
    UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Carson BEASLEY, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 04-6468.
    United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
    Argued: July 28, 2005.
    Decided and Filed: April 3, 2006.
    
      ARGUED: Stephen B. Shankman, Office of the Federal Public Defender for the Western District of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant. Lawrence J. Laurenzi, Assistant United States Attorney, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Stephen B. Shankman, Mary C. Jermann, Office of the Federal Public Defender for the Western District of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant. Lawrence J. Laurenzi, Assistant United States Attorney, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee.
    Before: ROGERS and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; ROSEN, District Judge.
    
    
      
       The Honorable Gerald E. Rosen, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION

ROSEN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Defendant/Appellant Carson Beasley was charged in a single-count indictment with being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). He pled guilty to this offense, and was sentenced to 188 months of imprisonment as an armed career criminal with three prior violent felony convictions. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1); U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 4B1.4. One of these three prior convictions, as identified in Defendant’s presen-tence report, was derived from a state court judgment that listed the offense of conviction as “CA:M2.” The presentence report stated, and the district court agreed, that this judgment reflected a conviction for the state-law offense of criminal attempt, second degree murder.

Defendant now challenges his sentence on three grounds. First, he argues that the district court invaded the province of the jury, and thus violated the Sixth Amendment guarantee of trial by jury, by determining the facts necessary to trigger a sentencing enhancement for “armed career criminal” status. Defendant further contends that the means employed by the district court to construe his state-court “CA:M2” conviction impermissibly deviated from the so-called “categorical approach” mandated by the Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), and Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005). Finally, Defendant asserts that he is entitled to resentencing under the rule announced in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and under this circuit’s post-Booker decisions. We reject Defendant’s challenges to his classification as an armed career criminal, but agree that this case must be remanded for resentencing under the advisory regime that governs federal sentencing in the wake of Booker.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Defendant/Appellant Carson Beasley was charged in an August 19, 2003 indictment with a single count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). According to the presen-tence report, this offense arose out of a “buy/bust” operation in which Defendant and others allegedly agreed to sell drugs to undercover officers of the Memphis Police Department. Upon arriving at the agreed-upon location, a hotel room in Memphis, Defendant allegedly pulled a gun and sought to rob the undercover officers rather than complete the planned drug transaction. A “take-down” team of officers watching these events on video from an adjoining hotel room burst through the door and shot Defendant in the chest. When an investigation revealed that Defendant had prior felony convictions, he was charged with a federal felon-in-possession offense.

On April 2, 2004, Defendant entered a plea of guilty to the felon-in-possession charge. Following this plea, a presentence report (“PSR”) was prepared recommending that Defendant be sentenced as an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), and § 4B1.4 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. According to the PSR, Defendant’s status as an armed career criminal was triggered by three prior violent felony convictions, all in Tennessee state courts: (i) a 1991 conviction for criminal attempt, aggravated robbery; (ii) a 1991 conviction for solicitation to commit a felony, aggravated assault; and (iii) a 1995 conviction for criminal attempt, second degree murder.

At a sentencing hearing held on November 24, 2004, Defendant raised both legal and factual challenges to the PSR’s characterization of him as an armed career criminal. First, in light of the Supreme Court’s then-recent ruling in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), Defendant argued that the district court could not permissibly engage in factfinding regarding his purported status as an armed career criminal without running afoul of the Sixth Amendment guarantee of trial by jury. Next, Defendant contended that the records of his Tennessee court convictions were unclear in certain material respects, and would not permit the determination that he had three prior violent felony convictions as necessary to sentence him as an armed career criminal. As his principal example of this ambiguity, Defendant cited a state-court judgment reflecting his conviction for “CA:M2,” an offense construed in the PSR as criminal attempt, second degree murder.

In response to this factual challenge, the Government proposed two means by which the district court could reasonably determine that “CA:M2” meant criminal attempt, second degree murder. First, the Government produced the corresponding state court indictment, which reflected that Defendant had been charged with the offense of criminal attempt, first degree murder. The judgment of conviction, in turn, listed the charged offense as “CA:M1,” and the offense of conviction as “CA:M2.” The Government argued that these two state court documents, viewed in tandem, would permit the reasonable inference that “CA:M2” was an abbreviation for the offense of criminal attempt, second degree murder.

The Government also offered the testimony of Patrick Hanley, the probation officer who had prepared Defendant’s PSR. Hanley testified that he had conducted over 150 presentence investigations, entailing frequent review of Tennessee criminal court records. Based on this experience, Hanley opined that these state court records often include abbreviations, and that, in his view, “CA:M2” was an abbreviation for the Tennessee offense of criminal attempt, second degree murder. On cross-examination, Hanley acknowledged that he had not received any formal training in construing abbreviations in state court records, and that his knowledge on this subject was derived primarily from speaking to state court clerks and his fellow presen-tence investigators.

After hearing this evidence and the arguments of counsel, the district court found that the state court “CA:M2” judgment reflected a conviction for the Tennessee offense of criminal attempt, second degree murder:

... [T]he court finds based on the review of the judgment and indictment that without the benefit of any additional testimony the court can look at the indictment and see that the indictment charged criminal attempt felony, to-wit: First degree murder.
The information reflected on the judgment for the [charged] offense shows CA colon M-l, [and] there’s no dispute but that the original charge was criminal attempt first degree murder.
And the attempt statute, the TCA 39-12-101 is included on the face of the ... indictment.
In looking on that same judgment for the conviction offense, the legend C-A colon M-2 is included with the same reference [to the] attempt statute.
It is reasonable to construe that since the offense was abbreviated that these abbreviations, which mirror each other with the exception of the two, would indicate that the defendant pled guilty to the offense of criminal attempt murder two. The court finds that it can look at the face of the judgment as well as the information in the indictment to form a basis to determine the charge. And the court finds that this defendant did plead guilty to criminal attempt murder two, [and] that that is a predicate offense for the purposes of the career offender enhancement.

(11/24/2004 Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 96-97, J.A. at 57-58.)

Having determined that Defendant’s “CA:M2” conviction qualified as a violent felony conviction and that Defendant had two other such prior convictions, the district court accepted the PSR’s recommendation that Defendant be sentenced as an armed career criminal under § 4B1.4 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. The court further concluded that the firearm involved in Defendant’s felon-in-possession offense had been “used or possessed ... in connection with ... a crime of violence,” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(1)(3)(A), thereby increasing Defendant’s offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines from 33 to 34. In applying this increase, the district court relied principally upon a videotape of the “buy/bust” operation that was introduced at sentencing, explaining that this video revealed Defendant’s participation in a robbery attempt and his use of the subject firearm in furtherance of this crime.

After granting Defendant a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, the district court arrived at a total offense level of 31, a criminal history in category VI, and a resulting sentencing range of 188 to 235 months. The court sentenced Defendant to 188 months of imprisonment, observing that this fell at “the lowest end of the guideline range.” (11/24/2004 Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 110, J.A. at 71.) Defendant now appeals, challenging various aspects of the district court’s determination of his sentence.

III. ANALYSIS

A. The District Court Did Not Err in Sentencing Defendant as an Armed Career Criminal.

In challenging his sentence, Defendant focuses principally, and not surprisingly, on the factor that most heavily influenced this sentence — namely, the district court’s determination that he should be sentenced as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) and § 4B1.4 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. Defendant first argues, as a purely legal matter, that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury by making factual findings that triggered an enhanced sentence for armed career criminal status. Defendant next contends that the district court committed both factual and legal error by counting his state court “CA:M2” conviction toward the three prior violent felony convictions that warrant sentencing as an armed career criminal.

Defendant’s first challenge is squarely defeated by controlling Supreme Court and Sixth Circuit precedent. In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), and its progeny, including the recent decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the Supreme Court has uniformly excepted “the fact of a prior conviction” from its general rule that sentence-enhancing facts must be found by a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. See Booker, 543 U.S. at 244, 125 S.Ct. at 756; Apprendi 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S.Ct. at 2362-63. Citing this distinction between prior convictions and other sentence-enhancing factors, we have held that a district court does not violate the Sixth Amendment by determining the fact and nature of a defendant’s prior convictions and using these findings to impose an increased sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act. See United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516, 524-25 (6th Cir.2005). Accordingly, we reject Defendant’s Sixth Amendment challenge to the procedure employed by the district court in deciding to sentence him as an armed career criminal.

Nonetheless, Defendant asserts that the district court’s inquiry on this subject im-permissibly deviated from the “categorical approach” prescribed by the Supreme Court in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), and Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005). In Taylor, the Court addressed the subsection of § 924(e) that lists “burglary” among the “violent felon[ies]” that trigger a sentencing enhancement. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The Court observed that “[t]he word ‘burglary’ has not been given a single accepted meaning by the state courts,” and that “the criminal codes of the States define burglary in many different ways.” Taylor, 495 U.S. at 580, 110 S.Ct. at 2149. To avoid the concern that the same or similar conduct might qualify as a “burglary,” and hence a “violent felony,” in one state but not another, the Court concluded that “ ‘burglary’ in § 924(e) must have some uniform definition independent of the labels employed by the various States’ criminal codes.” Taylor, 495 U.S. at 592, 110 S.Ct. at 2155.

After surveying several candidates and adopting a “generic” definition of “burglary,” the Court turned to “a more general issue — whether the sentencing court in applying § 924(e) must look only to the statutory definitions of the prior offenses, or whether the court may consider other evidence concerning the defendant’s prior crimes.” 495 U.S. at 600, 110 S.Ct. at 2159. The Court endorsed a “categorical approach” to this inquiry, under which a sentencing court may consult only a limited record in determining whether a defendant’s prior convictions trigger a statutory enhancement:

We think the only plausible interpretation of § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) is that, like the rest of the enhancement statute, it generally requires the trial court to look only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the prior offense. This categorical approach, however, may permit the sentencing court to go beyond the mere fact of conviction in a narrow range of cases where a jury was actually required to find all the elements of generic burglary. For example, in a State whose burglary statutes include entry of an automobile as well as a building, if the indictment or information and jury instructions show that the defendant was charged only with a burglary of a building, and that the jury necessarily had to find an entry of a building to convict, then the Government should be allowed to use the conviction for enhancement.

495 U.S. at 602, 110 S.Ct. at 2160 (footnote omitted).

Although Taylor considered a state-court conviction of a “burglary” offense following a trial by jury, the Supreme Court recently confirmed that Taylor’s “categorical approach” applies as well to “other predicate ... offenses” under § 924(e), and also governs “the identification of generic convictions following pleas.” Shepard, 125 S.Ct. at 1257-58 n. 2, 1259; see also United States v. Martin, 378 F.3d 578, 581 (6th Cir.2004) (cataloging the various circumstances under which this circuit has applied the “categorical approach” to classifying prior convictions). Turning next to the question of which portions of the state court record could be consulted in categorizing a conviction based upon a guilty plea, the Supreme Court reasoned that the “closest analogs” to the jury instructions permitted under Taylor would be “the statement of factual basis for the charge, shown by a transcript of plea colloquy or by written plea agreement presented to the court, or by a record of comparable findings of fact adopted by the defendant upon entering the plea.” Shepard, 125 S.Ct. at 1259-60 (citation and footnote omitted).

Upon reviewing these precedents, it becomes readily apparent that they are in-apposite to the challenge advanced by Defendant here. In considering whether Defendant’s “CA:M2” conviction counted as a predicate offense under § 924(e), the district court did not confront the dilemma addressed in Taylor and Shepard— namely, how to determine whether a “generic” state court conviction qualifies as one of the offenses enumerated in the Armed Career Criminal Act. Rather, the question here was more rudimentary — the district court was called upon to determine precisely what state court offense was reflected in the “CA:M2” notation on Defendant’s judgment of conviction. Taylor’s, categorical approach would apply, if at all, only after the district court made this threshold identification of the offense of conviction. See United States v. Warwick, 149 Fed.Appx. 464, 468 n. 1 (6th Cir.2005) (observing that Shepard does not govern the distinct, antecedent inquiry “whether the Government has furnished sufficient evidence to prove merely that a conviction exists”).

Viewed in its proper context, the district court’s inquiry was akin to construing a judgment that, say, contained a misspelled word or was written in a foreign language. We know of no prohibition against consulting reliable sources — or, indeed, applying basic common sense' — -to resolve such questions about the proper interpretation of words or notations that appear on the face of a judgment. If, for example, a judgment purported to depict a conviction of second degree “mruder,” we see no reason why a district judge could not consult a dictionary, note the absence of the word “mruder,” and conclude that “murder” was the intended word. As we have recognized, “[t]he Sentencing Guidelines and this circuit’s case law have set a low bar for the kinds of evidence sentencing judges may rely on to decide factual issues at sentencing.” United States v. Wiant, 314 F.3d 826, 832 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 538 U.S. 970, 123 S.Ct. 1774, 155 L.Ed.2d 529 (2003); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3661 (“No limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an offense which a court of the United States may receive and consider for the purpose of imposing an appropriate sentence.”).

In this case, Defendant objected to the PSR’s characterization of his “CA:M2” conviction as reflecting the underlying offense of criminal attempt, second degree murder. Having raised this objection, Defendant can hardly complain that the district court proceeded, in compliance with Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(i) and this circuit’s precedents, see, e.g., United States v. Darwich, 337 F.3d 645, 666-67 (6th Cir.2003), to take evidence and rule upon this disputed issue. Nor has he suggested how the evidence admitted in the course of this inquiry might have lacked the “minimal indicia of reliability” necessary for its consideration at sentencing, United States v. Mayle, 334 F.3d 552, 559 (6th Cir.2003); see also U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a) (requiring only that “the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy”), or might otherwise have been inappropriate for use in deciphering the “CA:M2” notation on the state court judgment, see United States v. Redding, 16 F.3d 298, 302-03 (8th Cir.1994) (affirming the district court’s reliance on a variety of extrinsic evidence to determine that a pri- or conviction under a different name was properly attributable to the defendant). In particular, we cannot accept Defendant’s contention that it was improper for the district court to hear the testimony of the probation officer who prepared the PSR. This report, after all, effectively embodied the hearsay testimony of the probation officer. Surely, then, Defendant could only have been helped, and not hurt, by the opportunity to cross-examine the probation officer regarding the grounds for the conclusions he reached in the PSR.

In any event, even accepting Defendant’s assertion that the “categorical approach” governed the district court’s effort to construe the “CA:M2” notation on the state court judgment of conviction, nothing in the district court’s inquiry was in any way inconsistent with such an approach. The restrictions imposed in Taylor are intended to limit a sentencing court’s focus to “the fact of conviction, rather than the facts behind the conviction.” United States v. Lewis, 405 F.3d 511, 515 (7th Cir.2005); see also United States v. Butler, 207 F.3d 839, 843 (6th Cir.2000) (observing that the categorical approach prohibits any inquiry into “the defendant’s actual criminal conduct” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). Here, the district court did not explore the underlying conduct that led to Defendant’s “CA:M2” conviction, nor did any of the evidence at sentencing bring any such information to light. Rather, in making its determination, the district court expressly stated that it relied only on the state court judgment and underlying indictment, (see 11/24/2004 Sentencing Hearing Tr. at 96-97, J.A. at 57-58), materials that are explicitly within the scope of the “categorical approach” approved by the Supreme Court. See Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602, 110 S.Ct. at 2160. Thus, even assuming that the district court should not have admitted the probation officer’s testimony — and, again, the basis for this exclusion is not apparent to us — we would readily conclude that this error was harmless. See United States v. Hazelwood, 398 F.3d 792, 801 (6th Cir.2005) (confirming that errors at sentencing are subject to harmless error review).

Finally, we note the absence of any contention, or even suggestion, that the district court might have gotten it wrong in determining that “CA:M2” translated to criminal attempt, second degree murder. We review such factual determinations for clear error, see United States v. Graves, 60 F.3d 1183, 1185 (6th Cir.1995), and the record before us does not permit the conclusion that the district judge committed any sort of error, clear or otherwise. As the district court explained at sentencing, the state court judgment of conviction included the notation “CA:M1” as the charged offense, and simple inspection of the underlying indictment revealed that Defendant had been charged with criminal attempt, first degree murder. As a matter of basic common sense, then, the district court reasonably construed the “CA:M2” notation on the judgment of conviction as referring to the offense of criminal attempt, second degree murder.

Defendant has not identified any flaws in this reasoning, much less suggested how it could be deemed clearly erroneous. Rather, Defendant merely hints at some lingering metaphysical doubt as to the translation of “CA:M2” proposed in the PSR and accepted by the district judge, without supplying any factual basis for this challenge or suggesting some other plausible meaning for this notation. Such a bare denial does not suffice to cast doubt upon the accuracy of the PSR on this point, or to preclude the district court’s reliance on this aspect of the PSR in determining Defendant’s sentence. See United States v. Lang, 333 F.3d 678, 681-82 (6th Cir.2003); see also United States v. Cooper, 375 F.3d 1041, 1053 (10th Cir.2004) (rejecting the contention that additional evidence is required to overcome a defendant’s bare denial that he is the individual named in the prior judgments of conviction offered by the Government), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 1011, 125 S.Ct. 634, 160 L.Ed.2d 478 (2004). Surely, then, such a flat denial, without more, does not warrant the reversal of the district court’s well-reasoned factual finding under the clearly erroneous standard. Accordingly, we find no basis to disturb the district court’s decision to sentence Defendant as an armed career criminal.

B. Defendant Is Entitled to Resentenc-ing under Booker and the Subsequent Rulings of This Court.

As his final issue on appeal, Defendant argues that he is entitled to a remand for resentencing in light of the ruling in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and this circuits post -Booker decisions. In response, the Government concedes that a remand is required, where (i) the district court made a factual determination at sentencing that Defendant used or possessed a firearm “in connection with ... a crime of violence,” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(1)(3)(A), resulting in an offense level increase from 33 to 34; (ii) the district court, in accordance with the settled law at the time, treated the federal sentencing guidelines as mandatory; and (iii) nothing in the record rebuts the presumption, as recognized in this circuit’s precedents, that Defendant might have received a lesser sentence if the district court had regarded the guidelines as merely advisory. See United States v. Barnett, 398 F.3d 516, 527-29 (6th Cir.2005); United States v. Oliver, 397 F.3d 369, 378-81 (6th Cir.2005). Consequently, we vacate Defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision to sentence Defendant/Appellant Carson Beasley as an armed career criminal, but VACATE Defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing in accordance with Booker and this court’s post-Booker precedents. 
      
      . These state court documents have not been reproduced in the record on appeal, but the parties apparently agree upon their contents.
     
      
      . The district court declined, however, to apply a three-level "official victim” enhancement under § 3A1.2 of the Sentencing Guidelines, citing a lack of evidence that Defendant knew that the target of his attempted robbery was a police officer. This finding ultimately had no impact on Defendant's sentence, in light of the district court’s determination that Defendant should be sentenced as an armed career criminal.
     
      
      . Notably, the Shepard Court did not revisit the rulings in Apprendi and its progeny that permit judicial factfinding concerning a defendant's prior convictions. See Shepard, 125 S.Ct. at 1264 (Thomas, J., concurring in part) (urging the Court to “consider [the] continuing viability” of this aspect of Apprendi "in an appropriate case”); 125 S.Ct. at 1269-70 (O’Connor, J., dissenting) (reading the plurality and concurring opinions as portending such a development in a subsequent case). Thus, Shepard poses no difficulty to our earlier rejection of Defendant's Sixth Amendment challenge to his sentence enhancement under § 924(e). Unless and until the Supreme Court takes this next step, we are bound to follow its current statement of the law on this subject. See United States v. Hill. 440 F.3d 292, 299 n. 3 (6th Cir.2006) (rejecting the contention that the plurality and concurring opinions in Shepard have undermined this circuit’s ruling in Barnett, supra).
      
     
      
      . While the Government suggested at oral argument that the district judge also relied on her own background and experience as a state court judge, we have been unable to identify any support for this contention in the record before us. Thus, we do not decide whether such reliance might be appropriate under the proper circumstances.
     
      
      . Before leaving this issue, we wish to emphasize that the Government can avoid an appellate challenge to an armed career criminal enhancement- by incorporating this enhancement into a plea agreement or raising the issue during the plea colloquy. Unfortunately, the Government failed to do so in this case.
     
      
      . On remand, the district court is free to consider again the one-level "crime of violence” enhancement that was imposed at Defendant's initial sentencing, so long as the resulting sentencing range is treated as advisory rather than mandatory.
     