
    Jose Milton Bautista ESCAMILLA, Plaintiff, v. David NUYEN d/b/a USA Home Champion Realty d/b/a Opmax, USA Home Champion Realty, Inc., Opmax Management, LLC, Opmax, LLC, Defendants
    Civil Action No. 14-852 (AK)
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    Signed 08/03/2016
    
    Filed 08/04/2016
    
      Jason D. Friedman, Gregg Cohen Greenberg, Zipin, Amster & Greenberg, LLC, Silver Spring, MD, for Plaintiff.
    Daniel M. Wemhpff, Law Offices of Daniel Wemhoff, Arlington, VA, for Defendants,
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

ALAN KAY, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Plaintiff José Milton Bautista Escamilla (“Plaintiff’ or “Mr. Escamilla”) seeks partial Summary Judgment against Defendants David Nuyen d/b/a USA Home Champion Realty and d/b/a Opmax (“Mr. Nuyen”), USA Home Champion Realty, Inc. (“Home Champion Realty”), Opmax Management, LLC (“Opmax Mgmt.”), and Opmax, LLC (“Opmax”) (collectively, “Defendants”). (See Mot. for Partial Summary Judgment (“Motion”) [26].) Plaintiff and Defendants consented to a referral of the case to this Court for all purposes, including trial. (Order of Referral [11].) For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiffs Motion is denied. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Statutory Framework

The Federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (“FLSA”), as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., sets forth the requirements under which an employee is entitled to overtime pay. The D.C. Minimum Wage Revision Act of 1992 (“DCMWA”), D.C. Code §§ 32-1001 et seq., largely mirrors the FLSA’s overtime requirements. See Williams v. W.M.A. Transit Co., 472 F.2d 1258, 1260-61 (D.C.Cir.1972). Specifically, the FLSA provides that “no employer shall employ any of his employees ... for a workweek longer than forty hours unless such employee receives compensation for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Somewhat tantamount, the FLSA defines an “employer” as “any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee” and an “employee” as “any individual employed by an employer.” Id. § 203(d)-(e)(1).

In construing the FLSA, the Supreme Court determined that ‘“economic reality’ rather than ‘technical concepts’ is to be the test of employment.” Goldberg v. Whitaker House Coop., Inc., 366 U.S. 28, 33, 81 S.Ct. 933, 6 L.Ed.2d 100 (1961). The economic reality test considers “whether the alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained employment records.” Morrison v. Int’l Programs Consortium, Inc., 253 F.3d 5, 11 (D.C.Cir.2001) (quoting Henthorn v. Dep’t of Navy, 29 F.3d 682, 684 (D.C.Cir.1994)).

Any violation of the FLSA’s overtime provisions results in liability “to the employee or employees affected in the amount of their unpaid minimum wages, or their unpaid overtime compensation, as the case may be, and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). The employee’s private right of action is subject to a two-year statute of limitations unless the employer committed a “willful violation,” in which case the statute of limitations is extended to three years. Id. § 255(a). An employer commits a willful violation if “the employer either knew or showed reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the statute.” McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 133, 108 S.Ct. 1677, 100 L.Ed.2d 115 (1988).

A court may refuse to award liquidated damages under the FLSA if the employer shows that he acted “in good faith” and “had reasonable grounds for believing that his act or omission was not a violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.” 29 U.S.C. § 260. A court’s decision to refrain from awarding liquidated damages is reviewed for abuse of discretion, but a court’s determination of “good faith” and “reasonable grounds” is reviewed for clear error. See Thomas v. Howard Univ. Hosp., 39 F.3d 370, 372-73 (D.C.Cir.1994).

B. Factual Background

Plaintiff began working for David Nuyen (hereafter “Mr. Nuyen” or “Defendant”) in March 2008. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 1; Decl. Sung Dang [27] at 18.) Sung Dang (hereafter “Mr. Dang”) hired Plaintiff to work in Mr. Nuyen’s apartment buildings. (Def.’s Am. Interrog. Answers [26-7] at 2.) Plaintiff signed a contract with Mr. Dang and Mr. Nuyen, but Defendant has been unable to locate a copy of the contract. (Id.) Plaintiff worked for Mr. Nuyen until January 2013. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 1; Decl. Sung Dang [27] at 18.)

On May 22, 2014, Plaintiff filed suit against Defendant, alleging that Defendant denied Plaintiff overtime pay in violation of the FLSA during the course of his employment with Defendant. (Pl.’s Compl. [1] at 2, 8-9.) Specifically, Plaintiff claims he worked approximately 66 hours per week during his 258 weeks of employment with Defendant but was paid $10 per hour—his regular rate of pay—for all hours worked. (Pl.’s Compl. [1] at 6.) Defendant claims that Plaintiff rarely, if ever, worked 40 hours per week during his 253 weeks of employment and that Plaintiff was paid per job as an independent contractor rather than per hour. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 7, 11.) Based on the deposition of Mr. Nuyen and the affidavits of Plaintiff’s coworkers, Plaintiff now moves for partial summary judgment. (Pl.’s Mot. [26] at 1-2.) Specifically, Plaintiff seeks summary judgment on the following issues: (1) that Plaintiff was Defendant’s employee under the FLSA, (2) that Defendant violated the FLSA by denying Plaintiff overtime pay, (3) that Mr. Nuyen was Plaintiffs employer under the FLSA and thus jointly and severally liable to Plaintiff along with corporate Defendants, (4) that Plaintiff is en: titled to liquidated damages under the FLSA, and (5) that Plaintiff is entitled to equitably toll his claims to the beginning of his employment. (Id.)

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment is to be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The moving party must set forth the foundation for its motion and identify segments of the record demonstrating an absence of genuine dispute of material facts. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). When ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court must draw all inferences in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. McCready v. Nicholson, 465 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C.Cir.2006). Because “[credibility determinations, the weighing of inferences and the drawing of inferences from the facts are jury functions,” a court must deny summary judgment to the extent that reasonable minds could differ over the import of the evidence. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250-51, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

Because the Court will be the trier of fact on .an issue if this case proceeds to trial, the summary judgment rules are slightly altered. “[T]he ‘Court is not confined to deciding questions of law, but also may ... draw a derivative inference from undisputed subsidiary facts, even if those facts could support an inference to the contrary, so long as the inference does not depend upon an evaluation of witness credibility.’ ” Oao Alfa Bank v. Ctr. for Pub. Integrity, 387 F.Supp.2d 20, 39 (D.D.C.2005) (ellipses in original) (quoting Cook v. Babbitt, 819 F.Supp. 1, 11 & n. 11 (D.D.C.1993)).

III. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff argues he is entitled to summary judgment on the following issues: (1) that Plaintiff was Defendant’s employee under the FLSA, (2) that Defendant violated the FLSA by denying Plaintiff overtime pay, (3) that Mr. Nuyen was Plaintiffs employer under the FLSA and is jointly and severally liable to Plaintiff along with corporate Defendants, (4) that Plaintiff is entitled to liquidated damages under the FLSA, and (5) that Plaintiffs claims are properly tolled to the beginning of his employment. (PL’s Mot. [26] at 1-2.)

1. This Court will not strike Defendant’s Opposition under Local Rule 7(h).

In his Reply, Plaintiff argues Defendant’s Opposition should be stricken for failure to comply with Local Rule 7(h). (PL’s Reply [28] at 1-2.) Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s “Statement of Material Facts in Dispute” fails to isolate conceded and disputed facts and instead “resembles a narrative.” (Pl.’s Reply [28] at 2.)

This Court first notes that Defendant’s Opposition, though not an archetype of good pleading, appears to identify the material facts that are in dispute with corresponding citations to affidavits and interrogatories. (See Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 2-5.) Thus, this case is not analogous to cases in this Circuit in which courts have held that a party failed to satisfy Local Rule 7(h). See, e.g., Thompson v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 894 F.2d 774, 777 (D.C.Cir.1968) (holding that plaintiff violated Local Rule 7(h) by “fíl[ing] no couhtér-affidavits disputing any of the assertions in [defendant’s] affidavits”); Gardels v. Cent. Intelligence Agency, 637 F.2d 770, 773 (D.C.Cir.1980) (holding that defendant violated Local Rule 7(h) by “merely incorpo-rat[ing] entire affidavits and other materials without reference to the particular facts recited therein which support his view that no genuine issues of material fact exist”).

Moreover, this Court may.exercise its discretion to consider Defendant’s Opposition even if it fails to comply with Local Rule 7(h). See Gardels, 637 F.2d at 773. The invocation of this discretion is appropriate here because Defendant’s “conduct is not sufficiently egregious,” and the purposes of Local Rule 7(h) have been satisfied. Davis v. Dist. of Columbia, 503 F.Supp.2d 104, 122 n. 20 (D.D.C.2007). Namely, this Court is able “to decide [this] motion[ ] for summary judgment efficiently and effectively” based on the parties’ briefings and has not been “obliged to sift through hundreds of pages of depositions, affidavits, and interrogatories” in order to do so. Jackson v. Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, 101 F.3d 145, 150-51 (D.C.Cir.1996) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, this Court will proceed to the merits of Plaintiffs motion.

2. There are material facts in dispute that preclude summary judgment as to Plaintiffs status as an employee.

Plaintiff argues that he was an employee of Defendant from March 2008 until January 2013. (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 4.) Plaintiff argues that the “economic reality” test derived from United States v. Silk, 331 U.S. 704, 67 S.Ct. 1463, 91 L.Ed. 1757 (1947), supports this classification. (Id.)

Under the FLSA, an “employer” is defined as “any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(d). Similarly, an “employee” is defined as “any individual employed by an employer.” Id. § 203(e)(1). In interpreting these terms, the Supreme Court reasoned that “ ‘economic reality’ rather than ‘technical concepts’ is to be the test of employment.” Goldberg v. Whitaker House Coop., Inc., 366 U.S. 28, 33, 81 S.Ct. 933, 6 L.Ed.2d 100 (1961). As adopted by the D.C. Circuit, the economic reality test considers four factors: “whether the alleged employer (1) had the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained employment records.” Morrison v. Int’l Programs Consortium, Inc., 253 F.3d 5, 11 (D.C.Cir.2001) (quoting Henthorn v. Dep’t of Navy, 29 F.3d 682, 684 (D.C.Cir.1994)), Plaintiff and Defendant both cite a similar test from the Fourth Circuit that utilizes six factors:

(1) the degree of control that the putative employer has over the manner in which the work is performed; (2) the worker’s opportunities for profit or loss dependent on his managerial skill; (3) the worker’s investment in equipment or material, or his employment of other workers; (4) the degree of ■skill required for the work; (5) the permanence of the working relationship; and (6) the degree to which the services rendered are an integral part of the putative employer’s business.

Schultz v. Capital Int’l Sec., Inc., 466 F.3d 298, 304-05 (4th Cir.2006) (citing Herman v. Mid-Atl. Installation Servs., Inc., 164 F.Supp.2d 667, 671 (D.Md.2000)). In both tests, no single factor is considered dispositive. See Morrison, 253 F.3d at 11; Schultz, 466 F.3d at 305.

Plaintiff argues that all of the factors weigh in favor of Plaintiffs contention that he was Defendant’s employee under the FLSA. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 5-7.) Defendant responds that most factors weigh in favor of Defendant’s contention that Plaintiff was an independent contractor and that the significance of the factors that do not weigh in Defendant’s favor depend on disputed material facts. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 7-41.)

In this case, most of the factors discussed by Plaintiff and Defendant depend on credibility determinations. Plaintiff, along with two of his cóworkers, states that Defendant supervised Plaintiffs work every day via phone and in-person twice per week. (Pl.’s Interrog, Answers [26-3] at 6; Aff. Cesar Rodriguez [26-4] at 2; Aff. Melbin Javier Ochoa [26-5] at 2.) Defendant, along with Mr. Dang, states that Defendant did not supervise Plaintiffs work and that Plaintiff was directly responsible to Mr. Dang. (Certification Sung Dang [27] at 16-17; Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 12-13.) Thus, whether Mr. Nuyen exercised a significant or de minimis degree of control over Plaintiffs work will depend on the credibility of Plaintiff, his coworkers, Mr. Dang, and Defendant.

Similarly, Plaintiff, along with two of his coworkers, states that Defendant paid him by the hour. (PL’s Interrog. Answers [26-3] at 4; Aff. Cesar Rodriguez [26-4]-at 1; Aff. Melbin Javier Ochoa [26-5] at 1.) On the other hand, Defendant, along with Mr. Dang, states that Plaintiff was paid per job. (Certification Sung Dang [27] at 16; Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 16.) Thus, whether Plaintiff had opportunities for profit or loss aside from increasing the number of hours he worked will depend on the credibility of Plaintiff, his coworkers, Mr. Dang, and Defendant.

The degree of skill that Plaintiffs work required is also in dispute. Plaintiff claims that he was a general laborer and lacked “specialized training, certifications, or degrees.” (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 6; see also PL’s Interrog. Answers [26-3] at 5-6; Aff. Cesar Rodriguez [26-4] at 1; Aff. Melbin Javier Ochoa [26-5] at 1.) On the other hand, Defendant points out that many courts have classified construction workers, painters, and carpenters as skilled laborers (and thus as independent contractors); See generally 48B Am. Jur. 2d § 2770; see also Chao v. Mid-Atl. Installation Servs., 16 Fed.Appx. 104, 107 (4th Cir.2001) (“[Carpenters, construction workers, and electricians [] are usually considered independent contractors.”); but see Montoya v. S.C.C.P. Painting Contractors, Inc., 589 F.Supp.2d 569, 581 (D.Md.2008) (finding that “painting is.not a high-skilled job” (internal quotation marks .and citation omitted)). Nonetheless, this Court finds it unnecessary to resolve this dispute. This Court finds the reasoning in Jaworski v. Master Hand Contractors, Inc. to be compelling:

The undisputed facts show that the plaintiffs performed, skilled construction work for Master Hand. Their skills, however, are of the sort that a general construction firm would likely have need for on many, if not most jobs, so their skill set says little about ■their status as contractors or employees one way or the other; they are not the sort of tradesmen that a general contractor would be unlikely to employ because their skills are so specialized as to be rarely needed. In the Court’s view, this factor cuts in favor of neither party.

No. 09-07255, 2013 WL 1283534, at *5 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 27, 2013) (citation omitted). Thus, this Court finds that, in this ease, the degree of skill required does not cut in favor of either party.

Plaintiff contends that his employment with Defendant was rather permanent. (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 6; see also Aff. Cesar Rodriguez [26-4] at 2; Aff. Melbin Javier Ochoa [26-5] at 2.) However, Defendant contends that Plaintiffs work for Defendant was flexible and points to Plaintiff’s failure to affirmatively state that he performed no work for other employers during the time he worked for Defendant. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 10; see also Pl.’s In-terrog. Answers [27] at 26.) Thus, whether Plaintiffs and Defendant’s working relationship was permanent will depend on the credibility of Plaintiff, his coworkers, Mr. Dang, and Defendant.

The only two factors that are undisputed are the provision of equipment and materials and the degree to which Plaintiffs services were an integral part of Defendant’s business. Both Plaintiff and Defendant state that Mr. Nuyen, through Mr. Dang, provided the tools and supplies that Plaintiff used when performing repairs. (See Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 15; PL’s Interrog. Answers [26-3] at 6; Aff. Cesar Rodriguez [26-4] at 2; Aff. Melbin Javier Ochoa [26-5] at 2.) Defendant also admits that Plaintiffs work was integral to the functioning of Defendant’s apartment buildings. (See Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 10-11.) However, neither of these factors are present in the economic realities test explicated by the D.C. Circuit, Morrison, 253 F.3d at 11, but rather are taken from the Fourth Circuit, Schultz, 466 F.3d at 304-05. In addition, no single factor is to be dispositive, and the Court ought “to look at the totality of the circumstances and consider any relevant evidence.” Morrison, 253 F.3d at 11. On the whole, this Court finds that neither of these two factors are of significant weight, nor are they disposi-tive, particularly in light of the uncertainty as to the other factors. Thus, the Court denies summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claim of employee status.

3. There are material facts in dispute that preclude summary judgment as to Defendant’s liability to Plaintiff for overtime pay.

Plaintiff argues that Defendant violated the FLSA by failing to pay Plaintiff óne-and-one-half times his regular rate of pay for hours worked over 40 per week throughout his 253 weeks of employment. (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 7-8.) Plaintiff argues that he has made a prima facie case for overtime pay because, in light of Defendant’s incomplete records, he has submitted his own estimation of hours worked supported by affidavits from two coworkers. (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 8.)

Where an employer’s records are incomplete or inaccurate, an employee need only “alleg[e] that he performed work for which he was not properly compensated and then ‘produc[e] sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and reasonable inference’ ” in order to make a prima facie case for overtime compensation. Hunter v. Sprint Corp., 453 F.Supp.2d 44, 52 (D.D.C.2006) (quoting Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680, 687, 66 S.Ct. 1187, 90 L.Ed. 1616 (1946)). The employer must then present its own evidence as to the amount of work the employee actually performed or rebut the reasonableness of the inference from the employee’s evidence. Id. at 58. Resolving disputes as to the hours of work actually performed or as to the reasonableness of the inference often “requires an assessment of credibility,” which is beyond the scope of summary judgment. Id.

Plaintiff cites Hunter for the proposition that his allegation, supported by two affidavits, is sufficient to trigger liability. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 8.) Defendant responds that Plaintiff did not work the hours that he claims and presents an affidavit from Mr. Dang in support of this contention. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 11.)

Plaintiff has properly made a prima fa-cie case for overtime compensation. (See Pl.’s Interrog. Answers [26-3] at 4; Aff. Cesar Rodriguez [26-4] at 1; Aff. Melbin Javier Ochoa [26-5] at 1.) However, Plaintiffs argument misconstrues the holding of Hunter. In Hunter, this Court held that, in light of the defendant’s incomplete records, the plaintiffs allegation that he worked overtime, coupled with his spreadsheet estimating the overtime hours he worked, was sufficient to establish a prima facie case for overtime pay. 453 F.Supp.2d at 48-49, 52-53. This Court upheld plaintiffs prima facie ease against defendant’s motion for summary judgment because the reasonableness of plaintiffs estimates was a “dispute of material fact [that] necessarily require[d] an assessment of credibility.” Id. at 53. Plaintiffs other examples, namely Aguilar v. ALCOA Concrete & Masonry, Inc. and Butler v. DirectSAT USA, LLC, similarly concern the viability of a plaintiffs prima facie case, not that plaintiffs entitlement to summary judgment. See Aguilar, No. 15-0683, 2015 WL 6756044 at *1 (D.Md. Nov. 4, 2015); Butler v. DirectSAT USA, LLC, 47 F.Supp.3d 300, 308-09 (D.Md.2014). Like in Hunter, Plaintiff in this -case estimates that he worked 66 hours per week, but Defendant contests the reasonableness of that estimate. (See Pl.’s Interrog. Answers [26-3] at 4; Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 5-6.) In this case, then, as in Hunter, “summary judgment is hot the proper vehicle” for disposing of this dispute. 453 F.Supp.2d at 53.

Moreover, Defendant has proffered evidence that Plaintiff only worked approximately 35 hours per week. (See Certification Sung Dang [27] at 17.) Resolving this factual dispute between Plaintiff and Defendant will necessarily require an assessment of the credibility of Plaintiff, his coworkers, Mr. Dang, and' Defendant; therefore, disposing of this issue on summary judgment is improper. See, e.g., Batres Guevara v. Ischia, Inc., 47 F.Supp.3d 23, 27-28 (D.D.C.2014) (denying summary judgment where plaintiffs offered three depositions in support of their overtime claim and defendant offered five affidavits against it); Deloatch ve Harris Teeter, Inc., 797 F.Supp.2d 48, 56-57 (D.D.C.2011) (denying summary judgment where plaintiff offered his own deposition and interrogatory answers as the only evidence in support of his overtime claim); Zirintusa v. Whitaker, 674 F.Supp.2d 1, 6-7 (D.D.C.2009) (denying summary judgment where plaintiff offered her own chart of hours worked as the only evidence in support of her overtime claim). Thus, this Court denies summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claim for overtime pay.

4. If Plaintiff proves that he was an employee under the FLSA, Mr. Nuyen will properly be classified as Plaintiffs employer under the FLSA.

Plaintiff argues that Mr. Nuyen was Plaintiffs employer from March 2008 until January 2013 and is thus jointly and severally liable for Plaintiffs FLSA claims along with corporate Defendants. (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 8-10.) Plaintiff argues that the economic reality test demonstrates that Mr. Nuyen is properly classified as Plaintiffs employer under the FLSA. (Id.)

Although the D.C. Circuit has not addressed whether corporate officers may be classified as employers under the FLSA, this Court has consistently held that corporate officers may be so classified. See, e.g., Ventura v. Bebo Foods, Inc., 738 F.Supp.2d 1, 5-6 (D.D.C.2010); Thompson v. Linda & A., Inc., 779 F.Supp.2d 139, 152-53 (D.D.C.2011); Ruffin v. New Destination, LLC, 800 F.Supp.2d 262, 268-69 (D.D.C.2011); Wilson v. Hunam Inn, Inc., 126 F.Supp.3d 1, 5-6 (D.D.C.2015); Al-Quraan v. 4115 8th St. NW, LLC, 113 F.Supp.3d 367, 369 (D.D.C.2015); Ventura v. L. A. Howard Constr. Co., 134 F.Supp.3d 99, 102 n. 1 (D.D.C.2015). A corporate officer may be classified as an employer under the FLSA “if the officer has operational control of a corporation’s - covered enterprise.” Ventura, 738 F.Supp.2d at 5. In ascertaining whether the officer had operational control, the Court looks to “the totality of the circumstances of the relationship between the plaintiff/employee and defendant/employer to determine whether the putative employer has the power to hire and fire, supervise and control work schedules or conditions of employment, determine rate and method of pay, and maintain employment records” in addition to the officer’s ownership interest. Ventura, 738 F.Supp.2d at 5-6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Plaintiff contends that Mr. Nuyen is properly classified as Plaintiffs employer under the FLSA because Mr. Nuyen was the owner of the corporate Defendants and “hired Plaintiff, set Plaintiffs rate of pay, controlled and supervised Plaintiffs work, and set and controlled Plaintiffs schedule.” (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 9-10.) Defendant responds that Plaintiff was hired by Mr. Dang, who also set Plaintiffs rate of pay and schedule and supervised Plaintiffs work. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 12.) Thus, Defendant contends that Mr. Nuyen’s status as an employer is a question of law whose resolution depends on Mr. Dang’s credibility, a determination not appropriate for summary judgment. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 6.)

Mr. Nuyen is the sole owner of the corporate Defendants. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 3-4.) In fact, Mr. Nuyen testified that the corporate Defendants are not legally separate entities from him. (Id.) Therefore, the only question for this Court is, if Plaintiff proves that he is an employee under the FLSA, whether Mr. Nuyen is properly classified as Plaintiffs employer under the FLSA.

To determine whether Mr. Nuyen is Plaintiffs employer, this Court must consider whether he “ha[d] the power to hire and fire, supervise and control work schedules or conditions of employment, determine rate and method of pay, and maintain employment records.” Del Villar v. Flynn Architectural Finishes, Inc., 664 F.Supp.2d 94, 96 (D.D.C.2009) (citing Morrison, 253 F.3d at 11). Defendant suggests that Mr. Dang is Plaintiffs employer in light of these factors, to the exclusion of Mr. Nuyen. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 12.) According to Mr. Dang’s certification, he was “solely responsible for the hiring of Mr. Escamilla” and had “the ability to fire him.” (Certification Sung Dang [27] at 16.) Mr. Dang describes himself as Plaintiffs “supervisor” and states that he would “figure out what a particular job is worth” and thereby determine Plaintiffs pay. (Certification Sung Dang [27] at 16-17.) Mr. Dang kept records concerning payment to Plaintiff and his coworkers. (Id.) Accordingly, Defendant is correct that, if Plaintiff proves he is an employee under the FLSA, Mr. Dang would likely be considered Plaintiffs employer.

However,, “[a] single individual may stand in the relation of an employee to two or more employers at the same time under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.” 29 C.F.R. § 791.2(a). Hence, this Court may find that Mr. Nuyen was Plaintiffs employer even if Defendant is correct that Mr. Dang was also Plaintiffs employer.

Mr. Nuyen exercised a degree of control over Plaintiff similar to that exercised by Mr. Dang. In his deposition, Mr. Nuyen stated that he had the power to hire people -directly but elected to delegate that responsibility to Mr. Dang because he did not have time to dedicate to hiring. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 14.) Similarly, Mr. Nuyen stated that, although he never fired someone directly, he could order Mr. Dang to fire someone because Mr. Dang would be fired if he did not do as Mr. Nuyen said. (Id.) Mr. Nuyen always determined what work was to be done based on his tenants’ complaints even though Plaintiff and his coworkers received this information indirectly—i. e., through Mr. Dang. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 11.) Similarly, Mr. Nuyen generally came to the apartment building at least once per week to supervise Mr. Dang’s, Plaintiffs, and Plaintiffs coworkers’ work but would come as often as every day during larger projects. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 5, 16.) Even though Mr. Dang determined how much each job was worth, his calculation was informed by how much Mr. Nuyen was willing to .pay for the job; thus, Mr. Nuyen indirectly set Plaintiffs pay. (See Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 14.) Mr. Nuyen also paid Plaintiff and his coworkers directly on multiple occasions. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 12.) Finally, even though Mr. Dang kept records of Plaintiffs work, Mr. Nuyen kept records of payments he made to Plaintiff as well as signed the service agreements that he required Mr. Dang to have all of the workers sign. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 9,17.)

Accordingly, the Court finds that the factors in Morrison require that, if Plaintiff is found to be an employee under the FLSA, Mr. Nuyen be. classified as his em,-ployer and held liable for any proven damages. Because Plaintiff has not yet demonstrated that he was an employee under the FLSA, the Court denies summary judgment as to Mr. Nuyen’s status as an employer under the FLSA until such time as Plaintiff proves that he was an employee under the FLSA.

5. Summary judgment on liquidated damages is inappropriate where liability has not yet been established.

Plaintiff argues that Defendant does not qualify for the FLSA’s good faith exemption from liquidated damages. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 10-12.) Plaintiff argues that Defendant admitted that he relied on his own misclassification of Plaintiff as an independent contractor rather than on any reasonable interpretation of the FLSA. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 11-12.)

. If found in violation of the FLSA’s overtime provision, an employer “shall be liable to the employee” for the amount of unpaid overtime wages “and in an additional equal amount as liquidated damages.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). The Court may decline to award liquidated damages only if the employer proves that he acted “in good faith” , and “had reasonable grounds for believing that his act or omission was not a violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.” Id. § 260. This test requires subjective good faith on.the part of the employer, Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 567 F.2d 429, 464 (D.C.Cir.1976), as well an objectively “reasonable belief that its acts or omissions did not violate the law,” Thomas v. Howard University Hospital, 39 F.3d 370, 373 (D.C.Cir.1994).

Plaintiff contends that Defendant’s failure to cite any legal authority upon which his understanding of Plaintiffs status was based necessitates a finding that Defendant does not qualify for the FLSA’s good-faith exemption. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 11-12.) Defendant responds that, because there was no FLSA violation, Plaintiffs claim for liquidated damages is therefore moot. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 12.)

This Court has consistently held that summary judgment on liquidated damages is inappropriate where summary judgment on liability has been denied. See, e.g., Hunter, 453 F.Supp.2d at 62-63 (“[T]he question of [plaintiff]’s entitlement to liquidated damages can hardly be resolved at this time, when there has yet to be a determination of liability.”); Batres Guevara, 47 F.Supp.3d at 28-29 (“Because the Court is denying summary judgment on liability, it would be premature to grant summary judgment on liquidated damages.”). Plaintiff offers no reason why summary judgment ought to be granted as to liquidated damages apart from liability. (See Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 10.) Thus, this Court denies summary judgment as to Plaintiffs claim for liquidated damages.

6. As in Ayala, Plaintiffs claim for equitable tolling depends on material facts that are in dispute and that preclude summary judgment.

Plaintiff argues that his claims should be tolled to the beginning of his employment. (PL’s Mot. [26-1] at 12-15.) Plaintiff argues that this Court’s recent opinion in Ayala v. Tito Contractors, Inc., 82 F.Supp.3d 279 (D.D.C.2015), established the guidelines for when equitable tolling applies in a claim brought under the FLSA. (Id.) Plaintiff argues his situation is sufficiently similar to that of the plaintiffs in Ayala to justify equitable tolling in this case. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 14-15.)

Claims brought under the FLSA are subject to'a two-year statute of limitations unless the employer committed a “willful violation,” in which case the statute of limitations is extended to three years. 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). Although the D.C. Circuit has not addressed whether the FLSA’s statute of limitations may be equitably tolled, the Fourth and Sixth Circuits have both applied equitable tolling to the FLSA. See Cruz v. Maypa, 773 F.3d 138, 146-47 (4th Cir.2014); Hughes v. Region VII Area Agency on Aging, 542 F.3d 169, 188-89 (6th Cir.2008). In addition, this Court recently held that equitable tolling in an FLSA case was within the Court’s discretionary powers of equity. Ayala, 82 F.Supp.3d at 291. In Ayala, Judge Boas-burg denied summary judgment as to equitable tolling because there were disputed material facts concerning whether (1) defendant posted FLSA notices in the workplace, (2) defendant’s misrepresentations misled plaintiffs, and (3) plaintiffs’ lack of due diligence in pursuing their claims was due to their insufficient knowledge of their rights. Id. at 289-92.

Plaintiff asks this Court to adopt the Fourth Circuit’s rule from Cruz—that is, “tolling based on lack of notice continues until the claimant retains an attorney or obtains actual knowledge of her rights,” 773 F.3d at 147. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 14.) Alternatively, Plaintiff contends that equitable tolling is appropriate because his case is substantially similar to Ayala in that (1) Defendant did not post FLSA notices at the workplace, (2) Defendant’s misrepresentation to Plaintiff that Plaintiff was an independent contractor misled Plaintiff, and (3) Plaintiff is of limited education like the plaintiffs in Ayala. (Pl.’s Mot. [26-1] at 14-15.) Defendant responds that notice was not required because Plaintiff was an independent contractor and not an employee and that Plaintiff and Defendant properly understood their relationship as one of contract work and not of permanent employment. (Def.’s Opp’n [27] at 13.)

This Court declines to adopt the Fourth Circuit’s absolute rule in Cruz. The Court agrees with Judge Boasburg’s observation that the discretionary nature of equitable tolling implies that “the Court need not, and likely should not, establish a per se rule regarding the effect of a failure to post FLSA notices.” Ayala, 82 F.Supp.3d at 291. Similarly, as in Ayala, this case presents disputed material facts that preclude summary judgment as to Plaintiffs entitlement to equitable tolling. Namely, there is dispute as to “the exact nature of [Defendants interactions with Plaintiff[ ] and the atmosphere created by these communications,” id. particularly in light of the confusion surrounding the purported service agreement signed by Plaintiff, Mr. Dang, and Mr. Nuyen, (see Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 17, 20-21; Def.’s Am. Interrog. Answers [26-7] at 2; Certification Sung Dang [27] at 16). In addition, even the Fourth Circuit recognized that a failure to post entitles a plaintiff to equitable tolling only until that plaintiff “retains an attorney or obtains actual knowledge of her rights.” Cruz, 773 F.3d at 147. Because this Court, like the Cruz court, does not presently have evidence of when Plaintiff first learned of his rights or retained an attorney, see id. it is not appropriate to grant summary judgment on this issue. Thus, this Court denies summary judgment as to Plaintiffs entitlement to equitably toll his claims. 
      
      . Mr. Nuyen is referred to as "Defendant” because his deposition indicates that the corporate Defendants are not legally separate entities from him as an individual. (Dep. David Nuyen [26-6] at 3-4.)
     