
    The United States, plaintiffs in error v. William L. Robeson.
    Louisiana-. An action was instituted on a treasury transcript for the recovery of the balance stated to be due to the United States, by the defendant, as assistant deputy quartermaster-general. The defendant pleaded, as a set-off, a claim on the United- States, which had been assigned to him by the owners of a schooner, for loss and demurrage of the schooner,-chartered to the United States, on a voyage from New Orleans to Appalachicola, with troops, &c. This claim w.as presented to the proper officers of the. government, and refused. Held: The defendant was not entitled to plead this'as a set-off to the claim of the United States.
    The rule as to set-off, in questions arising exclusively under the laws of the United States, cannot be influenced by any local law or usage. The rule must be uniform in the different states; for it constitutes the law of the courts of the United States, in a matter which relates to the federal government.
    When a defendant has, in his own right, an equitable claim against the government for services rendered or otherwise, and has presented it to the proper accounting officer of the government, who has refused to allow if; he may set- up the claim as a credit in a'suit brought against him, for any balance of money claimed to be due by the government; and when the vouchers are not in the power of the defendant before the trial, or, from the: peculiar circumstances .of the case, a presentation of the claim to the treasury could not be required; the oí-set maybe submitted to the action of the jury. But a claim for unliquidated damages cannot be pleaded by way of set-off, in an action between individuals; and the same rule governs in an action brought by the government.
    Where the parties in their contract fix on a certain mode by which the amount to be paid shall be ascertained, the party that seeks an enforcement of the agreement must show that he has done every thing ' on his part, which could be done, to carry it into effect. He cannot compel the payment of the- amount claimed, unless he shall procure the kind of evidence-required by the contract; or show that, by time or accident, he is unable to do so.
    IN error to the-district court of the United States for the eastern district of Louisiana.
    The United States on the 10th of January 1822, instituted a suit, by petition, in the district court of the United States in Louisiana, against the defendant William L. Robeson, late assistant deputy quartermaster-generalin the army of the United States; claiming to recover the sum of 2663 dollars 61 cents, for the balance of his account, as such officer, a3 settled and examined, adjusted, admitted and certified at said department.
    
      To this petition and the citation issued thereon, the defendant answered and pleaded, that .theUnited States were indebted to him in the sum of 3000 dollars for work,' labour, attendance, ^ &c., bestowed by him in and about the business of the United States, and for the United States, at their request; and for materials and necessary things by him, before the time of action, bought, found and employed, in and about the said work and labour; for goods sold and delivered,And for money laid out’ ■and expended fpr the United States, at their request; for money due and owing to him, and interest thereon : which sums of money exceed the sum claimed by the United States from him ; and out of which sum so claimed he is willing, and offers to set off and allow to the 'United States the full amount of their, claim.
    On the same day this answer and plea were filed, the 21st January 1822, William L. Robeson filed an affidavit sworn to and subscribed in open court, stating that he was equitably entitled to credits which bad been submitted, previously to the commencement of the suit, to the accounting officers of the treasury and rejected; that the credits are as follows, viz. the sum of 30 dollars for. transportation of officers to Baton Rouge and back to New Orleans, and an amount of 39 dollars for transportation of officers from Pass Christianne to New Orleans. That a claiin of 364 dollars 50 cents for transportation of contractors’ stores taken from the wreck of the schooner Italian, and delivered at Appalachicola in April 1818; a claim for demurrage at Mobile Point, of the schooner Experiment, in a voyage from New. Orleans to Appalachicola, in 1818, to wit, 330 dollars, were,presented to the quartermaster-general’s department, and returned.
    Issue being joined, and the cause having been brought to trial, in December 1829, a verdict was found for the plaintiff for a less amount than the balance of the account stated at the treasury of the United States, tne verdict being for 1656 dollars and 11 cents, instead of 2663 dollars and 61 cents. This difference resulted from allowances made by the jury, under the ruling and direction of the court upon various points which arose at the trial; in respect to which, several bills of exception were filed by the counsel of the United States.
    The first bill of exceptions stated, (hat the defendant gave
    
      in evidence certain depositions to prove the amount' of loss and damage claimed by Forsyth and Walton and Breedlove, owners of a certain schooner, called the Experiment, to be due to them' .by the United States',-together with an assignment by the said owners to the defendant, for’the consideration of 500 dollars, of the whole of the amount' so claimed by them under a charter of the Experiment to the defendant, as assistant deputy quartermaster-general, to proceed from'New Orleans to Appalachi-cola with stores ; their .claim being for the transportation, by theTExperiment, of provisions ■ and stores belonging to the United States, taken from the wreck of a schooner, and carried to Appalachicola, amounting to 364 dollars and 50 cents, for demurrage of the schooner. 330 dollars, and for the loss of a cable and anchor 226 dollars and 20 cents, together 920 dollars and 70 cents.
    The; plaintiffs prayed the court to instruct the jury, that the' defendant .could'not set off against the demand of the United States a greater sum than that expressed as the consideration of the transfer, viz. 500 dollars. The demurrage claimed was ■for detention of the schooner at Mobile Point; and he proved by the charter party, the right of the charterers to the same, and his right under the assignment thereof; and offered evidence of the detention of the vessel at Mobile Point.
    The. plaintiffs prayed the court to instruct the jury, that evidence of a detention at Mobile Point, could not sustain a claim for damage under the charter party; and that under the pleading and treasury-report, ho off-set could be sustained for a detention at Mobile Point; but the'court refused so to instruct, and to these refusals, the plaintiffs excepted.
    The third bill of exceptions relates to the-assignment from the owners of the schooner Experiment, mentioned in the first bill. The plaintiffs objected to its admission in evidence, because it had been received by the defendant after-he had ceased to be in the employ of the United States, and because not offered as proof of payment of a debt due from the United States, but as evidence of the purchase of a claim against the United States, which could not be set off in this action. The court overruled these objections: and the plaintiffs excepted.
    The other bills of exception are' not inserted, as they were Hot noticed in the opinion of the court.
    
      The case was submitted to the court by Mr Butler, attorney-general, on a printed argument. No counsel appeared for the defendant in error.
    It was contended that the judgment of the court below was erroneous, and ought to be reversed for the following reasons.
    ■The several decisions of the court, in relation to the offsets claimed by the defendant under the assignment from the owners of the Experiment, as specified in the first,, third, and fourth,bills of exceptions, were erroneous.
    There is no act of congress defining, generally, the law of set-off. . The third and fourth sections of the act of the 3d of March 1797, Story 464, imply that persons sued as debtors at the treasury, might be entitled, in certain cases, to set off'claims ■ for credits rejected by the accounting officers; but they do not attempt to define the nature of those credits. They, however,
    . impose the following restrictions on the right of set-off, that is to say : first, they require the defendant to make oath that he is equitably, entitled to credits which had been previously presented to and rejected by the accounting officer. And secondly, they forbid the allowance- of any claims for credits except such as-shall have been so presented and rejected ; unless the defendant shall be in .possession of vouchers at the trial, not before in his power, &c. • In. all other respects, the laws and modes of proceeding.on the subject of set-off in the state in which the trial" is had, must,- under the judicial and process acts, be observed as rules of decisions; “ except when the constitution, treaties, or statutes of the United States shall otherwise require or provide.” Judicial act of 1789, sect. 34, .1 Story 67.
    The claim for detention at Mobile Point, not being especially, provided for in the charter party, could not be sustained as a claim for demurrage; it wás a mere unliquidated claim for damages. Such a claim could not, under the law of Louisiana, be set off. Civil Code of 1808, p. 298, art. 191 ; Civil Code of 1825, p. 718, art. 2205-; 7 Martin 516.
    It is not pretended that Robeson paid to the owners of the schooner the moneys he desired to set-off, in the execution of his duty as disbursing officer. If they liad .been so paid in good faith, and for valid claims, they-might have been proper credits, because they related to the same general appropriation. Act of March 2d 180.9 ; 2 Story 11-22, sec. 1. But the credit claimed by the party is for an outstanding demand, bought up by this officer, for á gross sum. The second and third sections of the'act of the 31st of January 1813, 3 Story 1876] by necessary implication, forbid.any disbursing.officer to apply public money remaining in his hands to any such purpose ; and require the prompt payment to the treasury of all moneys remaining in his hands, except such as he may be authorized to retain for salary, pay or emolument.
    This attempt of the defendant is equally forbidden by the general law of principal and agent, as universally understood. An agent intrusted with moneys to be disbursed for his principal, will not be permitted to pay off his principal’s debts, without authority, or to purchase up claims against him, for the purpose of off-setting such debts or claims, in an action against him for the moneys remaining in his hands; Middletown and Harrisburg Turnpike Company v. Watson’s Administratrix, 1 Rawle 330. The same principle is recognized in the law of Louisiana; Civil Code of 1808, p. 424, artl 19, 24, 26, 29 Civil Code of 1825, p. 938, art. .2974 to 2984, p. 942, art. 2990 to 2994. And without reference to-the character of the'defendant as an agent, the courts of Louisiana will not allow a defendant tó set off money paid by him on account of a debt due from the plaintiff to a third person, unless it be shown to have been made at plaintiff’s request; Rogers’s Heirs v. Bynum, 9 Martin S2. It is unnecessary to enlarge on the injurious consequences which would probably follow the allowance, in cases of .this nature, of the course adopted by the defendant.
    At-all events, the defendant should only have been allowed to set off the amount actually paid by him ; no rule being better established, or more important, in reference to ail cases of a fiduciary nature, than that which denies to a trustee the benefit of any profit made in purchasing up claims against the trust estate ; Van Horn v. Fonda, 5 John. Chan. Rep. 388.
   Mr Justice M’Lean

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The plaintiffs brought their action against the defendant, in the district .court of Louisiana,, to recovera balance of public money which remained in his hands as late assistant deputy quartermaster-general. The pleadings being'made up, the cause was submitted to a jury, who rendered a verdict for a sum less by 1007 dollars, than the reported balance at the treasury department.

This difference was produced by certain decisions of the court, on the trial, and to which exceptions were taken. And these exceptions are now brought before this court by a writ of error.

In the first bill of exceptions, it appears, the defendant gave in evidence certain depositions, to prove the amount of loss and damage sustained by the owners of the schooner Experiment, on a voyage from New Orleans to Appalachicola, with troops and stoi.es for the government of the United States; and also a certain instrument, by which the owners of the said.schooner Experiment transferred to the defendant .their claims for compensation upon the United States, &c.

And. in. the third bill of exceptions, the district attorney prayed. the court to instruct the jury, that the above claim coüld not, be pleaded- by the defendant as a set-off in this action, which prayer was refused.

The first question which arises on these exceptions is, whether a claim which has been transferred to the defendant, forms a proper subject of set-off, .under the acts of congress, to a demand of the government. .'If this question shall be decided in the. negative, it will not be necessary to inquire ■ whether the claim in itself constitutes a proper item of set-off. It seems to have been presented to. the proper accounting officer of the government as a credit, and -that he refused to .allow it.

This is a question which arises, exclusively, under the acts of congress, and no local law or usage can have any influence upon it.. The rule as to set-off in such cases must be uniform in the different states; for it constitutes the law of the courts of the United States, in a matter which relates to the federal government.

Where a defendant has in his own right an equitable claim against the government, for services rendered or otherwise, and has presented it to the proper accounting officer of the government, who has refused to allow it; he may set up the claim as a credit on a writ brought against him, for any balance of money claimed to be due by the government. And where the vouchers were not in the power of thé defendant before the trial; or,from the peculiar circumstances of the case, a presentation of the claim to the treasury could not be required, the offset may be submitted for the action of the jury. But a claim for unliquidated damages cannot be pleaded by way of a set-off, in an action between individuals; and the same .-rule governs in an action brought by the government.

There is no law of congress which authorizes the assignment of claims on the United States; and it is presumed if such assignment is sanctioned by the treasury department, it is only viewed as an authority to receive the money, and not as vesting in the assignee a legal right. But whatever may be the usage of the treasury department on this subject, it is clear that such an assignment, as between individuals, on common law principles, cannot be regarded as transferring to the as-signee a right to bring an action at law, on the account, in his own name; or to plead it, by way of set-off, to an action brought against him, either by an individual or the government.

The claim set up by the defendant as a set-off in this case, may have been fairly obtained; and, indeed, such is the presumption, in the absence of all evidence going to impeach the assignment or the consideration on which it was made; but the assignee, not holding the legal right, cannot assert the claim, as a set-off, in this action.

If any individual who holds in his hands public money, could defend himself against an action brought by the government, by purchasing claims against it, he might speculate on such claims to almost any extent. This practice would be as impolitic for the government, as it would be injurious to individuals.

The practice of the state courts, which has been adopted under the act of congress of 1824, for the courts of the United States in Louisiana, cannot affect the point under consideration. For if it were made to appear, that under the laws of that state an open account is assignable, so as to enable the assignee to bring an action in his own name, or to plead the account by way of set-off, it could not be done in the present case.

The principles involved in this case are connected with the fiscal action of the government, and they cannot depend either upon the local practice or law of any state.

The second bill.of .exceptions states that, “on the trial of this, cause a ce.rt.ain charier party or instrument marked B, &c., and. by which the steamboat. Tennessee was chartered for the cppyeyance.of a detachment of troops under the command of colo.hel Arbuckle,. was offered in evidence : that by said charter parly.it was agreed, that if a larger quantity of'baggage and stores should, be carried in said boat than was stipulated in said charter party, that frejglu should be paid on the same, on the production,of the certificate of the said commanding officer, colonel Arbiicklel, The defendant offered in.evidence the deposition of witnesses to prove the carrying, by the said steamboat Tennessee, of a, greater quantity of baggage and stores than that stipulated in the charter party; to the introduction of which testimony the district attorney objected: because, under thé terms of the said charter-party, no other evidence than ihe certificate of the said, colonel Arbuckle could be' received to establish Hie claim to surplus freight; but the court overruled the objection, and admitted the evidence.”

In thq charter party it is agreed that Breedlove, Bradford and Robeson should transport, unavoidable accidents excepted, a part of the seventh regiment of infantry, under the command' of colopel M. Arbuckle, and their baggage, together with a quantity of stores, not to exceed the bulk of eight hundred barrels, to the port, of Arkansas, &c. “ For the true and faithful performance of the above, certificates of which.,to be‘given by colonel M. Arbuckle, or officer commanding, the party of the second part binds himself, as agent of the United Slates to pay,” &c. ■

And on the charter party is indorsed, “it is understood that, for all stores, &c., above the quantity specified, the same' fate shall be paid, upon producing duplicate specified certificates of the commanding officer.”

The following certificate of colonel Arbuckle was indorsed •on the charter party. “ I certify, that captain A. B. Bradford did, in compliance with the foregoing' agreement, transport. from New Oileans to this place, a part of the seventh regiment of infantry, amounting to one hundred and ninety-nine, with a suitable'number of officer's and their baggage"; and that he did also transport thirty men-of the seventh regiment, not be- . longing to the Arkansas command, from New Orleans to the mouth of Red river. The boat was detained at Baton Rouge about nine hours, and at the mouth'of Red ,river about twenty hours. Captain Bradford furnished, for the use of the troops, six cords of wood, for which he is entitled tó compensation.”

As it appears in the record that payment has been made for the services covered by thé aboyé certificate, the evidence which was admitted to be given to the jury, it is presumed, must, have been to show the transportation of freight or men, in addition to that which is certified by colonel Afbuckle. And the question as to the legality of this evidence is- raised.

It appears that the agent of the government expressly stipulated to pay the money under the contract, on the certificate ■of colonel Arbuckle, or the officer' commanding the, party. And for any additional services, to those provided for in the contract, payment was to be made at the same rate, “ upon producing duplicate specified certificates of the commanding officer.”

It does not appear that any excuse was offered why these certificates were, not procured ; and the question is, whether the claimant, at his option, can establish his claim by other evidence. The contract is a law between the parties in this respect; as they expressly agree that the amount of the service shall be established by the certificates of the commanding officer. ' Can it be established in any other manner, without showing the impracticability of obtaining the certificates? Is not this part of the contradi as obligatory as any other part of it;, and if so, is not the obtaining of the certificates a condition precedent to the payment of the money ?

Where the parties, in their contract, fix on a certain mode by which the amount to.be paid1 shall be ascertained, as in the present case, the party that seeks an enforcement of the agreement must show that he has done everything on his part, which could be done to carry it into effect. He cannot compel the payment of the amount claimed, unless he shall procure the kind of evidence required by the' contract, or show that by time or accident he is .unable to do so. And as this was not done by the defendant in the district court, no evidence to prove the service, other than the certificates, should have been admitted by the court..

Had the defendant proved that application had.been made to the commanding officer for the proper certificates, and that he refused to give them; it would have been proper to receive other evidence to establish the claim.

Other exceptions were taken to the rulings of the court in the course of the trial, but as they relate to the assigned claim set up by the defendant, it cannot be necessary to consider them.

On the grounds that the district court permitted the assigned account to be given in evidence by the defendant, as a set-off; and allowed, under the circumstances stated, other evidence than the certificates of the commanding officer to prove th.e transportation account; the judgment below must be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings.  