
    UNITED STATES of America v. Alfredo SANTIAGO a/k/a Primo, Alfredo Santiago, Appellant.
    No. 05-1515.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Under Third Circuit LAE 34.1(a) April 27, 2006.
    Filed May 10, 2006.
    
      Todd S. Schulman, Office of United States Attorney, Philadelphia, PA, for United States of America.
    Burton A. Rose, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellant.
    Before: AMBRO and FUENTES, Circuit Judges, and IRENAS, District Judge.
    
      
       Honorable Joseph E. Irenas, Senior District Judge for the District of New Jersey, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION

AMBRO, Circuit Judge.

Alfredo Santiago, while in jail awaiting trial for drug offenses, was questioned in connection with an unrelated armed-robbery investigation. During that questioning, he waived his Miranda rights and signed a confession to the armed robbery. Santiago claims that his confession should be excluded because it was obtained in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. We disagree and therefore affirm.

I. Factual Background and Procedural History

The facts are quite familiar to the parties, so we provide only the most relevant.

On May 19, 2002, Santiago was arrested for drug offenses by the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, police. He was held without bail on the drug charges in the Lancaster County Prison.

On May 20, a detective in the East Lampeter, Pennsylvania, police force learned that Santiago had been arrested in Lancaster. That detective was investigating a May 5 armed robbery of a Days Inn in Berks County, Pennsylvania — a hotel clerk had identified Santiago, from a photograph, as one of the armed robbers. On May 14, a criminal complaint against Santiago requesting an arrest warrant for the armed robbery had been issued in Berks County.

On May 22, Santiago’s application for court-appointed counsel for the drug offenses was approved. On May 23, the detective met Santiago in the Lancaster County Prison to discuss the armed robbery. There Santiago waived his Miranda rights and signed a confession to the armed robbery.

On June 19, 2002, Santiago was formally arrested for the armed robbery, and he was indicted on three counts relating to it in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in April 2004. After a jury convicted him on all three counts, Santiago was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment, five years’ supervised release, and a fine. He appeals the District Court’s denial of his motion to suppress his confession to the armed robbery.

II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

We review “the District Court’s denial of a motion to suppress for clear error as to the underlying factual findings and exercise[ ] plenary review of the District Court’s application of the law to those facts.” United States v. Perez, 280 F.3d 318, 336 (3d Cir.2002).

III. Discussion

Santiago’s principal contention is that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel had attached by the time that the detective questioned him in the Lancaster prison. But the District Court correctly denied his suppression motion under the rule of Texas v. Cobb, 582 U.S. 162, 121 S.Ct. 1335, 149 L.Ed.2d 321 (2001).

First, the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is offense specific. Id. at 172-73, 121 S.Ct. 1335; McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 175, 111 S.Ct. 2204, 115 L.Ed.2d 158 (1991). So the fact that Santiago had been granted court-appointed counsel for his drug offenses does not bear at all on whether he had counsel for his unrelated armed-robbery offenses.

Second, Santiago was questioned before his formal arrest for the armed robbery and well before his indictment. The Supreme Court has held many times that the “right to counsel does not attach until the initiation of adversary judicial proceedings.” United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180, 188, 104 S.Ct. 2292, 81 L.Ed.2d 146 (1984) (citing four cases). That is, the right attaches only when “the government has committed itself to prosecute, and ... [when] the adverse positions of government and defendant have solidified.” Id. at 189, 104 S.Ct. 2292 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has, therefore, “never held that the right to counsel attaches at the time of arrest,” but only later. Id. at 190,104 S.Ct. 2292. Our Court has held that “it is clear from the Supreme Court’s statements that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel ... does not extend to the pre-indictment period.” United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238, 261 (3d Cir.1983).

Santiago argues that the filing of a criminal complaint (which simply is the preface to an arrest warrant) suffices to trigger the Sixth Amendment right to counsel in Pennsylvania. But even Pennsylvania requires a formal arrest before the Sixth Amendment right attaches. Commonwealth v. Karash, 513 Pa. 6, 518 A.2d 537, 541 (1986) (“[W]e have in this jurisdiction treated the arrest as the triggering event which causes the Sixth Amendment right to attach.”); see also United States v. Moore, 122 F.3d 1154, 1156 (8th Cir.1997) (holding that the filing of a federal criminal complaint was insufficient to trigger the right to counsel because, “[i]f an arrest does not trigger the Sixth Amendment right to counsel, we are unable to see how the issuance of a complaint that serves as the basis for a probable cause determination authorizing a later arrest would trigger that right”). As mentioned above, Santiago was not arrested in connection with the armed robbery until June 19, 2002, almost one month after he was questioned. And the federal grand jury did not hand down a formal indictment until April 2004, nearly two years later.

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For the above reasons, we affirm the District Court’s judgment. 
      
      . He does not, however, raise any Fifth Amendment issue as to the adequacy of the waiver of his right against self-incrimination.
     