
    (64 Misc. Rep. 249.)
    BROWN & BIGELOW v. BARD.
    (Otsego County Court,
    July 30, 1909.)
    1. Sales (§ 176)-—Refusal of Buyeb to Accept Goods—Grounds—Waiveb.
    A buyer, refusing to accept the goods on a specified ground, thereby waives all other objections to them, provided the specified objection is deliberately stated after complete information.
    [Ed. Note.—For other cases, see Sales, Cent. Dig. § 439; Dec. Dig. § 176.]
    2, Sales (§ 176)—Refusal of Buyeb to Accept Goods—Grounds—Waiveb.
    A buyer refused to accept the goods on the sole ground that they were shipped too late. Subsequently he received the invoice, which showed other grounds for a refusal to accept. Held, that he did not waive such other grounds by basing his refusal on the ground first stated.
    [Ed. Note.—For other cases, see Sales, Cent. Dig. § 439; Dec. Dig. §- 176.]
    
      3. Justices of the Peace (§ 183)—Appeal—Right of Appellate Coubt.
    The court, on appeal from a justice’s judgment, must render judgment according to the justice of the case, without regard to errors not affecting the merits.
    [Ed. Note.—For other eases, see Justices of the Peace, Cent. Dig. § 711; Dec. Dig. | 183.]
    4. Sales (§ 81)—Contracts—Time for Delivery—“On ob About.”
    A contract for the sale of calendars, containing the name of the buyer and matter advertising his business as insurance agent, stipulated that the calendars should be shipped by freight and delivered f. o. b. cars “on or about” November 1st. The buyer bought the calendars for advertising purposes for distribution among his customers. On December 8th, following, the seller shipped the goods by express, and the buyer received them 6 days later. It would take a package from 8 to 22 days to be carried by freight. Held, that time was of the essence of the contract, and the seller failed to deliver the goods in time; the term “on or about” November 1st not including December 8th or 14th, following.
    [Ed. Note.—For other cases, see Sales, Cent. Dig. § 217; Dec. Dig. § 81.
    
    For other definitions, see Words and' Phrases, vol. 6, pp. 4966, 4967; vol. 8, p. 7737.]
    5. Sales (§ 178)—“Acceptance” by Buyer—Acts Constituting.
    “Acceptance” of goods by the buyer is the receipt of them with the intention of retaining them, indicated by some act manifesting his intention of accepting them unconditionally and as full performance of the contract.
    [Ed. Note.—For other cases, see Sales, Cent. Dig, § 451; Dec. Dig. § 178.
    
    For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, vol. 1, p. 56.]
    Appeal from Justice Court.
    Action by Brown & Bigelow against Daniel W. Bard. From a judgment for plaintiffs, rendered in Justice’s Court, defendant appeals to the County Court.
    Reversed.
    U. G. Welch, for appellant.
    Harry J. Mosher, for respondents.
    
      
      For other cases see same topic & § number in Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep’r Indexee
    
    
      
      For other cases see same topic & § number in Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, & Rep’r Indexes
    
   KELLOGG, J.

This is an appeal from a judgment rendered in Justice’s Court on the 15th day of September, 1908, in favor of the ■ plaintiff, for the sum of $34.30 damages and $3.35 costs. It appears that on the 13th day of March, 1907, the plaintiff and defendant entered into a contract, in writing, whereby the plaintiff agreed to sell and deliver to defendant a quantity of roll hangers and tubes and cardboard calendars, with envelopes, at and for the agreed price of $32.95, and that the same were to be shipped by freight and delivered f. o. b. cars, St. Paul, Minn., on or about the 1st day of November, 1907. It was also provided in the contract that:

“As it is impossible to print the exact quantity ordered, it is agreed that a shortage or excess in count, varying not more than 10 per cent, of the quantity ordered, will be accepted as filling this contract, and at the option of Brown & Bigelow shipment may be made at an earlier date, providing goods are billed as above.”

On the 8th day of December, 1907, the plaintiff claims to have delivered a package containing the goods in question to the Adams Express Company, at St. Paul, Minn., addressed to the defendant, and that thereafter, and on the 14th day of December, the agent of that company, at Edmeston, delivered a package from plaintiff to defendant, at the residence of defendant’s father, where he was then residing. The defendant did not sign for the package at the time of the delivery, nor was he asked to sign for the same. The package was taken "by the defendant into the house, and never opened by him. On the same day the defendant wrote to the plaintiff in substance that he had that morning received by express what he supposed was the goods ordered by him on the 13th of March, and stating that, if a reference should be made to the order, it had not been filled according to the terms. “I will now advise you,” he says, “that I have not opened the package, and shall not do so until I hear from you in the matter; but I certainly shall not accept them at this late date at the prices I was to pay for them.” On the 15th day of December the defendant received an invoice from plaintiff, in which he was charged for 15 extra calendars, and also for the amount the freight would have been from St. Paul, Minn., to Edmeston, had the package been shipped and delivered by freight as called for by the terms of the contract. An extended correspondence appears to have followed between the parties, which terminated January 11, 1908, and all of which was offered and received in evidence. Upon receipt of the invoice,_ defendant wrote plaintiff that they had put in 15 extra size calendars, for which they were making an additional charge, and which he considers another good reason for declining tú accept the calendars on the original terms. He then offers to send a check of $10 for the goods, provided the plaintiff advised him of the acceptance of such an offer on or before the 27th; otherwise, plaintiff was requested to advise him what disposition to make of the calendars. In the course of the correspondence, and on January 3, 1908, the defendant raises a further objection as to why he declined to accept the calendars, in that the same were shipped in a different manner than stipulated in the contract, and that, instead of being shipped by freight, they were shipped to him by express.

Concisely stated, it is the claim of the appellant (1) that the goods were shipped too late; .(2) that extra calendars were charged in the invoice, and the defendant charged with what the freight would have been; (3) that they were shipped in a different manner than stipu-. lated in the contract. It is also contended by the appellant that one of the witnesses for the plaintiff was permitted to answer the direct question, over objection, “When was the package delivered f. o. b. cars St. Paul, Minn.?” That the same witness was also permitted to state “the usual time it takes a package to be transferred by freight from St. Paul to Edmeston, or some station near Edmeston,” and “what the freight charges for shipping such a package as the one in question from St. Paul to Edmeston were,” without having first shown that such information was within the knowledge of the witness ; “that full express charges were paid, and the consignee charged with what the freight charges would have been;” “how much the extra 15 calendars shipped amounted to according to the terms of the contract, and that they were charged in the invoice at the same rate the defendant agreed to pay for the calendars mentioned in the order.”

The plaintiff, in all the correspondence on its part, insisted that the order called for delivery “on or about” November 1st, that the calendars had apparently reached their destination in good time, that the order was filled as per contract, and that they should expect payment of the bill as rendered. The respondent also argues that the package was accepted by the defendant, and put' into his house, never returned to the express company or to the plaintiff, and that it was still in the , defendant’s possession at the time of the trial; that in none of his letters did he absolutely refuse to accept the package; that he was endeavoring to get the goods at a less price than called for by the contract, and was apparently endeavoring to delay the delivery; that on December 14th, when the defendant refused to accept the goods upon the sole ground that they were shipped too late, he had thus formulated his sole objection, and thereby waived all others to the acceptance of the goods—and citing Hess v. Kaufherr, 128 App. Div. 526, 112 N. Y. Supp. 832, Littlejohn v. Shaw, 159 N. Y. 188, 53 N. E. 810, and Gould v. Banks, 8 Wend, 562, 24 Am. Dec. 90.

If the first objection was deliberately stated, the above, no doubt, is the correct rule, at least, if he had such complete information as,, would have enabled him to state his other objections. But the invoice was not received until the day following the 14th of December, so that the objection to several of the items therein could not have been made prior to the time it was received.

It was also urged that the exact time these goods were to be delivered was not of the essence of this contract, and that, if such had been the case, instead of the' contract reading “on or about” November 1, 1907, the parties would have stipulated that the goods ought to have been in the buyer’s hands not later than November 1, 1907, and that the nature of the goods bought, and of the use of the word “about,” and the meaning of shipment by freight to be delivered at St. Paul, provided that the intent of the parties was to have the calendars in the buyer’s hands in time for the delivery among his customers at the commencement of the year 1908, and that they were in his hands 17 days before the commencement of the year; that the question of whether the delivery was in time, as well as place of delivery, quantity delivered, and tender of the goods, were all submitted to the trial court, as was also the question as to whether the plaintiff had proved a substantial compliance with the terms of the contract, and, as the same were questions of fact, the verdict of the trial court must be regarded as controlling upon these issues. It is the duty of an appellate court to render judgment according to the justice of the case, without regard to technical errors which do not affect the merits. No decision of a lower court should be reversed or a verdict set aside on a mere technicality, when it is evident that substantial justice has been done. The existence of mere legal loopholes should never be permitted to delay a just and proper administration of the law.

The justice disregarded the item for the extra calendars, and rendered judgment for the purchase price of the goods, and for the amount which it was claimed the freight would have been. As this case must turn upon the construction of the contract of sale, and the meaning of the words "on or about” as used therein, With reference to the time the calendars were tendered for delivery, it is hardly necessary to consider whether the errors in the admission of evidence on the trial were of sufficient importance to reverse the judgment, or the fact that the goods were tendered to the defendant by express, instead of by freight, as called for by the terms of the contract. Assuming there had been a timely delivery to the defendant of the goods, and the question here was as to the right of the defendant to refuse to receive them upon the sole ground that they were sent by express, instead of by freight, would hardly be of sufficient importance to reverse the judgment. The facts as presented here may be clearly distinguished from the case of International Money Box Co. v. Southern Trust Co., 93 App. Div. 309, 87 N. Y. Supp. 881, which involved a. contract for the sale of merchandise f. o. b. New York City, and it was held that a delivery to a carrier, with the direction to deliver it to the vendee at Baltimore, Md., and collect charges, is not a compliance therewith. The defendant, however, having rejected the calendars upon the ground that the delivery was too late, I am of the opinion that the attempted delivery by express was not sufficient to pass the title.

It appears from the evidence that at the time the contract was made, and for some time prior thereto, the defendant was an insurance agent at Edmeston, N. Y., a village containing about 700 inhabitants ; that he also transacted business in the vicinity of that village, and in several adjoining towns, which were six or seven miles distant therefrom. The name of the defendant and certain advertising matter was printed upon the calendars, and they were procured, he says, for advertising purposes, and for distribution among his customers. Evidence received in the case also shows that it would take a package from 8 to 23 days to go by freight from St. Paul to Edmeston. The primary object in the construction of contracts is (1) to arrive at the intention of the parties, and (2) to ascertain, if possible, as to whether there has been such a fair and honorable completion of the same by either one or more of the parties in interest, so as to entitle a party claiming to have fulfilled to receive the compensation or benefits to be derived thereunder.

What was intended by the parties when it was stated in this contract that the calendars were to be delivered at St. Paul, f. o. b. cars “on or about” November 1, 1907? Was there such a reasonable compliance with the terms thereof, from the facts here presented, as entitled the plaintiff to recover for the purchase price of the same ? Or was there such a failure on the part of the plaintiff as justified the defendant in refusing to accept and pay for the goods ? In other words, was the shipment by express of the calendars from St. Paul on the 8th, and their arrival on the 14th of December at Edmeston, “on or about” November 1st? A legal definition of the words “on or about” as used in this contract has never been made by the courts of this or any other state. The expression “on or about” a certain date is held to be just as consistent with a day or two after the date as before. Paine v. State Land Office, 66 Mich. 245, 33 N. W. 491. The term “on or about” the 1st day of July, though somewhat indefinite and uncertain, will not be held to extend as far back as May 24th. Santa Monica Milling Co v. Hege (Cal.) 48 Pac. 69-71. Wilson v. Flickinger Co., 76 App. Div. 399, 78 N. Y. Supp. 746, was an action to recover for the purchase price of glass jars to be delivered “on or about” the 1st day of July, 1906, and they were not shipped until the 11th of August following. It was therein held that the defendant might show under a general denial that he canceled the contract before the goods were shipped, to wit, August 11th following. The goods were subsequently rejected because of an alleged failure to come up to the requirements of the contract, in that they were not of equal quality of the sample. It was also held that, if there was no oral modification of it regarding the time of delivery, the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover, and that without such question the plaintiff had no case for the jury. Neither was it error to refuse to charge that the provision of the contract as to the time of the delivery was waived by the defendant taking the goods from the cars and receiving them. In Hawes v. Lawrence, 4 N. Y. 345, it was held that the words “on or about,” as used in that contract, amount to nothing more than a mere representation, and were not words of warranty.

Taking into consideration the occupation of the defendant, the territory in which he transacted his business, the purpose for which he procured the calendars, and that they were of little use to him if not delivered in time for the distribution among his customers, I am of the opinion that time was of the essence of the contract, and that the term “on or about” November 1st, as used therein, did not mean December 8th or 14th, nor was there such a fulfillment of its terms on the part of the plaintiff as entitled it to recover for the purchase price of the calendars under all of the facts and circumstances in this case.

The defendant appears to have been prompt in notifying plaintiff of his refusal to accept the calendars under the terms of the contract, and continued'so to do until the correspondence ceased. It is elementary that acceptance is the receipt of anything offered by another, with the intention to retain it, indicated by some act sufficient for that purpose, as when the seller gives the buyer the actual control of the goods and the buyer accepts. . There must be, however, some act or conduct on the buyer’s part manifesting his intention to accept the goods unconditionally and in the full performance of the contract of sale. I am not able to find any such acceptance in the defendant’s letters, or in the correspondence which took place between the parties.

For the reasons stated, I have reached the conclusion that the judgment rendered by the justice herein must be reversed, with costs. Ordered accordingly.  