
    The National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Respondent, v. Benjamin E. Sullard, Appellant.
    
      Insurance—to what books and papers used by an insurance agent the insurance company, his principal, is entitled on the termination of the agency—judicial notice taken that local agents represent a number of insurance companies and decide in what company their clients insure—sale of an insurance agency business..
    Prior to August, 1900, Benjamin E. Sullard was a fire insurance agent who represented several fire insurance companies. Previous to the year 1900 a fire insurance company other than the National Eire Insurance Company of .Hartford, Conn., had supplied Sullard with a blank book known as an expiration register. This book contained 250 pages, and had separate and appropriate columns for the policy number, the name of the company with which the policy had been placed, the name and residence, of the insured, the date of the payment of premium, the term and date of expiration of the term, the amount insured, the rate and amount of premium and other collateral memoranda.
    In 1900 Albert K. Shipman purchased Sullard’s business and obtained from him, in connection with other papers, the expiration register.1 In August, 1900, Shipman was appointed the local agent of the National Eire Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn., and at the time of his appointment received from it certain written ‘ ‘ instructions to agents,” in which notice was given him that he would be required to enter the exact copy of the written portion of every policy in the “ policy register,” together with the indorsements upon such policíes, rates of premium and other matters in connection with the business. He was also instructed that ail business done1 for the company must be reported to its home office on the day of the transaction, and that reports of policies, assignments, transfers and the like should be placed upon “ daily report blanks” furnished by the company.
    Shipman did not use the policy register, but, with the permission of the company, kept in place thereof duplicates of the daily reports sent to the main office. These duplicate daily reports he kept in permanent form in a “daily report ” case.
    June 5, 1903, Shipman sold and transferred to Sullard “his insurance business and the good will thereof, including the expiration register, the daily reports, and the daily report case now owned by the said Shipman, and all other papers or documents relating thereto.”
    
      Meld, that the National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn., which declined to appoint Sullard its local agent after the latter had acquired Shipman’s business, was the owner of the duplicate daily reports which had been acquired by Sullard from Shipman, and all memoranda and copies which he had taken therefrom, and that the National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford was entitled to an injunction restraining Sullard fronrusingthe information obtainable exclusively from such duplicate daily reports, memoranda and copies, and from soliciting business from policyholders in that company;
    That the National Fire Insurance' Company of Hartford was not, however, the owner of, or entitled to the possession of, the expiration register, which Sullard had acquired from Shipman and hence was not entitled to enjoin the former from using in any lawful manner the information derived from such register; That, because of the universality of the custom, the court .might take judicial . notice that the business of a fire insurance agent, at least in the smaller towns and cities, is to represent contemporaneously several insurance companies, and consists in soliciting persons to permit the agent to place insurance for them, or of being solicited to place insurance by those desirous of being insured, and that only in rare cases do those seeking insurance express a preference for any . one fire insurance company over another or request that their insurance be placed with any particular company;
    That, owing to this custom, the business of an insurance agent who represents several companies, and whose customers, or so-called clients, leave the matter of the selection of the company entirely to the agent, has a well-recognized value, the subject of sale, which .sale can only be defeated by the refusal of the insurance company to appoint thé vendee as its agent, or the refusal of the customers of the vendor to patronize the new agent;
    That the evidence established that the expiration book was originally manu- ■ factored for the purpose of enabling fire insurance agents, for their own purposes and not for the benefit of the insurance companies they represent, to keep track of their customers and the business of those customers with themselves.
    Appeal by the defendant, Benjamin E. Sullard, from an interlocutory judgment of the Supreme Oourt in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Westchester on the 7th day of October, 1903, upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial at the Westchester Special Term, directing the defendant to deliver to the plaintiff certain books, papers and documents, and restraining the defendant from the Use thereof. •
    
      John F. Brenna/n [Hull Greenfield with him on the brief], for the appellant.
    
      Ralph F. Prime, for the respondent.
   Hooker, J.:

In or about the month of August, 1900, Albert K. Shipman was appointed the local agent of the plaintiff, the National Fire Insurance Company, at Yonkers, N. Y., and from that time until July, 1903, was engaged in the business of writing policies of fire insurance in that city for persons whom he solicited, or who solicited him in that behalf. During that time he was also the agent of other fire insurance companies. . At the time of his appointment by the plaintiff he received from it certain written “ instructions to agents,” in which notice was given him that he would be required to enter the exact copy of the written portion of every policy in the “ policy register,” together with the indorsements upon such policies, rates of premium and other matters in connection with the business. He was also instructed that all business done for the plaintiff must be reported to the home office of the company at Hartford on the day of the transaction, and that reports of policies, assignments, transfers and the like should be placed upon the blanks furnished by the plaintiff for that purpose. These blanks are. known as “ daily report . blanks.” Although supplied with the policy register Shipman did not undertake to use it. Soon after his appointment he was visited by the special agent of the plaintiff and by him given permission to keep a duplicate of the-daily reports sent in to the head office upon the daily report blanks in the place and stead Of the policy register. It appears that the details of the policies written were set forth more at large upon the daily report blanks than would have been the case in the policy register. These duplicate daily reports he .kept in permanent form in a “ daily report case,” and they appear to have served the purpose of a policy register completely. When Shipman went into the business of writing fire insurance he acquired this business from the defendant who had been a fire insurance agent in the same office prior to the month of August, 1900, and from him Shipman got, in connection with the papers and the business transferred to him, a blank book known as an expiration register. This book had been supplied to the defendant some time prior to the year 1900 by a fire insurance company other than the plaintiff. It contained 250 pages, ruled in -columns for convenience of entering therein all particulars of policies of fire insurance, had separate and appropriate Columns for the policy number, the name of the company with which the policy had been placed, name and residence of the insured, date of the payment of premium, term and date of expiration of the term, the amount insured, fate and amount of premium ánd other Collateral memoranda. Into 196 pages of this book had been written at the time of the- trial of this case information such as has been mentioned; pages 112 and 196 contained such information as to the policies, written by'Shipman as agent for the plaintiff and also as agent for ¡other fire insurance companies; information as to policies of the several companies was comingled.

On or about the 5th day- of June, 1903, by an instrument in writing, Shipman, in consideration of" the sum .of .$1,000, assigned and transferred to the defendant “ his, insurance-business. and. the good will thereof, including the expiration register, the daily reports, and the' daily report case now owned by the said Shipman, and all other papers or documents relating thereto.” Shipman covenanted and agreed' that the premiums of insurance then in force amounted to upwards of $7,000. About the time of this sale the defendant called at the office of the plaintiff company with the request that he be appointed its local agent at Yonkers. The plaintiff, however, refused to grant the request and demanded from the defendant the duplicate daily reports which had been in the possession of Ship-man, kept by him- pursuant to the written instructions he had received from the company, and all other property that belonged to the plaintiff. Upon his refusal he was informed that the company would fight for thé property, and this action was brought seeking a judgment that the daily reports and other written or printed memoranda, information and particulars delivered by Shipman, to the defendant be adjudged to be the property of the plaintiff and for an injunction restraining the defendant from parting with the possession thereof, taking copies thereof, or allowing others to do so, or allowing any person to inspect them, and enjoining him from soliciting, inducing dr endeavoring to induce any persons named in the said papers to take insurance with any other company than the plaintiff. On the trial counsel for the plaintiff stated : Lest your Honor should get it too broad, we are asking for an injunction against his using at all the information with reference to the business of the plaintiff, which information he obtains from any of the property of the plaintiff.” The court then asked, “ Exclusively, you mean ? ” to which plaintiff’s counsel replied, “ Oh, yes — if he gets it from other information, we cannot complain.” The trial resulted in an interlocutory judgment for the plaintiff decreeing that the plaintiff was the- owner and entitled to the possession of the duplicate daily reports, and all written, or partly written or partly printed, memoranda concerning plaintiff’s business and policies of the expiration book and of any copies, records or memoranda "taken from any of such books or papers; it further adjudged that the plaintiff recover the same of the defendant, and further adjudged that the defendant, his agents, servants, attorneys, and all other persons acting or who have acted with his knowledge, be enjoined from delivering to any other person than, the plaintiff, or allowing any other person to take the books and papers referred to and from exhibiting the same to any person or allowing any person to make copies thereof, or take any memoranda therefrom or from using, examining, or consulting them, or doing any act founded upon information derived therefrom, and enjoining him from soliciting, inducing, or endeavoring to induce any person, partnership or corporation named in any of said books, reports, memoranda, information, particulars, or in any Copy of any thereof, or taken therefrom, to take insurance with any other than the plaintiff. The interlocutory judgment also made perpetual a temporary injunction which had been granted in the action.

Prior- to the trial and again upon the trial itself the defendant offered to return to the plaintiff the copies of the daily reports which .had come to him through Shipman and all memoranda or copies he had taken therefrom. The plaintiff declined to settle the action in that way, claiming its right to the possession of the expiration register and to an injunction restraining the defendant from using any of the information derived exclusively from those papers and books, and upon this appeal we do not understand that the defendant seriously contends that the plaintiff is not the legal dwner and entitled to the possession of the copies of the daily reports which Shipman made during his agency, pursuant to the instructions received from him by liis'principal, upon the blanks furnished by it.

Out opinion is that the plaintiff was not the owner of the expira* tion register nor entitled to its possession, and hence not entitled to enjoin the defendant from the use in any lawful manner of the information derived from the expiration register. As to the balance of the books, papers and memoranda, including the copies of the daily reports, the plaintiff is their’ owner, and this seems to be' conceded, and the plaintiff is entitled to its injunction against the defendant restraining him from- using the information he obtains exclusively from them in soliciting business from policyholders in the plaintiff company. So far as1 the judgment appealed from treats of the expiration register, however, it is wrong, and must be modified by eliminating its directions ¡in respect to that book.

The uncontradicted evidence tends to show, and the custom is so universal that the court may take judicial notice (Hutchinson v. Manhattan Co., 150 N. Y. 250; 256; Merchants' Nat'l Bank of Whitehall v. Hall, 83 id. 338, 345.; Agawam Bank v. Strever, 18 id. 512; Bookman v. N. Y. E. R. R. Co., 137 id. 305 ; Frace v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co., 143 id. 182; Anderson v. Blood, 86 Hun, 244, 246, 247), that the; business of a fire insurance agent, at least in the smaller cities and towns,1 is to.represent contemporaneously several insurance companies, and. consists in soliciting per-. sons to permit the agent to place insurance for them, or in being solicited by those desirous of 'being insured, for the same purpose. Only in rare cases do those who seek insurance express preference for any one fire insurance company over another, or request that their insurance be placed with' any particular company. The proof in this case vends to show that, for the three and one-half years Shipman was the agent of the plaintiff apd other companies, he was rarely, if ever, requested to place insurance with any particular company, and exercised his own judgment in determining with which of the insurance companies he represented he would place the insurance. The custom is too well established, and the record in this case contains no evidence to warrant the presumption that the practice of Shipman, or the similar practice of other insurance agents, is in any manner reprehensible, or other than the insurance companies themselves expect on the part of their agents. Owing to this practice, it may be said, the business of an insurance agent who represents sev_ eral companies, and whose customers, or so-called clients, leave the matter of the selection of the company entirely to the agent, has a well-recognized value, the subject of sale, whose sale is only to be defeated by the refusal of the insurance company to appoint the vendee as its agent, or the refusal of the customers of the vendor to patronize the new agent.

The only fair inference in this case is that the' expiration book was originally manufactured for the purpose of enabling fire insurance agents, for their own purposes and not for the benefit of the insurance companies they represent, to keep track of their customers and the business of those customers with themselves. It was given to this defendant before he . sold out to Shipman six or more years ago, and contained a ruled column appropriate for inserting the name of the insurance company with which the several policies of insurance were placed. This very circumstance seems to me to negative an intent upon the part of the insurance company which presented him with the book, and an intent on the part of either the defendant or Shipman, that the register was to be kept for any other purpose than as the personal legitimate memorandum of the agent. The plaintiff’s special agent, Stone, seems to have treated the book in the same light, for although he knew of its existence, and had seen it in Shipman’s possession while making his regular calls upon him, he did not include it in his demand for papers from the defendant upon refusing the defendant’s offer to represent his company. His evidence clearly indicates that when visiting Shipman in his regular calls he attached no importance' to "the expiration register,, as a writing, memorandum or book of the plaintiff, relating in any respect to plaintiff’s business, to which the plaintiff was not entitled honestly and without violation of his confidential relations and the loyalty an agent is said to owe his principal.

It must go without saying that a grocery clerk may not lawfully surreptitiously copy the names of his employer’s customers from the latter’s books of account for use' in soliciting away the employer’s customers after the clerk shall have left the employ, but nothing is to prevent legal title of such copies passing to the clerk provided the employer expressly permits the copies to be made or tacitly allows it, seeing it while it is being done, and knowing the purpose which it is meant to serve. The point, that the respondent makes, that Shipman kept this expiration register pursuant to instructions received from the plaintiff, is not well taken for the reason that the instruction was to keep such a report ” to which attention had been called. This was the only record of plaintiff that Shipman was required to keep. While he did mot keep the record, with the permission of the plaintiff’s agent lie kept copies of the daily reports, and this fulfilled the purpose of the record, and the inference, is that it accomplished the purpose even better than the record would have done. In preserving these copies of daily reports Shipman discharged his duty in that respect to the plaintiff.

It cannot be said from any facts proved, in the record, and from the customary manner in which fire insurance agents conduct their business, that such insurance companies have property rights in the renewal of the policy by the customer after the expiration of the term, nor did Shipman or the defendant at any time undertake with the plaintiff that they or either of them would renew policies which they had written for the plaintiff in the same company. The policyholder was free to renew with any company he might see fit or not to renew his policy at all. Shipman procured the insurance for the plaintiff in the first place from customers or patrons of his own. It is entirely lawful ■ for the defendant, so long as he does not use for that purpose the information gathered exclusively from the plaintiff’s property, to solicit these customers and patrons in behalf of any insurance company lie may see fit, the plaintiff or any other, so long as he does not abridge the -enjoyment by the plaintiff of its beneficial interests in existing contracts of insurance by inducing improper cancellations.

The' judgment should be modified in accordance with these views, and as modified affirmed.

All concurred, Bartlett, J., in result.

Interlocutory judgment modified in accordance with the opinion of Hooker, J., and as modified affirmed.  