
    Randall LANGE and Sherri Lange, Appellees, v. IOWA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, Appellant.
    No. 04-1298.
    Supreme Court of Iowa.
    Feb. 24, 2006.
    
      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and James D. Miller, Assistant Attorney General, for appellant.
    Kenneth L. Butters of Brick, Gentry, Bowers, Swartz, Stoltze, Sehuling & Levis, P.C., Des Moines, for appellees.
    
      
      . The parties dispute whether leaving the mail in a postal box for pickup by the United States Postal Service constitutes depositing the return in the United States mail. We do not answer this question because we resolve this appeal on a ground that is unaffected by the resolution of this issue.
    
   TERNUS, Justice.

The appellant, Iowa Department of Revenue, refused to credit an overpayment of 1996 income taxes to the 1997 tax obligation of the appellee taxpayers, Randall and Sherri Lange, due to the late filing of their 1996 tax return. The Langes claimed they mailed their 1996 return by the due date in 1997, and therefore, pursuant to Iowa Code section 622.105 (2001), their return should be deemed filed as of the date of mailing, even though it was not received by the department at that time. The department director held the taxpayers had not met their burden to prove they had actually mailed their 1996 return in 1997. Therefore, the director concluded the filing date of their return was the actual filing date of June 17, 2001 when the department was provided a duplicate of the 1996 tax return. Because this date was beyond the three-year period for claiming a credit, see Iowa Code § 422.73(2), the director denied the taxpayers’ claim.

On judicial review, the district court held the agency had failed to take into account “the presumption of mailing created by evidence of office custom,” as well as whether this presumption had been adequately rebutted. The court reversed the agency’s decision and remanded the case for reconsideration by the director in light of these principles of law.

The department has appealed. We conclude (1) the agency did not err in failing to apply the common law presumption discussed by the district court, and (2) there is substantial evidence to support the agency’s factual finding that the Langes’ 1996 return was not filed until 2001. Therefore, the department correctly ruled the Langes’ claim for a credit was untimely. Accordingly, we reverse the district court judgment and affirm the agency’s ruling.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The Langes’ 1996 federal and state income tax returns were prepared by CPA Robert McGowen in September 1997. The state return showed the Langes were entitled to a refund of $7685, which they indicated should be applied to their 1997 tax obligation.

Because the Langes had paid more than ninety percent of their 1996 taxes, the due date for their state return had been automatically extended to October 31, 1997. See Iowa Admin. Code r. 701-39.2(4). It is undisputed, however, that their return was not actually filed until June 17, 2001. On that date, the Langes, having learned the State did not have their 1996 return, sent a duplicate to the department. After the Langes’ 1996 return was filed in 2001, the department denied the Langes’ request to apply their overpayment of 1996 taxes to their 1997 tax obligation. The department relied on Iowa Code section 422.73, which states in pertinent part: “A claim for refund or credit that has not been filed with the department within three years after the return upon which a refund or credit claimed became due ... shall not be allowed by the director.” Iowa Code § 422.73(2). Since the Langes’ return was due on October 31, 1997, the filing date of June 17, 2001 was well beyond the three-year limitations period.

The Langes protested the denial, claiming there was competent evidence they had mailed their tax return on or before the due date, and therefore, it should be deemed filed on the date of mailing pursuant to Iowa Code section 622.105. This statute provides:

Any report, claim, tax return, statement, or any payment required or authorized to be filed or made to the state ... which is transmitted through the United States mail or mailed but not received by the state ..., shall be deemed filed or made and received on the date it was mailed if the sender establishes by competent evidence that the ... tax return ... was deposited in the United States mail on or before the date for filing or paying....
For the purposes of this section “competent evidence” means evidence, in addition to the testimony of the sender, sufficient or adequate to prove that the document was mailed on a specified date which evidence is credible and of such a nature to reasonably support the determination that the letter was mailed on a specified date.

Iowa Code § 622.105 (emphasis added).

At a subsequent hearing on their protest, the Langes attempted to establish through McGowen’s testimony that their 1996 return had been deposited in the United States mail on September 18 or 19, 1997. Because McGowen had no personal recollection of the firm’s work on the Langes’ 1996 return, he testified to his firm’s general office procedure for processing tax returns. Basically, a return is prepared, reviewed, assembled, signed, and mailed. This process is tracked on an office form that shows what was done, by whom, and when. The processing checklist for the Langes’ 1996 federal and state returns showed the returns were completed on September 11, 1997 by an accountant in McGowen’s office. The returns were subsequently reviewed by McGowen on September 17, 1997. This form also showed that on the following day, McGowen personally delivered the forms to the Langes for signing. He testified his typical practice would have been to take the returns back to his office for mailing. Billing records for September 1997 showed the Langes were charged $1.70 for postage. Although the bill does not state the purpose of the postage, McGowen said the tax returns would have been the only items his firm would have mailed for the Langes that month.

McGowen testified he did not personally deposit the Langes’ 1996 returns in the mail. The normal office procedure is for one of the administrative assistants to carry a box of outgoing mail to the lobby area of their office building. There, the mail would have been placed into a designated postal slot, or depending upon the size and amount of mail, the box would have been left in the lobby where postal employees would have picked it up between 5:30 p.m. and 5:45 p.m.

IRS records showed the Langes’ 1996 federal tax return, prepared at the same time as the state return, was not filed until April 11, 1998, almost seven months after its alleged mailing. McGowen recalled that sometime during the period from 1996 to 2002 he was notified that the federal government had not received one of the Langes’ federal returns, and he then sent a copy to the IRS. He could not remember, though, whether this incident involved the Langes’ 1996 federal return.

Finally, evidence was admitted that the Langes’ 1998 Iowa tax return, which was processed under the same procedure as the 1996 return, was also not received by the department upon its initial mailing. After the Langes learned the department did not have their 1998 return, a copy was sent on June 17, 2001.

Based on this record, the administrative law judge (ALJ) found the taxpayers’ 1996 return had been prepared, signed, and readied for mailing in September 1997. The ALJ also found, however, that the Langes had failed to meet their burden under section 622.105 to establish that the return had been deposited in the United States mail on or before its due date. Upon the Langes’ appeal of the proposed decision, the department director adopted the ALJ’s decision, concluding “the evidence that was submitted by the [taxpayers] to indicate that the return was actually mailed does not meet the burden of proof as required [under section 622.105].”

The Langes sought judicial review. The district court focused on “whether under the circumstances presented, the taxpayers are afforded the benefit of Iowa Code § 622.105, [pertaining] to the effective date of filing a tax return.” The court examined the record and noted “[t]here was no proof that anyone connected to either the taxpayers or McGowen actually deposited or placed the envelope containing the return in the mail.” The court concluded, however, proof of compliance with office procedures would create a presumption of mailing, and this presumption would constitute “competent evidence” under section 622.105. Because the department had failed to consider this presumption, the court held the agency decision was in error and should be reversed. Nonetheless, the court did not order the agency to enter a decision allowing the requested credit. Noting the presumption of mailing could be defeated by proof to the contrary, the court remanded the case to permit the department to determine whether the presumption of mailing created by proof of office procedure had been dispelled by other evidence. The department filed this appeal.

II. Scope of Review.

Our review is governed by the standards set forth in Iowa’s Administrative Procedure Act, chapter 17A. See Dubuque Casino Belle, Inc. v. Bair, 562 N.W.2d 605, 606 (Iowa 1997). We may grant relief if the taxpayers’ “substantial rights have been prejudiced because the agency’s action meets any one of several statutory criteria.” Midwest Auto. Ill, LLC v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 646 N.W.2d 417, 421 (Iowa 2002). The criteria implicated here include agency action

c. Based upon an erroneous interpretation of a provision of law whose interpretation has not clearly been vested by a provision of law in the discretion of the agency.
f. Based upon a determination of fact clearly vested by a provision of law in the discretion of the agency that is not supported by substantial evidence in the record before the court when that record is viewed as a whole.

Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(c), (f). For purposes of our review,

“/sjubstantial evidence ” means the quantity and quality of evidence that would be deemed sufficient by a neutral, detached, and reasonable person, to establish the fact at issue when the consequences resulting from the establishment of that fact are understood to be serious and of great importance.

Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(f)(l). In assessing evidentiary support for the agency’s factual determinations, we consider evidence that detracts from the agency’s findings, as well as evidence that supports them, giving deference to the credibility determinations of the presiding officer. See Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)00(3).

III. Interpretation of Section 622.105.

Iowa Code section 622.105 is a statutory rule of evidence having general applicability to documents filed with the State. See Iowa Code ch. 622 (setting forth rules governing evidence and related matters). Because there is no provision of law giving the department of revenue and finance the discretion to interpret this statute, we do not give any deference to the agency’s interpretation of this provision. See Iowa Code § 17A.19(ll)(i>).

Our rules for interpreting statutes are well established. The primary goal is to give effect to the legislature’s intent, as expressed by the language used in the statute. See Gen. Elec. Co. v. Iowa State Bd. of Tax Review, 702 N.W.2d 485, 489 (Iowa 2005). We give words their usual and ordinary meaning, and we try to avoid impractical or absurd results. Id.

The taxpayers, in an argument adopted by the district court, contend the requirement of “competent evidence” under section 622.105 is satisfied by evidence sufficient to give rise to the common law presumption of delivery upon proof that a document was properly mailed. See Montgomery Ward, Inc. v. Davis, 398 N.W.2d 869, 870 (Iowa 1987) (“Proof that a document was properly mailed raises a presumption that it was received.”). The Langes further assert that proof of proper mailing can be established by evidence complying with the requirements set forth in our cases applying the common law presumption. See id. at 870-71; Cent. Trust Co. v. City of Des Moines, 205 Iowa 742, 746, 218 N.W. 580, 582-83 (1928). Under our case law, “testimony of office custom may provide sufficient foundation to raise a presumption that mailed notices were in fact received.” Montgomery Ward, 398 N.W.2d at 871.

We think application of the common law presumption and its ancillary rules of proof would be directly contrary to the rule of evidence adopted by the legislature for filings with the State. Section 622.105 sets forth the manner in which proof of mailing may establish the required filing. The sender must prove by “competent evidence that the ... tax return ... was deposited in the United States mail” on or before the due date. Iowa Code § 622.105. Significantly, the term “competent evidence” is defined as “evidence, in addition to the testimony of the sender, sufficient or adequate to prove that the document was mailed on a specified date.” Id. (emphasis added). This statutory evidentiary requirement is clearly more stringent than the common law proof requirement, which can be satisfied by “testimony of office custom.” See Montgomery Ward, 398 N.W.2d at 871. Therefore, the department did not base its decision on an erroneous interpretation of section 622.105 when it failed to employ the common law presumption and its related rules in determining whether the proof requirements of that statute had been met. See Dattilo v. Urbach, 222 A.D.2d 28, 645 N.Y.S.2d 352, 353 (1996) (refusing to apply “traditional ‘mailbox’ rule, which creates a rebuttable presumption of delivery upon proof of mailing” when legislature had adopted statutory mailing rules governing taxpayer filings). The district court erred in ruling to the contrary.

IV. Substantial Evidence to Support Agency’s Finding.

Having determined the agency used the correct legal standard in deciding the taxpayers’ protest, we now consider whether there is substantial evidence to support the department’s factual finding that the taxpayers failed to prove their claim for credit was “filed with the department within three years after the return upon which [the] credit claimed became due.” Iowa Code § 422.73(2) (emphasis added). Having reviewed and considered the entire record, we conclude the department’s finding is clearly supported by substantial evidence.

We begin with the statutory rule that deems a document filed upon proof of mailing — section 622.105. The only evidence that the Langes’ 1996 state income tax return was deposited in the United States mail on or before its due date was the testimony of McGowen, the sender, that under normal office practice, the return, having been signed on September 18, 1997, would have been deposited in the United States mail on that date or the following day. Although there is credible evidence in addition to McGowen’s testimony that a document was readied for mailing in September 1997 on the Langes’ behalf (the office record showing the Langes were billed $1.70 for postage in September 1997), there is no record indicating the document was deposited in the United States mail. That final and necessary step is shown only through the sender’s testimony. Therefore, we think the director properly concluded the taxpayers were not entitled to rely on section 622.105 to establish they had filed their 1996 income tax return on time.

It is undisputed the department did not receive the Langes’ 1996 tax return until a duplicate return was provided in 2001. This fact constitutes substantial evidence to support the agency’s finding that the taxpayers did not file their claim for a credit until more than three years after the due date of the tax return upon which the claim was based, as required by section 422.73(2). Accordingly, the department properly denied their claim as untimely.

V. Conclusion and Disposition.

We have found no basis to reverse the agency’s decision to deny the taxpayers’ request for a credit based on their overpayment of 1996 income taxes. The district court erred in reversing the agency ruling. Therefore, we reverse the decision of the district court and remand this ease for entry of an order affirming the department’s decision.

REVERSED AND REMANDED. 
      
      
        . A sender is entitled to the presumption of delivery upon proof (1) of the contents and execution of the document at issue, (2) that it was prepared for mailing, (3) that the sender had the recipient's correct address, (4) that the mailing wrapper was correctly addressed, (5) that the wrapper had the proper postage affixed, and (6) that the article was deposited in the mail. Montgomery Ward, 398 N.W.2d at 870-71; Cent. Trust Co. v. City of Des Moines, 205 Iowa 742, 746, 218 N.W. 580, 582-83 (1928).
     
      
      . In contrast, the processing checklist for the Langes' 1998 returns contains a notation that the returns were mailed by McGowen on October 14, 1998.
     