
    Greenfield vs. Wright, Williams & Co.
    In an action of assumpsit for money paid, the plaintiff may prove the payment of money on the drafts of the defendant, without producing or accounting for the drafts.
    
      Writ of Error to the Circuit Court of Jefferson Cownty.
    
    Hon. J. C. Mueeav, Circuit Judge.
    Fowlbe, for plaintiff.
    Tbe point saved by exception, as to tbe impropriety of tbe evidence offered to prove payment of the drafts, <&c., mentioned in tbe account, without producing tbe drafts, or showing cause tvhy they were not produced, by proof of their loss or destruction, &c., or even proving that Greenfield bad drawn them; or in any wise authorized their payment, &c., it is insisted, on tbe part of Greenfield, was well taken in law.
    And 1st. It is well settled law, that no person can be made tbe debtor of another against bis will; but be must voluntarily become tbe debtor, either by express or implied consent. And Wright, Williams d& Co., could not make Greenfield their debtor, by paying drafts, or bis debts to others, tbe holders of tbe drafts, without proving that Greenfield reguested it, or in some way authorized them to do so. See Heirs of Emerson vs. Hall, 13 Pel. Rep. 412; Chrisman vs. Long, 1 Carter {Indi) Rep. 213/ Hamilton vs. Beama/n, ib. 189/ Young vs. JDibnell, I Hump. Rep,.fflO; Ba/rtlett vs. Glasscoclc, 4 Missouri Rep. 70; Bertmnd vs. Byrd, 
      5 Ark. Rep. 657/ Exall vs. Patridge, 8 Term. Hep. 310/ Oden vs. Elliott’s exr., 10 Ben. Mon. Rep. 315.
    2 d. Parol evidence of any material fact, agreement, or writing, cannot be received, when the written evidence exists, and can be controlled by the party. See 2 Esp. Nisi Prius 780/ 2 Sta/rk. Ev. 318/ Stone vs. Waggoner, 8 Ark. Rep. 206/ Sebree vs. Porr, 5 Gond. Rep. 680/ Renner vs. Bank of Columbia, 5 Oon. Rep. 699.
    If the, plaintiff’s below toot np Greenfield’s drafts, or paid them, whether drawn on them or a third person, at his reguest, it was their business to preserve and prove the drafts, andLtheir authority for paying them; and failing to do so, they should be held to abide by the consequences.
    Yell, for defendants.
   Mr. Justice Scott

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The defendants in error sued in assumpsit, in the Jefferson Circuit Court. The declaration was of three indebitatus counts, for money, interest, commissions, merchandise, invoices, work and labor, balance due upon an open account, and upon an account stated; all in the most full and formal manner: the demand being laid as due on the 18tk of June, 1852. There was no special count. The pleas were non-assumpsit, payment, and set-off, upon which issues of fact were formed and tried by jury. N o bill of particulars was offered or asked. Hiere was no evidence, on the part of the plaintiffs, but that contained in a single deposition, which appears to have been regularly taken on notice, and to which there was no objection made as for irregularity. There was no evidence at all on the part of the defendant, and no motion for a new trial. When the deposition was offered to be read to the jury, the defendant moved to exclude from them, all that part of it which went to prove those items, in the exhibit attached thereto, (which was a detailed account in debits and credits of sundry items,) which charged the defendant for drafts paid: on the ground that the evidence offered, as to these items, was secondary. But the court overruled his motion, and he took a bill of exceptions. The verdict and judgment having been rendered against him, he sued out a writ of error, and having obtained a supersedeas of the execution in the vacation of this court, has assigned here for error, the overruling of his above mentioned motion.

The plaintiff did not seek to recover upon any written security, but upon an implied parol contract. If the drafts charged to have boon paid had been produced, they, of themselves, would not have proved the plaintiffs’ allegation of money paid for the defendant, otherwise than by the presumption of that fact, which would have arisen from the possession of them. But although he might have proven this allegation thus — it does not follow that he might not have proven it also by any witness who knew the fact otherwise, as by one who might have seen the money paid, and the drafts taken up. A draft is no written instrument of evidence,^designed by the parties to show its own payment by the drawee. It purports no such thing. Much less, then, is it, even in the hands of the drawee, such written evidence of that fact, as to exclude all parol evidence to the same point unless produced, or its loss or destruction be first proven. If the defendant had desired more minute information of the items of the plaintiff’s claim against him, he might, doubtless, have obtained it, by asking for a bill of particulars, which, in this case, he did not. If he had feared a fraudulent use by the plaintiff of the drafts in his hands, for the payment of which the latter proceeded against him, doubtless by a timely application, the court would have ruled their production in court, and their surrender at the hearing — mid if he had desired more explicit proof, as to whether these drafts were drawn on the plaintiffs, or on a third person, or at his own request, or as to the plaintiffs’ authority to pay them, he doubtless might have obtained some light on these points, or on some of them, if he had availed himself of his privilege to attend, when notified, as he was, and had cross - examined the witness. Whether the verdict and judgment are sustained by the evidence, or whether the jury were misled in any way by instructions of the court, are questions in no way presented on this record. But the only question is, whether or not the court erred in overruling the motion above mentioned: and we do not think it did. The judgment will be affirmed with costs.

Absent, Mr. Justice "Walkeb.  