
    Adelaide Dow, Respondent, v. Syracuse, Lakeside and Baldwinsville Railway, Appellant.
    
      Contract by a railroad company to furnish a pass for life — insertion in the pass of a release from liability not in the contract — want of consideration—a release must be explicit in terms.'
    
    A street surface railroad company, in consideration of the conveyance by Adelaide Dow of a right of way over a strip of land, agreed to provide the said Dow with transportation upon its railroad during her natural life, upon the sole condition that such right should be forfeited if her pass book of tickets should be presented for fare by any person other than herself. In pursuance of such agreement the railroad company delivered to Dow a pass book, upon the front cover of which was printed the following clause: “This Pass Book is issued to Adelaide Dow and family, who voluntary releases the company from all claims for damages for personal injuries from whatever cause.”
    
      field, that such release was void for want of consideration;
    That the acceptance of the pass book did not indicate an intention upon Dow’s part to assent to the clarrse printed upon the cover, particularly where it appears, upon an examination of the /pass book, that the only condition to which she expressly consented over her signature was-the one specified in. the agreement, viz., that the passes therein contained were never to be offered for fare except by herself;
    That the language of such release was not sufficiently explicit to relieve the railroad company from liability for personal injuries sustained by Dow while riding upon one of the cars of the street railroad company in consequence of the latter’s negligence.
    A limitation upon the common-law liability of a common carrier, either of freight or passengers, for its negligent acts must, in order to be effective, be expressed in language so' plain and unequivocal that it may readily be comprehended by any one.
    
      Appeal by the defendant, the Syracuse, Lakeside and Baldwins-ville Railway, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the Onondaga Trial Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Onondaga on the 5th day of ¡November, 1902, granting the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes, a non-suit having previously been granted upon a trial at said Trial Term.
    The defendant is a duly incorporated street surface railroad company, and in July, 1899, the plaintiff, with others, conveyed to it a right of way over a strip of land situate in the town of Van Burén in the county of Onondaga, in consideration of which conveyance the defendant covenanted, and agreed, among other things, to provide the plaintiff with transportation upon its railroad during her natural life, upon the sole condition that such right should be forfeited if her pass book of tickets should be presented for fare by any person other than herself.
    Pursuant to this agreement, and about three months after the execution thereof, the defendant delivered to the plaintiff a pass book of tickets upon the front cover of which were printed the following words, viz.:
    “ Syracuse,"Lakeside & Baldwinsville Railway.
    “ This Pass Book is issued to Adelaide Dow and family, who voluntary releases the company from all claims for damages for personal injuries from whatever cause.”
    and each of the tickets contained in this book bore upon its face the statement that it was “ Void if detached.” These. tickets were accepted and used by the plaintiff, and the following year another book was issued to her which contained upon its cover the same printed matter as that on the one first issued, and in addition thereto the following agreement, viz.:
    “ Syracuse, ¡N". Y., 4-22, 1901.
    “ I hereby accept this Pass Book, subject to any and all Rules which may be made by the Syracuse, Lakeside & Baldwinsville Railway, and with the express understanding and agreement that the passes herein are never to be offered for fare except by me.
    “(Signed) ADELAIDE DOW.
    
      “ Order to Conductors.
    
      “ This Pass. Book is to be taken up by you if presented by any person other than the one above named.”
    Upon the tickets contained in this book were printed the words following, viz.:
    “ Syracuse, Lakeside & Baldwinsville Railway.
    “ Good for one fare.
    
      “ This pass is issued to Adelaide Dow and family and is given and accepted with the express understanding that it' shall be used by no other person and subject to rules of this Company.
    
      “W. JUDSOY SMITH, President.”
    On the oth day of June, 1901, while riding in one of the defendant’s cars upon a ticket contained in the pass book last mentioned, the plaintiff was seriously injured in consequence of the tipping over of the car as it was rounding a curve at the corner of Beldeh avenue and Liberty street in the city of Syracuse.
    The plaintiff upon the trial gave evidence tending to" prove that the accident which resulted in her injuries was due to the negligence of-the defendant’s motorman upon the car in question, but the trial court, instead of putting the defendant to its proof, directed a non-suit at the close of the plaintiff’s case, upon the ground that she had released the defendant from all liability for any injuries sustained by her arising out of the defendant’s negligence. Subsequently a motion for a new trial was granted, and from the order granting the same this appeal was taken.
    
      A. Lee Olmsted, for the appellant.
    
      Frank C. Sargent, for the respondent.
   Adams, P. J.:

For the purposes of this review it must be assumed that the defendant’s negligence was established and consequently the only question now to be considered is whether or not it stands absolved from all liability therefor..

The contention that it does so stand is based, of course, upon the words printed upon the front cover of the pass book issued to the plaintiff by the defendant pursuant to its agreement to furnish her free transportation over its railroad in part consideration for the conveyance by her to it of a strip of land for a right of way over her premises.

We think there are two reasons why this contention cannot be sustained.

In the first place, the written agreement in question specified the sole condition upon which transportation should be furnished the plaintiff, and that was that the passes issued therefor should be used by no other persons than those to whom they were issued, and that a violation of this condition should work a forfeiture of the same. Subject to this single condition the defendant agreed to provide the plaintiff with an annual pass each and every year of her life, to be used by her for transportation over the defendant’s railroad, as often as (she) may desire.” Ho limitation was placed upon this right, and the agreement contains no language which, by the most liberal construction, can be said to attach any conditions to its enjoyment other than the one already mentioned. In these circumstances we think the defendant obligated itself to furnish the plaintiff with transportation, relieved from any other condition ; and that when it assumed to attach to the fulfillment of such obligation an additional condition, and one which was never within the contemplation of the parties, it foisted upon the plaintiff a new contract for which no consideration passed. In other words, the defendant was bound by the subsisting contract between it and the plaintiff to furnish the latter with transportation over its road for a consideration agreed upon; but when it undertook to make for itself what was in .effect a new contract, by imposing upon the plaintiff a condition Which was not contained in the original contract, it furnished no consideration therefor, and, consequently, is in no position to enforce the same. (Corcoran v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 25 App. Div. 479; affd., 164 N. Y. 587; Trolan v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 31 App. Div. 320; Seybolt v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co., 95 N. Y. 562; Vanderbilt v. Schreyer, 91 id. 392.)

If, therefore, the lack of consideration rendered the alleged release nudum pactum, then within the authority of one of the eases above cited (Seybolt v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co.), the plaintiff’s acceptance of the pass book with the new condition printed upon its cover did not indicate any intention upon her part to assent to the terms .thereof; and this view is not a little strengthened by the fact, made manifest by an examination of the book itself, that the only condition to which the plaintiff expressly assented over her signature was the one specified in the agreement, viz., that the passes therein contained were to be offered for fare by no one but herself.

But if we are in error in the views thus far expressed, we think that our second reason for sustaining the order appealed from is one which cannot be successfully controverted.

Although there was at one time apparently some contrariety of opinion in the Court of Appeals respecting the right of a carrier to limit its common-law liability for its negligent acts by a contract which did not contain express words to that effect (Gragin v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 51 N. Y. 61; Mynard v. Syracuse, etc., R. R. Co., 71 id. 180; Holsapple v. R., W., etc., R. R. Co., 86 id. 275), it seems to be now pretty well settled that where such a limitation is intended it must be expressed in language so plain and unequivocal that it may be readily comprehended by every one (Nicholas v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 89 N. Y. 370; Jennings v. G. T. R. Co., 127 id. 438; Rathbone v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 140 id. 48), and that this rule is as applicable to the carrier of passengers as to the carrier of freight. (Kenney v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 125 N. Y. 422; McElwain v. Erie R. Co., 21 Wkly. Dig. 21.)

It is to be observed that the release in question is very general in its terms. It does not even hint at any exemption from liability for negligence, but simply provides that the defendant shall be released “ from all claims for damages for personal injuries from whatever cause.”

We are not unmindful of the contention of the appellant’s counsel that no effect whatever can be given to this language unless it be held to embrace negligence, inasmuch as a carrier of passengers is not an insurer of their safety; nor have we overlooked the language of some of the earlier decisions, which is to the effect that where general words máy operate without including negligence, it will not be assumed that they were intended to include it, but we think the rule laid down by the more recent authorities is based upon the broad principle that considerations of public policy require that before a carrier may claim immunity from the consequences of its own negligence such immunity must be written into the contract of release strioti sensus (Kenney v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., supra), and while we do not think it impossible to affirm this order upon the ground that the language of the release might under some circumstances become operative without including the defendant’s negligence, and, therefore, will not be presumed to be thus inclusive, we prefer to rest our decision upon the broader principle to which allusion has been made and which we think it must be conceded now obtains in this State.

The order appealed from should be affirmed.

Spring, Williams, Hiscock and Nash, JJ., concurred.

Order affirmed, with costs.  