
    Case No. 9,942.
    MURDOCK et al. v. WOODSON et al.
    [2 Dill. 188.]
    
    Circuit Court, W. D. Missouri.
    June 16, 1873.
    
    Railway Mortgage — Power op Trustees to Sue —Jurisdiction op Federal Court over State Ofpicers — Constitutional Law — Special Acts — Title op Act — Construction of the Constitution op Missouri as to Release op the State’s Lien on Railroads.
    1. The trustees' in a railway mortgage for the benefit of numerous and widely scattered bondholders secured thereby, have sufficient authority and interest to enable them to bring a bill in equity to enjoin an alleged illegal proceeding which will injure the value of the bonds and cast a cloud upon the security, or a bill to have a controverted priority of lien settled before an irredeemable sale is made under another mortgage, which is claimed to be prior to that made to the trustees.
    tCited in Mercantile Trust Co. v. Texas & P. By. Co., 51 Fed. 537.]
    2. The circuit court of the United States may, in a proper case, enjoin the agents or officers of a state, whatever may be their grade, and this although the state may be the real party in interest; this doctrine applied in this case against the governor of Missouri acting as the special agent of the state in the foreclosure of a mortgage lien for the benefit of the state.
    [See Bancroft v. Thayer, Case No. 835.]
    3. In 1868, the state of Missouri, holding a first mortgage lien upon the Pacific Railroad of that state as indemnity for state bonds issued for the benefit of that company, passed an act by which, in consideration of $5,000,000. to be paid by the company to the state, and which was paid, the state released and discharged the company from the lien and all liability in respect of said bonds; and on the faith thereof the company mortgaged its roads to raise money to pay the state, undertaking to give the lenders a first lien. In 1873, the legislature of the state directed the foreclosure of the state’s mortgage which had been released: Held, (construing various provisions of the constitution of the state), that, under section 27. art. 4. of the constitution of the state, the act of 1S68 was not invalid because it was a special law.
    [Cited in Trask v. Maguire, Case No. 14,145.]
    4. Under section 32, art. 4, of the state constitution. it was not invalid because it related to more than one subject; and it was also held that the subject was sufficiently indicated by the title of the act
    5. The state legislature was not prohibited by section 15. art. 11, of the state constitution, or by the railroad constitutional ordinance of the state from discharging its mortgage or lien on receiving the full value of its security, and of that value the legislature was the judge; so held in favor of bondholders who in good faith advanced to the company the money with which to make payment to the state.
    [Cited in Ketchum v. Pacific R. Co., Case No. 7,740.]
    [Cited in brief in State v. Chappell, 74 Mo. 337.]
    6. It seems that the statutory lien reserved by the state was for its indemnity, and was under its control as between it and the holders of its bonds.
    The case came before the circuit judge at his chambers on an application by the plaintiffs [Uriel A. Murdock and Lutlier Clark], trustees in a mortgage made by the Pacific Railroad of Missouri, dated July 10, 18GS, for a preliminary injunction to restrain the defendants — [Silas] AYoodsou, who is the governor, and ¡H. Clay] Ewing, who is the attorney general, of the state of Missouri— from advertising and selling the said Pacific Railroad and its franchises under a statutory lien thereon claimed by the state of Missouri. The bill is very voluminous, but the following abstract will suffice to show its general nature and scope. It sets forth that the plaintiffs are citizens of New York, and that Woodson and Ewing, named above, are governor and attorney general of the state of Missouri, and that the Pacific Railroad is a corporation created by and under an act to incorporate the Pacific Railroad, approved March 12, 1S49, to construct and operate a railroad from St. Louis to a point near Kansas City, and that it did in 1831 commence the construction of the said road, and that now said road is two hundred and eighty-three miles in length; that during the progress of the work of construction the state loaned its credit to the company by issuing its bonds to the aggregate amount of $7,000,000; that of the bonds so delivered to the company the sum of $2,000,000 was under the act of February, 1851, entitled “An act to expedite the construction of the Pacific Railroad, and of the Hannibal & SL Jo. Railroad.” The bill then recites the terms and conditions upon which the bonds were to be paid, and also the conditions upon which bonds were granted to the railroad in 1S55, and also that by authority of acts of the legislature subsequent to the act of 1851, bonds to the amount of $5,000,000 were issued by the governor and delivered to the railroad company, and negotiated, the proceeds being used in the construction of the road — said bonds constituting a mortgage or first lien on the road and its appurtenances. It is stated that the entire amount of bonds liras issued was $7,000,000, the first $3,000.-000 being redeemable at the pleasure of the legislature at any time after the expiration of twenty years from date of issue, and the remainder payable in thirty years from date of issue. The bill then sets forth the disastrous effect of the war of the Rebellion on the road, then completed from St. Louis to Sedalia, one hundred and eight}' miles; that no work of construction was done between the years 1861 and 1SG4, nor was work resumed until after the legislature had empowered the company to borrow money to complete its line authorizing it to issue 1.500 bonds of $1,000 each, bearing interest at the rate of seven per cent, payable in four, five, and six years after date, to secure the payment of which the company was authorized to place a mortgage constituting a first lien on the line of its road west of Dresden for a distance of sixty-five miles, it being required that the proceeds of said bonds should be applied to the completion of that part of the road. By the same act, the state of Missouri relinquished its first lien and mortgage, and right of forfeiture on all that part of the road west of Dresden, retaining, however, a second lien or mortgage thereon, with condition that on the payment of the $1,500,000 the state's second lien should become a first lien. By the provisions of the act it was made obligatory on the company to apply all its net profits to the extension and equipment of such part of its road until fully completed, reserving sufficient only for the payment of interest on the bonds actually issued by the company known as the Dresden bonds. The company obtained the money on these bonds, and was extending the line in 1S64, when “a large army of insurgents” entered the state and marched along the line from Franklin, thirty-five miles from St. Louis, to the western terminus of the line at Warrensburg, a distance of one hundred and eighty-three miles, and destroyed bridges, cars, engines, and other property to an amount exceeding $1,006,000, rendering the road unfit for use for many months thereafter, and hence the road was not completed to the state line within the time, or at such reasonable cost as was contemplated by the Dresden bonds. In consequence of these serious losses, and the inability of the state to extend any more aid. the people of the city and county of St. Louis, by authority of law, loaned their credit, in 1S05, to said company in the sum of $700,000, for which bonds of the county for that amount were issued, payable in twenty years from date, and delivered to the company on its obligation to pay the interest as it- matured, and redeem the bonds themselves when due.
    The road was finally put in running order to the western boundary of the state, in 1806. but the Dresden bonds and the county-credit proved insufficient to pay for such extension and for the repairs and equipment,, and at the time of the completion there remained due, chiefly' to citizens of Missouri, a large floating debt, which in equity and good conscience, together with the loan by St. Louis county, possessed claims for payment not inferior to those possessed by the state under its statutory mortgage. In 1S08, the said floating debt amounted to $1.092,-848, besides an unaudited debt of $290,000, and the first installment of the Dresden bonds, $500.000, was not paid. At this time a large portion of the stock, $3.614,500, was held by- citizens of Missouri, and by counties and cities therein — $2,2S0,000 being held by' St. Louis city and county. So the company-appealed to the general assembly and people of the state for protection — since if the governor sold the road, according to the terms of the bond acts, all of the stock would be foreclosed, and the purchaser would hold the road and appurtenances uncontrolled by the said stock, or any part of it, and a loss of over $3,300,000 would be inflicted on tlie state — and great losses on other people. The state came to the rescue, and proceeded to legislate on the subject of a settlement and payment by the company of all claims due the state, the foreclosure of its mortgage, and a sale and conveyance of its rights in the property. An act was passed in ISOS, entitled “An act for the sale of the Pacific Railroad and to foreclose the state’s lien thereon, and to amend the charter thereof,” the first section of which required the governor to sell the Pacific Railroad according to the provisions of the act of 1851, it being provided that the price for which the road might be sold at public auction should not be less than $S,350,000, payable to the state treasurer in bonds of the state or in money, within ninety days from the day of sale, and if such sum should not be realized, the governor should buy the road for and in the name of the state. And it was provided that if any other person than the state should purchase the road, then the state should assume and pay the principal and interest due, or to become due, on the $700.000 bonds issued by the county of St. Louis, and also $G30,000 of the floating debt of the company. The purchaser must also bind himself to change the gauge of the road its entire length within ten years from the date of sale, so as to conform to the gauge of the Union Pacific Railroad Company; it was further provided, that if the company should, within ninety days from April 1, 1SGS, pay into the state treasury the sum of $350,000 in bonds of the state or in money, then the governor should not advertise the road for sale — and on the payment of $5,000,000, in cash or state bonds, within ninety days thereafter, then the governor was to deliver to the road a release of all state claims. These amounts were paid at the time specified, and Governor Fletcher . delivered the release as provided by law. ■The orators then declare that the price paid ' by the company in liquidation of the debt ■was largely in excess of the true value of the property mortgaged, and as a means of ’.paying the Dresden bonds, of purchasing iron and. rolling stock, and paying off the floating debt, and especially to raise the funds to pay the balance of the sum due the 'State, $f.050,000, the company, July 15, 1SGS, ■ mortgaged to complainants and one James •Punnett (now deceased), the entire line of the Pacific road from Fourteenth street in . St. Louis, to Kansas Gity, to hold in trust for the use and benefit of the holders of the bonds to be issued according to conditions of the said mortgage, on condition that if the company should pay said bonds and interest, the mortgage should be void, but on failure to do these things, they should be authorized,' on the written request of any one bondholder, to cause the property to be advertised and sold in St. Louis, for cash, on ninety days’ notice. Said trustees accepted the trust, but since that time Mr. Punnett died, and his vacancy has not been filled. These purchasers, it is" averred, would not have purchased said bonds had they entertained any doubt as to the constitutionality of the law authorizing them so to do — and the general assembly has held five sessions since that conveyance, and has raised no objections to the act aforesaid; and during that time the railroad bonds were being sold and transferred from hand to hand until half of them were gone; so the investment made by the complainants was made in full confidence as to the good faith of the state. The mortgage was executed to complainants in July, 18G8, and since then the railroad compamy have issued other bonds amounting to $3,000,000, at seven per cent, the proceeds being used to make valuable improvements, besides which the company have purchased valuable real estate in the city of St. Louis, and' made-several other large expenditures in good faith. The bill charges Governor Woodson and Attorney General Ewing, with combining and confederating with parties unknown to your orators, “how to injure and wrong your orators and the bondholders, whom they represent under the deed aforesaid, have threatened and do now threaten to cause the whole of said railroad to be advertised for sale, to satisfy supposed claims due the state under the acts granting aid as aforesaid; and that the governor’s acts have already, caused great de-dine in all the bonds and other.securities issued by said company, .and have aroused the most serious apprehensions and alarm among the holders thereof — all this on the ground that the lien of the state on said road exists in full force, notwithstanding the provisions of the act of the 31st of March, 186S; also pretending that the authority to advertise the road for sale as conferred by the act of 1851, is still in force, and that the act of ISOS only repeats its authority so to do. The orators declare that these pretensions are unfounded, as also is the claim that the company is indebted to the state for interest paid on the bonds of the stale issued as aforesaid to the company. The governor also pretends he is authorized to sell the road by the provisions of a resolution' passed by the general assembly, March 21, 1S73, by which the attorney general is authorized to institute proceedings for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the law of March 31, 18GS. befon the supreme court of the state. And so the orator's pray the court to grant them a writ of injunction restraining defendants from advertising or selling the road, or any part thereof, and to grant such other relief as the necessities of the case require. To this bill the governor and attorney general filed an answer, in substance, alleging that ten millions and a half of state bonds of Missouri were loaned to the Pacific Railroad Compauy; under the acts of 1S51-53-55-57, some of them ■ having twenty years to run, and others thirty years, with coupons attached for the payment of semi-annual interest, at six per cent per annum. That the company had never paid either principal or interest on said bonds; that the company had sold said bonds to bona fide holders, for value, in 1852-53-54r-55-5G-57-5S, all of said bonds being secured by a first lien on said railroad and its appurtenances, the company being bound to pay all the coupons and the bonds when they respectively become due. That the state was not liable for any damage or loss of the company by reason of the war of the Rebellion. That the fifth section of the act of the 31st of March, ISOS, is unconstitutional and void, being in direct confiiet with the fourth section of an ordinance for the payment of state and railroad indebtedness, adopted by Die convention on the 8th of April, and by the people of the state on the Oth of June, 1800, and also in conflict with the constitution adopted at the same time. That the bona fide holders of said state bonds could not be prejudiced by the said act of ISOS, or any other act of legislation affecting the validity of a contract created by the said acts, loaning the said ten and a half millions of state bonds to the railroad company, secured by a statutory mortgage, which was the first lien upon the said Pacific Railroad and its appurtenances. That said bondhold- • era were entitled to said first lien, and to insist that the road should be sold by the governor of Missouri to provide means for the payment of said bonds. That the five million dollars paid by the company to the state, under the act of 1808, should be applied to the liquidation of the interest then due the state on the coupons that had been paid by the state. That the interest due the state was then largely in excess of the sum of said five million dollars, and that the governor was bound to sell the said road and its appurtenances under the statutes of Missouri,
    James Baker and John B. Henderson, for plaintiff. ;
    H. Clay Ewing. Atty. Gen. of Missouri, and Hill & Bowman, for defendant. • •
    
      
       [Reported by Hon. John E. Dillon. Circuit Judge, and here reprinted by permission.]
    
    
      
       [Affirmed in 22 Wall. (89 U. S.) 351.]
    
   DILLON, Circuit Judge.

In 1S31, and at. various times between that year and 1855, the general assembly of the state of Missouri passed acts loaning the credit of the state to the Pacific Railroad, to the. Southwest Branch thereof, to the Hannibal & St Joseph Railroad, to the Iron Mountain Railroad, and other railroad companies. The present case relates alone to the (Missouri) Pacific-Railroad, whose line extends from St. Louis to Kansas City. The object of the legislation was to secure the completion of the roads. The form in which the aid was extended was this: The state made its bonds, promising to pay the amounts thereof to the company or its order, with coupons attached; and by the act “the faith and credit of the state were pledged for the payment of the interest and the redemption of the principal of the said bonds.” Act of February 22, 1851 (Laws 1851, p. 265).

The company was, by the act, to make provision for the punctual payment of the interest and principal of the bonds so issued by the state, so as to exonerate the state from advances of money for that purpose. To secure this undertaking on the part of the company, the act provided that the net tolls and income of the road should be pledged for the payment of interest, and that the acceptance of the bonds by the company “should become and be, to all intents and purposes, a mortgage of the road of the company, and every part and section thereof, and its appurtenances, to the people of the state, for securing the payment of the principal and interest of the sums of money for which such bonds shall, from time to time, be issued and accepted as aforesaid.”

This was to be the first lien, or mortgage on the road, and it was further provided by the act that if the company should make default in the payment of either principal or interest, no more bonds should be issued to it, and it should be lawful for the governor to sell the road and its appurtenances, at auction, to the highest bidder, on six months’ notice; or to buy in the same, at such sale, for the state, subject to such disposition of the road or its proceeds as the legislature might thereafter direct. Act of February 22, 1851.

Under these provisions as to security, it is admitted in the bill, that state bonds were, from time to time, issued for the benefit of the Pacific Railroad, to the extent of $7,000,-000. The answer asserts that the amount thus issued was over $10,000,000. The acts of the legislature referred to would seem to show that about $10,000,000 of bonds were issued to the Pacific Railroad, but part of this amount was for the Southwest Branch (now the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad), and secured on that road alone, leaving $7,000,000 to the Pacific road proper. It is not regarded as necessary on this application to determine whether the averment of the bill or of the answer as to the exact amount of bonds issued to the Pacific Railroad is correct.

In 18G4, the road not being completed, the legislature of Missouri authorized the company to borrow $1,500,000, payable in four, five, and six years,'and to secure it by a first lieu on the road west of Dresden — the state waiving, for this purpose, and to this extent, its priority of lien.

In 1866 the road was finished and put in running order to the west line of the state, but in order to effect this the company had, in 1865, received aid from St. Louis county to the amount of $700,000. On the 31st day of March, 1868, the act was passed the validity of which so far as relates to its fifth section is the only question which this case on its merits presents. At this time the road is stated in the bill to have been in bad condition as to repairs and equipments, and the company owed a floating debt of $1,092,848, an unadjusted debt of about $200,000, and the first instalment of the Dresden bonds, amounting to $500,000. Of its stock, $3,-014,500 was held by citizens and municipalities of Missouri — over $2,000,000 by St. Louis city and county, or tax-payers therein. The company had failed, since July, 1S59, to pay interest on the state bonds.

Meanwhile the new constitution of the state had been adopted, which went into effect July 4, 1805. In the body of the constitution (article 11, § 15), is this provision: “The general assembly shall have no power, for any purpose whatever, to release the lien held by the state upon the railroad.” In addition to this a constitutional "ordinance for the payment of state and railroad indebtedness” had been adopted which went into effect June 0, 1SG5. This ordinance provided for the levy of a heavy annual tax upon the Pacific Railroad and other roads, to be “appropriated to the payment of principal and interest now due, or hereafter to become due, upon the bonds of the state, or the bonds guaranteed by the state, issued to the aforesaid railroad companies.”

By the fourth section of the ordinance it is provided, that “should either of said companies refuse or neglect to pay said tax as herein required, and the interest or principal of any of said bonds, or any part thereof, remain due and unpaid, the general assembly shall provide by law for the sale of the railroad and other property, and the franchises of the company that shall be thus in default, under the lien reserved to the state, and shall appropriate the proceeds of such sale to the payment of the amount remaining due and unpaid from said company.” And the fifth section of this ordinance provides that “whenever the state shall become the .purchaser of any railroad, or other property, or the franchises sold as hereinbefore provided for, the general assembly shall provide by law in what manner the same shall be sold for the payment of the indebtedness of the railroad company in default, but no railroad or other property, or franchises purchased by the state, shall be restored to any such company until it shall have first paid in money, or in Missouri state bonds, or in bonds guaranteed by the state, all interest due from said company; and all interest thereafter accruing shall be paid semi-annually in advance, and no sale or other disposition of any such railroad or other property, or their franchises, shall be made without-reserving a lien upon all the property and franchises thus sold or disposed of, for all sums remaining unpaid; and all payments therefor shall be made in money or in the bonds or other obligations of the state.”

"With these provisions of the constitution and constitutional ordinance in force, and in this condition of the company as respects its road and its indebtedness to the state and to others, the legislature passed the act of March 31, 1868. Laws 1868. p. 114. This act is entitled “An act for the sale of the Pacific Railroad, and to foreclose the state’s lien thereon, and to amend the charter thereof.”

“Sec. 1. The governor is hereby directed ■ and required to sell the Pacific Railroad and ■ its appurtenances, and all property belong- ! ing thereto, in accordance with the provisions ! of section 5 of this act, and an act entitled ; ‘An act to expedite the construction of the ! Pacific Railroad and of the Hannibal & St. j Joseph Railroad,’ approved February 22, i 1851.

| “Sec. 2. Upon the sale of the road, as provided in the foregoing section, the price and the sum for which the same shall be sold shall not be less than eight millions and three hundred and fifty thousand • dollars, payable to the state treasurer, in bonds of this state or in money, within ninety days from the date of sale. No bid, except the bid of the governor on behalf of the state, shall be accepted, unless there is paid to the state treas- ; urer, who shall attend the sale, an amount ; of not less than three hundred thousand dollars in such bonds or money, as a part of the i purchase money, to be paid when the road is j stricken off; and such bonds or money shall j be forfeited to the state in case the purchaser j or purchasers shall fail to pay the amount i of purchase money bid within the time above j provided for. Such sale shall take place at : the east front door of the court house, in the city of St. Louis, between the hours of ten o’clock in the forenoon and four o’clock in the afternoon.

“If said sum of eight millions three hundred and fifty thousand dollars is not realized at such sale, the governor shall, by himself or agent, buy in the same for and in the name of the state of Missouri.”

Section 3 is not important in the questions before the court.

“Sec. 4. Upon the payment' of all the pur-I chase money as specified in section 2 of this act, and upon the delivery of an obligation in conformity with section 3 of this act, the governor shall execute a deed to the purchaser or purchasers, conveying all such right, title, and interest, in and to said Pacific Railroad, its franchises, appurtenances, and the property belonging thereto, as are subject to the lien of this state.”

Then follows section 5, which is the one on which the principal question made in this case turns:—

“Sec. 5. If the Pacific Railroad shall, at any time within ninety days after the first day of April, 18GS, pay into the treasury of the state the sum of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, in the bonds of this state or in money, then, and in that event, the governor shall not advertise said road for sale; and if the said company shall, within ninety days thereafter, pay into the state treasury an additional sum equal to five millions of dollars in all (tiie same being either in cash or Missouri state bonds), the governor shall, upon the production of the receipts of the state treasurer for said amounts, execute and deliver to the said Pacific railroad company a deed of release for all claims, title, and interest, which the state of Missouri has in and to the said Pacific Railroad, its property and appurtenances; and the said Pacific Railroad Company shall, from and after the delivery of said deed, be fully discharged from all claims or debts due to the state, and all liability growing out of the issue of the bonds of the state to aid in the construction of said road, and no sale shall, in that event, take place under this act. If, however, for any cause, the said company shall be unable to pay the additional sum as herein provided, the governor shall proceed to advertise said road; but if the said company shall, during the pendency of said advertisement, pay into the state treasury the additional sum, with interest thereon from the first day of October, 1S6S, at the rate of six per cent. ,per annum, then, and in that case, no sale of said road shall lake place, and the governor shall execute and deliver to the said Pacific Railroad Company the deed of conveyance and release provided for in this act, and the said Pacific Railroad Company shall be exempt from all the liabilities and obligations herein specified; but in case the said company shall, after the payment of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars above stated, fail to pay the additional sum specified (being the remainder of the five millions), then, and in that case, the sum first paid shall be forfeited to the state.”

It is admitted that the company within ninety days paid into the state treasury the $350,000, and within ninety days thereafter, the balance of the $5,000,000, and received a deed from the governor in pursuance of the act releasing and discharging it and its property from all liens and claims on the part of the state, and from all liability growing out of the issue of the bonds of the state to aid in the construction of its road.

In order to retire the Dresden bonds and to raise the $5.000,000 to be paid to the state aud to put its road in repair, the company, on July 15, ISOS, made a mortgage to the plaintiffs as trustees, to secure $7,000,000 of bonds. This mortgage recites the act of March 31, 18GS, and it was the professed intention to make it after the payment of the $5,000.000 to the state, and upon payment of the Dresden bonds a first lien on the entire Pacific road, its property and franchises. Subsequently, on July 1, 1871, a second mortgage was made by-the company for $3.000,-000, the proceeds of which it is alleged were exclusively used in improving the road and in purchasing rolling stock. Both of these mortgages are outstanding and unpaid, as also another mortgage for $800.000 secured upon certain lands in St. Louis purchased for depot purposes.

In March, 1873, the general assembly of Missouri adopted a concurrent resolution reciting that grave doubts had arisen as to the constitutionality of the act of March 31, 186S, and directing the attorney general of the state “to institute and prosecute all suits and other proceedings at law and in equity requisite and necessary for the purpose of testing and causing to be determined by the supreme court of the state of Missouri, the constitutionality of said act, and to institute and prosecute such suits and proceedings at law and in equity as may be requisite and necessary to protect and enforce all the rights, interests, and claims of the state against the Pacific Railroad (of Missouri).”

Under this authority, the governor, by the advice of the attorney general and his asso-cite counsel, has resolved to proceed, not by suit, but by advertising the road and its appurtenances for sale under the original statutory lien in favor of the state. This proceeding on the part of the state authorities assumes that the fifth section of the act of March 31, 1808, is unconstitutional; that the statutory lien of the state is yet in full force, and that it is the first lien on the Pacific road, its property, and appurtenances; and if this assumption is well founded in point of law. the proposed sale, if made, would cut off the mortgage to the plaintiffs, and the rights of the holders of the seven millions of bonds'seeured thereby. On the other hand, if the fifth section of the act of March 31, 1808, is not unconstitutional, then the state has no lien to be enforced, and the proposed sale, if made, would be wholly nugatory.

On the merits, the controlling question in the case, therefore, is, whether the fifth section of the act of 1SG8 violates some provision of the constitution or constitutional ordinance of the state.

Before reaching this question, some objections of a preliminary nature to the case made by the bill must be determined.

1. It is insisted by the attorney general of the state and his associate counsel that the plaintiffs have no sufficient authority, interest, or title, to enable them to maintain this suit or ask the relief sought. The plaintiffs are the trustees of the bondholders under the mortgage of July 15, 1808, for $7,000,000. The .bondholders are numerous and widely scattered, and the plaintiffs holding the title to the railroad and property mortgaged to secure the bonds have a right, as representing the bondholders, to apply for judicial intervention to have the respective rights of the state and of themselves settled before any sale is made or attempted. If they are right in the position they take in the bill the state is wrong, and has no right to sell the road or offer to sell it. The effect of advertising the road for sale by the governor, under the advice of the attorney general and the able counsel associated with him, could not be otherwise than seriously to depreciate the value of the bonds secured by the mortgage to the plaintiffs; and this injurious effect would be greatly increased if a sale were actually to be made In advance of a legal determination of the respective rights of the parties.

2. The next objection relates to the parties defendant.

It is insisted that “the governor and attorney general of Missouri cannot be enjoined in the federal court from proceeding under the statutes of the state to foreclose the state lien, unless those statutes are in conflict with the constitution of the United States.’’

This statement of the objection, taken from the brief of the learned counsel for the state, concedes, by implication, that if the statutes of the state do conflict with the federal constitution then the federal courts may, in a proper case, enjoin the agents or officers of the state. The mere fact that a state officer, whatever may be his grade, is a party, does not defeat the equity jurisdiction of the United States circuit court, although the state may be the real party in interest, and cannot, as such, be brought before the court. This was decided by the supreme court of the United States in the case of Osborne v. Bank of U. S., 9 Wheat. [22 U. S.] 783, and the doctrine has been frequently reaffirmed. It was asserted and applied by that tribunal during the present year, in the case of Davis v. Gray [16 Wall. (83 U. S.) 203]. The cases are there cited by Mr. Justice Swayne, and there is no call upon us to go over the same ground. In the case before us the state of Missouri is asserting simply the right of a creditor, or lien-holder, and not any right in her sovereign character. In the language of the supreme court of Missouri, “The govern- or, in the sale of the roads, is not acting in his political or executive capacity; he is not carrying out any of the powers delegated by the constitution: he is simply acting as a special agent, in obedience to power committed to him by an act of the legislature, which saw proper- ■ to intrust him with the particular function; but it might have devolved the duty upon any other person as well.” State v. McKay, 43 Mo. 599.

If .the fifth section of the act of March 31, 1SC8, is constitutional, it. and the proceedings had .under it, and the deed of the governor, do constitute a contract between the state of Missouri and the company, which is under the protection of that provision of the constitution, of the United States which prohibits a state-from passing “any law impairing the obligation of contracts.” Article 1, § 10. If that contract is valid, or the deed of the governor in 186S to the company is effectual, any attempt by the governor, under the concurrent resolution of March 21, 1S73, to enforce a lien which was satisfied, wrnild be in violation of the rights of the company and its mortgage bondholders, and presents a fitting and proper case for the cognizance of the federal tribunals.

3. We are thus brought to the substantial question in the case, viz: the constitutionality of the fifth section of the act of 1868. We proceed to notice the several grounds upon which the state claims this section to be in violation of the constitution. It is urged that it is void because it was a special law, in contravention of the last clause of section 27 of article 4 of the constitution, by which it is provided that “the general assembly shall pass no special law for any case for which provision can be made by a general law, but shall pass general laws providing, so far as it may deem necessary, for the cases enumerated in this section, and for all other cases where a general law can be made applicable.”

It is a sufficient answer to this objection to state that this is not one of the enumerated cases, and that the supreme court of the state of Missouri has recently decided that it is for the legislature, and not for the courts, to determine when a general law can be made applicable: State v. County Court of Boone Co., 50 Mo. 317. And such seems to be the prevailing view elsewhere taken: Cooley, Const. Lim. 129, note; Dill. Mun. Corp. § 26, and cases cited.

It is next insisted that the fifth section of the act of 1S6S is void, because it violates section 32 of article 4 of the constitution of Mis-, souri, which provides that “no law enacted' by the general assembly shall relate tó more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title; but if any subject embraced in an act be not expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as is not so expressed.” The title of the' act of 1S6S is, “An act for the sale of the ^Pacific Railroad, and to foreclose the state's. lien thereon, and to amend the charter thereof.” Similar provisions exist in many of. the state constitutions, and they have been often construed to require only the general purpose (which must be a single one) of the statute to be fairly indicated by its title. Cooley, Const. Lim. 141-144; Dill. Mun. Corp. § 28, and cases cited. Different and incongruous subjects are not brought together in the act of 1868, but the provisions as to the sale of the road, and the foreclosure of the state's lien thereon, relate to but one subject within the meaning of the constitutional provision, and this subject is expressed in the title. The manner in which the lien of the state may be foreclosed will be considered hereafter.

It is next urged that the statutory lien in favor of the state was reserved by it, not exclusively for its own indemnity, but for the benefit of the holders of its bonds, and therefore the state, holding the lien merely as a trustee for its bondholders, could not release such lien while its bonds were outstanding, as they still are. None of the holders of these bonds are here, and it is not needful that we should inquire what equities they might have should the state refuse to pay them, and should they apply for relief against the railroad company or its property. I am inclined to think, however, that the form of the transaction indicates the intention of the parties. The state issued its bonds, and these were negotiated and taken upon the state's “faith and credit,” without any accompanying security. To indemnify itself, the state provided for, and received, a mortgage upon the road of the company, and a pledge of its net tolls and income. Then comes the further provision that the companies shall punctually pay the interest and' principal of the bonds, but if they fail to do so, the state may sell the road to others, or buy it in itself, to be thereafter disposed of as the legislature may direct.

It could not be maintained, we think, that if a sale were made by the state to a third person, that he would take it subject to a lien in favor of the holders of the bonds of the state. Such a view seems to be inconsistent with the provisions of the act under which the aid was given, and the lien reserved to the state, with the provisions of the fourth and fifth sections of the constitutional ordinance, as expounded by the supreme judges (37 Mo. 129, 134), and with the entire state legislation on the subject of disposing of roads purchased by the state under the lien reserved to it. The judges, in their answer to the governor, distinctly say, that “when the state becomes the purchaser of the railroad, under the lien reserved, both the lien and the former company are extinguished. The state remains liable for her own bonds, and owns the railroad, and the state may sell it without reserving a lien for the whole indebtedness of the former company, but only for the unpaid balance of the purchase money.” 37 Mo. 134.

But the principal objection to the fifth section of the act of March 31, 1868, is, that it. is in conflict with section 4 of the constitutional ordinance, and with section 15 of article 11 of the constitution, before quoted. The constitutional ordinance, in the event of the default therein specified, directs that “the .general assembly shall provide by law for the sale of the railroad, and other property.- and the franchises of the company that shall be thus in default under the lien reserved to the state.” Section 15 of article 11 of the constitution is, that “The general assembly shall have no power, for any purpose whatever, to release the lien held by the state upon any railroad.”

By force of these provisions, it is insisted by the counsel in the interest of the state: (1) That the state legislature is thereby: prohibited from making or authorizing any sale, unless by public auction; (2) that such sale must be for the whole amount of the' .bonds of the state; and“(3) that the sale or disposition to the company, under the fifth section -of the act of ISOS, of the interest of the state under its lien is a release of the lien contrary to the fifteenth section of the eleventh article of the constitution, above quoted, and that it would be so, even .though the state should receive from the company the full. value of the property and interests covered by its statutory mortgage.

In neither the fourth nor the fifth sections of the constitutional ordinance, nor in the body of the constitution, can be found any provision fixing the price at which the roads shall be sold, either to third persons or to the state, and if bought by the state, at what price they shall be resold to others. Of this opinion, it seems, were the state supreme judges, for, in their official answer to the governor, they say: “If the state could never sell the road without reserving a lien for the whole indebtedness of the former company to the state, she might never be able to sell at all, and so be in a worse condition than she was before.” 37 Mo. 134. There being no restriction in the constitution or organic law as to the amount at which the roads might be sold, it follows that this was a matter wholly within the control of the legislature, and that counsel are mistaken in supposing that any sale by the state must be for the whole amount of bonds issued or guaranteed by the state, and the interest thereon. No such construction, so far as I can discover, has ever been adopted in any legislative act, but always the contrary one; and sales for vastly less than the lien of the state have been legislatively authorized or confirmed, and such confirmation approved by the supreme court. See, on this point, the case of State v. McKay, 43 Mo. 594, relating to the sale by the state of the Iron Mountain road. Accordingly this very act of March 31, 1S08, provided, if $8,350,000 should not be bid or realized at the sale, that the governor should buy in the road in the name of the state; and the state, in case a sale was made, assumed $700,000 and interest due on the bonds issued by the county of St. Louis, and also $650,000 of the floating debt of the company. The state therefore authorized a sale of this road for $7,000,000 net, which was confessedly some millions less than the amount for which the company is liable on account of the state bonds. It can scarcely be doubted if such a sale had been made that the purchaser would have obtained, as against the state, a perfect title, and yet the state would have received .but $7,000.000.

■ The practical effect of such a sale would have been to annihilate all the stock and all the interest of the stockholders in the road. The stock of counties and municipalities of the state, obtained in exchange for their bonds, would have been sacrificed, except the amount assumed for St. Louis county. The floating debt of the company, except the portion assumed by the state, would never have been paid.

But such a sale was not made, for by the fifth section of the act the company, in consideration of $5.000,000 paid to the state, received a “full discharge from all claims or debts due the state, and all liability growing out of the issue of the bonds of the state to aid in the construction of its road.” This left the corporation in esse — preserved the stock and the interest of the stockholders— and gave to the unsecured creditors of the company the opportunity to obtain payment fi-om it. If it were in the province of the court to pass judgment as to whether it were better to have sold to others outright for $7,-000.000 net, with the consequences above pointed out, or to the company for $5,000,000, could we say that the legislature acted unwisely in adopting the fifth section?

In examining the transaction, we must look at substance rather than form — and in effect' it was a sale of the state’s interest to the company for $5,000,000. The legislature had the power to order a sale, and not being restrained by the constitution, it necessarily had the power to fix the price and terms of' the sale. It could have authoi'ized the sale for $5,000,000 to a third person — why not to the company for the same amount? There being no limitation in the constitution as to the price at which the general assembly might authorize the state to sell the road or to buy it in, or to re-sell it, the amount which the state would fix upon as the value of its security would, after all, depend upon legislative judgment. If the state had purchased for the $8,350,000 it might afterwards have sold it for any price it might see fit to take, whether more or less than that sum. The state agreed to take and did receive from the company the $3,000.000. The money was raised upon the moi-tgage and bonds which the present plaintiffs are here to protect. This mortgage was made and the money borrowed on the faith of the action of the state, and it was by this that the $5,000,000 were secured which was paid to the state and which it still retains. It was by this means that $1,500,000 of the Dresden bonds secured by a first lien on the west sixty-five miles of the road were paid. A second mortgage for $3,000,000 was made, and the money thus borrowed is alleged, and the answer does not deny the allegation, to have been used in ironing, repairing, and equipping the road. It is plain that this money was advanced on the faith of the legislation of 1868, and this appears on the face of the mortgage to the plaintiffs. These mortgages would have been worthless securities if it had been understood that the state still had a lien upon the road for the $7,000,000 and the nine or ten years’ interest thereon, and this fact the state must be taken to have known when it received the $5,000,-000, which was really the money of the bondholders and not of the company. Five sessions of the general assembly of Missouri met before any steps were taken to question the validity of the transaction in 1868; and it is manifest that that transaction cannot now be overthrown except by sacrificing the interest of men who have in good faith parted with their money on the strength of the legislation', acts, conduct, and acquiescence of the state. Looking back upon the transaction. I cannot say that the agreement to release the security of the state for $5,000.000 should, under the circumstances, and as respects the innocent moi-tgagees of the company, be held to be such a release as was forbidden by the constitution. The state had released or waived its first lien on the North Missouri Railroad, receiving no consideration therefor, and agreed to take a second lien. This was at or about the time the constitutional convention was in session, and undoubtedly it was such a transaction that was in the contemplation of the convention and the people when they adopted the provision prohibiting the state from releasing its lien on any railroad. It was not intended to prohibit the release of a lien for full value; and of such value the leg-isla tui-e was left to be the judge, and with its judgment the people of the state must be content; It is urged by counsel that this view makes the constitutional provisions of little value, since it leaves it in the power of the legislature to sacrifice the interests of the people by eoiTupt or injudicious bargains, and the court is appealed to to prevent the sacrifice which, it is claimed, the act of 186S decreed. But we have only to deal with the question of legislative power; and the legislature, as the representative of the state as a mortgagee, and as the representative of her other interests, has full power except so far as restrained by the constitution. If it had been thought that the legislature could not have been trusted with the sale or disposition of the state’s interest as to the amount to be received, undoubtedly additional restraints would have been imposed.

The state was not disabled from releasing its security on receiving full value for it, and of its value it was left by the constitution to be the judge — so left because there was nothing to restrain it.

I feel quite dear in the conviction that the equities of the bondholders under the plaintiffs’ mortgage are superior to those of the state, and on this ground (reserving all questions of rights as between the company and the state), and on the ground that in case of controversy as to priority of lien, the prioi'ity ought to be settled before an irredeemable sale is made, I award a temporary injunction; but with leave to defendant to move to dissolve it before Mr. Justice MILLER and myself, should he be present at the September term of the court in St. Louis, or before Judge KREIvEL and myself at the regular term at Jefferson City. Meanwhile, the issues may be made up and proofs taken under the rules.  