
    Hadasa Kantrowitz, Respondent, v. Metropolitan Street Railway Company, Appellant.
    
      Negligence — injury to a passenger- alighting from a street car—what act of the conductor, in avoiding peril from a wagon approaching the car from the rea/r, does not constitute negligence.
    
    In an action to recover damages for personal injuries, it appeared that the plaintiff was a passenger on one of the defendant's cars, and that while the car was at a standstill for the purpose of allowing the plaintiff and a companion to alight, a large truck drove up behind the car, the pole of which, owing to the horses slipping over the wet pavement, was elevated to such a degree that there was an apparent danger of its running into the car and injuring the passengers. The conductor seeing the danger made a motion to start the car and in so doing struck the plaintiff and threw her against the body or the dashboard of the ear and injured her knee.
    
      Held, that the jury was not justified in treating this act of the conductor, whether to avoid an injury to himself or to protect the passengers in the car, or whether the accident was caused by the conductor striking the plaintiff in his attempt to start the car to avoid a collision with the truck, or by the actual starting of the car, as negligence for which the company was responsible.
    In such a case the defendant is entitled to have the jury charged that “if this accident to the plaintiff was caused by the act of the conductor, who was obeying a natural impulse in seeking to escape an actual peril for which he was in no wise responsible, and a person of ordinary prudence might have acted in the same way under the same circumstances, the defendant was not guilty of negligence and the plaintiff cannot recover.”
    Patterson and Laughlin, JJ., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendant, .the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 7th day of December, 1900, upon the verdict of a -jury for1 $1,500; and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 7th day of December, 1900, denying the defendant’s motipn for a. new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Charles F. Brown, for the appellant.
    
      Ferdinand E. M. Bullowa, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J.:

The defendant appeals from this judgment, and the question is as to the defendant’s negligence.

The plaintiff was a passenger upon a horse car of the defendant’s railway, and she wished to alight at the corner of Seventh avenue and Fifty-ninth street. The plaintiff testified that as the car came1 to this corner it stopped, and her companion, a Mrs.. Spero, alighted from the car first. She was about to help the plaintiff to alight, the plaintiff having one foot off the car and the other on the step,-when the conductor pulled the strap and hurled her back, and that was all she knew until she found herself at home suffering from an injury to her knee. On cross-examination the plaintiff testified that she did not remember that a horse and wagon stopped suddenly at the back platform of the car, or that the driver uttered a cry or a shout; that all of that might have occurred without her remembering it; that she did remember that Mrs. Spero was on the ground and put out her hand to help her,- and with that the conductor pulled the strap, and that is all she knew. Mrs. Spero testified that she first alighted from the car and turned to-assist the plaintiff to alight; that as she wanted to alight there was a truck drove up into the back of the car, and the conductor,, in moving to get out of the way of the horses, struck Mrs. Kantrowitz and threw her against the dashboard of the car and she-fainted. . The conductor pulled the bell and the car stopped. The car was standing when I and Mrs. Kantrowitz were about to get off.. * -x- * The car started just as Mrs. Kantrowitz was about to alight.. * -x- * When the car started she struck herself against the dashboard, causing an injury to her knee.” On cross-examination she.testified that when she got off the conductor was standing on the-back nlatform with his back to the horses; that the conductor-struck plaintiff and she was pushed toward the back of the car;, that in moving to get out of the way he moved away from the; dashboard. She said: “ I can’t describe more particularly where-he struck her and where she was struck, but I saw her knocked against the dashboard, I saw her strike the dashboard. It was the movement of the conductor that threw her against the dashboard, at the time he had his hand on the bell. I don’t remember whether he had his hand on the bell-pull before he moved away from the horse. I heard the bell ring and I jumped on the car while it was in motion. * * ■* I am positive the movement of the conductor threw her against the dashboard, and he pulled the bell; ” that she could not tell whether the car started after the plaintiff was thrown against the rear dashboard or not; that her feet were on the platform; that she was not alighting from the car with one of her feet on the ground ; that the witness was sure that her foot was not on the ground; that one of her feet when she attempted to alight was on the platform and one on the step.; that the striking of the plaintiff by the conductor and the starting of the car were at the same time, and that was the time that the plaintiff fell; that the plaintiff was thrown towards the body of the car, not towards the dashboard.

This testimony on the part of the plaintiff distinctly placed the cause of the accident upon the conductor’s striking the plaintiff and throwing her against the body of the car or against the dashboard as he attempted to get out of the way of the horses attached to the truck that drove up behind the car. The complaint, however, alleges that the accident happened because of the starting -of the car with a violent and sudden jerk, which was so unexpected that the plaintiff was violently and forcibly precipitated against the rear platform and the dashboard of the car with such force that she was rendered unconscious; but from the testimony of the plaintiff and Mrs. Spero the accident was caused by the conductor’s striking her or pushing her. Mrs. Spero testified that at the time the conductor moved there were two horses attached to a truck immediately behind the car, the horses’ heads being near enough to touch the conductor, and he moved at the time he struck the plaintiff to get out of the way of the horses.

On the part of the defendant there was called a witness who was a passenger upon the car, and he seems to have been an intelligent man, entirely disinterested. lie testified that it was a “ miserable might ” and the streets were wet; that as the car was stopping on the corner of Fifty-ninth street and. Seventh avenue there was a ¡fearful shout from behind that came from the driver of a very large 'covered wagon; that the streets being slippery he had difficulty in stopping his horses; he was pulling with .all his might on the lines ¡and shouting to some one; that it looked as if the pole was going to go over the dashboard of the car and hurt some one, but it did not; that the conductor was standing against, the dashboard when this wagon came'up behind the car; that he had just got upon the car before the accident, when the car was on the east side of Seventh avenue; that there were several passengers on the back platform. 'The witness’ attention was first called by the driver of the truck ¡shouting. He says he saw the wagon, saw the horses being pulled $up, saw the shaft come up in the air, saw the people on the platform move a little bit as if afraid of the shaft; that the wagon was coming •very fast, and that the horses slid some distance as he pulled them ¡up.

Upon this testimony a motion to dismiss the complaint was denied,, to which the defendant excepted, and the question was submitted to the jury. I do not see upon this testimony that there, was proof of negligence on the part of the conductor of the car for' which the defendant was liable. We assume that he had stopped, the car on tthe corner of Fifty-ninth street and Seventh avenue to allow several passengers upon the car to alight. After the car had come to a standstill and one, at least, of the passengers had alighted and the plaintiff was about to alight, á large truck drove up behind the car, the driver shouting to some one to get- out of the way* endeavoring to stop his horses and the horses sliding over the wet1 pavements so that the pole was elevated with an apparent danger of running into the car and injuring the passengers thereon. There was no one apparently in the act of alighting; the plaintiff was upon the platform. A condition was thus created under which the conductor was required to act at once. He was required to exercise his judgment as to what should be done to avoid injuring the passengers of the car. If he had allowed the car to stand, without making any movement to get out of the way, and the plaintiff, as she was on the back platform of the car, had been struck by the pole of this wagon and injured, there would have been much force, in the contention that the conductor was negligent in not moving the car so as to avoid the collision. He saw the situation, realized the danger, and moved to start the car, and in so moving struck the plaintiff. The conductor, thus in an emergency, in a situation requiring prompt action, acted in a way that seemed to him to be for the protection of the passengers, and even if he was guilty of an error of judgment, which is extremely doubtful, the defendant was not liable.

This rule has been settled in this State by numerous decisions. It was said in Lewis v. Long Island R. R. Co. (162 N. Y. 61): “ When an emergency presents itself and a person is under great excitement from the presence of an impending peril, he may not act with that perfect judgment that he would under other and different circumstances and still not be negligent. ‘ Railways are not liable for a mistaken exercise of judgment upon the part of their servants * * * to act with the utmost possible promptitude when the circumstances are such as to afford no time for deliberation.’ * * * Where an employee of a railroad company is confronted with a sudden emergency the failure on his part to exercise the best judgment the casa Tenders possible does not establish lack of care and skill upon his part, which renders the company liable. * * * It is not responsible even for his error of judgment.” And in Wywn v. Central Park, North & East River R. R. Co. (133 N. Y. 575) the same rule was applied, and what was there said applies to this case : “ He was confronted with a sudden emergency and we cannot now say that his ¡action was not the best that could have been performed under the circumstances. Even a failure to exercise the best judgment which the case rendered possible cannot fairly be claimed as evidence of a lack of care or skill.”

But even if the evidence would have justified the court in submitting the question of the defendant’s negligence to the jury, there was error in refusing a request to charge. The court charged the jury that the plaintiff was bound to establish two propositions. • The first is “ that this car was negligently started on its way by the conductor, and that from that starting the injury happened to the plaintiff of which slie complains; ” and the second, “ that there was no negligence upon her part which contributed to the injury.” The evidence of the plaintiff' was that her injury was 'caused by the conduc-... tor striking her and pushing her against the car or the dashboard. ' Certainly the jury might well have found from this evidence that she was thrown by the - conductor striking her and pushing her against the car, and not by the starting of the car. The court having thus charged the jury, the defendant requested the court to charge that if this accident to the plaintiff was caused by the act of the conductor who was obeying a natural impulse in seeking to escape an actual peril for -which he was in no wise responsible, and a person of ordinary prudence might have acted in the same way under the same circumstances, the defendant was not guilty of negligence and the plaintiff cannot recover.” It cannot be disputed but that that proposition was correct; nor can it be disputed that upon this evidence the jury might have found that the accident was caused by the act of the conductor in striking the plaintiff as he was seeking to escape from the horses or the truck, as described by the plaintiff’s witness. The charge of the court did not cover this request. The learned judge charged that if the conductor started forward and jostled the plaintiff from which the plaintiff was thrown against the body of the car, and if whatever injury she received resulted from that involuntary action of the conductor, the company was not responsible, and that if they so found from the evidence their verdict should be for the defendant, if they found from the testimony that there was no negligent starting of the car. Thus, although the injury was caused by the involuntary act of the conductor, still the jury could find only for the defendant if they found that there was no negligent starting of the car. Again the court charged: But, if you find that this occurrence to her arose from the involuntary act of the conductor in the face of some peril to himself, or that it resulted from her fainting or falling to the platform without any negligent starting of this car, then your verdict should be for the defendant.” The request to charge went further than the court had charged; that is, that if the accident happened from the act of the conductor who was obeying a natural impulse in seeking to escape án actual peril for which he was in nowise responsible, then the defendant was entitled to a verdict. But upon the whole evidence I fail to see that the jury were justified in treating this act of the conductor, whether to avoid an injury to himself or to protect the passengers in the car, or whether the accident was caused by the conductor striking the plaintiff in his attempt to start’ the car to avoid a collision with the truck, or by the actual starting of the car, as negligence for which the company is responsible.

It follows that the judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.

Van Brunt, P. J., and O’Brien, J., concurred; Patterson and Laughlin, JJ., dissented.

Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.  