
    James and John Dunlop v. Thomas Munroe.
    The instructions of the postmaster-general to the deputy-postmasters, may he given in evidence in an action on the case against a deputy-postmaster for negligence.
    An averment that the defendant neglected to send forward a letter, “ as it was his duty to do,” is only an allegation that the defendant was bound to send it by the mail; not that he did not send it by the next mail.
    If the allegation be that the defendant did not send on the letter, it is a sufficient answer to say and prove that the defendant did send it on; and he is not bound to prove that he sent it on in a reasonable time. A deputy-postmaster and his clerks are only bound to use such care and diligence in the discharge of their duties, as a prudent man exercises in his own affairs.
    Deputy-postmasters are civilly liable for the acts of their servants and clerks; but the neglect of the servant or clerk cannot be given in evidence upon a count charging the loss to have been incurred by the neglect of the deputy-postmaster himself.
    A count charging the loss to have been by the misfeasance of the defendant or some other person employed by him, is not bad upon general demurrer.
    An averment that a letter, containing bank-notes, was fraudulently and improperly secreted, withheld, and taken in the post-office by the defendant, is not a charge of felony, so as to deprive the plaintiffs of their civil remedy.
    When a plea is pleaded to certain enumerated counts, the plaintiff may reply to it specially as it applies to some of the counts, and demur to it as it applies to other counts.
    Hypothetical pleas, which neither admit nor deny the matter charged, are bad upon general demurrer.
    A deposition taken, without notice and not upon interrogatories, under a commission issued by consent, cannot be read in evidence.
    The plaintiffs’ clerk who puts the letter into the post-office is a competent witness for the plaintiffs, without a release.
    Parol evidence is admissible to prove that A B, before whom a deposition was taken, was a justice of the peace.
    It is to be presumed, prima, facie, that a sworn officer has discharged his duty faithfully.
    The Court will not permit the jury to be polled unless some reason be assigned therefor.
    This was an action on the case to recover from the postmaster at Washington, the value of bank-notes lost in the course of the mail.
    The cause first came before the Court at December, 1807. The declaration then contained only two counts: 1st, for fraud. 2d, for negligence of the defendant himself in not sending on the letter, with its contents, to Petersburg, as it was directed, “ and as it was his duty-to do,” whereby the plaintiffs lost the money.
    The Court (item, con.) permitted the plaintiffs to give in evidence to the jury the printed circular instructions given by the postmaster-general, to the deputy-postmasters according to- the post-office law of 2d March, 1799, to show the forms of transacting the business in the office, and the duties of the defendant:
    And, upon the prayer of Mr. Jones and Mr. Morsell, for the defendant, instructed the jury that, upon the 2d count, it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to satisfy the jury, by evidence, that the. letter and its contents were received by the defendant at his office, and that-he did not send them to Petersburg; and that the loss happened in Washington ; being of opinion that the wordsas it was his duty to do,” were only an allegation that the defendant was bound to send on the letters by mail, and did not amount to an averment that the letter was not sent on in the next mail.
    The Court refused to instruct the jury that the plaintiff could recover upon the facts stated unless the defendant could show that he sent on the letter and notes in reasonable time after he received them. The ground of the refusal was, that the declaration charged a specific act of negligence, viz. that the defendant did not at any time send on the letter and notes, and ’that it would be a good de-fence to this count if the defendant could show that he had sent on the letter and notes in the mail at any time before the action brought. .
    
      Mr. Jones, for the defendant,
    prayed the Court to instruct the jury that the defendant is not liable for the mistakes of his sworn clerks, nor for theft by a casual visitor, unless the defendant was guilty of gross negligence in admitting improper visitors, nor for such negligence of his said clerks in admitting such visitors.
    
      Mr. C. Lee, Mr. F. S. Key, and Mr. P. B. Key, for the plaintiffs, contra,
    
    contended that if the defendant can.defend himself in this action by the acts of his clerks when he is charged with his own negligence, he is liable for their negligence, and that it is immaterial whether the letter and notes were lost by his own negligence, or that of his clerks.
    The Court (Duckett, J.,. absent,) refused to give the instruction as prayed, but instructed the jury, that if they should be satisfied by the evidence that the letter and notes were received in the defendant’s office at Washington, and were not sent on to Peters-burg, and that the defendant, and his clerks and servants exercised with respect to the said letter and notes that degree of bare and diligence which a prudent man would have taken of his own property, the defendant is not liable in this action for any loss which happened by reason of not sending on the same to Peters-burg.
    A bill of exceptions was taken by the plaintiffs’ counsel, but a juror was withdrawn ; the plaintiffs had leave to amend, and the cause was continued till the next term.
    June 20th, 1808. The cause came on again for trial upon the amended declaration, which charged the defendant with the loss, whether it happened in Washington, or between Washington and Petersburg.
    
      Mr. Jones, for the defendant,
    prayed the Court to instruct the jury that the defendant is not liable, under the first count, for the embezzlement or fraud of his clerks, provided he used due diligence and caution in appointing clerks of good repute for fidelity and honesty, and of fair reputation, who took the oaths required in the postmaster-general’s instructions; unless such misconduct was known to the defendant in time to have prevented it. He relied upon the case of Whitfield v. Lord Le Despencer, Cowp. 754.
    But the CouRT, (Fitzhugh, J., contra,) refused the instruction, being of opinion that the defendant was civilly liable for the acts of his servants or clerks, as much as if those acts had been done by himself;
    
      Mr. Jones, for the defendant,
    then prayed the Court to instruct the jury, that upon the counts charging the loss to have arisen from the personal negligence of the defendant, the plaintiffs cannot recover without proof of such personal negligence.
    
      Mr. C. Lee and Mr. F. S. Key, contra,
    
    contended that those counts might be supported by proof of the negligence of the defendant’s clerks, and cited Esp. N. P. 657, 703, and Brucker v. Fromont, 6 T. R. 659.
    
      Mr. Jones, in reply,
    cited Esp. N. P. 651.
    The CouRT (nem. con. but with some hesitation,) gave the instruction as prayed, notwithstanding the case of Brucker v. Fro-mont. The judges in that case did not, on reason and principle, approve their own decision, but considered themselves bound by the case of Turberville v. Stampe, 1 Ld, Raym. 264, which ease, in the opinion of this Court, does not justify the inference drawn by the judge in Brucker v. Fromont. It is certainly most convenient and just that the plaintiff should set forth his cause of action as it really is, and the Court thinks that the plaintiffs ought to be holden to the strict proof of their declaration.
    
      The plaintiffs, then, had leave to amend their declaration, on payment of the costs of the term, and a continuance if the other party should desire it; whereupon a juror was withdrawn, and the cause was again continued.
    February 2d, 1809. This cause came on again upon the amended pleadings, the plaintiffs having filed a new declaration, consisting of nine counts, to which the defendant pleaded eighteen pleas, to some of which the plaintiffs demurred, and upon others joined issue ; for a particular statement of which, see 7 Cranch, 242.
    The Court decided all the demurrers in favor of the plaintiffs. The first was special, and was to so much of the fifth plea as virtually denied the defendant’s personal liability for the acts of his clerks, provided he had used due precaution, diligence, and circumspection, to have the business of the office well conducted, by appointing and employing as clerks, none but persons of competent skill and knowledge, of fair character, of known good repute for fidelity and honesty, and who had taken the oaths required by law, and by the instructions of the postmaster-general.
    The plaintiffs contended that the defendant was personally liable for the acts of his clerks, and that it was immaterial whether the loss happened through their neglect or his.
    The defendant contended that the first and second counts, to which alone the fifth plea was applicable, were bad, because they charged that the letter and bank-notes were secreted and taken by the defendant, or some other person employed by him, which was too uncertain a charge, even if the defendant was liable for the acts of his clerks, which he denied, unless those acts were done with the knowledge and consent of the defendant. He contended that the clerks of the deputy-postmaster bear the same relation to him, as the deputy-postmasters do to the postmaster-general. They are all equally sworn officers of the United States, and each liable only for his own acts iq the discharge of his several duties, as appears by various provisions of the post-office law of 2d March, 1799. He also relied upon Whitfield v. Lord Le Despencer, Cowp. 754, and Lane v. Cotton, Ld. Raym. 647.
    The plaintiffs relied upon the general rules of law, applicable to the relations of master and servant, and principal and agent, and cited 1 Salk. 18, 282, 440, 441, 637; Rowning v. Goodchild, 3 Wilson, 443, and Dyer, 238, (b.) pl. 38. The case of Whitfield v. Lord Le Despencer, is not an authority for this ease, because the letters patent by which the defendants in that case were appointed, expressly declare that they shall not be “ responsible for the officers appointed by them ” — “ save only for their own voluntary defaults or misfeasances,” which the act of Congress does not. The inferior offices were established by the act of Parlia
      ment. The officers gave bond to the king for his use. They were to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and to receive payment for their services from the receiver-general, and not from the postmaster-general. The revenue arising from postages, was to be applied to the public use. But in the present case, the offices of the clerks of the. deputy-postmasters, are not created by the Act of Congress ; they are his private clerks and servants; they give no security to the United States; they receive no pay from the United States, but are paid by the postmaster out of the revenues of the office.
    Although all persons “ employed in the care, custody, or conveyance of the mail,” are required by the second section of the act of 1799, to take an oath “faithfully to perform all the duties required of them, and abstain from every thing forbidden by the laws,” &c.; yet this does not constitute them independent officers, or in any manner alter the relation between them and their employers. As to the alternative charge in the first and third counts, it is certain to a common intent, and if the postmaster is liable for his clerks, it is sufficient upon general demurrer. But the plea is also bad because it is hypothetical, and does not admit or deny the fact that the letter and bank-notes were received in the defendant’s office, or lost or. embezzled by the defendant or his clerks, but only says if, &c., then such embezzlement was without any participation or connivance of the defendant.
    The CouRT (Fitzhugh, J., contra,) ■ was of opinion, that the defendant was liable for the negligence of his clerks, and that therefore the plea was bad, and that the • declaration was not faulty in substance, on account of the alternative averment, which, they thought was substantially an averment of embezzlement by the defendant and his clerks. The next demm’rer was to the seventh plea, pleaded also to the first and second counts, and which was grounded upon the supposition that the facts, stated in those counts amounted to felony.
    The Court, however, (Duckett, J., contra,) was of opinion, that the facts stated in those counts did not amount to felony and adjudged the plea bad.
    The Court, also, (nem. con.') was of opinion, that all the hypothetical pleas were bad, on general demurrer. The fourteenth plea was pleaded to the second, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth counts. As it applied to some of these counts, the plaintiffs replied specially, and as to the other counts to which it was pleaded they demurred.
    To this course, Mr. Jones, for the defendant, objected, and contended that as the plea was pleaded to all those counts jointly, the plaintiffs could not apply it severally to each count.
    
      But the Couet (Duckett, J., contra,) overruled the objection, and said that the plaintiff might demur to the plea as it applied to some counts, and reply to it as it applied to other counts. And as it was one of the hypothetical pleas, it was adjudged bad upon the demurrer.
    April 10th, 1809. The Couet (Duckett, J., absent,) was of opinion that the sixteenth and seventeenth pleas were bad, because they neither admit nor deny that the latter arrived at the defendant’s post-office on the first of August, in time to be sent on to Petersburg by the mail of the next day ; and that the eighteenth was bad because it was hypothetical and argumentative, &c.
    June 19, 1809. Upon the trial of the issues of fact, which occupied a whole week, a great number of bills of exceptions were taken. Those taken by the plaintiffs are stated in 7 Cranch, 242, &e. But, as there was a general verdict for the defendant upon all the issues, the points ruled against the defendant, are not there reported.
    
      ,Mr. C. Lee offered to read a deposition taken in Philadelphia, under a commission issued by consent, but without interrogatories filed, and without evidence of notice to the defendant of the time and place of taking it.
    The defendant’s counsel objected, and the CouRt sustained the objection.
    
      Mr. Jones, for the defendant,
    objected to the testimony of Mr. Stevens, the plaintiff’s clerk, who delivered the letter into the post-office in Philadelphia, that he was interested, as by fixing the loss on the defendant, he would exonerate himself.
    
      Mr. C. Lee, for the plaintiffs,
    cited Peake’s Evidence, 101, and
    The Couet overruled the objection. The Court permitted parol evidence to be given that John Townes, before whom a deposition was taken in Virginia, was a justice of the peace, upon the authority of Turner v. Fendall, 1 Cranch, 117, and United States v. Bollman Sf Swarhoout, in 1807, 4 Cranch, 75.
    
      Mr. Jones, for the defendant,
    moved the Court to instruct the jury, that the neglect to re-mail the letter by the first mail, does not make the defendant liable, unless the loss happened in consequence of such neglect, and that such neglect was wilful and amounted to gross negligence; —■
    Which instruction the Couet refused to give, but instructed the jury in effect, that the defendant and his clerks were bound to exercise that degree of care and diligence which a prudent man usually exercises with regard to his own affairs; and that a noncompliance with the instructions of the postmaster-general as to the time of making up the mails, fee., might be excused by circumstances. That the time allowed by the Act of Congress for making up the mails is primá facie a reasonable time, and that the burden of proof is on the defendant to justify a non-compliance with the act in that respect.
    And upon the prayer of the defendant’s counsel, the Court further instructed the jury that the defendant, being a sworn officer, is to be presumed to have done his duty faithfully until the contrary is proved. And the Court refused to permit evidence of the negligence of the defendant’s clerks to be given on the issues joined upon the sixth and tenth pleas to the fifth and ninth counts, which' charged the loss to have been incurred by the defendant’s own negligence.
    Upon the coming in of the jury with their verdict, the counsel for the plaintiff moved the Court that the jurors should be polled, that is, asked individually if they had agreed to the verdict. 3 Bac. Ab., Juries, G; 2 H. P. C. 299; 29 Assizes, 27; 40 Id. 10.
    CRanch, C. J., said there had never been such a practice in this Court; and that it was strongly impressed on his mind that such an application had been made and refused; but he could not recollect in what ease.
    
      Mr. Key mentioned a case of assault and battery in Frederic county, in Maryland, where it was conceded that the jurors might have been polled, and the only doubt was, whether the right had not been waived by the question having been 'put to them generally, in the usual form, whether they had agreed of their verdict.
    
      Mr. Lee also mentioned a case in the Winchester District Court in Virginia, where it had been done.
    Fitzhtjgh, J., asked whether in those cases there had not been a suspicion, or suggestion of improper conduct in the jury.
    
      Mr. Key stated that there was no direct suggestion in the case alluded to by him; but one of the jurors having been sick, it was suspected that possibly the verdict had been agreed to be rendered without his full assent. It, however, seemed then to be a demand of common right.
   The Court

(Duckett, J., absent,)

said it was not a matter of common right to poll the jury, and they would not fix a precedent by which either party might capriciously insist on polling the jury without assigning any reason therefor.

Fitzhugh, J.,

added, that the want of practice is strong evidence

of the want of right. An extraordinary case should be made out to justify a departure from the ordinary course of proceeding.

Verdict for the defendant upon all the issues.

(Affirmed by the Supreme Court of United States, 7 Cranch, 242.)  