
    James C. Tabor, Appellant, v. The City of Buffalo, Respondent.
    Fourth Department,
    January 12, 1910.
    Municipal corporations — negligence — injury caused by improperly filled excavation made under municipal permit — municipality joint tort feasor — notice of defect — dirty of inspection — erroneous charge.
    Where a city grants a permit to a landowner to open a public street to make connection with the" municipal water supply, etc., the street to he restored to' its original condition under a penalty for failure to do so and the work is under the control-of-the city engineer, the city is a joint, actor with the owner in ' -making the excavation. If. a person driving on the street without contributory negligence is injured by reason óf a failure to" restore the street to its former condition, or to guard properly a depression therein, he may recover against the city without pro ving that it or the owner had notice of'the defect.
    As the city by permitting the original excavation had notice of its existence, its
    
      duty to inspect continued until the street was restored to its original condition and it is entitled'to no notice of an existing defect.
    In an action to recover for injuries received by one who drove into a depression in a public street caused by the failure of a landowner to refill properly an excavation which he made under a municipal .permit, the depression at the. time being filled with water so as to be apparently level, it is error to charge as amatter of law that the jury could not find constructive notice to the city if the depression had only existed for nine hours before the accident.
    Even if it should be assumed that the city was entitled to notice, the court, by the charge aforesaid, invaded the province of the jury and unduly restricted their findings.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, James 0. Tabor, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Erie on the 28th day of January, 1909, upon the verdict of a jury of no cause of action, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the same day denying the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Herman J. Westwood, Clifford E. Branch and Dorsey W. Kellogg, for the appellant.
    
      Harry D. Sanders and Louis E. Desbecker, for the respondent.
   Spring, J.:

The plaintiff was injured about eight o’clock in the evening of March 27, 1907, while driving along Rhode Island street in the city of Buffalo. He drove into a hole or excavation in the street and was precipitated to the ground over the footboard of the cart in which he was riding, sustaining injuries.

Rhode Island street is an important and much-traveled street, extending practically east and west. In January, 1907, the owner of lot Ho. 456, on the north side of the street, obtained a permit to take water tó a dwelling house from the city pipe, and also to make sewer connections, and these involved excavating in the street. After the connections were made the trench was filled up and tamped down, but the pavement cobble stones were not replaced. Part of the dirt put back in the excavation was frozen, and it was apparent as the frost disappeared the dirt would settle, leaving a hole. In the latter part of February there was a depression, and it was filled and again tamped down. The witness Snyder, on behalf of the defendant, testified that on the twenty-fifth of March the earth had sunk and lie filled the excavation with cinders; witnesses on behalf of the plaintiff testified the depression ' had existed for several days continuously before the twenty-seventh,, so there was a question of fact as to the length of time the defective condition existed before the plaintiff was injured. He had been engaged all day oh the twenty-seventh delivering baggage with a single rig for. the Miller Transfer Company. . It had rained hard ail the night preceding and much (during the day. When he'approached the place in question he observed it was filled with water and there was no indication that it was anything more than a puddle of water in the pavement and he had noticed, these all day in his driving about the city. He was driving at a slow trot with a covered wagon carrying trunks and'suit, cases. The horse stepped into this hole and jumped, pulling the wagon forward and the wheels sunk in the water and mud to the hubs arid, the plaintiff was thrown forward and injured. The hole was a foot and a half or two feet deep and two or. three feet in width extending along the excavation toward the street curb. There is no controversy as to.the existence bf tlie hole at the time the plaintiff was injured or that he was injured as he ..described and no claim-that he was negligent. '

The-excavation was made by the plumber employed by' the owner of' the premises, but in pursuance of- a permit granted by the city department of public works. The work was under the control and authority of the city engineer, and the person "to whom the pérmit was granted was required to restore the opening to as good- condition as previously existed. The whole work was, therefore, intrusted to the department of public works or its engineer, and the city could protect itself from any. failure on the part of the holder of the permit tb comply with its provisions. In fact a penalty is imposed for failure to meet these provisions. (Ordinances, chap. 4, § 30.) In this situation the city, therefore, is a joint actor with the owner in making this excavation.

If a' person' using the street property is injured by reason bf failure to restore an opening to its former condition it is not essential for him- in Order to recover for his "in juries to show notice of the defective condition either to the city or to- the owner. Its-restoration is an affirmative obligation and the question in such a case is, therefore, whether the-provisions of the • permit have been complied with. The street was previously safe. It was opened and made dangerous to be sure for a lawful purpose. The safety of the public using the streets requires that while the excavation is open it must be suitably barricaded or denoted by warning lights, and when filled it must be taken care of until it is permanently restored to its previous condition.

The city had notice of the original excavation and it was made with its permission, and until restoration has been made complete its duty of inspection continues and it is entitled to no notice of its condition. (Wilson v. City of Troy, 135 N. Y. 96; Parks v. City of New York, 111 App. Div. 836; affd., 187 N. Y. 555 ; Godfrey v. City of New York, 104 App. Div. 357; affd., 185 N. Y. 563; Stedman v. City of Rome, 88 Hun, 279 ; Schumacher v. City of New York, 166 N. Y. 103.)

If I am in error in this proposition, I think the court erred in his instructions to the jury. After charging that the most important matter for them to determine was whether the defective condition had existed sufficiently long-so that the city should be charged with constructive notice of its existence, he added : “ If you find that it came into the condition in which it was at the time of the accident only on that day, your verdict necessarily must be for the defendant.” The counsel excepted to this charge.

One witness testified that about nine o’clock in the morning of the day of the accident, or eleven hours preceding it, he observed the place where the accident occurred, and he describes the hole, stating that some of the cobblestones had fallen down in it, and that it was well filled up with water. In view of this testimony the plaintiff’s counsel requested the court to charge as follows: “ I ask your Honor to charge the jury that they may find from the evidence that if the weather for several days previous to the accident was warm, or warm and accompanied with some rain, they may find the conditions were such as to put the city to active inspection with relation to this trench, and they may find constructive notice to the city if they only believe the hole existed since 9 :15 on the morning of the accident,” and the court refused to do so, and an exception was taken.

Ordinarily constructive notice of eleven hours prior to the accident might be inadequate. Its sufficiency depends on circumstances. Rhode Island, street was án important one and much traveled. The trench where the injuries were- sustained was dug and filled up in January-, and partly with frozen earth. Inevitably, when rains came and the. frost ■ thawed out the earth, it would sink and a dangerous hole, be left, and this sinking would continue until into the' spring of the year. For a day or two preceding the accident, the ■weather had been moderate, w.ith some rain. On.the evening of the twenty-sixth and the morning .of the twenty-seventh there was warm weather with a heavy rainfall, and the street depressions .all over were .filled with water the morning of tlie twenty-seventh and all that day. The very conditions had arisen- which would -soften the frozen chunks and cause the earth to settle, and the city authorities and the plumbers must have realized the effect of this, heavy .downpour. In view of tlie permit- granted and the conditions referred to, 1 think it was error for tlie court to charge the jury as matter of law that they could not find constructive notie.eyif the hole had existed only since nine-fifteen that morning.

There was'a.bad hole in the street, and the plaintiff drove into it through no lack of vigilance on his part,- and he was injured. ' The trial judgb, with great detail and elaboration, instructed the jury-on constructive notice, making that the predominant subject, submitted to them. In the first place, I think the city was. not .'entitled to notice; and even if if was, the court invaded the province of the jury and Unduly restricted the range of their .finding, as I have stated.

• I think the .evidence of the conversation over, the telephone by the witness Wright with some one in the department of public works was. properly excluded. The evidence was incompetent under the pleadings, and there ivas no- evidence to identify the person answering the telephone in that department. '

The judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to the .appellant to -abide event.

All concurred..

• Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered,-with costs .to appellant to abide event. . '  