
    Keith SCHUBERT and Kathy Schubert, Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. NISSAN MOTOR CORPORATION IN U.S.A., Defendant, Appellee.
    No. 97-2393.
    United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
    Heard April 9, 1998.
    Decided July 7, 1998.
    
      Paul E. Mitchell, with whom William A. Schneider and Mitchell, McGowan & DeSi-mone, were on brief for appellants.
    Brian P. Voke, with whom Richard P. Campbell, and Campbell, Campbell & Edwards, were on brief for appellees.
    Before SELYA, Circuit Judge, BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge, and BOUDIN, Circuit Judge.
   BOWNES, Senior Circuit Judge.

In this diversity action, plaintiffs-appellants Keith and Kathy Schubert seek to hold defendant-appellee Nissan Motor Corporation in U.S.A. (“Nissan”) liable for an injury to Mr. Schubert’s back. Their suit is based on a claim of product liability. The district court granted Nissan’s summary judgment motion, and we affirm.

I.

We recite the underlying facts in the light most favorable to the Schuberts. United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962) (per curiam).

On December 6, 1992, Mr. Schubert was driving his 1989 Nissan pickup truck on Route 28 in Derry, New Hampshire. While he was stopped in traffic, Schubert’s truck was rear-ended by a 1977 Ford sedan. Skid marks of just under seven feet were evident at the accident site, and the Ford’s front end was severely damaged by the impact.

Within twenty-four hours after the accident, Mr. Schubert began to experience— among other symptoms irrelevant here — lower back pain. His complaints included pain radiating' from the lower back into the right buttock and thigh, and further on into the right calf and right foot. He was treated unsuccessfully with chiropractic therapy before x-rays revealed a congenital defect in his lower back, specifically, spondylolisthesis. This condition is defined as “forward displacement ... of one vertebra over another, usually of the fifth lumbar over the body of the sacrum, or of the fourth lumbar over the fifth, usually due to a developmental defect in the pars interartieularis.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1563 (28th ed.1994). In lay terms, this means the forward slippage of a vertebra out of normal alignment. It is undisputed that this was a congenital defect and existed at the time of the accident. The defect, however, was not symptomatic until after the collision.

After various conservative approaches to the pain, Mr. Schubert’s neurosurgeon, Dr. Peter Grillo, performed a spinal fusion operation. Despite this operation, Mr. Schubert’s answers to Nissan’s interrogatories state that significant lower back and lower extremity pain remain.

Plaintiffs’ suit is premised upon a theory of faulty product design. Specifically, they allege that a horizontal metal pipe, located in the seat back frame and running across the length of the seat back, came into forceful contact with Mr. Schubert’s spine at the time of the rear-end collision. This impact allegedly exacerbated his congenital back defect, making the asymptomatic condition suddenly symptomatic. The primary evidence in support of this hypothesis is that the horizontal pipe, which is located four and one half inches vertically from the bottom edge of the seat back, was bent backwards approximately one-half of an inch. The bend in the pipe was not part of the seat back design. It can be fairly adduced that the pipe was bent by some force in the time between the seat back’s manufacture and the post-accident examination of it. It must be noted that the apex of the bend is not located directly behind the driver’s side of the bench seat, but instead is at the mid-point of the pipe length. Plaintiffs’ expert Murray Burnstine testified in deposition, “[i]f you have a pipe that’s connected at both ends, no matter where you apply the force, it’s going to bow in the middle.” Burnstine Dep. at 49.

Plaintiffs filed suit against Nissan in November, 1995 in the district of Massachusetts, alleging product liability claims. The Schuberts retained the aforementioned Murray Burnstine as an expert -witness. According to Plaintiffs’ answers to Nissan’s interrogatories, Burnstine would testify that, ’

parts of the seat back frame are bent consistent with a rearward force being applied to these parts by the victims [sic] lower back and spine. The padding between the victim and the metal structures was not adequate to prevent a concentration of ■ the forces on Schuberts [sic] back.... Grounds for opinion are education and training — inspection of the seat back[,] ,... a review of the file including photos of the vehicle and common sense.

Schubert App. at 38.

Nissan subsequently deposed Burnstine, and elicited from him the admission'that he did not have personal knowledge that the horizontal pipe lined up vertically with the location of Mr. Schubert’s spinal injury. Rather, in the deposition, Burnstine stated that he assumed that the lumbar injury lined up with the pipe’s location. Burnstine admitted that he had not done anything to independently verify this assumption. See Burnstine Dep. at 27, 44. Instead, Burnstine stated that he relied on representations made to him as well as photographs depicting an individual sitting in the truck seat. For purposes of the photo, a piece of tape was placed on the seat-back to indicate the vertical position of the pipe. ■ The face of the seated individual is not visible in the photograph. More importantly, there was no indication in the photograph of the location of the spinal injury on the, back ,of the person in the truck seat. On the basis of this deposition testimony, Nissan moved to exclude the proposed testimony of Burnstine because the opinion lacked sufficient foundation. The district court initially dismissed the motion without prejudice.

Nissan thereafter moved for summary judgment. Nissan’s motion was premised on the argument that the Schuberts had failed to make a showing sufficient to prove that the alleged design defect in the seat — the pipe — had, more likely than not, caused Mr. Schubert’s injury. Nor, Nissan argued, had the Schuberts presented any evidence to demonstrate that Mr. Schubert was injured more severely than he would have been if the bench seat had been reasonably designed.

The Schuberts responded to Nissan’s motion, arguing, without citation to the record, that there was “ample evidence with which to demonstrate the causal connection between the seat back design and [the] injuries; the weight of such [is] appropriate for the trier of fact, not summary judgment.” The district court, however, was not satisfied and issued an order requiring plaintiffs to: (i) comply with Local Rule 56.1; and (ii) “explicitly address causation and show what admissible evidence will be offered to support plaintiffs theory of causation. A suggestion as to what an expert will testify at some future time is not enough. Plaintiff must produce admissible evidence noiv.” Memorandum and Order of October 17, 1997 (emphasis ours).

The Schuberts responded. Appended to the new response were two sworn affidavits. The first, an affidavit of Murray Burnstine, contained the following relevant statements:

4. I have not reviewed the plaintiffs medical records ... as I have not been retained as a medical expert---- I have, however, reviewed the plaintiffs x-rays, the report of Dr. Peter Grillo and the plaintiffs’s answers to interrogatories which both identify the location of the plaintiffs injury and discomfort at the plaintiffs lower lumbar spine.
5. I have examined the seat on which the plaintiff sat when another vehicle struck him from behind____ I have also examined photographs of the plaintiff seated in the subject seat. My examination of the subject seat and these photographs reveal that the horizontal pipe in the seat frame lines up consistent with the lumbar spine injury sustained by the plaintiff.
6. Based upon my- years of experience in automotive design, biomechanical engineering, and occupant kinematics, it is my professional opinion that when the plaintiffs vehicle was struck from behind, the force caused the plaintiffs body to naturally move rearwards into the seat, and if some hard object existing] within the seat lined up consistent with the lumbar region of the plaintiffs spine, such as the horizontal bar present in the subject seat in this case, then to a reasonable degree of professional certainty, the force with -which the plaintiff struck the bar did, more likely than not, directly and proximately cause[ ] or exacerbate[] the injuries to the plaintiffs lumbar spine.
7. Based upon my ... experience ..., and examination of the subject seat following the ... accident, the horizontal bar in the seat frame was bent consistent with the force of the plaintiffs body moving rearwards into the seat following the plaintiffs accident. 'Further, ... it is my professional opinion [that] the inncorporation [sic] of the horizontal bar in the design of the seat concentrated the force of the impact on the plaintiffs lumbar spine and that an alternative design, one which would disperse the force of the impact was feasible, available, and desirable____

The second affidavit the Schuberts submitted was from Dr. Peter Grillo, Mr. Schubert’s neurosurgeon, who opined that, “based upon reasonable medical certainty, Mr. Schubert’s injuries are consistent with the direct application of force to his back,” and “that it is more probable than not that the injuries sustained by Mr. Schubert to his back after being struck from behind in his ... truck, were directly and proximately caused by the motor vehicle accident.” Appended to the Grillo affidavit was Dr. Grillo’s three page reiteration of his medical treatment of Mr. Schubert to plaintiffs’ counsel.

The district court granted summary judgment to Nissan. First, the district court examined the affidavit of Dr. Grillo, concluding that Grillo’s statement that Mr. Schubert’s injuries were “caused” by the motor vehicle accident constituted a “pure assertion of a conclusion without any disclosure of a foundation for it.” Memorandum and Order, November 10, 1997, at 9 (for citation purposes, hereinafter “Memorandum”). The district court further determined that “neither the factual statement in Dr. Grillo’s affidavit, nor any other portion of the plaintiffs filings provide a factual foundation for Dr. Grillo’s opinion that Mr. Schubert’s injury was ‘consistent with’ the direct application of force.” Id. at 10.

Having decided that “the testimony of Dr. Grillo does not establish causation for the plaintiffs,” id. at 11, the district court turned to the Burnstine affidavit. Stating that “[o]ne critical part of the causation chain that plaintiffs assert in this case is establishing that the pipe impacted Mr. Schubert’s back at the same point where the injury occurred,” id., the district court concluded from Burnstine’s deposition testimony that “no foundation exists for a critical aspect of the expert’s opinion proffered in this case,” id. at 12. The district court summed up Burnstine’s affidavit by stating that it was “a eonclusory assertion about an ultimate legal issue,” id. at 14, that “relies on another asserted, yet unproved fact, that the pipe and the injury line up,” id.

The district court therefore held that the Schuberts failed to carry them burden on “the issue of causation even when the evidence presented is viewed in the light most favorable to them,” id.' at 15, and entered summary judgment in Nissan’s favor. This appeal followed.

II.

We begin our analysis by determining what rulings the district court made on the motion for summary judgment. Initially we find that the district court was not excluding the expert testimony under the principles established in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). See Vadala v. Teledyne Indus., Inc., 44 F.3d 36, 39 (1st Cir.1995) (“Daubert’s holding — that a scientific principle may. sometimes be the basis for expert testimony even if it is not ‘generally accepted’ — has nothing to do with this ease, in which the dispute concerns an event rather than a scientific law.”).

The next question is whether the district court determined that the affidavits were not competent evidence under Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e), or, alternatively, whether the district .court had examined the affidavits for their bearing on the issue of causation in an attempt to determine whether the Schuberts had adduced sufficient evidence on an element essential to their case. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The distinction between the two approaches is of crucial importance to our analysis. If the district court determined Rule 56(e) admissibility, we review that decision for abuse of discretion prior to turning to our de novo summary judgment examination. See Vazquez v. Lopez-Rosario, 134 F.3d 28, 33 (1st Cir.1998). “Under Rule 56(e), affidavits supporting or opposing summary judgment must set forth facts that would be admissible in evidence. A district court may exclude expert testimony where it finds that the testimony has no foundation or rests on ... speculative evidence. Such decisions are reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Casas Office Machs., Inc. v. Mita Copystar Am., Inc., 42 F.3d 668, 681 (1st Cir.1994) (internal citations omitted). In the absence of a determination on Rule 56(e) admissibility, of course, our review of the grant of summary judgment is de novo. See G.D. v. Westmoreland Sch. Dist., 930 F.2d 942, 946 (1st Cir.1991). Nissan argues that the former course was being taken, while the Schuberts posit that the district court improperly weighed the evidence contained in the affidavits in deciding the summary judgment motion. The district court’s memorandum is not completely ' clear — it does not directly state that a Rule 56(e) determination was made.

A close reading of the district court’s memorandum has convinced us that it was in fact determining that the affidavits did not meet Rule 56(e)’s requirements of admissibility, and that the court was excluding the affidavits from consideration for that reason. First, the memorandum launches the analysis concerning the affidavits in a way which distinctly implies a Rule 56(e) determination, stating, “[i]t is the responsibility of the trial judge to determine, before receiving the expert’s testimony for jury consideration, whether the expert’s testimony is based on an adequate foundation to be admissible.” Memorandum at 8. Second, the district court specifically noted that it had previously ordered the plaintiffs to “produce admissible evidence now.” Id. at 9 (quoting Memorandum and Order, October 17, 1997) (emphasis ours). Finally, the district court’s primary concern throughout its discussion of the Burnstine affidavit is that Burnstine admitted in deposition to a lack of personal knowledge regarding the pipe’s location relative to the back injury. In the summary judgment context, it is Rule 56(e) which requires affidavits to be “made on personal knowledge....” We are therefore satisfied that the district court' determined that neither affidavit was competent evidence under Rule 56(e). Cf. In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 916 F.2d 829, 853 (3d Cir.1990) (instance where it was “not clear that the court was not merely choosing between opinions as opposed to excluding plaintiffs opinion on evidentiary grounds”).

We therefore must determine whether the district court’s exclusion of the two affidavits constituted an abuse of discretion. We have defined abuse of discretion as follows:

“Abuse of discretion” is a phrase which sounds worse than it really is. All it need mean is that, when judicial action is taken in a discretionary matter, such action cannot be set aside by a reviewing court unless it has a definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors.

In re Josephson, 218 F.2d 174, 182 (1st Cir.1954). In the context of the admission or exclusion of opinion evidence, we have stated that “we will uphold the .district court’s ruling in this area unless it is ‘manifestly erroneous.’ ” Bogosian v. Mercedes-Benz of N.A., Inc., 104 F.3d 472, 476 (1st Cir.1997) (quoting Salem v. United States Lines Co., 370 U.S. 31, 35, 82 S.Ct. 1119, 8 L.Ed.2d 313 (1962)); see also Stevens v. Bangor and Aroostook R.R. Co., 97 F.3d 594, 600 (1st Cir.1996) (abuse of discretion must be “clear” to warrant reversal). Finally, we keep in mind that under abuse of discretion review, we are “not to substitute [our] judgment for that of the. [district court].” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of U.S. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983).

We begin with the affidavit of Dr. Grillo. The district court, determined that Dr. Grillo’s opinion concerning the cause of Mr. Schubert’s injury constituted “pure assertion of a conclusion without any disclosure of a foundation,for it.” . Memorandum at 9. We see no abuse of discretion in this ruling. Neither the affidavit itself, nor the doctor’s medical report on Mi*. Schubert (appended to the affidavit), provide any factual basis for the statement that Mr. Schubert’s injuries are “consistent’with the direct application of force to his back.” Although the Schuberts’ counsel argued orally that Dr. Grillo’s medical report contains a factual iteration sufficient to create a foundation for this assertion, we have found nothing in the document which would do that. The district court acted well within its discretion when it ruled that the Grillo affidavit lacked sufficient foundation to be a competent Rule 56(e) affidavit. Plaintiffs argue in their appellate brief that Grillo was retained not to opine on the causal link between the pipe and the injury, but rather to provide information “regarding his treatment and genesis of Mr. Schubert’s medical condition,” Appellants’ Br. at 12. But the doctor’s affidavit contains conclusory assertions concerning the cause of Mr. Schubert’s injury. It was these statements that the district court deemed without foundation. There was no abuse of discretion.

The exclusion of the Burnstine affidavit is a more difficult question. Burnstine’s affidavit was, and is, the linchpin to plaintiffs’ theory of product liability. On the surface, Burnstine’s theory is plausible — the existence of the horizontal metal bar unduly exaggerated the force acting on Mr. Schubert’s back during the rear-end collision. Similarly, the bend in the pipe would seem to support this theory. The district court, however, decided that the affidavit was not competent evidence because of Burnstine’s deposition admission that he did not have personal knowledge that the pipe and the back injury lined up with each other. To the court, Burnstine’s admission demonstrated that the opinion testimony did not rest on an . adequate factual foundation to constitute reliable opinion testimony.

We think the question whether to admit or exclude Burnstine’s affidavit on this basis is a close call. On the one hand, Burnstine inspected the seat himself, and observed the bend in the pipe. Couple that observation with his considerable experience in automotive crash reconstruction and engineering, and it seems to be a reasonable inference that Mr. Schubert’s rearward-moving body was the force that bent the pipe. We were recently reminded, however, that although “[o]n a motion for summary judgment[ ] disputed issues of fact are resolved against the moving party ... [,] the question of admissibility of expert testimony is not such an issue of fact, and is reviewable under the abuse of discretion standard.” General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, — U.S. -, -, 118 S.Ct. 512, 517, 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997).

On the evidence presented, there was no assertion that anyone knew firsthand whether the location of the pipe lined up with Mr. Schubert’s back injury. Courts have only those materials which the parties supply to them. See Diebold, 369 U.S. at 655, 82 S.Ct. 993 (favorable inferences are drawn “from the underlying facts contained in ... materials [submitted below]”). The materials submitted in opposition to Nissan’s motion are completely silent on this point. Rather, the Burnstine affidavit states that his opinion was formed based upon his examination of the seat, and inspection of the photographs ostensibly depicting Mr. Schubert in the seat. This is the same foundation that Burnstine testified to in deposition. Yet the photographs were not furnished in opposition either to Nissan’s exclusionary or summary judgment motions, so there is no way to know whether and how they would confirm that the pipe lined up with Mr. Schubert’s back injury. “It is fundamental that expert testimony must be predicated on facts legally sufficient to provide a basis for the expert’s opinion.” Damon v. Sun Co., Inc., 87 F.3d 1467, 1474 (1st Cir.1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). We think it significant that Burnstine’s affidavit makes no effort to explain or correct the deposition admissions. See Colantuoni v. Alfred Calcagni & Sons, Inc., 44 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.1994) (disregarding on summary judgment affidavit which contradicts earlier deposition testimony with little explanation). We are therefore — as the district court was — left to speculate as to the proximity of the pipe to the injury site. Thus, we cannot say on this record that the district court’s choice was “manifestly erroneous.” Bogosian, 104 F.3d at 476.

The district court was proceeding under Massachusetts’ law of product liability. Plaintiffs had a duty to demonstrate to the district court “that there was greater likelihood or probability that the harm complained of was due to causes for which the defendant was responsible than from any other cause.” Carey v. General Motors Corp„ 377 Mass. 736, 387 N.E.2d 583, 586 (1979) (quoting McLaughlin v. Bernstein, 356 Mass. 219, 249 N.E.2d 17, 22 (1969)). Under Massachusetts tort law, proof of causation “must be such as to make the defendant’s causality ‘appeal1 more likely or probable in the sense that actual belief in its truth exists in the mind or minds of the tribunal notwithstanding any doubts that still linger there.’ ” Lynch v. Merrell-National Lab., 830 F.2d 1190, 1197 (1st Cir.1987) (quoting Smith v. Rapid Transit, Inc., 317 Mass. 469, 58 N.E.2d 754, 755 (1945)). In light' of this standard, and the fact that Mr. Schubert suffered from an underlying congenital defect and was involved in a relatively forceful automobile collision, we are not left with a “definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear error of judgment,” Josephson, 218 F.2d at 182, in requiring a certain level of factual specificity. See also Joiner, —- U.S. at-, 118 S.Ct. at 517 (relying on “general rule” that “it is very much a matter of discretion with the court whether to receive or exclude the evidence; but the appellate court will not reverse in such a case, unless the ruling is manifestly erroneous”) (quoting Spring Co. v. Edgar, 99 U.S. 645, 658, 25 L.Ed. 487 (1878)).

We also note that the record indicates that the plaintiffs should have been well aware of the district court’s concern over this issue. Although the initial motion to exclude was denied, it was done so without prejudice. Similarly, the clerk's notes from the summary judgment oral argument indicate that a colloquy ensued concerning the “admissable [sic] evidence upon which expert witness bases testimony,” with Judge Keeton apparently indicating his concern that “no black-box opinions will go to the jury.”

“ ‘The very mission of the summary judgment procedure is to pierce the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’ ” DeNovellis v. Shalala, 124 F.3d 298, 305-06 (1st Cir.1997) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 advisory committee’s notes, 1963 Amendment) (emphasis ours). In assessing this proof, Rule 56(e) charges the district court with ensuring that the evidence proffered in opposition to a motion for summary judgment has a foundation sufficient to allow it to reach a jury. If the nonmoving party is unable to provide such admissible proof, then the cour,t is unable to say that there exists a “genuine need for trial.” Id. (emphasis ours).

The district court’s grant of summary judgment is affirmed. Costs on. appeal awarded to appellee. 
      
      . Massachusetts District Court Local Rule 56.1 states, inter alia, that "[o]ppositions to motions for summary judgment shall include a concise statement of. the material facts of record as to which it is contended that there exists a genuine issue to be tried; with page references to affidavits, depositions and other documentation.”
     
      
      . We wish to be precise. As the balance of our opinion demonstrates, the Rule 56(e) determination that the district court used has the same result as a Daubert exclusion — and, like a Dau-bert determination, engenders abuse of discretion review.
     
      
      . The Rule provides that, on motions for summary judgment,
      Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.
      Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).
     
      
      . In light of our resolution of the appeal, we need not address the Schuberts’ argument that the district court committed legal error in requiring them to "rule out other possible explanations” for his injury. Appellants’ Br. at 16. Regardless of whether the district court even presented such a requirement, see Memorandum at 7 (stating that "failure to rule out other causes is not [by itself] fatal to the plaintiff's case”), we think it more likely that the court’s short diversion on the topic was done in light of the burden of production on causation in product liability cases brought under Massachusetts law, see discussion supra, at 15-16.
      
     