
    Martens and others, Appellants, vs. Reilly and others, imp., Respondents.
    
      December 14, 1900
    
      March 19, 1901.
    
    
      Conspiracy: Civil action: Damages: Violation of contract: “ Unlawful act.”
    
    1. In a civil action for damages instituted against members of a conspiracy, the gist of the action is the damage; while in a criminal prosecution for the offense of conspiring, the gist of the' action is the conspiracy.
    3. A conspiracy is defined to be a combination of two or more persons- ■ to do a criminal or unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by criminal or unlawful means.
    3. If the object to be attained by a conspiracy be criminal or unlawful, the combination offends against the criminal law by common-law rules without any overt act, and by statute when there is such overt act. (Stats. 1898, sec. 4568. But see secs. 4466a and 44666, pertaining to the statutory conspiracies.) And if the means to be used are criminal or unlawful, the ultimate end to be attained need not be essentially wrong. In either case if damage is produced to the person against whom the conspiracy is directed, an action to recover the same will accrue to him against all the guilty parties.
    4 The gist of the civil action against conspirators being the damage, the general rule is that it will not lie against many acting in concert if it will not lie against one of them for the same act. Such rule does not apply to criminal actions.
    
      5. The violation of a contract is an unlawful act. Therefore, if one or more persons conspire with another to commit, or two or more persons combine together to efEect, such violation, and the object of the combination be consummated to the damage of a third person, such third person has his action to recover the damages against him who breached the contract and every person who, by reason of the combination, is connected with the wrong.
    [Syllabus by MARSHALL, J.]
    Appeal from a judgment of the superior court of Milwaukee county: J. C. Ludwig, Judge.
    
      Reversed.
    
    Action for damages. The facts stated in the complaint are substantially as follows: John, A. Martens zxAWilliam JBeehsiein, in the fall of 1896, relying on representations made by defendant Mary J. O’Connor and corroborated by her attorney, as to her legal rights, leased of her certain lands in the city of Milwaukee, describing the same, for the term of five years at the yearly rental of $200 and the taxes, paying $100 down upon the lease. The lease was made in writing, and in addition to the essential stipulations it contained the following provisions:
    (1) The lessee shall have the first privilege to purchase the premises during the term of the lease, for such price and on such terms as the parties to the lease shall mutually agree to.
    (2) In case of a sale of the premises by the lessor she shall have the privilege of canceling the lease on giving written notice of such sale and cancellation, and thereupon the term of the lease shall terminate at the close of the second summer season from the date of such notice, no rent, however, to be paid for the last six months.
    (3) The lease shall not be assigned, nor the premises under-leased, without written consent of the lessor first obtained.
    (4) The leased premises shall be used for the maintenance of a first-class swimming and bathing institution, with the right of furnishing refreshments to its patrons.
    (5) The lessees may grade the river bank in preparing the premises for the bathing houses and buildings, but at the end of the term they shall restore the premises to the condition, existing at the time of making the lease.
    Soon after the lease was made, the lessees caused the plaintiff Bechstein-Martens Company to be.incorporated, and then assigned the lease to such company. Consent to the assignment was not obtained of the lessor before making it, but she knew of the contemplated assignment and verbally consented to the same. Prior to February 26, 1897, the leased property was taken possession of by the lessees and improvements were commenced thereon Avhich were under way on that date. Prior to that day, and with knowledge of all the conditions of the lease, one Bernard 0. Beilly, at the instigation of defendants Ernst A. Conrad and Edward A. Benson, prevailed upon the lessor and her children to ignore the provisions of the lease giving to the lessees the first chance to purchase the premises,- and to give to said Reilly or his assigns an option to purchase the same for $8,000. Such option was obtained for the purpose of preventing the establishment of the swimming school, or ending the maintenance of it on the premises as soon as practicable. All of the O’Connors, Reilly, and Benson co-operated in that scheme. The option, as soon as obtained, and as was previously contemplated by Reilly, was assigned to Conrad and Benson.
    
    About the time the option to purchase was made, plaintiffs Martens and Bechstein discovered that Mrs. O’Connor had only a dower interest in the property, and that the legal title was in her six children as heirs of her deceased husband, and thereupon they applied to her and her children to obtain a ratification of the lease, and for a written consent to the assignment. By reason of the interference of Reilly and his efforts and those of Benson and Conrad to prevent the use of the property for a swimming school, plaintiffs Martens and Bechstein experienced considerable difficulty in obtaining á ratification of the lease and a'written consent to its assignment, but such ratification and consent were finally obtained.
    In furtherance of the conspiracy to prevent the establishment and maintenance of the swimming school, after the option .to purchase was obtained, the holders of such option caused the O’Connors to sign a written cancellation of the lease, which was served upon the plaintiffs, and they were also notified to desist from further improving the property. Their contractors were also notified' by the conspirators to stop working upon the property, and to influence them to do so they were told that plaintiffs would not be ready to pay them. When the option to purchase was obtained, Conrad and Benson did not intend to purchase the property but intended to use the option to deter plaintiffs from establishing the swimming school. The O’Connors were induced by them to violate the terms of the lease and to refuse to protect the lessees in the enjoyment of the benefit of the privilege secured to them by such terms. The result of the conduct of the conspirators was that plaintiffs were obliged to ábandon their purpose of constructing and maintaining a .swimming school on the leased premises, suffering great loss in doing so.
    Defendant Lawrence O’Connor answered separately and apart from the other defendants. Defendants Patrióle: F. and Phillip O’Connor joined in an answer, as likewise did Frnst A. Conrad and Edward A.' Benson. The answers were to the effect' that the option to purchase was' obtained' in good faith and not with any intent to injure plaintiffs or •either of them; that no conspiracy was entered into or carried out to commit such injury; and that the property was purchased of the O’Connors subject to the lease.
    The evidence produced upon the trial proved or tended to prove the following facts: The lease was obtained originally of Mrs. O’Connor, was thereafter ratified by the holders'of one half the legal title, was assigned to the plaintiff corporation, and permission to make snob assignment was given in writing as alleged. The assignment was made and the ratification as well, before consent was obtained in writing for the making of the assignment, but Mrs. O’Connor knew of the purpose to make the assignment and verbally consented thereto. The original lessees learned of the state of the title about the time notice to quit- was served upon them, and they thereafter obtained the ratification.of the lease of the O’Connor heirs and their consent to the assignment. The option was obtained by Reilly for Gonrad and Benson wfith full knowledge of the terms and conditions of the lease. Reilly worked upon the sympathy of Mrs. O’Connor, bringing to her attention the objections of himself and others to the use of the property for a swimming school, and his friendship for her deceased husband. In that way and others calculated to stimulate the sympathy of Mrs. O’Connor, he prevailed upon her to give him an option to purchase the property and break her agreement with Martens and Beoh-stem and their assignee, the Bechstein-Ma/rtens Company, to give to the holders of the lease the first right to purchase the property. Gonrad and Benson desired to become the owners of the property for the sole purpose of destroying the swimming-school enterprise as soon as possible.
    After plaintiffs knew of the option to purchase, they offered to take the property of the O’Connors on the same terms given to Reilly, but the O’Connors were made to believe, by the holders of the option to purchase, that it prevented them from recognizing the rights of the lessees to take the property by purchase, and were induced to co-operate with the efforts to exclude plaintiffs from any interest in the property. The lessees tendered the sum of $400 to the O’Connors and to the holders of the option, which sum was the down payment made by the holders thereof, and demanded the benefit secured to them by their lease as regards the purchase of the property; but the demand was •refused. The holders of the option caused a notice to be made and served terminating the lease, and after they became part owners of the property — which they did by a •deed to Nunnemacher, who took the title direct from the O’Connors by the direction of Conrad and Benson, and a deed of Nunnemacher to Conrad and Benson and one Wild whom they associated with them — they notified plaintiffs in writing of the state of the title. Plaintiffs’ contractors, who were making the improvements upon the property, after the option was obtained, were made to believe by Conrad and Benson that there was danger of their not getting their pay and that they had no right to place improvements upon the property. They thereupon stopped work, but'afterwards commenced again.
    Upon plaintiffs’ finding that they would be obliged to resort to litigation to establish their rights under the lease, and upon their being unable to obtain any assurance from the holders of the title that they would be allowed to peaceably occupy the property for any considerable length of time, or for any time beyond that allowed to them after the cancellation of the lease, they abandoned the property and leased other lands for the establishment of their swimming school, paying as additional rent $327 per year, and removing their improvements to the new premises so far as such improvements were capable of being removed. They suffered a loss by reason of the facts, in addition to the increased rent, of some over $700. The privilege secured to the lessees in the lease, to take the property by purchase, was a very valuable feature thereof. The improvements on the property, necessary to the establishment of the swimming-school enterprise, were costly, and could not be removed except in part. By reason thereof a long-term lease was necessary in order to enable the lessees to have the use of such improvements for such length of time as to account for their diminution in value to the lessees at the end of the term. It was also necessary to protect the leasehold estate against disturbance, in the event of the lessor wanting to sell the property and cancel the lease under the right reserved for that purpose, by the preference secured to the lessees to become the purchasers. Without the long term* coupled with the privilege to purchase the leased premises* the prospects of the enterprise were not sufficient to warrant the expenditure of money contemplated by the lease.
    At the close of the evidence defendants moved the court for a nonsuit, which motion was granted, and judgment was entered against plaintiffs for costs.
    For the appellants there was a brief by McElroy (& EscF wei'er, and oral argument by F. 0. Eschweiler.
    
    For the respondents Conrad, Benson, and Reilly there was a brief by Wimdder, Flanders, Smith, Boitum <& Vilas, and oral argument by C. E. Wilde.
    
   The following opinion was filed January 8, 1901:

Maeshall, J.

It will be seen by the foregoing that the facts upon which this case turned were established without reasonable controversy. If the law applicable thereto is in plaintiffs’ favor, clearly, under proper instructions for the guidance of the jury, the case should have been submitted to them to determine how much the defendants ought to pay as compensation for the wrong done. It seems that proper attention was not paid by the learned trial court to the law of the case as laid down by this court on the former appeal. [Martens v. O'Connor, 101 Wis. 18.] The opinion seems to. say plainly that on the facts alleged appellants had at least some contract rights against at least some of the O’Connors, and were lawfully in possession of the leased premises; that a violation of those rights was actionable, and that a combination to wilfully effect such violation rendered all the persons liable for the resulting legal damages who were participants in such combination. True, the law was not stated in just that way, but it is considered that the trained legal mind ought reasonably to have so read it. Legal opinions are written in contemplation of their being read and applied by persons learned in the law. It may be that too little attention is paid to the probability of a partisan reading thereof by practitioners, and the effect of such reading upon a trial judge, who is liable, in the press of business under which such judges often labor, to depend to some degree at least upon the ideas of attorneys as to the scope of a decision. The ideal of judicial perfection in stating a legal proposition ivill have been reached when one can put ideas into language so plain that no person of common sense, whether he be a layman or a specialist, can fail in reason .to understand it. Probably no one here has the egotism to hope to reach that ideal; yet, expressing my personal view in passing, it is believed that the former statement of the law in this case came reasonably close to it. True, some mention was made of the fact alleged in the complaint that the option to purchase was fictitious; but it seems that no room was thereby created for believing that such fact was considered of any significance other than as a matter of aggravation of the injury, in that it indicated a specific intent to accomplish the wrong. True, it was also said, that the cause of action, in the main, “is based upon the claim that defendants con-, spired to plaintiffs’ injury.” That is plainly pregnant with the idea that the gist of the wrong complained of is not ther conspiracy, but the damages suffered, and that the conspiracy is important only in that it connects persons with the infliction of such damages so as to render them legalty liable therefor, though they may not personally have committed any of the overt acts. It was distinctly said that the.lessees had some rights, and that a combination to wilfully violate those rights rendered all persons connected therewith liable for the injury to the plaintiffs.

We might rest this ease upon what has been said. It clearly indicates that the plaintiffs’ right to recover was established, that the amount of the recovery was the one question left to be determined, and that such question, under proper instructions, should have been submitted to the jury. However, a brief statement of principles may be of some use in the further proceedings to be had and as a precedent for reference in other litigation.

In 4 civil action against members of a conspiracy for the recovery of damages, unlike a criminal action, the gist thereof is the damage, not the conspiracy. Smith v. Nippert, 16 Wis. 86; Hutchins v. Hutchins, 7 Hill, 104; Bush v. Sprague, 51 Mich. 41; Garing v. Fraser, 16 Me. 37; East Missouri v. Horseman, 16 U. C. Q. B. 556; Kimball v. Harman, 34 Md. 407; Leverty v. Vanarsdale, 65 Pa. St. 507; McHenry v. Sneer, 56 Iowa, 649; Adler v. Fenton, 24 How. 407; Cooley, Torts (2d ed.), *125. An act legal in itself, in that it does not offend against the criminal law and the injuries are damnum absque injuria, regardless of its violation of moral standards, whether such act be the one perpetrated or the means used to that end, generally, if not the subject of a civil action for damages when done by one person, is not if done by many acting in concert. It should be noted that this principle is confined to civil actions, for the very reason that legal damages are essential thereto, while it is otherwise in a criminal prosecution where the gist of the offense is the conspiracy. True, there are cases where it is held that the object of the conspiracy must be actionable in a criminal as well as in a civil case; but the great weight of authority in this country and in England as well is the other way. It is not necessary to discuss here the reason for the distinction. The following are but a few of the many cases that might be cited to support it. Rex v. Journeymen Taylors, 8 Mod. 11; State v. Rowley, 12 Conn. 101; State v. Donaldson, 32 N. J. Law, 151; Comm. v. Waterman; 122 Mass. 43; Morris Run C. Co. v. Barclay C. Co. 68 Pa. St. 187; State v. Buchanan, 5 Har. & J. 317; State v. Younger, 1 Dev. Law, 357; Smile Roberts, 1 Ld. Raym. 374; Adler v. Fenton, 24 How. 407; Lord Bowen in Mogul S. S. Co. v. McGregor, 23 Q. B. Div. 616; Huttley v. Simmons, [1898] 1 Q. B. Div. 181; 3 Chitty, O. Law, 1139. It may be observed in passing that failure to note the distinction indicated, between the facts calling for a civil and those for a criminal remedy, often leads to a^ -confusion of ideas as regards when an action for damages against several wrongfully acting in concert will and when it will not lie, and that, there are indications in the books that such confusion has influenced the decisions of courts in some instances to the extent of producing erroneous declarations of law and denials of justice.

The essentials of a conspiracy, whether viewed "with regard to its importance in a criminal prosecution or its significance in a civil action for damages, are commonly described in this general language: It is a combination between two or more persons to do a criminal or an unlawful act or a lawful act by criminal or unlawful means. The word Munlawful” is not confined to criminal acts. It includes all wilful, actionable violations of civil rights. In any case the object of the combination is what gives it legal significance. If that"object be to do an unlawful act in the sense of committing an actionable wrong, the means contemplated by the combination to effect such object are not material to the ■cause of action, whether such action be to punish the perpetrators for entering into such a combination or to recover of them the damages inflicted by carrying out its object. If the object of the conspiracy be the use of unlawful, means, whether such means be the violation of the civil or criminal law, the unlawfulness of the end sought to be attained is mot controlling either in a prosecution for the offense of so ■conspiring or an action to recover the damages suffered by the consummation of the ■wrongful purpose. 6 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.), 841. So the rule of common law is, as regards indictments for criminal conspiracies, that where the crime depends on the object of the conspiracy, that object must be set forth, but the means need not be; but where the crime depends upon the character of the means to be employed, they are material and must be alleged. Reg. v. King, 7 Q. B. 782; Sydserff v. Reg. 11 Q. B. 245; Rex v. Gill, 2 Barn. & Ald. 204; People v. Richards, 1 Mich. 216. And the same is true under the new procedure. State v. Crowley, 41 Wis. 271.

In the light of the foregoing-elementary principles, the right of plaintiffs to recover, on the facts established by the evidence, is too clear for reasonable controversy. Plaintiffs had a lease binding from the first on Mrs. O’Connor at. least, and subsequently on three of her children. It was-immaterial whether she really had any interest in the property which she could lease. So long as she assumed the right to lease the property she was legally bound ta-malee her agreement good. As against her and the three children, at least, plaintiffs were entitled to the full benefit of every promise contained in the lease, including the one-giving them the first privilege to purchase the property,, which privilege, as it seems from the evidence, was valuable to them to protect their possession for a sufficient length of time to render it reasonably safe to make the large expenditure contemplated by the business which they were about, to enter upon. If the lessors bound themselves by the lease beyond their rights in the property, that did not militate against the right of plaintiffs to hold them liable to carry it out so far as they, could, and for damages for breach of so-much thereof as they could not. perform. The violation of the contract was an unlawful act rendering them liable to 'civil remedies for damages. They wilfully committed such. violation. They refused to give the lessees the privilege of protecting their possession of the premises by the purchase thereof when the conclusion to sell was reached, and that seriously damaged them. There we have the unlawful act requisite to hold parties, in combination to perpetrate it, liable for resulting damages. Defendants Conrad and Benson combined with the O’Connors to accomplish that wrong. They were really the moving parties in the whole matter. Rut for their wilful intermeddling in the affair between the O’Connors and plaintiffs it is not probable that the contract would have been violated. The unlawful act would have been actionable if no one had been concerned in it but Mrs. O’Connor. The others combined with her to do such unlawful act. The object of the combination was accomplished and there was resulting damage to plaintiffs. So the case fits the legal test at every, point. The damage stands out significant, independent of the combination. The combination connects all parties with the damage that were guilty participants in the wrong.

It is possible that it may have been the view of the learned trial court that the mere wilful breaching of a contract is not an unlawful act within the meaning of the law of conspiracy. The law on that question is well settled. In a very recent and somewhat famous case in the United States supreme court the breaking of a contract was the object of the combination, and it was held an unlawful act and sufficient to render all the participants therein liable. Angle v. C., St. P., M. & O. P. Co. 151 U. S. 1. This emphatic language was there used by Mr. Justice BeeweR:

“It has been repeatedly held that, if one maliciously interferes in a contract between two parties, and induces one of them to break that contract to the injury of the other, the party injured can maintain an action against the wrongdoer.”

Many leading cases on this branch of the law of conspiracy were cited by Mr. Justice Beewee, with quotations from opinions in such cases. The following of such quotations are significant:

“ Wherever a man does an act which in law and in fact is a wrongful act, and such an act as may, as a natural and probable consequence of it, produce injury to another, and which in the particular case does produce such an injury, an action on the case will lie. ... If these conditions are satisfied, the action does not the less lie because the natural and probable consequence of the act complained of is an act done by a third pei’son; or because such act so done by the third person is a breach of duty or contract by him, or an act illegal on his part, or an act otherwise imposing an actionable liability on him.” Brett, L. J., in Bowen v. Hall, 6 Q. B. Div. 333, 337.
“If a person maliciously entices laborers or croppers to break their contracts with their employer and desert his service, the employer may recover damages against such person. The same reasons cover every case where one person maliciously persuades another to break any contract with a third person. It is not confined to contracts for service.” Rodman, J., in Jones v. Stanly, 76 N. C. 355, 356, affirming Haskins v. Royster, 70 N. C. 601.

See, also, Cooley, Torts (2d ed.), 330; Lumley v. Gye, 2 El. & Bl. 216; Walker v. Cronin, 107 Mass. 555.

Enough has been said to enable the trial court to properly end this litigation without its coming here again. If the case shall be, upon a new trial, presented the same as before, it will be the dutjr of the trial court to submit to the jury, under proper instructions, the question of damages. We shall not anticipate that there will be any mistake in that regard by marking out in advance any guiding line. The principles governing the subject are not of serious difficulty either to state or comprehend. The trial court will doubtless direct the jury properly in regard to the law to be applied in determining the recoverable damages, without any suggestion from here.

By the Court.— The judgment of the superior court is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.

Babdeen, J., took no part.

The respondents moved for a rehearing.

In support of the motion counsel contended that the decision is grounded on the proposition that the agreement in the lease to give the lessees the first right to purchase was a binding agreement, the violation of which was an unlawful act — a question not decided or considered on the former appeal. That agreement was absolutely nugatory and gave rise to no legal obligation. It was indefinite and incomplete; the minds of the parties never met. Gill Mfg. Co. v. Hurd, 18 Fed. Rep. 673; Wardell v. Williams, 62 Mich. 50; Mayer v. McCreery, 9 N. Y. St. Rep. 114; Fogg v. Price, 145 Mass. 513; Hayes v. O'Brien, 23 L. R. A. 555. It was void under the statute of frauds. Harney v. Burhans, 91 Wis. 351; Brandeis v. Neustadtl, 13 Wis. 142, 149; Seymour v. Cushway, 100 Wis. 580.

The motion was denied March 19, 1901.  