
    PALMER v. NEW YORK & L. C. TRANSP. CO. et al.
    (Supreme Court, General Term, Third Department.
    February 13, 1894.)
    1. Custom and Usage—Conflict of Rules of Navigation.
    A local custom cannot prevail against a statutory rule of navigation.
    2. Appeal—Objections to Evidence Offered by Codefendant.
    Where evidence offered by a defendant was received over the objection of his codefendant, and the jury were not instructed that it could not be considered as against him, he (the codefendant) may assign error on its admission. Schneider v. Railroad Co., (Super. N. Y.) 15 N. Y. Supp. 556, distinguished.
    Appeal from special term, Clinton county.
    Action by Edward Palmer against the Hew York & Lake Champlain Transportation Company and the Lake Champlain Transportation Company to recover damages for personal injuries. From a judgment entered on a verdict in favor of plaintiff for $1,723.75, and from an order denying a motion for a new trial, defendant the Hew York & Lake Champlain Transportation Company appeals. Reversed.
    Argued before MAYHAM, P. J., and PUTHAM and HERRICK, JJ.
    Potter & Lillie, (J. S. Potter, of counsel,) for appellant, the Hew York & L. C. Transp. Co.
    Shedden & Booth, (L. L. Shedden, of counsel,) for respondent.
    Smith, Weeds & Conway, for the Lake Champlain Transp. Co.
   PUTHAM, J.

On May 19, 1891, the Hew York & Lake Champlain Transportation Company’s tugboat Robert H. Cook left Whitehall with a tow of canal boats, and was shortly followed by the tugboat E. C. Baker, owned by the Lake Champlain Transportation Company, also with a tow of canal boats, among which was plaintiff’s. The Baker shortly came up with the Cook, and gave two blasts of the whistle as a signal that they desired to pass on the left-hand side of the Cook. The Cook answered by a similar signal, which signified an assent to the request of the Baker. Thereupon, the Cook moved over to the right-hand or Vermont side, as near as possible- to the shore, continuing at the same rate of speed as before. When the -boat reached a place called “Maple Point,” where the channel turns and is quite narrow, the Baker was 500 feet ahead of the Cook, and the canal boat of plaintiff- was opposite and near that tug. In turning Maple point, the hawser of the Cook was drawn with great force against plaintiff’s boat, and flew over the bow, striking the plaintiff, and, causing - the injury for which this action is brought. Plaintiff brought this action against the two transportation companies, and recovered judgment against both for $1,500 and costs. The Hew York & Lake Champlain Transportation Company alone appeals.

It was alleged on the trial, and plaintiff claims on this appeal, that at the time of the accident the two boats were racing. But, on a careful examination of the testimony, we do not find that it sustains this position of the respondent. The evidence shows that, after the Baker made its signal of a desire to pass the Cook, that boat proceeded at the same rate of speed as before, which is variously estimated at from three to five miles an hour. Were it not for the testimony which was allowed to be introduced, by the court, in regard to the local custom on Lake, Champlain, that when one boat overtakes another the latter slackens its speed, and allows the former to pass, the evidence does not establish a very clear case of negligence against appellant. When signaled by the Baker, the Cook passed over to the right-hand side of the channel, as near the bank as possible, so as to give room for the Baker to pass, and proceeded on its way at the same rate of speed as before. It is urged with much force that the accident to plaintiff was caused by the Baker and its tow, including plaintiff’s boat, running into the Cook while that tug was lawfully proceeding on its voyage, in violation of the provisions of rule 22, section 4233, Rev. St. IT. S., “that any vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out of the way of the last mentioned vessel.” See 16 Amer. & Eng. Enc. Law, 300, 301.

Perhaps, however, without the testimony as to the local custom above referred to, there was evidence in the case authorizing the submission to the jury of the question of appellant’s negligence at the time of the accident. At that time the Baker was 500 feet ahead of the Cook; and although, under the rule above quoted, the Cook had the right of way, yet, its captain seeing that a collision with the tow of the Baker was probable, it may have been his duty to stop or back up his boat. The fact that the Baker had violated the provisions of the statute did not absolve the captain of the Cook from the duty of taking the utmost care; and seeing that a collision was likely to occur, as he must have, possibly he should have stopped or slowed up his boat. See 16 Amer. & Eng. Enc. Law, 314, 315; Cooper v. Transportation Co., 75 N. Y. 116. With the testimony as to the local custom above referred to in the case, however, if such custom was controlling, the negligence of the appellant was clearly shown. In that view of the case, the accident was caused by the Cook’s failing to follow such custom. Had the tug slowed up when signaled, the Baker and its tow would have passed long before reaching Maple point.

This evidence, then, in regard to the custom of boatmen navigating Lake Champlain, being important in the case, and doubtless having influenced the verdict, it becomes necessary to consider the exception of the appellant to the reception of the evidence showing such custom, and the charge of the judge in relation thereto. On the trial the following questions were asked, and answers given, the objections of appellant thereto being overruled:

“Q. What is the custom among men engaged in the transportation business on Lake Champlain,—captains of towing boats,—with reference to allowing a steamer to advance after she has signaled her intention to pass? What is the custom with reference to slackening speed? A. The custom is, if we overtake a boat like that where it is crooked, and not fit to hang on, if we come into a straight place, then we choose the side, and if they answer we usually lay over and let them pass before we get to another bad spot. If the steamer Cook had slackened her speed in the long reach, there would have been sufficient room for the Baker to have passed clear.”

Of another witness the following question was asked:

“Q. When you say you understood it to be the duty of the overtaking boat to keep out of the way of the other boat, do you also understand that that duty is qualified by the custom on Lake Champlain that the forward boat shall slacken its speed? A. Yes, sir.”

These questions were properly objected to by the appellant.

The court charged the jury in reference to the custom as follows:

“I charge the jury that, if you find there was such a custom existing on Lake Champlain, the officers of the Baker had a right to rely on that being observed by the officers of the Cook.”

The appellant excepted.

The reception of this evidence, and the charge above quoted, was, in effect, a ruling by the court that it was the duty of the appellant to obey the local custom, and such custom in fact rendered it unnecessary for the Baker to obey the statutory rule above quoted. We are unable to agree with the view taken by the learned trial judge. By the statutory rule, any vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out of the way of the last-mentioned vessel. In other words, the Baker, overtaking the Cook, was bound to keep out of its way. But the custom proved was in direct conflict with such rule. By the custom, when any tug overtakes another the latter must get out of the way of the former,—must slow up, and allow the former to pass. We understand it to be well settled that a rule of law cannot be qualified or changed by a local custom. Wright v. Boller, 42 Hun, 77; West v. Kiersted, 15 Wkly. Dig. 549; Walker v. Transportation Co., 3 Wall. 150; Homer v. Dorr, 10 Mass. 26; The Clement, 2 Curt. 363; Case v. Perew, 34 Hun, 130. The case last above cited is very nearly in point. The action was brought to recover damages sustained by the plaintiff in consequence of defendant’s propeller running into his canal boat in the harbor of Buffalo creek. To show plaintiff’s contributory negligence, defendant offered evidence to show that the persons in charge of plaintiff’s boat did not obey the city ordinance in regard to lights on said boat. Plaintiff was permitted to show a local custom not to light canal boats. The court remarked:

“The omission of other parties to observe this ordinance is no legal excuse for the plaintiff, in omitting to comply with its requirements. If the plaintiff failed to keep the out-port light, as required by the ordinance, it tended to prove negligence on his part, and the receipt of the evidence objected to was practically a ruling by the court; and the jury must have so understood it, as excusing the plaintiff’s violation of the ordinance, if there wasi in fact an omission to display the light required by the ordinance.”

So, in this case, by reason of the evidence as to the custom, and from the charge, the jury must have understood that the local custom was controlling, and that the appellant, in failing to obey said custom, was negligent. Had there been no rule established by statute as to the course to be taken by one vessel overtaking another, doubtless the local custom on Lake Champlain could have been properly proven. The City of Washington, 92 U. S. 31.

But the respondent claims that the evidence in regard to the custom was offered by appellant’s codefendant, and not by him, and hence appellant’s objection to the introduction of such evidence is not available against the plaintiff on this appeal; and he cites Schneider v. Railroad Co., (Super. N. Y.) 15 N. Y. Supp. 556. That case, however, was different from this. The objectionable evidence in that case was not received as against the party objecting. The jury was charged that such party was not affected by such evidence. The conclusion of the court was, however, that the evidence in question was improperly received, but that under all the circumstances of that case, the plaintiff’s cause of action being fully established by other satisfactory evidence, the error of the trial court was not such as to require a reversal of the judgment, under the provisions; of section 1003, Civil Code. Here the evidence w'as received generally in the case, as to all the parties, over appellant’s objection. The jury were not instructed that the objectionable evidence was not to be considered as against appellant, as in the case last cited. And the court, in his charge, which affected all the parties to the action, instructed the jury that the officers of the Baker had a right to rely on the custom being observed by the officers of the Cook; in other words, that the latter were required to obey the custom. Although the plaintiff did not introduce the evidence as to the custom, or request the charge above referred to, the effect of such evidence and charge being, in all probability, to influence the verdict, we think a new trial should be granted. The plaintiff’s position is like that of a party where a trial judge asks of a witness an improper question, which is objected to, and the objection overruled, and an exception taken. If such exception is well taken, a new trial will be granted on account of the error of the court,. although such error occurred without any fault on the part of such party. The judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted; costs to abide the event. All concur.  