
    Cornelius Danahy, Plaintiff, v. Harry Fagan et al., Defendants.
    (Supreme Court, New York Special Term,
    June, 1909.)
    Infants — Property and conveyances— Sale, mortgage or lease under order of court — Deed to purchaser.
    The provisions of subdivision 2 of section 2345 of the Code of Civil Procedure, authorizing an action against an infant to procure a judgment directing a conveyance of real property, where a valid contract for the sale thereof has been made, have reference to a contract made by the ancestor of the infant and not to a contract made by a special guardian pursuant to an order of the court.
    Where a special guardian appointed in a proceeding for the sale of infants’ real estate dies, after having made a contract for the sale of the property involved in the proceeding pursuant to an order of the court therein and before having executed a conveyance of the property, such conveyance may be executed by a successor of the special guardian appointed in the proceeding; and an action to compel such conveyance is unnecessary.
    Action for a specific performance.
    Hitchings & Palliser (Lyon W. Thompson, of counsel), for plaintiff.
    Joseph T. Ryan, for defendants.
   Giegerich, J.

The action is to compel the defendants, who are infants, to convey to the plaintiff their one undivided half interest in certain real property, situate in the former town and county of Westchester and now in the borough of the Bronx and county of Hew York, according to the terms of a contract made by Mary Fagan, their mother, and also their special guardian, with the plaintiff, pursuant to an order of the court, as hereinafter stated. The plaintiff was the owner of an undivided half interest in the premises in suit, and Harry Fagan, the father of said defendants, was the owner of the other half interest when he died, on or about July 22, 1901, seized thereof and intestate as to the same. He left him surviving Mary Fagan, his widow, and the four infant defendants, his children. Upon the petition of Mary Fagan she was appointed special guardian, and a referee was appointed to examine into the advisability of the sale of the property in suit, and to report thereon. The referee, by his report, dated October 14, 1905, found that the sum of one thousand ($1,000) dollars is the fair and reasonable value of the interest of the infants and their mother in the realty described in this matter, . * * * and that the share or interest of the said infants in the premises described in the petition herein should be sold.” On October 19, 1905, this report was confirmed, and the special guardian was authorized and empowered to contract for the sale and conveyance of such interest, subject to the approbation of the court. On October twenty-fifth she reported that she had entered into an agreement, dated October twenty-third, subject to the approval of the court, for the sale of such interest in the premises in suit, which report was confirmed on October twenty-seventh, and the special guardian was “ authorized and directed to execute a deed for the conveyance of said infants’ said realty to Cornelius Danahy in accordance with the terms of said agreement.” The agreement, which is set forth in full in the third paragraph of the complaint, provides for the sale of the undivided half share or interest of the defendants in the real estate in controversy for the sum of $1,000, to be paid as follows: $50 on signing of the contract, and the balance on the delivery of the deed, which was to take place on Hovember 8, 1905, at one p. m., at the office of Mr. John Hetherington, Ho. 16 Exchange place, in the city of Hew York, or at any day prior thereto, if so agreed. When the contract was signed the plaintiff paid the $50 deposit as required, which has not been returned to him. At the time fixed for the closing of the title the plaintiff claimed that it was defective, but it is stated in his counsel’s brief that such defect has since been cured through his efforts. Several adjournments were had, but the defendants claim that no further adjournments were had after December 19, 1905, to which date they contend it was last adjourned, but this is disputed by the plaintiff. On March 29, 1906, the special guardian died, and no one has been appointed in her stead. The plaintiff claims that after her death he kept on urging the attorney who represented her in her lifetime, and who has now succeeded her as guardian ad litem for the infant defendants in this action, to finish the transaction for him, and that he continued in his efforts to clear the title, and finally succeeded in doing so at his own expense and loss of time. The summons in the present action is dated December 12, 1906, and the complaint was verified on December twenty-first, but the defendants were not served with a copy of the summons and complaint until March 8, 1907. The case was not noticed for trial in Westchester county, where the action was commenced, until December 11, 1907, the defendants serving cross notice on December seventeenth. On January 15, 1908, by stipulation, the place of trial was changed from Westchester to New York county. After such removal, the plaintiff noticed the case for trial on May 18, 1908, the defendants serving cross notice on the same day. The defendants claim that the alleged defect in the record title which caused the plaintiff to refuse to accept the same has not been cured by the addition of anything to the record of the title by any court proceeding, but by ex parte affidavits which were not produced. They further urge that specific performance should be refused because of the alleged laches of the plaintiff and the increased value of the property. All these contentions are seriously disputed by the plaintiff, who insists, in answer to the challenge of the defendants to the jurisdiction of the court in the premises, that the action has been properly brought under section 2345 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The defendants, on the other hand, maintain that subdivision 2 of said section, upon which the plaintiff relies, does not apply to the case at bar, but is limited to those cases where a contract has been entered into by an ancestor who had died before the delivery of the deed, and that the infant heirs are unable to convey by reason of their infancy. It will be best to first pass upon the objection last urged by the defendants, for, if it is well taken, then obviously the other points so raised by them to defeat specific performance need not be considered. Section 2345 of the Code provides: “ In either of the following cases an action may be maintained against an infant, or a person incompetent to manage his affairs by reason of lunacy, idiocy or habitual drunkenness, to procure a judgment directing a conveyance of real property, or of an interest in real property: 1. Where the infant or incompetent person is seized or possessed of the real property, or interest in real property, by way of mortgage, or only in trust for another. 2. Where a valid contract for the sale or conveyance of the real property, or interest in real property, has been made; but a conveyance thereof cannot be made, by reason of the infancy or incompetency of the person in whom the title is vested.” The plaintiff cites Wurster v. Armfield, 175 N. Y, 256, in support of his contention that the present case comes within the provisions just quoted. In that case the defendant agreed to give a renewal of a certain lease, and when an action was brought to compel him to execute the same he resisted on the ground that he was incompetent when such agreement was made. Since the agreement for a renewal of the lease was made by the alleged incompetent, the action was properly brought against him. Such form of action was expressly authorized by part 2, chapter 5, title 2, section 22 of the Revised Statutes (2 R. S., 55), which provided that specific performance of any bargain, contract or agreement which may have been made by any lunatic while he was capable to contract might be decreed by the Court of Chancery, and that it could direct the committee of such person to do and execute all necessary conveyances and acts for that purpose. These provisions have been substantially incorporated into sections 2345 and 2347 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The present case, however, is essentially different in its facts from the case so cited. Here the contract was not made by the ancestor of the infants, but by their special guardian, pursuant to the order of the court. It is obvious that this case does not come within the first subdivision of section 2345, and the question is presented whether it is within the second subdivision. As already seen, the latter does not in express terms state by whom the contract must have been made in order to entitle the purchaser to maintain the action. All it provides is that, where a valid contract for the sale or conveyance of real property has been made, an action for specific performance may be maintained, and it may be argued from such omission to specify whether made by an ancestor, a special guardian or a committee, that the Legislature intended to make the second subdivision apply to all cases where a contract was made irrespective of the person by whom it was made. The words which follow the clause “ where a valid contract for the sale or conveyance of real property, or interest in real property, has been made,” however, preclude the idea that such subdivision applies to a case like the present, where, as above shown, the special guardian was directed to convey, pursuant to a contract, the terms of which were approved by the court. Here the infancy of the defendants cannot be said to have been the cause which prevented a conveyance of the property, since said conveyance has already been directed to be made by the special guardian pursuant to the order of the court. The special guardian is an officer of the court, and since the deed of the property has not as yet been delivered and the balance of the purchase money remains unpaid, the court still has control of the special proceeding. Matter of Price, 67 N. Y. 231, 234. The death of the special guardian did not invalidate the contract, and her successor, when appointed, can carry out its terms. Lynch v. Kirby, 36 Mich. 237, 241. These views as to the meaning of the second subdivision are in accord with those of the codifiers as declared by Mr. Throop in his annotations to section 2345, and the preliminary note to chapter 17, title 7 of the Oode of which that section is a part. Throop’s Annotated Code, 1891, pp. 408, 410. In his notes to that section he says that it was “ substituted for portions of the following statutes, which gave a remedy against the infant, lunatic, &c.: 2 R. S., 55, part 2, ch. 5, tit. 2, secs. 20, 22 (3 R. S., 5th ed., 137; 2 Edm., 56), and L. 1874, ch. 446, tit. 2, secs. 9, 23-26, as amended by L. 1875, ch. 574, secs. 7 and 8, relating to a lunatic, &c.: and 2 R. S., 194, part 3, ch. 1, tit. 2, secs. 167, 169 (3 R. S., 5th ed., 275; 2 Edm., 202), relating to an infant. As the two sections last cited contemplated that the relief should he obtained by action, it was thought preferable to abolish the more summary remedy contemplated by the other sections cited. In other respects all these provisions have been consolidated and abbreviated in language, without substantial change of meaning.” Throop’s Annotated Code, supra, p. 410. Since no change was intended by the codifiers, and none was clearly made by the language employed, resort should be had to the earlier statutes, from which the provision under consideration was taken. Section 167 of part 3, chapter 1, title 2, of the Revised Statutes, prescribed that: The Court of Chancery shall have power to decree, and compel a specific performance, by any infant heir or other person, of any bargain, contract or agreement, made by any party who may die before the performance thereof, on petition of the executors or administrators of the estate of the deceased, or of any person interested in such bargain, contract or agreement, and on hearing all parties concerned, and being satisfied that the specific performance of such bargain, contract or agreement ought to be decreed or compelled.” The last sentence of the foregoing provision has been incorporated into the first sentence of section 2347 of the Code, which provides that: “A judgment, directing such a conveyance, shall not be rendered, unless the court, after hearing the parties, is satisfied that the conveyance ought to be made.” It will thus be seen from the foregoing provisions that performance of a contract could only be compelled where it was made by the ancestor, and he died before it could be performed, and the court, upon hearing the parties, was satisfied that specific performance should be decreed. The true meaning of the provisions which were so incorporated in abbreviated form into the second subdivision of section 2345 of the Code, is that the only contract which can be enforced is one made by the ancestor of an infant, and not, as in this case, one made by a special guardian who has been directed by the court to convey in accordance with the terms thereof. There is neither any allegation nor proof that the contract in suit or the order approving it and directing a conveyance pursuant to its terms was obtained by fraudulent practices, or through inadvertence or mistake. On the contrary, both parties rely upon the orders and proceedings had in the special proceeding in order to sustain the positions they have respectively contended for. I, therefore, fail to perceive upon what theory the equitable powers of the court can be invoked to set aside such contract and order directing a conveyance of the interest of the defendants in the property in controversy. If the case had fallen within the provisions of the second subdivision of section 2345 of the Code, the court, under section 2347 thereof, might have refused specific performance unless it was satisfied that the conveyance ought to be made, but, as already stated, the case does not come within such provisions. Besides, performance by the special guardian has already been directed by the court, and, so long as the order directing it remains in force, the matter must be regarded as res adjudicata. A dismissal of the complaint will have the effect of extricating the parties from the dilemma in which they have been placed by the bringing of this action. They will then be free to apply for relief in the special proceeding in which the order directing a conveyance was made. There the rights of the parties can be fully protected, and if it be determined, in case a motion is made to set aside such order, that it should stand, the contract can be carried out when a new special guardian is appointed. This was expressly held in Lynch v. Kirby, supra, and, although it is an adjudication outside this State, the following reasoning (found at page 241) is particularly applicable, by analogy at least, to a situation like the one presented by the death of the special guardian in the case at bar, viz.: “ The guardian who received the license at length made the sale and reported it to the court, and the court confirmed the sale and ordered conveyance. The death of the guardian before conveyance could not and did not invalidate the sale. That was complete. The purchasers were entitled to conveyance, and no reason is perceived why the successor in the deceased guardian’s place might not be directed to complete the transaction by deeding and receiving the price. There is no express provision that conveyance must be made by the same person who, as guardian effects the sale and nothing is discovered which implies any necessity for such a rule. On the contrary, it cannot be doubted but that such a regulation would often lead to great embarrassment and useless expense. Every sale not carried out by deed would necessarily fall to the ground in case of death, resignation or removal of the guardian. The act of conveyance is rather official than personal, and more of a function of the place than a matter appropriated to any individual, and I think the Probate Court was warranted in authorizing and directing the new guardian to make the conveyance which was due in law and which the former guardian was at his death lawfully required to execute. The new guardian succeeded to such of the duties of the place as remained unperformed. The sale was already consummated, closed and established. It was a matter finished. What remained to be done was to give the deeds and receive and account for the money.” My conclusion is that the complaint should be dismissed, with costs.

Complaint dismissed, with costs.  