
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Fred Stacy, Appellant.
    Third Department,
    May 8, 1907.
    Crime — manslaughter, first degree — conviction affirmed — evidence — dying declaration of deceased — indictment need not allege conclusion that defendant wás committing misdemeanor^
    Manslaughter, first degree. The defendant was indicted for causing the death of his wife by kicking and beating her, whereby peritonitis of the abdomen set in, thereafter causing her death. Evidence examined and judgment of conviction affirmed.
    When it appears that after the'assault the person injured became ill with peritonitis, lost hope of recovery, disposed of the custody of her child in expecta-. tion of approaching death, and received the last rites of the. church in the belief "that death was imminent, declarations made within" a fraction of the day on which she died, stating the manner in which her injuries were received and detailing the assault by the defendant, are admissible against him. The declarations are not rendered inadmissible by reason of the fact that thé. attending physician held out some hope of recovery. It is for the court to determine from all the circumstances of the case whether such .declarations were made under the coriviciion of imminent death.
    Although to constitute manslaughter in the first degree the assault must be made “ by. a person engaged in committing or attempting to commit a misdemeanor affecting the person, or property either of the person killed or of another,” a"s stated in subdivision 1 of section 189 of the Penal Code, the indictment need not necessarily charge that the defendant was engaged in committing a misdemeanor if the facts alleged show that he was engaged either in the. com? mission of a felony or a misdemeanor.. Thus, an allegation that the defend-"
    , ant did unlawfully and feloniously, but without design to kill, with his fists and feet, assault, strike and kick the decedent upon her abdomen and side, thereby inflicting a mortal wound*and injuries from the effects of which she soon thereafter died, is sufficient, for such acts are either a felony or a misdemeanor, and it is not necessary to allege the conclusion in addition.
    Appeal by the'defendant, Fred Stacy, from a judgment of . the County Court of .Franklin county, rendered on the 25th- day of June, 1906, convicting him. of the crime of manslaughter in the first degree.
    
      Charles A. Bv/rlce, for the appellant.
    
      Gordon II. Main, for. the respondent.
   Chester, J.:

The defendant and his wife, Stella Stacy, prior to Sunday, October 29, 1905, were living together with tlieir child, a little girl their about three years Of age, at Lake Titus in the town of Malone,. Franklin county,-in a small farm house .near the 'highway. The wife had been away frOm home on that day. On her return about five o’clock in the afternoon she stopped for a short time at the house of one Benware, a neighbor who lived about fifty rods distant near the same highway. A son of Benware testified that she. then went on to the house where she lived, arid in five or six minutes he saw her coming a way, from her house crying and screaming and leading her child, by the hand'; that the defendant stood near the corner of his house calling her vile names and told her that she had been running for .five years and that he had'given her alb the running she wanted for a while. ' A witness who had boarded with the .Stacys, but who was absent at the time, testified that lie returned oil November first and that two days thereafter he had a conversation with the defendant' about his.wife, and his. treatment of her.; that he asked him where she was and he said she went, away and he did not care if she did not comeback and that .the treatment she got was good enough for her. On that Sunday night the defendant’s wife and little girl remained over night with'his mother who lived about a mile distant from him. . The next morning, in' the absence of the defendant, the deceased returned to her home, and got so me'-do thing for herself and her child and then went to Malone, about eight miles distant, riding most of the. way with her child oh a load of lumber. She. died at her father’s house, there on the 14th day of November, 1905, with peritonitis in the lower part of the abdomen on the right side caused, in the opinion of the physician who attended her and by, those who made a post-mortem examination of' the body, by. external violence., - There were several marks of -bruises on different parts of the body, two of them on the right groin about . two inches in- diameter and over the seat of the inflammation in the peritoneum; For several days, after .the deceased reached Malone she' was u,p and about, but walked lame and in a stooping position, bent down on the right -side and held herself with her hand and groaned and was pale. About the eighth day she called a physician who attended her daily thereafter until the day before she died. The physician . who attended her told her she was in a. very serious condition, but he held- out some hope to her that she might recover. She grew worse, however, daily until she died. She said repeatedly to different' persons on the Sunday preceding her death that she knew she, had got to die and on that day she sent for. a Catholic priest and he administered to her, the last rites of her church. She also gave her child to her father and arranged with him to take care of it after her death; On that day she. said with respect to the manner in which, her injuries were received that Fred Stacy, her husband, kicked her in the stomach after she was down, with the heel of his shoe and that he kicked her in the side and stamped on her with his shoe after she was down. The same declaration in substance was made by her to several, persons on that day, to some of whom she showed "the bruises on her person which she said were caused by her husband.

The defendant denied • that he assaulted his wife in any way on the day in question or that he called her names. He was arrested on the thirteenth or fourteenth day of ¡November, and before that, and after she left him he had done nothing to ascertain where she was and he had not heard from her or the child during that time.- v .....

• ' The physician who attended the deceased testified that the peritonitis which caused the death commenced in the lower part of the abdomen about opposite the external bruise. This was corroborated by the two physicians who aided him in making the post-mortem examination of the body. These .physicians also agree that peritonitis. caused by external violence is much less rapid in its development than when caused by. internal infection. They also testified that all the vital organs of the deceased were in a normal condition. ' .-

From this brief summary of the facts, all of which the jupy were, justified in finding from the evidence, their verdict against the defendant notwithstanding his denial of the assault, was fully warranted and is abundantly sustained by the testimony.

The appellant urges that the evidence of the declarations of the deceased were improperly'received. .

We think a sufficient foundation was-laid to justify.the receipt'of this evidence. It is.the condition of mind.of the declarant which determines the question-of. the admissibility of this class of proof. ■ The evidence clearly indicates that she believed that her death was near at hand and that she had, no hope of recovery. The fact that.. her attending physician held out some hope to her that she might ultimately recover will not’render her declarations inadmissible if the court can see that she had given up all hope of recovery (Elliott Ev. § 348), and it was for the court to determine from all the circumstances in the case whether the declarations were made by the deceased under the conviction of approaching and imminent death. (People v. Smith, 104 N. Y. 491.) She died within a fraction of a day after having made the declarations which the court received.. She had’ disposed of her only child in expectation, of ■ her approaching death’and she had-received the last rites of her church in tlie belief that death was imminent. The court, therefore, we think, correctly received her declarations in evidence.

After the'Verdict there was-a motion made to arrest judgment under section 331 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The ground principally urged in support thereof was that the indictment did hot state facts sufficient to constitute a crime. The court denied the motion and the,defendant excepted. The indictment followed, the ■ form prescribed in section 276 of the Code’of Criminal Procedure. By it the grand jury in express terms accused the defendant of the crime of manslaughter in the first degree, arid states that such crime was committed as'follows : “ The said Fred Stacy, at the town of ' Malone, in the County of Franklin, in the State of Eew York, on the 29th day of October, 1905, did wrongfully, unlawfully arid feloni- ■ Ously, but without design to- kill, with force and -arms with his fists and feet assault, strike and kick one Stella Stacy upon her spine, abdomen 'and side, thereby inflicting serious, grievous and mortal ■ , wounds-and injuries upon her,the said Stella Stacy, from the effects of which said wounds and injuries the said Stella Stacy thereafter on the 14tli day of Eovember, 1905, died, whereby the said Fred .Stacy did commit. the crime- of manslaughter in- the first degree; against the form of- the statute in ■ such case made and provided and against the peace of the people of the State of Eew' York, and-their dignity.”' :

It is urged that this indictment does not charge that the defend- ■ ant committed an'.act which caused the death while engaged, in committing a misdemeanor;-nor does it allege .that the act was committed in the heat of passion, or by means of a dangerous weapon.

Under (the liberal rules' now existing for the construction of indictments, we think this one must be sustained. (Code Crim. Proc. §§ 282, 283, 284, 285, 684.) Under these rules, an .indictment must be held good if it contains sufficient averments to inform the defendant of the .nature of the accusation against him and enables him to prepare his defense and when the record may be admitted as a "bar to a second prosecution for the same offense (People v. Willis, 158 N. Y. 392), and no indictment is to be held insufficient by reason of any imperfection in matter of form which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant, upon the merits. (Code Crim. Proc. § 285.)

Section 189 of the Penal.Code defines homicide as “ Manslaughter in the -first degree, when committed without a design to effect death, either: '

“ 1. By a person engaged in committing, or attempting to commit, a misdemeanor, affecting tlie person or. property, either of the person killed, or of another; or
“ 2. In the heat of passion, but in a cruel and unusual manner, or by means of a dangerous weapon.”

There is no allegation that this crime was committed in the heat óf passion or by means of á dangerous weapon and, therefore,-it was evidently not intended to lay the charge against the defendant under subdivision’2 of this section. Bor does this indictment in express terms allege that the defendant was engaged at the time in committing or attempting to commit a misdemeanor affecting the person who was killed, but the facts stated in the indictment show that he was engaged in committing an assault upon her. If it were not for the allegations that the wounds were mortal and that she died from the effects of the Wounds and injuries which the defendant inflicted upon her, the charge would amount to one of assault in the second, degree under’ subdivision 3 of section 218 of the Penal Code or to an assault in the third degree under section 219 of such Code. • An assault in the second degree- may be punishable by imprisonment in a State prison (Penal Code, § 221) and is, therefore, a felony. (Id. § 5.) An assault in the third degree may be punishable by imprisonment (Id. § 222) in a penitentiary or a county jail (Id. § 15) ■ and- is a misdemeanor.. (Id. § 6-; People ex rel. Devoe v. Kelly, 97 N. Y. 212.) Under an indictment for assault in the second degree the jury would have the right to convict the defendant of that ■ crime, or of an assault in the third degree, which is a lesser degree othe same crime. (Id. ,§ 35.)

' The facts stated in the indictment show clearly that the defend- • ant was engaged in. committing either a felony or a misdemeanor upon the .person of his wife. One or the other of these' conclusions necessarily follow from the facts stated, and it was unnecessary, therefore, to allege the conclusions in addition to the facts from which the conclusions are drawn. I7or is it apparent how any sub-' stantial rights of the defendant have been prejudiced by the failure to allege the conclusion'tliat the _ defendant was engaged either in ■ the commission of a felony or of a misdemeanor.. It is alleged-that • the' defendant did unlawfully and feloniously, but without design to kill, with his fists and feet- assault, strike and kick one Stella - Stacy upon her abdomen and .side, thereby inflicting mortal wounds and injuries, upon her from the effects of which she soon thereafter died. ■

The case appears to be within the authority of People v.McKeon (31 Hun, 449), where it was held that a defendant was properly convicted of the crime of manslaughter in the 'first degree when the only-misdemeanor lie was engaged in committing at the time was. the assault and battery lipón the person of the deceased, which . produced her death. While that case was decided under the ■definition of manslaughter contained in the .Revised Statutes (2 R. S. 661, § 6) and "not under the definition contained in the Penal Code, yet there is no • essential difference between ■ the two- cases, in principle.

The contrary doctrine was held, by a divided court in .the case of People v. Butler (3 Park. Cr. Rep. 377), but the Court of Appeals in the case of Buel v. People (78 N. Y. 500) states that -the doctrine of that case- has been, repudiated by many authorities.,, which are there cited. . See also the report of the Buel case at the General•, Term (18 Hun, 487).

We think that under .-the authorities and for-the reasons,stated the indictment sufficiently charges the defendant with the crime of manslaughter in the first degree within the statutory definition of that crime and that,the motion in arrest-of judgment was, therefore, properly denied.

The judgment of conviction should be affirmed.

Judgment'of conviction unanimously affirmed.  