
    Scott MACINTOSH Plaintiff, v. BUILDING OWNERS AND MANAGERS ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL; Henry Chamberlain; and Ron Burton Defendants.
    No. CIV.A. 03-1113EGS.
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    March 30, 2004.
    
      C. Michael Tarone, Mcdonald & Karl, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
    Andrew J. Terrell, Whiteford, Taylor & Preston, LLP, Washington, DC, for Defendants.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

SULLIVAN, District Judge.

I. Introduction

Plaintiff Scott Macintosh (“Macintosh”), a Canadian citizen, brings claims against his former employer alleging violations of the D.C. Human Rights Act, violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, wrongful termination, and breach of contract. Defendants are Building Owners and Managers Association International (“BOMA”), an Illinois non-profit corporation authorized to do business in the District of Columbia, Henry Chamberlain (“Chamberlain”), Executive Director of BOMA, and Ron Burton (“Burton”), Vice President of Advocacy and Research for BOMA. The claims against Chamberlain and Burton are in their individual capacity.

II. Factual Background

Plaintiff was employed by BOMA from January 1999 to October 2002 pursuant to a TN visa, allowing plaintiff, a non-citizen, to work in the United States. While employed at BOMA, plaintiff, who was Director of Research, received two performance ratings of “very good” and one performance rating of “outstanding.”

In January 2002, plaintiff learned that BOMA had failed to make its December 2001 401-K payment. Plaintiff brought this information to the attention of Defendant Ron Burton. Burton spoke with Ellen Hobby, Vice President of Finance and Administration, who informed Burton that BOMA had until the end of January to make its payment. Plaintiff, believing Hobby to be incorrect, found the Labor Department Regulation indicating that the payment should have been made the previous month and showed the regulation to Burton. In response, Burton sent an email to several employees explaining why the payments had not been made and asking that employees not spend their time listening to office gossip.

In February 2002, plaintiff sent Dora Blacknall, an African-American employee under his supervision, to Hobby to collect a paycheck for Sparkle Mitchell, another female African-American employee who had not been paid in a timely fashion under the Wage and Hour Laws. When she returned, Blacknall appeared upset. Plaintiff believes that Blacknall had been mistreated on account of her race. Plaintiff claims that no African-American employee in BOMA’s Washington office has reached a rank higher than that of manager. He maintains that discrimination on the basis of race and gender were “hallmarks” of BOMA’s employment practices.

Plaintiff sent Burton a written note complaining about the incident. Burton purportedly responded by accusing plaintiff of asserting that BOMA had committed improprieties in performing its contract with the EPA.

In late April 2002, Burton and Hobby approached plaintiff in his office and pressured him to fraudulently inflate BOMA’s expenses under a government contract with the EPA. Plaintiff refused to comply with their request. On May 6, 2002, Defendant Henry Chamberlain fired plaintiff. BOMA’s official statement indicated that plaintiff had resigned.

Plaintiff has alleged that the actions of Defendants BOMA, Chamberlain, and Burton violate both 42 U.S.C. § 1981 and the D.C. Human Rights Act, D.C.Code § 2-1402 et seq. (2001) (hereinafter “DCHRA”) and constitute wrongful termination as well as breach of an employment contract.

BOMA and the individual defendants have each file a Motion to Dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 12(b)(6).

III. Standard of Review

When considering a Motion to Dismiss, the Court construes the facts in the complaint as true and construes all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema, 534 U.S. 506, 508, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002). A Motion to Dismiss is granted and the complaint dismissed only if no relief could be granted on those facts. See Sparrow v. United Air Lines Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1114 (D.C.Cir.2000) (stating that complaints “need not plead law or match facts to every element of a legal theory”) (quoting Krieger v. Fadely, 211 F.3d 134, 136 (D.C.Cir.2000)).

IT. Discussion

The Court will address the federal claims first, and then the local claims, since the interpretation of the federal claims will impact the interpretation of the local claims.

A. Plaintiffs Section 1981 Claims

1. Section 1981 Claims Against BOMA

Plaintiff alleges that he was fired for protesting the treatment of female African-American employees at BOMA, a “protected activity” under § 1981. Compl. at ¶ 25.

BOMA’s principal contention is that a plaintiff in a § 1981 action must be a member of a racial minority. However, courts have roundly rejected defendant’s position. In DeMatteis v. Eastman Kodak Co., a white plaintiff brought suit under § 1981, alleging that he had been forced into early retirement after he sold his house, which was located in an area inhabited by many Kodak employees, to an African-American. 511 F.2d 306 (2d Cir.1975). Relying on a Supreme Court case in which the Court had held that a non-minority who attempts to vindicate the right of a member of a minority group has standing to sue under § 1982, the Second Circuit reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant. Id. at 312 (citing Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, 396 U.S. 229, 237, 90 S.Ct. 400, 24 L.Ed.2d 386 (1969)). Two other circuits have reached the same conclusion. See Alizadeh v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 802 F.2d 111, 114 (5th Cir.1986) (holding that the Caucasian wife of an Iranian man, who alleged that she had been fired because of the race of her husband, had a cause of action under § 1981); Winston v. Lear-Siegler, Inc., 558 F.2d 1266, 1270 (6th Cir.1977) (holding that a white employee had standing under § 1981 to sue former employer for discharging him in alleged retaliation for the employee’s protesting the supposedly discriminatory firing of an African-American coworker).

Although the D.C. Circuit has not directly addressed the question of whether a non-minority plaintiff has standing to sue under § 1981, Magistrate Judge Facciola confronted the issue in Glymph v. District of Columbia, 211 F.Supp.2d 152 (D.D.C.2002). In Glymph, the district court had already rejected the defendants’ partial Motion to Dismiss but, noting that the briefs were inadequate, referred the question of whether the plaintiffs race prevented her from stating a valid claim to Magistrate Judge Facciola. Citing DeMatteis and its progeny with approval, Magistrate Judge Facciola concluded that the best approach to allegations of racially motivated retaliatory action was “that the race-based element must lie in the protected activity, not in the race of the plaintiff.” Id. at 154.

The Court sees no reason to question Magistrate Judge Facciola’s reasoning, which is in accord with the three circuits that have addressed this precise issue. Because § 1981 appears not to preclude suit by a non-minority who attempts to vindicate the rights of a member of a racial minority, plaintiff has alleged enough in his complaint to survive a Motion to Dismiss. Therefore, Defendant BOMA’s Motion to Dismiss Count II of the complaint is denied.

2. Section 1981 Claims against Chamberlain and Burton

Defendants Chamberlain and Burton argue, as did BOMA, that plaintiffs § 1981 claims fail as a matter of law because plaintiff is not a member of a racial minority. Having disposed on that argument previously, the Court turns to the question of whether the individual defendants can be sued under § 1981 in their individual capacities.

An examination of recent case law reveals that defendants in a § 1981 suit can be held liable in their individual capacities. See Sheppard v. Dickstein, Shapiro, Morin & Oshinsky, 59 F.Supp.2d 27, 33 (D.D.C.1999); see also Al-Khazraji v. Saint Francis College, 784 F.2d 505, 518 (3d Cir.1986) (holding that individuals personally involved in the discriminatory action may be held liable); Santiago v. City of Vineland, 107 F.Supp.2d 512, 541 (D.N.J.2000) (citing Sheppard and Al-Khazraji in holding defendants liable in their individual capacities). In Sheppard, the court noted that Title VII was intended “to address discriminatory conduct in the workplace only,” that the language of Title VII covered only employers, and that the reach of § 1981 was clearly much broader. The court thus held that individual supervisors could be sued under § 1981, even if they could not be sued under Title VII. 59 F.Supp.2d at 33.

Even if, as the Third Circuit observed in Al-Khazraji, defendants must have “authorized, directed, or participated in the alleged discriminatory conduct” in order to be liable in their individual capacities, plaintiff has alleged enough facts in his complaint to survive a Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a claim. 784 F.2d at 518. Construing all inferences in favor of plaintiff, the Court denies Defendants Chamberlain and Burton’s Motion to Dismiss Count II.

B. Plaintiffs District of Columbia Human Rights Act Claims

Courts apply federal constructions of Title VII and § 1981 to claims brought under the D.C. Human Rights Act, D.C.Code § 2-1402.11 et seq. (2001). See, e.g., Sparrow v. United Air Lines, 216 F.3d 1111, 1114 (D.C.Cir.2000) (holding that, when asserting a claim under the DCHRA, the same analysis applies as in discrimination cases brought under Title VII and § 1981); Carpenter v. Federal Nat. Mortg. Ass’n, 165 F.3d 69, 72 (D.C.Cir.1999) (finding that D.C. courts accept federal constructions of Title VII in handling claims under the DCHRA); Hunter v. Ark Restaurants Corporation, 3 F.Supp.2d 9, 14 (D.D.C.1998) (noting that the same standards apply to cases brought under the DCHRA and § 1981).

Because the DCHRA looks to Title VII for its construction, the individual defendants claim that plaintiff cannot recover against them in their individual capacities. See Gary v. Long, 59 F.3d 1391, 1399 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1011, 116 S.Ct. 569, 133 L.Ed.2d 493 (1995) (holding that, “while a supervisory employee may be joined as a party defendant in a Title VII action, that employee must be viewed as being sued in his capacity as the agent of the employer, who is alone liable for a violation of Title VII.”). Plaintiff, in contrast, relies on a D.C. Court of Appeals case that held individual partners in a law firm liable under the DCHRA. See Wallace v. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, 715 A.2d 873, 888 (D.C.1998). The Wallace court, according to a subsequent opinion from the district court, relied on the absence of the word “employer” in the DCHRA to distinguish persons liable under DCHRA from those liable under Title VII. See Hunter v. Ark Restaurants Corporation, 3 F.Supp.2d 9, 16-17 (D.D.C.1998) (Harris, J.). While the Wallace court found this distinction dispositive, Judge Harris discovered that the exclusion of the term “employer” was the result of a printing error. Id. Therefore, Judge Harris found that his discovery undermined the validity of Wallace. Id. The current version of the DCHRA does include the limitation “by an employer.” D.C.Code § 2-1402.11(a)(1) (2001).

Thus, the Court is left in a quandary. For violations of the DCHRA that take their shape from Title VII, supervisors and managers cannot be held liable in their individual capacities. But, for DCHRA violations that take their shape from § 1981, these individuals can be held liable in their individual capacities. Because the applicable legal standards found in the federal constructions of § 1981 permit both suits by a person who is not a member of a minority group and recovery against individual supervisors and because this is not a claim on which no relief can be granted, the Motions to Dismiss Count I filed by Defendants BOMA, Chamberlain, and Burton are denied.

C. Plaintiffs Claim for Wrongful Termination

1. Wrongful Termination Against BOMA

In Count III of his complaint, plaintiff alleges that he was fired for refusing to fraudulently inflate BOMA’s expenses under a government contract with the EPA. Compl. at ¶ 18.

In Adams v. George W. Cochran & Co., Inc., the D.C. Court of Appeals held that an at-will employee could “sue his or her former employer for wrongful discharge when the sole reason for the discharge is the employee’s refusal to violate the law.” 597 A.2d 28, 34 (D.C.1991). The Court of Appeals later expanded Adams in holding that courts could find further public policy exceptions to the at-will presumption. Carl v. Children’s Hospital, 702 A.2d 159, 161 (D.C.1997); see id. at 164 (Terry, J., concurring). In Carl, the concurring judges stated that a plaintiff seeking to invoke the exception must point to “a clear mandate of public policy” as embodied “in a statute or municipal regulation, or in the Constitution.” Id.

BOMA contends that plaintiff has not pointed to any specific statute or regulation and has thus failed to establish a “clear mandate of public policy” justifying an exception to the at-will doctrine. In response, plaintiff identifies a federal statute, the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a) (2000), that criminalizes using false records or documents to induce the Government to pay a fraudulent claim. Because plaintiff alleged that BOMA fired him for refusing to inflate BOMA’s contractor expenses, plaintiff has pointed to a clear mandate of public policy as expressed in a federal criminal statute, satisfying both the broad standard announced in Carl and the narrower rule from Adams. See Carl, 702 A.2d at 161-64.

BOMA further argues that plaintiff had to identify the specific statute in his initial complaint in order to survive a Motion to Dismiss. See Riggs v. Home Builders Institute, 203 F.Supp.2d 1, 11 (D.D.C.2002). Nowhere in its opinion, however, does the Riggs court hold that the plaintiff must include citations to the statute or regulation on which she relies in the initial complaint. On the contrary, the court discussed the “liberal standard” of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8, emphasizing the commitment to construe the pleadings so as to do “substantial justice.” Id. at 12 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(f)). Although the defendant correctly observes that the plaintiffs in the exceptions recognized by the D.C. Court of Appeals all cited particular statutes and regulations in their complaints, the courts in those cases did not discuss how they would have ruled had the plaintiff alleged only the underlying facts and not provided a citation. Moreover, the Rule 12(b)(6) standard instructs that a claim should be dismissed only if there are no facts that would entitle the plaintiff to relief.

Because plaintiff does not need to cite the statute or regulation that he believes embodies a clear mandate of public policy in his complaint and because plaintiff has made the allegation that he was instructed to inflate expenses under a government contract, which is clearly against the law, the Court denies Defendant BOMA’s Motion to Dismiss Count III.

2. Wrongful Termination Against Chamberlain and Burton

Plaintiff concedes that he cannot maintain a wrongful discharge claim against Chamberlain and Burton. PL’s Opp. at 16. Instead, plaintiff asks the Court to read this Count as alleging intentional interference with contract relations. However, as plaintiff acknowledges, he can maintain this new claim only if the Court finds that BOMA breached its contract with him. Id. As will be discussed below, plaintiff did not have an employment contract with BOMA.

Because the plaintiff was not under contract with BOMA at the time Defendants Chamberlain and Burton allegedly tortiously interfered with contract relations, the Court grants Defendants Chamberlain and Burton’s Motion to Dismiss Count III.

D. Plaintiff’s Claim for Breach of Contract

Plaintiffs complaint alleges that he understood that he was to be employed until at least October 6, 2002. Plaintiff implies that an employment contract with BOMA was established because BOMA listed the October 6, 2002 date in representations to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) through which plaintiff obtained his visa. Defendants rely on the well-established presumption in favor of at-will employment and note that plaintiff has not indicated any document or conversation in which the parties formed a contract.

Construing the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the only question is whether an employer’s representations, when made in order to secure an employment visa for a prospective employee, constitute a contract. In a factually similar case, the Seventh Circuit held that an employer’s petition to the INS representing its intention to employ someone for a fixed term constituted neither a contract nor a promise on which one could reasonably rely. Geva v. Leo Burnett Co., Inc., 931 F.2d 1220, 1223-24 (7th Cir.1991). In Geva, the defendant company submitted a petition to the INS describing the plaintiffs qualifications, the company’s needs, as well as the salary and benefits to be awarded and the anticipated duration of the employment. Id. at 1222. The court rejected the plaintiffs attempts to show that an oral contract had existed. Id. at 1223-24; see also Arboireau v. Adidas-Salomon AG, 347 F.3d 1158, 1163 (9th Cir.2003) (rejecting the contention that employee’s e-mailed acceptance of telephone offer of fixed-term employment formed a contract).

Because there is a strong presumption in favor of at-will employment and because an employer’s representations to the INS during the solicitation of a visa, standing alone, do not comprise an enforceable contract, the Court grants defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Count IV.

V. Conclusion

Defendants make a persuasive case for dismissing all counts of the complaint, and plaintiff does little to rebut defendants’ legal arguments. However, the Court’s independent research has answered many of the doubts about the soundness of plaintiffs claims, at least to the point where, when construing all facts in favor of plaintiff, some counts are sufficient to survive defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss.

Pursuant to the Order accompanying this Memorandum Opinion, defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.  