
    Samuel H. Mathison, Respondent, v. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, Appellant.
    
      Railroad engine dispatcher required, in addition to the duty of that position, to run a switch engine four or fme hours a day—it is within the sphere of his employment— he is not entitled to extra compensation therefor.
    
    In an action brought against a railroad company by an employee thereof to recover compensation for services alleged to have been rendered outside of the sphere of his employment, it appeared that the plaintiff was employed by the defendant in 1882 as an engine dispatcher and that the duties of his position at the time of his employment were the inspection and repair of engines and the running of engines in case of emergency; that until June 8, 1898, there was a switch engine located at the plaintiff’s station which was operated by another engineer. Upon this date the plaintiff received an order stating that all trains which came to his station would do their own switching with their regular engines, and that in case the switch engine located at his station was called out to do special work he should operate it. Pursuant to this order, the plaintiff, in connection with his regular work as engine dispatcher, ran the switch engine four or five hours each day from June, 1898, until October, 1899, when he left the defendant’s employ.
    During all this time the plaintiff, who was employed and paid by the month, made no claim at any time for extra compensation by reason of the additional service required of him in running the switch engine.
    
      Held, that the running of the switch engine for four or five hours a day was, as matter of law, so far within the scope of the plaintiff’s employment as to negative any implication that he was to receive extra compensation for this work;
    That, as the defendant had the right to discharge the plaintiff at the end of any month, it might change the nature of his employment; that, consequently, assuming that the running of the switch engine was outside the scope of the plaintiff’s employment, the plaintiff’s contract of employment would, at least after the expiration of the first month following the receipt of the order pursuant to which the plaintiff operated the switch engine, he deemed to include that duty.
    Appeal by the defendant, The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Columbia on the 3d day of July, 1901, upon the report of a referee.
    In 1882 the plaintiff was employed by the defendant as engine dispatcher at a station called Chatham upon defendant’s road. The duties of such position at the time of his employment were the inspection and repairing of engines and running of engines in cases of emergency. A switch engine was run at this station by another engineer. This continued until about June, 1898. At that time his superior sent him the following letter: “ By order of Jas. Buchanan, on- and after to-day, Wednesday, June 8th, ’98, you will lay up switch engine 61 until further orders. The switching at Chat-ham is to be done by the regular crews running in there. They will run their regular engines to do the work, but in case you are called on to do some switching you will use engine 61, and you will have to run her, using one of your shop men to fire for you. Answer how you understand this order.” To that the plaintiff replied : “ The order to lay up engine 61 reached me last eve. I understand by that order that all trains that come here to do their own switching with their regular engines, and in case 61 is called out to do special work I am to go with her with man out of shop.” Under that order the plaintiff ran the switch engine four or five hours each day from June, 1898, until October, 1899, when he left the defendant’s employ. This was done in connection with his regular work as engine dispatcher. He had before been an engineer in the defendant’s service and his acquaintance with engines and with this class of work constituted, in part, his qualification for the office of engine dispatcher which he-undertook in 1882. During all that time and until he left defendant’s employ he received his wages at $105 per month, making no claim at any time for any extra compensation by reason of the additional service required of him in running this switch engine. This action was originally brought upon the theory that during all of this time, both before and after he ran this switch engine, lie was required to and did work over ten hours a day, for which he deemed himself entitled to compensation under chapter 711 of the Laws of 1892. This claim the referee properly disallowed. Thereupon the plaintiff amended his complaint, presenting this claim for compensation for service outside of the sphere of the service for which he had contracted and additional thereto. The referee has allowed him compensation for from four to five hours extra service a day in running this switch engine from June, 1898, to October, 1899. From the judgment entered upon this direction of the referee the defendant has appealed.
    
      Robert F. Wilkwison, for the appellant. ■
    
      George K. Daley, for the. respondent.
   Smith, J.:

I am unable to find any legal justification for the judgment rendered. There are authorities holding that in certain cases where the extra service required is entirely without the sphere of the service for which the contract was made, or where the extra service exacted was such as required special skill or qualifications, in such case the law will imply an agreement for extra compensation. This rule is based upon the probability that for such service there was an intention on the part of the master to pay extra compensation upon which the servant might rely. But this rule must be cautiously applied, and the service must be so far outside of the sphere of the employment as to indicate a ^probable- intention on the part of the master to allow extra compensation therefor. If the question be one of doubt, the right to extra compensation should rest only upon an express agreement. Any other rule of law would introduce dangerous uncertainty and instability into all contracts of service. Even the domestic in your household would charge you with a judgment for compensation for extra service if some further work were required of her than the mistress thought to mention at the hiring. In the case at bar no special qualification was necessary for the extra work required. Plaintiff’s experience in running engines upon this road in part qualified him for. the. service in which he was then engaged. The running of this engine at special times was part of the service explicitly contracted for. ■ An. enlargement of that particular service and the requirement to run the switch engine," even four or five hours in the day, was not outside of the sphere and scope of his original employment, and, as matter of law, in my judgment, should be held to be so far within the scope of that employment as to negative an implication of an agreement for extra compensation.

, But granting, for the argument, that the running of this switch engine was outside of the sphere or scope of his employment, as held by the referee, I am still of the opinion that the judgment is not justified. Even then the surrounding circumstances may indicate an intention to make the additional service a part of the service for which the wages named in the original contract should compensate. The plaintiff was employed by the month and paid by the month. The defendant has the clear right to discharge him at the end of any month. The defendant might change the nature of that employment, and radically, if it chose. After the expiration of the first month at least the contract must be deemed to include all service required, whether or not it be additional to the service specified upon the'original hiring. That this service was intended to be a part of his regular duties for which he was receiving his compensation is to my mind clearly indicated by the very order directing the service. The order reads: “ They will run their regular engines to do the work, but in case you are called on to do some switching you will use engine 61, and you will have to run her.” That it was so understood by the plaintiff, as well as the defendant, is clearly indicated by the fact that no claim whatever was made for this extra service for over sixteen months and until plaintiff left the employ of the defendant, and this while receiving monthly his wages from defendant. The case of Smith v. Long Island Railroad Company (102 N. Y. 190) does not authorize the conclusion of the referee.. In that case plaintiff was not. in the employ of the defendant, and the performance of service, at the request of the defendant, was held to imply a promise to repay and not to be presumptively gratuitous. No express agreement for extra compensation is claimed, and I can see no facts from which an implied agreement can be deduced. The law is well settled that for extra hours of service required by the master no extra compensation .can- be recovered, without an express agreement. By parity of reasoning, for the extra service here required so intimately connected with his other duties, a recovery of extra Compensation can only stand upon an express agreement.

All a incurred.

Judgment reversed on law and facts, referee discharged, a,nd new trial granted^ with costs to appellant to abide event.  