
    CORUS STAAL BV, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and Nucor Corporation and United States Steel Corporation, Defendants-Intervenor.
    Slip Op. 07-90.
    Court No. 07-00134.
    United States Court of International Trade.
    June 5, 2007.
    
      Steptoe & Johnson, LLP (Alice A. Kip-pel, Richard 0. Cunningham, Joel D. Kaufman, Washington, DC, and Jamie B. Bea-ber, Minneapolis, MN), for Plaintiff.
    Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice (Claudia Burke); Sapna Sharma, of counsel, International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, for Defendant.
    Wiley Rein, LLP (Timothy C. Brightbill, Alan H. Price, and Maureen E. Thorson), Washington, DC., for Defendant-Interve-nor Nucor Corporation.
    Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom, LLP (John J. Mangan, Jeffrey D. Gerrish, Robert E. Lighthizer, and Jared Wessel), Washington, DC, for Defendant-Interve-nor United States Steel Corporation.
   OPINION

CARMAN, Judge.

This opinion follows this Court’s decision from the bench on May 9, 2007, denying for lack of jurisdiction Plaintiffs Amended Motion for a Preliminary Injunction and dismissing the action without prejudice. Plaintiff, Corus Staal BV (“Corus”), sought an order enjoining the United States (the “Government”) from liquidating any unliq-uidated entries of certain hot-rolled carbon steel flat products (“HRCS”) from the Netherlands imported by Corus between November 1, 2005, through October 31, 2006 (referred to as “period-of-review five” or “POR 5”).

Corus, a Dutch steel manufacturer of goods subject to an antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands, challenged the liquidation instructions issued by the Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) covering Corus’s POR 5 entries. Commerce issued instructions to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) to liquidate the relevant entries at the as-entered rate, which included antidumping duty deposits in the amount of 4.42 percent ad valorem. Corus contends that the entries could not lawfully be liquidated with antidumping duties and asks this Court to enjoin the liquidation of the entries pending final resolution of this action. Due to the exigencies of time in this case (Corus represented to this Court that Customs had notified it that the entries were to be liquidated beginning on May 11, 2007), this Court decided the motion for a preliminary injunction from the bench at the conclusion of oral argument on Corus’s motion on May 9, 2007, with opinion to follow. This opinion explains this Court’s reasons for denying for lack of jurisdiction the motion for a preliminary injunction and dismissing the case without prejudice in greater detail than was given on May 9, 2007.

Background

Commerce’s now-repealed practice of zeroing in antidumping duty investigations is central to this action. On November 29, 2001, Commerce published an antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands. Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Netherlands, 66 Fed.Reg. 59,565 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 29, 2001) (antidumping duty order). In the antidumping duty investigation that led to the issuance of the order, Commerce determined that Corus sold HRCS to buyers in the United States at less than fair value. Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Netherlands, 66 Fed. Reg. 55,637 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 2, 2001) (notice of amended final determination of sales at less than fair value). This determination resulted solely from Commerce’s practice of zeroing. See Implementation of the Findings of the WTO Panel in US — Zeroing (EC), 72 Fed.Reg. 25,261, 25,262 (Dep’t Commerce May 4, 2007) (notice of determinations under Section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act and revocations and partial revocations of certain antidumping orders) (“Section 129 Determination ”) (recalculating Corus’s dumping margin as zero, in the absence of zeroing).

In 2004, the European Communities (“EC”) challenged Commerce’s zeroing practice at the World Trade Organization (“WTO”). The EC alleged that the use of zeroing violated treaty commitments made by the United States. The EC brought both a facial challenge to the practice of zeroing in antidumping investigations and an “as applied” challenge to the practice of zeroing in fifteen specific antidumping investigations, including the antidumping investigation at issue in this case. The WTO panel found, among other things, that Commerce’s use of zeroing was inconsistent with U.S. treaty obligations, both facially and as applied to the fifteen challenged antidumping investigations. Panel Report, United States—Laws, Regulations, and Methodology for Calculating Dumping Margins (“Zeroing”), WT/ DS294/R, ¶¶ 7.32, 7.106 (Oct. 31, 2005) (“US-Zeroing Panel Report ”).

As a result of the negative WTO decision, Commerce initiated two distinct administrative proceedings, one pursuant to section 123 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (“URAA”), 19 U.S.C. § 3533(g) (2000) (“Section 123”), and the other pursuant to section 129 of the URAA, 19 U.S.C. § 3538 (2000) (“Section 129”). In the Section 123 proceedings Commerce determined that it would no longer use zeroing in antidumping investigations. Anti-dumping Proceedings: Calculation of the Weighted-Average Dumping Margin During an Antidumping Investigation, 71 Fed.Reg. 77,722, 77,722 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 27, 2006) (final modification) (“Section 123 Determination ”). Commerce stated that the new policy would apply “in all current and future antidumping investigations as of the effective date,” which was February 22, 2007. Id. at 77,725.

Commerce also initiated Section 129 proceedings through which Commerce would recalculate the dumping margins in each of the fifteen specific antidumping investigations challenged by the EC, without zeroing. Implementation of the Findings of the WTO Panel in U.S. Zeroing (EC), 72 Fed.Reg. 9,306, 9,306 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 1, 2007) (notice of initiation of proceedings under section 129 of the URAA). When Commerce recalculated Corus’s dumping margin during the Section 129 proceedings, Corus’s dumping margin decreased from 259 percent to zero. Because Corus was the sole respondent for its particular antidumping investigation, Commerce revoked the antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands. Implementation of the Findings of the WTO Panel in US—Zeroing (EC), 72 Fed. Reg. 25,261, 25,262 (Dep’t Commerce May 4, 2007) (notice of determinations under section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act and revocations and partial revocations of certain antidumping duty orders) (“Section 129 Determination ”). The effective date of the revocation was April 23, 2007. Id. at 25,261.

In addition to the Section 123 and Section 129 proceedings, Commerce was charged with administering the then-existing. antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands. On December 27, 2006, Commerce initiated an administrative review of the antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands based on the requests of three members of the domestic steel industry, Nucor Corporation (“Nu-cor”), , United States Steel Corporation (“U.S.Steel”), and Mittal Steel USA (“Mittal”) (collectively “Petitioners”). See Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews, 71 Fed.Reg. 77,720, 77,720 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 27, 2006). The administrative review was to cover entries of subject merchandise entered during POR 5. Although Corus also could have requested an administrative review, it failed to do so. Petitioners subsequently withdrew their requests for an administrative review on February 27, 2007, within the 90-day time limit to do so established by Commerce regulations. Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products from the Netherlands, 72 Fed.Reg. 15,105, 15,106 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 30, 2007) (notice of rescission of antidumping duty administrative review) (“Rescission Notice ”); 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1) (2006). Also pursuant to regulation, if an administrative review is rescinded (or none is requested) Commerce is obligated to issue liquidation instructions to Customs to liquidate the entries at the as-entered rate. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(c)(i).

Corus filed an objection to Petitioners’ requests to rescind the administrative review and asked Commerce refrain from issuing liquidation instructions on Corus’s entries prior to considering the effects of the Section 123 and Section 129 proceedings. Corus argued that Commerce was not allowed to issue liquidation instructions for Corus’ POR 5 entries that included antidumping duties because those duties were a result of zeroing. However, Commerce denied Corus’s request and rescinded the administrative review. Rescission Notice, 72 Fed.Reg. at 15,106. Following that, on April 16, 2007, Commerce issued instructions to Customs to liquidate Co-rus’s POR 5 entries at the as-entered rate, which included antidumping duty deposits. Corus timely filed a request for judicial review of the liquidation instructions and a motion requesting this Court to enjoin the liquidation of Corus’s POR 5 entries.

Discussion

“Four factors are weighed in considering a motion for a preliminary injunction: (1) immediate and irreparable injury to the movant [if an injunction is not granted]; (2) the movant’s likelihood of success on the merits; (3) the public interest; and (4) the balance of hardships on all the parties.” U.S. Ass’n of Importers of Textiles & Apparel v. United States, 413 F.3d 1344, 1346 (Fed.Cir.2005) (citing Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 710 F.2d 806, 809 (Fed.Cir.1983)). While no one factor is dispositive, a movant’s “failure to prove likelihood of success on the merits presents a formidable obstacle to the granting of an injunction.” FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d 424, 431 (Fed.Cir.1993). In fact, absent a showing that the movant is likely to succeed on the merits, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“CAFC”) has questioned whether the movant can ever be entitled to a preliminary injunction absent a showing of “extraordinary injury or strong public interest.” Id. at 427. Here, it is the failure to establish likelihood of success on the merits that cripples Corus’s motion for injunctive relief.

I. Corus Established That It Faces Immediate and Irreparable Injury if the Injunction is Not Granted.

The first prong of the four-factor test requires a movant to demonstrate that it will suffer immediate and irreparable harm in the absence of an injunction. See U.S. Ass’n of Importers, 413 F.3d at 1346. Corus asserts that it would be irreparably harmed if liquidation is not enjoined because its “entries would be liquidated and antidumping duties would be assessed at the as-entered rate, regardless of this Court’s final judgment with respect to the [substantive] issues raised by Corus. As such, judicial review by this Court would be rendered meaningless, so far as the covered entries are concerned.” (Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for a TRO & Prelim. Inj. to Enjoin Liquidation of Entries (“Pl.’s Mem.”) 12.) In other words, Corus contends that if liquidation is not enjoined Customs will liquidate its entries with the antidumping duties in place and Corus will lose its opportunity to reclaim miHions of dollars, in deposits with respect to those entries.

This Court agrees with Corus that it faces immediate and irreparable harm if an injunction is not granted. Because Commerce issued liquidation instructions for the relevant entries, without a preliminary injunction, Customs may liquidate the entries at the as-entered rate. Once Customs liquidates the entries, Corus will lose its ability to challenge the correctness of the as-entered rate. The Zenith court explained the harm resulting to a movant from liquidation as follows: “The statutory scheme has no provision permitting reli-quidation ... if [the movant] is successful on the merits. Once liquidation occurs, a subsequent decision by the trial court on the merits of [the movant’s] challenge can have no effect on the dumping duties assessed on the [liquidated] entries.” Zenith, 710 F.2d at 810. Because Corus would not be eligible for reimbursement of any antidumping duty deposits on the liquidated entries even if it were to prevail on the merits, liquidation renders Corus’s “statutory right to obtain judicial review ... without meaning.” Id. The Zenith court therefore held that “the consequences of liquidation ... constitute irreparable injury.” Id.

While Defendants-Intervenor argue that Corus would not be irreparably injured by liquidation, this Court rejects those arguments. U.S. Steel argues that if Corus’s entries are liquidated with the allegedly erroneous antidumping duties in place, “Corus may be eligible for reliquidation” pursuant to Shinyei Corp. of Am. v. United States, 355 F.3d 1297, 1312 (Fed.Cir.2004). (Br. of Def.-Intervenor U.S. Steel Corp. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for a Prelim. Inj. & in Supp. of Mot., to Dismiss 28.) However, Shinyei is inapposite here; Corus’s entries would not be eligible for reliquidation.

The Shinyei court reaffirmed the holding from Zenith that reliquidation is not an available remedy for a suit properly brought under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (“section 1581(c)”). See Shinyei, 355 F.3d at 1309. As discussed below,'this Court finds that Corus’s action would have been properly brought under section 1581(c). See infra § IV. A. Therefore, Corus cannot seek reliquidation if its entries are liquidated at an incorrect rate. This Court accordingly rejects U.S. Steel’s claim that the immediate liquidation Corus faces on its entries does not constitute irreparable injury and, finds that Corus has met' its burden regarding this factor.

II. The Balance of Hardships Tips in Corus’s Favor.

The second factor for a court to consider when evaluating a motion for a preliminary injunction is the balance of hardships on the parties. Here, the balance of hardships favors granting a preliminary injunction: the potential harm to Corus if an injunction is denied is much greater than the harm that would be caused to the Government and Defendants-Intervenor if an injunction is granted. As discussed above, Corus possibly will forfeit millions of dollars in antidumping duty deposits if Customs liquidates the entries. Further, liquidation will eliminate Corus’s statutory right to meaningful judicial review of its substantive claims. Therefore, denying a preliminary injunction will likely result in great hardship to Corus. On the other side of the scale, the hardship to the other parties is minimal if the preliminary injunction is granted. The Government, at most, will be inconvenienced by the delay in liquidation occasioned by the preliminary injunction, and Defendants-Intervenor should not be impacted in any way by the injunction.

III. The Public Interest Slightly Favors Granting the Preliminary Injunction.

The third criterion weighed in evaluating a motion for a preliminary injunction is the public interest. Here, the public interest slightly favors granting the preliminary injunction. Because “the public interest is served by ensuring that [Commerce] complies with the law, and interprets and applies [the] international trade statutes uniformly and fairly,” Ugine-Savoie Imphy v. United States, 24 CIT 1246, 1252, 121 F.Supp.2d 684 (2000) (internal quotation and citation omitted), a preliminary injunction is generally in the public interest in order “to maintain the status quo of the unliquidated entries until a final resolution of the merits.” SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, 28 CIT -, 316 F.Supp.2d 1322, 1329 (2004).

IV.Corus Failed to Prove a Likelihood of Success On the Merits.

The final factor that a party moving for a preliminary injunction must establish is likelihood of success on the merits. Corus argues that because it will be irreparably harmed if this Court denies an injunction, “the requisite level of likelihood of success on the merits” that Corus must establish “is greatly diminished.” (Supplemental Mem. in Supp. of Corus’s Am. Mot. for Prelim. Inj. (“Pl.’s Supp’l Mem.”) 10.) Corus argues that it need not “show that it is more likely than not that it will succeed on the merits.” (Id. at 11 (emphasis added).) Rather, Corus argues that a preliminary injunction is warranted if Corus has “a fair chance of success on the merits,” a burden discharged by raising “serious and substantial issues.” (Id. at 12.)

This Court agrees with Corus that it faces a reduced burden to establish a likelihood of success on the merits. The balance of hardships tips heavily in Corus’s favor: Corus will be irreparably harmed if its entries are liquidated, while the Government will at most be inconvenienced by the delay in liquidation caused by an injunction.

Where it is clear that the moving party will suffer substantially greater harm by the denial of the preliminary injunction than the non-moving parties] would by its grant, it will ordinarily be sufficient that the movant has raised serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful questions that are the proper subject of litigation.

Ugine & Alz Belgium v. United States, 452 F.3d 1289, 1293 (Fed.Cir.2006) (internal quotation omitted). “However, the ‘serious questions’ must carry at least a ‘fair chance of success on the merits’ in order to warrant” injunctive relief. Mi-kohn Gaming Corp. v. Acres Gaming, Inc., 165 F.3d 891, 895 (Fed.Cir.1998) (citation omitted).

This Court finds that Corus does not meet even the reduced burden of showing that is has a fair chance of success on the merits. This Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Corus’s case and none of Corus’s claims is likely to succeed on the merits.

A. Jurisdiction

“The question of jurisdiction closely affects the [movant’s] likelihood of success on its motion for a. preliminary injunction.” U.S. Ass’n of Importers, 413 F.3d at 1348. That is to say, if jurisdiction is lacking a movant faces no likelihood of success on the merits of its claims, and, consequently, a motion for a preliminary injunction will be denied. Furthermore, it is essential for a trial court to address the question of jurisdiction when deciding a motion for a preliminary injunction as the failure to do so constitutes reversible er-rpr. Id.

. Corus claims jurisdiction pursuant to this Court’s residual jurisdictional provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) (2000) (“section 1581(i)”). (Compl.¶ 1.) Section 1581(i) may not be invoked as the basis for jurisdiction “when jurisdiction under another subsection of § 1581 is or could have been available, unless the remedy provided under that other subsection would be manifestly inadequate.” Miller & Co. v. United States, 824 F.2d 961, 963 (Fed.Cir.1987). Corus characterizes its case as a challenge to the issuance of liquidation instructions by Commerce instructing Customs to liquidate Corus’s POR 5 entries at the as-entered rate, which included deposits of estimated antidumping duties. (Pl.’s Supp’l Br. 4.) However, this court cannot merely rely on Corus’s characterization of its action and must instead look to the “true nature of the action” when determining jurisdiction. See Norsk Hydro Can., Inc. v. United States, 472 F.3d 1347, 1355 (Fed.Cir.2006) (quotation and citation omitted).

This Court finds that Corus’s action is not actually a challenge to the liquidation instructions. A challenge to liquidation instructions contends that the instructions themselves do not accurately reflect the results of the underlying administrative proceeding. See Shinyei 355 F.3d at 1302-03 (allegation that liquidation instructions for plaintiffs entries did not represent lower rate established during the administrative review); Consol. Bearings Co. v. United States, 348 F.3d 997, 1002 (Fed.Cir.2003) (action seeking application of the final results of an administrative review to the plaintiffs entries). Here, Corus does not “claim that the [liquidation] instructions are inconsistent with the results of the fifth administrative review.” (Pl.’s Mem. 12). Rather, Corus claims that the dumping margin underpinning those liquidation instructions should be different. Specifically, Corus argues that the dumping margin and the resulting antidumping duty deposit rate should be zero.

Where parties like Corus believe that the cash deposits of estimated duties that they pay are not an accurate measure of the duties that should be assessed, they can request that Commerce conduct an administrative review. 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(a), (b)(2). Here, the only parties to file requests for the fifth administrative review on the antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands were Petitioners, Mittal, Nucor, and U.S. Steel. Because Petitioners timely withdrew their requests and because Corus did not file its own request for an administrative review, Commerce’s regulations required it to rescind the review. Id. at § 351.213(d)(1). Once the review was rescinded Commerce was obligated to issue liquidation instructions to Customs to liquidate Corus’s entries at the as-entered rate. Id. at § 351.212(c).

However, if Corus had filed its own request for the fifth administrative review Commerce would have been obligated to conduct the administrative review. Rescission is only allowed if all requesting parties have withdrawn their requests within the time period allowed. During the administrative review, Corus could have challenged the calculation of its anti-dumping duty rate, specifically Corus could have argued that Commerce was not allowed to calculate Corus’s antidumping duty rate using zeroing. If Commerce calculated Corus’s antidumping duty rate using zeroing, Corus could have sought judicial review of that determination pursuant to section 1581(c). In fact, Corus has challenged Commerce’s use of zeroing in previous administrative reviews, the results of which were appealed to the USCIT pursuant to section 1581(c) and then to the CAFC. See e.g., Corus Staal Bv v. United States Dep’t of Commerce, 27 CIT 388, 395-400, 259 F.Supp.2d 1253 (2003), aff'd, 395 F.3d 1343 (Fed.Cir.2005), reh’g denied, 2005 U.S.App. LEXIS 10462, cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1089, 126 S.Ct. 1023, 163 L.Ed.2d 853 (2006).

Because section 1581(c) would have been available to Corus had it requested an administrative review, the question for this Court becomes whether section 1581(c) is manifestly inadequate. See Miller, 824 F.2d at 963. Corus does not allege, and this Court does not find, that the remedy provided by judicial review pursuant to section 1581(c) would be manifestly inadequate. Accordingly, this Court finds that section 1581 (i) is unavailable as a jurisdictional basis for Corus’s case. As a result, this Court holds that Coras faces no likelihood of success on the claims it raises because this Court lacks jurisdiction over the case. -

B. Merits

Even if this Court assumed that it possessed jurisdiction over Corus’s action, the outcome would be the same. Coras is not likely to succeed on the merits of. any of the four counts raised in its complaint.

1. Count One

Count One of Corus’s Complaint contends that “Commerce’s ... liquidation instructions to Customs to liquidate [the entries] at the as-entered rate (i.e., with antidumping duties) ... contravene the antidumping law of the United States” because there is no valid antidumping order on Corus’s entries. (Compl.¶ 33.) However, this Court finds that there was a valid antidumping order in place on HRCS from the Netherlands on April 16, 2007, the date on which Commerce issued the liquidation instructions. The anti-dumping order was revoked as a result of Commerce’s Section 129 Determination. Section 129 Determination, 72 Fed.Reg. at 25,262. A determination by Commerce made pursuant to Section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act cannot go into effect until the USTR instructs Commerce to implement the determination. 19 U.S.C. § 3538(c)(1)(B). Here, the USTR instructed Commerce to implement the Section 129 Determination on April 23, 2007. Section 129 Determination, 72 Fed.Reg. at 25,261. Thus, the antidumping order on HRCS was revoked on April 23, 2007, and until that date there was a valid antidumping order in place.

Furthermore, the revocation did not apply to the entries at issue in this case. Section 129 specifically says that any determination made pursuant to that provision applies prospectively, i.e., to merchandise entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption on or after the date of implementation. 19 U.S.C. § 3538(c)(1). As stated above, the Section 129 Determination was implemented on April 23, 2007, which means that the revocation of the antidumping order on hot-rolled carbon steel from the Netherlands only applies to merchandise entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption on or after April 23, 2007. The entries in question in this case were entered between November 1, 2005 and October 31, 2006. Therefore, the implementation of the Section 129 Determination on April 23, 3007 had no impact on Corus’s entries that are the subject of this litigation. As a result, Commerce’s liquidation instructions were not inconsistent with the anti-dumping statute or Commerce’s Section 129 Determination.

2. Count Two

Count Two of Corus’s complaint fares no better. Coras contends that the Section 123 Determination required Commerce to issue liquidation instructions for Corus’s entries without antidumping duties. (Compl.¶ 38.) Coras argues that as a result of .the Section 123 Determination Commerce was not allowed to issue liquidation instructions instructing Customs to liquidate Corus’s entries with antidumping duties. Coras points out that “[i]n the absence of zeroing, the antidumping order against hot-rolled carbon steel flat products from the Netherlands would never have been issued.” (Id.) Therefore, Coras argues, because Commerce has changed its policy and will not now use zeroing, the basis for the antidumping order no longer exists.

To implement the WTO decision holding that zeroing was inconsistent with U.S. treaty obligations, Commerce committed itself not to use zeroing in pending and future antidumping investigations when calculating dumping margins using the average-to-average methodology. Commerce announced the policy change in the Section 123 Determination. The Section 123 Determination applies to antidumping investigations that were open on or after February 22, 2007. Section 123 Determination, 72 Fed.Reg. at 77,725. However, the investigation on HRCS from the Netherlands ended well-before that, in late 2001.

Furthermore, this Court disagrees with Corus’s contention that the antidumping investigation was “reopened” by Commerce through the Section 129 proceedings. (See Pl.’s Supp’l Br. 14.) This Court instead finds that the Section 129 proceedings were a separate administrative action. Because the antidumping investigation on HRCS from the Netherlands was not open on or after February 22, 2007, the Section 123 Determination does not apply to the investigation. Therefore, the Section 123 Determination cannot invalidate the antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands. Accordingly, Commerce’s liquidation instructions were in accordance with law.

3. Count Three

Count Three of Corus’s complaint contends that Commerce committed itself in the Section 129 Determination not to issue liquidation instructions in Corus’s case based on an antidumping order that was calculated using zeroing. (Compl.¶ 45.) However, all Commerce committed itself to in the Section 129 Determination said was to address cases like Corus’s (where entries predating the effective date of the Section 129 Determination were still unliquidated) “would be addressed through separate segments of these proceedings, as appropriate.” (Issues & Decision Mem. for the Final Results for the Section 129 Determinations, A-421-807, et. al, 17 (Apr. 9, 2007) (emphasis added).) This vague statement is not grounds on which to invalidate Commerce’s liquidation instructions.

4. Count Four

Finally, Count Four of Corus’s complaint contends that Commerce is not allowed to use zeroing in administrative reviews of antidumping orders. (Comply 51.) During the second administrative review, Commerce calculated Co-rus’s dumping margin for that period using zeroing. The dumping margin for the second period-of-review became the deposit rate for Corus’s POR 5 entries. Corns argues that “Commerce is obligated not to take actions to liquidate Corus’s POR 5 entries without first correcting the ... deposit rate to make it consistent with current U.S. law ..., and then applying that correction to Corus’s POR 5 entries.” (ComplJ 52.)

Corus’s argument is unpersuasive. Co-rus points to no authority for the proposition that Commerce is not allowed to use zeroing in administrative reviews. The Section 123 Determination only changes Commerce’s practice with respect to anti-dumping investigations, not administrative reviews. Section 123 Determination, 11 Fed.Reg. at 77,722. The courts have affirmed Commerce’s discretion to use zeroing, both in antidumping investigations and administrative reviews. Corus Staal, 27 C.I.T. at 400, 259 F.Supp.2d 1253; Timken Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1334, 1342 (Fed.Cir.2004). Therefore, unless and until Commerce changes its policy, Commerce’s use of zeroing in administrative reviews is valid under U.S. law. See Timken, 354 F.3d at 1342.

Corus did not persuade this Court that it possesses even a “fair chance of success,” Mikohn, 165 F.3d at 895, on any of the claims in its complaint because, first, this Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Co-rus’s case, and second, all of the claims in Corus’s complaint would be decided in favor of the Government. As a result, Corus did not meet the burden to show a likelihood of success on the merits. Consequently, Corus did not establish that a preliminary injunction was warranted under the four-part Zenith test. See Zenith, 710 F.2d at 809.

Conclusion

This Court lacks jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) to hear Corus’s challenge to the liquidation instructions issued by Commerce to Customs to liquidate Co-rus’s entries with antidumping duties. Further, Corus failed to establish that it has a fair chance of success on the merits of any of the four counts of its complaint. Accordingly, Corus does not warrant a preliminary injunction. Therefore, this Court denies Plaintiffs Amended Motion for a Preliminary Injunction and dismisses this action without prejudice. 
      
      . Zeroing can best be understood in context. To calculate a respondent’s weighted-average dumping margin, Commerce does a two-step calculation. First, Commerce calculates the dumping margin for individual transactions, whereby individual sales in the United States are compared to the normal value of the merchandise. Corus Staal BV v. Dep’t of Commerce, 395 F.3d 1343, 1345 (Fed.Cir.2005). Normal value is the price in the respondent’s home market, a third-country market, or a constructed value. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b (2000). It is not uncommon for Commerce to find that some comparisons reveal dumping (i.e., the price in the United States is below the normal value), while others reveal no dumping (i.e., the U.S. price is higher than the normal value). In the second step of the calculation, Commerce divides the aggregate dumping margins determined for a specific respondent by the aggregate U.S. price for that respondent. Corus Staal, 395 F.3d at 1345. Zeroing refers to the practice of assigning a zero to a comparison that reveals no dumping, rather than a negative number equal to the amount by which the U.S. price exceeds the home market price. Id. at 1345-46.
     
      
      . Congress has established two procedures by which a negative WTO decision may be implemented into domestic law. The first method, a Section 123 proceeding, is the mechanism to amend, rescind, or modify an agency regulation or practice in order to implement a decision by the WTO that such is inconsistent with U.S. treaty obligations. 19 U.S.C. § 3533. Section 123 requires the United States Trade Representative (''USTR”) to consult with appropriate congressional committees, private sector committees, and provide for public comment before determining whether and how to change an agency regulation or practice. 19 U.S.C. § 3533(g)(1).
      The second method, a Section 129 proceeding, is discrete. Section 129 sets forth a procedure to implement a negative WTO decision with respect to a specific administrative determination that was the subject of a WTO dispute. 19 U.S.C. § 3538. Importantly, a Section 129 determination is prospective in nature: it becomes effective only for unliqui-dated entries of merchandise that are entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption on or after the date the USTR directs Commerce to implement that determination. 19 U.S.C. § 3538(c)(1)(B).
     
      
      .The effective date was originally January 16, 2007, Section 123 Determination, 71 Fed.Reg. at 77,725, but was later amended to February 22, 2007. Antidumping Proceedings: Calculation of the Weighted-Average Dumping Margins in Antidumping Investigations, 72 Fed.Reg. 3,783, 3,783 (Dep’t Commerce Jan. 26, 2007) (change in effective date of final modification).
     
      
      . Nucor and U.S. Steel intervened in this action as Defendants-Intervenor.
     
      
      . Commerce "will rescind an administrative review ... if a party that requested a review withdraws the request within 90 days - of the date of publication of notice of initiation of the requested review.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d) (2006).
     
      
      . Corus asked Commerce not to rescind the administrative review on March 9, 2007. At that point, the Section. 123 Determination, which applied to pending and new antidump-ing investigations, had gone into effect. See supra n. 3. However, the Section 129 Determination, which revoked the antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands, had not yet been implemented. See Section 129 Determination, 72 Fed.Reg. at 25,261.
     
      
      . In Shinyei, the plaintiff alleged that Commerce had erroneously instructed Customs to liquidate entries contrary to the amended final results of the underlying administrative proceeding, an antidumping duty administrative review. Shinyei, 355 F.3d at 1303. The plaintiff brought suit in the United States Court of International Trade ("USCIT”) seeking a writ of mandamus to obtain immediate liquidation in accordance with the amended final results. Id. While the suit was pending, Customs liquidated the plaintiffs entries. Id. The plaintiff amended its action to seek reliquidation of the entries, but the court dismissed the action for lack of jurisdiction. Id. The CAFC reversed, holding that liquidation did not divest the trial court of jurisdiction over an otherwise proper action for reliquidation brought pursuant to the USCIT's residual jurisdictional provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (i). Id. at 1312.
     
      
      . 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) provides exclusive jurisdiction to the USCIT over "any civil action commenced under section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930[, codified as amended at 19 U.S.C. § 1516a].” Section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930 provides judicial review of, inter alia, a final determination in an administrative review of an antidumping order. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii).
     
      
      . This Court similarly rejects Nucor's argument that Corus does not face irreparable harm from liquidation. Nucor contends that the harm caused by liquidation is that liquidation divests the USCIT of jurisdiction to hear a plaintiff's case. "However," in this instance, "an injunction would not serve to preserve the Court's jurisdiction over Corus’s claims” because Nucor alleges that this Court currently lacks jurisdiction. (Br. of Def.-In-tervenor Nucor Corp. 27.) Therefore, Nucor reasons, an injunction will not prevent irreparable injury as the injury has already occurred. While a creative argument, this Court ultimately rejects it. Liquidation will preclude Corus’s ability to refile suit asserting a valid basis of jurisdiction and eliminate Corus's ability to collect the millions of dollars of antidumping deposits on its POR 5 entries if it ultimately prevails on its substantive claims. These effects of liquidation constitute irreparable injury. See Zenith, 710 F.2d at 810.
     
      
      . The CAFC appears to have accepted a sliding scale approach regarding the standard for likelihood of success on the merits: the greater the potential harm to the movant if the court denies injunctive relief, the lesser the burden on the movant to make the required showing of likelihood of success on the merits. See Ugine & Alz Belgium v. United States, 452 F.3d 1289, 1293 (Fed.Cir.2006); Mikohn Gaming Corp. v. Acres Gaming, Inc., 165 F.3d 891, 895 (Fed.Cir.1998) (explaining that the likelihood of success and injury prongs exist on “a continuum in which the required showing of harm varies inversely with the required showing of meritoriousness” (internal quotation omitted)).
     
      
      . The relevant subsections of 28 U.S.C. § 15 81 (i) provide that the Court of International Trade shall have jurisdiction of any civil action commenced against the United States, ... providing for—
      (2) tariffs, duties, fees, or other taxes on the importation of merchandise for reasons other than the raising of revenue; [and]
      (4) administration and enforcement with respect to [matters falling within the jurisdiction of the court].
      This subsection shall not confer jurisdiction over an antidumping or countervailing duty determination which is reviewable ... under Section 516A(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 ....
     
      
      . Challenges to liquidation instructions may be brought under section 1581(i). See e.g., Shinyei, 355 F.3d at 1305; Consol. Bearings Co. v. United States, 348 F.3d 997, 1003 (Fed.Cir.2003).
     
      
      . The validity of the antidumping order on HRCS from the Netherlands has been affirmed. Corns Staal, 27 CIT at 400, 259 F.Supp.2d 1253, aff'd, 395 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir.2005), reh’g denied, 2005 U.S.App. LEXIS 10462, cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1089, 126 S.Ct. 1023, 163 L.Ed.2d 853 (2006).
     
      
      . Notice of the final determination in the antidumping investigation was published on November 2, 2001. The investigation ended before that date. Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From the Netherlands, 66 Fed.Reg. 55,637 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 2, 2001) (notice of amended final determination of sales at less than fair value).
     
      
      . This Court points out that in order to participate in the Section 129 proceedings, parties had to sign a new Administrative Protective Order. If the Section 129 proceedings were merely a reopening of the original investigation, it would appear that the original APO would have sufficed. In addition, and more importantly, Section 129 is a distinct provision of the antidumping statute from the provisions governing original investigations. Compare 19 U.S.C. § 3538 (provisions dealing with Section 129 proceedings) with 19 U.S.C. §§ 1673a-d (provisions dealing with original antidumping duty investigations).
     