
    William Tate, Respondent, v. American Woolen Company, Appellant.
    First Department,
    June 15, 1906.
    Pleading — allegation of indebtedness conclusion of law — when complaint for money had and received states no canse of action.
    An allegation that the defendant was “indebted” to the plaintiff’s assignor for money had and received is a mere conclusion of law, and does not state a cause of action.
    The mere payment of a sum of money implies no promise or obligation to repay it, and in the absence of an allegation of a promise to repay, or of facts from which such promise can he inferred, the complaint fails to state a cause of action.
    Appeal by the defendant, the American Woolen Company, from an interlocutory judgment of the Supireme ’Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 29th day of January, 1906, upon the decision of the court rendered after a trial at the New York Special Term, overruling the defendant’s demurrer to the complaint.
    
      Daniel P. Hays, for the appellant.
    
      George M. Curtis, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J.:

The complaint alleges twenty-five separate causes of action. As the allegations as to each cause of action are the same, except as to the amount and names of the persons from whom the defendant received the money which is sought to be recovered, it will only be necessary to discuss the first cause of action and the defendant’s demurrer thereto.

For a first cause of action the complaint alleges that the defendant, a foreign corporation, in and about the month of July, 1904, was indebted to Terence J. McManus for money had and received by the defendant amounting to §1,040 ; that McManus assigned to the plaintiff a one-tliird interest in the money due him from the defendant, of which the defendant had notice, and that no part of said sum has been paid though demanded. The judgment demanded is for a sum of money aggregating one-third of the various claims alleged in these twenty-five causes of action to have been assigned to the plaintiff. The demurrer is upon two grounds, first, that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action ; and, second, that there is a defect of parties plaintiff or defendant, in that the said McManus was not joined as a party plaintiff or made a defendant. There is no fact alleged upon which the alleged indebtedness of the defendant to McManus is based. There is simply an allegation that the defendant was indebted to McManus for money had and received by the defendant from McManus; and the question is whether or not that allegation is a statement of a fact upon which a liability can be based.

An allegation of indebtedness is not an allegation of a fact, but of a conclusion of law which is not admitted by a demurrer, and, therefore, is insufficient to sustain a cause of action. The complaint must set up “ A plain and concise statement of the facts constituting each cause of action.” (Code Civ. Proc. § 481, subd. 2.) A conclusion of law is not the statement of a fact upon which a liability can be predicated. There is no allegation of a promise of the defendant to pay any money to McManus, and there is no presumption that the payment of a sum of money implies a promise to repay or imports an obligation to repay. The allegation is simply an allegation of indebtedness, and in the absence of a promise to repay, or facts from which such a promise can be inferred, no cause of action is alleged. (Sampson v. Grand Rapids School Co., 55 App. Div. 163.)

It follows that the judgment appealed from must be reversed, with costs, and the demurrer sustained, with costs, with leave to the plaintiff to amend upon payment of costs in this court and in the court below.

O’Brien, P. J., Patterson, Laughlin and Clarice, JJ., concurred.

Judgment reversed, with costs, and demurrer sustained, with costs, with leave to plaintiff to amend on payment of costs in this court and in the court below. 'Order filed.  