
    PEOPLE v. LESSER.
    (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department.
    February 16, 1894.)
    Laeceny—Evidence.
    On a trial for larceny of a watch, plaintiff testified that she left defendant alone in her sitting room for about five minutes, that she had placed her watch in the room just before defendant entered, and that she missed it a few minutes after he had gone, that she did not see him take it, but that no other person had been in the room between the time she placed the watch there and the time whpn she missed it. Defendant, who was in plaintiff’s apartments at her invitation, denied that he had seen or taken the watch, or that he knew anything about it, and, in addition, produced witnesses who testified as to his good character. Held, that the evidence was not sufficient to justify'a conviction.
    Appeal from court of general sessions, New York county.
    Hyman Lesser was convicted of grand larceny in the second degree, and appeals. Reversed.
    Argued before VAN BRUNT, P. J., and O’BRIEN and PARKER, JJ.
    Alexander Rosenthal, for appellant.
    George G. Battle, for the People.
   O’BRIEN, J.

The defendant, a Pole, who, at the time of his arrest, was 29 years of age, was employed by one Samuel Etreich as a canvasser for crayon pictures. On October 2, 1893, he called at the apartments of complainant, one Mrs. Foster, and endeavored to obtain an order from her for a crayon picture.- She stated “that she did not want anything more to do with picture people; that they were frauds.” Instead, however, of permitting him to go, she continued the conversation about the picture business, and finally invited him into the sitting room, to show him some pictures which she had bought from some other firm, and for which she claimed she had been charged an excessive price. This was between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning. She testified that her watch was on the mantelpiece, where she had placed it, after winding it, about 15 minutes before the defendant came in. While he was in the sitting room, she left to go into the dining room, to get her receipt, to show defendant how she had been, as she claimed, defrauded on the pictures she had previously bought; and, after remaining out five or ten minutes, she returned, with the statement that she could not find the receipt; and then, after some further conversation, in which the defendant urged her to purchase a frame, he left the apartments, after giving her his address. Some five minutes afterwards the complainant claims to have missed the watch, and two days thereafter she caused the defendant’s arrest, upon the charge of stealing it. The complainant said she did not see defendant take the watch, but testified that no other person, between the time when she wound the watch and placed it on the mantelpiece and the time when she missed it, had entered her apartments, and that no other person, therefore, had an opportunity to take it. The defendant denied that he had seen or taken the watch, or that he knew anything about it; and, in addition, he produced two witnesses who testified as to his good character. The jury found a verdict of guilty; and the sole question presented is whether, upon this evidence, the motion made on behalf of the defendant, that the court advise the jury to acquit him, upon the ground that the evidence was insufficient, should not have been granted.

Although, under certain systems of jurisprudence, a conviction could not be had where the testimony of the complainant is directly contradicted and offset by the testimony of a defendant, this rule has never prevailed at common law, which permits a conviction, in the face of a denial of guilt by the accused, on the testimony of a single witness. Where the testimony is direct, this rule is not likely to work injustice, because there will always arise or be present circumstances which will be corroborative of such witness. Thus, if, in this case, the complainant had seen the defendant take the watch, she would naturally have made some outcry, or taken some action which would have brought about the immediate apprehension of the prisoner; and this would result either in showing that, with the consciousness of guilt, and to avoid arrest, the defendant fled, or, if he remained, in finding the property in his possession. In the instance cited, the chances of error or injustice being done, or of ■one being wrongfully accused, would be slight. Where, however, the evidence, as here, is purely circumstantial, depending, at best, upon an opportunity to take the watch, assuming it was, as stated by complainant, on the mantelpiece, little or no chánce is given to one accused of demonstrating his innocence, except, as was done in this case, by denial of the accusation, and by presenting evidence of good character, which, in such a case, is entitled to considerable weight. It may be that the complainant was positive of the time when she last saw the watch prior to the defendant entering her apartments, and she may be quite certain about the fact of winding it 15 minutes before he entered; and still we know that the memory is fallible, and mistakes as to the placing of articles in one place rather than in another, or in assuming with respect to an object we are accustomed to see daily that, at a particular time, we saw it in a particular place, are not infrequent. That it was possible for the complainant to be mistaken about the placing of articles is shown by the fact of her unsuccessful search for the receipt in the dining room. As against the circumstantial evidence, therefore, in this case, we have the fact that the defendant lawfully, and upon the invitation of the complainant, entered her apartments; and his conduct therein, and his leaving his address when departing, are slight facts weighing in his favor. With these in mind, we have, then, the circumstantial evidence of the complainant, offset by the positive denial of the defendant, which is supplemented by the proof of two witnesses as to his "good character and honesty; and yet, without any proof as to her standing or character, (which, however, is presumptively all. right,) the complainant is permitted, on her uncorroborated statement, to secure the conviction of the defendant.

When we recall the presumption that the law always indulges in as to the innocence of one accused, the necessity of establishing the guilt of a prisoner beyond a reasonable doubt, and the force and effect which, in a case of this kind, should have been given to evidence of good character, we think it would have been a proper exercise of the power vested in the trial court to have advised the acquittal of the prisoner, upon the ground that the evidence was insufficient. Assuming the defendant was innocent, we fail to see how he could have met the charge in any other w7ay than by the evidence that was presented; nor are we able to find a single incriminating circumstance in his manner of entering or leaving the apartments, or in his subsequent conduct, which corroborates the complainant’s story. At the time the watch is said to have been stolen, the prisoner was engaged in honestly earning a living, and, prior to the charge made, had never been guilty of any crime, and his character for honesty was supported by those by whom he had been employed, one of whom had known him from boyhood. In our opinion, it would be destroying the presumption which arises in favor of the innocence of the accused, and permitting the subversion of the rule which requires the establishment of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, to allow this conviction to stand. It is the province of this court to order a new trial, if satisfied that the verdict against the prisoner was against the weight of evidence or against the law, or that justice requires a new trial, whether exceptions shall have been taken or not in the court below, (Code Or. Proc. § 527;) and we think that in this case an instance is presented where the danger of -mistake and injustice requires that, upon testimony so slight and insufficient as was here given to support the charge, the prisoner should have another opportunity to vindicate his innocence, or the complainant to produce some stronger evidence of his guilt. The judgment, therefore, should be reversed, and a new trial ordered. All concur.  