
    In Re: COUNTRYWIDE FINANCIAL CORP. MORTGAGE MARKETING AND SALES PRACTICES LITIGATION. Symone Leyvas, et al., Plaintiffs, v. Bank of America Corp., et al., Defendants. Kimberly A. Jackson, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. Countrywide Financial Corp., et al., Defendants. Heath O. White, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. Countrywide Financial Corp., et al., Defendants.
    Case Nos. 08MD1988 DMS (LSP), 08CV1888 DMS (LSP), 08CV1957 DMS (LSP), 08CV1972 DMS (LSP).
    United States District Court, S.D. California.
    Feb. 5, 2009.
   ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

[Docket Nos. 50 (08mdl988), 38 (08cvl888), 25 (08cvl957), and 69 (08cvl972) ]

DANA M. SABRAW, District Judge.

This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Consolidated Class Action Complaint (“CAC”). The motion came on for hearing on January 30, 2009. Joe R. Whatley, Jr. and Donna Siegel Moffa appeared and argued on behalf of Plaintiffs and Thomas M. Hef-feron appeared and argued on behalf of Defendants. After thoroughly reviewing the parties’ briefs and the record on file herein, and after hearing oral argument, the Court grants the motion in part and denies the motion in part.

I.

BACKGROUND

This case is part of a multi-district litigation involving states, individuals and several business entities involved in mortgage lending across the country. Plaintiffs filed separate class action complaints in other courts, and those complaints were transferred to this Court pursuant to an order from the Judicial Panel on Multidis-trict Litigation. After transfer, the named Plaintiffs filed a Consolidated Class Action Complaint (“CAC”), which is the subject of the present motion to dismiss. The named Plaintiffs in this class action case are Francis G. and Rebecca G. Sizemore, Edward Marini, Kimberly and Philip D. Menichetti, Sequesta Washington, Symone and John Leyvas, June Harding Brown, Preston Givens and Paula Prezola, and Kimberly A. Jackson. Defendants are Countrywide Financial Corp. (“CFC”), Countrywide Bank, FSB (“CW Bank, FSB”), Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (“CHL”), Countrywide KB Home Loans, LLC, Countrywide Tax Services Corp. (“CT”), LandSafe, Inc., LandSafe Appraisal Services, Inc., LandSafe Credits, Inc., LandSafe Flood Determination, Inc., and Bank of America Corp. (“BAC”).

In general, Plaintiffs allege Defendants have engaged in a scheme to steer borrowers into subprime mortgages, which were then sold as investments in the secondary mortgage market. (CAC at 1-2.) Plaintiffs allege Defendants pushed borrowers into subprime loans irrespective of their ability to repay the loans or their suitability for other types of loans. (Id.) According to Plaintiffs, Defendants executed this scheme through fraudulent means, including:

• incentivizing employees and brokers to place borrowers into subprime loans, (id. at 2-3),
• training and instructing employees to place borrowers into subprime loans without explaining the terms or disclosing the risks, (id.),
• “making false representations to borrowers, as set forth in standardized sales scripts, that they were offering the best loans available to the borrowers.” (id. at 4),
• using “an automated, computerized underwriting program that was designed to maximize the number of subprime loans[,]” (id. at 6),
• failing to adequately disclose future interest rate increases, (id. at 7),
• failing to disclose the risk of negative amortization, (id.),
• misrepresenting the borrowers’ ability to refinance, (id. at 11-12), and
• failing to disclose the overall scheme.

The allegations as to specific Plaintiffs are as follows:

The Sizemores

“On May 19, 2006, the Sizemores received a subprime loan in the form a ‘pay option’ adjustable rate mortgage from Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., in order to refinance the mortgage on their primary residence” in South Carolina. (Id. at 14.)

Under Countrywide’s pay option ARM loan, a borrower is given three different payment options to choose from each month. The top-tier option, ‘amortized payment’ encompasses payments of interest and a portion of the principal of the loan. The middle option is the ‘interest only payment,’ which covers only the interest for the month and does not decrease the principal amount of the loan. The third, and lowest, payment option is what Countrywide calls the ‘minimum payment.’ When a borrower makes the ‘minimum payment’ on a pay option ARM loan, he or she is in fact paying less that the interest owed on the principal loan, and the unpaid interest is added to the principal amount owed. Once the principal amount reaches 115% of the original loan amount, the repayment structure resets to significantly higher monthly payments.

(Id. at 3.) Plaintiffs allege that “at the time of the loan,” Countrywide failed to disclose to the Sizemores the effect of making only the “minimum payments,” that their monthly payments would soon increase, and that they would be charged a prepayment penalty if they refinanced within three years. (Id. at 14.) On the contrary, Plaintiffs allege that the Countrywide Loan Officer, Cortney Lanktree, told the Sizemores their monthly payment would remain constant for three years, they would not suffer negative amortization if they paid the “monthly minimum,” their loan was spread out over forty years, and there would not be a prepayment penalty if they refinanced within the first three years. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege the Sizemores requested that the information they received about the prepayment penalty be put in writing, which Ms. Lanktree did in a letter dated April 25, 2006. (Id. at 15.)

On June 5, 2007, Countrywide sent a letter to the Sizemores alerting them that the required monthly payment on their mortgage would soon increase significantly based on the negative amortization of their loan. (Id.) The following month, the Size-mores sought to refinance their loan, but they were told that Countrywide would not honor Ms. Lanktree’s letter. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege the Sizemores would not have refinanced with Countrywide had they been informed “that their principal would increase as a result of making the ‘minimum payment’ on their loan[.]” (Id. at 16.)

Edward Marini

Edward Marini is a disabled Vietnam veteran on a fixed income. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege he was solicited by Countrywide via telephone to refinance his Countrywide home loan in the first part of 2005. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege a Countrywide customer service representative told Marini that the interest rate on his loan would be fixed for five years “with an increase of one hundred dollars ($100) per month[.]” (Id.) Plaintiffs further allege “Countrywide representatives continuously reiterated” this representation to Marini. (Id.)

Marini thereafter refinanced his mortgage with a pay option ARM loan. (Id. at 17.) “[A]t the time of the loan,” Countrywide did not disclose to Marini that his monthly payments would soon increase, nor did they disclose that negative amortization would occur if he made only the “minimum payment.” (Id.)

As with the Sizemores, on August 6, 2007, Countrywide sent a letter to Marini alerting him that the minimum payment on his loan would soon be more than double his current payment based on the negative amortization of his loan. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Marini would not have entered into the loan with Countrywide had he been informed that the “minimum payments” would result in increased principal. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Marini will need to file for bankruptcy, (id.), and indeed, he did so before the CAC was filed. (See Defs.’ Request for Judicial Notice in Supp. of Mot., Ex. D.)

The Menichettis

The Menichettis obtained a pay option ARM loan from Countrywide Bank, N.A. (“CW Bank, N.A. on August 18, 2006.”) (CAC at 18.) The Menichettis obtained the loan through Don Cutler, a broker at Mid Atlantic Capital (“Mid Atlantic”). (Id.) Mr. Cutler first contacted the Meni-chettis by letter about refinancing their mortgage. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege that neither Countrywide nor Mid Atlantic disclosed to the Menichettis that their monthly payments would increase soon after taking the loan or that their principal would increase if they made the “minimum payment” each month. (Id.) On the contrary, Plaintiffs allege Mr. Cutler told the Menichettis he was providing a “good mortgage option,” they would now have a “low monthly payment,” and it was “the best loan he could think of.” (Id.)

After obtaining the loan, the Menichettis noticed that the principal balance began increasing. (Id. at 18-19.) They sought assistance from Countrywide, but have yet to receive any. (Id. at 19.) Plaintiffs allege the Menichettis would not have entered into the loan with Countrywide had they known that paying the “minimum payment” would result in an increase in their principal balance. (Id.)

Sequesta Washington

Washington obtained a subprime loan from Full Spectrum Lending, Inc., a former subsidiary of CFC, on November 20, 2004. (Id. at 20.) Plaintiffs allege that “at the time of the loan,” Countrywide failed to disclose to Washington that her interest rate would only be fixed for three years. (Id.) Plaintiffs also allege that Washington spoke to a Countrywide loan officer, Fred Aghili, about her ability to make the monthly payments, but Mr. Aghili told Washington she could refinance at any time. (Id.)

Washington began experiencing difficulty in making her monthly payments. (Id.) She tried to refinance on two separate occasions, but was told that she could not for different reasons. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Washington would not have entered into the loan had she known that her interest rate would adjust in three years, or that she could not refinance at any time. (Id.)

The Leyvases

In July 2007, the Leyvases began looking to refinance their then-existing mortgage to reduce their debts, lower then-interest rate, and obtain up to $15,000 cash. (Id. at 21.) They worked with a broker at Equity Capital Group, Inc., who promised the Leyvases that Countrywide would provide them with a 30-year fixed-rate loan with an interest rate between 7.0% and 8.5%. (Id.)

The Leyvases obtained a home loan from Countrywide “on or about August 31, 2007.” (Id. at 21.) At closing, the Leyvas-es were surprised to learn that the amount of cash they were promised had been reduced from nearly $13,959 to $1,294. (Id.) They were also presented with conflicting amortization schedules, one for a thirty-year term at 9.8% interest, and the other a forty year term at 10.25% interest. (Id. at 22.) They also learned that their loan was a hybrid ARM loan with a 40-year term. (Id.)

June Harding Brown

June Harding Brown is a senior citizen who resides in Philadelphia, PA. (Id. at 23.) “[0]n or about August 17, 2007,” she obtained a home loan from Countrywide. (Id.) “At the time of her loan, Plaintiff Brown had a good credit score, but was on a fixed income. Accordingly, she was seeking to lower her monthly expenses.” (Id.) Brown dealt with a third party broker at Capital Icon, Inc., who promised to save her money. (Id.) The broker specifically told Brown that Countrywide had a “special program” that would be helpful to her. (Id.) When Brown questioned the broker about a possible increase in her payment, the broker “told her ‘not to worry about it’ and that she should focus only upon the minimum monthly payment.” (Id.)

After she obtained the loan, Brown discovered that her outstanding balance was increasing. (Id.) She called Countrywide to complain, and was told that she would need to increase the amount of her monthly payments to avoid negative amortization. (Id. at 23-24.) Plaintiffs allege that no one disclosed to Brown that negative amortization would occur if she made only the “minimum payment.” (Id. at 24.) They further allege the “minimum payment” was used to lure Brown into the loan. (Id.) Plaintiffs also allege the interest rate on Brown’s loan was 9.75%, higher than the rate on her previous loan. (Id.) Countrywide eventually offered to modify Brown’s loan in return for a modification fee. (Id.)

Preston Givens and Paula Prezola

Givens and Prezola, husband and wife, were seeking to purchase a home from KB Home. (Id.) An on-site representative of KB Home, Alexander Bejenaru, referred Givens and Prezola to Countrywide KB Home Loans, who provided Givens and Prezola with a loan on or about September 28,2007. (Id.)

Givens and Prezola had telephonic contact with Countrywide KB Home Loans, despite their repeated requests for a personal meeting. (Id. at 25.) Countrywide KB Home Loans told Givens and Prezola that their deposit, together with incentives from KB Home, would cover all closing costs as well as their down payment. (Id.) Givens and Prezola were also provided with a good faith estimate that indicated a rate of 9.625% on a 30-year loan with zero points. (Id.)

At closing, however, Countrywide KB Home Loans demanded an additional $13,000 in cash. (Id.) Further, despite the representations alleged above, Givens and Prezola received a 5-year hybrid ARM loan with an initial interest rate of 11.250% on a 40-year loan term. (Id.) Givens and Prezola were also provided with conflicting documents at closing concerning the amount financed. (Id.)

Kimberly A. Jackson

Plaintiffs allege that Countrywide employees monitored Jackson’s credit report after she received a loan from Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. on January 9, 2004. (Id. at 26.) When employees discovered an outstanding medical bill, they targeted Jackson as a candidate for refinancing. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege that Jackson refinanced with a subprime loan from Countrywide on September 28, 2005, “in response to frequent calls and false, misleading and/or otherwise deceptive representations from Countrywide encouraging her to refinance her mortgage and receive cash to pay off her bills[.]” (Id.) Plaintiffs allege that Jackson’s principal increased by $11,000, of which she received only $6,000, and the interest rate she received was not what she was promised. (Id.) Plaintiffs further allege that Jackson would not have refinanced her loan had she known that her principal and interest rate would increase. (Id.)

These allegations serve as the factual basis for Plaintiffs’ legal claims, which allege: (1) a violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (2) conspiracy to violate RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), (3) aiding and abetting a violation of RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 2, (4) violation of California Business and Professions Code § 17200, (5) violation of California Business and Professions Code § 17500, and (6) unjust enrichment.

II.

DISCUSSION

Defendants raise a host of arguments in support of them motion to dismiss the CAC. First, they argue Defendants BAC, CFC and the LandSafe Defendants should be dismissed from this case because they did not make any of the loans to Plaintiffs. Second, Defendants assert Plaintiffs’ RICO claims must be dismissed. Defendants contend these claims (a) do not satisfy the pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), (b) they are based on non-actionable “puffery,” (c) they do not set forth the necessary connection to Plaintiffs, and (d) the alleged non-disclosures are not actionable because they either (i) were, in fact, disclosed, (ii) Defendants had no duty to disclose, and (iii) Plaintiffs have not alleged that they relied on the non-disclosures or that their reliance was reasonable. Defendants also contend Plaintiffs allegations of a RICO enterprise are legally invalid, the conspiracy claim falls with the substantive RICO claim, and there is no private right of action for aiding and abetting a violation of RICO. Third, Defendants argue the § 17200 and 17500 claims must be dismissed because they, too, fail to satisfy the pleading requirement of Rule 9(b), Defendants cannot be liable for statements by third parties, and the alleged non-disclosures were actually disclosed. Fourth, Defendants assert Plaintiffs’ claim for unjust enrichment is legally invalid. Defendants raise additional arguments as to specific Plaintiffs and their respective claims.

A. Standard of Review

Dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is proper only where there is no cognizable legal theory or an absence of sufficient facts alleged to support a cognizable legal theory. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir.2001) (citing Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1988)). In deciding a 12(b)(6) motion, all material factual allegations of the complaint are accepted as true, as well as all reasonable inferences to be drawn from them. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 338 (9th Cir.1996). However, the court need not accept all conclusory allegations as true; rather, it must “examine whether conclusory allegations follow from the description of facts as alleged by the plaintiff.” Holden v. Hagopian, 978 F.2d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir.1992) (citation omitted). See also Benson v. Arizona State Bd. of Dental Examiners, 673 F.2d 272, 275-76 (9th Cir.1982) (court need not accept conclusory legal assertions); Sherman v. Yakahi, 549 F.2d 1287, 1290 (9th Cir.1977) (“Conclusory allegations, unsupported by facts, [will be] rejected as insufficient to state a claim under the Civil Rights Act.”); accord Swanson v. Bixler, 750 F.2d 810, 813 (10th Cir.1984) (“All well-pleaded facts, as distinguished from conclusory allegations, must be taken as true.”). A claim “ ‘should not be dismissed unless it appears beyond doubt that plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.’” Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa Intern. Service Ass’n, 494 F.3d 788, 794 (9th Cir.2007), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 128 S.Ct. 2871, 171 L.Ed.2d 811 (2008), (quoting Rodriguez v. Panayiotou, 314 F.3d 979, 983 (9th Cir.2002)).

B. RICO Claims

Plaintiffs allege three RICO claims: (1) a substantive claim under § 1962(c), (2) a conspiracy claim under § 1962(d), and (3) a claim for aiding and abetting under 18 U.S.C. § 2. Defendants argue the substantive claim must be dismissed, and dismissal of that claim warrants dismissal of the conspiracy claim. They also assert the aiding and abetting claim is not legally valid. Plaintiffs dispute these arguments.

1. Section 1962(c)

Section 1962(c) states:

It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt.

18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). To state a claim under this statute, “a plaintiff must allege ‘(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.’ ” Odom v. Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 547 (9th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 128 S.Ct. 464, 169 L.Ed.2d 325 (2007), (quoting Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 473 U.S. 479, 496, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 87 L.Ed.2d 346 (1985)). In this case, Defendants challenge the second and fourth elements.

a. Enterprise

RICO defines an enterprise to include “any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4). In this case, Plaintiffs allege two different RICO enterprises: (1) The Countrywide Broker Enterprise, and (2) the Countrywide Enterprise.

i. The Broker Enterprise

Plaintiffs allege:

the following persons constitute a group of individuals associated in fact that will be referred to herein as the ‘Countrywide Broker Enterprise’: (1) Countrywide, including its LandSafe loan closing services subsidiaries, and (2) Mid Atlantic Capital, One Source Mortgage, and other mortgage brokers not named as defendants herein who have contracts with Countrywide pursuant to which they sell, arrange, promote, or otherwise assist Countrywide in directing borrowers into loans issued by Countrywide.

(CAC at 51.) Defendants argue this enterprise is legally invalid because Plaintiffs fail to plead the requisite connections between the independent mortgage brokers, and Plaintiffs allegations are “too vague and overbroad.”

There are three criteria for establishing an associated-in-fact enterprise under RICO: (1) “ ‘a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct[,]’” (2) “ ‘an ongoing organization, formal or informal,’ ” and (3) “ ‘evidence that the various associates function as a continuing unit.’ ” Odom, 486 F.3d at 552 (quoting United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981)). Here, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to allege any connections between the independent mortgage brokers, thereby defeating the “common purpose” requirement. Defendants contend the allegations in the CAC describe a “hub and spoke” structure, which does not fall within the definition of a RICO enterprise. However, Defendants fail to cite any binding authority to support this argument. (See Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. at 24-25) (citing primarily cases from Southern District of New York and other district courts outside the Ninth Circuit). Indeed, Ninth Circuit law is to the contrary. See Odom, 486 F.3d at 551 (“an associated-in-fact enterprise under RICO does not require any particular organizational structure, separate or otherwise.”) Accordingly, the Court rejects this argument.

The Court also rejects Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs’ allegations about the Broker Enterprise are “too vague and overbroad.” Unlike the cases cited by Defendants, Plaintiffs here have identified the individuals that make up the enterprise. They include:

(1) Countrywide, including its LandSafe loan closing services subsidiaries, and (2) Mid Atlantic Capital, One Source Mortgage, and other mortgage brokers not named as defendants herein who have contracts with Countrywide pursuant to which they sell, arrange, promote, or otherwise assist Countrywide in directing borrowers into loans issued by Countrywide.

(CAC at 51.) This is more specific than simply identifying “unnamed car dealers,” see Richmond v. Nationwide Cassel, L.P., 52 F.3d 640, 645 (7th Cir.1995), or “secondary lenders.” See VanDenBroeck v. CommonPoint Mortg. Co., 210 F.3d 696, 700 (6th Cir.2000). Thus, Plaintiffs’ allegations about the Broker Enterprise are sufficient.

ii. The Countrywide Enterprise

In addition to alleging the existence of the Broker Enterprise, Plaintiffs allege the existence of an alternative Countrywide Enterprise. They allege, based on their current knowledge, “the following persons constitute a group of individuals associated in fact that will be referred to herein as the ‘Countrywide Enterprise’: (1) Countrywide and (2) Countrywide’s subsidiaries, including its LandSafe loan closing services subsidiaries.” (CAC at 52.) Defendants assert these allegations are insufficient because a parent corporation and its subsidiaries cannot legally constitute a RICO enterprise. Plaintiffs disagree.

Relying on the text of § 1962(c), courts have consistently held that “the ‘person’ must be a separate and distinct entity from the ‘enterprise.’ ” Schreiber Distributing Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., Inc., 806 F.2d 1393, 1396 (9th Cir.1986). Although the Ninth Circuit has not decided whether a parent and its subsidiary satisfies this distinctiveness requirement, other circuits have decided that these entities generally are not sufficiently distinct. See Bucklew v. Hawkins, Ash, Baptie & Co., LLP, 329 F.3d 923, 934 (7th Cir.2003); Bessette v. Avco Financial Services, Inc., 230 F.3d 439, 449 (1st Cir.2000); Fogie v. THORN Americas, Inc., 190 F.3d 889, 898 (8th Cir.1999); Lorenz v. CSX Corp., 1 F.3d 1406, 1412 (3d Cir.1993). These courts recognize that the parent and its subsidiary are separate legal entities. However, they also acknowledge that “a subsidiary that simply conducts its affairs as delegated by the parent company for the profit of the parent company is engaged in nothing more than a legitimate corporate and financial relationship, which is certainly not subject to RICO liability on that basis alone.” Bessette, 230 F.3d at 449 (citations omitted). Accordingly, these courts require “something more” to satisfy the distinctiveness requirement. See Bucklew, 329 F.3d at 934 (citations omitted) (stating plaintiffs must show that the “decision to operate through subsidiaries rather than divisions somehow facilitated [the enterprise’s] unlawful activity”); Bessette, 230 F.3d at 449 (quoting Brannon v. Boatmen’s First National Bank of Oklahoma, 153 F.3d 1144, 1148 (10th Cir.1998)) (same); Fogie, 190 F.3d at 898 (stating “there must be a greater showing that the parent and subsidiary are distinct than the mere fact that they are separate legal entities.”).

Without conceding that this is the proper test for distinctiveness, Plaintiffs assert their allegations satisfy this test. They specifically rely on their allegations that:

the participation by the LandSafe subsidiaries in the Countrywide Enterprise allows the enterprise to function more effectively, given that many of the functions provided by these entities, such as appraisals, would normally be conducted by independent entities. LandSafe’s participation in the enterprise allows the normal checks and balances within the mortgage process to be eliminated, permitting Defendants to advance their scheme and conceal the fraudulent activity they have been engaging in.

(CAC at 53.) Defendants do not address these specific allegations. Instead, they reiterate their position that Plaintiffs have not satisfied the distinctiveness requirement.

These allegations, however, satisfy the “something more” test. Consistent with the Seventh and First Circuits, Plaintiffs allege that the decision to operate through the LandSafe Defendants facilitated the activity of the enterprise by removing a potential for “checks and balances” from the loan process. See Z-Tel Communications, Inc. v. SBC Communications, Inc., 331 F.Supp.2d 513, 561 (E.D.Tex.2004) (finding allegations that subsidiaries’ actions concealed, masked and facilitated scheme satisfied Bucklew’s exception). Plaintiffs also allege that each individual in the Countrywide Enterprise had a distinct role. For instance, CHL was in the business of originating loans, CT provided tax services in connection with the loans, LandSafe Inc. provided a variety of products during the closing process, LandSafe Appraisal Services, Inc. provided appraisal services, etc. See Lorenz, 1 F.3d at 1412 (“the plaintiff must plead facts which, if assumed to be true, would clearly show that the parent corporation played a role in the racketeering activity which is distinct from the activities of its subsidiary.”) These allegations satisfy the distinctiveness requirement, and are sufficient to withstand Defendants’ motion to dismiss.

b. Racketeering Activity

The other disputed element of Plaintiffs’ RICO claim is racketeering activity. The racketeering activity at issue in this case is mail and wire fraud, including affirmative misrepresentations and nondisclosures. Defendants assert that the individual affirmative misrepresentations fail to satisfy Rule 9(b), and that the general alleged misrepresentations are non-actionable puf-fery. They also contend the non-disclosures are not actionable, either because the information was actually disclosed in loan documents or Defendants owed no duty of disclosure. Plaintiffs dispute each of these arguments.

i Individual Misrepresentations

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) provides: “In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). This Rule:

serves to give defendants adequate notice to allow them to defend against the charge and to deter the filing of complaints “as a pretext for the discovery of unknown wrongs,” to protect professionals from the harm that comes from being subject to fraud charges, and to “prohibit [ ] plaintiffis] from unilaterally imposing upon the court, the parties and society enormous social and economic costs absent some factual basis.”

In re Stac Electronics Securities Litig., 89 F.3d 1399, 1405 (9th Cir.1996) (quoting Semegen v. Weidner, 780 F.2d 727, 731 (9th Cir.1985)). Rule 9(b) “applies to civil RICO fraud claims.” Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1065-66 (9th Cir.2004) (citing Alan Neuman Prods., Inc. v. Albright, 862 F.2d 1388, 1392 (9th Cir.1989)). To satisfy Rule 9(b) in this context, the plaintiff must “ ‘state the time, place, and specific content of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentation.’ ” Id. at 1066 (quoting Alan Neuman, 862 F.2d at 1393). Defendants argue Plaintiffs have failed to meet this requirement as to each individual Plaintiff.

The first named Plaintiffs in the CAC are the Sizemores. Plaintiffs allege Defendants made the alleged misrepresentations to the Sizemores “prior to agreeing to refinance their loan with Countrywide,” which loan they received on May 19, 2006. (CAC at 14.) Defendants assert these allegations are insufficient because they do not specify the exact time and place of the misrepresentations. They are correct that the allegations are not sufficiently specific. Although specific dates are not always required to satisfy Rule 9(b), see Continental Airlines, Inc. v. Mundo Travel Corp., 412 F.Supp.2d 1059, 1068-69 (E.D.Cal.2006) (stating allegations that misrepresentations were made “between March and May 2005” satisfied Rule 9(b)), stating that the misrepresentations occurred “prior to agreeing to refinance” the loan is not enough. Rule 9(b) demands greater specificity in the time and place of the misrepresentations, which Plaintiffs have failed to allege.

The next named Plaintiff is Edward Marini. Plaintiffs allege Defendants made the alleged misrepresentation to Marini “[p]rior to agreeing to the loan refinancing[.]” (CAC at 16.) They also allege the misrepresentation was made “via telephone” by “Countrywide customer service representatives!!]” (Id.) Defendants assert these allegations are insufficient because they do not specify exactly when the misrepresentations were made, nor by whom. As with the Sizemores, Plaintiffs fail to provide a specific and limited time frame in which Countrywide made the misrepresentations to Marini. Plaintiffs allege Marini obtained a subprime loan from a third party in February 2005, and that “[wjithin a few months,” he was contacted by Countrywide. (Id.) However, Plaintiffs fail to allege whether the representations were made within those few months or at some time thereafter, nor do they allege a time frame in which Countrywide “continuously reiterated” those misrepresentations. Indeed, it is unclear when Marini actually refinanced his loan with Countrywide. These allegations do not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s specificity requirements for time or place.

Plaintiffs allegations, however, do identify the specific Defendant involved in Marini’s loan: Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. (Id. at 17.) That entity should be able to identify the specific individuals involved in the Marini transaction, which is sufficient under Rule 9(b). See Lui Ciro, Inc. v. Ciro, Inc., 895 F.Supp. 1365, 1374 (D.Hawai’i 1995) (quoting Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1439 (9th Cir.1987)) (stating “the requirements of Rule 9(b) relax ‘as to matters peculiarly within the opposing party’s knowledge.’ ”) Cf., Odom, 486 F.3d at 555 (finding failure to name the particular employees involved in a retail transaction does not violate Rule 9(b)).

The next Plaintiffs are the Menichettis. As with the Sizemores, Plaintiffs allege the Menichettis received a subprime loan from CW Bank, N.A. on a particular date, August 18, 2006. (Id. at 18.) Plaintiffs also identify the individual who made the misrepresentations, Don Cutler at Mid Atlantic Capital, but as Defendants point out, Plaintiffs fail to allege when these misrepresentations were made. Plaintiffs must set forth more specific allegations at to the time and place to satisfy Rule 9(b).

The same may be said of the allegations concerning Plaintiffs Sequesta Washington, June Harding Brown, Preston Givens and Paula Prezola, and Kimberly A. Jackson. Plaintiffs allege that Washington received her loan on November 20, 2004, but they allege the misrepresentations were made “at the time she was offered the loan[.]” (Id. at 20.) There are no specific allegations as to that time frame. As to Plaintiff Brown, Plaintiffs allege she obtained a loan from Countrywide “on or about August 17, 2007,” (id. at 23), but there are no specific allegations as to when the representations were made. (Id.) It appears the representations were made at some point “prior to closing,” but that general allegation does not satisfy Rule 9(b). A similar set of facts is alleged as to Givens and Prezola, ie., Plaintiffs allege when Givens and Prezola obtained the loan, but they fail to allege any specific or limited time frame in which the misrepresentations were made. Plaintiffs do allege a time frame in which misrepresentations were made to Jackson, but that time frame, from January 9, 2004, to September 28, 2005, is not specific enough. Nor do Plaintiffs specify which Defendant made the misrepresentations to Jackson, or the specific content of those misrepresentations. Thus, these allegations are subject to dismissal for failure to satisfy Rule 9(b).

In contrast to the Plaintiffs discussed above, Plaintiffs have satisfied Rule 9(b) as to the Leyvas Plaintiffs. Although Defendants complain that Plaintiffs have failed to specify when or where the misrepresentations were made, or who made them, the allegations are specific enough. Plaintiffs state the Leyvases “began looking to refinance their then-existing mortgage” “[i]n July of 2007,” and that they obtained a home loan from Countrywide “on or about August 31, 2007.” (Id. at 21.) This specific and limited time frame satisfies Rule 9(b). See Continental Airlines, 412 F.Supp.2d at 1068-69. Furthermore, as explained above, Plaintiffs’ identification of the broker entity, Equity Capital Group, Inc., (CAC at 21), is sufficient.

In sum, the majority of Plaintiffs’ misrepresentation allegations fail to satisfy the particularity requirements of Rule 9(b). The only allegations that do satisfy Rule 9(b) are those pertaining to the Ley-vases, and Plaintiffs’ identification of the specific Defendant involved in the Marini and Givens/Prezola transactions. With these exceptions, Plaintiffs’ individual misrepresentation allegations are subject to dismissal pursuant to Rule 9(b).

ii General Misrepresentations

In addition to the individual misrepresentations made to particular Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs allege Defendants have generally misrepresented that their loans are “the ‘best available’ to the borrower, or ‘ideal’ for that borrower.” (CAC at 9.) Plaintiffs allege Defendants made these misrepresentations to three Plaintiffs in this case, Marini and the Menichettis. Defendants argue these statements are mere puffery, and therefore not actionable. Plaintiffs disagree.

The Ninth Circuit has not decided whether statements that a product is “the best” or “ideal” are non-actionable puffery. However, the Sixth Circuit has confronted this issue, and agrees with Defendants. See City of Monroe Employees Retirement System v. Bridgestone Corp., 399 F.3d 651, 671 (6th Cir.2005) (finding statement that products were “the best” in world non-actionable puffery); In re Ford Motor Co. Securities Litigation, 381 F.3d 563, 570 (6th Cir.2004) (finding “Ford has its best quality ever” non-actionable puffery). That court reasoned that all public companies make these kinds of representations about their products or services, which ultimately renders the statements immaterial. Bridgestone, 399 F.3d at 671; In re Ford Motor Co., 381 F.3d at 570. The widespread use of such statements also makes it difficult for plaintiffs to prove they relied on the statements in making their decisions. See Procter & Gamble Co. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 569 F.Supp.2d 796, 799 (E.D.Wis.2008) (citing Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 497 F.3d 144, 160 (2d Cir.2007)) (“When an advertiser claims his store that has the ‘lowest’ prices or his product is the ‘best,’ no one expects that consumes will take his claims at face-value: there is, for such claims, no reliance.”)

Plaintiffs do not address this line of cases. Instead, they attempt to recast Defendants’ statements as asserting their products are “the best” for a particular individual as opposed to being generally “the best.” Although this distinction may be appropriate to the claims of Marini and the Menichettis, it still does not overcome the rationale of these decisions. Whether made to the general public or specific individuals, the statements are too prevalent to constitute actionable misrepresentations. See Slane v. Emoto, 582 F.Supp.2d 1067, 1085 (W.D.Wis.2008) (quoting State v. American TV & Appliance of Madison, Inc., 146 Wis.2d 292, 801-02, 430 N.W.2d 709 (1988)) (finding ‘“[a] general statement that one’s products are best is not actionable as a misrepresentation of fact.’ ”); Hoyte v. Yum! Brands, Inc., 489 F.Supp.2d 24, 30 (D.D.C.2007) (“KFC’s claims that its restaurants serve the ‘best food’ is a non-measurable, ‘bald statement of superiority’ that is non-actionable puffery.”) Accordingly, while these representations may be alleged as relevant background facts, they may not form a basis of Plaintiffs’ RICO fraud-based claims.

Hi Non-disclosures

In addition to relying on the misrepresentations discussed above, Plaintiffs’ RICO claim relies on two types of alleged non-disclosures: Defendants’ specific non-disclosures to the named Plaintiffs, and Defendants’ failure to disclose their alleged scheme to defraud. Defendants dispute that they failed to disclose any terms to the individual Plaintiffs, and assert they had no duty to disclose their alleged fraudulent scheme, therefore these allegations should be dismissed. Plaintiffs disagree.

In support of their first argument, Defendants provide copies of the loan documents referred to in the CAC. These documents support Defendants’ assertion that they disclosed the relevant terms to the named Plaintiffs. However, Defendants fail to provide any binding authority that warrants dismissal of Plaintiffs’ allegations at this stage of the case. Of the authorities cited, there is only one case from the Ninth Circuit: An unpublished opinion from the Eastern District of California in which the court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant. See Stetler v. Greenpoint Mortgage Funding Inc., No. 1:07cv0123 DLB, 2008 WL 192405 (E.D.Cal. Jan. 23, 2008). Notably, the court did not dismiss the plaintiffs claims at the pleading stage, nor did it find that the claims were legally incognizable. In addition, in In re First Alliance Mortgage Co., 471 F.3d 977, 991-92 (9th Cir.2006), the Ninth Circuit reviewed a class action claim similar to the one raised here after the claim was presented to and decided by a jury. That such a claim would proceed to verdict and survive review by the Ninth Circuit suggests Plaintiffs’ claims ought to proceed, particularly at this stage of the proceedings.

The same cannot be said, however, of Plaintiffs’ allegation that Defendants failed to disclose their overarching fraudulent scheme. Although such allegations may state a claim under California law, see Warner Construction Corp. v. City of Los Angeles, 2 Cal.3d 285, 294, 85 Cal.Rptr. 444, 466 P.2d 996 (1970), Ninth Circuit case law holds they cannot serve as the basis for a federal claim of mail or wire fraud “[a]bsent an independent duty, such as a fiduciary duty or an explicit statutory duty,” Cal. Architectural Building Products, Inc. v. Franciscan Ceramics, Inc., 818 F.2d 1466, 1471-72 (9th Cir.1987), none of which is alleged here. Accordingly, these allegations do not advance Plaintiffs’ federal claim.

2. Aiding and Abetting Violation of § 1962(c)

In addition to the substantive RICO claim, Plaintiffs allege a claim for aiding and abetting the violation of § 1962(c). Defendants contend there is no private right of action for aiding and abetting a RICO violation, therefore this claim must be dismissed. Plaintiffs disagree.

Title 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c) authorizes private rights of action for RICO violations. It states:

Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee, except that no person may rely upon any conduct that would have been actionable as fraud in the purchase or sale of securities to establish a violation of section 1962.

18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). Although the Ninth Circuit has not decided whether this statute allows for a private right of action for aiding and abetting a RICO violation, the Third Circuit has found there is no such right. See Rolo v. City Investing Co. Liquidating Trust, 155 F.3d 644, 657 (3d Cir.1998) (citations omitted). In reaching that decision, the court relied on Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164, 114 S.Ct. 1439, 128 L.Ed.2d 119 (1994), wherein the Supreme Court held there was no private right of action for aiding and abetting a violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act. The Rolo court found the Central Bank analysis “controls our construction of the civil RICO provision,” and that “[l]ike § 10(b), the text of § 1962 itself contains no indication that Congress intended to impose private civil aiding and abetting liability under RICO.” 155 F.3d at 657. Accordingly, the Rolo court upheld the district court’s dismissal of the aiding and abetting claim.

Defendants urge this Court to adopt the reasoning and result of Rolo, and dismiss Plaintiffs’ aiding and abetting claim. Plaintiffs do not address Rolo or its reasoning, or explain why the Court should not adopt its holding. They simply point out that district courts throughout the country have reached different conclusions on the issue, therefore their claim should not be dismissed. (See Mem. of P. & A. in Opp’n to Mot. at 25.) However, this Court finds the reasoning of Rolo persuasive. It is consistent with the Supreme Court’s approach to statutory construction, and its analysis of § 1964(c) is sound. Accordingly, this Court adopts that reasoning to reach the same result: There is no private right of action for aiding and abetting a RICO violation. Plaintiffs’ claim is, therefore, dismissed.

C. Section 17200 and 17500 Claims

The Court now turns to Plaintiffs’ state law claims. The first two claims allege violations of California’s unfair competition law, Business and Professions Code § 17200, and its false advertising law, Business and Professions Code § 17500. In addition to the arguments raised above in connection with Plaintiffs’ RICO claim, Defendants assert they cannot be held liable under these statutes because they did not commit the offending conduct. Plaintiffs disagree.

In support of this argument, Defendants rely on Perfect 10. In that case, the plaintiff sued financial institutions involved in processing credit card payments to web sites that were alleged to infringe the plaintiffs copyright, trademark and publicity rights. 494 F.3d at 793. The plaintiff alleged claims for “contributory and vicarious copyright and trademark infringement as well as violations of California laws proscribing unfair competition and false advertising, violation of the statutory and common law right of publicity, libel, and intentional interference with prospective economic advantage.” Id. The district court dismissed the claims for unfair competition and false advertising, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed. In doing so, the court relied on Emery v. Visa Int'l Service Ass’n, 95 Cal.App.4th 952, 116 Cal.Rptr.2d 25 (2002), wherein the court held that “[a] defendant’s liability must be based on his personal ‘participation in the unlawful practices’ and ‘unbridled control’ over the practices that are found to violate sections 17200 or 17500.” Id. at 960, 116 Cal. Rptr.2d 25 (quoting People v. Toomey, 157 Cal.App.3d 1, 15, 203 Cal.Rptr. 642 (1984)).

Defendants here argue that the “unlawful practices,” i.e., the misrepresentations and nondisclosures, were made by the individual brokers, therefore they cannot be held liable under the statutes. This argument, however, ignores the gist of Plaintiffs’ claims. Plaintiffs’ claims do not rest solely on the specific misrepresentations or non-disclosures allegedly made to the named Plaintiffs. Rather, Plaintiffs allege that all of the Defendants were involved in a:

systematic scheme, encompassing Countrywide’s entire lending process, to steer borrowers into the loans that were the most lucrative to Countrywide on the secondary market by representing to borrowers that it was the best loan for the borrower, without having performed any appropriate analysis that would have indicated the unsuitability of the loans for such borrowers.

(CAC at 14-15.) These allegations are sufficient to sustain Plaintiffs’ claims for unfair competition and false advertising under California law. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss these claims on this basis is denied.

D. Unjust Enrichment

The next state law claim is for unjust enrichment. Defendants argue this claim must be dismissed for two reasons. First, they assert a claim for unjust enrichment is not legally valid when there is a contract between the parties. Second, Defendants contend California law does not recognize a claim for unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs dispute both arguments.

In support of their first argument, Defendants rely on Yang v. Dar Al-Handash Consultants, 250 Fed.Appx. 771 (9th Cir.2007). In that case, the court found the plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim failed as a matter of law because there was an express contract between the parties governing the subject matter of the claim. Id. at 773. Specifically, the court found the plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim “sought the same incentive payments governed by” the contract. Id.

Yang, however, appears to be distinguishable from the facts of this case. Although there are contracts at issue in this case, none appears to provide for the spe-cifie recovery sought by Plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim. This fact appears to be the basis for the Yang court’s finding, and in the absence of the same or similar facts here, that decision does not control this case.

Defendants’ second argument is similarly unpersuasive. Although the cases cited support Defendants’ argument, there is contrary case law. See Peterson v. Cellco Partnership, 164 Cal.App.4th 1583, 1593, 80 Cal.Rptr.3d 316 (2008) (setting out elements of unjust enrichment claim); Lectrodryer v. SeoulBank, 77 Cal.App.4th 723, 726, 91 Cal.Rptr.2d 881 (2000) (same). In light of this conflict, this Court declines to conclude that this claim is legally incognizable. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss this claim is denied.

E. Miscellaneous Arguments

In addition to the arguments raised above, Defendants argue that certain Plaintiffs should be dismissed from this ease, and that certain of the state law claims are preempted. The Court addresses these miscellaneous arguments below.

1. Plaintiffs Jackson, Marini and Philip Menichetti

Defendants argue Plaintiff Jackson’s claims should be dismissed from this case because they fail to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8. Defendants also assert Plaintiffs Marini and Philip Meni-chetti should be dismissed from this case for lack of standing

a. Plaintiff Jackson

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires that a claim for relief contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[J” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2). Defendants argue Plaintiffs have failed to satisfy this standard as to Plaintiff Jackson, but the Court disagrees. Plaintiffs have alleged that Defendants’ employees “targeted Jackson as a candidate for refinancing” after monitoring her credit report and discovering an outstanding medical bill. (CAC at 26.) They go on to allege that Countrywide made frequent calls to Jackson in which they made “false, misleading and/or otherwise deceptive representations ... encouraging her to refinance her mortgage and receive cash to pay off her bills[.]” (Id.) According to Plaintiffs, Jackson did refinance with Countrywide, but with a higher principal and interest rate than she had with her previous loan. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Jackson would not have refinanced with Countrywide had she known that her principal and interest rate would increase. (Id.) These allegations set forth “a short and plain statement” of Jackson’s claim. Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss her claims pursuant to Rule 8 is denied.

b. Plaintiffs Marini and Menichetti

Defendants’ nesct argument is that Plaintiffs Marini and Philip Menichetti lack standing to pursue their claims. Defendants assert these Plaintiffs have recently filed voluntary petitions for bankruptcy protection, thereby vesting these claims in their respective bankruptcy estates and conferring standing on the bankruptcy trustees. Plaintiffs do not dispute that these Plaintiffs filed bankruptcy petitions, or that the trustees may be the proper party. However, they request additional time to determine whether these claims were abandoned, in which case Plaintiffs Marini and Menichetti would have standing.

Based on the current record, the Court agrees with Defendants that neither Mari-ni nor Philip Menichetti has standing to pursue his claims in this case. Therefore, they must be dismissed from this action. Dismissal of these Plaintiffs, however, is without prejudice. In the case of abandonment, Plaintiffs may reassert these claims on behalf of Marini or Philip Meni-chetti. Plaintiffs may also substitute the bankruptcy trustees as the real parties in interest.

2. Preemption

Defendants’ final two arguments are that the state law claims of Plaintiffs Ley-vases and Brown are preempted by the Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”), and the state law claims of Plaintiffs Menichet-tis are preempted by the National Bank Act (“NBA”). Plaintiffs dispute both of these arguments.

a. HOLA

Congress enacted HOLA “to charter savings associations under federal law, at a time when record numbers of home loans were in default and a staggering number of state-chartered savings associations were insolvent.” Silvas v. E*Trade Mortgage Corp., 514 F.3d 1001, 1004 (9th Cir.2008) (citing Bank of Am. v. City and County of San Francisco, 309 F.3d 551, 559 (9th Cir.2002)). “Through HOLA, Congress gave the Office of Thrift Supervision (‘OTS’) broad authority to issue regulations governing thrifts.” Id. at 1005 (citing 12 U.S.C. § 1464). “As the principal regulator for federal savings associations, OTS promulgated a preemption regulation in 12 C.F.R. § 560.2.” Id. Subsection (b) of that regulation “provide[s] a list of specific types of state laws that are preempted,” and subsection (c) lists the types of state laws that are not preempted. Id. at 1005-06.

In Silvas, the Ninth Circuit set out a framework for analyzing preemption issues under this regulation. According to that framework, courts should first determine whether the state laws at issue fall within subsection (b). Id. at 1006. If they do, the laws are preempted, and no further analysis is necessary. Id. If the laws do not fall within subsection (b), courts must then consider whether the laws fall within subsection (c).

Here, Defendants argue that the Ley-vases’ and Brown’s state law claims fall within subsections (b)(4) and/or (b)(9). These subsections state that HOLA preempts:

state laws purporting to impose requirements regarding: ...
(4) The terms of credit, including amortization of loans and the deferral and capitalization of interest and adjustments to the interest rate, balance, payments due, or term to maturity of the loan, including the circumstances under which a loan may be called due and payable upon the passage of time or a specified event external to the loan; ... [and]
(9) Disclosure and advertising, including laws requiring specific statements, information, or other content to be included in credit application forms, credit solicitations, billing statements, credit contracts, or other credit-related documents and laws requiring creditors to supply copies of credit reports to borrowers or applicants!.]

12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(4), (9). Plaintiffs dispute that the Leyvases’ and Brown’s state law claims are preempted by either of these sections. They argue that the state laws at issue do not purport to impose requirements regarding the terms of credit or disclosure or advertising activity.

The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that the Leyvases’ and Brown’s unjust enrichment claims are not preempted by either section (b)(4) or (b)(9). Those claims do not seek to impose requirements on Defendants’ conduct. Rather, they simply seek the return of funds paid to Defendants pursuant to the alleged scheme.

The Court also agrees with Plaintiffs that application of §§ 17200 and 17500 to the facts of this case does not result in preemption under subsection (b)(4). Contrary to Defendants’ assertion, Plaintiffs do not seek by virtue of these claims to impose requirements regarding the terms of credit offered by Defendants. Defendants are free to set their own credit terms. Plaintiffs simply ask that Defendants be fair and honest with the general public in their use of those terms. Under these circumstances, Plaintiffs’ §§ 17200 and 17500 claims are not preempted by subsection (b)(4).

Subsection (b)(9), however, compels a different conclusion. As stated above, that regulation provides for preemption of state laws that seek to impose requirements regarding “disclosure and advertising.” Plaintiffs assert their claims do not fall within this regulation because they do not seek to impose “specific disclosures with respect to Defendants’ loans or advertising.” (Mem. of P. & A. in Opp’n to Mot. at 33.) Yet, the regulation is not limited to laws requiring “specific disclosures.” It simply states “disclosure and advertising,” and it goes on to include “laws requiring specific statements, information, or other content[.]” 12 C.F.R. § 560.2(b)(9). Although Plaintiffs concede their state law claims do not seek to impose specific disclosure requirements on Defendants, their claims do purport to impose requirements on Defendants’ “disclosure and advertising.” Therefore, the Leyvases’ and Brown’s §§ 17200 and 17500 claims are preempted.

b. NBA

Unlike the Leyvases and Brown, who obtained loans from CW Bank, FSB, the Menichettis obtained their loan from CW Bank, N.A., a federally chartered bank. As a result, Defendants argue the Menichettis’ state law claims are preempted by the NBA. The NBA regulations are similar to those under HOLA. Specifically, 12 C.F.R. § 34.4 provides:

a national bank may make real estate loans under 12 U.S.C. 371 and § 34.3, without regard to state law limitations concerning: ...
(4) The terms of credit, including schedule for repayment of principal and interest, amortization of loans, balance, payments due, minimum payments, or term to maturity of the loan, including the circumstances under which a loan may be called due and payable upon the passage of time or a specified event external to the loan; ... [and]
(9) Disclosure and advertising, including laws requiring specific statements, information, or other content to be included in credit application forms, credit solicitations, billing statements, credit contracts, or other credit-related documents.

12 C.F.R. § 34.4(a)(4), (9).

In light of the similarity in the regulations, the Court adopts the reasoning set out above with respect to the Ley-vases and Brown to reach the same conclusion on the Menichettis’ state law claims. Pursuant to that reasoning, the Menichettis’ unjust enrichment claim is not preempted. Their §§ 17200 and 17500 claims are not preempted under 12 C.F.R. § 34.4(a)(4), but they are preempted by § 34.4(a)(9).

III.

CONCLUSION

In light of the above, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. Specifically,

(1) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 1 is granted as to the individual misrepresentations made to Plaintiffs Sizemores, Marini, Brown, Washington, Menichettis and Jackson, and denied as to the individual misrepresentations made to Plaintiffs Leyvases. Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 1 as to individual misrepresentations made to Marini and Givens and Prezola is granted as to the allegations of time and place, but denied as to the allegations of identity. Plaintiffs are granted leave to amend their CAC to address these pleading deficiencies;

(2) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 1 is granted as to the general misrepresentations that loans were “best” or “ideal.” These allegations may remain in the CAC as background facts, but they cannot serve as the basis for Plaintiffs’ claims;

(3) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 1 is denied as to the specific non-disclosures relating to each Plaintiff;

(4) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 1 is granted as to the alleged failure to disclose the general scheme. Plaintiffs are granted leave to amend their CAC to address these pleading deficiencies;

(5) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 2 is granted to the same extent claim 1 is granted, and denied to the same extent claim 1 is denied;

(6) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 3 is granted. Since there is no private right of action, this claim is dismissed with prejudice;

(7) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claims 4 and 5 is granted as to the misrepresentation allegations to the same extent as claim 1. The motion to dismiss the non-disclosure allegations is denied. Furthermore, Plaintiffs Leyvases and Brown’s claims 4 and 5 are preempted by the HOLA, and Plaintiffs Menichettis claims 4 and 5 are preempted by the NBA;

(8) Defendants’ motion to dismiss claim 6 is denied;

(9) Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Marini and Philip Menichetti for lack of standing is granted. Plaintiffs are granted leave to amend their CAC to address the standing deficiencies; and

(10)Defendants’ motion to dismiss Defendants BAC, CFC and the LandSafe Defendants is denied.

Plaintiffs shall file their First Amended CAC on or before March 6, 2009. If Plaintiffs’ First Amended CAC fails to address the pleading deficiencies outlined above or otherwise fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, it will be dismissed with prejudice and without any further leave to amend. The parties shall report to Judge Papas’ chambers for an Early Neutral Evaluation Conference on March 25, 2009, at 9:00 a.m., at which time all pretrial and trial dates shall be set. Judge Papas will issue a separate order outlining the procedures for that conference.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . At oral argument, Defendants’ counsel asserted that Defendants were challenging the third element of the test, namely that the alleged enterprise functions as a “continuing unit.” The Court notes this particular argument was not raised in Defendants' briefs, therefore it may be deemed waived. See Smith v. Marsh, 194 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir.1999) (stating arguments not raised in opening brief are deemed waived). To the extent the arguments raised are simply directed at this element, however, the Court rejects them for the reasons set out below.
     
      
      . The other cases cited by Defendants are distinguishable for another, more important reason: Rather than focusing on the specificity or breadth of the plaintiffs’ allegations, those cases relied on the plaintiffs' failure to allege a structure within the alleged enterprise. See Stachon v. United Consumers Club, Inc., 229 F.3d 673, 676 (7th Cir.2000) (stating RICO claim failed “because the enterprise lacks the requisite structure”); Nordberg v. Trilegiant Corp., 445 F.Supp.2d 1082, 1091 (N.D.Cal.2006) (finding plaintiffs "failed to identify any sort of independent structure”). In light of Odom, that reasoning does not apply here.
     
      
      . Plaintiffs urge the Court to adopt the reasoning of Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 533 U.S. 158, 121 S.Ct. 2087, 150 L.Ed.2d 198 (2001), and Sever v. Alaska Pulp Corp., 978 F.2d 1529 (9th Cir.1992), in deciding whether they have satisfied the distinctiveness requirement. However, neither of those eases addressed whether a parent and its subsidiary are sufficiently distinct under RICO. Rather than adopting the reasoning from a different set of circumstances, the Court finds it more appropriate to consider the reasoning of those courts that have addressed this particular issue.
     
      
      . Defendants also argue Plaintiffs must demonstrate they relied on Defendants' misrepresentations to establish causation. In support of this argument, Defendants rely on Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indent. Co., - U.S. -, 128 S.Ct. 2131, 170 L.Ed.2d 1012 (2008). However, the Court does not agree with Defendants’ interpretation of that case. Contrary to Defendants’ suggestion, the Court specifically held “that a plaintiff asserting a RICO claim predicated on mail fraud need not show, either as an element of its claim or as a prerequisite to establishing proximate causation, that it relied on the defendant’s alleged misrepresentations.” Id. at 2145. Although the Court stated that, "[i]n most cases, the plaintiff will not be able to establish even but — for causation if no one relied on the misrepresentation[,]” it went on to state that proof of reliance " 'does not transform reliance itself into an element of the cause of action.’ Nor does it transform first-party reliance into an indispensable requisite of proximate causation.” Id. at 2144 (citation omitted). Accordingly, the Court rejects Defendants’ assertion that Plaintiffs must plead reliance on Defendants’ misrepresentation as part of their RICO claim.
     
      
      . Defendants also complain that Plaintiffs fail to identify the individual broker involved in the Givens/Prezola transaction. As explained above, the Court finds Plaintiffs’ identification of the broker entity, Countrywide KB Home Loans, is sufficient.
     
      
      . In light of this finding, the Court does not address Defendants' additional arguments regarding these allegations. (See Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. at 16-17.)
     
      
      . The findings on the individual and general misrepresentations and the failure to disclose specifics to the individual Plaintiffs apply with equal force to Plaintiffs' conspiracy claim, as well as their state law claims for violations of California Business and Professions Code §§ 17200 and 17500. As indicated, however, the failure to disclose the general scheme may serve as the basis for Plaintiffs' §§ 17200 and 17500 claims. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss those allegations from those claims is denied.
     
      
      . These allegations also support keeping Defendants BAC, CFC and the LandSafe Defendants in this case. Furthermore, Plaintiffs' have alleged facts to support their theory of successor liability against BAC. Plaintiffs allege BAC “acquired Countrywide on July 1, 2008[,]“ (id. at 28), and the documents submitted in support of the motion confirm there was a merger. (See Defs.’ Request for Judicial Notice in Supp. of Mot., Ex. B.) Accordingly, Defendants' motion to dismiss these Defendants is denied.
     