
    Mark PLASCENCIA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jared TAYLOR, Defendant-Appellant. St. George City Police Department; St. George City, Defendants.
    No. 11-4197.
    United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
    March 26, 2013.
    
      Kathleen Erin McDonald, Jones Waldo Holbrook & McDonough PC, Stanley Clark Newhall, Office of Clark Newhall, Salt Lake City, UT, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
    Ashley Mcintosh Gregson, Stirba & Associates, Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellant.
    Kathleen Josephine Abke, Peter Stirba, Stirba & Associates, Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellant/Defendants.
    Before LUCERO, HARTZ, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
   ORDER AND JUDGMENT

CARLOS F. LUCERO, Circuit Judge.

Jared Taylor appeals following a jury verdict finding him liable for violating Mark Plascencia’s Fourth Amendment rights. Taylor raises four arguments on appeal: (1) the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment as a matter of law under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50; (2) the district court committed reversible error when it submitted Instruction No. 24A to the jury; (3) there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict; and (4) he is entitled to qualified immunity on Plascencia’s seizure claim. We conclude that the district court did not err in denying Taylor’s motion for judgment as a matter of law or in submitting the jury instruction, that Taylor’s assertions of insufficient evidence were not properly preserved for our review, and that Taylor is not entitled to qualified immunity. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

I

On April 29, 2006, Officer Jared Taylor of the City of St. George, Utah, police department was dispatched to the home of Davey and Elaine Burton to investigate a possible burglary. The Burtons had found a cell phone in their home that did not belong to them, and they did not know how it had arrived in their home. Shortly after Taylor arrived, the cell phone rang. An unidentified caller stated that the phone belonged to him and that he had lost it earlier that day. Taylor did not identify himself as a police officer, but asked the caller to meet him at a nearby Pizza Hut to retrieve the phone. With the exception of the cell phone, Taylor found no evidence that an unlawful entry had occurred.

A short time later, Mark Plaseencia and Duran Jacob Rubio arrived at the Pizza Hut to retrieve Plascencia’s phone. Plas-cencia and Rubio were co-workers, and Plascencia’s work phone had gone missing earlier that day. When Taylor approached the men, Plaseencia identified himself as the owner of the phone. Taylor grabbed Plascencia’s hands, cuffing them behind his back. Plaseencia cried out in pain and informed Taylor that the handcuffs were too tight and that he had arthritis in his hands and wrists. Taylor later testified that when he handcuffed Plaseencia there was no evidence that Plaseencia was carrying a weapon, threatening anyone, resisting arrest, or attempting to flee; rather, he had handcuffed Plaseencia because Plaseencia was a felony burglary suspect.

Taylor then pushed Plaseencia outside of the restaurant by his cuffed hands. Rubio and Plaseencia testified at trial that Taylor proceeded to use a baton-like stick to hit Plaseencia on the inside of his legs to spread them. As Taylor searched Plas-cencia for weapons, he continued to raise Plascencia’s arms behind his back, and Plaseencia again cried out in pain. Finding no weapons, Taylor removed the handcuffs. At approximately the same time, Plaseencia passed out and fell towards the ground. Plascencia’s fall was broken by either Rubio or both Rubio and Taylor.

Plaseencia was taken by ambulance to the Dixie Regional Medical Center. Doctors were concerned that Plaseencia had suffered a heart attack and kept him overnight for observation.

Two days after the incident, Plaseencia met with Sergeant Vance Bithell, who was conducting an investigation into the encounter for the St. George Police Department. Plaseencia informed Bithell that Taylor had hit him. Bithell took photographs of bruises on Plascencia’s legs that were caused either by Plascencia’s fall or Taylor’s stick, which were entered into evidence at trial.

In his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit, Plaseencia alleged that Taylor violated his right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Taylor moved for partial summary judgment arguing that he was entitled to qualified immunity. The district court denied qualified immunity, determining that genuine disputes of material fact existed as to whether Taylor violated clearly established law. Taylor did not renew his claim of qualified immunity in a subsequent Rule 50(a) or 50(b) motion at trial.

At the close of evidence Taylor moved for judgment as a matter of law, asserting that the seizure was an investigative detention rather than an arrest, and that the detention was reasonable. Taylor acknowledged that Plascencia’s excessive force claim should be submitted to the jury. The district court denied the motion, finding disputed issues of fact precluded a determination of whether the stop was an arrest.

The jury found that Taylor had unreasonably seized Plascencia and had used excessive force, and awarded Plascencia $5,000 in damages. Taylor timely appeals.

II

A

Taylor claims the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment as a matter of law under Fed.R.Civ.P. 50. He contends that the district court should have concluded that the seizure was an investigatory stop supported by reasonable suspicion. The district court denied Taylor’s motion, holding that there was a dispute over what occurred before Taylor handcuffed Plascencia, how much force Taylor used, and how long the detention lasted.

Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate if the “evidence presented at trial does not permit a reasonable jury to find for the non-movant.” Manzanares v. Higdon, 575 F.3d 1135, 1142 (10th Cir.2009) (citations omitted). Because a motion for judgment as a matter of law presents “purely legal arguments, we review a district court’s disposition of such de novo.” Id. (citation omitted). We may overturn the district court’s determination if we conclude that “the evidence points but one way and is susceptible to no reasonable inferences which may support the opposing party’s position.” Id. (quotation omitted).

Taylor advances two arguments in support of his Rule 50 motion. First, he argues that the district court erred in considering the degree of force employed by Taylor in its determination of the type of seizure that occurred. Second, he argues that the facts the district court cited as in dispute, with the exception of the length of the detention, were immaterial to the court’s determination of whether an arrest or an investigative stop took place. Based on these assertions, Taylor argues the jury’s verdict as to unlawful seizure was unsupported by the evidence.

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from “unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. The Supreme Court “has identified three types of police/citizen encounters: consensual encounters, investigative stops, and arrests.” Cortez v. McCauley, 478 F.3d 1108, 1115 (10th Cir.2007) (en banc) (citation and quotations omitted). Consensual encounters are not seizures under the Fourth Amendment. Id. “An investigative detention, also called a Terry stop, is an encounter in which police may stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes.” Morris v. Noe, 672 F.3d 1185, 1191 (10th Cir.2012) (quotation omitted). A valid investigatory stop requires “reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[A]n arrest is a form of Fourth Amendment seizure characterized by the intrusive or lengthy nature of the detention.” Id. at 1192. To execute a valid arrest, the Fourth Amendment requires an officer to have “probable cause to believe a person committed a crime.” Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1115. These “categories are not static and may escalate from one to another.” United States v. Jones, 701 F.3d 1300, 1312 (10th Cir.2012) (quotation omitted).

The parties agree that a seizure took place and that Taylor lacked probable cause to arrest Plascencia. They dispute whether the seizure was an arrest or an investigatory stop. “An arrest is distinguished [from an investigatory stop] by the involuntary, highly intrusive nature of the encounter.” Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1115 (quotation omitted); see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 26, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) (“An arrest is a wholly different kind of intrusion upon individual freedom from a limited search for weapons .... ”). Therefore, we routinely look to the degree of intrusiveness to determine whether a seizure was an investigative stop or an arrest. See e.g., Manzanares, 575 F.3d at 1149-50 (10th Cir.2009) (considering length of encounter and use of force to determine the type of seizure).

Use of forceful measures does not automatically convert an investigative detention into an arrest. See United States v. Shareef, 100 F.3d 1491, 1502 (10th Cir. 1996). However, the “use of firearms, handcuffs, and other forceful techniques generally exceed the scope of an investigative detention and enter the realm of an arrest.” Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1116. Our precedent is thus clear — contrary to Taylor’s argument — that the level of force employed by an officer is relevant to the inquiry of whether a seizure was a Terry stop or an arrest. See id. at 1130 (“[A]n unreasonable level of force transforms a Terry detention into an arrest requiring probable cause.” (quotation omitted)); see also Lundstrom, v. Romero, 616 F.3d 1108, 1120 (10th Cir.2010) (use of forceful techniques relevant to classification of detention); Manzanares, 575 F.3d at 1149 (“[B]ased both on the duration of the detention and the use of forceful measures, we hold that Manzanares was arrested....”); Gallegos v. City of Colorado Springs, 114 F.3d 1024, 1030 (10th Cir. 1997) (examining “whether the Terry stop escalated into an arrest following the application of the arm bar maneuver,” a forceful technique).

Taylor contends that our extensive precedent considering the use of force in determining whether a seizure was an arrest or an investigatory stop confuses the validity of a seizure with the reasonableness of its scope. He argues that under Terry and its progeny, a seizure that begins as an investigative detention and then exceeds the proper scope of a Terry stop may give rise to a claim for excessive force but does not become an arrest. Taylor cites no clear support for this proposition, and we have found none. To the contrary, in Terry itself the Supreme Court explicitly distinguished an investigative stop from an arrest by the “kind of intrusion upon individual freedom” exerted by an officer on the suspect. Terry, 392 U.S. at 26, 88 S.Ct. 1868. And in Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983) (plurality opinion), the Court indicated that the level of intrusiveness can escalate a valid Terry stop into an illegal arrest. Id. at 500-01, 103 S.Ct. 1319 (holding that a lawful questioning became an illegal arrest based in part on the “scope of the intrusion”).

Moreover, we are not alone among our sibling circuits in considering the use of force a factor in determining whether an investigatory stop becomes an arrest requiring probable cause. See e.g., United States v. Newell, 596 F.3d 876, 879 (8th Cir.2010) (“A Terry stop may become an arrest, requiring probable cause, if ... officers use unreasonable force.”); United States v. Guzman-Padilla, 573 F.3d 865, 884 (9th Cir.2009) (“[I]t is well-established that intrusive measures may convert a stop into an arrest” under certain circumstances including those in which “force is used.” (quotation omitted)); Morelli v. Webster, 552 F.3d 12, 20 (1st Cir.2009) (“Hallmark factors such as physical restraint or a show of force may be suggestive” in determining whether a Terry stop was a “de facto arrest.”). Based on the foregoing authorities, we reject Taylor’s claim that the use of force is irrelevant in determining whether an individual has been arrested.

Taylor also contends that the facts material to the district court’s determination of whether the seizure was a stop or an arrest were not in dispute. As discussed above, however, the level of force employed is an important component of our inquiry. See Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1130. And Taylor admitted below that the level of force used was in dispute. Further, the parties disagreed as to the events that occurred before Taylor placed the handcuffs on Plascencia, which informs whether the use of force was reasonable and also whether the stop constituted an arrest. See Manzanares, 575 F.3d at 1148 (“Forceful methods may be used during an investigative detention short of arrest only when such methods are necessary for officer protection.” (citation omitted)). Finally, the district court found the length of the detention to be in dispute at trial, and Taylor concedes that the length of a seizure is material to the determination of the type of seizure. Because material facts relating to Taylor’s use of force, the reasonableness of such force, and the length of time Plascencia was in handcuffs were in dispute and relevant to the determination of whether the seizure was a stop or an arrest, we reject Taylor’s argument that the material facts were undisputed.

Finally, we agree with the district court that the evidence was sufficient to uphold the jury’s verdict as to unlawful seizure. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plascencia, the jury could have concluded that Taylor: (1) immediately handcuffed Plascencia without any objectively reasonable officer safety concern; (2) applied several forceful techniques by repeatedly lifting Plascenicia’s arms behind his back and repeatedly striking Plascencia’s legs, again without any objectively reasonable safety concerns; and (3) forcefully moved Plascencia from the restaurant to a different location without any reasonable basis for doing so. See Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1115-16 (“[U]se of firearms, handcuffs, and other forceful techniques generally exceed the scope of an investigative detention and enter the realm of an arrest.” (quotation and citation committed)); id. at 1130 (“[A]n unreasonable level of force transforms a Terry detention into an arrest requiring probable cause.” (quotation omitted)); see also Royer, 460 U.S. at 504, 103 S.Ct. 1319 (law enforcement’s “moving a suspect from one location to another during an investigatory detention” may suggest an arrest absent safety and security concerns); United States v. White, 584 F.3d 935, 953 (10th Cir.2009) (“[Pjolice may move a suspect without exceeding the bounds of an investigative detention when it is a reasonable means of achieving the legitimate goals of the detention given the specific circumstances of the case.” (quotation omitted)).

B

Taylor next appeals the district court’s submission of Instruction No. 24A to the jury. “We review de novo whether the court erroneously instructed the jury on the applicable law.” Gonzales v. Duran, 590 F.3d 855, 859 (10th Cir.2009) (quotation omitted). However, we “review the district court’s decision to give or to refuse a particular jury instruction for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Diaz, 679 F.3d 1183, 1188 (10th Cir.2012) (quotation omitted). “Faulty jury instructions require reversal when (1) we have substantial doubt whether the instructions, considered as a whole, properly guided the jury in its deliberations; and (2) when a deficient jury instruction is prejudicial.” Jones v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 674 F.3d 1187, 1198 (10th Cir.) (quotation omitted), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 413, 184 L.Ed.2d 151 (2012).

Jury Instruction No. 24A stated as follows:

In this case, Mr. Plascencia claims that Mr. Taylor arrested him, but Mr. Taylor claims that he stopped or temporarily detained him. You must decide whether the encounter between Mr. Plascencia and Mr. Taylor was an investigative detention, or if it was, or at some point became, an arrest. In deciding what occurred, you should consider all relevant circumstances. There is no one fact that will determine whether the encounter was a stop or an arrest, but the key question is how intrusive the encounter was. In determining how intrusive the encounter was, you should consider: whether a firearm, handcuffs, or forceful techniques were used; the length of the detention; whether Mr. Plascencia was moved from one place to another; and any other facts you find relevant to the intrusiveness of the seizure.
Generally the use of firearms, handcuffs, or other forceful techniques exceeds the scope of a stop and enters into the realm of an arrest. However, even if such measures were used, if you find that Mr. Taylor used them because he reasonably believed that such measures were necessary to protect his own safety, then the use of such measures does not necessarily mean that Mr. Plascen-cia was arrested.
Generally the movement of a detained person from one place to another does not turn a stop into an arrest as long as the movement of the person is reasonably related to the goals of the stop.

Taylor argues that this instruction misstated the law because “use of force and the reasonableness of the force does [sic] not inform the question of whether the seizure was an arrest or an investigatory detention.” For the reasons stated in Section II.A, supra, we reject this argument.

Taylor also contends that Instruction 24A rests on contradictory Tenth Circuit law. He asserts that language from our en banc opinion in Cortez stating that the use of “firearms, handcuffs, and other forceful techniques generally exceed the scope of an investigative detention and enter the realm of an arrest,” 478 F.3d at 1115-1116 (quotation omitted), conflicts with language in Gallegos that “a Terry stop does not automatically elevate into an arrest where police officers use handcuffs on a suspect,” 114 F.3d at 1030. We see no conflict in these statements, particularly in light of our explanation in Gallegos that police may use handcuffs and other forceful measures during a Terry stop if such steps are “reasonably necessary to protect their personal safety and to maintain the status quo.” Id. “As long as the precautionary measures employed by officers during a Terry stop are reasonable,” we explained, “they will be permitted without a showing of probable cause.” Id. This statement squares neatly with our holding in Cortez that “an unreasonable level of force transforms a Terry detention into an arrest requiring probable cause.” 478 F.3d at 1130 (quotation omitted).

In his final challenge to Instruction 24A, Taylor argues that the district court impermissibly submitted a question of law — whether the detention was a Terry stop or an arrest — to the jury. In Gonzales v. Duran, we noted that “[ljegal questions are reserved to the courts.” 590 F.3d at 860. When a purely legal issue is intertwined with a question of fact, the preferred approach is for the district court to “submit special interrogatories to the jury to establish the facts.” Id. at 859. However, if “narrow issues of disputed material fact are dispositive” of the legal question, a court may submit the mixed question to the jury along with detailed instructions as to the legal issue. Id. at 859-60. Those conditions are satisfied in this case. We agree with the district court that relatively few material facts were in dispute, see Section II.A, swpra, and the court accurately summarized for the jury the considerations relevant to the issue. This approach was expressly approved in Gonzales, and we see no reversible error.

C

Taylor also seeks to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence underlying the jury’s verdict as to excessive force. However, he failed to file either a Rule 50(a) or 50(b) motion challenging the sufficiency of the evidence on this claim. Instead, Taylor affirmatively waived this issue. In his Rule 50 motion regarding Plascencia’s unreasonable seizure claim, Taylor admitted that “there are facts in dispute concerning the excessive force claim” and that the “issue cannot be resolved by the Court as a matter of law.”

“To preserve a sufficiency of the evidence claim for appellate review, a party must move for judgment as a matter of law ... at the close of the evidence.” Miller v. Eby Realty Group LLC, 396 F.3d 1105, 1114 (10th Cir.2005) (quotation and ellipses omitted). Thus “a failure to comply with Rule 50(b) forecloses a party’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.” Kelley v. City of Albuquerque, 542 F.3d 802, 817 (10th Cir.2008) (quotation and alteration omitted).

Although Taylor failed to file a Rule 50 motion, Plascencia does not argue that Taylor has waived his sufficiency of the evidence claim. Our court has not yet determined whether the requirement that a sufficiency of the evidence claim be raised in a Rule 50(b) motion is an “inflexible claim-processing rule[ ]” or a jurisdictional limitation. Id. at 817 n. 15. We need not decide the issue here. Like jurisdictional rules, “[w]e may consider an issue of waiver sua sponte.” United States v. Mancera-Perez, 505 F.3d 1054, 1057 n. 3 (10th Cir.2007). Doing so is particularly appropriate when the waiver has an invited error component, based on concern for “the integrity and proper administration of justice.” Id.

Taylor expressly conceded that judgment as a matter of law was improper as to Plascencia’s excessive force claim. We exercise our discretion to raise his waiver sua sponte in light of this concession, and decline to address the merits of his claim.

D

Taylor also appeals the denial of his motion for summary judgment asserting qualified immunity with respect to Plas-cencia’s unlawful seizure claim. Taylor did not file an interlocutory appeal of the denial, nor did he file a Rule 50(a) or (b) motion renewing his claim of qualified immunity.

Generally, a party may not “appeal an order denying summary judgment [on qualified immunity] after a full trial on the merits.” Ortiz v. Jordan, — U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 884, 889, 178 L.Ed.2d 703 (2011). Rather, a party ordinarily must renew a qualified immunity argument under Rule 50. Id. However, the Ortiz Court left open the possibility that a “qualified immunity plea raising an issue of a purely legal nature” may be “preserved for appeal by an unsuccessful motion for summary judgment, and need not be brought up again under Rule 50(b).” Id. at 892 (quotation omitted). Our circuit recognized this exception prior to Ortiz. See Haberman v. Hartford Ins. Grp., 443 F.3d 1257, 1264 (10th Cir.2006). And we have stated that the exception remains valid following the Ortiz decision. See Stewart v. Beach, 701 F.3d 1322, 1329 n. 7 (10th Cir.2012); see also Feld v. Feld, 688 F.3d 779, 782 (D.C.Cir.2012) (noting that a majority of circuits recognize this exception for purely legal issues).

Taylor argues that the law was not clearly established that “the use of handcuffs indicated an arrest requiring probable cause.” We reject Taylor’s mischarac-terization of the district court’s ruling. The district court did not adopt a per se rule that the use of handcuffs constitutes an arrest. It instructed the jury that if Taylor used handcuffs “because he reasonably believed that such measures were necessary to protect his own safety, then the use of such measures does not necessarily mean that Mr. Plascencia was arrested.” This statement is consistent with clearly established Tenth Circuit law at the time of the arrest. See Shareef 100 F.3d at 1508 (“[TJhere was no reasonable basis for keeping [defendants] in handcuffs. Therefore, we must conclude that at that point their detention became an unlawful arrest.”); see also Gallegos, 114 F.3d at 1030 (“As long as the precautionary measures [such as handcuffing] employed by officers during a Terry stop are reasonable, they will be permitted without a showing of probable cause.”). Accordingly, we reject Taylor’s qualified immunity argument.

Ill

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

HARTZ, Circuit Judge,

concurring:

I concur fully in Judge Lucero’s opinion, which properly analyzes this case under controlling Tenth Circuit precedent. I write separately only to point out how the case could have been presented to the jury more simply, although the result would have been the same.

Taylor does not argue that he had probable cause to arrest Plascencia; and Plas-cencia does not argue, at least in his opening brief on appeal, that Taylor lacked reasonable suspicion. Also, Plascencia does not argue that the length of his detention was unreasonable. Given the absence of any dispute on those issues, all the jury had to determine regarding liability was: (1) Did Taylor have reason to believe that handcuffs were necessary as a safety precaution (a requirement for the use of handcuffs when the officer has reasonable suspicion but not probable cause) and (2) Did Taylor use unreasonable force in applying the handcuffs and otherwise restraining Plascencia? Instructions that set forth those two issues for the jury would have been much simpler than the ones that unnecessarily presented the issue of whether Plascencia was arrested or merely the subject of an investigative detention.

But even were we to hold that the jury should have been so instructed, the verdict would stand. I see no reason to think that the damages awarded by the jury would have been any different under those instructions. Given the way the case was presented, the damage award was obviously for what the jury found to be unnecessarily handcuffing Plascencia and/or using excessive force in applying the handcuffs and otherwise restraining him. 
      
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments: nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
     
      
      . Plascencia’s complaint asserted multiple claims against Taylor, the City of St. George, and the St. George Police Department. Upon Taylor's motion for partial summary judgment, the district court dismissed the majority of Plascencia’s claims against Taylor, with the exception of Plascencia’s claims of unreasonable seizure and use of excessive force. Plas-cencia’s claims against the police department and several of his claims against the City were dismissed by stipulation before trial. The remaining claim against the City was dismissed when the district court granted its Rule 50 motion. Only the unreasonable seizure and excessive force claims are before us.
     
      
      . The jury made two findings: Taylor violated Plascencia's Fourth Amendment rights (1) to be free from unreasonable seizures, and (2) to be free from use of excessive force. These are two separate theories of liability; therefore, we must determine whether the seizure was unreasonable as a separate question from whether there was excessive force. See Cortez, 478 F.3d at 1112 ("We reject the notion that an excessive force claim is subsumed in an unlawful arrest claim in the facts presented by this case.”); see also Romero v. Story, 672 F.3d 880, 882 (10th Cir.2012) (analyzing unlawful arrest and excessive force claims separately).
     