
    William J. Johnston, Respondent, v. The New York City Railway Co., Appellant.
    (Supreme Court, Appellate Term,
    June, 1907.)
    Carriers — Statutory penalties enforceable against carrier — Liability to penalty for refusing transfer — Action — Who may maintain.
    An action to recover a penalty fór a refusal to give a transfer cannot be maintained by one who became a passenger for the sole purpose of bringing suit for refusing a transfer; and the exclusion of testimony tending to show that such was plaintiff’s object in becoming a passenger is error.
    Appeal by the defendant from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, rendered in the Municipal Court of the city of New York, second district, borough of the Bronx.
    James L. Quackenbush (H. J. Smith, of counsel), for appellant.
    E. V. R. Ketehum, for respondent.
   Gildersleeve, J.

This is an. action to recover a penalty for a refusal by the defendant to give a transfer. The plaintiff in this case boarded a car. at Wall and South streets, going north, paid his fare and asked for a transfer for a Chambers street and Broadway car, which was given him. He then boarded a Chambers street car going west and told the conductor he desired to use the transfer for riding on a Broadway car going north. . This right was refused him, and he was also refused another transfer for the Broadway line, and, on boarding a Broadway car, was compelled to pay a second fare. Since the trial of this case the Appellate Division, First Department, in the case of Nicholson v. New York City R. Co., 118 App. Div. 858, has held that, to entitle thé plaintiff to recover in actions of this character, it must be proven that the passenger became such in good faith and for the purpose of going to some point on the line to which he wished to be transferred. Prior to this decision, the motive that prompted the passenger in making the trip had .not been considered in determining whether or not such passenger could recover a penalty for being refused *a transfer; and it is a reasonable presumption that, in all the cases of this character where the plaintiff recovered a. judgment for a penalty, and where evidence was received tending to show that the passenger was riding for the purpose of being refused a transfer and then bringing an action, such evidence was not considered. It is true that the court, in the Nicholson case, states that the evidence in that case was uncontradicted; that the “sole” purpose of the plaintiff in asking for a transfer was to bring an action in case a transfer was refused and that “ the statute * * * by express provision precludes one from suing for a penalty, who has no intent to go to a point on the connecting line, but who takes the car merely for the purpose of putting himself in a position to bring an action;” and respondent’s attorney urges that, where the passenger testifies that he has an actual point of destination, and business to transact at that point, he is not precluded from recovering a penalty because he also testifies that one of his objects in taking the trip was to sue for the penalty, if refused a transfer. This would be true if the court believed such testimony. In the case at bar and in several others in which appeals are now pending in this court in actions of this character brought by the same plaintiff and others,..the testimony shows many and, in some eases, all of the following facts, viz., that the plaintiff has from five to fifty similar actions, so many, in fact, that he is unable to give the exact number; that the trips to be made and the routes over which they are to be taken were planned in advance in the office of the plaintiff’s attorney; that such trips were to be taken on certain designated days, and the plaintiff then returned to the office of the attorney, where complaints were signed and sworn to, said complaints having been frilly prepared in advance, except the filling in of the date and the route taken; that a summons was then attached to the complaint, said summons in many instances having been obtained prior to the time the trip was taken, and the summons and complaint were then delivered to the officer for service; that, in some instances, the plaintiff has walked several blocks away from the point where he could have taken a car which would have taken him to his destination without a transfer, in order to board a car upon which he knew or had reason to believe a transfer would be refused him. In many of the cases now pending upon appeal the plaintiff has testified to no business necessitating the making of the trip and has admitted that one of his objects was to begin an action for the penalty, if refused a transfer. The testimony of a plaintiff is not always binding upon a court or. jury. Where the facts and circumstances, disclosed by the evidence, are so much at variance with the direct testimony of a witness as to cast a doubt upon its truthfulness, the mere declaration of an interested party is not to b.e given the greater credit. Such facts and circumstances, if weighed and believed by the court, would justifiably result in a judgment for the defendant. It may also be said, in this connection, that the exclusion of testimony tending to show that the plaintiff’s object in becoming a passenger upon the defendant’s line was to lay the foundation for an action for a penalty would be error, equal in effect to" that of totally disregarding such evidence. The Court of Appeals said in Griffin v. Interurban St. R. Co., 179 N. Y. 449: “Actions of this nature have become highly speculative and present a phase of litigation that ought not to be encouraged.” In the case at bar, and in the. other appeals involving questions of similar nature decided herewith, there is sufficient testimony admitted or excluded which, if believed by the trial judge, would have warranted a finding in favor of the defendant under the doctrine in the Nicholson case, supra,. It is highly improbable that any weight was given to such admitted evidence.

Under such circumstances, the interests of justice 'require a new trial.

Fitzgerald and Goff, JJ., concur.

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event.  