
    The People ex rel. George D. Hammond et al., Relators, v. Matthew P. Breen et al., Defendants.
    (Supreme Court, Kings Chambers,
    July, 1904.)
    Inexcusable conduct of the police.
    A descent upon rooms — where the accused were merely collecting by telegraph and telephone news as to the horse races — made by an inspector of police, a captain thereof, and twenty policemen, who arrested twenty-one employees of the place, took them to the police station and held them there over night and carried there all the electrical instruments, books and papers in the place, is, where the police had not seen the prisoners do-any criminal act and could not prove before the committing magistrate their commission of any such act, an inexcusable violation of the inherent and constitutional rights of liberty and property.
    Hearing on a traverse to the return to writs of habeas corpus and certiorari.
    Ira Leo Bamberger for relators.
    Edward Sanford, Ass’t. Dist. Att’y., for defendants.
   Gaynor, J.:

Inspector of Police Schmittberger and Captain of Police Hodgkins, with twenty policemen, came into-the place where these five relators were employed in Park Row, Manhattan, and arrested them and sixteen other employes, and took them all to a station house and locked them up. They tore all of the telegraph and telephone instruments out of the place, and carried them to the station house with all of the books and papers found in the place. The next morning the prisoners were brought before a magistrate, and he called upon the said police officials to make a complaint against them. They could make no complaint of any criminal offence whatever. They had seen the prisoners commit no criminal offence, and had no evidence whatever that they had committed any. In fact, there was no criminal offense. Nevertheless the magistrate unlawfully held the prisoners until next day. For this inadvertence on his part the prisoners’ counsel seems to have been chiefly responsible. No-legal complaint of any criminal offence has since been made against the prisoners, and the learned assistant district attorney who appears before me admits that there is no evidence that they committed any. The district attorney’s office basin no way sanctioned the conduct of the police, but on the contrary has deprecated it.

The police acted without a warrant. Their acts were-criminal lawlessness, pure and simple. They could have been lawfully resisted to the last extremity. They should be arrested and indicted for their acts. Where such police conduct prevails under a government of law, and not a despotism, law and order and free government are overthrown, trampled upon and debased. Our government is one of laws and not of men, but such acts as these change it to one of men and unlawful- force. In England the unlawful arrest of the humblest individual creates a public protest which the government has to heed for its own safety. There the educated and wealthy are the guardians and champions of the liberties of all.

The inspector of police was called, upon to show his warrant when he invaded the place and was making the arrests and committing the other acts of criminal lawlessness; but his only response was that he was acting under the instructions of his superior. It is alarming enough that an inspector or a captain of police, or even an ordinary policeman, should commit such a crime against law and order, and that free government which it took generations to establish against arbitrary force under a claim of divine right; but that a police commissioner selected and kept in office by the mayor of this great free city should order it to be done, is wholly incredible. I do not credit it. If it were so, then free government here would be wholly overthrown.

But such superior orders would not shield those who committed the lawless acts. They could not confer any authority or give any immunity whatever. The police force is not a military but a civil force, and its powers are most carefully limited by our laws. A policeman cannot even be removed from his office for refusing to obey an order to commit a lawless act. On the contrary, it is the official who gives such an order who subjects himself to removal.

The police officials say for their justification that the employer of the prisoners was engaged in the collection and distribution by telegraph and telephone of what is called sporting news, viz., of horse races. But such a business is forbidden by no law. There is no pretence that the relators or their employers were in the business of betting. Do the police officials now assume to make laws? Despotism once suffered to get the least foothold grows rapidly; and almost before the community are aware of it, it reaches its complete stage of usurping the three separate government branches, executive, judicial and legislative, which is despotism, pure and simple. Little do people who make light of such things know what théy are doing. And equally blind are those who say. that it is all right for a good mayor or a good police official to gó beyond the laws. Such so-called good officials are setting an example for their bad successors to follow. Ho official is good enough to be suffered to transcend or overthrow our system of government. Hor should it be lost sight of for a moment that acts of police lawlessness like those here disclosed are an effective means of extortion. This we all know from past experience. Our laws and procedure for dealing with all crimes are. ample, and no official, high or low, is permitted to violate them. We have far more to fear from the growth of arbitrary power in officials than from' all the other vices and crimes combined.

The following words recently uttered by an eminent lawyer and statesman may well be referred to in a judicial tribunal, viz.:

“ There is one general characteristic of our1 system of government which is essential and which is the special duty of lawyers to guard with care — that is, the observance of the limitations of official-power. The-more frequently men who hold great power in office are permitted to override the limitations imposed by law upon their powers, the more difficult it. becomes to question anything they do, and the people, each ■one weak in himself and unable to cope with powerful officers who regard any questioning of their acts as an affront, gradually lose the habit of holding such officers accountable, and ultimately practically surrender the right to hold them accountable.”

In the recent case of Farley, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the First Judicial Department said of an unlawful arrest which was trivial compared with the' police lawlessness disclosed in the present case, as follows:

“ The action of the police officer in making the arrest, and of the magistrate in holding the relator, deserve severe condemnation. Their acts appear to have been both illegal and arbitrary.”

The relators are discharged.  