
    DAVIS v. VIDAL.
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    Dec. 4, 1912.)
    1. Landlord and Tenant (§§ 208, 209)— Assignment — Sublease—Rights of Landlord. .
    A lessor may recover the rent due from an assignee of the lessee, but not from a subtenant, since in the first case there is privity of estate and contract, while in the latter casé there is neither.
    [Ed. Note. — Eor other oases, see Landlord and Tenant, Cent. Dig. §§ 821-831, 832-834; Dec. Dig. §§ 208, 209.] _ .
    2. Landlord and Tenant (§, 79) — Stjb- , lessee — Nature oe Instrument.
    An instrument executed by a lessee, whereby he conveys the entire term and parts with all reversionary estate in the premises, is an assignment; but, where there remains to him-a reversionary interest, the instrument ‘ is a sublease.... ‘
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Landlord and Tenant, Cent. Dig. §§ 235, 244-253; Dec.'Dig. § 79.]
    3. Landlord and Tenant (§ 79) — Assignment — “Term.”
    The word “term,” in the rule that a tenant who parts with the entire term in his lease is an assignor and the instrument is an assignment, means something more than the mere time- for which the lease is given, and the instrument must convey not only the entire time for which the lease runs, but the entire estate conveyed by the. lease.
    . [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Landlord and Tenant, Cent. Dig. §§ 235, 244 — 253; Dec. Dig.. § 79
    
    For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, vol. 8, pp. 6916-6918.]
    4. Landlord and Tenant (§ 79) — Subletting — ‘ ‘Assignment. ’ ’
    An instrument whereby a lessee for a fixed term “sublets, assigns and transfers” the premises to a third person, subject to a contingent reversionary interest in the estate, on the failure of the third person to pay rent, and whereby the lessee reserves the right to pay the rent to the lessor, thereby reserving the right to forestall the lessor, on the failure of the third person to pay rent, from exercising the right to re-enter, is a subletting and not an “assignment”; an assignment being properly a transfer or making over to another of the right one has in any estate.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Landlord and Tenant, Cent. Dig. §¡§ 235, 244-253; Dec. Dig. § 79.
    
    For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, vol. 1, pp. 566-571; vol. 8, p. 7584.]
    
      Error to Court of Civil Appeals, Eourtli 'Supreme Judicial District.
    Action by Mrs. Antoinette W. Davis against Lewis Vidal. There was a judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals (133 S. W. 1074) affirming a judgment for defendant, and plaintiff brings error.
    Affirmed.
    A. H. Goldstein and Jno. L. Dyer, both of El Paso, for plaintiff in error. Beall & Kemp, of El Paso, for defendant in error.
    
      
      For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
   DIBRELL, J.

This is a suit by Antoinette W. Davis brought in the district court of El Paso county against Lewis Vidal, to recover the sum of $1,200 alleged to be due her by Vidal for the use of certain premises situated in the city of El Paso, of which Vidal was in possession as the assignee of the Dallas Brewery. The sole question of law involved in the case is whether a certain instrument of writing executed by the Dallas Brewery to the defendant, Vidal, on October 1,1907, was an assignment of its lease from the plaintiff, Antoinette W. Davis, of date April 26, 1907, or a subletting of the premises in question. If the instrument referred to was an assignment of the lease, then plaintiff was authorized to recover of the defendant the rent due on her contract of lease with the Dallas Brewery, by virtue of the privity of estate and contract that subsists between them; but if, on the other hand, the instrument was a subletting of the premises to Vidal by the original lessee, the plaintiff could not recover against defendant as a subtenant, since in such case there is neither privity of estate nor of contract between the original lessor and the underten-ant. Harvey v. McGrew, 44 Tex. 415; Legierse & Co. v. Green, 61 Tex. 131; Taylor’s Landlord & Tenant, § 16.

The instrument in question was construed by the trial court and the Court of Civil Appeals to be a subletting of the premises by the Dallas Brewery to the defendant, Vidal, and in accordance with that holding judgment was rendered for the defendant. Upon appeal of the case to the Court of Civil Appeals the judgment of the lower court was affirmed.

That the question involved and decided may be fully understood we embody the instrument executed by the Dallas Brewery to Vidal: “Know all men by these presents, that, whereas, on the 26th day of April, 1907, Mrs. Antoinette W. Davis, acting by her agents, A. P. Coles & Brother, did lease to the Dallas Brewery the following parcel of land with the tenements thereon in the city of El Paso, county of El Paso, state of Texas, to wit, being the one-story and adobe composition roof building situated on lot 1 and south 24 feet of lot 2, block 135, Campbell’s addition to the city of El Paso, Texas, known as Nos. 415-419 Utah street, same being leased from the 1st day of May, 1907, for three years, to be ended and completed' on the 30th of April, 1910 and in consideration of same lease the said Dallas Brewery yielding and paying therefor during said term the sum of $100.00 per month, payable in advance on the first day of each and every month; and, whereas, said lease provides that said premises or any part thereof may be sublet by said Dallas Brewery without the consent of said Mrs. Davis; and, whereas, it is desired to transfer, assign and sublet all of said above premises so leased by the said Mrs. Davis to said Dallas Brewery to Lou Vidal: Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises and the sum of $300.00 to it in hand paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, said the Dallas Brewery does hereby sublet, assign and transfer the said above premises and does assign and transfer the above said lease, to the said Lou Vidal, and in consideration therefor the said Vidal does well and truly agree and promise to pay the rents in said lease agreed to be paid, to. wit, the sum of one hundred ($100.00) dollars per month, each and every month hereafter ensuing, beginning on the first day of November, 1907, in advance on the first day of each month so hereinafter ensuing. And the said Vidal does agree and bind himself and obligates himself to in all respects indemnify, save and hold harmless said Dallas Brewery by reason of any of the terms or conditions in said lease contained, including the payment of rent therein provided to be paid, and should the said Dallas Brewery elect to pay any rent therein provided, or be called upon to pay any rent therein provided, upon same being done the said Vidal agrees to pay the same with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum; or if the said Vidal neglects or fails to pay said rent promptly, as in said lease provided to be paid, then and in such event the Dallas Brewery can and may at its option declare this transfer null and void, and thereupon oust the said Vidal, and assume possession thereof, and this without notice of any character or kind to the said Vidal; and the failure to pay any rent as in said lease provided to be paid, at the election of the said Dallas Brewery, can and may authorize it without notice to re-enter and repossess said premises.”

In construing the effect of the foregoing instrument it is not conclusive as to its form, since it may be in form an assignment and yet be in effect a sublease. The question is one of law to be determined from the estate granted by the instrument. As a general proposition, if the instrument executed by the lessee conveys- the entire term and thereby parts with all of the reversionary estate in the property, the instrument will be-construed to be an assignment; but, if there-remains a reversionary interest in the estate conveyed, the instrument is a sublease.. The relation of landlord and tenant is created alone by the existence of-a reversionary interest in the landlord. Out of this- fact arises-the distinction made between assignments and subtenancies. To state the test slightly different from that already stated, if the instrument is of such character by its terms and conditions that a reversionary interest by construction remains in the grantor of the property, he becomes the landlord and the grantee the tenant. The tenant who parts with the entire term embraced in his lease becomes an assignor of the lease, and the instrument is an assignment; but where the tenant by the terms, conditions, or limitations in the instrument does not part with the entire term granted him by his landlord, so that there remains in him a reversionary interest, the transaction is a subletting and not an assignment. Forrest v. Durnell, 86 Tex. 647, 26 S. W. 481; G., C. & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Settegast, 79 Tex. 263, 15 S. W. 228; 24 Cyc. 974, 975; Wood on Landlord & Tenant (2d Ed.) § 65. It will be observed that, in stating the general rule as to what constitutes an assignment of a lease as distinguished from a sublease, the requirement is that the instrument must convey the whole term, leaving no interest or reversionary interest in the grantor.

By the word “term,” as used in the statement of this principle of law, is meant something more than the mere time for which the lease is given, and the instrument must convey not only the entire time for which the lease runs, but the entire estate or interest conveyed by the lease. Mr. Blackstone in his Commentaries (book 2, p. 144), in commenting on the significance of the word “term,” when used in leases, says: “Thus the word, term, does not merely signify the time specified in the lease, but the estate also and interest that passes by the lease; and therefore the term may expire, during the continuance of the time, as by surrender, forfeiture and the like.” The meaning of the word “term,” as defined by Blackstone above, was adopted by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts in the case of Dunlap v. Bullard, 131 Mass. 162, and by a number of text-writers on the subject of assignments and subleases.

Mr. Blackstone, in his Commentaries (book 2, p. 327), defines an assignment to be, and draws the distinction between an assignment and a lease of property, as follows: “An assignment is properly a transfer, or making over to another, of the right one has in any estate; but it is usually applied to an estate for life or years. And it differs from lease only in this: That by a lease one grants an interest less than his own, reserving to himself a reversion; in an assignment he parts with the whole.property, and the assignee stands to all intents and purposes in the place of the assignor.” If we may accept this definition from so eminent authority upon the common law, which definition and distinction so concisely stated and drawn seems to have met the approval of this court in other cases, and apply it to the facts of the case at bar, the conclusion must be reached that the instrument executed by the Dallas Brewery to Yidal was a sublease and not an assignment. The instrument speaks for itself. By its terms the whole estate granted to the Dallas Brewery by its lease from Mrs. Davis is not conveyed, for the reason there is reserved to the Dallas Brewery a contingent reversionary interest in the estate, to be resumed summarily upon the failure of Vidal to pay rent. More than this, and of equal significance, by the terms of the instrument the Dallas Brewery reserved the right to pay the rent to the original lessor, and thereby the right was reserved to forestall Mrs. Davis, upon the failure of Vidal to pay the rent, from exercising the right to reenter and possess the premises. That right was reserved to the Dallas Brewery and gave it the power to control the estate in the premises upon failure by Vidal to pay it the rent.

If the instrument was an assignment of the lease, the Dallas Brewery must of necessity have parted with all its estate and interest in said premises, and could therefore exercise no right in or control over the premises. If the instrument was an assignment of the lease, the legal effect was to substitute Vidal in lieu of the Dallas Brewery. But this was not the case. By the terms of the instrument the Dallas Brewery retained the control of the possession of the leased premises, thereby denying the legal effect of an assignment, which would have given Mrs. Davis the right of re-entry and possession of the property upon Vidal’s failure to pay the rent.

We are aware that there is great conflict of authority upon this subject, and that it would be futile to attempt to reconcile such conflict. Many of the authors of the textbooks on the subject of the assignment of leases and subletting under leases, and the decisions of a great many of the states in this Union, hold that the fact that the right of re-entry is reserved in the assignment to the assignor upon failure of the assignee to pay rent does not change the instrument of assignment from such to a sublease. The holding of such authors and decisions is based upon the theory that the right of re-entry is not an estate or interest in land, nor the reservation of a reversion. They hold that the reservation of the right of re-entry upon failure to pay rent is neither an estate nor interest in land, but a mere chose in action, and when exercised the grantor comes into possession of the premises through the breach of the condition and not by reverter.

Those authorities which hold the contrary doctrine base their ruling upon the idea that the reservation in the instrument of the right of re-entry is a contingent reversionary interest in the premises resulting from the conveyance of an estate upon a condition subsequent where there has been an infraction of such condition. This view of the law is strongly presented in the opinion in the case of Dunlap v. Bullard, 131 Mass. 163, as follows: “Where an estate is conveyed to be held by tbe grantee upon a condition subsequent, there is left in the grantor a contingent reversionary interest. It was said in Austin v. Cambridgeport Parish, 21 Pick. (Mass.) 215, 223, that the grantor’s contingent interest in such case was an estate which was transmissible by devise and passed under a residuary devise in the will of the grantor. It was declared to be a contingent possible estate, which, united with that of the tenants, ‘composed only the entire fee-simple estate, as much so as the ordinary ease of an estate for life to A., remainder to B.’ In Brattle Square Church v. Grant, 3 Gray (Mass.) 142, 147 (63 Am. Dec. 725), it was said that when such an estate is created ‘the entire interest does not pass out of the grantor by the same instrument of conveyance. All that remains, after the gift or grant takes effect, continues in the grantor, and goes to his heirs. This is the right of entry, which, from the nature of the grant, is reserved to the grantor and his heirs only, and which gives them the right to enter as of their old estate, upon the breach of the condition.’ These considerations are equally applicable whether the estate subject to the condition subsequent is an estate in fee, or an estate for life or years. They apply where, by the terms of an instrument which purports to be an un-derlease, there is left in the lessor a contingent reversionary interest, to be availed of by an entry, for breach of condition which restores the sublessor to his former interest in the premises. The sublessee under such an instrument takes an inferior and different estate from that which he would acquire by an assignment of the remainder of the original term; that is to say, an interest which may be terminated by forfeiture on new and independent grounds long before the expiration of the original term. If the smallest re-versionary interest is retained, the tenant takes as sublessee, and not as assignee.”

We are not able to discern why there may not be a contingent reversionary estate or interest in land, as well as any other contingent estate or interest. It certainly cannot be contended upon sound principle that, because the right of re-entry and resumption of possession of land is contingent, it is thereby any the less an estate or interest in land. The very definition of a contingent estate as distinguished from a vested, estate is that “the right to its enjoyment is to accrue on an event which is dubious and uncertain.” 1 Washburn on Real Property, 38.

That the right of re-entry is an estate or interest in land seems to have been recognized by Platte, in his work on Leases (volume 2, p. 318): “ * * * a right of re-entry, whether immediate or future, and whether vested or contingent, into or upon any tenement or hereditament in England, of any tenure, may now be disposed of by deed.”

We think it dedueible from respectable authority that where the tenant reserves in the instrument giving possession to his transferee the right of re-entry to the premises demised, upon failure to pay rent, he necessarily retains a part of or an 'interest' in the demised estate which may come back to him upon the happening of a contingency.

The instrument under consideration does not convey the entire estate received by the Dallas Brewery by its lease from Mrs. Davis, but retains by the right of possible reentry a contingent reversionary interest in the premises. That the interest retained is a contingent reversionary interest does not, it seems to us, change the rule by which an assignment may be distinguished from a sublease. If by any limitation or condition in the conveyance the entire term, which embraces the estate conveyed in the contract of lease as well as the length of time for which the tenancy is created, may by construction be said not to have passed from the original tenant, but that a contingent reversionary estate is retained in the premises the subject of the reversion, the instrument must be said to constitute a subletting and not an assignment.

The following test may be applied to determine whether the instrument in question is an assignment of the original lease, or a subletting of the premises: If it is an assignment, its legal effect must be a transfer of the right of possession of the property conveyed to Vidal and the creation of a privity of estate and contract between Mrs. Davis, the original lessor, and Vidal, to whom the possession was granted by the Dallas Brewery. This would be essential to constitute the instrument an assignment, and if it was an assignment Vidal obligated himself to pay the rent to Mrs. Davis, and the Dallas Brewery had no further connection with or interest in the transaction. But such a result can by no fair or reasonable construction of the language and provisions of the instrument be deduced therefrom. On the contrary, the Dallas Brewery reserved the privilege of paying the rent to its lessor, and upon nonpayment of rent by Vidal it reserved the right to declare the instrument forfeited and to repossess the premises without notice to or the consent of Vidal. There can be but one theory upon which the Dallas Brewery considered itself interested in seeing that the rent was promptly paid by Vidal, and that is that it desired to control the property in question, and therefore intended, and by the language and reservation in the instrument made, it a sublease.

We do not think the proposition tenable that by the express terms of the agreement between the Dallas Brewery and Vidal, or by implication, Vidal obligated himself to pay the rent to Mrs. Davis. The provision of the contract relied upon to establish the fact that Vidal obligated himself to pay the rent to the lessor in the original lease is the following, “and in' consideration therefor the said Vidal does well and truly agree and promise to pay the rents in said lease agreed to be paid, to wit, the sum of one hundred dollars per month.” Under the uniform rule of construction the latter part of the above sentence explains and qualifies the preceding part. The obligation of Vidal was to pay the rents in said lease agreed to be paid, that is, the sum of $100 per month, payable on the 1st day of each month in advance. There is nothing in the agreement from which it may be inferred that Vidal obligated himself to pay the rents directly to Mrs. Davis.

Having reached the conclusion that the instrument executed by the Dallas Brewery to Vidal conveying the premises in question was a sublease and not an assignment, by reason of the provision reserving to the Dallas Brewery the right of re-entry, which had the effect to withhold a part of the term granted by the original lease, or which retained an interest in said estate, and because by the other terms of the instrument reserving to the Dallas Brewery the discretion to pay the rents upon its own responsibility and upon the failure of Vidal to pay the same to it, the right to declare the instrument forfeited and to re-enter and take possession of the premises indicate the intention and purpose of the parties to enter into a subletting of the premises and not to assign the original lease, we conclude there exists no privity of estate or contract between the plaintiff!, Mrs. Davis, and the defendant, Lewis Vidal, and that Mrs. Davis has no cause of action authorizing her to recover judgment against Vidal.

Other questions presented in briefs of counsel are not discussed, for the reason their disposition is not essential to the decision of the case, in consequence of the view we have taken of its merits.

The court is of opinion the judgments of the Court of Civil Appeals and of the trial court should be affirmed, and it is, accordingly, so ordered.  