
    FOSTER v. STATE.
    (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Oct. 30, 1912.
    Rehearing Denied Nov. 20, 1912.)
    1. Criminal Law (§ 510*) — Accomplices— Witnesses — Coekoboeation.
    In a prosecution for homicide, a witness who pulled his pistol at the time of the shooting, and handed it to the defendant, would be either a principal or an accomplice, so as to require his testimony to be corroborated.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see 'Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1124-1126; Dec. Dig. § 510.*]
    2. Criminal Law (§ 761*) — Triai>-Evidence —Accomplices—Corroboration.
    In a prosecution for murder, where there was conflicting evidence as to whether a witness handed defendant a pistol with which to shoot deceased, the court could not charge that such witness was an accomplice; the question being for the jury.
    [Ed. Note. — For other eases, see Criminal Law, Ctent. Dig. §§ 1731, 1738, 1754-1764, 1771; Dec. Dig. § 761.]
    3. Criminal Law (§ 741*) — Triad—Question for Juey — Accomplices.
    The mere .fact that a witness, by agreement, did not tell of a killing, did not render him an accessory, but the question was for the jury.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1705, 1713, 1716, 1717, 1727, 1728; Dec. Dig. § 741.]
    4. Criminal Law (§• 1170) — 1Total—Cumula-tive Evidence — Witnesses—Cbedxbilitt.
    The court did not err in refusing to permit accused to prove that a witness had been convicted of an offense some 15 years before the trial, where the defendant was permitted to show that the witness had been in the penitentiary, and the state admitted that his reputation for veracity was bad, since such evidence would only be admissible as affecting his credibility.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see 'Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 3145-3153; Dec. Dig. § 1170.]
    5. Homicide (§ 175) — Action for Damages —Admissibility of Evidence.
    In a homicide case, the body of deceased having been placed on the railroad track and run over by a train, there was no error in refusing to permit the defendant to prove that the' county attorney had brought suit against the railroad company for damages for the death of deceased.
    [E'd. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 375-378; Dec. Dig. § 175.]
    6. Criminal Law (§ 510%) — Evidence—Admissibility — Corroboration—Motive.
    In a homicide case, the state proved that accused had been indicted for gambling; that deceased was the sole witness against him in that case; and that accused had tried to keep the deceased from attending court as a witness, and had threatened to kill him if he did attend. Witnesses, alleged by defendant to be accomplices, testified that defendant killed deceased because he would not agree not to go to court, and that deceased had stated just before he was killed that, at the request of defendant, he had failed to attend court for two terms, but now he was under bond and was going. Held, that the state was properly permitted to prove that deceased had refused to obey process twice, and had been placed under bond, as it was corroborative of the testimony of the alleged accomplices.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see •Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1127-1136; Dec. Dig. § 510y2.]
    7. Homicide (§ 166) — Motive—Evidence.
    In a homicide case, where it appeared that defendant had paid deceased not to attend court when a case against him for gaming was called, and that deceased1 had absented himself, but that when put under bond, had informed defendant that he was going to attend, and that defendant said that he would kill him if he did not get out of the way, there was no error in permitting the witnesses to testify, who were also indicted for gambling at the same time defendant was, that defendant requested them not to plead guilty, as “we can beat the case,” since such testimony tended to show the motive of defendant if he did the killing.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 320-331; Dec. Dig. § 166.]
    8. Criminal Law (§ 448) — Evidence—Conclusions.
    In a homicide case, an answer to a question, “Did it appear to you that some one had been riding on the train and had fallen on the track in between the trucks?” would be but the deduction of the witness, and was properly excluded.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1035-1040; Dec. Dig. § 448.]
    9. Homicide (§ 154) — Evidence—Admissibility.
    In a homicide case, where there was an issue whether a body run over by a train and! found on the track was the body of the person alleged to have been killed by defendant, and as corroborative of the testimony of witnesses claimed by defendant to be accomplices that it was such person, the state was properly permitted to prove the height of deceased and the measurements of those portions of the body unmangled by the train.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide-Cent. Dig. § 285; Dec. Dig. § 154.]
    10. Witnesses (§ 395) — Credibility—Corroboration oe Impeached Witness.
    The state may properly support the testimony of a witness by proving prior statements in conformity with his testimony on the trial, where an effort was made by defendant to impeach him by showing contradictory statements.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. § 1260; Dec. Dig. § 395.]
    11. Criminal Law (§ 1170) — Harmless Error-Evidence.
    In a homicide case, where defendant had proved that a witness had been in the penitentiary, and that he was pardoned, and the state admitted that the witness’ reputation for veracity was bad, an objection by the state to a question, “How many offenses did the pardon cover?” was properly sustained.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 3145-3153; Dec. Dig. § 1170.]
    12. Witnesses (§ 370) — Bias—Evidence.
    Testimony as to a witness’ friendship for the defendant was admissible as bearing on his credit.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. § 1189; Dec. Dig. § 370.]
    13. Criminal Law (§ 829) — Accomplices— Instructions.
    In a homicide case, it was unnecessary for the court, under the evidence, to instruct as to who were principals, having already charged that “an accomplice is one who is connected with the crime, either before, at the time, or after the commission of the offense.”
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 2011; Dec. Dig. § 829.]
    14. Homicide (§ 307) — Murder in First Degree-Proof.
    In a homicide case, where defendants evidence would present an alibi, and proof that he did not commit the offense, and there is nothing to suggest sudden passion from an adequate cause, or implied malice, but the testimony, if defendant committed the offense, would show express malice, the court did not err in submitting alone murder in the first degree.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 638-641; Dec. Dig. § 307.]
    15. Criminal Law (§ 1159) — Appeal—Verdict — Conclusiveness—Weight of Evidence.
    • Though the evidence for defendant would have sustained an acquittal, where the evidence was conflicting, the appellate court cannot disturb their verdict.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ ¿074-3083; Dec. Dig. § 1159.]
    Appeal from District Court, Bastrop County; Ed. R. Sinks, Judge.
    
      Uriah. Foster was convicted of murder in the first degree, and he appeals.
    Affirmed.
    See, also, 143 S. W. 625.
    J. B. Price, of Bastrop, and John T. Duncan, of Da Grange, for appellant. O. E. Lane, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
    
      
      For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
   HARPER, J.

Appellant was indicted and convicted of murder in the first degree, and his punishment assessed at imprisonment for life.

Appellant has assigned many errors, hut the one chiefly relied on apparently is that the court erred in not instructing the Jury as a matter of law’ that Bill Mitchell was an accomplice or accessory. It may be conceded that, if the evidence as a matter of law made Mitchell either an accomplice or an accessory, then his testimony is not corroborated in material matters. If he is not an accomplice or an accessory, then his testimony, and the testimony of the witness Johnson, sufficiently established the corpus delicti and all the facts essential to sustain a conviction.

The state’s evidence is: That Mitchell met appellant and Johnson, and all three agreed to go to a point near town where gambling was going on that night. That, when they arrived at this point, they found deceased there, engaged in gambling. That, after all had participated in the gaming for some time, appellant, Johnson, Mitchell, and deceased all started to town. It appears that deceased was a witness against appellant and Johnson in gaming cases pending in the county court, which would come up on the next Monday; that on the way to town appellant ashed deceased if he was going to court, and, upon deceased replying that he was going to do so, appellant pulled a pistol, shot and killed deceased; that subsequent thereto witnesses Mitchell and Johnson agreed not to tell about the killing, and did not do so until a long time thereafter, in fact, until after witness Mitchell was arrested for a different offense, and until Johnson was arrested charged with this offense. It appears that deceased was shot, if shot, with a pistol belonging to witness Mitchell. He testified he had pawned it to appellant a week before for $6.

The defendant’s testimony is that if appellant is the person who killed the deceased, after the gambling took place and the four had started to town, and the conversation took place about going to court, the witness Mitchell pulled his pistol and handed it to appellant, when appellant shot and killed deceased.

If, as a fact, the witness Mitchell pulled his pistol at this time and handed it to appellant, this would be such conduct as would render him either a principal or accomplice, and in either event it would be necessary to corroborate his testimony.

But the state’s testimony disputes this fact; therefore the court was not authorized to instruct the jury that in law Mitchell was an accomplice, but it was proper to submit this disputed question to the jury for their determination, and this the court did in a proper charge. .

Again, appellant insists that, if the witness was not an accomplice, in law he was an accessory, consequently his testimony must be corroborated. The undisputed testimony shows that the witness agreed not to report the killing, and the further fact that he did not tell it until he was arrested charged with a different offense in Ft. Bend county. Does the fact that he agreed not to tell about the killing and keeping quiet for a great length of time constitute him an accessory? This is a question that has been frequently before this court, and has been decided adversely to appellant’s contention. In Schackey v. State, 41 Tex. Cr. R. 255, 53 S. W. 877, these questions are discussed at length and ably, and the decisions of this court and the Supreme Court cited extensively. The only case inclining to a contrary view was the case of Gatlin v. State, 40 Tex. Cr. R. 116, 49 S. W. 87, but this case was overruled in the case of Chenault v. State, 46 Tex. Cr. R. 354, 81 S. W. 971, and the rule announced in the Schackey Case reannounced, and has been consistently followed since that time. Hargrove v. State, 140 S. W. 234; Pinckard v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. R. 602, 138 S. W. 601; Spates v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. R. 532, 138 S. W. 393, and authorities cited in these decisions. We hold that the court did not err in not peremptorily instructing the jury that the witness Mitchell was an accomplice or an accessory, and did not .err in submitting that question to the jury for their determination. This disposes of many questions raised by appellant, but we will take up and decide each question raised in the motion for a new trial or by bill of exceptions.

In the first bill of exceptions it is complained that the court erred in refusing to give that portion of defendant’s charge No. 3 which instructed the jury that, if they believed that the witness Bill Mitchell “refused and failed to report the fact of the killing to the constituted authorities,” this would constitute him an accessory. This is not the law. Chenault v. State, 46 Tex. Cr. R. 354, 81 S. W. 971.

That portion of charge No. 3, requested by appellant in bill No, 2 is fully covered by the court in his main charge, as is also the matter complained of in bill No. 3. In fact, charge No. 3 requested by appellant as a whole presents a number of propositions which are not the law of this case, and such as were fully covered by the court in his main charge.

In bill No. 4 it is complained that the court erred in refusing to permit the defendant to prove that the. witness Mitchell had been convicted of an offense some 15 years prior to this trial. There might be merit in this contention under the evidence in this case, if the record did not disclose that “it was admitted by the state that the reputation of Bill Mitchell for truth and veracity was bad.” The defendant was permitted to show that the witness had been to the penitentiary, and, the state admitting his reputation for truth and veracity was bad, the exclusion of the testimony was not error, for it would only be admissible as affecting his credit as a witness.

There was no error in refusing to permit the defendant to prove that the county attorney had brought suit against the railroad company for damages growing out of the death of deceased. It may be that such suit was brought, but, if later developments proved that deceased had been hilled and placed on the railroad track to be mutilated by the train and thus cover up the crime, the fact that the railroad company had been mulcted for damages would not tend to prove any issue in the ease. If the testimony had tended to show that any witness had testified falsely in the case, the rule would be different.

As a motive for the crime the state had proven that defendant had been indicted for gambling, and deceased was the sole witness against him in that case, and that he. had endeavored to keep the deceased from attending court as a witness, and had made threats that he would kill him if he did attend court. The witnesses Mitchell and Johnson had testified that appellant had killed deceased because he would not agree not to go to court, and that deceased had stated at the time and just before he was killed that at the request and instance of appellant he had failed to attend court for two terms, But now he was under bond and was .going. Over objection of defendant, the state was permitted to prove, by the county attorney, that deceased had refused to obey process twice, and had been placed under bond. This was corroborative of the testimony of the witnesses whom the appellant was seeking to make accomplices or accessories and impeach, and there was no error in admitting the testimony.

Neither was there any error in permitting the witnesses to testify, who were also indicted for gambling at the same time at which appellant was charged with gaming, that appellant approached them and requested them not to plead guilty, as “we can beat the case.” The record discloses that appellant had paid deceased not to attend court when the case was called, and deceased had absented himself, but, when put under bond, deceased had informed appellant he was going to attend, and appellant had said he would kill him if he did not get out of the way. This testimony all tended to show the motive of appellant if he committed the offense.

The appellant asked several questions which called for the opinion of the witness Judge Charles Gillespie, among them being: “Did it appear to you that some one had been riding on the train, and had fallen on the track in between the trucks?” This would be but an opinion and deduction of the witness, as would the other questions propounded to this witness, as shown by the bills of exception, and there was no error in excluding the answers. Appellant’s counsel, after the facts had been stated, could present the probable deductions from the testimony in their argument, and the jury was as capable of drawing them from such facts as was the witness.

The appellant contested the issue that the body found on the railroad track was the body of the person alleged to have been killed by defendant, and as corroborative of the testimony of the witnesses Mitchell and Johnson that it was the body of the person alleged to have been killed, the state was permitted to prove the height of deceased and the measurements of those portions of the body unmangled by the train. This was permissible, and there was no error in the court permitting this testimony to be introduced.

There was no error in permitting the state to support the testimony of the witness Mitchell by proving prior statements in conformity with his testimony on this trial, when an effort was made by defendant to impeach him by showing that his reputation for truth and veracity was bad, and by showing contradictory statements to the sheriff of Ft. Bend county.

The appellant proved by the sheriff of Bastrop county that he had seen the pardon granted by the Governor of this state to the witness Mitchell, and then the question was asked: “How many offenses did it cover?” An objection to this was sustained, to which appellant reserved a bill of exceptions. As hereinbefore stated, the reputation of the witness for truth and veracity was admitted to be bad, consequently this presents no error. ,

The testimony of the sheriff and others showing the interest and friendly feeling of Will Joiner to defendant was admissible as bearing on his credit as a witness. This question has been so often before this court we do not deem it necessary to discuss it. See Earle v. State, 142 S. W. 1181.

These are all the bills of exception in the record, and the first ground in the motion for new trial alleges the insufficiency of the testimony, on the ground that both Bill Mitchell and Ben Johnson were accomplices. If the testimony as a matter of law showed this to be true, appellant’s contention would be sustained. But, as hereinbefore stated, the question of whether or not Bill Mitchell was an accomplice was an issue of fact to be submitted to the jury, and as they found against this contention, the evidence amply supports the verdict, and there was no error in refusing the special charge instructing the jury that in law they were both accomplices. Neither was there error in refusing special charge No. 2 requested by appellant, for it is not the law of this state that, if one denies knowledge of a crime, this fact alone will constitute him an accomplice.

The court instructed the jury: “An accomplice is one who is connected with the crime, either before, at the time, or after the commission of the offense. You are instructed that the witness Ben Johnson is an accomplice. Now, if you believe from the evidence that the witness Bill Mitchell was connected with the crime, if any, either before, at the time, or after the commission of the offense, if any, then you are instructed that he is an accomplice. You are further instructed that one accomplice cannot corroborate another accomplice. Now, if you believe from the evidence that the said witness, Bill Mitchell, is an accomplice, as that term is above defined, then you are instructed that there is no testimony corroborating his testimony, or the testimony of the witness Ben Johnson, and, if you so find, you are instructed to return a verdict of ‘not guilty.’ ” After giving this charge, it was not necessary for the court to instruct the jury who are principals in the commission of an offense under the evidence in this case.

There was nothing in the evidence calling for a charge on murder in the second degree or manslaughter, and the court did not err in submitting alone murder in the first degree. The state’s evidence showed an unprovoked killing to prevent deceased from appearing as a witness against appellant in the county court. The defendant’s evidence would present an alibi, and proof that he did not commit the offense. There is nothing to suggest sudden passion from an adequate c-ause, or implied malice, but the testimony, if appellant committed the offense, would show express malice.

After a careful review of the record in this case, we have arrived at the conclusion that no such error is presented as would call for a reversal of the case. Appellant, by his testimony, would raise the issues that deceased was killed by the train and not by him; that, if murdered, he did not commit the offense. Only legitimate testimony, and all legitimate testimony, offered was admitted, the court fairly and fully submitted all the issues raised by the testimony, and, while the testimony offered in his behalf would have sustained a different verdict, yet the jury in this state is made the judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to the testimony, and, where the testimony is conflicting, we are not authorized to disturb their verdict. The testimony offered in behalf of the state, if true, shows a reckless and deliberate taking of human life, and this testimony was believed by the jury who tried the case, and the testimony offered in behalf of defendant was not accepted by them.

In cases of this character, we cannot, if we desired, substitute our judgment for that of the jury, and, as the evidence of the state will support the verdict, the judgment is affirmed.  