
    Mary C. QUARATINO, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TIFFANY & CO., Michael Eiring and David Wright, Defendants-Appellees.
    Docket No. 97-7096.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Argued Oct. 7, 1997.
    Decided Nov. 14, 1997.
    Reheard June 10, 1998.
    
    Amended Jan. 26, 1999.
    
      Anne Golden, New York, New York, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
    Daniel A. Rizzi, Nixon, Hargrave, Devans & Doyle, LLP, New York, New York (Louis R. Satriale, Jr., Frank W. Ryan, of counsel), for Defendants-Appellees.
    Leon Friedman, New York, New York (Herbert Eisenberg, on the brief), for amici curiae New York Civil Liberties Union and National Employment Lawyers Association (New York Chapter).
    Daniel F. Kolb, Davis Polk & Wardwell, New York, New York (William C. Komaroff, Davis Polk & Wardwell; Barbara R. Arn-wine, Thomas J. Henderson, Richard T. Seymour, Teresa A. Ferrante, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Washington, D.C., on the brief), for amicus curiae Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law.
    Before: KEARSE, MINER, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.
    
      
       Pursuant to a sua sponte recall of the mandate, the matter was reheard by the Court of Appeals sitting in banc. After due consideration, and in light of this amended panel opinion, the in banc court has voted to dissolve itself. See Quaratino v. Tiffany, 166 F.3d 422 (2d Cir.1999) (per cu-riam). We vacate our original opinion, see Quaratino v. Tiffany, 129 F.3d 702 (2d Cir.1997), which is superseded by the present amended opinion.
    
   JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff-appellant Mary C. Quaratino appeals an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (John S. Martin, Jr., Judge) awarding attorney’s fees in the amount of $79,072.50, exactly one-half of her recovery at trial on her pregnancy discrimination and retaliation claims against her employer, Tiffany & Co. (“Tiffany”), under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. The district court decided not to award its calculated lodestar amount, and instead adopted a “billing judgment” approach. Quaratino v. Tiffany & Co., 948 F.Supp. 332, 333, 336-38 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (“Quaratino II”). We decline to adopt this new fee award approach, and accordingly we vacate the district court’s fee award, and remand with directions to award the lodestar attorney’s fee, subject to limited recalculation.

I.

The facts of the employment discrimination case underlying this appeal are spelled out in some detail in Quaratino v. Tiffany & Co., 71 F.3d 58, 61-63 (2d Cir.1995) (“Quara-tino I ”). In April 1993, Mary C. Quaratino filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, charging that Tiffany, her employer, had engaged in discrimination in violation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k), of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. She alleged that her discharge from employment in 1992 at the end of her maternity leave constituted unlawful pregnancy discrimination. Less than a month after the March 31, 1994 close of discovery, Quaratino initiated proceedings seeking to amend her complaint to add a claim of retaliation, alleging that in 1993 she was passed over for a promotion at Tiffany’s (where she had since been rehired in a lower-level position) in retaliation for her pregnancy discrimination complaint. The district court denied Quaratino’s motion to amend her complaint and granted summary judgment on the discrimination claim for Tiffany, but this Court reversed on both counts. See Quaratino I, 71 F.3d at 65-66.

In late July and early August of 1996, Quaratino’s discrimination and retaliation claims were both tried to a jury, which returned a verdict for Tiffany on the pregnancy discrimination claim, but found for Quaratino on the retaliation claim. The jury awarded her $60,000 in compensatory damages and $98,145 in punitive damages — a total recovery of $158,145 — on the retaliation claim.

Pursuant to Title VII’s fee-shifting provision, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k), Quaratino filed a post-trial motion seeking attorney’s fees. The initial application, filed September 13, 1996, sought fees in the amount of $139,022.68. A supplemental application, filed October 25, 1996, sought an additional $14,332.50 for 63.7 hours spent preparing plaintiffs post-trial motions (including the fee applications) and opposing defendant’s post-trial motions. Quaratino’s attorney’s former law firm filed a third application on December 18, 1996 seeking $9,237.78 in unpaid fees. On December 18, 1996, the district court entered an order granting Quara-tino’s motion for attorney’s fees. However, the court declined to award its calculated lodestar amount of $124,645.18, and instead awarded fees in the amount of one-half of the plaintiffs recovery at trial ($79,072.50). See Quaratino II, 948 F.Supp. at 336, 338.

II.

Quaratino now appeals the fee award. First, she argues that the district court’s novel “billing judgment” approach is not supported by the law of this Court. She also takes issue with the district court’s mathematical calculation of the lodestar amount. We find merit in both arguments, and, accordingly, vacate the judgment and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Section 2000e-5(k) specifies. that a prevailing plaintiff in civil rights litigation under Title VII is eligible to receive “a reasonable attorney’s fee ... as part of the costs.” Because Title VII entrusts the awarding of attorney’s fees to the discretion of the district court, we will not disturb the court’s calculation of reasonable fees absent an abuse of that discretion or an error of law. See Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 109 F.3d 111, 115 (2d Cir.1997); Grant v. Martinez, 973 F.2d 96, 99 (2d Cir.1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1053, 113 S.Ct. 978, 122 L.Ed.2d 132 (1993).

The starting point for the determination of a reasonable fee is the calculation of the lodestar amount. See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983). In determining the number of hours reasonably expended for purposes of calculating the lodestar, the district court should exclude excessive, redundant or otherwise unnecessary hours, as well as hours dedicated to severable unsuccessful claims. See id. at 433-35, 440, 103 S.Ct. 1933. Attorney’s fees may be awarded for unsuccessful claims as well as successful ones, however, where they are “ ‘inextricably intertwined’ and ‘involve a common core of facts or are based on related legal theories.’ ” Reed v. A.W. Lawrence & Co., 95 F.3d 1170, 1183 (2d Cir.1996) (quoting Dominic v. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, 822 F.2d 1249, 1259 (2d Cir.1987)) (alteration omitted). The lodestar may be adjusted based on several factors, including in particular the “results obtained,” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 103 S.Ct. 1933. There is, however, a “strong presumption” that the lodestar figure represents a reasonable fee. See Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 478 U.S. 546, 565, 106 S.Ct. 3088, 92 L.Ed.2d 439 (1986); Orchano v. Advanced Recovery, Inc., 107 F.3d 94, 99 (2d Cir.1997).

A. “Billing Judgment”

The district court began its fee analysis by engaging in just such a lodestar calculation. It specifically found Attorney Golden’s rate of $225/hour to be reasonable in light of her skill and experience. The court also explicitly chose not to exclude time spent on Quaratino’s unsuccessful pregnancy discrimination claim, finding that it was “sufficiently related” to the successful retaliation claim that “the amount of time expended on the successful claim would not have been substantially less if that claim was the only one alleged.” Quaratino II, 948 F.Supp. at 333. The court did disallow time spent on Quaratino’s unsuccessful motion for a new trial on the discrimination claim, but made no findings of excessive or unnecessary billing. As a result, the district court arrived at a lodestar amount of $124,645.18 — but declined to award it. 'See id. at 336.

Following an extended inquiry into the state of the law and the attributes of a preferred approach to fee awards, Judge Martin instead decided to award attorney’s fees of exactly one-half of the plaintiffs $158,145 recovery at trial. He asserted that “it is far from clear how the Circuit Court would resolve the fee question presented here.” Id. at 333.

In the face of this perceived uncertainty, the district court elected to craft what it termed a “billing judgment” approach. Under that approach, which the district court derived in part from the dissenting opinion of Justice Rehnquist in City of Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 591-94, 106 S.Ct. 2686, 91 L.Ed.2d 466 (1986), an attorney’s requested fee would be judged “reasonable” if it were rationally related to the monetary recovery that the attorney could have anticipated ex ante. The district court would have had Quaratino’s attorney estimate ex ante the total possible financial recovery in the ease (the court forecast a “very generous” maximum of $200,000), discount that amount for the “substantial” risk of no recovery, and proceed to expend time on the ease only up to the time value of an appropriate fraction of that expected recovery. See Quaratino II, 948 F.Supp. at 338. The validity of the attorney’s ex ante predictions and ensuing expenditure of time would then be evaluated ex post by the district court to set a reasonable attorney’s fee award.

Even setting aside considerable misgivings as to the feasibility of such precise ex ante calculations, we find that this approach conflicts with the legislative intent and rationales of the fee-shifting statute. Congress enacted fee-shifting in civil rights litigation precisely because the expected monetary recovery in many cases was too small to attract effective legal representation. See Rivera, 477 U.S. at 575, 106 S.Ct. 2686 (plurality opinion) (“Congress did not intend for fees in civil rights cases ... to depend on obtaining substantial monetary relief.”). Were we to adopt the “billing judgment” approach that the district court advocates, we would contravene that clear legislative intent by relinking the effectiveness of a civil rights plaintiffs legal representation solely to the dollar value of her claim. As a near-unanimous Supreme Court reiterated in Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 109 S.Ct. 939, 103 L.Ed.2d 67 (1989), “a civil rights plaintiff seeks to vindicate important civil and constitutional rights that cannot be valued solely in monetary terms,” id. at 96, 109 S.Ct. 939 (quoting Rivera, 477 U.S. at 574, 106 S.Ct. 2686), and we are unwilling to hold that the plaintiffs attorney should calculate the value of her client’s rights in just those “monetary terms.”

Nor is the district court’s approach saved by its proposed exception, which would allow fees out of line with monetary recovery in “a case where a new legal principle of importance in the field of civil rights” or an “issue[ ] ... of overarching societal importance” is involved. Quaratino II, 948 F.Supp. at 337. Congress enacted fee-shifting statutes to compensate “private attorney[s] general” and thereby to encourage private enforcement of civil rights statutes, to the benefit of the public as a whole. See H.R.Rep. No. 94-1558, at 2 (1976) (citing Newman v. Piggie Park Enters., Inc., 390 U.S. 400, 402, 88 S.Ct. 964, 19 L.Ed.2d 1263 (1968) (per curiam)); see generally S.Rep. No. 94-1011 (1976). The public interest in private civil rights enforcement is not limited to those cases that push the legal envelope; it is perhaps most meaningfully served by the day-to-day private enforcement of these rights, which secures compliance and deters future violations. Congress meant reasonable attorney’s fees to be available to the private attorneys general who enforce the law, see generally S.Rep. No. 94-1011, not only to those whose eases make new law.

The most direct response to the district court’s fee calculation innovation, however, is that this Court does not follow, and has not suggested that it would be inclined to follow, the billing judgment rule that the district court developed. We believe that lodestar analysis, as developed and refined in the decade and a half of jurisprudence beginning with Hensley, is a flexible mechanism within whose parameters district courts should calculate the prevailing plaintiffs “reasonable” fee. We decline the district court’s invitation to abandon that framework in favor of a billing judgment rule.

Apparently recognizing these weaknesses in the district court’s approach, Tiffany puts itself in the awkward position of trying to defend the court’s low fee award, but on grounds that differ from, and in fact contradict, the court’s own analysis. Tiffany does not press the “billing judgment” rule on appeal. Instead it argues that the $79,000 award should be treated as if it represented a decision by the district court to reduce the lodestar amount for “lack of success” on Quaratino’s pregnancy discrimination claim. In particular, Tiffany argues that the district court could have reduced the lodestar to as little as $38,918.96 by excluding all of Quara-tino’s attorney’s time spent on the unsuccessful discrimination claim, and that as a result, the court’s actual award of $79,000 does not constitute a reversible abuse of discretion. Unfortunately for Tiffany, the district court did not arrive at its $79,000 award by subtracting the value of time spent on unsuccessful claims from the lodestar. Instead, the court reached that figure by abandoning lodestar analysis altogether in favor of a billing judgment rule. Moreover, Tiffany’s argument in support of the court’s award depends on the severability of Quaratino’s unsuccessful pregnancy discrimination claim from the successful retaliation claim — a characterization that is directly at odds with the court’s own explicit finding that the claims were intertwined, Quaratino II, 948 F.Supp. at 333, 336. In any event, we decline to engage in any of these hypothetical lodestar calculations and determinations. Instead, we restrict our analysis to the reasoning in fact employed by the district court in reaching its fee award — “billing judgment” — and, having found it flawed, remand for the award of a fee based on the actual lodestar.

In sum, we find an error of law in the district court’s abandonment of the lodestar method in favor of a “billing judgment” approach that requires vacatur of the district court’s attorney’s fee award. In light of this holding, as the district court anticipated, “it is appropriate to award the plaintiff the full amount of the lodestar.” Quaratino II, 948 F.Supp. at 336.

B. Lodestar Calculation

We appreciate that the district court hoped that, by calculating a lodestar amount based on the requisite discretionary findings, it could avoid a remand in the event that this Court disagreed, as we do, with its alternative “billing judgment” approach. See id. Nevertheless, we are obliged to remand for a limited recalculation of the lodestar award of attorney’s fees. We find no abuse of discretion in, and indeed considerable support for, the district court’s findings that (i) the $225/hour rate is reasonable for an attorney of Ms. Golden’s skill and experience, (ii) Quaratino’s successful and unsuccessful claims were “sufficiently related” so as to make a lodestar reduction based on lack of success on the discrimination claim inappropriate, and (iii) fees should not be awarded for time spent on Quaratino’s unsuccessful motion for a new trial. Quaratino should be awarded lodestar attorney’s fees based on those findings. We remand, however, for two limited purposes.

First, we invite the district court to revisit certain of the means by which it arrived at its $124,645.18 lodestar figure. Specifically, (i) it appears that the court may have inadvertently double-counted the hours it disallowed for the motion for a new trial, by subtracting that time not from the total fees requested but from the $139,022.68 in fees requested in the first of three fee applications; (ii) the court disallowed 63.9 hours for Quaratino’s attorney’s post-trial work, when only 63.7 hours were apparently claimed; (iii) in disallowing all time spent on post-trial motions, the court appears to have disallowed time spent on the fee applications themselves, which time would usually be compensable, see Reed, 96 F.3d at 1183-84; and (iv) the court appears not to have addressed the third fee application, from Quar-atino’s attorney’s former law firm.

Second, we direct the court to include in the final award, upon the timely filing of a supplemental application in suitable form, reasonable attorney’s fees for services rendered in the successful prosecution of this appeal.

III.

Having found an error of law in the district court’s use of a “billing judgment” approach to award attorney’s fees in proportion to the plaintiffs expected monetary recovery, we vacate the court’s final order awarding Quar-atino fees in the amount of $79,072.50, and remand with directions to award the lodestar attorney’s fee, subject to limited recalculation as outlined above.

Before WINTER, KEARSE, MINER, WALKER, JACOBS, LEVAL, CALABRESI, CABRANES, PARKER, and POOLER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

The Court voted to rehear this appeal in banc. However, after hearing oral argument on June 10, 1998, upon due consideration, and in light of the amended panel opinion issued today, see Quaratino v. Tiffany, 166 F.3d 422 (2d Cir.1999), the in banc court is hereby dissolved. 
      
      . The "lodestar” is "properly calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate." Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 94, 109 S.Ct. 939, 103 L.Ed.2d 67 (1989) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
     
      
      . This section provides, in pertinent part:
      The terms "because of sex” or "on the basis of sex” include, but are not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; and women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all employment-related purposes ... as other persons not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work....
     
      
      . Quaratino had earlier (in May 1992) filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), which issued a Notice of Right To Sue on January 15, 1993. See Quaratino I, 71 F.3d at 63.
     
      
      . 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k) provides, in pertinent part:
      In any action or proceeding under [Title VII] the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the [EEOC] or the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee (including expert fees) as part of the costs....
     
      
      . Quaratino challenges the mathematical calculations underlying this particular figure. See Part B infra.
      
     
      
      . It is appropriate to require a civil rights plaintiff's attorney to exercise “billing judgment” in another sense: an attorney should not expend, or at least should not include in a fee application, hours that are "excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” See Rivera, 477 U.S. at 569-70 n. 4, 106 S.Ct. 2686 (explaining and quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434, 437, 103 S.Ct. 1933).
     
      
      . These reports represent the legislative history of 42 U.S.C. § 1988’s fee-shifting provision, which applies equally to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(lc). See generally S.Rep. No. 94-1011, at 4 (characterizing § 1988 as creating standards for awarding fees intended to be “generally the same as under the fee provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” such as § 2000e-5(k)).
     
      
      . Tiffany arrives at this figure by excluding all of Quaratino’s attorney's time spent prior to the February 1996 amendment of the complaint adding the retaliation claim to the case, and 50% of her time thereafter. This back-of-the-envelope calculation is itself flawed in several respects. First, it conveniently overlooks the fact that Quaratino sought to add the retaliation claim to her complaint as early as April of 1994, but was prevented from doing so until 1996 by a (later-reversed) ruling of the district court. See Quaratino I, 71 F.3d at 65-66. At the very least, Quaratino successfully pressed her retaliation claim in the Quaratino I appeal and would be eligible for fees for that work even if the claims were severable. Second, the foundation for the retaliation claim apparently was revealed in the 1993-1994 discoveiy process, suggesting that at least a portion of that time spent in discovery would have to be allocated to the retaliation claim. Fortunately, neither we nor the district court need engage in such hair-splitting, because we affirm the district court's determination that the claims should not be treated as severable.
     
      
      . Because the district court offered no basis other than ‘‘billing judgment" for its fee reduction, we intimate no view on the other circumstances that might — in other cases — warrant reduction of a fee award below the lodestar. The panel’s initial (now sijperseded) opinion could be read to suggest that a district court may not reduce the fee award below the lodestar (a) because of the low degree of success, unless the plaintiff won no more than a nominal or technical victory, or (b) because of the triviality of the interest on which the plaintiff prevailed. We wish to clarify that neither question is presented on this appeal, and that we intimate no view on either one.
     
      
      . This seeming "omission” was no doubt occasioned by the fact that the third fee application was filed on the same day as the court's own memorandum opinion and order awarding fees. We leave it to the district court to determine whether this application was properly before it, and to exercise its discretion as to whether and to what extent to incorporate this request into the lodestar award.
     