
    John L. Siefken, Infant, by Abram V. N. Powelson, His Guardian ad Litem, Plaintiff, v. The Erie Railroad Company, Defendant.
    (Supreme Court, Orange Special Term,
    December, 1907.)
    Joinder of causes of action — What causes of action may be joined — Inconsistent causes of action.»
    Two causes of action to be inconsistent with each other must be intrinsically and inherently discrepant, inharmonious and logically incompatible with and contradictory to each other.
    In an action for personal injuries, two distinct and separate causes of action, united in the complaint, each complete and perfect in itself, one at common law alleging' defendant’s negligence and plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence and the other, under an act of Congress relating to liabilities of common carriers engaged in commerce between the States, alleging that plaintiff’s injuries were received by reason of the negligence of defendant and containing no allegation of plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence, both causes of action arising out of the, same occurrence and involving the same parties, are not inconsistent with each other within the meaning of section 484 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
    Demurer to complaint.
    Watts & Cox, for plaintiff.
    Bacon & Merritt, for defendant.
   Tompkins, J.

This action is brought to recover damages for personal injuries growing out of the alleged negligence of the defendant. The complaint alleges two causes of ae.tion: The first is at common law, alleging the defendant’s negligence and the plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence. The second is under the act of the Congress of the United States of America, entitled “An act relating to liability of common carriers in the District of Columbia and territories, and common carriers engaged in commerce between the states, and between the states and foreign nations, to their employees,” and alleges that, at the time of the accident, the defendant was engaged as a common carrier in interstate commerce between the States of Yew York and Yew Jersey, and elsewhere, and then alleges the negligence of the defendant, and that the plaintiff’s injuries were received by reason of the negligence of the defendant and its officers, agents and employees, and contains no allegation of the plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence. Under the Federal statute in question, it is not necessary to allege or prove the plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence.

The demurrer is upon the ground that the two causes of action are improperly united, in that they are inconsistent with each other; and the defendant’s argument is that, inasmuch as proof of the absence of negligence on plaintiff’s part, contributing to the accident, is essential to the first cause of action, and is not necessary to the second, the causes of action are inconsistent with each other.

The complaint alleges two distinct and separate causes of action, each complete and perfect in itself, and both growing out of the' same occurrence and involving the same parties. It does not seem to me that causes of action are-necessarily inconsistent with each' other because more evidence is required to make out one than is necessary to establish the other, or because what would be sufficient to justify a verdict upon the one would be insufficient upon the other; and that seems to be the only difference between these causes of action. One may be made without proof on plaintiff’s part of his freedom from contributory negligence, while the other will require affirmative proof of due care on plaintiff’s part. It does not seem to me that such a difference in the character of the testimony that is required to make out these causes of action makes them inconsistent with each other within the meaning of section 484 of the Code of Civil Procedure. On the contrary, I think that it appears upon the face of the complaint that the causes of action are consistent with each other.

Causes of action, to be inconsistent with each other, must be intrinsically and inherently discrepant, inharmonious, and logically incompatible with and contradictory to each other. These two causes of action do not seem to me to .be any more incompatible -or contradictory than are causes of action at common law, and under the New York State Employers’ Liability Act, which have been held by our courts to be properly united in one complaint. In such a case, more and different evidence is required to make” out a cause of action under the Employers’ Liability Act than is necessary under the common law cause of action. Under the former, service of a proper notice within a given time must be proven, which is unnecessary under the latter.

My conclusion is that the causes of action are properly united, and that the demurrer should be overruled, with costs, with permission. to the defendant to answer within twenty days upon payment of the costs.

Demurrer overruled.  