
    Thomas Burke, Appellant, v. International Paper Company, Respondent.
    Third Department,
    November 11, 1908.
    Master and servant negligence — injury on pulp press — friction clutch — failure to show negligence.
    An employee injured while operating a pulp press is under the burden of showing the negligence of his master which is not sustained by mere proof that an accident happened.
    A master is not required to furnish the best possible appliance or one in perfect working condition. He discharges his duty by'furnishing a machine which is reasonably safe and suitable.
    A master is not chargeable with negligence because a friction clutch on a pulp machine used solely to start and stop it was worn and at times became hot so that tile discs thereof welded together and required a blow to separate them, where there is no proof that 'the clutch was broken, or that there were any clutches made which were frée from heating and binding.
    Even assuming that a defect existéd in the friction clutch which could have been remedied, where it appears that plaintiff was injured while leaning over a revolving roller endeavoring to catch a pin which he had dropped, there can be no.recovery if the proof shows that owing to the rate at which the machine was moving, it would, have been impossible to operate the friction clutch before the plaintiff’s hand was caught between the rollers.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, Thomas Burke, from a judgment of. the Supreme Court • in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Saratoga on the 29th day of- May, 1908, upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court at the close of plaintiff’s case upon a trial at the Saratoga Trial Term.
    L. B. Mckelvey, for the appellant.
    
      Erskine C. Rogers, for the respondent.
   Sewell, J. :

This action was brought to recover damages sustained by the plaintiff through the alleged negligence of the defendant.

The plaintiff was injured while working in the defendant’s paper mill at a machine known as a pulp press which consisted, among other things, of- two steel rollers six feet long and two feet in diameter, one directly above the other and about one-eighth of an inch apart.

Beneath the rollers was a vat or tub filled with pulp and water. An endless belt of felt, twenty-eight • feet long and of the same width as the rollers, passed through the vat and between the rollers. When the machine was in operation the fine particles of pulp would cling to the felt, and were carried between the rollers where the water was squeezed out and the pulp gathered on the surface of the upper roller. When the accumulation was half of an inch thick the operator, with a wooden pin, eighteen inches long and an inch in diameter, sharpened at one end like, a pencil, cut it off. Sometimes the pulp would not adhere to the surface of the roller and it was necessary to reach over the upper roller and scratch the surface of the felt with the pin. At one end of the press was a friction clutch, which consisted of two iron disks, one of which was attached to the machine and the other to the driving shaft. The machine was operated by bringing the two disks together with considerable pressure by means of á lever. There wére several machines in the room of the same kind and used for the same purpose. The clutch was not. provided as a protection to employees, but as a means of stopping one machine while the others were running. The disks at times became hot and welded together so that the lever would not separate them. On such occasions it was necessary to strike them with a hammer or some other instrument. From February first to April twenty-seventh, the day of the accident, the plaintiff had worked at one of these presses, and during the last six weeks had had the experience of operating this particular machine. He was familiar with its construction and the operation of the clutch. He knew that the disks would frequently become heated and bound together and that “ they had to use hammers to stop.”

He testified that the accident happened in this way: That he reached over the top roller to scratch the felt and dropped the pin, “ and it came down, the small end first, and I 'made a grab for it; thought I would get it before it got under the roll, and it got under the roll and held my fingers; I tried to yank them out and hallooed to Pitkins, and he reached and grabbed the lever to stop it and could not do it, and then he ran for a hammer.” He also testified that “ about the time I got hold of it the end of it had reached the rolls; it had traveled maybe two feet; if I had not reached for it I‘probably would not have been caught.”

Pitkin testified: “ I was standing in front of the table press when he was caughtthis was about five feet from the handle of the friction clutch, on the opposite side of the press; I heard the shouting and tried to. shut off the clutch by putting my hand on the lever of the clutch; I tried to move it, but it did not work; I pulled on it, but was' unable to move it; I then went to a cupboard for a hammer, and could not get a hammer and took a wrench to strike the friction out with the wrench, and got it out when I struck it with the wrench.”v

It appeared by. the evidence that this form of clutch was a proper device and was in general use. It did not appear that there was any other kind of clutch in use, or. that there was any other or better or safer means for starting or stopping a machine of this character.

It was not claimed that the clutch was broken at the time of the accident. There was evidence, it is true, that the four presses had been in use for several years, and that all the clutches were “ worn more or less; ” but no evidence was given which tended to show that the use or wear caused the disks to heat or bind ; that it made the clutches more difficult to operate; or that the clutch in question was less safe than a new one would have been. It did not appear that a clutch had ever been made which would not heat and bind'and could be operated by a lever upon all occasions.

The burden of showing that the defendant was negligent rested upon the plaintiff. To sustain the burden it was not enough to prove that an accident happened, or that witnesses testified: “ If the friction is in perfect working condition and in good repair, you can stop the machine instantly. * * * If the parts of the machine are in perfect order and good repair, the machine stops instantly, practically * * * It is not necessary to use a hammer to turn that clutch out when the machine is in perfect working order, and if it becomes necessary to hammer it, it indicates that the machine is out of order.”

There is no rule requiring a master to furnish the best possible appliances or one in perfect working condition. His duty is discharged when he furnishes' a machine or appliance which is reasonably safe and suitable. .1 am, therefore, of opinion that the evidence was insufficient to support.the charge of negligence.

Assuming that a defect existed which could have been avoided and remedied, it is clear that Pitkin could not have reached the lever and stopped the machine in time to avoid the accident. If the rollers were two feet in diameter and revolved fifteen times a minute, as appears by positive evidence in the case, the felt was moving at the rate of ninety feet a minute, or eighteen inches in two-thirds of a second. Under such circumstances it would be preposterous to say that the jury might have found that a sufficient time intervened between the commencement and the full consummation of the injury to stop the movement of the rollers if it could have been done by the lever.

I think the learned justice did not err in granting the nonsuit, and for that reason the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.

All concurred; Cochrane, J., in result.

Judgment unanimously affirmed, with costs.  