon a verdict in favor of the defendant;
    That if the jury found from the evidence that the plaintiff was injured by the-natural, voluntary and unrestrained movements,'incident to the overcrowding-of passengers and without the physical aid of the guard exerted in pushing them against each other, they might find that the defendant was negligent; That if the conditions present at the time of the accident were dangerous, the-defendant, who created such conditions, was responsible for them.
    Woodwabd, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, Edmund C. Viemeister, from a judgment-of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Queens on the 31st day of January, 1903, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entere'd in said clerk’s office on the 16th day of January, 1903, denying the-plaintiff’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Robert Stewart, for the appellant.
    
      I. R. Oeland. for the respondent.
   Hirschberg, P. J. :

The plaintiff resides at Winfield in the borough of Queens. On the 21st day of September, 1900, he boarded one.of the defendant’s-elevated trains on the Myrtle avenue line in the borough of Brooklyn, to go to his home, at about six o’clock in the afternoon. He was required to transfer at the Vanderbilt avenue station to a Ridgewood train. The platform at that station was crowded, and when the Ridgewood train came it was also crowded. Nevertheless a few more could manage to get upon the train, and one of the-defendant’s guards standing upon the platform opened the middle-door of one of the cars, and the plaintiff with others entered, but so-many got in that by force of the crowd and the possibly necessary-jerk with which' the car. was started, the plaintiff’s knee was pressed violently against one of the seats, occasioning the injury complained of.

There was some evidence that the overcrowding of the car was due not only to the natural and voluntary rush of passengers from the platform, but that the guard, against the remonstrance of those-who were in the car, pushed and forced others into the car with considerable violence. Whichever way the jam was occasioned, the-car was certainly overcrowded. This is a-fair inference from even the testimony of the conductor, viz.: “ Q. Did they get inside of the-car or did they stand on the platform ? A.. Some of them squeezed their way in. How many squeezed their way in, I couldn’t tell ■exactly. Q. Did they have to squeeze their way in from the doors ? .A. They just stepped in.. Q. You said they squeezed their way in. What made them have to squeeze ? A. Good many hangs around the door. There were not so many hanging around my door when we got to Vanderbilt Avenue. Q. Enough to make these people have to squeeze to get by ? A. Always room for more. Q. Before these passengers could get into the door/ did they not have to ¡squeeze by a number of people on the platform ? A. No, sir; they .had to squeeze the people that were standing inside of the door, inside the coach?

The learned trial justice charged the jury that if the plaintiff was injured by the overcrowding of the platform or of the car, he could not recover; and that he could only recover in case his injury was inflicted by the guard in pushing ,more people into the •car than it would safely hold. He said, “ if you should find that he was injured by a rush of people who wanted to get on board at the ■same time on this crowded car without the intervention or assist■ance of the gua/rd, why the railroad company could' not be held responsible, because that is another risk that a man takes in a ■crowded city in trying to get home the same time as everybody else wants to get home. If you get on board' the car that everybody •else wants to get on, and you all rush together and you get hurt, why that is something that the railroad company is not responsible for. If you do not want to get hurt you must keep waiting until less people are. traveling and there is more room. Now, that is the ¡simple issue in this casé. Was the plaintiff hurt by reason of the fact that -against the protest and when it became apparent that it was unsafe to have more people in there the gua/rd persisted in pushing more people in ? If those are the circumstances under which, the accident happened, then you would have the right to hold the railroad company responsible, otherwise not? The plaintiff’s •counsel excepted to this portion of the charge, saying: I take an •exception to that portion of your Honor’s charge that states that if he was forced on by other passengers in the desire to get to his , home, the company will not be liable; ” and thereafter the charge was repeated at the defendant’s request, as follows: “ Defendant’s ‘Counsel: The plaintiff testified he was pushed on board this car by "the crowd on the platform and that he could not recede and that was the reason he got on, as I remember the testimony. I ask you to charge the jury, if they find that to be the fact, that he cannot recover. The Court: If that was the cause of the injury, his being pushed on by the crowd, I will charge he cannot recover. I have already charged that.”

Assuming that the jury could have found from the evidence that the plaintiff was injured by the natural, voluntary and unrestrained movements incident to the overcrowding of passengers and without the physical aid of the guard exerted in pushing them against each other, a basis would have been clearly established under the law for a finding that the defendant was negligent. The conditions were created by the defendant, and if they were dangerous it was certainly responsible for them. The remarks of the learned trial court may perhaps be conceded to be sound when applied to a road which is operated upon the surface of a public highway, but have no application to a road built upon private property to which the company controls access and where a crowd cannot congregate in dangerous numbers unless the individuals composing it pay fares to the company in advance. As was said by Mr. Justice Bartlett in the case of Dawson v. New York & Brooklyn Bridge (31 App. Div. 537, at p. 539) : The defendants in the case at bar exercised complete control over the avenues of access to the train upon which the plaintiff took passage,” and it was accordingly held that, it being within their power to limit the number of passengers who should be permitted to go upon the station platform and into the cars, it was their duty to exercise that power in obedience to the obligation imposed by law upon common carriers so to regulate the movements and disposition of those whom they undertake to transport as to preserve the safety of all.

The converse of the proposition submitted to the jury in this casé was expressly adopted by the Court of Appeals in Graham v. Manhattan R. Co. (149 N. Y. 336), and it was therein held that whether the overcrowding of railroad cars is negligence is a question of fact, and that proof of the omission of an elevated railroad company to furnish a safe place to ride to a passenger whom, by stopping its train at his station of embarkation and by express invitation of its employee, it has invited to take passage, is evidence tending to show negligence on its part. The court said (p. 340) : The stopping of the train at Fifty-ninth street was an invitation to the plaintiff to take passage thereon. There was also an express invitation hy one of the defendant’s employees. The defendant was, therefore, bound to furnish the plaintiff a safe place to ride. Proof of the omission to do so was evidence tending to show the defendant’s negligence. (Werle v. L. I. R. R. Co., 98 N. Y. 650.)”

(See, also, McGearty v. Manhattan R. Co., 15 App. Div. 2 ; Tonkins v. New York Ferry Co., 47 Hun, 562 ; affd., 113 N. Y. 653 ; Merwin v. Manhattan R. Co., 48 Hun, 608 ; affd., 113 N. Y. 659 ; Cattano v. Metropolitan Street R. Co., 173 id. 565, and Dittmar v. Brooklyn Heights R. R. Co., 91 App. Div. 378.)

1 In the view taken it is not deemed necessary to discuss the other questions presented by the record as they may not be raised upon another trial.

•The judgment and order should be reversed,

AU concurred, except Woodward, J., who read for affirmance.

Woodward, J. (dissenting) :

It seems to me that the error pointed out by the presiding justice was corrected. Counsel took an “exception to that portion of your Honor’s charge that states that if he was forced on by other passengers in the desire to get to his home, the company will not be liable,” and if the matter had ended here error would have been presented. But counsel continued : And I ask you to charge in view of that portion of the charge, that if though forced by other passengers on the car, if he boarded the ■ car in safety and thereafter the guard pushed other people in and caused this accident, the company is liable,” and the court responded: “ Certainly, I charge that.” This' was the plaintiff’s theory of the ease, as had already been charged, and it seems to me it corrected the error. I do not think the case presents reversible error. It was . sent to the jury upon lines satisfactory to the plaintiff, who took no exception to the charge, other than that noted. The plaintiff did make a further request to charge, to which the court gave a modified assent to which the plaintiff took no exception, and the jury having found adversely to the plaintiff, there appears no good reason for a reversal.

Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.  