
    
      In re Hand St.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fifth Department.
    
    December 30, 1889.)
    2. Constitutional Law—Eminent Domain—Estoppel to Raise Question.
    Though a provision in a city charter allowing a court to increase or diminish the award to the owner of land taken for city purposes is unconstitutional, the question of damages being exclusively for the commissioners or jury, the city, having begun proceedings under the charter, is estopped by its own act to raise the objection.
    8. Same.—'Waiveb.
    For the further reason that the constitutional provision relative to the mode of . ascertaining the damages is for the land-owner’s sole benefit, he may waive it, and the city cannot take advantage of it.
    On reargument.
    Special proceedings in eminent domain, whereby the city of Rochester sought to acquire title to land for the purpose of widening Hand street. The commissioners assessed the damages at $1, but the special term increased the amount to $1,800. The city appealed, and the decision was affirmed, (5 N. Y. Supp. 158,) and a reargument was granted, (7 N. Y. Supp. 952.)
    Argued before Barker, P. J., and Dwight, J.
    
      Quincy Van Voorhees, for appellant. George S. Riley, for respondent.
   Barker, P. J.

A reargument was ordered in this case, that the appellant might have an opportunity to present a question which had not been before raised in these proceedings by either party. We the more readily allowed a reargument, as the decision of this court is final and conclusive on the parties - as to the question of damages. It is now contended by the appellant that the provision found in its own charter, that this court may on appeal from the award of damages made by the commissioners increase or diminish the same, is in violation of the provisions of section 7, art. 1, of the constitution, and void, and for that reason the order of the special term should be reversed. The constitution declares that, “ when private property shall be taken for any public use, the compensation to be made therefore, when such compensation is not made by the state, shall be ascertained by a jury, or by not less than three commissioners appointed by a court of record, as shall be prescribed by law. ” The charter points out the course of procedure to be observed in conducting proceedings for condemning lands for public streets, and provides, in case the land required cannot be purchased from the owner, then commissioners, not less than three nor more than five in number, shall be appointed by this court, or the county court of Monroe county, on the application of the city authorities, to ascertain the damages which should be allowed the owners for the lands proposed to be taken. The commissioners are required to report their proceedings to the common council in writing, and that body may confirm their report or abandon the proceedings. Section 179, c. 14, Laws 1880. If the report is confirmed by the common council, the land-owner, if dissatisfied with the amount of the award, may appeal to this court; and upon the proceedings had before the commissioner, including the evidence taken by them, this court shall consider the said appeal, and examine all the questions of law or of fact that may be involved therein, and shall confirm, annul, or modify the said report as the said court shall deem just, or it may direct a rehearing before the same or other commissioners. The commissioners awarded to the respondent George S. Riley, for the lands taken and owned by him, the sum of $1, and their report was confirmed by the common council, and he, feeling aggrieved, appealed from the order of confirmation to this court, and the appeal was heard at special term, and the amount of the award increased to $1,800, and from that order the city has appealed.

By the provisions of section 188 of the charter, an aggrieved party may appeal from the order of the special term to the general term, and on such appeal this court has the same powers to review the proceedings as the special term possessed under section 187, and a decision of this court is made final and conclusive upon all the parties. We held on the former argument that this court, either at a special or a general term under the provisions of sections 187 or 188, possessed the power to increase or diminish the damages to be awarded to the land-owner. It is admitted by all that the provision of the act conferring on this court the power to determine the amount of damages which shall be paid the land-owner who may appeal from the award of the commissioners, by increasing or diminishing the award, is unconstitutional. It takes from the constitutional tribunal the question of damages, and confers it upon this court, which has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter. In re Village of Middletown, 82 N. Y. 196. The appellant, in the manner prescribed by the statute, initiated the proceedings, and it cannot object that the provision of its own charter now under consideration is unconstitutional. It has voluntarily invoked the aid of the law which it now seeks to condemn as unconstitutional, to enable it to acquire title to the respondent’s land for a public use, and has unreservedly consented that the proceedings may be conducted to a final determination in the mode and manner pointed out by its charter. In this stage of the proceedings the party instituting the same cannot make the objection that the act is unconstitutional for the purpose of securing a reversal of the order of the special term, as it has by its action sanetioned its validity, and the court will not listen to an argument from the appellant on that point. The present attitude of the appellant is inconsistent with its action in putting these proceedings in motion, and the objection which he makes should not prevail. The case of People v. Murray, 5 Hill, 468, supports the position that the appellant cannot on this appeal be heard to say that the provision of the charter in question is unconstitutional. In that case the defendants were authorized by an act of the legislature to erect a dam across the Genesee river, and were required to give a bond conditioned to pay such damages as any person might sustain in consequence of its erection, and that the same might be assessed by a justice of the peace in the manner provided by the act. The plaintiff’s damages were assessed by a justice of the peace, in conformity to the provisions of the act, and the action was brought on the bond in the name of the people, to recover for the benefit of the party whose damages had been assessed by the justice of the peace. One of the defenses interposed, and sought to be maintained, was that the act was unconstitutional, as it deprived them of the right to trial by jury; and it was held that, as the defendants took the grant to build the dam with the conditions attached to it, they were not at liberty to make the objection that the law was unconstitutional, although, under other circumstances, it might have prevailed; that it was competent for the defendants to waive the right of a trial according to the common law, even if, without such waiver, they would be considered as entitled to it.

In this case the appellant accepted the charter as the law of its creation, and, in seeking any of the benefits or privileges conferred upon it, it waives all objections that the same is void and inoperative for constitutional reasons. But the complete answer to the appellant’s contention is this: That the provision of the constitution as to the mode and manner of ascertaining the compensation to be paid for private property when taken for public.use is for the sole benefit of the owner, and the maxim that every person may renounce a benefit or waive a privilege which the law has conferred upon him applies as well to constitutional law as any other. Broom, Leg. Max. marg. p. 547; Baker v. Braman, 6 Hill, 47. The land-owner in this case has manifested his consent that the premises in question might be taken for a public street. It does not appear from the record .that he has at any time interposed any objection to the proceedings instituted by the city authorities. He has appeared for the single purpose of securing a fair and just compensation for his lands, to be ascertained in the mode and manner pointed out in the appellant’s charter. By his appeal to this court, which was heard at special term, he waived all objections to the unconstitutionality of the act, and has tacitly consented that this court may review the action of the special term, and increase or diminish the award of damages, as the judgment of this court may direct. In Baker v. Braman, 6 Hill, 47, a private road had been laid out over the plaintiff’s lands by the highway commissioners, on the application and for the convenience of the defendant, and the damages assessed in the manner pointed out by the statute, and the defendant interposed the defense that the law was unconstitutional and void, and there was no consideration for his implied promise to pay the same; and it was held that the action was well brought, as the plaintiff, by bringing the action for the damages assessed, manifested his consent that the road be laid over his lands, and adopted the machinery pointed out by the statute for effectuating the grantor privilege; that the provision of the constitution was for the benefit of the land-owner; and the principle that any person may renounce the protection which the law bestows upon him applies as well to constitutional law as any other. See, also, Embury v. Conner, 3 N. Y. 511; Conkling v. King, 10 N. Y. 440; Sherman v. McKeon, 38 N. Y. 274; Knapp v. Town of Newtown, 1 Hun, 269.

We have examined all the authorities cited by the learned counsel for the appellant, and none of them sustain the position that the party instituting the proceedings, and seeking to maintain them, can object to the mode of review-pointed out by the statute upon which the proceedings were founded. In Menges v. City of Albany, 56 N. Y. 374, the action was by a tax-payer to restrain the city from collecting the tax assessed upon his property for the purpose of paying damages which had been awarded to certain owners of lands taken for a public street. The commissioners to assess the damages were not appointed by a court of record, but were selected by the common council of the city of Albany under the provisions of the enabling act authorizing the proceedings, (chapter 77, Laws 1870,) and it was held that the act was void, and the constitutional provision had been disregarded that the appointment of commissioners must not only in form be made by the court, but it must be its independent, untrammeled act, in the exercise of judicial responsibility; that the plaintiff, as a tax-payer, was in a position to raise the constitutional question. In Hilton v. Bender, 69 N. Y. 75, the question was as to the validity of the tax-sale of lands for the non-payment of taxes assessed for the purpose of paying the expenses of opening a street, including damages awarded to a land-owner, and the same question was presented as was considered in Menges v. City of Albany, süpra, and that case was cited with approval. In Re Tillage of Middletoum, supra, also cited by the appellant, the appeal was by the land-owner from an order of this court appointing commissioners to appraise the compensation to be awarded the owners of lands and water-rights to be taken for the purposes mentioned in the enabling acts. Laws 1879, c. 85; Laws 1866, c. 347. The act provided that, on an appeal from the award of the commissioners, the court may increase or diminish the amount of the compensation, and that provision of the act was held to be unconstitutional; and the court also held that, as the commissioners were appointed by a court of record, the constitutional requirement had been complied with, and that part of the act was not so connected with the unconstitutional provision that the order appointing the commissioners by the court could be declared illegal and void. The question here in dispute was not raised in that case,— whether the party initiating the proceedings could raise the constitutional objection. The land-owner’s objection that the power bestowed upon the court to increase or diminish the damages was unconstitutional was prematurely raised by him, as he might never be affected by the provision, and therefore have no occasion to raise the question of the illegality of that portion of the act. We have also, since the argument, been cited to In re City of Buffalo, 78 S". Y. 362, but we fail to discover that any question was decided or principle laid down which is inconsistent with the views which we have expressed. In that case the city of Buffalo adopted proceedings to condemn lands to be used as a public street. They -were conducted, in pursuance of the provisions of the charter, to the award of damages by commissioners duly appointed, and the damages assessed upon the land-owners benefited by the improvement. The city authorities then discovered that the initiatory proceedings on the part of the common council had not been in compliance with the. provisions of the city charter. They then petitioned the court for leave to discontinue the proceedings, which was opposed by the parties to whom damages had been awarded, and also by those interested in the improvement. The relief asked for was granted, the court holding that it had the power to relieve the city from the dilemma in which it found itself, as tax-payers could raise the objection that the proceedings which resulted in the levy of a tax on their property had not been in compliance with the law, and they could successfully resist the collection of the tax, and the land-owner to whom damages had been awarded could not reasonably object to the discontinuance of the proceedings, although he would lose the benefit of the award, for the reason that the title to the premises would not pass to the city until the damages awarded were paid; therefore he lost nothing in consequence of the discontinuance. We have reconsidered the questions discussed and decided on the former appeal, and are confirmed in our opinion that the questions then considered were correctly decided, and the order appealed from should be in all respects affirmed, with costs of this appeal, tobe taxed as in a civil action. As it does not appear by the record that the common council had ordered an assessment to be made for the purpose of paying the expenses of the improvement, it seems that it may, if that be true, abandon the proceedings of its own motion, and thus avoid the payment of an award which it insists is unreasonable in amount. See section 179.  