
    COTULLA v. URBAHN.
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    March 29, 1911.)
    1. Limitation of Actions (§ 127) — New Promise — Pleading—Amendment.
    A petition was filed October 21, 1907, on a note due February 10, 1899. On March 14, 1908, defendant demurred, setting up the four-year statute of limitations. On November 11, 1908, plaintiff filed a supplemental petition, alleging. that it was not barred, because the maker, within four years before the filing of the original petition, had, in writing acknowledged the debt, and promised to pay it. Defendant excepted because it did not allege .the substance of the written promise, nor set out its terms. On November 16, 1908, plaintiff filed an amended supplemental petition setting out the correspondence. Held, that the fault in plaintiff’s pleading in filing a supplemental instead of an amended petition was a mere irregularity, which did not prevent the declaring upon the new promise having the effect of stopping limitation from the time of the filing of the supplemental petition.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Limitation of Actions, Cent. Dig. §§ 543-547;. Dee. Dig. § 127,]
    2. Limitation of Actions (§ 151) — New Promises — Statutes.
    Under Rey. St. 1895, art. 3370, providing that, when an action is barred by limitation, no acknowledgment of the justness of the claim subsequent to maturity shall take the case out of the statute unless in writing signed by the party to be charged, the action is on the new promise, and the original indebtedness serves only to show the consideration.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Limitation of Actions, Cent. Dig. §§ 614-620; Dec. Dig. § 151.]
    3. Limitation of Actions (§ 148) — New Promise — Sufficiency.
    In order to take a case out of the operation of the statute of limitations on the ground of new promise, such new obligation must either evidence an express promise to pay the debt or an unequivocal acknowledgment of its justness, when the law will imply a promise to pay it.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Limitation of Actions, Cent. Dig. §§ 597-603; Dec. Dig. § 1481
    4. Limitation of Actions (§ 150) — New Promise — Relevancy.
    To remove the bar of the statute of limitations, it must clearly appear that the acknowledgment or new promise relates to the particular claim to revive which it is relied upon, and, where there are several claims against the same debtor, a general acknowledgment will not take any of them out of the statute, but, if there is only one transaction, a reference to the debt is sufficient as to its identity.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Limitation of Actions, Cent. Dig. §§ 610-613; Dec. Dig. § 150.]
    5. Limitation of Actions (§ 196) — New Promise — Evidence.
    • Where letters of defendant relied on as a new .promise to pay a note to plaintiff barred by limitation were addressed to a third person to whom defendant was indebted, and there was no reference therein to plaintiff, and no acknowledgment- thereof, nor -any written acknowledgment of defendant’s debt to plaintiff, parol evidence is inadmissible to show that a general acknowledgment made to- such third person was intended to' revive defendant’s debt to plaintiff.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Limitation of Actions, Cent. Dig. §§ 717-721;. Dec. Dig. § 196.]
    Error from Court of Civil Appeals of Fourth Supreme Judicial District.
    Action by Albert Urbahn against Joseph Cotulla. From a judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals (126 S'. W. 13) affirming a judgment of the District Court for plaintiff, defendant .brings error.
    Reversed and judgment rendered for defendant.
    See, also, 126 S. W. 1108.
    A. Winslow and Gregory, Batts & Brooks, for plaintiff in error. . Atlee & Atlee and Wm. Aubrey, for defendant in error.
    
      
      For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig.-& Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
    
      
      For other ’cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key Ño. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
   RAM'SEY, J.

The original petition' in this case was filed in the district court of Webb county on October 21, 1907. It declared on a note executed by Cotulla payable to Albert Urbahn for the sum of $4,152.50, dated December 29, 1898, and' due on or before Feb-, ruary 10, 1899'; said note containing provisions as to interest and attorney’s fees not necessary to be here set out. By answer filed March 14, 1908,' plaintiff in error demurred to said petition on the ground that said note was barred by the statute of limitation of four years. On November 11th thereafter, defendant in error filed his first supplemental petition, in which he averred that the debt sued on was not barred by limitation for the reason that the maker thereof had within four years from the filing of his original petition, to wit, on the 15th day of February, 1905, “by written instrument duly signed by himself acknowledged such debt to be just, and expressly promised to plaintiff in such written instrument to pay same.” Plaintiff in error excepted to this supplemental petition, because, among other things, it did not allege the substance of such written promise' nor set out same by its terms. Thereafter, on November 16th, the defendant in error filed what is termed his first amended supplemental petition, in which he set up for the first time the following letters addressed to the Milmo National Bank of Laredo, Tex., which it was averred had and held the note sued on for collection:

“Cotulla, Texas. Dec. 9, 1904.
“Milmo National Bank. Laredo, Texas— Dear Sir: Kindly let me know if you can wait until Jan. the fifteenth. I am corresponding with a party about sale of my land and will know by Jim. the first if they take it if they do I will have $35000.00 dollars and will settle at once if not will sell 'my cattle and settle about February the first I am sorry I kept you waiting so long but parties that I saw promised me money and then went back on ' their' word and of course I couldn’t keep my word with you. But' I will pay you as soon as I can. Let me know by Sunday mail if you can wait as I am going away Monday to be gone a week. I remain yours truly, Joseph Cotulla.”
“Cotulla, Texas. Jan. 27, 1905.
“Milmo National Bank. Laredo, Texas— Gentlemen: I am called to San Antonio on account of my brother-in-law illness he was injured from being thrown from a buggy and is in a critical condition as soon as I can I will have everything fixed up and send to you hoping this will be alright, I remain yours truly, Joseph Cotulla.”
“Cotulla, Texas, Feb. 11, '1905.
“Milmo Nat. Bank. Laredo, Texas — Gentlemen: I have returned from San Antonio have made arrangements and will send the money Monday-or Tuesday. Joseph Cotulla.”
“Cotulla, Texas. May 9, 1905.
“Milmo Nat. Bank. Laredo, Texas — Gentlemen: Was delayed with cattle they left Sunday and as soon as I get returns from them will send money. Yours truly, Joseph Cotulla.”

Finally, on May 12, 1909, defendant in error filed his first amended original petition, which purports to amend and refers to his original petition, in which in proper form he sets up the original notes and the several letters hereinbefore copied. This petition was excepted to for the reasons (a) that the demand claimed to be evidenced by the letters pleaded was itself barred by the statute of limitation of four years; and (b) because there was nothing in the letters which showed that plaintiff in error ever promised to pay the note sued on in this case or any part thereof, and that said letters neither refer to the note here sued on nor state any fact or circumstance that could be construed as a promise to pay same. He further pleaded, among other things, that the letters aforesaid referred to a certain note in the sum of $4,000, which he owed at that time to the Milmo National Bank of Laredo, and to no other or different indebtedness. This demurrer being overruled, the case went to trial before the court with the assistance of a jury. On such trial defendant in error introduced the note sued on, the amount and date of which we have given, which note was credited with the sum of $525 as of date April 26, 1900. He also offered the four letters above set out.

The plaintiff in error testified in his own behalf, in substance, to the effect that all these letters related and referred to the $4,000 due the bank, which was then due, on which he had theretofore been sued, and that they had no reference to the note here involved, and that he had “never heard anything of the note sued on in this case from the time I executed and delivered it to Mr. Albert Urbahn until I was served with a citation in this suit, and did not have this note in my mind at the time I wrote any of the letters to the Milmo National Bank, and did not intend by writing any of these letters to promise to pay the note sued on in this case.” He also produced a receipt by L.. R. Ortiz, sheriff of Webb county, dated July 7, 1905, for $1,588.18 in full payment of an execution issued, on a judgment in favor of said bank against him, on May 9, 1905, as well as a letter from the sheriff stating that he had canceled a chattel mortgage given by him for the security of the bank’s debt. In further confirmation of his contention, he offered in evidence certified copy of the bank’s petition filed September 1, 1904, in which the note to the bank for $4,000 was set out in hsec verba. He also produced and tendered as evidence the following letter from the bank: “The Milmo National Bank,' Laredo, Texas, April 20, 1905. Mr. Joseph Cotulla, Cotulla, Texas — Dear Sir: Your note for $4,000.00 is due and payable at this bank today and prompt attention to payment or renewal of same is requested. Respectfully yours, M. T. Cogley, Cashier.” In rebuttal Mr. M. T. Cogley, cashier of the bank, gave evidence to the effect, in substance that the note here in suit was placed in the hands of the bank about the time of its execution for collection, and so remained until about the time suit was brought; that about the time of its maturity plaintiff in error was notified ; and that he was sure he received the notice. He idéntified ‘the letters above referred to, and ■ repeated that on these several dates the bank held the note for collection that Cotulla authorized and had knowledge of the credit of $525 on the note; and that he had several times since said credit spoken to plaintiff in error concerning the note. He also said: “These letters were general and referred to all claims which the Milmo-National Bank held for collection against Mr. Cotulla.” He admitted that the $4,000 note due the bank had been sued on, but was unpaid at the time the letters were written.

In response to special issues, the jury found (1) that the Milmo National Bank held the note sired on herein for collection at the date of the several letters admitted in evidence; (2) that the plaintiff in error had been notified and knew prior to writing said letters that said note was held by the bank for collection; and (3) that the letters in question referred to the indebtedness due A. Urbahn as well as the indebtedness due the bank.' On these findings the court rendered judgment in favor of Urbahn against plaintiff in error in the sum of $8,675.99, besides-costs of suit. This judgment was by the Court of Civil Appeals for the Fourth Supreme Judicial District affirmed on February 5, 1910, and is now before this court on writ of error for review and revision. We have-made this full statement of the case to render clear the only two questions which we deem it- necessary to discuss.

1. The first question, among those apparently most relied on, is that, since more than four years had intervened between the date of the last letter relied on to relieve the debt from the bar of the statute and the date of the filing of the defendant in error’s first amended original petition, in any event, the cause of action is barred, and that this bar will not be relieved against by the supplemental petitions filed before the expiration of four years from the date of such new promise. We think it cannot be doubted that the decision of this court in Howard & Hume v. Windom, 86 Tex. 566, 26 S. W. 483, is squarely opposed to this contention. In that ease, as in this, the allegations of a new promise were first presented in a supplemental petition. An exception to this being sustained because not proper matter to be thus pleaded, the plaintiff in that suit filed an amended original petition alleging the same facts. It thus appeared that the action at least as. to one of the letters there pleaded was barred “unless the running of the statute was suspended by the filing of the supplemental petition.” Discussing this question, the court say: “It is earnestly insisted on behalf of defendant in error that because the promise contained in that letter was not pleaded in its proper place, and because that pleading was stricken out upon exception, it should be treated as of no effect for any purpose, and that the promise should be deemed as haying been set up for the first time in the amended original petition. But in this conclusion we do not concur. The supplemental petition, as it is named, contains all the substantial averments of a petition upon a new promise, with an appropriate prayer for relief; but does not contain all of the formal allegations required by the statute and rules of this court, either for an original or an amended original petition. If filed as an amended original petition, it should have been held bad upon special exception. But in such a ease a subsequent amended petition, which complied with the statute and rules,, could not have been deemed a new suit. Although the first amendment had been held bad upon general demurrer, its filing would still have been properly treated as the commencement of the action. Kaufman v. Wooters, 79 Tex. 205, 13 S. W. 549, and cases there cited. The sole difference between the case supposed and that now before us is that here the pleading is indorsed as a supplemental petition, and not as an amended original petition, as the rules required. It was in substance an amended original petition, setting up a new cause of action. The trial court properly treated it as such, as well by holding it bad for want of form, as by considering it in substance as the institution of the suit jipon the new promise therein alleged.”

We think that the fault in pleading was a mere irregularity, which did not prevent the declaring upon the new promise from having the effect of stopping limitation from the time of the filing of the supplemental petition.

2. We have, however, come to the settled conclusion that under the law, as applied to the facts of this case, defendant in error was not entitled to recover, but that the judgment of the court below should have been for Cotulla. Article 3370 of our Revised Statutes of 1895 is as follows: ‘‘When an action may appear to be barred by a law of limitation, no acknowledgment of the justness of the claim made subsequent to the time it became due shall be admitted in evidence to take the case out of the operation of the law, unless such acknowledgment be in writing and signed by the party to be charged thereby.” It has been held from a very early day in this state, and such is practically the universal rule, that the action in such case is on the new promise, and that the original indebtedness serves only to furnish a consideration for such promise or an indebtedness to which it may relate and attach. It seems also to be settled that such new obligation must either evidence an express, promise to pay the debt or an unequivocal acknowledgment of its justness from which it is said the law will imply a promise to pay it. As to whether a given instrument or any number of instruments contain such promise as will relieve the bar of the statute is, it seems, a matter of law, to be determined by the court, and this judgment must be based solely on the written instrument or instruments relied on. It has, however, subject to certain well-defined limitations, been not infrequently held that it may be a matter for the jury as to whether such written promise is to be applied to a debt not in terms named, and that to enable the jury to so decide parol evidence is under some circumstances and subject to well-defined rules admissible. But that it ought in any case be permitted- to apply a written promise made to one person to include and save from the bar a debt to another person where the writer is also indebted to the addressee of snch letter, unless there' is something in the latter to identify or tending to identify such debt, we cannot believe. The promise in this case was not made to Urbahn. The letters were not addressed to him. They did not refer in terms to his debt or even hint at or recognize such debt. If in the case before us it could be held to save his debt from the bar, in the same way such promise could save any and every debt held by the bank for collection. The rule obtaining in many jurisdictions is that if there is a written promise to pay a barred debt generally without identifying it, and it appears that there is more than one debt owing the party to whom such general promise is made, the writing is ineffectual to relieve the bar of the statute as to any of the debts.

The rule is thus stated in 19 American & English Encyclopaedia of Law, pp. 292. 293: “It must always clearly appear that the acknowledgment or new promise relates to the particular claim to revive which it is relied on. Where there are several claims held by one creditor against the same debtor, therefore, a mere general acknowledgment by the latter will not take any of them out of the operation of the statute or affect its running against them. But, if it is made to appear that there was but a single transaction between the parties, a mere reference to the debt is sufficient so far as its identity is concerned.” This statement of the law is sustained by the following eases: Boxley v. Gayle, 19 Ala. 151; Buckingham v. Smith, 23 Conn. 453; Walker v. Griggs, 32 Ga. 119; Smith v. Moulton, 12 Minn. 352 (Gil. 229); Dobson v. Dickson, 62 Ga. 639. In the case of Smith v. Moulton, supra, the court say: “It is not necessary for us to determine whether, on principle, if this was a new question, a debt on which a remedy is lost by lapse of time should be held a sufficient consideration to support a new agreement or promise, or whether the mere acknowledgment of such debt should be considered evidence of a promise to pay, as the authorities nearly unanimously answer both questions in the affirmative, and our statute sanctions this view. In the letter of February 6, 1861, Moulton unqualifiedly acknowledged a then existing indebtedness to Smith, but there is nothing in the letter to show that the acknowledgment had reference to the debts evidenced by both the notes on which the action is brought, or to that evidenced by either in particular. It cannot be considered settled by authority whether a general acknowledgment of being indebted to the plaintiff is sufficient prima facie to take the demand in suit out of the statute, when there is no proof that the plaintiff had any other demand against the defendant. See 1 Smith’s Lead. Cases (6th Ed.) 870-892, and cases there cited. But in this case, even if we leave out of account all other claims of the appellant against Moulton, it appears that, when the acknowledgment of indebtedness was made by Moulton, Smith held three notes against him, and as the acknowledgment of indebtedness was general, and it cannot be known to which one it referred, or whether it referred to more than one ol the notes, it cannot be held as evidence of a promise to pay either, and therefore does not take either out of the operation of the statute of limitations. Bailey v. Crane, 21 Pick. (Mass.) 324; Buckingham v. Smith, 23 Cohn. 455; 1 Smith’s Leading Cases, above cited.”

In the great ease of Bell v. Morrison, 26 U. S. (1 Pet.) 362, 7 L. Ed. 174, Judge Story thus lays down the rule: “An acknowledgment of the debt to take the case out of the statute of limitations must be clear and unambiguous, and must recognize and be directed to the particular debt and amount to an unqualified admission that it is due and unpaid.” Again it was held by the Supreme Court of Arkansas in Opp v. Wack, 52 Ark. 288, 12 S. W. 565, 5 L. R. A. 743, that, where there is more than one debt, it must appear to which debt the promise relied on applies. See, also, Stout v. Marshall, 75 Iowa, 498, 39 N. W. 808; Whitney v. Reese, 11 Minn. 138 (Gil. 87); Faison v. Bowden, 72 N. C. 405; Braithwaite v. Harvey, 14 Mont. 208, 36 Pac. 38, 27 L. R. A. 101, 43 Am. St. Rep. 625. The law in reference to this question is very fully and clearly stated in 25 Cyc. p. 1330 et seq., and is to this effect:

“Identification of the Debt. — (a) General Rule Requiring Certainty. The general rule in that an acknowledgment or promise .to pay, in order to take the debt out of the statute, must satisfactorily and certainly appear to refer to the very debt in question.
“(b) Application of Rule. — Sufficiency of Acknowledgment or Promise. In the application of the general rule, however,.the cases .are not always in harmony. Thus it is held that the promise or acknowledgment must itself specify or plainly refer to the particular demand or cause of action, and it matters not where the uncertainty lies, whether in the acknowledgment or in the identification, its existence is equally fatal to plaintiff’s recovery, or that the acknowledgment should furnish the means by which the character or amount of the debt can be certainly ascertained, or refer to something from which this can be certainly determined. So it is held that the new promise must arise out of the facts which identify the debt with such certainty as will clearly determine its character and fix the amount due; and a general admission of unsettled matters of account between the parties, or a general admission of indebtedness not referring to any particular claim, is not sufficient to support a promise to pay any particular demand. But, on the other hand, either where the identity of the debt is otherwise certainly apparent, or where extrinsic evidence may be admitted to identify the debt, the amount of the debt need not be stated. In many cases the broad rule is adopted that it is enough if an indebtedness is admitted in reference to a particular subject-matter found to apply to the demand in suit, and that an admission of indebtedness in a specific sum is not essential, or even that a general admission of indebtedness is sufficient, it not appearing that there was more than one debt due from defendant to plaintiff, and that such a general promise or acknowledgment of indebtedness will be taken to relate to the demand in suit, and, when once proven, the burden shifts to defendant to show that it relates to some other debt than the one with reference to which the promise presumably relates.”

The precise question has never been before this court, but by analogy and keeping in mind the principles early announced and never departed from its solution is not difficult, and seems to inevitably result from what has been decided. The principles of construction to govern us in applying this statute are thus stated by Judge Gaines in Howard.& Hume v. Windom, supra: “The tendency of modern decisions has been to construe the statute more liberally in favor of debtors, and not to torture vague expressions into acknowledgments or promises when the language does not clearly import such construction. We think the statute should be construed so as to carry out the intention of the Legislature, and to effect the object which was sought to be accomplished by it. The evil which the statute of limitations in reference to debts was intended to remedy was to prevent demands originally invalid or which had been discharged from being enforced after such a lapse of time as would probably make it impossible for defendants to procure the evidence by which a just defense could be established. The reason for the statute no longer exists when the defendant within a short time before the bringing of the suit has acknowledged the justness of the demand.”

Bearing in mind these just rules, we think what has been decided by this court conclusively resolves the issues of law under the conceded facts against defendant in error. In the ease of Coles v. Kelsey, 2 Tex. 542, 47 Am. Dec. 661, it was held that a “letter containing the acknowledgment of a debt and a promise to pay will be construed to have been intended to apply to the debt upon which the suit is brought, it existing at the time, in the absence of proof of any other transaction between the parties to which the letter might have applied.” In this case Judge Lipscomb quotes with approval the following extract from Storey on Contracts: “It is not necessary that any specific sum should be acknowledged to be due, if the acknowledgment be sufficiently broad to include the debt and sufficiently particular to show that it was the subject-matter of the contract.” The rule announced on this subject wás approved by Judge Wheeler in Mitchell v. Clay, 8 Tex. 443 (he delivered a memorable dissent as to some other questions in Coles v. Kelsey). In that case he says: “It was very properly left by the court to the jury to decide whether the acknowledgment contained in. the letter had reference to the debt sought to be recovered on the strength of it. The defendant not having shown there was any other debt due from him to the plaintiff, his acknowledgment was to be taken to apply to the one in suit. Angell on Lim. 256; Coles v. Kelsey, 2 Tex. 542, 47 Am. Dec. 661. Subject to this qualification, the question for the application intended by the writer of the letter was for the jury to decide. Ang. Dim. 255.” To the same effect is Howard v. Windom, supra, where the court say: “Acknowledgment in general terms will be held to apply to the debt sued on, unless defendant shows there was another debt due by him to the plaintiff. Mitchell v. Clay, 8 Tex. 443. Therefore the letters must be considered as referring to the note in controversy in this suit.” It should be remembered, too, that in some of the cases cited above there were some references to the particular notes sued on or of facts tending to identify them, and in none of the eases was there any suggestion or hint of any other debt. The very fact that the acknowledgment is to be in writing evidences the purpose of the lawmaking body to place safeguards against the introduction generally of parol evidence to take the debt out of the bar of the statute. We cannot express our views more strongly than by quoting from Storey in Bell v. Morrison, supra, where he says: “If we proceed one step further, and admit loose and general expressions, from which a probable or possible inference may be deduced of the acknowledgment of a debt by a court or jury, that, as the language of some cases has been, any acknowledgment, however slight, or any statement not amounting to a denial of the debt, that any admission of the existence of an unsettled account, without any specification of amount or balance, and however indeterminate and casual, are yet'sufficient to take the case out of the statute of limitations, and to let in evidence, aliunde, to establish any debt, however large, and at whatever distance of time, it is easy to perceive that the wholesome objects of the statute must be in a great measure defective, and the statute virtually repealed.” We think the rule as adopted and settled in this court ought not to be further extended.

It cannot have escaped attention, however, that the rule sought to be applied in this case goes very much further than is allowed in any of the cases noted above either in this state or elsewhere. Here the letters relied on as constituting the new promise were addressed to the Milmo National Bank, to whom it is admitted he was then indebted. There is in these letters no reference to Urbahn and no acknowledgment of it. To ascertain and fix this fact must wholly depend on parol testimony. There is no written acknowledgment to Urbahn or to any one else in which Urbahn or his debt is named, but the whole matter amounts to an attempt to show by parol evidence that a general acknowledgment made to the bank was intended and shall have the effect to revive Ur-bahn’s barred debt. To so hold is to repeal the statute. There is a general expression used by Judge Moore in Dickinson v. Lott, 29 Tex. 172, to this effect: “Whether the letters relied upon refer to the account on which the suit is brought is a question of fact for the determination of the jury, when all the evidence bearing upon the point shall be properly presented to them, upon which it would be improper for us now to express an opinion. If the letters refer to the account upon which the suit is founded, they are evidently a sufficient acknowledgment in writing of the justice of the plaintiff’s claim to relieve him from the bar of the statute. This is as far as in the present attitude of the case we need inquire.” But an examination of that case as made by the reporter will disclose the fact.that it was distinctly alleged in that case that the account sued on was the only debt owing by Lott to Dickinson, and this fact was not, so far as the record shows, contested or denied. It must seem clear, therefore, that the general language of Judge Moore is to be considered with reference to the facts of the case before him, and, when so considered, is not in conflict with any view herein expressed.

It follows, therefore, that no recovery can be had on the note sued on, and the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals and of the District Court is reversed, and judgment is here rendered that defendant in error take nothing 'by his said suit, and that plaintiff in error go hence without day and recover his costs herein expended in all the courts.  