
    SCOTTSDALE INSURANCE COMPANY, an Ohio corporation, Plaintiff, v. The RIVERBANK, a Minnesota banking corporation, Defendant.
    Civil No. 10-3775 (SRN/JJK).
    United States District Court, D. Minnesota.
    Sept. 7, 2011.
    
      Jenny L. Sautter & Stacy A. Broman, Meagher & Geer, PLLP, Minneapolis, MN, for Plaintiff.
    Kari L. Gunderman & Peter B. Tiede, Murnane Brandt, PA, St. Paul, MN, for Defendant.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

SUSAN RICHARD NELSON, District Judge.

This matter is before the Court on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment and entry of declaratory judgment. For the reasons set forth herein, Plaintiff Scottsdale Insurance Company’s Motion for Summary Judgment/Declaratory Judgment [Doc. No. 14] is granted, and Defendant RiverBank’s Motion for Summary Judgment/Declaratory Judgment [Doc. No. 12] is denied.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Underlying State Court Lawsuit

This insurance coverage dispute is based on an underlying state court suit brought by Defendant here, the RiverBank (“RiverBank”), against S.A.S. Rental Properties, LLC (“SAS”), Strand Closing Services, Inc. (“SCS”) and Cynthia Taylor Strand and Steven Strand, individually (collectively, “the Strand defendants”). RiverBank sought recovery against the Strand defendants in tort and contract, alleging that after the Strands received $600,000 under the terms of a mortgage loan agreement, they failed to satisfy their first mortgage and failed to record the second mortgage on the property in question. (See State Court Compl., Ex. A to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1].) The state court suit contained the following causes of action: (1) breach of contract against SAS; (2) breach of contract against the Strands; (3) negligence against SCS; (4) fraudulent inducement against SAS, SCS, and Cynthia Strand; (5) fraudulent misrepresentation and omissions against SAS, SCS, and Cynthia Strand; (6) unjust enrichment against SAS and Cynthia Strand; (7) conspiracy against SAS, SCS, and Cynthia Strand; and (8) conversion against SAS and Cynthia Strand. (Id.)

In the state court action, RiverBank moved for partial summary judgment on its negligence claim against SCS and on its breach of contract (guaranty) claim against Steven Strand, which the court granted on May 14, 2010. (Washington Cty. Order of 5/14/10, Ex. 4 to Affidavit of Stacy A. Broman in Supp. Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 23-1].) Following an appeal by SCS, the Minnesota Court of Appeals upheld the district court’s decision on April 19, 2011. Riverbank v. SAS Rental Properties, LLC, No. Al0-1758, 2011 WL 1466460, at *3 (Minn.Ct.App. Apr. 19, 2011.)

RiverBank also reported a complaint involving the loan to the Minnesota Department of Commerce (“Commerce Department”), which regulates various commercial licenses, including Cynthia Strand’s title insurance producer license, real estate closer license and notary commission. (MN Office of Admin. Hrgs. Notice & Order to Show Cause, Ex. 7 to Broman Aff. [Doc. No. 23-1].) The Commerce Department conducted an investigation into the Strands’ actions, including their loan from RiverBank, and, in March 2011, the Commerce Department revoked Cynthia Strand’s professional licenses. (Commerce Dep’t’s Findings of Fact & Conclusions of Law, Ex. 8 to Broman Aff. [Doc. No. 23-1].)

In addition to RiverBank’s civil suit and the Commerce Department’s administrative action, the Washington County Attorney’s Office brought criminal charges against Steven and Cynthia Strand in June 2010. (Criminal Compls., Exs. B & C to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. Nos. 1-2 & 1-3].) Among the acts alleged in the criminal complaints is the loan transaction between RiverBank and the Strands (id. at 2, 4), which formed the basis for Count I in the criminal complaints, charging “theft-false representation.” The facts underlying this criminal count mirror the factual basis for RiverBank’s civil complaint in the underlying state court lawsuit. (Cf. Count I, Criminal Compls., Exs. B & C to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. Nos. 1-2 & 1-3], and State Court Compl. ¶¶ 6-18 [Doc. No. 1-1].) The criminal charges against Steven Strand were ultimately dismissed, but Cynthia Strand pled guilty to the theft-false representation count and, on August 5, 2011, was sentenced to 21 months’ imprisonment. (See Register of Actions, Washington Cty. Dist. Ct. Case No. 82-CR-2683, attached to Letter of 8/11/11 from S. Broman to Judge Nelson [Doc. No. 47].)

B. Insurance Policy Issued by Scottsdale

Scottsdale issued a Business and Management Indemnity Policy number EKS3006865 (“the Policy”) to SCS, effective from July 10, 2009 through July 10, 2010. The Policy had a $500,000 liability limit for each claim and a $500,000 aggregate limit, subject to a $5,000 self-insured retention. The general grant of coverage provides:

The Insurer shall pay the Loss which the insureds have become legally obligated to pay by reason of a Claim first made against any insureds during the Policy Period, or, if elected, the Discovery Period, and reported to the Insurer pursuant to Section E.l. herein, for a Wrongful Act taking place on or after the Retroactive Date and prior to the end of the Policy Period.

(Policy, Ex. D to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1-4 at 11].) (emphasis in original.)

The Policy contains the following applicable exclusions:

Insurer shall not be liable for Loss under this Coverage Section on account of any Claim:
I. alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving any dishonest, fraudulent or criminal act, error or omission; provided, however this exclusion shall not apply unless and until there is a final judgment as to such conduct. When the exclusion applies the Insureds shall reimburse the Insurer for any Costs, Charges and Expenses advanced;
II. alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving the gaining in fact of any profit or advantage to which the Insureds are not legally entitled or any dispute involving fees, expenses or costs paid to or charged by the Insureds;
15. alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving, any Wrongful Act, fact, circumstance or situation which any of the Insureds had knowledge of prior to the Continuity Date where such Insureds had reason to believe at the time that such known Wrongful Act could reasonably be expected to give rise to such Claim.

(Id, at 12; 14.)

The Policy contains a provision regarding “Innocent Insureds,” which provides:

1. Any exclusion relating to criminal, dishonest, fraudulent or malicious acts, errors or omissions by any of the Insureds shall not be applied to any other insureds who did not personally participate or personally acquiesce or remain passive after having personal knowledge of such acts, errors or omissions. However, the knowledge of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of a Company shall be imputed to the Company, for purposes of determining the applicability of such exclusions.

(Id. at 15-16.)

The Policy also contains an attached endorsement entitled “Escrow Agent’s Endorsement,” which excludes loss on account of any claim:

• alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving any actual or alleged commingling of funds;
• alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving any willful or intentional failure on the party of any Insured to comply with escrow instructions.

(Id. at 21.)

The Policy defines the relevant terms as follows:

2. Continuity Date means the date set forth in Item 3. of the Declarations relating to this Coverage Section. [7/10/2009].
4. Insureds means:
a. the Company; and
b. all natural persons who were, now are, or shall become partners, officers, directors, managers, members managers or employees of the Company, including their estates, heirs, legal representatives or assigns in the event of their death, incapacity or bankruptcy, but only for Professional Services which were rendered, or which should have been rendered, by or for the Company, and which are otherwise covered by this Coverage Section.
5. Interrelated Wrong Acts means Wrongful Acts which have as a common nexus any fact, circumstance, situation, event, transaction, cause or series of facts, circumstances, situations, events, transactions or causes.
6. Loss means monetary damages, settlements and Costs, Charges and Expenses incurred by any of the Insureds, but shall not include:
c. matters uninsurable under the laws pursuant to which this Policy is construed;
d. future royalties or future profits, restitution, or disgorgement of profits by Insureds, or the costs of complying with orders granting injunctive relief;
7. Professional Services means solely in the performance of providing Closing Services for others for a fee.
8. Retroactive Date-means the date set forth in Item 3. of the Declarations relating to this Coverage Section.
9. Wrongful Act means any actual or alleged error, misstatement, misleading statement, omission or neglect or breach of duty by any Insureds, which occurs solely in connection with the Insureds rendering of, or actual or alleged failure to render, Professional Services.

(Id. at 11-12.)

After RiverBank filed its lawsuit in state court, Scottsdale accepted the defense of the Strand defendants. As noted, in the underlying suit, RiverBank moved for summary judgment only on its negligence claim against SCS and its breach of contract claim against Steven Strand (which had been pled against both Steven and Cynthia Strand). Apparently, due to a change in defense counsel, in part, the defendants did not oppose the motion. See Riverbank, 2011 WL 1466460, at *2. The district court entered judgment against SCS and Steven Strand for $636,742.77 and denied the defendants’ motions for relief from default judgment and a stay of the enforcement of the judgment. In April 2011, the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s rulings. See id., at *2-3.

Scottsdale filed this federal declaratory judgment action in August 2010 against RiverBank, SAS, SCS, Cynthia Strand and Steven Strand. This Court granted Scottsdale’s Motion for Default Judgment against SAS, SCS, and Cynthia and Steven Strand, as they did not respond to the Complaint and made no appearance in this case. (Order of 8/11/11 [Doc. No. 46].) Riverbank, therefore, is the remaining defendant in this action. In the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment/declaratory judgment, Scottsdale argues that the Policy does not provide coverage for the underlying judgment, and it therefore has no duty to indemnify the defendants or pay any judgment entered in that suit. Scottsdale contends that the underlying suit is not covered because: (1) the claims arise out of a “wrongful act” that was known to the insureds; (2) the claims arise out of fraud; (3) the claims arise out of profits to which the insureds are not legally entitled; (4) the claims arise out of an insured’s willful failure to comply with escrow instructions; (5) the underlying judgment does not constitute a “loss” under the terms of the Policy; and (6) public policy prohibits coverage for intentional and unlawful acts.

RiverBank, on the other hand, argues that the Policy provides coverage for the underlying judgment. It contends that the state court found SCS and Steven Strand negligent and liable to the RiverBank — liability that is separate and distinct from the liability of Cynthia Strand, who has been sentenced for her criminal conduct related to the loan transaction at issue. Because the finding of civil liability in the underlying action was based on a negligence theory, RiverBank argues that the Policy’s exclusion for wrongful or intentional criminal acts does not preclude coverage, because neither Steven Strand nor SCS were adjudged guilty of any criminal conduct. RiverBank therefore contends that the plain language of the Policy provides coverage for a “loss” (here, the state court judgment) which an insured is legally obligated to pay for a “wrongful act” (which, RiverBank argues, has been understood to encompass negligent misconduct). (RiverBank’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J./Decl. J. at 9-10 [Doc. No. 26].)

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The moving party bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Enter. Bank v. Magna Bank, 92 F.3d 743, 747 (8th Cir.1996). A dispute over a fact is “material” only if its resolution might affect the outcome of the lawsuit under the substantive law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute over a fact is “genuine” only if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. All justifiable inferences are to be drawn in the non-movant’s favor and the evidence of the non-movant is to be believed. Id. at 255,106 S.Ct. 2505.

As to the parties’ competing requests for issuance of declaratory judgment, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 57 and the Declaratory Judgment Act, a court “may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201. A court may entertain a declaratory judgment action if “the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.” MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127, 127 S.Ct. 764, 166 L.Ed.2d 604 (2007) (footnote omitted).

B. Insurance Contract Interpretation

The parties apparently agree that Minnesota law governs interpretation of the policies in this case and the Court likewise agrees with that conclusion. See Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh v. Terra Indus., Inc., 346 F.3d 1160, 1164 (8th Cir.2003) (state law governs insurance policies). Under Minnesota law, the interpretation and construction of an insurance policy is a matter of law for the court. Watson v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 566 N.W.2d 683, 688 (Minn.1997). “General principles of contract interpretation apply to insurance contracts.” Lobeck v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 582 N.W.2d 246, 249 (Minn.1998). Insurance policies are interpreted to give effect to the parties’ intent. Nathe Bros., Inc. v. Am. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co., 615 N.W.2d 341, 344 (Minn. 2000). In addition, insurance policies must be construed as a whole, Haarstad v. Graff, 517 N.W.2d 582, 584 (Minn.1994), and all terms of an insurance policy must be given effect if possible. Bobich v. Oja, 258 Minn. 287, 104 N.W.2d 19, 24 (1960); Steele v. Great W. Cas. Co., 540 N.W.2d 886, 888 (Minn.Ct.App.1995).

If the language of an insurance policy is clear, the policy language must be given its “usual and accepted meaning,” Progressive Specialty Ins. Co. v. Widness ex rel. Widness, 635 N.W.2d 516, 518 (Minn.2001), applying the objective standard of what a “reasonable person” in the insured’s position would have understood by the language. Canadian Universal Ins. Co. v. Fire Watch, Inc., 258 N.W.2d 570, 572 (Minn.1977); Soo Line R.R. Co. v. Brown’s Crew Car of Wyo., 694 N.W.2d 109, 113 (Minn.Ct.App.2005).

Whether an insurance policy is ambiguous is a question of law for the court. Columbia Heights Motors, Inc. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 275 N.W.2d 32, 34 (Minn.1979). If the policy language is susceptible to more than one interpretation, it may be considered ambiguous. Am. Commerce Ins. Brokers, Inc. v. Minn. Mut. Fire & Cas. Co., 551 N.W.2d 224, 227 (Minn.1996). Ambiguous policy language will be construed against the insurer. Id.; Widness, 635 N.W.2d at 518.

The existence of a duty to indemnify or defend is a legal question. Franklin v. W. Nat. Mut. Ins. Co., 574 N.W.2d 405, 406 (Minn.1998). The duty to indemnify “is triggered only when liability is assessed on a claim within the policy coverage.” Seren Innovations, Inc. v. Transcon. Ins. Co., A06-917, 2006 WL 1390262, at *8 (Minn.Ct.App. May 23, 2006). An insurer has a duty to defend where any part of the claim is arguably within the scope of coverage. Brown v. State Auto. & Cas. Underwriters, 293 N.W.2d 822, 825-26 (Minn.1980). “This is broader than the duty to indemnify, and this court has held an insurer should provide the defense while reserving its right to contest coverage based on facts developed at trial.” Haarstad, 517 N.W.2d at 585. Scottsdale defended the Strand defendants’ claims in the underlying action and seeks a declaration here that it is not obliged to indemnify them, whereas RiverBank seeks the opposite determination— that Scottsdale must indemnify its insureds.

C. General Exclusion for Criminal/Intentional Acts

The Policy’s general exclusion provides that the insurer shall not be liable for losses “alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving” criminal, fraudulent or dishonest acts. (Policy at 12, Ex. D to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1-4].) The Court finds this language clear and unambiguous, manifesting the parties’ intent that the Policy not cover “losses” in any way related to criminal, fraudulent or dishonest acts. The Policy defines “losses” to include monetary damages, settlements and costs incurred by the insureds. (Id.) The damage award in the underlying suit constitutes such a “loss.”

In the “Innocent Insureds” provision of the Policy, it states that exclusions relating to criminal, fraudulent or dishonest acts will not be imputed to other insureds who did not personally participate in the acts or acquiesce or remain passive after having personal knowledge of the acts. (Id. at 15.) However, the Policy also provides that the knowledge of the CEO or CFO of a company shall be imputed to the company. (Id.) In their filings with the Minnesota Secretary of State, Cynthia Strand is identified as the CEO of SCS and the “Manager” of SAS. (Minnesota Secretary of State Business Organizations Inquiries, Exs. 2 & 3 to Broman Aff. [Doc. No. 23-1 at 1-2.].) In addition, in the general allegations in the underlying state court complaint, RiverBank alleged that “SAS is controlled by Cynthia Strand,” and “SCS is controlled by Cynthia Strand.” (State Court Compl. at ¶¶ 7, 9, Ex. A to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1-1].) In its negligence claim, in Count III of the underlying complaint, RiverBank reiterates “SCS is controlled by Cynthia Strand.” (Id. ¶ 31.) Therefore, in light of the Policy language and Cynthia Strand’s clear role as CEO and Manager of the SCS and SAS entities, her actions may be imputed to SCS and SAS.

The Court turns to the question of whether the criminal/intentional acts exclusion applies when RiverBank obtained judgment solely on its negligence count against SCS and its breach of contract claim against Steven Strand. Several decisions in Minnesota have addressed whether there is coverage for negligence liability when a third party’s independent, intentional acts are excluded from coverage. In general, courts have focused on the substance of the underlying conduct, rather than on whether the victim’s subsequent cause of action for damages sounded in negligence. See, e.g., Haarstad, 517 N.W.2d at 583; Ross v. City of Minneapolis, 408 N.W.2d 910 (Minn.1987); Kabanuk Diversified Investments, Inc. v. Credit General Ins. Co., 553 N.W.2d 65 (Minn.Ct.App.1996); Roloff v. Taste of Minnesota, 488 N.W.2d 325 (Minn.Ct.App.1992).

In Haarstad, 517 N.W.2d at 583, the court addressed whether the insurer, State Farm, had a duty to defend its insured, Graff, for damages, where the injured party, Haarstad, alleged that Graff had “negligently” injured him. Haarstad’s injuries stemmed from a physical altercation in which Graff punched Haarstad in the face repeatedly, breaking his jaw, after discovering Haarstad in the home of Graffs former girlfriend. Haarstad sued Graff, who tendered defense of the suit to his insurer, State Farm. State Farm refused to defend, arguing that the intentional acts exclusion of the insurance policy barred coverage. (Id.) The parties subsequently entered into a Miller/Shugart settlement, characterizing the incident as an “accident,” and calling for Haarstad to collect judgment solely from State Farm. The trial court found that Graff was covered under the policy and awarded Haarstad $30,000 in damages, as stipulated in the Miller/Shugart agreement. The Minnesota Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s ruling, finding that while State Farm had no duty to indemnify Graff, it had a duty to defend him against Haarstad’s negligence suit because the initial complaint alleged negligence. Id. at 584. The Minnesota Supreme Court reversed, holding that “where an insurer knows irrefutably that the conduct alleged in the complaint to be negligent was intentional and therefore excluded from coverage, the insurer has no duty to defend” because “the claim is clearly outside the coverage provided by the policy.” (Id. at 583, 585.) In light of the viciousness of the physical assault, the court found that the resulting injuries were either expected or intended by Graff and were therefore clearly outside the coverage of the policy. “Because State Farm ... had sufficient knowledge of Graffs intentional acts independent of the allegations in the complaint, we hold State Farm had no duty to defend in this case.” Id. at 585.

Similarly, in Ross, Ross was attacked and beaten during a wrestling match at the Minneapolis Auditorium, and sued the City of Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Boxing and Wrestling Club for negligently failing to prevent the assault. 408 N.W.2d at 912. The Club tendered its defense to its insurer, which denied the provision of a defense based on an assault and battery exclusion in the insurance policy. While the trial court found that the exclusion did not apply because the underlying action was founded on negligence, rather than assault and battery, the appellate court disagreed: “This was assault and battery, pure and simple, and under the plain language of the policy endorsement was excluded from coverage under this policy.” Id. at 913.

In Kabanuk, the Minnesota Court of Appeals similarly concluded that the applicable insurance policy’s assault and battery exclusion barred coverage for injuries that David Hass, a night club patron, sustained from an assault caused by a third party outside the night club. 553 N.W.2d at 65-66. Hass sued his attacker, asserting claims of assault, battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress, and he sued the night club, asserting claims of negligent hiring, negligent supervision and negligent infliction of emotional distress. The nightclub’s commercial liability insurance policy included an endorsement excluding coverage for bodily injury arising out of an actual or threatened assault or battery. Id. at 68. After the insurer refused to defend the suit, the nightclub instituted a declaratory judgment action against it. The district court held that there was no coverage due to the policy exclusion, and the appellate court affirmed. Id. at 70.

The Court of Appeals reached the same result in Roloff, 488 N.W.2d at 326, in which Roloff was injured in a fight at the Taste of Minnesota Festival and sued his attacker, as well as the organizers of the event, including the St. Paul Downtown Council. Roloff alleged that the Council was negligent in failing to provide adequate security. Due to an insurance policy exclusion for assault and battery, the Council’s insurer refused to defend it. After entering into a Miller/Shugart settlement with the Council, Roloff sought leave to file a supplemental complaint, naming the insurer as a garnishee. The district court denied Roloffs motion and the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed, rejecting Roloffs argument that his claims arose out of negligence rather than assault and battery. Id. at 326-27.

In SECURA Supreme Ins. Co. v. M.S.M., 755 N.W.2d 320 (Minn.Ct.App.2008), the claimant, Jaclyn Larson, was the victim of a knife attack by her neighbor’s minor son. She sued the juvenile’s parents, who had given their son the knife used in the attack, for negligent supervision and negligent entrustment of a dangerous weapon. Also, she sued the juvenile for negligence and intentional assault and battery. Id. at 322. The parents’ homeowners’ insurance policy, issued by Secura, contained a criminal act exclusion. Larson maintained that coverage existed because the parents’ negligence was the underlying cause of her injuries, rather than the juvenile’s criminal conduct. Id. at 326. She argued that the policy’s exclusion for injuries “resulting from” criminal acts should be more narrowly construed than exclusions for injuries “arising out of’ criminal acts, and that her injuries did not “result from” the juvenile’s acts, but from the parents’ negligence. Id. The court disagreed, finding that the terms were interchangeable phrases and that Larson’s injuries were “undeniably causally connected” to the juvenile’s criminal conduct in attacking her. Id. at 327. Accordingly, the court found that her injuries “ ‘resulted] from’ this criminal act, notwithstanding the fact that the [parents’] negligence may have also contributed to the same injuries.” Id.

In this case, the RiverBank obtained its negligence judgment against SCS in the underlying suit. The actor for SCS was Cynthia Strand. In its negligence cause of action in the state court suit, RiverBank acknowledges that “SCS is controlled by Cynthia Strand.” (State Court Compl. at ¶ 31, Ex. A to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1-1].) The only other possible actor was Steven Strand, however RiverBank’s underlying state court complaint focuses on Cynthia Strand’s role in leading the alleged fraudulent activity and RiverBank was clearly aware that Ms. Strand was the human face behind SAS and SCS. In the underlying complaint, RiverBank alleged that Cynthia Strand, as opposed to her husband, engaged in fraud, conspiracy, unjust enrichment and conversion. (Id. at ¶¶ 40-70.) Her criminal prosecution reflects her status as the key actor, as she pled guilty to the theft-false representation charge, whereas the State dismissed charges against her husband. In the underlying complaint, RiverBank asserted a conspiracy cause of action against three defendants — SAS, SCS and Cynthia Strand — implicitly asserting that this combination functioned as a unit for purposes of the conspiracy count. (Id. at ¶¶ 60-63.) It is clear that RiverBank understood that it was Cynthia Strand who operated SAS and SCS. While RiverBank argues that the line of cases cited herein are factually distinguishable, in that they involve a third party intentional actor, the Court does not find this distinction to be meaningful. While SCS was found negligent, the actions leading to that finding were performed by its sole officer, Cynthia Strand, and resulted from the actions for which she was criminally charged, pled guilty and was sentenced. Ultimately, RiverBank’s injuries resulted from Cynthia Strand’s intentional criminal actions.

The Policy language provides that there is no coverage for claims related to “dishonest, fraudulent or criminal act[s], error[s] or omission[s].” (Policy at 12, Ex. D to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1-4].) The cases cited above, coupled with the Policy language, show that where the substantive conduct is criminal or intentional, if it is undeniably causally connected to the alleged negligence, the criminal/intentional act exclusion applies to defeat coverage. The word “negligence” is absent from the Policy’s grant of coverage — it does not say that coverage is provided for “negligence.” The apparent intent of the Policy was to provide standard errors and omissions coverage for honest mistakes. Like the coverage cases cited herein, the gravamen of the underlying suit was Cynthia Strand’s intentional criminal activity. While that activity could also provide a basis for liability in negligence or contract, such liability is collateral to the criminal acts involving fraud and dishonesty that are alleged in the underlying suit. The substantive conduct alleged is criminal and is undeniably connected to the conduct for which the state court entered judgment.

RiverBank, however, argues that language in the Minnesota Court of Appeals’ decision affirming the district court’s entry of judgment supports its position on coverage. In its de novo review, the appellate court focused on whether there were any genuine issues of material fact with respect to RiverBank’s negligence claim against SCS and breach of contract claim against Steven Strand. See Riverbank, 2011 WL 1466460, at *2. In response to Scottsdale’s argument that the facts were insufficiently developed to prove whether SCS had breached its duty of care, the appellate court commented, “Appellant appears to confuse any duty owed by Cynthia Strand to respondent with the legal duty of appellant as an entity.” Id. In affirming the district court’s decision, the appellate court held: “Cynthia Strand’s conduct in this matter does not obviate appellant’s duty to respondent, although it may be an independent basis for Cynthia Strand’s liability. Thus appellant’s claim that respondent could not assert a negligence claim against appellant ‘without the input of Ms. Strand’ is incorrect.” Id.

In the state court appeal, the Minnesota Court of Appeals was concerned with the question of liability and whether there were any genuine disputes of material fact on the limited grounds of RiverBank’s motion. The court was correct in holding that Cynthia Strand’s involvement in the alleged negligence was not material to the liability decision on summary judgment, because RiverBank’s motion concerned only SCS’s alleged negligence. The district court found, as affirmed by the appellate court, that SCS owed a separate legal duty to the plaintiff, as a matter of law, and there was a separate basis for negligence. Here, however, this Court is concerned with insurance coverage. Under these facts, there are not separate bases for coverage when there is but one actor-insured. To the extent that SCS is liable, SCS’s sole actor was Cynthia Strand. RiverBank’s negligence claim was that SCS failed to tender payment of $507,494.29 in satisfaction of an existing mortgage, and failed to record the RiverBank mortgage. The person responsible for tendering payment and for recording the mortgage was Cynthia Strand, the CEO of SCS. Her criminal charge of theft-false representation, for which a guilty plea was entered and for which she was sentenced, was for conduct involving the RiverBank mortgage. Her failure to record that loan was not simple inadvertence or incompetence. Rather, she did so for her own financial gain. (Plea Hrng. Tr. at 10, Ex. 1 to Affidavit of Jenny Sautter in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 30-1]) (Q: “Is it a fair statement that you kept the money [from the RiverBank mortgage transaction] and then used it for your own personal gain?” A: ‘Tes.”)

In addition, unlike the state court appeal, the resolution of the matter before this Court requires reference to entirely different authority — the Policy, primarily, and applicable law involving the interpretation of contracts, and insurance coverage legal precedent. The “negligence” label of the underlying judgment is not determinative of the issue before this Court. Instead, the Court must compare the language of the Policy with the facts before it. In other words, simply because SCS was found liable for negligence, does not mean that the loss was caused by non-criminal acts. Such an outcome would, in fact, run counter to the facts, including Cynthia Strand’s admission of guilt and sentence for theft-false representation on the very facts that form the basis for the allegations in RiverBank’s underlying lawsuit. The Court therefore finds that the Policy’s general exclusion for loss “alleging, based upon, arising out of, attributable to, directly or indirectly resulting from, in consequence of, or in any way involving any dishonest, fraudulent or criminal act, error or omission .... ” applies and the underlying state court judgment does not fall within the coverage of the Policy. (Policy, Ex. D to Scottsdale’s Compl. [Doc. No. 1-4 at 12].) Because the duty to indemnify arises when liability is assessed on a claim within the policy coverage, Seven Innovations, Inc., 2006 WL 1390262, at *8, Scottsdale has no duty to indemnify any of the state court defendants or pay any judgment or settlement entered in the underlying lawsuit.

In addition to the Policy language itself and case law interpreting similar exclusions, the conclusion that coverage is excluded for criminal acts is supported by public policy. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v. Schwich, 749 N.W.2d 108, 114 (Minn. Ct.App.2008) (“[I]t is against public policy to ‘lieens[e] intentional and unlawful harmful act[s]’ ”) (quoting Iowa Kemper Ins. Co. v. Stone, 269 N.W.2d 885, 887 (Minn.1978)). It is well established that Minnesota courts have declined to find liability coverage for unlawful conduct and serious criminal acts. See R.W. v. T.F., 528 N.W.2d 869, 873 (Minn.1995) (refusing, on public policy grounds, to “promote the abdication of personal responsibility by providing insurance coverage” for knowing transmission of a sexually transmitted disease); Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Peterson, 405 N.W.2d 418, 422 (Minn.1987) (stating that purpose of intentional act exclusion is “to deny insured license to commit wanton and malicious acts.”); Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Gates, 530 N.W.2d 223, 227 (Minn.Ct.App.1995) (denying on public policy grounds coverage for criminal acts of physical and sexual abuse), review denied (Minn. June 23, 1995). While RiverBank argues that public policy supports providing coverage for the victim of a legal wrong, from a practical standpoint, if coverage were to be found for the conduct at issue here, then in every case involving intentional criminal conduct and possible negligence, a good lawyer could defeat insurance policy exclusions by suing only under a negligence theory of liability. Such legal gamesmanship cannot be supported by the law.

RiverBank also argues that if this Court finds there is no coverage, the illusory coverage doctrine should be invoked. The concept of illusory coverage is viewed “as an independent means to avoid an unreasonable result when a literal reading of a policy unfairly denies coverage.” Jostens, Inc. v. Northfield Ins. Co., 527 N.W.2d 116, 118 (Minn.Ct.App.1995). Under Minnesota law, courts have held that that the doctrine is best applied “where part of the premium is specifically allocated to a particular type or period of coverage and that coverage turns out to be functionally nonexistent.” Id. at 119. So, if, for example, under the facts of some of the insurance coverage cases cited herein in which a third party assaults a patron of a nightclub or at an event, a premium was specifically allocated to provide coverage for non-employee assault or battery claims, this doctrine might apply. Here, however, there is no evidence that, for the sake of argument, a premium was specifically allocated for the criminal or fraudulent acts of an employee or officer. The illusory coverage doctrine is inapplicable here.

THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:

1. Plaintiff Scottsdale Insurance Company’s Motion for Summary Judgment/Declaratory Judgment [Doc. No. 14] is GRANTED; and
2. Defendant RiverBank’s Motion for Summary Judgment/Declaratory Judgment [Doc. No. 12] is DENIED;
3. Scottsdale’s Business and Management Indemnity Policy issued to Strand Closing Services, Inc. under Policy No. EKS3006865 for the policy period 07/10/09-07/10/10 does not provide coverage with respect to the judgment in the amount of $636,742.77 entered in the underlying lawsuit brought by The RiverBank against S.A.S. Rental Properties, LLC, Strand Closing Services, Inc., Cynthia Taylor Strand and Steven Strand; and
4. Plaintiff Scottsdale Insurance Company has no duty to indemnify any the underlying state court defendants or pay any judgment or settlement entered in the underlying lawsuit under the Scottsdale policy.

LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. 
      
      . The suit, filed in Washington County District Court, was captioned The RiverBank v. S.A.S. Rental Properties, LLC, et al., 82-CV-09-7534. (See State Court Compl., Ex. A to Scottsdale's Compl. [Doc. No. 1].)
     
      
      
        . A few weeks after the hearing on the instant motions, counsel for Scottsdale filed a printout of the state court Register of Actions on this Court’s ECF system, documenting that Cynthia Strand had since been sentenced. (Doc. No. 47). Such supplementation was proper, particularly as counsel and the Court spoke at the motion hearing about Cynthia Strand’s pending sentencing date. Further, the Register of Actions is publicly available. (See http://pa.courts.state.mn.us/default.aspx.)
     
      
      . The Policy provides that this exclusion is not applicable until there is a final judgment as to such conduct. Because Cynthia Strand was sentenced on August 5, 2011, judgment on her criminal conduct is considered final. See Burton v. Stewart, 549 U.S. 147, 156, 127 S.Ct. 793, 166 L.Ed.2d 628 (2007) ("Final judgment in a criminal case means sentence. The sentence is the judgment." (quoting Berman v. United States, 302 U.S. 211, 212, 58 S.Ct. 164, 82 L.Ed. 204 (1937))).
     
      
      . This linguistic distinction is not at issue here, as the Policy uses both phrases, excluding coverage for injuries "arising out of” and "resulting from” criminal or intentional conduct.
     
      
      . Other Policy exclusions may also apply, but the Court finds that the language in the general exclusion is dispositive.
     