
    770 S.E.2d 516
    In re C.M. and C.M.
    No. 14-0533.
    Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
    Submitted Jan. 13, 2015.
    Decided March 2, 2015.
    
      Jacquelyn S. Biddle, Esq., Huntington, West Virginia, for Petitioner, S.L.H.'
    Leigh Boggs Lefler, Esq., Beckley, West Virginia, Guardian ad litem for C.M. & C.M.
    Patrick Morrisey, Esq., Attorney General, S;L. Evans, Esq., Assistant Attorney General, for the' West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources.
   WORKMAN, Chief Justice:

This ease is before the Court upon the appeal of the Mother, S.L.H., (hereinafter referred to as “the Mother”) from the April 30, 2014, order of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County, West Virginia, terminating her parental rights. The Mother argues that the circuit court erred when it: 1) terminated her parental rights to her two children because it was not the least restrictive alternative available; 2) abused its discretion by not granting her a dispositional period; 3) failed to place the children with their maternal grandmother; and 4) allowed the children to remain in their paternal aunt’s care. Based upon our review of the appendix record, the parties’ briefs and arguments, and all other matters before the Court, we reverse the circuit court’s decision to terminate the Mother’s parental rights and remand the case for the implementation of a gradual transition plan to return the children to the custody of them Mother.

I. Procedural and Factual History

On August 28, 2012, an abuse and neglect petition was filed against both C.R.M., who is the children’s father, and the Mother. The allegations in the petition concerned severe domestic violence, as well as alcohol and drug abuse in the presence of the infant children. The allegations included a referral to Child Protective Services (“CPS”) on August 14, 2012, concerning both parents abusing alcohol and drugs, namely Oxycontin, and not. providing a safe environment for the children. The petition also contained- a referral to CPS on August 27, 2012, wherein the Mother, who was intoxicated, allegedly hid in the woods near the home with her two children, having fled due to a domestic altercation with the father. A preliminary hearing was held on October 18, 2012. By order entered October 26, 2012, the circuit court determined that probable cause existed warranting the removal of the children from the parents’ home.

On December 6, 2012, the circuit court conducted an adjudicatory hearing. During the hearing, both parents, stipulated to allegations of abuse and neglect.- Specifically, the Mother stipulated “that she neglected her children through her drug abuse affecting her ability to parent her children.” Both parents separately moved for post-adjudicatory improvement .periods. The circuit court subsequently granted.a-six-month post-adjudicatory improvement .period for each parent. The circuit court ordered that the MultiDisciplinary Team (“MDT”) was to meet by December 14, 2012, and that a family case plan was to be developed and filed with the court by January 7, 2013. No ease plan was placed in the record below or in the appendix record submitted before this Court.

The appendix record also contained two monthly summaries for December 2012 and January 2013 prepared by Kelly Cook-Stevens, ASO Service Provider, regarding the Mother’s visits with her children. In December 2012, Ms. Stevens supervised three visits between the Mother and her children. Ms. Stevens reported:

[Mother] ... is very interactive and affectionate with her children. She gets in the floor and plays with them and she made a tent with ... [one child] and also played the Nintendo Wii. She balances the time equally between both boys and they interact very well with her. She changes them diapers throughout the visit and is very nurturing with both children. [One of the boys] cries at the end of the visits and she comforts him well and tries not to show any emotion.

In the January 2013 summary, Ms. Stevens reported:

Provider supervised three visits during the month of January. [Mother] ... is very interactive and affectionate with her children. [Mother] ... was very loving with both boys and focuses on them the entirety of the visits. She balances the time equally between both boys and they interact very well with her. She changes [the younger boy’s] ... diaper throughout the visit and is very nurturing with both children. [The older boy] ... cries at the end of the visits and she comforts him well and tries not to show any emotion. She graduated from Turning Point on January 31st and seems to be doing well in her recovery.

The record also contained a March 6, 2013, report prepared by a CPS worker for DHHR. This report indicated that the Mother “has made progress towards completing the goals set forth in her Family Case Plan. She successfully completed Turning Point on January 31, 2013, and has successfully maintained sobriety.” Further, visits with her children were described as “positive.” The Mother “interacts with her children well and makes up games to play with them. She balances her time equally between both boys and is nurturing to both children.”

On March 7, 2013, the circuit court held an improvement period review hearing. By order entered March 22, 2013, the circuit court noted that it was “advised that respondent mother is progressing and when she obtains beds for the children, weekend overnights will be started for her and reunification is the permanency plan for her.”

A report of the guardian ad litem, dated June 7, 2013, indicates that a MDT meeting was conducted on May 21, 2013, wherein it was noted that visitation had been increased between the Mother and her children, but then decreased due to the Mother’s housing situation. “The MDT concluded that as soon as the Respondent Mother established a new housing arrangement with her mother, visitation could resume to overnights and there would be no opposition by any party to a three (3) month extension.” Further, “there were no concerns with drug use on the part of the Respondent Mother.” The recommendation was to give the Mother a three-month extension on her improvement period.

The circuit court held another improvement period review hearing on June 13, 2013. By order entered July 29, 2013, the circuit court stated that “the MDT is proposing and moving for a three (3) month extension to transition the children back to respondent mother which motion the Court hereby GRANTS.”

On September 26, 2013, the circuit court conducted another improvement period review hearing. By order entered November 19, 2013, the circuit court noted that during the hearing on September 26, the circuit court “was advised that Respondent Mother was progressing but had suffered a relapse based upon alcohol intoxication and loss of a job[,] but[,] since September 3, 2013, she has been re[-lemployed and tested negative for three (3) weeks.” According to this order, “[t]he Department was willing to agree to an extension of her improvement period on a dispositional basis but due to her denial of a problem, the Court, after argument, will take under advisement whether, it will deny or grant an extension of her improvement period.” The circuit also directed the MDT to meet “within ten (10) days and create a treatment plan for ... [the Mother], and report to the Court.” No treatment plan or report is contained in the record.

The appendix record reveals that the Mother entered an inpatient treatment facility on November 14, 2013. According to a letter dated January 3, 2014, from the Mother’s attorney to DHHR, the Mother successfully completed Prestera’s Addictions Recovery Center Program on December 7, 2013. Included with the letter was a treatment narrative indicating that she successfully completed the short-term residential program.

After completing Prestera’s inpatient treatment program, the Mother enrolled in Prestera’s .Co-Occurring Intensive Outpatient Program on January 16, 2014. On January 10, 2014, the mother also was accepted into the West Virginia Oxford House, a residential sober living program, located in Huntington, West Virginia..

The circuit court conducted another hearing on January 10, 2014. By order entered March 5, 2014, as a result of the January hearing, the circuit court indicated that it “was advised that Respondent Mother is enrolled in the Oxford House in Huntington, WV, but the Department and Guardian ad Litem do not believe this facility is appropriate for her and that there is a bed at Storm Haven in Beckley, WV.” The case was continued status quo and another review hearing was scheduled for April 10, 2014. According to the April 30, 2014, order entered by the circuit court, “[a]nother identi'fied problem with Oxford [H]ouse was that it was clearly not an appropriate place for children. This prevented the Department from beginning to reunite the children through overnight visitation and longer unsupervised visits.” The only reason given for this determination was found in the DHHR’s brief wherein the following statement was made: “The facility was not considered to be an appropriate place for child visitation because it was apparently tended and staffed by recovering addicts.” Notwithstanding this representation, there is no evidence in the record before the Court regarding why the DHHR and the guardian ad litem “believed” that the Oxford House was not appropriate for the Mother.- Similarly, there is no evidence regarding why the Oxford House “was clearly not an appropriate place for children.”

Also contained within the appendix record is a March 7, 2014, letter from Tara -R. Henry, BA, a case manager with Prestera Center for Mental Health Services, Inc. Ms. Henry reports that the Mother is enrolled in Co-Occurring Intensive Outpatient Program that shé started on January 16, 2014. Ms. Henry also indicates that the Mother is participating in “individual and group therapy, individual and group supportive intervention, as well as 12-step groups.” Ms. Henry states that once the Mother graduates, she will be referred to the Substance Abuse Outpatient program to continue her recovery.

Further, the appendix record contains a letter, dated April 7, 2014, from Terry Johnson, an assistant outreach worker at the Oxford House. Ms. Johnson advises that the Mother

has met all the requirements associated with membership and is in good standing. She is drug screened randomly, and has passed them all. She has successfully found employment and is actively fulfilling her agreement with Oxford House West Washington by getting a sponsor, working steps and attending her choice of recovery meetings regularly.

A second undated letter in the record from Natalie Roe of the Oxford House indicates that the Mother “has become an amazing leader and accepted the responsibility of the house president. She has continued to gain employment and grow in her recovery.” According to this letter, the Mother was scheduled to graduate on April 16, 2014, and she “maintains actively in the program through follow up therapy[,]” attending Alcoholics Anonymous (“AA”) and Narcotics Anonymous (“NA”) meetings. She was also employed.

On April 10, 2014, the circuit court held a hearing “on a motion to terminate the improvement periods of both parents, and for disposition of both parents.” While the record contains a motion filed by the DHHR to terminate the father’s parental rights, there is no motion filed by the DHHR seeking a termination of the Mother’s parental rights. The only mention in the record that disposition for the Mother might occur at this hearing was found in -the March 5, 2014, order Wherein the court -sets “[a]n improvement period review hearing or dispositional hearing on ... [the Mother]” for April 10, 2014. The -April 30, 2014, 'order regarding this hearing indicates that the circuit court heard testimony that the Mother had signed a case plan on October 4, 2013, agreeing to attend an inpatient rehabilitation- facility. According to the order, she

filled out intake forms for four (4) rehab facilities and was contacted by John D. Good Recovery Center for a phone interview and she stated she did not need detox and was removed from the waiting list. -Respondent Mother was later admitted to Prestera’s twenty eight (28) day Addictions Recovery Center on November 14, 2013, but' left the program: The Department had asked the Respondent Mother to move to a facility in Beckley, WV, so that the Mother could spend more time with her children because of the difficulty of transporting the children to Huntington and because Oxford House is not- appropriate for any children’s visitation.

(Footnotes added).

Following the April 10 hearing, but before the circuit court entered the April 30, 2014, order concerning that hearing, the Mother submitted a letter dated April 28, 2014, from Prestera Center indicating that the Mother “has completed 8 of the 9 interventions for her substance abuse treatment goal[,]” and had also “completed 3 of the 7 interventions of the goal for depression.” The appendix record also contains a “certificate of completion” of “Prestera’s Co-Occurring Intensive Outpatient Program” dated June 22, 2014, as well as log sheets showing that the Mother was attending AA/NA meetings. .,

By order entered April 30, 2014, the circuit court found that: 1) the children had been in the custody of the DHHR for nineteen of the last twenty-two months; 2) the Mother had not substantially complied with the case plan she signed; -3) the Mother had not made sufficient progress towards reunification with her children; 4) the Mother was unwilling to make the reunification of her family her first priority; and 5) the Mother deliberately ignored reasonable directives of the DHHR and recommendations contained in the treatment plan that she signed and agreed to follow. As the circuit court stated in its order, the Mother “refused to enter a long term intensive rehabilitation program, refused to move to a facility in Beckley where she could spend more time with her children, and failed to make any substantial progress toward reunification with her ehildren in a timely manner.” Further, the order provided that the Mother “failed to show this Court -by clear and convincing evidence that she will be able to comply with a future improvement period and further she has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that she is motivated to put her children’s best interests ahead of her own personal pursuits.” Based upon the foregoing, the circuit court terminated the Mother’s parental rights to her two children, .determined that “the infant children shall remain in the temporary legal and physical custody of the Department of Health and Human Resources with placement of the infant children to be in the discretion of the Department];,]” and found that “[t]he permanency has not been achieved but the Department has made reasonable efforts to achieve the same and that this ¡hearing meets the requirements for foster care review____” It is this ruling that forms, the basis for the instant appeal.

II. Standard of Review

This Court has explained that

“[f]or appeals resulting from abuse and neglect proceedings, such as the ease sub judice, we employ a compound standard of review: conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review, while findings of fact-are weighed against a clearly erroneous standard.” In re Emily, 208 W.Va. 325, 332, 540 S.E.2d 542, 549 (2000).

In re J.S., 233 W.Va. 394, 400, 758 S.E.2d 747, 753 (2014). We have also applied the following standard of review to cases involving abuse and neglect proceedings:

Although conclusions of law reached- by a circuit court are subject to de novo' review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly errone- ■ ous when, although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996); accord In re B.H., 233 W.Va. 57, 754 S.E.2d 743 (2014)(ap-plying same standard of review in abuse and neglect proceeding where mother admitted to neglect, circuit court adjudicated the children abused and neglected, and issue before Court concerned whether mother had substantially complied with terms of her post-adjudicatory improvement period). We are also ever mindful of our strong precedence in abuse and neglect cases that “the best interests of the child is the polar star by which decisions must be made which affect children.” Michael K.T. n Tina L.T., 182 W.Va. 399, 405, 387 S.E.2d 866, 872 (1989) (citation omitted); see Syl. Pt. 3, In re Katie S., 198 W.Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589 (1996) (“Although parents have substantial rights that must be protected, the primary goal in cases involving abuse and neglect, as in all family law matters, must be the health and welfare of the children.”). Guided by these standards of review, we turn to the arguments before us.

III. Discussion

A. Termination of the Mother’s parental rights.

The Mother argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her parental rights. More precisely, the Mother contends that the circuit court erred in finding that she left Prestera’s Addictions Recovery Center early and that she had not made sufficient progress towards reunification with her children and had not substantially complied with the family case plan. Conversely, the DHHR argues that the circuit court properly terminated the Mother’s parental rights because she failed to demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect could be corrected. The DHHR maintains that she “failed to comply with her improvement period or to consider recommendations that would result in her timely reunification with her children,” because she ignored the DHHR’s recommendations regarding where to enroll in treatment for her addiction thereby frustrating reunification with her children.

This Court has held that

[a]t the conclusion of the improvement period, the court shall review the performance of the parents in attempting to attain the goals of the improvement period and shall, in the court’s discretion, determine whether the conditions of the improvement period have been satisfied and whether sufficient improvement has been made in the context of all the circumstances of the case to justify the return of the child.

Syl. Pt. 6, In re Carlita B., 185 W.Va. 613, 408 S.E.2d 365 (1991). Moreover, we have held that

[a]s a general rule the least restrictive alternative regarding parental rights to custody of a child under W. Va.Code, 49-6-5 [1977] will be employed; however, courts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental improvement before terminating parental rights where it appears that the welfare of the child will be seriously threatened, and this is particularly applicable to children under the age of three years who are more susceptible to illness, need consistent close interaction with fully committed adults, and are likely to have their emotional and physical development retarded by numerous placements.

Syl. Pt. 1, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 114 (1980). Finally,

[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, W. Va.Code, 49-6-5 [1977] may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under W. Va.Code, 49-6-5(b) [1977] that conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected.

In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. at 496, 266 S.E.2d at 114, Syl. Pt. 2.

The undisputed evidence before the circuit court clearly demonstrated that the Mother successfully completed the twenty-.eight-day inpatient rehabilitation at the Prestera Center. The record is completely devoid of any evidence that supports the finding that the Mother left this program. Moreover, completion of an inpatient treatment program was the requirement of her case plan and the record shows that she did complete such a program. Again, there is no evidence in the record, or in the circuit court’s order, that supports any finding that the Mother was directed by the circuit court to obtain treatment only where the DHHR recommended. Rather, the requirement placed on the Mother was that she had to undergo treatment. The Mother successfully completed both inpatient and long-term outpatient treatment programs for her addiction. She has also been participating in individual and group therapy, individual and group supportive intervention, as well as twelve-step groups. According to the Mother’s brief, she has attended AA and NA meetings on a daily basis since January 10, 2014. Additionally, the Mother removed herself from the abusive relationship with the children’s father. She remains sober, she is employed, she is going to attend college, and, according to her status update, she has obtained housing.

The circuit court focused solely upon the Mother’s failure to complete the treatment program in Beckley recommended by the DHHR. The DHHR maintained, and the circuit court found, that because of this, the Mother frustrated the goal of reunification with her children and failed to make her children her first priority.

The Mother’s choice of undergoing treatment for her addiction in Huntington as opposed to Beckley may have made it more difficult to visit her children. Despite the representations by the DHHR and the guardian ad litem regarding the difficulty with visitation caused by the Mother undergoing treatment in Huntington, there is no evidence regarding how visitation was made more difficult or, more importantly, how the Mother was purposely trying to thwart reunification with her children by obtaining treatment from one facility instead of the other. Likewise, despite statements in the DHHR’s brief that the Oxford House in Huntington “was not considered to be an appropriate place for child visitation [including overnight visitation] because it was apparently tended and staffed by recovering addicts[,]” there was no evidence in the record to support this assertion. Nor was there any evidence in the record to indicate that Storm Haven in BecMey, which was the treatment facility recommended by the DHHR, was an appropriate venue for visitation, including overnight visitation. There is, however, evidence in the appendix record that demonstrates that the Mother maintained consistent visitation with her children during her improvement period. The record further demonstrates that during visitation with her children, the Mother was very nurturing and loving with them. She gave each child equal amounts of her time, prepared their meals, and played with them.

There is also a lack of evidence to support the circuit court’s determination that “the Respondent Mother has shown that she is unwilling to .make the reunification of her family her first priority.” The record is devoid of evidence to support the circuit court’s finding that “the Respondent Mother has deliberately ignored reasonable directives of the DHHR and recommendations contained in' the treatment plan that she signed and agreed to follow.” Neither does the record support the- circuit court’s finding that the Mother “failed to make any substantial progress towards reunification with her children in a timely manner.” Rather, the appendix record demonstrates that the Mother successfully completed multiple treatment programs, obtained housing and employment, enrolled in college, and participated in successful visitations with her children. Thus, based upon our review of both the record below and the appendix record, we find the Mother was making steady progress during the post-adjudicatory improvement period. The circuit court erred in its findings to the contrary, including its determination that there was “no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected in the near future____” See W. Va.Code § 49-6-5(a)(6). Having found that the circuit court’s findings supporting termination were clearly erroneous, see In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. at 223, 470 S.E.2d at 177, we reverse the circuit court’s decision,

B. Transition Period

Because termination of the Mother’s parental rights is hot warranted in this case, the priority now is to reunify the Mother with her children. Our concern in this ease, and every ease involving children, is the welfare of the children. The two boys in this case have been in the care and custody of the DHHR and the paternal aunt for the majority of their lives.- Consequently, this case calls for a gradual transition period of custody to the Mother in a manner that will cause the least amount of trauma and stress for the two children involved. As this Court first held in syllabus point three of James M. v. Maynard, 185 W.Va. 648, 408 S.E.2d 400 (1991):

It is a traumatic experience for children to undergo sudden and dramatic changes in their permanent custodians. Lower courts in cases such as these should provide, whenever possible, for a gradual transition period, especially where young children are involved. Further, such gradual transition periods should be developed in a manner intended to foster the emotional adjustment of the children to this change and to maintain as much stability as possible in their lives.

See Honaker v. Burnside, 182 W.Va. 448, 453, 388 S.E.2d 322, 326 (1989). Further,

[a]s this Court stated in In re George Glen B., Jr., 207 W.Va. 346, 355, 532 S.E.2d 64, 73 (2000), “[ejxplicit in both Honaker v: Burnside and James M. v. Maynard is the principle that the circuit court, and not the Department or a private agency, bears' the burden of crafting a plan for the gradual transition of custody.” Moreover, “[w]hen a circuit court determines that a gradual change in permanent custodians is necessary, the circuit court may not delegate to a private institution its duty to develop and monitor any plan for the gradual transition of custody of the ehild(ren).” Syllabus Point'7, In re George Glen B., Jr.

Kristopher O. v. Mazzohe, 227 W.Va. 184, 195, 706 S.E.2d 381, 392 (2011).

Upon remand, we direct the circuit court to expeditiously set this matter for a hearing to establish a clear gradual transition period plan for reunification of the children with their Mother. Even though the length of a gradual transition period is within the circuit court’s' discretion, due to the length of time that the children have been with their paternal aunt, a transition period of several months similar to the one we discussed in Honaker would be reasonable. See 182 W.Va. at 453, 388 S.E.2d’ at 326. As in Honaker,

[f]pr the transition period to be effective in accomplishing this purpose, it should provide for ever-increasing amounts of visitation for the natural ... [Mother] so as to lead to a natural progression to full custody. Such transition plan should give due consideration to both ... [the Mother’s and the paternal aunt’s] work and home schedules and to the parameters of the ... [children’s] daily school and home life, and should be developed in a manner intended to foster the emotional adjustment of these children to this change while not unduly disrupting the lives of the parties or the children.

Id. Additionally, the circuit court must impose specific conditions upon the Mother, such as attending regular AA /NA meetings, and must continue to closely monitor those conditions beginning with bi-monthly reviews for a reasonable period of time in order to be certain that the Mother continues her path to recovery. On remand, the Mother also needs to demonstrate that she is able to care for her children, that her current residence is suitable for the children, that she is able to provide for the children and that she has childcare for the children when she is working and attending school. Lastly, it is in the best interests of the children for the circuit court to provide for the continued reasonablé visitation between the children and their pa1 ternal aunt. The paternal aunt and these children undoubtedly have bonded and the close relationship formed as a result must be allowed to continue.

This Court is fully aware that transitioning custody from the paternal aunt back to the Mother is no small feat, both logistically and emotionally, for all involved. As we recognized in Honaker, “[n]o matter how artfully or deliberately the trial court judge draws the plan for these coming months, however, its success and indeed the chances for ... [the children’s] future happiness and' emotional security will rely heavily on the efforts ... [of the Mother and the paternal aunt]. The work that lies ahead for both of them is not without inconvenience and sacrifice on both sides.” Id. We are optimistic that the Mother and the paternal aunt will work together for the sake of the children to show them that they are loved and to give them security and stability they need in their lives.

IV. Conclusion

Based upon the foregoing, we reverse the decision of the circuit court and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The Clerk of this Court is directed to issue the mandate in this ease forthwith.

Reversed and remanded with directions.

LOUGHRY, Justice,

dissenting:

In this tragic case, the Court reverses the fully-warranted termination of the mother’s parental rights and orders that she be reunified with her two-young children despite the fact that they have been in the DHHR’s custody twenty-nine of the last thirty-two months. Given that the mother has never successfully completed the terms of her improvement period, the majority’s decision to order reunification contravenes this Court’s longstanding recognition that the children’s best interest is the compass by which these decisions are to be governed. See Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Cash v. Lively, 155 W.Va. 801, 187 S.E.2d 601 (1972) (“ ‘In a contest involving the custody of an infant the welfare of the child is the polar star* by which the discretion of the court will be guided.’ ”). Had the majority felt compelled to give the mother additional time to demonstrate her fitness as a parent, the most generous procedural relief warranted under the circumstances of this ease would have been to remand the case to the circuit court for the purpose of extending the previous improvement period. Instead, the majority literally ignores the sound judgment of the circuit court, the DHHR, the members of the MultiDisciplinary team, the guardian ad litem, the entire record below, and then unwisely chooses the interests of an abusive and neglectful mother over the best interests of two innocent victims. As grounds for its decision that reunification is justified, the majority imprudently relies upon the mother’s self-serving assertions. For these reasons, I dissent from the majority’s decision in this case.

The record below fully demonstrates why these young children have yet to achieve any permanency in their lives. When the subject abuse and neglect proceedings began in August of 2012, the mother admitted both to illegally ingesting a daily dose of Oxycontin for the last eight years and drinking in the presence of her children. After stipulating to the abuse and neglect of her two children, who were then two years old and less than two months old, respectively, the mother signed a case plan whereby she agreed to attend an in-patient rehabilitation facility. Deciding against the inpatient, long-term intensive rehabilitation program in Raleigh County where her children live, as was recommended by the DHHR, the mother entered an outpatient, short term twenty-eight-day program at an addiction recoveiy center located two hours away in Cabell County. Four days shy of the completion date, she left the program.

As the basis for its termination ruling, the trial court found that the mother:

• showed that she was unwilling to make the reunification of her family her first priority;
• deliberately ignored the DHHR’s reasonable directives and recommendations as contained in the treatment plan that she signed and agreed to follow;
• refused to enter a long-term rehabilitation program;
• refused to move to a facility in Beckley which would allow her to spend more time with her children; and
• failed to make any substantial progress towards reunification with her children in a timely manner.

The trial court’s ruling that the mother failed to establish that reunification .with her family was her first priority is demonstrated by her repeated choices in treatment and living options that were several hours from where her children were residing with their paternal aunt. As indicated above, she chose to participate in a program outside the Beckley area where her young children were living. The DHHR continually voiced its frustration with the logistical difficulties presented by the distance between where the children were living and where the mother was residing. The mother acknowledged that although she is allowed to see her children on a weekly basis, she only sees them “at least once per month.” From the record submitted in this case, it is clear that the mother’s paramount concern was not the pursuit of treatment and living options in close proximity to her children. If visiting and maintaining frequent contact with her children was her first priority, it seems logical to conclude that the mother would have sought treatment as near to them as possible. Instead, she bypassed the inpatient treatment plan she had originally agreed to complete, moved to Huntington, West Virginia, and later to Vienna, West Virginia.

Critically, since August of 2012, this mother has not built any meaningful relationship or bond with her two children and, according to the most recent report to the DHHR by the administrative service provider dated January 4,. 2015, the mother currently has myriad unresolved parenting deficiencies including:

Lack of knowledge and competence in providing safety for children, lack of appropriate supervision, hygiene, budgeting, obtaining and maintaining housing, obtaining and maintaining gainful employment, use of appropriate coping and problem solving skills, communication skills, • basic home management skills, social and/or emotional support networks developed.

Nonetheless, in spite of the fact that there is nothing in the record to show that the mother is even remotely capable of caring for her young children, the majority blindly orders their reunification with her.

“[A] circuit court’s substantive determinations in abuse and neglect eases on adjudicative and dispositional matters — such as whether neglect or abuse is proven, or whether termination is necessary — is entitled to substantial deference in the appellate context.” In re Rebecca K.C., 213 W.Va. 230, 235, 579 S.E.2d 718, 723 (2003) (internal citations omitted). As this Court stressed in In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996), “a judgment regarding the success of an improvement period is within the court’s discretion____” Further, ‘“courts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental improvement ... where it appears that the welfare of the child will be seriously threatened....’ Syl. Pt. 1, in part, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 114 (1980).” Syl. Pt. 4, in part, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). This Court has also recognized that “it is possible for an individual to show ‘compliance with specific aspects of the case plan’ while failing ‘to improve ... [the] overall attitude and approach to parenting.’ W.Va. Dept. of Human Serv. v. Peggy F., 184 W.Va. 60, 64, 399 S.E.2d 460, 464 (1990).” In re Jonathan Michael D., 194 W.Va. 20, 27, 459 S.E.2d 131, 138 (1995). Thus, “ ‘[t]he assessment of the overall success of the improvement period lies within the discretion of the circuit court ____“regardless of whether ... the individual has completed all suggestions or goals set forth in family case plans.’” In Interest of Carlita B., 185 W.Va. 613, 626, 408 S.E.2d 365, 378 (1991).”' In re Jonathan Michael D., 194 W.Va. at 27, 459 S.E.2d at 138.

In this same regard, this Court has previously observed that “[t]he question at the dispositional" phase of a child abuse and neglect proceeding is not simply whether the parent has successfully completed his or her assigned tasks during the improvement period. Rather, the pivotal question is what disposition is consistent with the best interests of the child.” In re Frances J.A.S., 213 W.Va. 636, 646, 584 S.E.2d 492, 502 (2003). Nonetheless, with little analysis, the majority simply concludes that the trial court was wrong with its first-hand observations and determinations relative to the mother’s compliance with her treatment plans and her unwillingness to abide by 'the DHHR’s directives and recommendations. In this .case, the trial court, after years of involvement in this matter, determined that the mother was not moving towards a successful reunification with her children. Usurping the trial court’s function, the majority wholly discarded the lower court’s findings and rulings and, instead, declared that “the Mother was making steady progress during the posUadjudieatory improvement period.” I strongly disagree.

As indicated from the most recent reports submitted by the guardian ad litem to this Court, it appears that the mother has been seeing the biological father of the children and has spent several nights with him. This is alarming for innumerable reasons. The father’s parental rights to these children were previously terminated due to his failure to complete a psychological evaluation, his positive test results on multiple drug screens, and later his failure to report for any further drug screens. He failed to complete the BIPPS program, failed to complete a substance abuse program, and did not -participate in any of the parenting skills classes with the service providers. The DHHR’s initial petition for termination of the father’s rights was stayed due to his March 19, 2013, incarceration (which lasted for approximately one year) as a result of selling illicit drugs out of his home. This is the same man from whom the mother previously hid in the woods with one of the infant children because she feared for their safety. She was found with substantial injuries to her body, including bruises, bloody lacerations, and an inability to move her left arm. Because the father’s rights were terminated and because the mother initially viewed herself as the victim of his drug-related habits and lifestyle, there is obvious renewed concern that the mother may be sliding into an old pattern of behavior that is not indicative of someone seeking to stay away from environments where drug usage may be occurring. While no negative drug or alcohol screens have yet surfaced, the guardian ad. litem notes several instances where required drug screens did not take place. All of .this adds further support to the trial court’s conclusion that there was “no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected in the near future.”

This Court strives to attain permanent custodial arrangements for children determined to be abused and/or neglected with as much alacrity as possible. See In re Beth Ann B., 204 W.Va. 424, 429, 513 S.E.2d 472, 477 (1998) (recognizing need for circuit court to “act with great dispatch to bring safety, stability, security, and permanency” to lives of abused and or neglected children). As previously discussed, the underlying abuse and neglect proceeding has been pending for nearly three years and the permanency plan for the children will once again be in a state of turmoil. See W.Va, R.P. Child Abuse,& Neglect Proceed. 43 (“Permanent placement of each child shall be achieved within twelve (12) months of the final disposition order, unless the court specifically finds on the record extraordinary reasons sufficient to justify the delay.”). With regard to the time frame in which final disposition of abuse and neglect cases should be made, this Court has recognized that “[although it is sometimes a difficult task, the trial court must accept the fact that the statutory limits on improvement periods (as well as our case law limiting the right to improvement periods) dictate that there comes a time for decision, because a child deserves resolution and permanency in his or her life....” Amy M., 196 W.Va. at 260, 470 S.E.2d at 214. Indeed, improvement periods are “regulated, both in their allowance and in their duration, by the West Virginia Legislature, which has assumed the responsibility of implementing guidelines for child abuse and neglect proceedings generally.” In re Emily, 208 W.Va. at 334-35, 540 S.E.2d at 551-52. The circuit court understood this and acted in a manner that allowed these children to remain in the stable environment in which they had lived with their paternal aunt for the past two-and-one-half years. It is unfortunate that the majority of this Court has now destroyed that stability.

This is not a case where the mother has not had time to demonstrate her fitness as a parent. She simply has not stepped up to the plate with regard to the reunification aspect of her improvement plan. She may have had early success with her drug-related issues, but as previously stated, she ignored the long-term drug and alcohol treatment program and, according to the DHHR, she still denies having any such dependency issues.

These children deserve a safe and stable environment and that environment has been continually provided by the paternal aunt in whose home the children have been residing since the inception of this matter. For the majority now to decide it knows better than the trial court what these children need-especially in light of the trial court’s finding that it would not be in the best interests of the children to be returned to their mother-is both misguided and violative of the trial court’s discretion in this matter. See Syl. Pt. 1, in part, In re Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. at 239, 470 S.E.2d at 193 (“[A] reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.”).

For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent. 
      
      . Following this Court's established practice in cases involving children and sensitive matters, ' we use parties’ initials. See State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.Va. 641, 645 n. 1, 398 S.E.2d 123, 127 n. 1 (1990) ("Consistent with our practice in. cases involving sensitive matters, we use the victim's initials. Since, in this case, the victim ... [is] related to die appellant, we have referred to -the appellant by his last name initial.” (citations omitted)); see also W. Va. R.App. P. 40(e).
     
      
      . The children are two boys, who are four years old and two years old. Both boys have names with the initials' C.M.
     
      
      . The maternal grandmother, pro se, filed a motion to intervene in this case on January 15, 2014. Contraiy to the assigned error, the circuit court did not make any ruling regarding the grandmother’s motion in its April 30, 2014, order that is the subject of the instant appeal. Moreover, by order entered May 20, 2014, the circuit court indicated that it had been advised that the grandmother “had filed a motion to intervene but after argument, the Court will consider her motion and will set a hearing on the motion in the future.” Consequently, there is no factual or legal basis for this assigned error and the Court will not address it.
     
      
      . The appendix record in this case does not comport with Rule 7 of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure. Due to the inadequacy of the appendix record, this Court, by order entered January 16, 2015, requested the entire record in the case. From a review of the record below, it is evident that the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources ("DHHR”) failed to include the case plans at issue in this case and failed to submit any written motion and supporting documents upon which the circuit court relied to terminate the Mother’s parental rights. There were also salient -orders entered by the circuit court that the parties failed to submit to this Court. Further, there are documents included in the appendix record that were not included in the record below. Those documents, which include certifications and letters regarding the Mother's treatment and case summaries prepared regarding visitation between the Mother and her children, ‘may have been submitted as exhibits before the circuit court during hearings. The documents, however, were not contained in the record below.
      We find it necessary to remind parties that they are bound to follow the West Virginia Rules -of Appellate Procedure when pursuing an appeal before this Court, which includes the preparation and. filing of an appendix record in compliance with our rules. The appendix record submitted in this case failed to comport with our rules; however, there was no objection to it by either the DHHR or the guardian ad litem.
     
      
      . Because of the Court's decision to reverse the termination of the Mother’s parental rights, we need not address the Mother's assignments of error regarding the circuit court’s failure to grant her a dispositional period and to allow the children to remain in their paternal aunt’s care.
     
      
      . The children's father’s rights were also terminated by the circuit court as indicated in the April 30, 2014, order. The circuit court's termination of the father’s rights is not before the Court.
     
      
      . The Mother represents in. her brief that the MDT met on December 11, 2012, and a case plan was developed for the Mother. The Mother represents, and neither the DHHR nor the guardian ad litem dispute, that the "major components” of that case plan were:
      1. [The Mother] ... is to complete a psychological evaluation and follow recommendations of the psychologist.
      2. [The Mother] ... is to work one-on-one with her service providers.
      3. [The Mother] ... will successfully complete an inpatient substance abuse program.
      The Mother further maintains in her brief that: i) she completed the psychological evaluation on January 7, 2013; 2) the DHHR did not make a referral for services until August 2013 and that is when the Mother started counseling, which she successfully completed; and 3) she has successfully completed an inpatient substance abuse program.
     
      
      . West Virginia Code § 49-6-5(a) (2014) requires the DHHR to "file with the court a copy of the child’s case plan, including the permanency plan for the child.”
     
      
      . Both the' DHHR and the guardian ad litem represented in their respective briefs that by order dated September 26, 2013, the circuit court granted the Mother a requested extension of her improvement period. Contrary to this representation, according to the November 19, 2013, order, the requested extension, was not granted. The circuit court only took it under advisement.
     
      
      . Both the DHHR and the guardian ad litem represent that on October 4, 2013, the Mother signed a second case plan agreeing to attend inpatient rehabilitation. Once again, this case plan was not made a part of the record.
     
      
      . Additionally, in this order the circuit court does not rule on whether it is going to grant the Mother a requested dispositional improvement period, but simply continues the case "status quo."
     
      
      . The Mother indicated in her brief before the Court that the reason she chose the treatment program in Huntington was because she “felt she could be most successful in recovery to remove herself from the Beckley area where she had previously used and relapsed.”
     
      
      . This finding was not contained in the March 5, 2014, order.
     
      
      .Notwithstanding the parties’ failure to submit án appendix record that comports with West Virginia Rule of Appellate Procedure 7, which is applicable to abuse and neglect appeals, see note fojir supra, the parties also elected to proceed in this matter without transcripts of the hearings below as permitted by Rule 11 of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure concerning abuse and neglect appeals. See W. Va. R.App. P. 11 (i) (“In order to provide an inexpensive and expeditious method of appeal, the petitioner is encouraged to perfect an appeal under this Rule without the transcript of testimony taken in the lower court. In lieu of filing all or. part of the transcript of testimony, the petitioner shall set out in the petitioner’s brief a statement of all facts pertinent to the assignments of error.") (Emphasis added). The parties, however, failed to in-elude in their briefs "all the facts pertinent to the assignment of error.” See id. The parties' respective factual recitations contained in the briefs lack any discussion of the evidence that was introduced at the dispositional hearing that resulted in the termination of the Mother's rights.
     
      
      . If the DHHR orally moved to terminate the Mother's parental rights, there is nothing in the record which demonstrates that.
     
      
      . There is no evidence that the Mother left the program. The only evidence in the appendix record demonstrates that she successfully completed Prestera's twenty-eight day inpatient treatment program.
     
      
      . As previously mentioned, there is no evidence in the record as to why Oxford House was not appropriate for children’s visitation, only the DHHR’s representation that the facility is ''apparently tended and staffed by recovering addicts.” Counsel for the Mother represented to the Court during oral argument that-the treatment facility the DHHR recommended that the Mother go to in Beckley was similar to the Oxford House that the Mother enrolled in Huntington. According to the website for Storm Haven, located in Beckley, like the Oxford House, it too is a “sober living environment” founded by Doug Stanley, who "was in recovery from alcohol addiction];.]” Storm Haven Recovery Home, http:// stormhavenrecoveryhome.org (last visited March 2, -2015).
     
      
      . Following this order, on May 20, 2014, the circuit court entered an order allowing visitation by the Mother with her children to continue in Raleigh County "but not unsupervised or overnight.”
     
      
      . In her status update filed with the Court pursuant to West Virginia Rule of Appellate Procedure 11 (j), the Mother is currently living in Vienna, West Virginia, in an apartment with a one-year lease. She has been working at Red Lobster since October 20, 2014. She was previously employed by SRBI, a telemarketer, from March 2014 to October 2014. She was supposed to start school at WVU-Parkersburg on January 12, 2015, with the goal of becoming a surgical technician. She will attend classes on Mondays and Wednesdays. She continues to screen weekly for drugs and her results have been negative.
     
      
      . Visitation between parent and child during an out-of-custody improvement period is important in evaluating whether a parent is making strides towards reunification with the child. As we stated in In re Carlita B., "[a] parent’s level of interest in visiting with his or her child during an out-of-home improvement period is an extremely significant factor for the circuit court to review. A parent who consistently demonstrates a desire to be with his child obviously has far more potential for being a nurturant and committed parent than one whose interest in being with his child is erratic.” 185 W.Va. at 628, 408 S.E.2d at 380. In the instant case, the Mother enunciated a sound reason for choosing the Huntington treatment program. Moreover, her interest in visiting her children was not at issue, rather the logistics of arranging visitations with the Mother was made more difficult due to her decision to enter a treatment program that was further away from her children. That decision was necessitated by her desire to remedy the thing that made her a neglectful mother — her addiction to drugs and alcohol. The DHHR, and the circuit court, therefore, lost sight of the purpose of the improvement period. We also discussed the purpose of improvement periods in In re Carlita B. as follows:
      The goal should be the development of a program designed to assist the parent(s) in dealing with any problems which interfere with his ability to be an effective parent and to foster an improved relationship between parent and child with an eventual restoration of full parental rights a hoped-for result. The improvement period and family case plans must establish specific measures for the achievement of these goals, as an improvement period must be more than a mere passage of time. It is a period in which the ... [DHHR] and the court should attempt to facilitate the parent’s success, but wherein the parent must understand that he bears a responsibility to demonstrate sufficient progress and improvement to justify return to him of the child.
      
        Id. at 625, 408 S.E.2d at 377.
     
      
      . West Virginia Code § 49-6-5 clearly establishes that termination of a parent’s rights is the last resort. In this case, given the great strides made by the Mother, who by all accounts was and continues to be pursuing a path toward recoveiy from her addiction, there were other , options short of termination of rights that the circuit court should have employed. According to West Virginia Code § 49-6-5:
      The court shall give precedence to dispositions in the following sequence:
      (1) Dismiss the petition;
      (2) Refer .the child, the abusing parent, the battered parent or other family members to a community agency for needed assistance and dismiss the petition;
      (3), Return the child to his or her own home under supervision of the department;
      (4) Order terms of supervision calculated to assist the child and any abusing parent or battered parent or parents or custodian which prescribe the manner of supervision arid care of the child and which are within the ability of any parent or parents or custodian to perform;
      (5) Upon a finding that the abusing parent or battered parent or parents are presently unwilling or unable to provide adequately for the child’s needs, commit the child temporarily to the custody of the state department, a licensed private child welfare agency or a suitable person who may be appointed guardian by the court____
      (6) Upon a finding that there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse can' be substantially corrected in the near future and; when necessary for the welfare of the child, terminate the parental, custodial and guardianship rights and responsibilities of the abusing parent and commit the child to the permanent sole custody of the nonabusing parent, if there be one, or, if not, to either the permanent guardianship of the department or a licensed child welfare agency. The court may award sole custody of the child to a nonabusing battered parent....
     
      
      . The circuit court can gradually increase the time period between reviews as it deems' appropriate.
     
      
      . The DHHR should do all it can to facilitate the transition period in this case, including assisting with the visits between the Mother, the paternal aunt and these children, by aiding with transportation needs if necessary.
     
      
      . The DHHR takes the position that the mother was not entitled to any further improvement periods under West Virginia Code §§ 49-6-5, 49-6-12(e) (2014).
     
      
      . Assuming that the mother was telling the truth when she admitted to ingesting Oxycontin on a daily basis, an obvious conclusion can be drawn that she was doing so during her pregnancies with both children.
     
      
      . This Court has explained that:
      "[although parents have substantial rights that must be protected, the primary goal in cases involving abuse and neglect, as in all family law matters, must be the health and welfare of the children.” Syl. Pt. 3, In re Katie S., 198 W.Va. 79, 479 S.E.2d 589 (1996).
      
        In re Timber M., 231 W.Va. 44, 53, 743 S.E.2d 352, 361 (2013).
     
      
      . This Court has always remained mindful that
      whenever a child appears in court, he is a ward of that court. W.Va.Code § 49-5-4 (1996); Mary D. v. Watt, 190 W.Va. 341, 438 S.E.2d 521 (1992). Courts are thus statutorily reposed with a strong obligation to oversee and protect each child who comes before them. As Justices Cleckley and Albright stated in West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources ex. rel. Wright v. Brenda C., 197 W.Va. 468, 475 S.E.2d 560 (1996), "[a]bove all else, child abuse and neglect proceedings relate to the rights of an infant.” Id. at 477, 475 S.E.2d at 569.
      
        State v. Julie G., 201 W.Va. 764, 776, 500 S.E.2d 877, 889 (1997) (J. Workman, dissenting). Moreover, as we stated in Timber M., 231 W.Va. 44, 743 S.E.2d 352,
      [I]t is clear from our [child abuse and neglect] procedural rules, as well as our prior case law, that ”[t]here cannot be too much advocacy for children.” State ex rel. Diva P. v. Kaufman, 200 W.Va. 555, 570, 490 S.E.2d 642, 657 (1997) (Workman, C.J., concurring). Indeed, if one thing is firmly fixed in our jurisprudence involving abused and neglected children, it is that the “polar star test [is] looking to the best interests of our children and their right to healthy, happy productive lives[J” In re Edward B., 210 W.Va. 621, 632, 558 S.E.2d 620, 631 (2001). This Court has repeatedly stated that a child’s welfare acts as "the polar star by which the discretion of the court will be' guided.” In re Clifford K., 217 W.Va. 625, 634, 619 S.E.2d 138, 147 (2005) (internal citation omitted).
      231 W.Va. at 59-60, 743 S.E.2d at 367-68.
     
      
      . See also Matter of Brian D., 194 W.Va. 623, 636, 461 S.E.2d 129, 142 (1995) ("Cases involving children must be decided not just in the context of competing sets of adults’ rights, but also with a-regard for the rights of the child(ren) ----and [the children’s] own feelings- and emotional attachments should be taken into consideration by the lower court.”).
     
      
      . -This Court has also said:
      [a]t the conclusion of the improvement period, the court shall review the performance of the parents in attempting to attain the goals of the improvement period and shall, in the court's discretion, determine whether the conditions of the improvement period have been satisfied and whether sufficient improvement has been made in the context of all the circumstances of the case to justify the return of the child.
      
      Syl. Pt. 6, In Interest of Carlita B., 185 W.Va. 613, 408 S.E.2d 365 (1991) (emphasis added).
     
      
      .The majority also states that the mother "obtained housing and employment, enrolled in college, and participated in successful visitations with her children.” The evidence in the record regarding the mother’s gainful employment comes from the mother’s brief wherein her counsel maintains that she has worked'at Red Lobster since October 20, 2014. The guardian ad litem, however, provides the mother’s employment forms demonstrating that as of December 28, 2014, her year-to-date earnings were $68.42. With regard to the -majority’s statement that she "enrolled in college” the only “proof" is the assertion by her counsel that she intended to take classes to be a surgical technician in Parkersburg, West Virginia. There is no actual evidence that she started such a program. Furthermore, as far as the fact that the mother has apparently signed a lease for an apartment in Vienna, the DHHR points out that it is unknown whether such housing is suitable for these children. The DHHR maintains that the mother has not been available for home visits, which is further frustrated by the fact that she refuses to have direct contact with the DHHR and only communicates through her legal counsel. The DHHR contends that all of the mother's goals, including work and college classes, could have been achieved in Raleigh County where her children are currently living.
     
      
      . The guardian ad litem states that during the month of October 2014, the mother did not have drug screens for three weeks and,' on January 6, 2015, the same day as her visit with her children, she missed her drug screen in Parkersburg. She informed her provider that she would test either in Parkersburg or Becldey that same day; however, she did not make arrangements to test until several days later. The guardian ad litem maintains: "As the history with [the mother] in the record before the Circuit Court was that [the mother] abused both prescription drugs and alcohol which remain'in an individual’s system for just a period of a few days and a missed drag screen as late as last week, the Guardian is left to speculate as to whether she is abusing drags or alcohol again. The mere fact that [the mother] failed to make arrangements at either of the drug screening locations on the day of her visit and after telling her provider that she , would [take the] test suggests a failure to act as a responsible and stable adult.”
     