
    279 F. 2d 885; 126 USPQ 359
    Richfield Oil Corporation v. Dieterich Field, Inc.
    (No. 6457)
    
      United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals,
    June 29, 1960
    
      Munson H. Lane {Albert J. Fihe of counsel) for appellant.
    
      Herbert J. Jaeobi (Samuel L. Davidson of counsel) for appellee.
    [Oral argument May 2, 1960, by Mr. Fihe and Mr. Davidson]
    Before Worley, Chief Judge, and Rich, Martin, and Smith, Associate Judges, and Judge William H. Kirkpatrick 
    
    
      
       United States Senior District Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, designated to participate in place of Judge O’Connell, pursuant to provisions of Section 294(d), Title 28, United States Code.
    
   Smith, Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

This is an appeal by the opposer-appellant, Richfield Oil Corporat-’ tion, from the decision of the Assistant Commissioner of Patents, 116 USPQ 346, affirming the decision of the Interference Examiner and dismissing the notice of opposition.

The applicant-appellee, Dieterich Field, Inc., seeks registration of the trademark “RICHFIELD” for hosiery. The opposition was instituted by appellant, relying on various registrations covering the mark “RICHFIELD” alone and in combination with other words or designs, or both, for gasoline, for gasoline, other engine fuels and lubricants, and for storage batteries.

Appellant’s earlier use of the mark “RICHFIELD” in the petroleum field is conceded.

Appellant took testimony which establishes that it has used the mark “RICHFIELD” in connection with the sale and distribution of gasoline and other petroleum products, electric batteries and storage batteries, lubricant charts and seed envelopes containing flower seeds, the latter distributed as premiums. The testimony also refers to appellant’s manufacture and distribution of specialty products, including “cycohexanes,” napthenics acids, cresylic acids, paint thinners, solvents, asphalts, cleaning compositions, mineral rubbers and additives. The testimony also establishes that “cycohexane” is used in the manufacture of “nylon 66.” Appellant’s testimony also establishes that appellant does not manufacture nylon, and that it does not intend to do so.

Appellee did not take testimony and is retricted to its filing date, January 21,1965, for use of the mark. Appellee’s specimens of record show the mark “RICHFIELD” applied to containers for full-fashioned hosiery.

Both parties are using the identical word mark “RICHFIELD.” However, the products of the parties on which the mark is used are different. It is appellant’s position that the public, upon seeing the mark “RICHFIELD” on hosiery, will be confused as to the source or origin of such goods and will acquire “RICHFIELD” hosiery “under the mistaken assumption that it is one of opposer’s excellent products, particularly if the same happened to be on display in or distributed by a service station or similar establishment.”

First use as a trademark of a specific name such as “RICH-FIELD” does not, by and of itself, give the first user the right to prevent subsequent fair use of the same name by others on different articles. Federal Telephone & Radio Corp. v. Federal Television Corp., 180 F. 2d 250, 251, 84 USPQ 394, 395 (2nd Cir. 1950).

In American Steel Foundries v. Robertson, 269 U.S. 372, 380, the rule is stated:

The mere fact that one person has adopted and used a trademark on his goods does not prevent the adoption and use of the same trademark by others on articles of a different description. There is no property in a trademark apart from the business or trade in connection with which it is employed. United Drug Co. v. Rectanus Co., 248 U.S. 90, 97; Hanover Milling Co. v. Metcalf, 240 U.S. 403, 413, 414.

The word “RICHFIELD” does not possess the inherent distinctiveness of a fabricated word mark. Appellee, therefore, has the same right as appellant had originally to appropriate this word1 and to use it as its trademark on different goods subject to the qualification that such use must be a fair use.

In S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. v. Johnson, et al., doing business as Johnson Products Company, 175 F. 2d 176, 81 USPQ 509, 513 (2d Cir. 1949), the court was asked to find that the defendant had no right to use the name “Johnson” on a cleaning fluid. Judge Learned Hand in the opinion for the court said:

* * * We cannot conceive any justification in these circumstances for allowing it (referring to plaintiff S. O. Johnson & Son, Inc.) to reach a choking hand into a market not its own, and to deprive the defendants of an interest, natural and proper in its origin, and after sixteen years presumably an important element in their business. If Congress really meant to allow every first user of a marie so to stifle all excursions into adjacent marlcets upon showing no more than that confusion would result, it seems to us that it would have said so more clearly. * * * [Emphasis added.]

Here, appellant has sought to establish facts which would preclude our application of the rule of the Johnson case and has endeavored to establish its use, its intended use or, at least its association, of the mark “RICHFIELD” with hosiery.

Appellant’s testimony establishes that from time to time it has given away various premiums to encourage customers to purchase gasolines and oils distributed through its various service stations. At some date, established only as “recently,” it “used in an experimental way the give-away as a sales promotion item, a liquidating premium, nylon hosiery.” This experimental operation was further described in the testimony as follows:

Well, if it were handled as a liquidating premium by the dealer, he would offer a special inducement at a price to a purchaser who would come into the station and offer the hose as an inducement to get them to come in, and if they did they would be entitled to secure, lets Say, a one-dollar-and-a-half pair of hosiery for $.49 or some similar figure.

Under this experimental operation, the customers received the hosiery directely, with no coupons involved. There is no evidence, exhibit or testimony that under this operation the name “RICH-FIELD” ever' appeared as a trademark on the hosiery itself. The testimony is that:

The manufacturer’s name would very probably be on either the box or the hose or possibly a little sticker in the box. But the name “RICHFIELD” would be on the package somewhere. It would be on there from the standpoint of the mailing sticker on the box wherein it would be identified as coming from “Richfield, a Richfield dealer.”

If, as above stated, the only appearance of the mark “RICH-FIELD” on the hosiery box was limited to the mailing sticker, such use does not constitute a trademark use of the mark on hosiery. The Examiner of Interference, in referring to appellant’s use on hosiery, correctly found “the record is silent as to whether the mark ‘RICH-FIELD’ was applied thereto * *

Neither do we think trademark use on hosiery is established by appellant under its contemplated plan involving the use of redeemable coupons. The testimony is clear that:

Because of the inability to give customers proper sizes we have undertaken a study of a proposal for the handling of nylon hose in a different manner, that of using a coupon and the address for the mailing of the proper size to whomever are entitled to the hosiery, based on our sales promotional plan that would be in effect at that time.

The testimony further establishes that appellant’s plans for using the name “RICHFIELD” in connection with the premium distribution of hosiery is speculative at best. It is something which may be consummated at some future, speculative date. Thus, in answer to the question, “At the moment in what stage is your prepared program?”, the witness answered, “Well, we plan to expand this distribution, but the decision hasn’t as yet been reached as to whether we will carry additional stock or handle it on a coupon basis.” As against this future speculative use of the name on hosiery, appellee has its filing date, January 21, 1955, as the date of its first use of the mark “RICHFIELD” on hosiery. Thus, on the record, appellee is the first user of this mark on hosiery.

We agree with the Assistant Commissioner’s summary of the testimony of the witnesses as follows:

* * * If opposer were to give away as premiums, or sell at reduced prices, nylon hosiery at its automotive service stations, and if applicant’s hosiery were given away or sold by opposer or others in automotive service stations, or if opposer should decide at some future time to manufacture hosiery and should decide to use “RICHFIELD” as a trademark for such hosiery, then purchaser confusion would be likely. * * *

The record is silent as to any facts from which we can reasonably assume that purchasers of appellee’s “RICHFIELD” hosiery are likely to believe that it emanates from appellant or that appellant is the source of such hosiery. The normal methods of selling and distributing hosiery utilize retail outlets which a purchaser is not likely to associate with the retail service-station outlets of appellant. There is nothing of record which indicates that appellee’s use of the mark “RICHFIELD” is anything other than a fair use. We do not think that purchaser confusion, mistake or deceit is 'likely upon the facts of this case. We therefore affirm the decision of the Assistant Commissioner. 
      
       Reg. No. 201,308, issued July 21, 1925, renewed; and Reg. No. 272,812, issued July 15, 1930, renewed.
     
      
       Reg. No. 337,055, issued July 28, 1936, renewed; and Reg. No. 260,089, issued Aug. 13, 1929, renewed and published in accordance with Sec. 12(c) on Mar. 7, 1950.
     
      
       Reg. No. 327,724, issued Sept. 3, 1935, renewed.
     
      
       While the name “RICHFIELD” also may be a common surmane, it is referred to in Webster’s New International Dictionary Second Edition as a geographical name. This dictionary and the World Atlas of Encyclopedia Britannica disclose the following towns using the name “Richfield” :
      1. Richfield, Lincoln County, Idaho.
      2. Richfield, Marton Co., Kansas.
      3. Richfield, Hennepin Co., Minnesota.
      4. Richfield, Sarpy Co., Nebraska.
      C. Richfield, Stanly Co., North Carolina.
     