
    Hall et al. v. Lanning et al.
    1. A member of a partnership, residing in one State, not served with process and ■ not appearing, is not personally bound by a judgment recovered in another State against all the partners after a dissolution of the firm, although the other members were served, or did appear and caused an appearance to be entered for all, and although the law of the State where the suit was brought authorized such judgment.
    2. After the dissolution of a partnership, one partner has no implied authority to cause the appearance of another partner to be entered to a suit brought against the firm. Quaere, whether such implied authority exists during the continuance of the partnership.
    Error to tbe Circuit Court of tbe United States for tbe Northern District of Illinois,
    This was an action of debt brought on a judgment rendered in. New York against tbe plaintiffs in error. One of them, Lybrand, pleaded separately nul tiel record, and several special pleas questioning tbe validity of tbe judgment as against him for want of jurisdiction over bis person. On tbe trial, tbe plaintiff simply gave in evidence tbe record of tbe judgment recovered in New York, which showed tbai! an attorney bad appeared and put in an answer for both defendants, who were sued as partners. The- answer admitted tbe parfnerslpp, but set up'various matters of defence.. The. cause was referred, and judgment given for tbe plaintiffs. This was tbe substance of tbe New York record. Tbe plaintiffs gave no further evidence.
    Lybrand then offered to proye that be never was a resident or citizen- of tbe State of New York; and that be bad not been within said State of New York at any time since, nor for a long time before, tbe commencement of tbe suit in which tbe judgment was rendered, upon which tbe plaintiff in this case brought suit; and that be never bad any summons, process, notice, citation, or notice of any kind,''either actual or constructive, ever given or served upon him; and that be never authorized any attorney or any other person to appear for bim ; iand that no one ever bad any authority to appear for bim in said suit in tbe State of New York, or to enter bis appearance therein, nor did be ever authorize any one to employ an attorney to appear for bim in tbe action in which said judgment was . entered; and that be never entered bis appearance therein in person;- and that he knew nothing of the pendency of said suit in the said State of New York until the commencement of the present suit in this court; that he was a partner in business with his co-defendant Hall at the time the transaction occurred upon which the plaintiffs brought suit in New York, though said partnership had been dissolved, and due notice thereof published, some six months prior to the commencement of said suit in New York.
    This evidence, being objected to, was overruled by the court, which instructed the jury as follows: “ That the record introduced in evidence by the plaintiffs was conclusive evidence for the plaintiffs to maintain the issues submitted to'the jury by the pleadings; and that they should return a verdict for the plaintiffs, and against both defendants.”
    A bill of exceptions was taken to this ruling, and the matter brought here on . writ of error.
    
      Mr. Samuel W. Packard for the plaintiffs in error.
    The controlling question in this case is, whether the court erred in refusing to allow the introduction of evidence to show that the judgment obtained in New York was void, as to Lybrand, for want of jurisdiction of the person. The general rule of law in that State is, that “ want of jurisdiction may always be interposed against a judgment when sought to be enforced, or when any benefit is claimed from it: the want of jurisdiction, either of the subject-matter or of the person of either party, renders the judgment a mere nullity.” Kerr v. Kerr, 41 N. Y. 275, per James, J.; Shumway v. Stillman, 6 Wend. 447; Borden v. Fitch, 15 Johns. 121; Dobson v. Pearce, 12 N. Y. 164, per Allen, J.; Kinnier v. Kinnier, 45 id. 542, per Church, C. J.
    For the purpose of showing that the court did not have jurisdiction, the recitals in the judgment record may be contradicted. Adams v. Saratoga & Vermont R. W. Co., 10 N. Y. (6 Selden) 382, 333, per Gridley, J.; Harrington v. People, 6 Barb. 607, 610, per Paige, J., and other cases in New York there cited; Latham v. Fdgerton, 9 Cow. 228, and cases there cited.
    But there is this exception to the general rule above stated in New York.- • Where an attorney has appeared without authority for a party, he cannot be allowed to dispute the authority of the attorney when the judgment is brought in question, except by a direct proceeding in the court where the judgment remains; and he cannot always do that if the attorney is responsible, as a suit against the attorney is, under some circumstances, held an adequate remedy.
    The reasons of the exception are, because the title to real estate depends to a great extent upon the records of the courts; and the injured party has an ample remedy against the attorney, if responsible, or he can apply to the court in which judgment was rendered for relief. Brown v. Nichols, 42 N. Y. 26, per Ingall, J., 32, and per Earle, J., 30; Denton v. Noyes, 6 Johns. 296.
    These reasons do not apply to a suit upon such judgment in another State; because,
    
      First, The title to real estate is not thereby affected.
    
      Second, There is no remedy in any of the courts of the State where- suit is brought upon the judgment, either by direct application to the court in which it was rendered, or by suit against the attorney who appeared without authority.
    The fact that a party must resort to a distant forum outside the limits of his own State for redress has frequently been held to be an inadequate or insufficient remedy, and almost equivalent to none at all. Buckmaster v. Grundy, 3 Gilman (Ill.), 626, 630, 631; Tribbles v. Toul, 7 Mon. 455; Green v. Campbell, 2 Jones (Eq.), N. C. 448; Richardson v. Williams, 3 id. 119; Smith v. Field, 6 Dana (Ky.), 364; Taylor v. Stowell, 4 Met. (Ky.) 176, 177; Pander v. Cox, 28 Ga. 306, 307; Key v. Robinson, 29 id. 34; Lirch v. Foster, 1 Ves. Sr. 88; Edminson v. Baxter, 4 Hayw. (Tenn.) 112; Graham v. Tarkersby, 15 Ala. n. s. 644; Hinrichson v. Reinbach, 27 Ill. 301.
    As the evidence offered by Lybrand that the attorney who appeared for him did so without authority does not contradict, but simply explains, the record, he was not estopped. Shelton v. Tiffin, 6 How. 186; Gleason v. Dodd, 4 Met. 338; Barden v. Fitch, 15 Johns. 121; White v. Jones, 38 Ill. 163; Welch v. Sykes, 3 Ill. 200; Hall v. Williams, 6 Pick. 232; Shumway v. Stillman, 6 Wend, 447; Aldrich v. Kinney, 4 Conn. 380, and cases cited therein; Haskin v. Blackmer, 20 Iowa, 162, and cases cited therein; Kerr v. Kerr, 41 N. Y. 272; Wilson v. Bank of Mt. Pleasant, 6 Leigh, 570; Price v. Ward, 1 Dutch. 229; Bigelow on Estoppel, 226; 6 Robinson’s .Practice, 438; 2 American Leading Cases (5th ed.), 633, 642, and cases cited; Freeman on Judgments, sect. 563 (2d ed. p. 559). .
    The recitals in the record of a judgment of one State, when sought to be enforced in another, can be contradicted as to any jurisdictional fact, notwithstanding their conclusive effect in the State where the judgment was rendered, and notwithstanding the constitutional provision “that full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and' judicial proceedings of every other State,” and the act. of Congress passed to carry it into effect. Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457; Knowles v. Gas-Light & Coke Co., 19 id. 59; Starbuck v. Murray, 5 Wend. 148, per Marcy, J.; Rope v. Heaton, 9 Wis. 328, 332-337; Kerr v. Kerr, 41 N. Y. 272; Shumway v. Stillman, 6 Wend. 453; Noyes v. Butler, 6 Barb. 613; Norwood v. Cobb, 24 Tex. 551; Carleton v. Bickford, 13 Gray, 591.
    
      Mr. Sidney S. Harris for the defendants in error.
    The excluded evidence, if admitted, would not have impeached the validity of the judgment.
    Hall and Lybrand were partners. The suit in New York which resulted in the judgment related wholly to their partnership transactions. The authority of one partner to employ an attorney to represent the firm in a suit, and to enter the appearance of all its members, rests on the undisputed doctrine, that such partner, in all things relating to the firm transactions, can lawfully represent the firm, unless restricted by agreement. Parsons on Partn. 174.
    It is clear that one partner can, make contracts for the partnership which will not only bind it to the extent of its assets, but which may lead to the ultimate individual liability of all the. partners. This is a necessary legal result of his .exercise of ’ partnership authority; and either partner, acting for the firm,' can employ an attorney to resist a recovery in a suit against it and to defend its interests. Parsons on Partn. 175, note; Harrison v. Stickney, 7 T. R. 208, Dampier, arguendo; Collyer on Partn., sects. 441, 678, and note; Winship v. The Bank 
      
      of the United States, 5 Pet. 561; Bennett v. Stickney, 17 Vt. 531; Everson v. Gehrman, 10 How. Pr. 301; Taylor v. Coryell, 12 S. & R. 250.
    One partner can bona fide admit service of process for both, and the judgment rendered will not be set aside on the motion of the other partner. Olwell v. McLaughlin, 10 N. Y. Leg. Obs. 316; Lippman v. Judson, 1 Code, n. s. 161, note; Hammond v. Harris, 2 How. Pr. 331; Crane v. French, 1 Wend. 311; Grazebrook v. McCrudie, 17 id. 437; Blodget v. Conklin, 9 How. Pr. 442.
    If the partnership was dissolved, Hall still had the power to act for the firm in respect to any transactions which occurred when the partnership continued. Wood v. Braddick, 1 Taunt. 104, per Lord Mansfield; Pritchard v. Draper, 1 Russ. & Myl. 191; Vinal v. Burrill, 16 Pick. 401; Bridge v. Gray, 14 id. 55; Simpson v. Geddes, 2 Bay, 533; Garland v. Agee, 7 Leigh, 362; Woodworth v. Downer, 13 Vt. 522.
    The rule in this country is, that the dissolution operates as a revocation of all authority to make new contracts, but not to arrange, liquidate, settle, and pay those before created (Darling v. March, 22 Me. 184); and that either partner, after dissolution, may acknowledge in the name of the partnership a balance due from it (Ide v. Ingraham, 5 Gray, 106). In Pennsylvania it is held that a partner may, after dissolution, borrow money to pay partnership debts (Estate of Davis, 5 Whart. 530), renew the notes of the firm (Brown v. Clark, 14 Penn. St. 469), or give notes in its name in payment of debts (Robinson v. Taylor, 4 Barr, 242).
    As the. power of each partner must be equal to that of any other partner, unless modified by agreement, this power of one partner of winding up the affairs of the firm must be complete.
    The conclusion to be- drawn is, that a partner, after dissolution, has the same power as before in regard to suits brought by or against the firm; and that, if Hall had the power to authorize an appearance for the firm during its existence, he still had such power after its dissolution.
   Mr. Justice Bradley

delivered the opinion of the court.

The question to be decided in this case is, whether, after the dissolution of a copartnership, one of the partners in a suit brought against the firm has authority to enter an appearance for the other partners who do not reside in the State where the suit is brought, and have not been served with process \ and, if not, whether a judgment against all the partners, founded on such an appearance, can be questioned by those not served with process in a suit brought thereon in another State. We recently had occasion, in the case of Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457,to restate the rule, that the jurisdiction of a foreign court over the person or the subject-matter embraced in the judgment or decree of such court is always open to inquiry; and that, in this respect, the court of another State is to be regarded as a foreign court. We further held in that case, that the record of such a judgment does not estop the parties from demanding such an inquiry. The cases bearing upon the subject having been examined -and distinguished on that occasion, it is not necessary to examine them again, except as they may throw light on the special question involved in this causé. In the subsequent case of Knowles v. The Gas-Light Company, 19 Wall. 58, we further held, in- direct line with the decision in Thompson v. Whitman, that the record of a judgment showing service of process on the defendant could be contradicted and disproved.

It is sought to distinguish the present case from those referred to, on the ground that the relation of partnership confers upon each partner authority, even after dissolution, to appear for his copartners in a suit brought against the firm, though they are not serv.ed with process, and have no notice of the suit. In support of this proposition, so far as relates to any such authority after dissolution of the partnership, we are not referred to any authority directly in point; but reliance is placed on the powers of partners in general, and on that class of cases which affirm the right of each partner, after a dissolution of the firm, to settle up its business. But, in our view, appearance tó a suit is a very different thing from those ordinary acts which appertain to a general settlement of business, such as recéipt and payment of money, giving acquittances, and the like. ■ If a suit be brought against all the partners, and only one of them be served with process, he may undoubtedly, in his own defence, show, if he can, that the firm is not hable, and to this end defend the suit. But to hold that the other partners, or persons charged as such, who have not been served with process, will be bound by the judgment in such a case, which shall conclude them as well on the question whether they were partners ,or not when the debt was incurred as on that of the validity of the debt, would, as it seems to us, be carrying the power of a partner, after a dissolution of the partnership, to an unnecessary and unreasonable extent.

The law, indeed, does not seem entirely clear that a partner may enter an appearance for his copartners without special authority, even during the continuance of the firm. It is well known, that by the English practice, in an action on. any joint contract, whether entered into by partners or others, if any defendant cannot be found, the plaintiff must proceed to outlawry against him before he can prosecute the action; and then he declares separately against those served with process, and obtains a separate judgment against them, but no judgment except that of outlawry against the defendant not found 1 Chitty’s Plead. 42; Tidd’s Pract., ch. vii. p. 428, 9th ed. A shorter method by distringas in place of outlawry has been provided by some modem statutes, but founded on the same principle. Now, it seems strange' that this cumbrous and dilatory proceeding should be necessary in the ease of partners, if one partner has a general authority to appear in .court for his copartners. On the. basis of such an authority, had it existed,, the courts, in the long lapse of time, ought to have found some means of making service on one answer for service on all. But this was never done. In this country, it is true, as will presently be, shown, legislation to this end (applicable, however, to all joint debtors) has been adopted; but it is generally conceded that a judgment based on such service has full and complete effect only as against those who are actually served. Further reference to this subject will be made hereafter.

It must be conceded, howéver, that the general authority of one partner to appear to an action on behalf of his copartners, during the continuance of the firm, has been asserted by several text-writers. Grow on Partn.' 163; Collyer on Partn. sect. 441; Parsons on Partn. 174, note. But the assertion is based on, somewhat slender authority. We find it first laid down in Gow, who refers to a dictum of Serjeant ■ Dampier, made in the course of argument (7 T. R. 207), and to the case of Morley v. Strombong, 3 Bos. & Pull. 254, where the court refused to discharge partnership goods taken on a distringas to compel the appearance of an absent partner, unless the partner who was served would enter an appearance for him. As to this case, it may be said that it is not improbable that the home partner had express authority to appear in suits for his copartner ; for, in a subsequent case (Goldsmith v. Levy, 4 Taunt. 299), a distringas, issued under the same circumstances, was-discharged where the home partner made affidavit that.the goods were his # own, and that he had no authority to appear for his copartner. These seem .to be the only authorities relied on.

But, as said before, these authorities, and one or two American cases which follow them, refer only to appearances entered whilst the partnership was subsisting; and it is pertinent also to add, that they only refer to the validity and effect of judgments in the state or country in which they are rendered.

Domestic judgments, undoubtedly (as was shown in Thompson v. Whitman), stand, in this respect, on a different footing from foreign judgments. If regular on their face, and if appearance has been duly entered for the defendant by a. responsible attorney, though no process has been served and no appearance authorized, they will not necessarily be set aside; but the defendant will, sometimes be left to his remedy against the attorney in an action for damages: otherwise, as has been argued, the plaintiff might lose his security by the act of an officer of the court. Denton v. Noyes, 6 Johns. 296; Graze-brook v. McCreedie, 9 Wend. 437. But, even in this case, it is the more usual course to suspend proceedings on the judgment, and allow the defendants to plead to the merits, and prove any ]ust defence to the action. In any other State, however, except that in which the judgment was rendered (as decided .by us ill the cases before referred to), the facts could be shown, notwithstanding the recitals of the record; and the judgment would be regarded as null and void for want of jurisdiction of the person.

So, where an appearance ñas been entered by authority of one of several copartners on behalf of all, it may well be that the courts of the same jurisdiction will be slow to set aside the judgment, unless it clearly appears that injustice has been done; and will rather leave the party who has been injured by an unauthorized appearance to his action for damages.

There are many other cases in which a judgment may be good within the jurisdiction in which it was rendered so far as to bind the debtor’s property there found, without personal service of process, or appearance of the defendant; as in foreign attachments, process of outlawry, and proceedings in rem.

Another class of cases is that of joint-debtors, before alluded to. In most of the States legislative acts have been passed, called joint-debtor acts, which, as a substitute for outlawry, provide that if process be issued against several joint-debtors or partners, and served on one or more of them, and the others cannot be found, the plaintiff may proceed against those served, and, if successful, have judgment against all. Various effects and consequences are attributed to such judgments in the States in which they are rendered. They are generally held to bind the common property of the joint-debtors, as well as the separate property of those served with process, when such property is situated in the State, but not the separate property of those not served; and, whilst they are binding personally on the former, they are regarded as either not personally binding at all, or only prima facie binding, on the latter. Under the Joint-debtor Act of New York, it was formerly held by the courts of that State-that such a judgment is valid and binding on an absent defendant as prima facie evidence of a debt, reserving to him the right to enter into the merits, and show that he ought not to have been charged*

The validity of a judgment rendered under this New York law, when prosecuted in another State against one of the defendants who resided in the latter State, and was not served with process, though charged as a copartner of a defendant residing in New Yo.rk, who was served, was brought in question in this court in December Term, 1850, in the case of D’Arcy v. Ketchum, 11 How. 165. It. was there contended, that by the Constitution of the United States, and the- act of Congress parked May 26, 1790, in relation to the proof and effect of judgments in other States, the judgment .in question ought to have the same force and .effect in every other State which it had in New York. - But this court decided that the act of Congress was intended to prescribe only the effect of judgments where the court by which they were rendered had jurisdiction; and that, by international law, a judgment rendered in one State, assuming to bind the person of a citizen of another, was void within the foreign State, if the defendant had not been served with process, or voluntarily made defence, because neither the legislative jurisdiction nor that of the courts of justice had binding force.

. This decision is an authority which we recognized in Thompson v. Whitman and in Knowles v. Gtas-Light Company, before cited, and which we adhere to as founded on the soundest principles of law; and, in view of this decision, it is manifest that many of the authorities which declare the effect of a domestic judgment, in cases where process has not been served on one or all of the defendants, and where those not served have not authorized any appearance and do not reside in the State, can have little influence as to the effect to be given to such a judgment in another State.

It appearing to be settled law, therefore, that a member of a partnership firm, residing in one State, cannot be rendered personally liable in a suit brought in another State against him and his copartners, although the latter be duly' served with process, and although the law of the State where the suit is brought authorizes judgment to be rendered against him, the case stands on the simple and naked question, whether his copartners, after a dissolution of the partnership, can without his consent and authority involve him in suits brought against the firm by voluntarily entering an appearance for him.

We are of opinion that no authority can be found to maintain the affirmative of this question.

In the case of Bell v. Morrison, 1 Pet. 351, this court decided, upon elaborate examination, that, after a dissolution of the partnership, one partner cannot by his admissions or promises bind his former copartners. Appearance to a suit is certainly quite as grave an act as the mknowledgment of a. debt.

It is -well settled by numberless cases, that, even before dissolution, one partner cannot confess judgment, or submit to arbitration so as to bind Ms copartners. Stead v. Salt, 3 Bing. 101; Adams v. Bankart, 1 Cromp. Mee. & R. 681; Karthaus v. Ferrer, 1 Pet. 222, and cases referred to in Story on Partn., sect. 114; 1 Amer. Lead. Cas., 5th ed. 556; Freeman on Judgments, sect. 232; Collyer on Partn., sects. 469, 470, and notes; Parsons on Partn. 179, note.

It is equally well settled, that, after dissolution, one partner cannot bind Ms copartners by new contracts or securities, or impose upon them a fresh liability. Story on Partn., sect. 322; Adams v. Bankart, supra.

Appearance to a suit does impose a fresh liability. If there is no doubt of the validity of the demand, it places that demand in .a position to be made a debt of record. If there is doubt of it, it renders the defendant liable to have it adjudicated against him, when, perhaps, he has a good defence to it.

On principle, therefore, it is difficult to see how, after a dissolution, one partner can claim implied authority to appear for his copartners in a suit brought against the firm. It may, in some instances, be convenient that one partner should have such authority; and, when such authority is desirable, it can easily be conferred, either in the articles of partnership or in the terms of dissolution. But, as a ■ general thing, one can hardly conceive of a more dangerous power to be left in the hands of the several partners after the partnersMp connection between them is terminated, or one more calculated to inspire a constant dread of impending evil, than that of accepting service of process for their former associates, and of rendering them liable, without their knowledge, to the chances of litigation which they have no power of defending.

New cases can be found in wMch the precise question has been raised. ■ The attempt to. exercise such a power does not appear to have been often made. Had it been, the question would certainly have found its way in the reports; for a number of cases have come up in which the power of a partner to appear for his copartners during the continuance of the partnership has been discussed. The point was raised in Phelps v. Brewer, 9 Cush. 390; but the court, being of opinion that the power does not exist even pending the partnership, did not find it necessary to consider the effect of a dissolution upon it.

In Alabama, where a law was passed making service of process on one partner binding upon all, it was expressly decided, after quite an elaborate argument, that such service was not sufficient after a dissolution of the partnership, and that acknowledgment of service by one partner on behalf of all was also inoperative as against the other partners. Duncan v. Tombeckbee Bank, 4 Port. 184; Demott v. Swaim's Adm., 5 Stew. & Port. 293.

In the case of Loomis & Co. v. Pearson & McMichael, Harper (S. C.), 470, it was decided, that, after a dissolution of partnership, one partner cannot appear, for the other; although it is true that it had been previously decided by the same court, in Haslet v. Street et al., 2 McCord, 311, that no such authority exists even during the continuance of the partnership.

' But the absence of authorities, as before remarked, is strong evidence that no such power exists.

In our judgment, the defendant Lybrand had a right, for the purpose of invalidating the judgment as to him, to prove the matter set. up by him in his offer at the trial; and for the refusal of the court to admit the evidence the judgment should be reversed, with directions to award a venire de novo.

Judgment reversed.

Mr. Chief Justice Waite, Me. Justice Stbong, and Mr. Justice Hunt, dissented.  