
    Lawtis Donald RHODEN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. James ROWLAND; Attorney General of the State of California, Respondents-Appellees.
    No. 96-56421.
    United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
    Argued and Submitted Jan. 7, 1998.
    Decided Sept. 3, 1998.
    Gary L. Anderson, University of Tennessee Legal Clinic, Knoxville, Tennessee for the petitioner-appellant.
    Dennis P. Riordan, Riordan & Rosenthal, San Francisco, California, for petitioner-appellant.
    Robert David Breton, Steven D. Matthews, Deputy Attorneys General, Los Angeles, California, for respondents-appellees.
    Before: LAY, GOODWIN, and SCHROEDER, Circuit Judges.
    
      
      The Honorable Donald P. Lay, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
    
   SCHROEDER, Circuit Judge

The issue before the court is whether a prisoner is entitled to habeas corpus relief when he has demonstrated that he was shackled during the entire course of his trial, in violation of his constitutional rights, and the shackles were visible from the jury box.

Appellant Lawtis Donald Rhoden was convicted in state court of one count of rape, in violation of Cal.Penal Code § 261(2); one count of penetration with a foreign object, in violation of Cal.Penal Code § 289(A); and one count of sexual battery, in violation of Cal.Penal Code § 243.4.

In Rhoden’s state court proceedings, the California Court of Appeal found that restraint was not required during Rhoden’s trial so that the shackling violated his constitutional rights, but that the error was harmless. In Rhoden’s federal habeas appeal, this court held that the state court incorrectly concluded that Rhoden had not been prejudiced. See Rhoden v. Rowland, 10 F.3d 1457 (9th Cir.1993) (Rhoden I). We so held because the state court had failed to permit Rhoden an opportunity to establish that the shackles were visible and had been seen by the jury. See id. We remanded to the district court to determine whether Rhoden suffered prejudice as a result of the shackling. See id.

This appeal follows that remand in which, after an evidentiary hearing, the district court found that the shackles were visible to the jury, but held that the actual prejudicial effect on the jury deliberations was insufficient to warrant habeas relief. We conclude that under controlling Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit law the writ must issue, because a prisoner who is shackled in trial in violation of his constitutional rights and in view of the jury has demonstrated inherent prejudice. See Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970); Castillo v. Stainer, 997 F.2d 669 (9th Cir.1993), amending 983 F.2d 145 (9th Cir.1992); Spain v. Rushen, 883 F.2d 712 (9th Cir.1989).

BACKGROUND

The California trial court conducted a hearing outside the' presence of the jury and determined that it would order Rhoden restrained during his trial. The trial court did not establish a compelling need for the shackling, or satisfy other criteria we have established for use of that extreme measure. See Rhoden I, 10 F.3d at 1459.

Rhoden’s counsel objected to the shackles, but was overruled. To lessen the prejudicial effect of the shackles on the jury, however, Rhoden was escorted to and from the courtroom out of the jury’s presence and was instructed to keep his legs under the counsel table.

Rhoden’s direct appeal and state petition for habeas relief were combined in the California Court of Appeal. There, Rhoden moved to augment the record with a jury list in order to have access to jurors to determine whether their verdict was affected by the shackling. The .California Court of Appeal ruled that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the leg shackles, but ruled that the error was harmless because “[njothing in the record establishes that any jurors actually saw the shackles.” See id. (quoting the unpublished opinion of the California Court of Appeal).

Rhoden filed this petition for writ of habe-as corpus challenging the state appellate court’s findings of fact and the conclusion of law that the shackling was not prejudicial. The petition raised eight separate claims, one of which was that he was denied the right to a fair trial because subsequent investigation revealed that at least three jurors had seen the shackles during the trial. He argued that this evidence was not available to him earlier because the California Court of Appeal had denied his motion to include the jury list in the record.

The district court dismissed the petition with prejudice and Rhoden appealed to this court. We concluded that we could not determine whether the shackling warranted ha-beas relief without knowing what the jurors saw. See id. at 1462; Therefore, we remanded the petition for an evidentiary hearing “to determine what the jurors saw and whether it was so inherently prejudicial] that it threatened the fairness of the trial.” See id.

A magistrate judge held an evidentiary hearing in which testimony was taken from nine jurors, Rhoden’s state court-appointed investigator, the deputy district attorney, and a law student with the Post-Conviction Justice Project. Five jurors testified that they saw the restraints at some point during the proceedings, and that the issue of shackling was not mentioned during deliberations. The magistrate judge concluded that the shackles were visible to the jurors as they sat in the jury box, but made little actual impression on them. Therefore, the magistrate concluded that Rhoden was not inherently prejudiced by the trial court’s requirement that he remain shackled in the presence of the jury. The district court adopted his report. This timely appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

The leading Supreme Court case on shackling during trials is Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970). In Allen, the Court confronted the dilemma of a contumacious defendant who nevertheless had a Sixth Amendment right to be present at his own trial. Considering the alternative of binding and gagging the defendant in order to conduct the trial, the Court wrote that “no person should be tried while shackled and gagged except as a last resort” because of the distinct possibility of “a significant effeet on the jury’s feelings about the defendant.” Id. at 344, 90 S.Ct. 1057. Likewise, in Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 504-505, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 48 L.Ed.2d 126 (1976), the Court noted that where a defendant is forced to wear prison clothes when appearing before the jury, “the constant reminder of the accused’s condition implicit in such distinctive, identifiable attire may affect a juror’s judgment.”

As the Supreme Court developed in Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 568-69, 106 S.Ct. 1340, 89 L.Ed.2d 525 (1986), shackling, like prison clothes, is an indication of the need to separate a defendant from the community at large, creating an inherent danger that the jury may form the impression that the defendant is dangerous or untrustworthy. Therefore, “[i]n the presence of the jury, [the defendant] is ordinarily entitled to be relieved of handcuffs, or other unusual restraints, so as not to mark him as an obviously bad man or to suggest that the fact of his guilt is a foregone conclusion.” Stewart v. Corbin, 850 F.2d 492, 497 (9th Cir.1988) (quoting Brewster v. Bordenkircher, 745 F.2d 913, 915 (4th Cir.1984)) (internal quotations omitted).

Because visible shackling during trial is “inherently prejudicial,” it is permitted only when justified by an essential state interest specific to each trial. Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. 1340. Therefore, due process requires the trial court to engage in an analysis of the security risks posed by the defendant and to consider less restrictive alternatives before permitting a defendant to be restrained. See Corbin, 850 F.2d at 497-98.

A jury’s brief or inadvertent glimpse of a defendant in physical restraints outside of the courtroom does not presumptively warrant habeas relief. See United States v. Olano, 62 F.3d 1180, 1190 (9th Cir.1995); United States v. Halliburton, 870 F.2d 557, 560-61 (9th Cir.1989); Wilson v. McCarthy, 770 F.2d 1482, 1485-86 (9th Cir.1985). In such a case, the defendant must demonstrate actual prejudice to establish a constitutional violation. See Olano, 62 F.3d at 1190; Halliburton, 870 F.2d at 561.

When the shackling that is not justified occurs during trial, however, and thus in violation of the defendant’s rights, our analysis is different. If the defendant’s shackling was not actually seen by the jury during the trial, we have held that the shackling may be harmless error. See Castillo, 997 F.2d at 669. But when the defendant’s erroneous shackling has been visible to the jurors in the courtroom, we have found the shackling warranted habeas relief. See Spain, 883 F.2d at 728-29 (relief warranted where trial court abused its discretion in permitting the painful shackling of defendant’s hands for 17 months because the court should have considered the alternative of excluding the defendant from the courtroom for periods of time). See also Castillo, 997 F.2d at 669 (“If Castillo had been bound and gagged or forced to wear prison clothes or medicated against his will, the impact upon him and his defense would be so pervasive that the error in permitting such a practice would not be susceptible of harmless error analysis.”); Tyars v. Finner, 709 F.2d 1274, 1284-85 (9th Cir.1983) (unjustified restraints during involuntary commitment proceedings that were visible to the jury were inherently prejudicial).

In Duckett v. Godinez, 67 F.3d 734, 747-49 (9th Cir.1995), we followed procedures similar to those we followed here. We recognized that visible restraints, in that ease during a jury sentencing hearing, were inherently prejudicial, but remanded for an evidentiary hearing on prejudice. After remand, we affirmed the district court’s finding that the restraints were not visible and the error harmless. See Duckett v. Godinez, 109 F.3d 533 (9th Cir.1997). Here, because the district court found the jury did see the shackles, the error was not harmless.

In cases like this, where the unjustified shackles were not obtrusive, but were visible and actually seen by some of the jurors, other circuits have also held habeas relief was required. See Elledge v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1439, 1450-52 (11th Cir.1987) (judge did not allow defendant to challenge unconfirmed information that led to decision to visibly shackle during sentencing); Brewster v. Bordenkircher, 745 F.2d 913, 917-18 (4th Cir.1984) (district court failed to give any justification for visible shackling in courtroom). The Second Circuit has considered challenges to visible shackling of plaintiffs in prisoner litigation for civil damages or injunctive relief, and has held that errors in the decision to shackle may be harmless. See e.g. Hameed v. Mann, 57 F.3d 217, 221 (2d Cir.1995). We are aware of no cases holding that constitutional error in shackling a criminal defendant may be harmless when the shackles were visible to the jury during the criminal trial.

In Rhoden I, we remanded for the district court to determine what the jury saw. Rhoden I, 10 F.3d at 1460. The district court found that several of the jurors actually saw the shackles during the trial. Indeed, the jurors remembered the shackles even though the hearing was six years after the trial. Because at least some of the jurors saw the shackles, the prejudice was inherent. See Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 568, 106 S.Ct. 1340; Castillo, 997 F.2d at 669; Elledge, 823 F.2d at 1452; Brewster, 745 F.2d at 918.

Due process was denied when the trial court ordered Rhoden shackled during his trial without a proper determination of the need for shackles. See Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. 1340. “Only an error that does not prejudice can be deemed harmless.... [I]t is impossible for us to cast aside as ‘harmless’ a constitutional error that led to an increased likelihood of the jury’s finding of guilty even before any of the testimony, let alone all of it, had been heard.” Brewster, 745 F.2d at 918. Visible,'unlawful shackling is such an error. The district court should have granted the petition.

The judgment of dismissal is REVERSED and the matter is REMANDED with instructions to grant the petition.  