
    Michael J. CONLIN, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC. (“MERS”); U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee for an unknown securitized trust; Orlans Associates, P.C.; Marshall R. Isaacs, Defendants-Appellees.
    No. 12-2021.
    United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
    Argued: March 11, 2013.
    Decided and Filed: April 10, 2013.
    
      ARGUED: Brian P. Parker, Bingham Farms, Michigan, for Appellant. Thomas M. Schehr, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Detroit, Michigan for Appellees Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems and U.S. Bank. Timothy B. Myers, Orlans Associates, P.C., Troy, Michigan, for Appellees Orlans and Isaacs ON BRIEF: Brian P. Parker, Bingham Farms, Michigan, for Appellant. Thomas M. Schehr, Michael J. Blalock, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Detroit, Michigan, for Appellees Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems and U.S. Bank. Timothy B. Myers, Orlans Associates, P.C., Troy, Michigan, for Appellees Orlans and Isaacs.
    Before: MERRITT, MARTIN, and CLAY, Circuit Judges.
   OPINION

CLAY, Circuit Judge.

This appeal requires us once again to wade into the morass of litigation involving mortgage foreclosures under Michigan law. In this case, Plaintiff Michael Conlin seeks to have the foreclosure sale of his property in Ann Arbor, Michigan set aside based on alleged defects in the assignment of the mortgage on the property from Defendant Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems to Defendant U.S. Bank. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs case.

BACKGROUND

In April 2005, Plaintiff Michael Conlin refinanced his property at 1304 Belmar Place in Ann Arbor, Michigan (the “Property”) by obtaining a loan from Bergin Financial, Inc. (“Bergin”) in the amount of $240,000. To secure the loan, Plaintiff granted Bergin a mortgage on the Property; he also executed a promissory note to Bergin promising to repay the loan. Included in the mortgage was a provision that recognized Defendant Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”) as “a nominee!] for [Bergin] and [Bergin’s] successors and assigns.” (R. 7-3, Mortgage, PID# 486.)

Shortly after the note and mortgage were executed, Bergin sold the note to the Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit, of which Defendant U.S. Bank was the trustee. The mortgage was held by MERS, as Bergin’s nominee. During this time, GMAC Mortgage, LLC acted as the servicer of the mortgage.

On May 15, 2008, Defendant Marshall Isaacs, acting on behalf of MERS, assigned the Mortgage to “U.S. Bank National Association as trustee.” (R. 7-4, Assignment, PID# 505.) On November 29, 2010, Defendant Orlans Associates, P.C. (“Orlans”) sent a letter to Plaintiff, pursuant to Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3205a, notifying him that he was in default on the mortgage and of his ability to request a loan modification. The letter specified that it was sent by Orlans on behalf of GMAC as “the creditor to whom your mortgage debt is owed or the servicing agent for the creditor to whom the debt is owed.” (R. 19-9, PID# 1113-14.) Plaintiff remained in default on the mortgage.

On March 3, 2011, Orlans published its first notice of a foreclosure sale of the Property in a local newspaper, pursuant to Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3208. The notice stated that “the mortgage is now held by U.S. Bank National Association as Trustee by assignment.” (R. 7-5, Sheriffs Deed and Notice Affidavits, PID# 510.) It noted that the sale would take place on March 31, 2011. This same notice ran on March 10, 17, and 24, 2011. The same notice was also “posted in a conspicuous place” on the Property, pursuant to Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3208, on March 6, 2011. The Property was sold at a sheriffs sale on March 31, 2011 to U.S. Bank for a credit bid of $159,200. That sale was recorded on April 28, 2011.

On October 28, 2011, Plaintiff filed a complaint in Washtenaw County, Circuit Court, seeking damages and to have the foreclosure sheriffs sale of the Property set aside. Defendants removed the case to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. On December 12, 2011, Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiffs complaint. The district court granted dismissal on all counts on July 20, 2012. Conlin v. Mortg. Elec. Regis. Sys., Inc., No. 11-CV-15352, 2012 WL 3013920 (E.D.Mich. July 20, 2012). Plaintiff timely appealed, invoking this Court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

We review a ruling on a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss de novo. Casias v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 695 F.3d 428, 435 (6th Cir.2012). Though a complaint need not contain “ ‘detailed factual allegations’ ” to be sufficient, it must go beyond mere “ ‘labels and conclusions.’ ” Id. (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). “Following Twombly and Iqbal, it is well settled that ‘a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”’” Ctr. for Bio-Ethical Reform v. Napolitano, 648 F.3d 365, 369 (6th Cir.2011) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (in turn quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955)). “A claim is plausible on its face if the ‘plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’ ” Id. (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937).

Where, as here, federal jurisdiction is based on diversity, this Court applies the substantive law of the forum state&emdash;in this case, Michigan. Savedoff v. Access Grp., Inc., 524 F.3d 754, 762 (6th Cir.2008) (citing Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938)). In resolving issues of Michigan law, we look to the final decisions of that state’s highest court, and if there is no decision directly on point, then we must make an Erie guess to determine how that court, if presented with the issue, would resolve it. See id. In making this determination, “[i]ntermediate state appellate courts’ decisions are also viewed as persuasive unless it is shown that the state’s highest court would decide the issue differently.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Ability to Set Aside a Foreclosure Sale after the Lapse of the Statutory Redemption Period

Non-judicial foreclosures, or foreclosures by advertisement, are governed by statute under Michigan law. Munaco v. Bank of America, - Fed.Appx. -, -, No. 12-1325, 2013 WL 362752, at *3 (6th Cir. Jan. 31, 2013) (citing Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3204 and Senters v. Ottawa Sav. Bank, FSB, 443 Mich. 45, 503 N.W.2d 639, 641 (1993)). While the statutory scheme provides certain steps that the mortgagee must go through in order to validly foreclose, id., it also controls the rights of both the mortgagee and the mortgagor once the sale is completed, Williams v. Pledged Prop. II, LLC, 508 Fed.Appx. 465, 467-68, No. 12-1056, 2012 WL 6200270, at *2 (6th Cir. Dec. 13, 2012) (citing Senters, 503 N.W.2d at 641). The statutes provide the mortgagor six months after the sheriffs sale in which to redeem the property. Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3240(8); see also Mitan v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 703 F.3d 949, 951 (6th Cir.2012). Once this statutory redemption period lapses, however, the mortgagor’s “right, title, and interest in and to the property” are extinguished. Piotrowski v. State Land Office Bd., 302 Mich. 179, 4 N.W.2d 514, 517 (1942); see Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3236.

Michigan’s foreclosure-by-advertisement scheme was meant to, at once, impose order on the foreclosure process while still giving security and finality to purchasers of foreclosed properties. See Mills v. Jirasek, 267 Mich. 609, 255 N.W. 402, 404 (1934) (citing Reading v. Waterman, 46 Mich. 107, 8 N.W. 691, 692 (1881)); see also Gordon Grossman Bldg. Co. v. Elliott, 382 Mich. 596, 171 N.W.2d 441, 445 (1969). To effectuate this interest in finality, the ability for a court to set aside a sheriffs sale has been drastically circumscribed. See Schulthies v. Barron, 16 Mich.App. 246, 167 N.W.2d 784, 785 (1969); see also Senters, 503 N.W.2d at 643. Michigan courts have held that once the statutory redemption period lapses, they can only entertain the setting aside of a foreclosure sale where the mortgagor has made “a clear showing of fraud, or irregularity.” Schulthies, 167 N.W.2d at 785; see also Sweet Air Inv., Inc. v. Kenney, 275 Mich.App. 492, 739 N.W.2d 656, 659 (2007) (“The Michigan Supreme Court has held that it would require a strong case of fraud or irregularity, or some peculiar exigency, to warrant setting a foreclosure sale aside.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Whether the failure to make this showing is best classified as standing issue or ás a merits determination, one thing is clear: a plaintiff-mortgagor must meet this “high standard” in order to have a foreclosure set aside after the lapse of the statutory redemption period. See El-Seblani v. IndyMac Mortg. Servs., 510 Fed.Appx. 425, 429-30, No. 12-1046, 2013 WL 69226, at *4 (6th Cir.Jan. 7, 2013).

It is further clear that not just any type of fraud will suffice. Rather, “[t]he misconduct must relate to the foreclosure procedure itself.” Id. (citing Freeman v. Wozniak, 241 Mich.App. 633, 617 N.W.2d 46, 49 (2000)); see also Williams, 508 Fed.Appx. at 468-69, 2012 WL 6200270, at *3 (citing Heimerdinger v. Heimerdinger, 299 Mich. 149, 299 N.W. 844, 846 (1941), and Sagmani v. Lending Assocs. LLC, No. 302865, 2012 WL 3193940, at *1 (Mich.Ct.App. Aug. 7, 2012)).

C. Plaintiffs Claim of Fraud

As the six-month statutory redemption period has long since lapsed and the filing of a lawsuit is “insufficient to toll the redemption period,” Plaintiff must make a clear showing of fraud or irregularity to maintain this action. Overton v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., No. 284950, 2009 WL 1507342, at *1 (Mich.Ct.App. May 28, 2009) (citing Schulthies, 167 N.W.2d at 785). To do so, he asserts that U.S. Bank was not eligible to foreclose on him because, according to Plaintiff, U.S. Bank was not the note-holder, mortgage-holder, or servicer, as required under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3204(l)(d). He offers two bases for this claim. First, he claims that the assignment by Isaacs on behalf of MERS to U.S. Bank was forged or “robo-signed.” Second, . he claims MERS had no capacity to assign the Mortgage to U.S. Bank.

In Livonia Properties, this Court addressed a somewhat similar issue. In that case, the foreclosed-on party (Livonia Properties) asserted that the foreclosing party (Farmington Holdings) did not have the ability to foreclose on it because a prior assignment in the record chain of title between Lehman Brothers and a trust, which later validly assigned to Farmington Holdings, “may be invalid because the Trust did not actually exist” at the time of the assignment from Lehman Brothers. Livonia Props. Holdings, LLC v. 12840-12976 Farmington Rd. Holdings, LLC, 399 Fed.Appx. 97, 102 (6th Cir.2010). We noted there that as a third party to the assignment, “[e]ven if there were a flaw in the assignment, Livonia [Properties] does not have standing to raise [it].” Id., This is because a third party may only challenge an assignment if that, challenge would “ ‘render[ ] the assignment absolutely invalid qr ineffective, or void.’ ” Id. (citing 6A C.J.S. Assignments § 132).

Recently, in Kim v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 493 Mich. 98, 825 N.W.2d 329 (2012), the Michigan Supreme Court made clear that failure to comply with the conditions set forth in Michigan’s foreclosure-by-advertisement statute does not render flawed foreclosures void (i.e., void ab ini-tio ) but merely voidable. Id. at 337. The precise issue in Kim was whether the mortgagee’s failure to record its interest before the initiation of foreclosure proceedings, as required by Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3204(3), rendered the subsequent sheriffs sale void ab initio. Id. at 331, 336. However, in the course of holding that a subsection (3) defect rendered a foreclosure merely voidable, the Michigan Supreme Court rejected the analysis of a case that dealt with a subsection (l)(d) defect, Davenport v. HSBC Bank USA 275 Mich.App. 344, 739 N.W.2d 383 (2007)&emdash;the same defect that Plaintiff is claiming in this case. Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 336-37.

In Davenport, the Michigan Court of Appeals held that the fact that the foreclosing defendant “had initiated the foreclosure proceeding several days before acquiring its interest in the mortgage ... rendered the foreclosure proceedings void ab initio.” Id. at 336 (citing Davenport, 739 N.W.2d at 384-85). Interpreting Davenport in Kim, the Michigan Supreme Court bluntly stated that “such a holding was contrary to the established precedent of this Court. We have long held that defective mortgage foreclosures are voidable.” Id. at 336. Therefore, the Michigan Supreme Court broadly held that “defects or irregularities in a foreclosure proceeding result in a foreclosure that is voidable, not void ab initio.” Id. at 337. It then explained that to prove foreclosure-defect claims, “plaintiffs must show that they were prejudiced by defendant’s failure to comply with [Mich. Comp. Laws § ] 600.3204. To demonstrate such prejudice, they must show that they would have been in a better position to preserve their interest in the property absent defendant’s noncompliance with the statute.” Id. (citing Sweet Air, 739 N.W.2d at 662, and Jackson Inv. Corp. v. Pittsfield Prods., Inc., 162 Mich.App. 750, 413 N.W.2d 99, 101-02 (1987)).

Kim’s holding makes § 600.3204 defects actionable to the same extent that notice defects under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3208 are—only on a showing of prejudice. We explained the actionability of notice defects under § 600.3208 in Lessl v. CitiMortgage, Inc., — Fed.Appx. -, No. 11-2285, 2013 WL 610904 (6th Cir. Feb. 19, 2013): “When ‘the mortgagor would have been in no better position had notice been fully proper and the mortgagor lost no potential opportunity to preserve some or any portion of his interest in the property,’ courts uphold a completed foreclosure sale.” Id. at -, 2013 WL 610904 at *1 (quoting Jackson, 413 N.W.2d at 101) (citing Sweet Air, 739 N.W.2d at 662). Lessl involved a mortgagor’s claim to set aside a sheriffs sale based on an alleged failure to post notice on his property. Id. We affirmed the district court’s dismissal of the claim because the mortgagor had received actual notice of the foreclosure in the form of a letter from the foreclosing party. Id. at -, 2013 WL 610904 at *2. Consequently, we found the mortgagor, who had allowed the statutory redemption period to lapse, incapable of “demonstrating] prejudice from the non-posting.” Id. Post-Kim, Michigan mortgagors seeking to set aside a sheriffs sale under § 600.3204 will have to demonstrate prejudice (e.g., double liability), cf. Livonia Properties, 399 Fed.Appx. at 102, in the same way that those seeking a set-aside based on § 600.3208 (e.g., lack of actual notice) already must do.

Applying these precedents to this case, it is apparent that neither of Plaintiffs theories—the “robo-signed” assignment or MERS’s incapacity to assign—can support this action. Even were the assignment from MERS to U.S. Bank invalid, thereby creating a defect in the foreclosure process under § 600.3204(l)(d), Plaintiff has not shown that he was prejudiced. He has not shown that he will be subject to liability from anyone other than U.S. Bank; he has not shown that he would have been in any better position to keep the property absent the defect; and he has not shown that he has been prejudiced in any other way. Additionally, he has also failed to make the clear showing of fraud in the foreclosure process required to challenge the foreclosure after the expiration of the six-month redemption period. See also Sweet Air, 739 N.W.2d at 662 (rejecting a claim of foreclosure-defect prejudice where the party seeking the set-aside was “not timely in challenging the validity of the foreclosure sale ... [and] made no effort to redeem”). Therefore, as the statutory redemption period has lapsed and Plaintiff has suffered no discernible prejudice, the district court was correct to find that Plaintiffs claim was not actionable.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs case. 
      
      . A "nominee” is "[a] party who holds bare legal title for the benefit of others.” Black's Law Dictionary 1149 (9th ed.2009).
     
      
      . Michigan law defines a "mortgage servicer” as the "servicing agent of the mortgage” and distinct from the “mortgage holder.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.3205(3)(b)-(c); cf. Mich. ■ Comp. Laws § 445.1651 a(s), (aa) (defining a "mortgage servicer” as a person who collects or- remits, or has the right or obligation to collect or remit, for a lender, noteowner, or noteholder).
     
      
      . See, e.g., Williams, 508 Fed.Appx. at 467-69, 2012 WL 6200270, at *2-3 (citing Awad v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., No. 302692, 2012 WL 1415166 (Mich.Ct.App. Apr. 24, 2012), and Overton v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., No. 284950, 2009 WL 1507342 (Mich.Ct.App. May 28, 2009)); Mission of Love v. Evangelist Hutchinson Ministries, No. 266219, 2007 WL 1094424, at *5 (Mich.Ct.App. Apr. 12, 2007).
     
      
      . See, e.g., El-Seblani v. IndyMac Mortg. Servs., 510 Fed.Appx. 425, 429-30, No. 12-1046, 2013 WL 69226, at *4 (6th Cir. Jan. 7, 2013); Houston v. U.S. Bank Home Mortg. Wisc. Servicing, 505 Fed.Appx. 543, 547-48, No. 11-2244, 2012 WL 5869918, at *4 (6th Cir. Nov. 20, 2012).
     
      
      . At various times during this appeal, Plaintiff has tried to frame his claim differently.
      First, at oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel asserted that GMAC was the foreclosing party, not U.S. Bank, and that this was the defect on which Plaintiff was basing his claim. His post-argument motion to take judicial notice of extra-record documents regarding GMAC confirms that this is his new construction of his claim. "Our function is to review the case presented to the district court, rather than a better case fashioned after a district court’s unfavorable order.” Hall v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. Inst., 662 F.3d 745, 753 (6th Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff's complaint never once mentions GMAC, and his first appellate brief to this Court does not discuss GMAC in the argument section at all; therefore, we DENY Plaintiff's motion to take judicial notice and decline to reach the issue. Lindsey v. Detroit Ent., LLC, 484 F.3d 824, 831 (6th Cir.2007) ("Plaintiffs did not make this argument until oral argument, and they therefore have waived it.”).
      Second, at oral argument, Plaintiff's counsel attempted to press the argument that paragraph 20 of the Mortgage contracted around the Michigan rule that allows for a mortgage and a note to be held by separate entities. See Residential Funding Co. v. Saurman, 490 Mich. 909, 805 N.W.2d 183 (2011). Paragraph 20 states, in relevant part, "The Note or a partial interest in the Note (together with this Security Instrument) can be sold one or more times without prior notice to Borrower.” (R. 7-3, at PID# 495); see also Gregory v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 890 F.Supp.2d 791, 804-06 (E.D.Mich.2012) (noting conflict among district courts as to whether such language requires a note and mortgage to be passed together). While this language is referred to in Plaintiff's complaint and in his opening brief, it is only done so in passing. "Issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived.” United States v. Stewart, 628 F.3d 246, 256 (6th Cir.2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, we decline to reach this issue as well.
     
      
      . "Void ab initio " is defined as “null from the beginning, as from the first moment when a contract is entered into.” By contrast, "voidable" is defined as "valid until annulled; especially, (of a contract) capable of being affirmed or rejected at the option of one of the parties.”
      
        Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 330 n. 2 (alterations and internal citations omitted); see Black’s Law Dictionary 1709 (9th ed.2009).
     
      
      . Before turning to that issue, the Michigan Supreme Court rejected the state trial court's conclusion that the mortgage was not subject to § 600.3204(3)’s recording requirement because the mortgagor had obtained the mortgage by "operation of law.” Kim, 825 N.W.2d at 333-36.
     