
    CUSTOM OR USAGE
    [Cuyahoga (8th) Circuit Court,
    February 16, 1903.]
    Hale, Marvin and Winch, JJ.
    Cheboygan Dredge & D. Co. v. L. P. & J. A. Smith, Etc.
    Custom among Contractors Admissible.
    In an action brought by a subcontractor to recover an amount claimed to be due under a written contract, parol evidence of a custom among contractors by which the subcontractor assumes the burden of providing board, conveyances, etc., for agents, engineers and surveyors of the one for whom the principal contractor is doing the work, is admissible in evidence, not to vary the written contract, but to explain the surrounding facts and circumstances under which the contract was made.
    
      A. W. Lamson, for plaintiff in error.
    
      Goulder, Holden <& Masten, defendants in error.
   HALE, J.

On December 31, 1892, tbe-defendants entered into a contract with the United States, whereby they undertook to excavate a ship channel of a certain depth, at the mouth of the Detroit river. The contract contains specific specifications as to the work to be done and the manner in which it was to be done, and, among other things, contains the following:

“The order of the work will be determined by the United States agent in charge, and his instructions shall be observed by the contractor and his employees. When required by the U. S. agent in charge, the contractor shall, without additional compensation, furnish all necessary labor, materials and appliances for placing and replacing suitable stakes and buoys for use in making surveys'for estimates, and for marking the channel. He shall also, without additional compensation, furnish the use of a tug when needed for towing the sounding rafts or scows, conveying engineers, inspectors, and other employees of the United States, and generally for -all purposes connected with the inspection and supervision of the work. When required by the U. S. engineer in charge, all agents or inspectors of the United States employed on or about the work shall have meals and sleeping accommodations furnished by the contractor at a reasonable price, approved by the U. S. engineer in charge, and paid for by the United States. ’ ’

On or about March Í5, 1894, the defendants entered into a contract with the plaintiffs as follows:

“Memorandum of Agreement Made this 15th day of March, A. D. 1894, by and between L. P. & J. A. Smith, party of the first part, and the Cheboygan Dredge & Dock Co., party of the second part.
“WITNESSETH: That the party of the second part hereby agrees to dig and remove, for the said party of the first part, 350,000 cubic yards of material from what is known as Bar Point, being ‘the Eighth Section of the Ship Channel 20 and 21 feet deep, connecting waters of the Great Lakes between Chicago, Duluth & Buffalo. ’ The aforesaid excavation is to be made in conformity with the contract said party of the first part have with the United States Government under date of December 31, 1892, for the excavation and removal of material from said eighth section of said ship channel.
“Said party of the second part is to commence digging on or before the fifteenth day of May, 1894, and to continue working with at least one dredge, until the whole quantity herein specified has been excavated in accordance with the afore-mentioned contract.
“For the above work party of the first part is to pay the party of the second part at the rate of sixteen (16) cents per cubic yard, scow measurement. Said payments to be made in accordance with the estimates furnished by the United States Government, and as soon as said party of the first part receive pay for same.
“Party of the second part hereby agrees to abstain from doing any work in Cleveland or vicinity, and further, agrees to abstain from assisting anyone else, to do any work in Cleveland or vicinity. ,
“In Witness Whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written.
“L. P. & J. A. Smith,
“The Cheboygan Dredge and Dock Co.,
“By Conrad Starke."

This action was prosecuted in the court of common pleas by the plaintiff in error to recover of the defendants a sum claimed to be due it under this last contract and for work performed thereunder.

The defendants in error denied that there was any amount due the plaintiff at the time of the commencement of the action. The real controversy between the parties was, whether or not the plaintiff in error should bear its proportion of the expenses provided for in the specifications above quoted, which the defendants in error agreed, in its contract with the United States, to bear. The contract between the plaintiffs and the defendant did not specifically provide upon that subject, and, on the trial, evidence was offered, and permited to go to the jury over the objections of the plaintiff in error, tending to show a custom between contractors and sub-contractors to the effect that the subcontractor should bear the proportion of such expenses which the work performed by the sub-contractor bore to the entire work to be done.

The bill of exceptions does not contain all the testimony offered on the trial. It is insisted, however, that the court erred in permitting this testimony to go to the jury: first, on the ground that no custom was pleaded by the defendant; and second, that a contract can not be varied or added to by the proof of such custom. For the purpose for which this custom was sought to be established by the evidence, it is quite clear that it was not essential that it be pleaded. It is also clear that if its purpose was simply to vary or add to the written contract, it would be incompetent; but such was not its purpose.

It was competent to bring before the jury the circumstances surrounding the parties and the conditions under which the contract was made, and to enable the jury to rightfully interpret the contract signed by the parties1.

Without attempting to recite the authorities cited by the parties upon this proposition, most of which have been reviewed by us, we hold that this testimony for the purposes for which it was offered, was competent and'that there was no error in its admission. Possibly, some of the questions submitted were somewhat objectionable, but, in that regard, we see no substantial error for which the judgment should be reversed. These results apply to all objections made to the testimony offered upon this subject.

; . There was no substantial error for which the judgment should be reversed, in the rulings of the court upon the admission or exclusion of evidence and, if this evidence was competent, the charge of the court was unobjectionable and fairly covered the issues submitted upon this point.

Whether the testimony offered and permitted to go to the jury, was sufficient to establish the custom claimed by the defendants in error with such certainty as to be available to them, is not now before the court, as the bill of exceptions does not contain the entire testimony.

There was no error in giving to the defendants in error under the issues, the opening and closing of the case on the trial.

This ease has been twice tried before the court of common pleas, with the same ruling of the trial court as to the competency of this evidence; and even if it were doubtfully competent, we believe it better that this should be determined finally by the Supreme Court before further expense is made in the trial of the case.

It would seem that the whole merits of the case turn upon the proposition made, and the rights of the parties will be finally determined when the Supreme Court has settled the competency of this testimony.

The judgment of the court of common pleas is affirmed.  