
    Aaron COLEMAN v. STATE of Alabama.
    CR-10-0421.
    Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.
    Sept. 30, 2011.
    Opinion on Return to Remand Feb. 10, 2012.
    
      Lydia Curtis Dillingham, Enterprise, for appellant.
    Luther Strange, atty. gen., and Laura I. Cuthbert, asst. atty. gen., for appellee.
   PER CURIAM.

The appellant, Aaron Coleman, was convicted of two counts of the unlawful distribution of a controlled substance and was sentenced to concurrent terms of five years in prison. The sentences were split, and he was ordered to serve six months in prison followed by five years of supervised probation.

At trial, the State’s case against Coleman consisted of the testimony of the confidential informant (“Cl”), Elba Police Officer Leslie Hussey, and John Brunner from the Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences. Officer Hussey testified that on July 17, 2009, he conducted an undercover drug operation using a Cl and that he wired the Cl and audiotaped the exchange. The Cl testified that he purchased cocaine from Coleman at an apartment complex in Elba, that he was currently in jail on assault charges, and that at the time of the drug purchase he had been working with the police in an attempt to get his drug charges nol-prossed. Brunner testified that the substance he tested was a mixture containing cocaine.

On appeal, Coleman argues that the circuit court erred in denying counsel’s motion to withdraw from the ease. Specifically, he argues that his trial attorney had a conflict of interest because, he says, he was representing both the Cl and the defendant at the same time and such representation violated Rule 1.7(a), Ala. R. Prof. Cond. The State concedes that this case should be remanded to the Coffee Circuit Court for an evidentiary hearing on this claim. For the following reasons, we agree with the State.

The record indicates that one week before the trial was scheduled to begin counsel filed a motion to withdraw from representing Coleman. In the motion, counsel asserted:

“In the case at hand it will be necessary for counsel to disclose to the jury through cross-examination, information that was ... learned through representation of the [Cl]. However, because of the Rules of Professional Responsibility counsel will not be able to ask certain questions of the [Cl] because the knowledge of that information comes from counsel’s representation of the [Cl].”

(C. 46.)

Also, when the trial court inquired if the parties were ready to make their opening statements, Coleman’s trial counsel stated: “I do have one issue I’d like on the record, if you don’t mind,” whereupon the trial court allowed Coleman’s trial counsel to present his issue outside the hearing of the jury:

“[Trial Counsel]: Judge, respectfully, I’m not going to try to ask for a continuance again. I just want to put on the record that I have asked twice for a continuance and once in a written motion and the Court has denied that, but I’m moving forward upon the Court’s instruction. I just wanted to respectfully put that on the record.
“THE COURT: For the reasons I have stated and I will state again, the motion to withdraw, the motion for a continuance are each denied. The jury was impaneled last week. Jeopardy was attached and it’s time to go on with the trial.
“Nothing was presented to me to alter that opinion on that point. And I have made a vnitten entry. I haven’t had time to type it up, but it will be filed concerning your motions—
“[Trial Counsel]: Yes, sir.
“THE COURT: — on withdrawing and continuance.
“All right. Are we ready to proceed?
“[Trial Counsel]: Yes, sir.”

(R. 10-11 (emphasis added).) This issue was again raised in Coleman’s motion for a new trial. As cited above, the circuit court referenced that it would make a written ruling on the motion to withdraw; however, no such ruling is contained in the record.

Rule 1.7(a), Ala. R. Prof. Cond., provides:

“A lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation of that client will be directly adverse to another client, unless:
“(1) The lawyer reasonably believes the representation will not adversely affect the relationship with the other client; and
“(2) Each client consents after consultation.”

(Emphasis added.)

The Sixth Amendment right to counsel includes the right “to representation that is free from conflicts of interest.” Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 271, 101 S.Ct. 1097, 67 L.Ed.2d 220 (1981). “An actual conflict of interest exists when an attorney owes loyalty to a client whose interests are adverse to another client.” Self v. State, 564 So.2d 1023, 1033 (Ala.Crim.App.1989).

“The problem that arises when one attorney represents both the defendant and the prosecution witness is that the attorney may have privileged information obtained from the witness that is relevant to cross-examination, but which he refuses to use for fear of breaching his ethical obligation to maintain the confidences of his client.”

Ross v. Heyne, 638 F.2d 979, 983 (7th Cir.1980).

“ ‘[T]here is no per se rule prohibiting representation of the defendant by counsel who has previously represented a government witness,’ United States v. Bowie, 892 F.2d 1494, 1502 (10th Cir.1990). However, where counsel who has previously represented a prosecution witness subsequently represents the defendant against whom the witness is to testify, the potential for a conflict of interests exists in ‘that defense counsel may not be able to effectively cross-examine the witness for fear of divulging privileged information. Id. at 1501. This same concern, as well as other rather obvious concerns, arise when counsel simultaneously represents the defendant and a prosecution witness. See, e.g., Rosenwald v. United States, 898 F.2d 585, 587-88 (7th Cir.1990); Pinkerton v. State, 395 So.2d at 1086; People v. Wandell, 75 N.Y.2d 951, 555 N.Y.S.2d 686, 554 N.E.2d 1274, 1274-75 (1990). Whether counsel’s representation of the witness occurs before or is simultaneous with the representation of the defendant, the ‘potential for conflict is great where there is a substantial relationship’ between the two cases. United States v. Bowie, 892 F.2d [1494,] 1502 [ (10th Cir.1990) ].”

Molton v. State, 651 So.2d 663, 668-69 (Ala.Crim.App.1994) (emphasis added). See also Wynn v. State, 804 So.2d 1122, 1132 (Ala.Crim.App.2000).

The United States Supreme Court has held that a trial court has an obligation to investigate into a possible conflict of interest like the type presented in this case when that potential conflict is brought to the court’s attention. See Cuyler v. Sulli van, 446 U.S. 335, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 64 L.Ed.2d 333 (1980).

In Pinkerton v. State, 395 So.2d 1080 (Ala.Crim.App.1980), this Court found that an actual conflict of interest occurred when Pinkerton’s attorney represented the informer in a previous criminal proceeding. More recently, we discussed our holding in Pinkerton, and stated:

“Pinkerton [v. State, 395 So.2d 1080 (Ala.Crim.App.1980),] did not cite Cuyler v. Sullivan, [446 U.S. 335 (1980),] although it was released subsequent to Cuyler. Later federal cases relying on Cuyler have indicated that even defendants alleging a conflict of interest based on simultaneous representation of a prosecution witness must demonstrate an actual conflict through a showing of specific facts. See, e.g., Rosenwald v. United States, 898 F.2d at 587-88; Barham v. United States, 724 F.2d [1529,] 1531-33 [(11th Cir.1984) ]. We need not resolve this conflict in this case because, even assuming that the appellant has demonstrated an actual conflict of interest, he has clearly failed to show that that conflict adversely affected trial counsel’s performance. Under the particular facts of this case, however, his failure to do so is not dispositive of the issue. This Court is troubled by the fact that, several months after having been retained by the appellant, but before the appellant’s trial, trial counsel accepted an appointment to represent a crucial prosecution witness against the appellant. As the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals has observed: ‘In the abstract, or the hypothetical, it is not a good idea at all’ for counsel to simultaneously represent a defendant and a prosecution witness who is to testify against that defendant. Barham v. United States, 724 F.2d at 1533. See generally Rule 1.7, Rule 1.9, A.R. Prof. Cond. ‘Defense counsel have an ethical obligation to avoid conflicting representations,’ Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. at 346, 100 S.Ct. at 1717, and have the further ‘obligation, upon discovering a conflict of interests, to advise the court at once of the problem,’ Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. [475,] 485-86, 98 S.Ct. [1173,] 1179 [55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978) ].”

Molton, 651 So.2d at 670. See McConico v. Alabama, 919 F.2d 1543, 1548 (11th Cir.1990) (“[T]he law formerly was that once a conflict of interest was shown, prejudice was presumed.... Since Strickland, however, it has been clear that a showing of adverse effect is required.”). See also Rael v. Blair, 141 N.M. 232, 238, 153 P.3d 657, 663 (2007) (“We conclude that defense counsel was operating under a conflict of interest in representing both [the confidential informant] and Defendant. As Defendant points out, defense counsel could not effectively cross-examine [the confidential informant] because of his confidential relationship resulting from counsel’s prior representation.”); State v. Jenkins, 257 Kan. 1074, 1087, 898 P.2d 1121, 1130 (1995) (“[T]he trial court was presented with information that established an actual conflict — defense counsel represented the key prosecution witness. Further the crime for which defense counsel represented the key prosecution witness occurred during the time the witness was acting as a confidential informant for the State in the drug transaction involved in this case.”).

In Deerman v. State, 466 So.2d 1013 (Ala.Crim.App.1984), we remanded the case to the circuit court for that court to make findings of fact concerning Deer-man’s claim that his counsel’s representation of both the defendant and one of the State’s witnesses in a pending civil litigation — a case unrelated to the criminal case against the defendant — constituted a conflict of interest. On appeal, this Court stated as follows concerning cases in which counsel may have a conflict of interest:

“ ‘Actionable conflict of interests’ have been found to exist with respect to the representation by the same defense counsel of a non co-defendant prosecution witness at a separate proceeding. Annot. 18 A.L.R.4th 360, Section 12(a) (1982), citing Pinkerton v. State, 395 So.2d 1080 (Ala.Cr.App.1980), cert. denied, 395 So.2d 1090 (Ala.1981). In Pinkerton, a drug sale prosecution, a conflict was found where defense counsel had previously represented the informant who was the prime figure in the arrest of the defendant. The informant had been convicted of selling narcotics, and had agreed to cooperate with law enforcement officers in exchange for a recommendation of a mitigated sentence and had not yet been sentenced. This Court found it ‘clear ... that appellant’s trial attorney could not very well seek to fully represent the appellant, when that representation would of necessity involve an attack upon the credibility of the chief witness, Vickers, especially where the attorney had had a role in negotiating the agreement by which Vickers would inform in exchange for a possibly mitigated sentence.’ Pinkerton, 395 So.2d at 1089.”

466 So.2d at 1016. See also Browning v. State, 607 So.2d 339 (Ala.Crim.App.1992) (reversing Browning’s conviction because of an actual conflict of interest); Annot., Circumstances Giving Rise to Prejudicial Conflict of Interests Between Criminal Defendant and Defense Counsel — State Cases, 18 A.L.R.4& 360 (1982); Annot., Propriety and Prejudicial Effect of Counsel’s Representing Defendant in Criminal Case Notwithstanding Counsel’s Representation or Former Representation of Prosecution Witness, 27 A.L.R.3d 1431 (1969).

This case presents an even stronger case for remand than did Deer-man. Here, the record shows that counsel moved on several occasions to withdraw from the case because of his simultaneous representation of the Cl on criminal charges, that the Cl testified at Coleman’s trial and was subject to cross-examination by his own attorney, and that counsel stated in his motion to withdraw that his cross-examination of the Cl was hampered in that he could not ask certain questions because the information that formed the basis of those questions was obtained through his privileged communications with the Cl.

“A review of Holloway [v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475 (1978) ], [Cuyler v.] Sullivan, [446 U.S. 335 (1980) ], and Wood [v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261 (1981)], clearly demonstrates that where a trial court knows or reasonably should know of an attorney’s possible conflict of interest in the representation of a person charged with a crime, the trial court has an affirmative duty to inquire whether a conflict of interest actually exists. The duty to inquire arises not only from the general principles of fundamental fairness, but from the principle that where there is a right to counsel, there is a correlative right to representation free from conflicts of interest....
“Although we cannot be sure that an actual conflict of interest existed, there is a clear possibility of conflict of interest on the facts of this case.... ”

State v. Johnson, 185 Ohio App.3d 654, 657, 925 N.E.2d 199, 202 (2010).

“An evidentiary hearing should be granted when there are important issues of fact which were not adequately developed at trial, the failure to develop the facts was not due to the defendant’s neglect or deliberate bypass, and the record does not conclusively demonstrate that the petitioner is entitled to no relief.”

Rosenwald v. United States, 898 F.2d 585, 588 (7th Cir.1990).

Here, as in Deerman, the record is sufficient to establish that there was, at the very minimum, a potential — if not an actual — conflict of interest in trial counsel’s simultaneous representation of Coleman and the Cl who testified against Coleman. Although, the record is silent as to why the circuit court denied trial counsel’s numerous motions to withdraw, the inadequacies of the record in that regard are overcome by the nature of the conflict involved in this case. See Browning v. State, 607 So.2d at 343 n. 1 (“When an ‘actual’ conflict of interest is proven, we will reverse the judgment even though the issue was not first presented to the trial court.”).

Accordingly, this case is remanded to the Coffee Circuit Court for that court to conduct an “evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether [Coleman] was denied the effective assistance of counsel in view of the alleged conflict of interests stemming from trial counsel’s concurrently representing the prosecution’s chief witness in another matter.” Deerman, 466 So.2d at 1018. The circuit court is further directed to make written findings of fact concerning this claim. Due return should be filed in this Court within 72 days of the date of this opinion.

REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.

WELCH, P.J., and KELLUM, BURKE, and JOINER, JJ., concur. WINDOM, J., dissents, with opinion.

WINDOM, Judge,

dissenting.

I disagree with the majority’s decision to remand this cause to the circuit court for that court to conduct an evidentiary hearing regarding Aaron Coleman’s allegation that his counsel suffered from a conflict of interest. Specifically, the record and pleadings indicate that the circuit court inquired into a possible conflict of interest and, according to defense counsel, determined that “no confidential information was acquired in the representation of the Cl that counsel could use on behalf of [Coleman] in this matter[; therefore,] no conflict of interest existed.” (C. 50.) The record, however, does not contain the proceeding during which the circuit court inquired into the possible conflict or the evidence or assertions relied upon by the circuit court to make its determination. Because Coleman has not made any effort to provide this Court with a complete record, I do not believe that Coleman has met his burden to provide this Court with a sufficient record, Carden v. State, 621 So.2d 342, 346-47 (Ala.Crim.App.1992), and I would not remand this cause for the circuit court to do what has already been done, and, presumably, has been done correctly. See Williams v. State, 55 So.3d 366, 370 (Ala.Crim.App.2010) (‘““Where the record is silent on appeal, it will be presumed that what ought to have been done was not only done, but rightly done.” ’ ”) (quoting Johnson v. State, 823 So.2d 1, 18-19 (Ala.Crim.App.2001), quoting in turn Owens v. State, 597 So.2d 734, 736 (Ala.Crim.App.1992), quoting in turn Jolly v. State, 405 So.2d 76, 77 (Ala.Crim.App.1981)). Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

Coleman’s only argument on appeal is that the circuit court erroneously denied his attorney’s motion to withdraw. Specifically, Coleman asserts that his trial counsel also represented á witness for the State; therefore, counsel suffered from a conflict of interest. From there, Coleman contends that the circuit court abused its discretion by denying counsel’s motion to withdraw.

Coleman, however, has not provided a sufficient record to review the merits of this issue. The record indicates that Coleman’s trial began on November 10, 2010. According to written motions filed by trial counsel, at some point before November 9, 2010, counsel orally moved the circuit court to allow him to withdraw from representing Coleman on the ground that counsel represented a State’s witness, a confidential informant; therefore, counsel suffered from a conflict of interest. (C. 45, 50.) In Coleman’s unverified motion for a new trial, trial counsel asserted that the circuit court had denied his motion after finding that “no confidential information was acquired in the representation of the Cl that counsel could use on behalf of [Coleman] in this matter[; therefore,] no conflict of interest existed.” (C. 50.) The record, however, does not contain a transcript of trial counsel’s first oral motion to withdraw or the proceedings in which the circuit court determined that no conflict existed.

After the circuit court denied counsel’s first oral motion to withdraw, counsel, on November 9, 2010, filed a written motion renewing his oral motion to withdraw. The transcript of the proceeding begins on November 10, 2010, after jury selection and just before opening statements. Before opening statements, counsel orally renewed his motions to withdraw. The circuit court ruled that “[f|or the reasons I have stated ... the motion to withdraw ... [is] denied.” (R. 11.)

Other than the assertions in trial counsel’s pleadings, the record does not contain the reasons the circuit court previously gave for denying the motion to withdraw. Further, the record does not contain a transcript of the proceedings in which counsel first moved to withdraw; therefore, the circuit court presumably inquired into the possible conflict of interest. See Williams, 55 So.3d at 370 (“ ‘ “Where the record is silent on appeal, it will be presumed that what ought to have been done was not only done, but rightly done.” ’ ”) (quoting Johnson, 823 So.2d at 18-19, quoting in turn Owens, 597 So.2d at 736, quoting in turn Jolly, 405 So.2d at 77). Accordingly, the record is silent regarding the extent to which the circuit court inquired into a possible conflict of interest and regarding the correctness of the circuit court’s determination.

It is well settled that:

“[t]he appellant bears the burden of bringing the record before the appellate court. Montgomery v. State, 504 So.2d 370 (Ala.Crim.App.1987). An appellate court may only consider the facts contained in the record on appeal, and it may not presume any facts not shown by that record and make them a ground for reversal. Williams v. State, 412 So.2d 1274 (Ala.Crim.App.1982).”

Carden, 621 So.2d at 346-47. Stated differently, “[t]he appellant ‘ “bears the burden of bringing the record before an appellate court. He and his counsel have the duty of checking the record before submitting the appealf, and if the record is incomplete,] [i]t is their duty to file a corrected record.” ’ ” Smith v. State, 745 So.2d 922, 928 (Ala.Crim.App.1999) (quoting Ingram, v. State, 629 So.2d 800, 804 (Ala.Crim.App.1993), quoting in turn Jordan v. State, 607 So.2d 333, 335 (Ala.Crim.App.1992)).

It is equally well settled that “ ‘ “[w]here the record is silent on appeal, it will be presumed that what ought to have been done was not only done, but rightly done.” ’ ” Williams, 55 So.3d at 370 (quoting Johnson, 823 So.2d at 18-19, quoting in turn Owens, 597 So.2d at 736, quoting in turn Jolly, 405 So.2d at 77). See also Finney v. State, 860 So.2d 367, 376-77 (Ala.Crim.App.2002) (same); Welch v. State, 63 So.3d 1275, 1279 (Ala.Crim.App.2010) (same); Robinson v. State, 444 So.2d 884, 885 (Ala.1983) (holding that a silent record supports the circuit court’s judgment). In other words, “[a] reviewing court cannot predicate error on matters not shown by the record.” Ex parte Howell, 974 So.2d 304, 306 (Ala.2007) (citations and quotations omitted). “Indeed, [when an appellant fails to supply an appellate court with an adequate record, the] silent record supports [the circuit court’s] judgment.” Id. (citations and quotations omitted).

Here, Coleman did not satisfy his burden to supply this Court with a sufficient record to review the propriety of the circuit court’s determination that no conflict of interest existed. As stated above, the record is silent regarding the extent to which the circuit court inquired into a possible conflict of interest, regarding the assertions and/or evidence presented to the circuit court to support the alleged conflict, and regarding the basis for the circuit court’s denial of the motion to withdraw. The silence is not surprising. In his reporter’s transcript order, Coleman did not request a transcript of any pretrial proceedings. Further, after the transcript had been prepared, Coleman did not file a motion pursuant to Rule 10(g), Ala. R.App. P., to supplement the record with the oral motion and proceedings leading to the disposition of the motion. Further, Coleman has not made any attempt to utilize Rules 10(d) or 10(e), Ala. R.App. P., to create a record of these proceedings in the event they were not recorded.

Consequently, Coleman has not met his burden to provide this Court with a sufficient record to review the propriety of the circuit court’s denial of counsel’s motion to withdraw. Because Coleman has left this Court with a silent record, this Court must “ ‘ “presume! ] that what ought to have been done was not only done, but rightly done.” ’ ” Williams v. State, 55 So.3d 366, 370 (Ala.Crim.App.2010) (quoting Johnson, 823 So.2d at 18-19, quoting in turn Owens, 597 So.2d at 736, quoting in turn Jolly, 405 So.2d at 77).

Because the record is silent, the State asserts, and the majority agrees, that this cause should be remanded for an eviden-tiary hearing on Coleman’s claim that trial counsel suffered from a conflict of interest. In other words, the State and the majority seek to remand this cause for the circuit court to do that which, based on the silent record, this Court should “presume[ ] ... was not only [already] done, but rightly done.” Williams, 55 So.3d at 370. To support their positions, both the State and the majority rely on Deerman v. State, 466 So.2d 1013, 1014 (Ala.Crim.App.1984); however, Deerman is distinguishable. In Deerman, once the potential conflict of interest was brought to the circuit court’s attention, the court did not inquire into the extent of a potential conflict. Id. at 1017. Instead, the circuit court “anticipated [holding] a hearing on this issue [once it was raised in] a motion for a new trial[; however,] [s]uch a motion was never filed.... ” Id. Because no hearing was held, the circuit court never fully inquired into the extent of a possible conflict of interest or whether the alleged conflict of interest affected counsel’s performance. Id. Thus, Deerman was a case in which the circuit court did not make an adequate inquiry into trial counsel’s potential conflict of interest.

In contrast, the record before this Court indicates that the circuit court in this case did inquire into trial counsel’s potential conflict of interest and determined that “no confidential information was acquired in the representation of the Cl that counsel could use on behalf of [Coleman] in this matterf; therefore,] no conflict of interest existed.” (C. 50.) Thus, this is not a case like Deennan, where the record shows that the circuit court’s inquiry was inadequate. Instead, this is a case in which the record is silent regarding the proceedings in which the circuit court made its inquiry; therefore, this Court should presume that what was done was done correctly. Williams, 55 So.3d at 370.

Because Coleman has failed to provide this Court with an adequate record, this Court should presume from the silent record that the circuit court made an adequate inquiry into the possible conflict of interest and correctly determined that no conflict existed. Williams, 55 So.3d at 370. See also Salvadore v. Howard, 249 Ala. 354, 355, 31 So.2d 345, 346 (1947) (recognizing that “on appeal, all things are presumed to have been done correctly and proper adjudications made, unless the contrary appears”). Therefore, I disagree with the majority’s decision to remand this cause with instructions for the circuit court to do that which presumably has already been done, and I respectfully dissent.

On Return to Remand

PER CURIAM.

The appellant, Aaron Coleman, was convicted of two counts of the unlawful distribution of a controlled substance and was sentenced to concurrent terms of five years in prison. The sentences were split, and he was ordered to serve six months in prison followed by five years of supervised probation. Coleman appealed to this Court. We remanded the case for the circuit court to hold an evidentiary hearing and to make findings of fact as to whether there was an actual conflict of interest in defense counsel’s representing both Coleman and the confidential informant who testified against him. See Coleman v. State, 93 So.3d 145 (Ala.Crim.App.2011). The circuit court has complied with our directions and has submitted its findings to this Court. The circuit court stated the following:

“(1) At the time of the trial of the defendant, trial counsel represented both the defendant and the prosecution’s chief witness, a confidential informant named [F.C.].
“(2) During his representation of the confidential informant, trial counsel learned privileged information that later became relevant during the trial of the defendant but could not be disclosed by trial counsel without violating the attorney client privilege.
“(3) Trial counsel’s knowledge of the privileged information materially limited his ability to perform his duties and vigorously represent the defendant for fear of actually divulging the privileged information and committing professional misconduct.
“(4) The defendant was denied effective assistance of counsel by trial counsel’s inability to fully cross-examine the confidential informant.”

(Return to remand, R. 3-4.)

We agree with the circuit court that Coleman established an actual conflict of interest by his counsel’s simultaneous representation of both Coleman and the confidential informant who was the chief prosecution witness against Coleman. Based on the cases cited in our main opinion, Motion v. State, 651 So.2d 663 (Ala.Crim.App.1994), and Pinkerton v. State, 395 So.2d 1080 (Ala.Crim.App.1980), Coleman is enti-tied to a new trial with an attorney who is free from any conflict of interest.

Accordingly, Coleman’s convictions for two counts of the unlawful distribution of a controlled substance are due to be reversed and this case is remanded to the Coffee Circuit Court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

WELCH, KELLUM, BURKE, and JOINER, JJ., concur.

WINDOM, P.J., adheres to original dissent. 
      
      . The majority states that "one week before the trial was scheduled to begin counsel filed a motion to withdraw.” 93 So.3d at 147. Contrary to that statement, counsel's written motion was filed on November 9, 2010, the day before the trial began. (C. 46; R. 2-6.)
     