
    William B. Capell, Respondent, v. New York Transportation Company, Appellant.
    First Department,
    May 31, 1912.
    Motor vehicle—negligence — pedestrian struck by electric cab while waiting for street car to pass — charge — contributory negligence — complaint — general allegations of negligence limited.
    Where, in an action to recover for personal injuries to the plaintiff who was run over by defendant’s electric cab while waiting for a street car to pass, the only specific charges of negligence on the part of the defendant are excessive speed and failure to give warning of the approach of the cab, it is reversible error for the court to refuse to charge in effect that, unless the plaintiff establishes one of the two specific charges of negligence alleged there can be no recovery.
    General charges of negligence, which are merely legal conclusions and not allegations of fact, are deemed to be limited by specific charges.
    
      It seems, that if the plaintiff, without looking, stepped back in front of the cab when it was only three or four feet from him, he cannot recover.
    Ingraham, P. J., and Dowling, J., dissented, with opinion.
    Appeal by the defendant, the New York Transportation Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 19th day of April, 1911, upon the verdict of a jury for $20,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 2d day of May, 1911, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Theodore H. Lord, for the appellant.
    
      John C. Robinson, for the respondent.
   Laughlin, J.:

On the 25th day of May, 1909, at about half-past eight o’clock in the -evening, the plaintiff, while in the carriageway of Broadway, some fifteen or twenty feet south of the southerly crosswalk of Twenty-ninth street, between the curb and the easterly street railway track, was struck by an electric cab owned and operated by the defendant, and this action was brought to recover the damages thus sustained. The plaintiff was crossing Broadway from east to west, and the cab was going north. When the plaintiff reached the street railway track he was delayed by a north-bound car, and before it passed he was struck by the cab. According .to his testimony he looked to the south before leaving the curb, and saw no vehicle other than the street car approaching, and he then proceeded, to cross and stopped two or three feet from the track and stood there looking westerly to permit the car to pass, when suddenly and without signal or Warning the cab came Upon him. Other evidence presented in behalf of the plaintiff tends to corroborate him, and to show that the cab was going very fast. The defendant’s chauffeur, who was operating- the cab, testified that he rang an electric bell on the cab as he approached Twenty-ninth street, and that there was ample room for the cab to pass between the plaintiff and the curb, but that plaintiff unexpectedly stepped back in front of the cab when it was nearly opposite him. The extreme width of the cab was five feet and three inches, and the distance from the curb to the nearest rail of the car track was twelve feet and eight inches.

The only specific charges of negligence on the part of the defendant contained in the complaint are excessive speed and failure to give warning of the approach of the cab. There was a conflict in the evidence relating to those allegations of negligence. The court, however, in submitting- the case to the jury, drew attention to evidence that might have a bearing on another charge of negligence, and it may well be that the verdict was rendered on that theory, and not on the basis of the express allegations of the complaint. In the main charge, after drawing the attention of the jury to the specific charges of negligence contained in the complaint and instructing them that the plaintiff must recover, if at all, on the theory of the case as presented by the complaint, the court charged that if the jury found that the plaintiff was free from negligence, and if you find that the defendant was guilty of negligence, either in not giving proper warning, or in running his car at a rate of speed too great, in view of the evident dangers of the situation, or if you find that he did not exercise reasonable care in attempting to avoid the danger which appeared to be imminent to this man through no fault of his own, if there is evidence in the case to warrant you in doing that, then you may give your verdict for the plaintiff.” The attorney for the defendant, at the close of the charge in chief, requested the court to instruct the jury that if the plaintiff stepped in front of the cab when it was between three and four feet from him, a verdict could not be rendered in favor of the plaintiff on the theory of negligence in failing to give warning of the approach of the cab. In response to this request the court said: I decline to charge except as I have already charged. The plaintiff has to establish his case as he claims, not otherwise.” An exception to the refusal of the court to charge as requested was duly taken, and the attorney for the defendant made a like request with respect to excessive speed. The attorney for the plaintiff thereupon stated to the court that he consented that this request with respect to excessive ¡speed be charged, and it was charged. Thereupon the attorney for the defendant requested the court to charge “that if the jury find from the evidence that the speed of the cab was not excessive, and that a reasonable warning was given to the plaintiff of its approach by the ringing of the gong, the verdict must' be for the defendant.” To this request the court responded: “Yes, provided that the danger was so imminent that it could not have been avoided. ” The attorney for the defendant thereupon ■ excepted to the modification of the charge,; and proceeded to make another request, whereupon the court said: “I will modify it in this way, that did not discharge the defendant from avoiding the accident which appeared to be imminent, if by the use of reasonable care he could have done so,” and the attorney for the defendant duly excepted.

The request to have the jury instructed that if the plaintiff stepped in front of the cab when it was only three or four feet from him, the defendant could not be held on the theory of negligence in failing to give warning of the approach of its cab, which was refused, was based upon the testimony of its chauffeur, and other evidence which would have warranted a finding of the facts as recited in the request. If the .accident happened under those circumstances it is doubtful whether plaintiff should be permitted to recover for he should have looked before stepping back and that was not the theory developed by the evidence offered in behalf of the plaintiff. But it is not necessary to decide that point for the refusal of the court to charge the other request constitutes reversible error. It was in effect that unless the plaintiff established one of the two specific charges of negligence alleged in the complaint, there could be no recovery. The refusal to so charge plainly left it to the jury to predicate negligence on the failure of the defendant’s chauffeur to exercise reasonable care in operating the cab or bringing it to a stop after the accident appeared to be imminent by the plaintiff stepping back in front of the cab when it Was nearly upon him. In other words, the jury were specifically instructed that notwithstanding the fact that the chauffeur gave proper warning of the approach of the cab, and that the speed at which he was approaching was not excessive, still, unless the danger was so imminent that the accident could not have been avoided, or could not have been avoided by the exercise of reasonable care on the part of the chauffeur, the defendant was liable. The learned counsel for the respondent contends that the allegations of the complaint do not limit the negligence charged to the two specific charges, and that, therefore, there was no error in these instructions or in the refusals to charge as requested. The plaintiff alleges in the 4th paragraph of the complaint that “the defendant, its servant, agent, or employee, so recklessly, negligently and carelessly conducted it and himself toward the plaintiff herein in the conduct, operation, management or control of one of its said automobiles, in that the said automobile was driven at , a high, reckless and unlawful rate of speed, and in that there was no gong, whistle or any notice or warning whatsoever given plaintiff of the approach of said automobile, that said automobile was caused and permitted to strike, knock down and run over the plaintiff herein.” In the final paragraph of the complaint the plaintiff realleges that he was free from contributory negligence and that the injuries which he sustained were caused “ solely by reason of the recklessness, negligence and carelessness of the defendant, its agent, servant or employee.” This case falls within the rule that the general charges of negligence which are merely legal conclusions and not allegations of fact are deemed limited by the specific charges, and, therefore, the issue with respect to the negligence of the defendant was joined concerning the two specific charges of negligence only. The learned trial court, therefore, erred in not confining the issues to the allegations of the complaint.

It follows that the judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide the event.

McLaughlin and Miller, JJ„ concurred; Ingraham, P. J., and Dowling, J., dissented.

Ingraham, P. J. (dissenting):

I dissent. I think the allegations of the complaint were sufficiently broad to justify the court submitting to the. jury the question as to the negligence of the defendant in driving the automobile in such a way as to run over the plaintiff while he was standing waiting for the car to pass. The charge in the complaint is that the automobile was driven at a high, reckless and unlawful rate of speed, and that there was no gong, whistle or notice or warning whatever given to the plaintiff of the approach of the said automobile; that said automobile was caused and permitted to strike, knock down and run over the plaintiff, and that the injuries he sustained were caused solely by reason of the recklessness, negligence and carelessness of the defendant, its agent, servant or employee. Under such a complaint I do not think the plaintiff was limited to the high speed or the absence of warning, but was also justified in recovering if he could prove that the automobile was caused and permitted to injure the plaintiff.

I think that the question was fairly submitted to the jury, that the verdict of the jury that the defendant was negligent was amply sustained by the evidence, and that the judgment should he affirmed.

Dowling, J., concurred.

Judgment and order reversed, new trial, ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.  