
    Ciriaco VALENCIA, Petitioner-Appellant, v. D.L. RUNNELS, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.
    No. 09-16015.
    United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
    Argued and Submitted Jan. 14, 2013.
    Filed March 20, 2013.
    Ciríaco Valencia, San Diego, CA, pro se.
    Catherine Amy Rivlin, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, AGCA — Office of the California Attorney General, San Francisco, CA, for Respondent-Appellee.
    Before: TASHIMA, GRABER, and FISHER, Circuit Judges.
   MEMORANDUM

Petitioner Ciríaco Valencia appeals the district court’s denial of habeas corpus. Reviewing de novo, Jones v. Ryan, 691 F.3d 1093, 1100 (9th Cir.2012), we affirm.

Even assuming that the jury instruction was erroneous, any error was harmless under Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993). See Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 555 U.S. 57, 62, 129 S.Ct. 530, 172 L.Ed.2d 388 (2008) (per curiam) (holding that the Brecht standard applies to instructional error). We are convinced that the error, if any, did not have a “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht, 507 U.S. at 623, 113 S.Ct. 1710 (internal quotation marks omitted). Uncontradicted evidence demonstrated that extensive bruising on the victim’s thighs occurred premortem. Accordingly, the jury almost certainly found that direct acts related to the sexual assaults occurred pre-mortem. Moreover, there is no likelihood that the error was prejudicial, because the error permitted an impermissible conviction only under a sequence of events — formation of intent to sexually assault occurring both after the physical assaults and before the death of the victim — that was not supported by the evidence.

Finally, the jury was instructed that it could find the rape and sodomy special circumstances true only if it found that the murder was committed “while the defendant was engaged in the commission or attempted commission ” of a rape or sodomy. (Emphasis added.) Because the jury found these special circumstances true, it had to have found that direct acts related to the sexual assaults — the physical assault that resulted in her death— occurred pre-mortem.

AFFIRMED. 
      
      
         This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
     