
    A. Kyle EVERETT, Plaintiff, v. ART BRAND STUDIOS, LLC, et al., Defendants.
    Case No. 16-CV-01322-LHK
    United States District Court, N.D. California, San Jose Division.
    Signed August 15, 2016
    
      J. Barrett Marum, Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP, San Diego, CA, Ori Katz, .Robert K. Sahyan, Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff.
    David Lawrence Neale, Irving Morris Gross, Levene, Neale, Bender, Yoo and Brill L.L.P., Los Angeles, CA, Jennifer E. Duty, Wingert Grebing Brubaker Goodwin, San Diego, CA, for Defendants.
   ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO WITHDRAW REFERENCE

LUCY H. KOH, United States District Judge

Plaintiff A. Kyle Everett, acting as the Chapter 7 Trustee (“Trustee”) for the bankruptcy estate of Pacific Metro, LLC (“Pacific Metro”), filed a complaint against six defendants in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California. Three of those defendants— Mark Mickelson (“Mickelson”), Art Brand Studios, LLC (“Art Brand Studios”), and Art Brand Retail LLC (“Art Brand Retail”) (collectively, “Defendants”) — move for withdrawal of the reference from the Bankruptcy Court to this Court. Pursuant to the Bankruptcy Local Rules, no hearing was held. See Bankr. L.R. 5011-2; Civil L.R. 16-4 (noting appeals from the Bankruptcy Court are governed by the Bankruptcy Local Rules). Having considered the submissions of the parties, the relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’ motion to withdraw the reference.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Before filing for bankruptcy protection, Pacific Metro manufactured, distributed, and sold art and art-based products licensed from various artists, including primarily Thomas Kinkade (“Kinkade”). ECF No. 1-2 (“Compl”), ¶ 10. By 2008, Pacific Metro was in financial distress and unable to pay its debts. Id. ¶ 11.

On June 2,2010, Pacific Metro filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code, Compl. ¶ 15, which allows a corporation to reorganize its debts while continuing to operate, see 11 U.S.C. §§ 1101-1174. To proceed under Chapter 11, a debtor corporation must propose a reorganization plan to repay or adjust its debts. Id. § 1123. If the Bankruptcy Court confirms the reorganization plan, the debtor corporation receives a discharge of debt according to the plan. See id. § 1129 (requirements for plan confirmation); § 1141(d)(1) (discharge of debt). The debtor corporation is bound by the provisions of the reorganization plan and required to make payments on its debts in •accordance with the plan. Id. § 1142. In the instant case, the Bankruptcy Court confirmed Pacific Metro’s reorganization plan on July 19, 2011. Compl. ¶ 15. After confirmation, Pacific Metro continued to operate pursuant to the terms of the reorganization plan. .

On April 6, 2012, the artist Kinkade died. Id. ¶ 18. Upon Kinkade’s death, the proceeds of two insurance policies totaling approximately $60 million were paid to Pacific Metro’s parent company, Winderm-ere Holdings, LLC (“Windermere”), and thereafter distributed to Kinkade’s wife, Nanette Kinkade (“Nanette”), and the Kin-kade Family Trust. Id. ¶¶ 4, 18. These two insurance policies were originally taken out on Kinkade by Pacific Metro but transferred to Windermere in 2008 (the “Policy Transfers”). Id. ¶¶ 13-14. According to the Trustee, during the Chapter 11 proceedings Pacific Metro falsely represented that Pacific Metro maintained the two insurance policies on Kinkade even after the Policy Transfers. Id. ¶ 16.

In early 2015, Defendant Mickelson purchased Windermere and, through that purchase, became an officer and/or director of Pacific Metro. Id. ¶ 19. Because Pacific Metro remained in financial difficulty, Mickelson allegedly “attempted to renegotiate the terms of the [reorganization] Plan with [Pacific Metro’s] largest unsecured creditors from approximately February 2015 to March 2015.” Id. ¶ 20. When negotiations were unsuccessful, Mickelson allegedly transferred Pacific Metro’s business operations to an entity controlled by Mickelson, Defendant Art Brand Studios. Id. ¶ 21. Around that time, Mickelson also transferred the business operations of two art galleries owned and operated by a subsidiary of Pacific Metro to a second entity controlled by Mickelson, Defendant Art Brand Retail. Id. ¶¶ 22-23. According to the Trustee, Mickelson “stole [Pacific Metro’s] business operations and staff in an attempt to avoid making the payments required under [Pacific Metro’s] Plan.” Id. ¶ 24.

On June 30, 2015, the Bankruptcy Court granted Pacific Metro’s motion to convert the bankruptcy from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7. See 11 U.S.C. § 1112 (providing for conversion of Chapter 11 case to Chapter 7). Unlike Chapter 11, a Chapter 7 bankruptcy results in the end of the debtor corporation’s business operations and liquidation of the debtor corporation’s assets. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 701-784. A Chapter 7 bankruptcy trustee is appointed, who gathers and sells the debtor corporation’s nonexempt assets and uses the proceeds of such assets to pay the debtor corporation’s creditors in accordance with provisions of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. §§ 701, 704. Here, according to Defendants, the Trustee sold Pacific Metro’s inventory and equipment to Art Brand Studios.

B. Procedural History

On December 17, 2015, the Trustee filed an adversary proceeding in Bankruptcy Court, ECF No. 1-2, which is “essentially [a] full civil lawsuit[ ] carried out under the umbrella of the bankruptcy case,” Bullard v. Blue Hills Bank, - U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 1686, 1694, 191 L.Ed.2d 621 (2015). The Trustee alleges five causes of action against six defendants. The first, second, and third causes of action are brought against Windermere, Nanette, and the Kinkade Family Trust and seek to avoid the allegedly fi*audulent Policy Transfers. Compl. ¶¶ 28-41. The fourth cause of action, against Defendant Mickel-son, is for breach of fiduciary duty and usurpation of corporate opportunity. Id. ¶¶ 42-46. The fifth cause of action asserts that Art Brand Studios and Art Brand Retail intentionally interfered with Pacific Metro’s prospective economic advantage. Id. ¶¶ 47-56. Both the fourth and fifth causes of action arise out of the 2015 transfer of Pacific Metro’s business operations and art gallery operations to Art Brand Studios and Art Brand Retail.

On March 17, 2016, Defendants filed the instant motion to withdraw the reference as to the fourth and fifth causes of action. ECF No. 1 (“Mot.”). The Trustee opposed the motion on March 31, 2016, ECF No. 3 (“Opp.”), and filed a request for judicial notice, ECF No. 3-1 (“Tr. RJN”). Defendants replied on April 14, 2016, ECF No. 4 (“Reply”).

On May 19, 2016, Defendants filed a request for judicial notice drawing the Court’s attention to the 'Bankruptcy Court’s May 19, 2016 order granting Defendants’ motion to dismiss with leave to amend. ECF No. 5 (“Defs. RJN”). In the May 19, 2016 order, the Bankruptcy Court found that “the Fourth and Fifth Causes of Action are factually, legally, and temporally distinct from the First through Third Causes of Action” and thus “are not properly joined in this adversary proceeding.” Id. at 2. Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court severed the fourth and fifth causes of action into a new adversary proceeding. Id.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

District courts have original jurisdiction over “all civil proceedings arising under title 11,” which is the Bankruptcy Code, as well as over cases “arising in or related to cases under title 11.” 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a)-(b). However, the district court’s jurisdiction is not exclusive, and each district court may refer such proceedings to a bankruptcy judge. 28 U.S.C. § 157(a); see also Sec. Farms v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffers, Warehousemen & Helpers, 124 F.3d 999, 1008 (9th Cir.1997). In the Northern District of California, all cases and proceedings arising in or related to a bankruptcy case are automatically referred to the Bankruptcy Court, Bankr. L.R. 5011-l(a).

There are two circumstances under which this automatic reference to the Bankruptcy Court is withdrawn for the case to proceed in district court. First, withdrawal is mandatory “if the court determines that resolution of the proceeding requires consideration of both title 11 and other laws of the United States regulating organizations or activities affecting interstate commerce.” 28 U.S.C. § 157(d) (emphasis added). In other words, withdrawal is required “in cases requiring material consideration of non-bankruptcy federal law.” Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008. While the Ninth Circuit has not further defined what constitutes “material consideration of non-bankruptcy federal law,” other courts have found that mandatory withdrawal is proper only where the question of non-bankruptcy federal law “require[s] the interpretation, as opposed to mere application, of the non-title 11 statute.” Matter of Vicars Ins. Agency, Inc., 96 F.3d 949, 954 (7th Cir.1996); see also In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 922 F.2d 984, 995 (2d Cir.1990) (“[Mandatory withdrawal] is reserved for cases where substantial and material consideration of non-Bankruptcy Code federal statutes is necessary for the resolution , of the proceeding.”); In re Tamalpais Bancorp, 451 B.R. 6, 8 (N.D.Cal.2011) (collecting cases).

Second, withdrawal may be permissive. “[T]he district court may withdraw, in whole or in part, any case or proceeding ... on timely motion of any party, for cause shown.” 28 U.S.C. § 167(d). “In determining whether cause exists, a district court should consider the efficient use of judicial resources, delay and costs to the parties, uniformity of bankruptcy administration, the prevention of forum shopping, and other related factors.” Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008. For either permissive or mandatory withdrawal, “[t]he burden of persuasion is on the party seeking withdrawal.” In re Tamalpais, 451 B.R. at 8.

III. DISCUSSION

Defendants contend that permissive withdrawal is warranted as to the ■fourth and fifth causes of action alleged in the Trustee’s adversary proceeding. Accordingly, the Court addresses how withdrawal will affect “the efficient use of judicial resources, delay and costs to the parties, uniformity of bankruptcy administration, the prevention of forum shopping, and other related- factors.” Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008.

1. Efficiency

In assessing efficiency, the Court considers whether the issues on which the Bankruptcy Court has jurisdiction to enter final judgment predominate with respect'to the underlying complaint. Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008. Because bankruptcy judges are not Article III judges, “the Constitution limits their ability to adjudicate — i.e., to render a final judgment — to issues that are at the ‘core’ of the bankruptcy power.” In re Harris, 590 F.3d 730, 737 (9th Cir.2009). For matters that are “non-core,” a bankruptcy judge may make only proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district judge, who reviews all non-core matters de novo. 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1). Thus, whether the Bankruptcy Court can enter final judgment turns principally on whether a claim is core or non-core. Id. § 157.

Core proceedings are “those that arise in a bankruptcy case or under Title 11.” Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 476, 131 S.Ct. 2594, 180 L.Ed.2d 475 (2011); see also 28 U.S.C. § 157. A non-exhaustive list of matters that are considered core is found in 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2). As relevant here, § 157(b)(2)(A) is a “catch all” provision that states that “matters concerning the administration of the estate” are core. 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A)'. The Ninth Circuit narrowly interprets this “catch all” provision. See In re Castlerock Props., 781 F.2d 159, 162 (9th Cir.1986) (“[S]tate law contract claims that do not specifically fall within the categories of core proceedings enumerated in 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B)-(N) are related proceedings under § 157(c) even if they arguably fit within the literal wording of the two catch-all provisions, sections § 157(b)(2)(A) and (0).”); In re Harris, 590 F.3d at 740 (“Under principles of constitutional avoidance, the otherwise broad ‘catchall’ provisions of bankruptcy court core jurisdiction should be interpreted narrowly_”).

By contrast, “[a]ctions that do not depend on bankruptcy laws for their existence and that could proceed in another court are considered non-core.” Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008. In other words, an action is non-core when there is “not a cause of action created by title 11 or one that only arises in title 11 cases,” even if the action “will affect the administration of the estate.” In re Eastporb Assocs., 935 F.2d 1071, 1077 (9th Cir.1991). If the claims sought to be withdrawn are non-core and the Bankruptcy Court can not enter final judgment, then efficiency generally favors withdrawing the reference. See In re Rosales, 2013 WL 5962007, at *3 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 7, 2013).

In the instant case, Defendants seek to withdraw to this Court the fourth and fifth causes of action alleged in -the- Trustee’s adversary proceeding. The fourth and fifth causes of action are for breach of fiduciary duty and intentional interference with prospective economic advantage, respectively. See Compl. ¶¶ 42-56. These claims do not depend upon the bankruptcy laws for their existence but rather are California common law claims that could have been brought in state or federal district court. See id.; Opp. at 6 (acknowledging that claims are based on state law). Such claims are generally considered non-core. Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008; Dunmore v. United States, 358 F.3d 1107, 1115 (9th Cir.2004) (finding tax refund claims to be non core when the claims “do not depend on Title 11 for their existence” and “the trustee could have brought them in the district court”).

Nevertheless, the Trustee asserts that the fourth and fifth causes of action are core because these claims “occurred post-petition, directly damaging the estate and its creditors.” Opp. at 6; see also Compl. ¶ 1 (“The claims in this complaint are core proceedings in that they ... concern other claims and matters arising out of the administration of the estate of Pacific Metro.”). According to the Trustee, “[i]t is hard to imagine how a claim based on the theft of a Chapter 11 debtor’s business operations, occurring during the very course of the bankruptcy case and under the bankruptcy court’s nose, is not tied to the administration of the bankruptcy estate.” Opp. at 6. Thus, the Trustee argues that the fourth and fifth causes of action involve “matters concerning the administration of the estate” and accordingly are core under the catchall provision of 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A).

The Court is not persuaded by the Trustee. The only connection between the fourth and fifth causes of action and the administration of Pacific-Metro’s estate appears to be that, in the absence of Defendants’ alleged misconduct, additional funds may have been available to Pacific Metro’s creditors. However, under Ninth Circuit law, an action is non-core when there is “not a cause of action created by title 11 or one that only arises in title 11 cases,” even if the action may have some impact on the administration of the estate. In re Eastport Assocs., 935 F.2d at 1077; see also In re Tamalpais, 451 B.R. at 11 (noting that though a claim may have “a profound impact on the bankruptcy proceedings,” it will nevertheless be non-core if it could have been brought in the absence of a bankruptcy case). Here, in the fourth cause of action, the Trustee alleges, that Mickelson “usurped various corporate opportunities belonging to [Pacific Metro]” in violation of California common law, which “injured [Pacific Metro] in its business and property.” Compl. ¶¶ 44-46. In the fifth cause of action, the Trustee alleges that Art Brand Studios and Art Brand Retail “intentionally interfered with an economic relationship between [Pacific Metro] and its customers and potential customers, which if undisrupted, would have resulted in an economic benefit to [Pacific Metro].” Id. ¶ 52. Such claims do not arise only in bankruptcy proceedings. Indeed, these same allegations of breach of fiduciary duty and interference with prospective economic advantage could be made even if Pacific Metro were not in bankruptcy; Because the fourth and fifth causes of action do not “only arise[ ] in title 11 cases” and are not “created by title 11,” the claims are non-core. In re Eastport Assocs., 935 F.2d at 1077.

Moreover, the cases relied upon by the Trustee actually support finding that the fourth and fifth causes of action are non-core. For example, the Trustee cites In re Harris, 590 F.3d 730, 738-39 (9th Cir.2009), in which the debtor alleged that the bankruptcy trustee’s post-petition sale of the estate’s assets breached a contract. The Ninth Circuit held that the state law breach of contract claim against the trustee was core. However, In re Harris did not hold that every claim arising from post-petition conduct is core, as the Trustee appears to suggest. See Opp. at 6. Rather, In re Harris followed the Ninth Circuit’s rule that “[a]ctions that do not depend on bankruptcy laws for their existence and that could proceed in another court are considered non-core.” Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008.

Specifically, the Ninth Circuit noted that the claim in In re Harris “is not a ‘traditional’ contract action because the Settlement Agreement [that the debtor] claims was breached only came into being post-petitionf,] was made with the trustee and Special Representative of the estate[,]” and “its terms directly related only to the administration of the bankruptcy estate.” In re Harris, 590 F.3d at 741. Thus, the Ninth Circuit found that the debtor’s claim “could not exist independently of his bankruptcy case” and the sale of bankruptcy estate assets “is an administrative activity of the bankruptcy trustee.” Id. at 738, 740. Thus, the debtor’s claim was core. By con-tost, in the instant ease the fourth and fifth causes of action do not arise from any actions taken by the Trustee in the bankruptcy and exist independent of the bankruptcy proceeding. See Compl. ¶¶ 44-46, 52.

The Trustee also cites a number of out of circuit district court cases, none of which are binding upon this Court. Moreover, none of these cases persuade the Court that the fourth and fifth causes of action are core. For example, the Trustee cites In re Joseph DelGreco & Co., 2011 WL 350281 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 26, 2011), in which the debtor sued for legal malpractice based on the pre-petition conduct of its lawyers. The district court held that the debtor’s claims were non-core because the claims were “traditional state law claims for legal malpractice .... independent of and antecedent to the bankruptcy petition.” Id. at *8. While the district court noted that claims of post-petition malpractice may be distinguishable, the district court did not find that post-petition claims always concern the administration of the estate. In fact, the district court in DelGre-co held that “the mere fact that recovery in a lawsuit could inure to the benefit of the estate or its creditors does not render claims in that lawsuit core claims.” Id. (citing In re Orion Pictures Corp., 4 F.3d 1095, 1102 (2d Cir.1993)). Thus, DelGreco does not support the Trustee’s argument that the potential availability of funds for a debtor’s creditors makes a claim core.

Because the fourth and fifth causes of action “do not depend on bankruptcy laws for their existence and ... could proceed in another court,” the two claims are non-core and the Bankruptcy Court is unable to enter final judgment on these claims. Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008. Accordingly, efficiency favors withdrawal of the reference to this Court, which can enter final judgment as to the fourth and fifth causes of action. See Rosales, 2013 WL 5962007, at *6.

The Court acknowledges that some courts have found that efficiency concerns weigh in favor of denying withdrawal of non-core claims at the pretrial stage because non-core claims “may be resolved before the matter is ripe for a trial before a jury,” and the Bankruptcy Court may have some familiarity with the matter at hand that renders its continued handling of the matter the most efficient course of action. See In re Arbco Capital Mgmt., LLP, 479 B.R. 254, 267 (S.D.N.Y.2012). However, where, as here, non-core claims completely overwhelm claims that can be finally adjudicated in Bankruptcy Court, the matter is more likely to eventually come before this Court and efficiency is best served by having the matter heard in the correct forum at the earliest possible opportunity. Cf. Sec. Farms, 124 F.3d at 1008; Rosales, 2013 WL 5962007, at *6 & n. 4 (withdrawing reference over non-core claims).

Further, nothing in the record indicates that the Bankruptcy Court has particular familiarity with the issues and facts presented by the fourth and fifth causes of action. The Bankruptcy Judge severed these two claims into a separate adversary proceeding on May 19, 2016 because these claims are “factually, legally, and temporally distinct” from the other issues before the Bankruptcy Court. See Defs. RJN. In addition, while Pacific Metro initially applied for bankruptcy on June 2, 2010, Defendants’ alleged misconduct did not take place until 2015. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 20-23. The Trustee points to no other claims against Defendants before the Bankruptcy Court. Accordingly, the Court concludes that efficiency concerns favor withdrawal. See id.

2. Other Factors

The Court now addresses the other considerations relevant to permissive withdrawal: avoiding delay, avoiding excessive costs, preventing forum shopping, and ensuring uniformity of the administration of the bankruptcy estate. In this case, “withdrawal will prevent delay and added costs to the parties by placing the non-core claims in this Court, which can render final judgment.” Rosales, 2013 WL 5962007, at *7 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1)).

In addition, the prevention of forum shopping is not a concern here as only this Court has the power to enter final judgment on the fourth and fifth causes of action. Therefore, even if the Bankruptcy Court were to adjudicate these claims, this Court would have to conduct de novo review to the extent that the losing party had any objections. See In re Tamalpais, 451 B.R. at 9 (“[Njeither denying nor granting [the] motion [to withdraw reference] will facilitate forum shopping here because a district court will ultimately need to address the issues, whether initially or on de novo review of the bankruptcy court”).

As to the uniform administration of the bankruptcy estate, the resolution of the fourth and fifth causes of action may impact the assets available for distribution to Pacific Metro’s creditors. However, the Court concludes that any disruption to the uniform administration of the bankruptcy estate is outweighed by the efficiency' that will result in withdrawing the Trustee’s non-core claims to this Court. See Rosales, 2013 WL 5962007, at *7 (withdrawing the reference as to non-core claims because uniform administration of the bankruptcy estate was outweighed by other factors); see also In re Com 21, 2005 WL 1606357, at *11 (N.D.Cal. July 6,2005) (same).

In sum, the Court concludes that permissive withdrawal of the fourth and fifth causes of action is warranted because both causes of action are non-core and efficiency favors withdrawal of the reference. See 28 U.S.C. § 157.

IV. CONCLUSION

■ For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for withdrawal of the reference with respect to the fourth and fifth causes of action of the adversary proceeding. All further proceedings with respect to the fourth and fifth causes of action shall be held before this Court. The Trustee shall file an amended complaint with this Court within twenty-one (21) days.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . The Court GRANTS the parties' unopposed requests for judicial notice. The parties request judicial notice of documents filed in Pacific Metro's bankruptcy case and in the adversary proceeding against Defendants. See Tr. RJN; Defs. RJN. These documents are judicially noticeable. See Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n. 6 (9th Cir.2006) (holding that “court filings and other matters of public record” are subject to judicial notice); see also Fed. R. Evid. 201(b) (noting the court may judicially notice facts not subject to reasonable dispute that "can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned”).
     