
    Jackson Architectural Iron Works, Resp’t, v. Henry Hurlbut et al., App’lts.
    
      (New York Common Pleas, General Term,
    
    
      Filed December 23, 1895.)
    
    1. Carriers—Who are.
    Persons, who undertake for hire to transport the goods for such as choose to employ them from place to place, undertaking to carry the goods of all persons indifferently, are common carriers.
    2. Same—Nbgligehce. ''
    W,here common carriers broke, in handling, a machine they were moving, they are not relieved from liability therefor because the owner insisted on having the machine put into the shop after dark, as they had the right to refuse or to stipulate for immunity from damages if it increased their risk as insurers.
    3. Damages—Measure oe.
    In an action to recover damages for the breaking of a machine used by plaintiff in its business, the amount necessarily expended to have the work of the machine done elsewhere, while it is being repaired, is a proper element of damages.
    Appeal from a judgment entered on a verdict in favor of plaintiff.
    The action was brought to recover $1,752 damages to a planing machine intrusted by plaintiff to defendants as common carriers, to be transported from the foot of West Twenty-Third street, in the city of Hew York, to the shop of the plaintiff in East Twenty-Eighth, street, between First and Second avenues, in said city. The complaint alleged that the defendants were general truckmen and forwarding agents, and general carriers of goods, and also"that the machine was injured by defendants’ negligence. The answer denied that the defendants were common carriers, alleged that the injury to the machine was caused by the interference of the plaintiff, and put in issue the amount of the damages.
    J. Homer Hildreth, for app’lts;
    Jesse Grant Roe, for resp’t.
   DALY, C. J.

The defendants, composing the firm of Hurl-

but Bros., are general truckman, doing business in the city of Hew York,—“truckmen, and forwarding agents,” according to their own description of their occupation. Their “specialty,” as also described by themselves, is “heavy machinery,” which they move and thansport,—undertaking what ordinary truckmen cannot do, because they haye the appliances, wagons, and trucks to do it; employing nineteen trucks and twenty horses, making no discrimination as to customers, and not refusing to move anything upon request if reasonably paid. From this description of the defendants’ business, they undoubtedly come within the class designated as common carriers, as distinguished from special carriers for hire, who are not engaged in the general business of transporting goods. A common carrier is one who, by virtue of his calling, undertakes on recompense to transport personal property from one place to another for all such as may choose to employ him. Schouler, Bailm. (2d Ed.) 351. The criterion is whether he carries for particular persons only, or whether he carries for every one. If a man holds himself out to do it for every one who asks him, he is a common carrier; “but* if he does not do it for every one, but carries it for you or me only, that is a matter of special contract.” Ingate v. Christie, 3 Car. & K. 61. To be a common carrier, one must exercise the business as a public employment. He must undertake to carry goods for persons generally, and he must hold himself out as ready to engage in the transportation of goods for hire as a business, not as a casual occupation. Story, Bailm. § 495. The transportation must be in pursuance of some carriage vocation which the carrier exercises. One may be a common carrier who has no fixed termini, but leaves the course of transportation in each case to depend upon his customers’ wishes. Alkali Co. v. Johnson, L. R. 7 Exch. 267; affirmed, L. R. 9 Exch. 338. Wagoners and teamsters, whose business it is to carry or hire goods and chattels from one locality to another, common porters, drivers, draymen, truckmen, and carmen, whether their employment be carried on from town to town, or from one part of a town to another, are common carriers. Story, Bailm. § 496; Richards v. Westcott, 2 Bosw. 589. It is not necessary that the exclusive business of the party should be carrying. So held where one, whose principal pursuit is farming, solicits goods to carry to the market town in his wagon on certain convenient occasions. He makes himself a common carrier for those who employ him. Schouler, Bailm. 355, 356. See, also, Ang. Carr. 870, 871; Chevallier v. Strahan, 2 Tex. 115: Harrison v. Roy, 39 Miss. 396.

The sole business of the defendants in this case was the carrying of heavy articles of merchandise such as were intrusted to them by the plaintiffs. They undertook, for hire, to transport the goods of such as chose to employ them from place to place (Dwight v. Brewster, 1 Pick. 50), undertaking for hire to carry the goods of all persons indifferently (Gisbourn v. Hurst, 1 Salk. 249), and under the definitions must undoubtedly be regarded as common earners. Allen v. Sackrider, 37 N. Y. 341. By the'common law every common carrier is bound to receive whatever may be offared him for transportation on hire, as far as comports with his means and the nature of his calling,.and is liable to damages for unreasonable refusal. Schouler, Bailm. 383; Allen v. Sackrider, supra. It has been said that the test in a doubtful case is whether the carrier would be so liable, but if we apply that test to the present case we meet with no difficulty. These defendants are but truckmen^ or cartmen, on a large scale. A truckman would undoubtedly be liable for unreasonable refusal to transport the goods of a householder who was compelled to move, for instance, on the 1st of May; and in the case of the moval of heavy machinery, it is difficult to perceive why truck-men, whose business is to handle just such bulky goods, would not be liable for a like unreasonable refusal in a like emergency. The obligation to carry all goods offered grows out of the general transportation business in which the carrier is engaged, and his holding himself out to the public as a general carrier, so that dealings are had with him in reliance thereon. It makes no difference that these defendants’ “specialty” was the moving of heavy machinery, and that they would refuse to move furniture; for, as I said before, the carrier is only bound to convey so far as comports with his means and the nature of his calling. Nor is it of importance that defendants have no regular tariff of charges for their work, but that a special price is fixed by agreement in every case they undertake. The necessity for a different charge in each case grows out of the difference of labor in handling, articles of great bulk. The charge in each case may be proportioned to the risk assumed, and commensurate with the carriers’ obligation as insurers. Such was the obligation and liability of defendants in this case when they received the planing machine to transport it from the foot of West Twenty-Third street to plaintiff’s shop in East Twenty-Eighth street, and the learned trial judge might well have instructed the jury that they were common carriers and insurers of the goods. The defendants were not prejudiced, therefore, by his leaving it to. the jury to decide whether they were common carriers or not, and the verdict of the jury, if based upon a finding against defendants on that ground, cannot be disturbed.

The main question in the case is whether any act of the plaintiff relieves the defendants from liability for the injury which the machine received while handled by their men. It appears that the defendants had brought the machine to the plaintiff’s place on September 24tli, about six o’clock in the evening, and proposed to leave it on the sidewalk all night, with one end resting on the truck in which it had been brought, and the other end in the entrance to plaintiff’s yard. Plaintiff’s superintendent insisted upon its being put into the shop that night. Defendants proceeded to comply with this direction, and, while handling the machine, the bed on which it rested was broken by being lowered irregularly on the two jacks employed for that purpose. Defendants claim that their men at the different jacks could not see each other, owing to the darkness, and that the injury was occasioned from that cause. If this be so, the damage was due to the negligence of the defendants in attempting to work in the dark without procuring lanterns to assist them. Ho act or direction of plaintiff prevented their procuring- the necessary lights. Whatever precautions were necessary they were at liberty to take, and they were not restricted in any way, nor controlled, by plaintiff, in the manner in which the work was to be done. The insistence of plaintiff upon the machine being put in the shop, and not left upon the sidewalk all night, in no way controlled the judgment or discretion of defendants or their servants, who were at liberty to comply or not with this requirement, and who might have stipulated for immunity from damages if they had chosen, for a common carrier may limit his liability as insurer by contract ' in any particular case. Moriarty v. Harnden’s Express, 1 Daly, 22'L But the evidence tended to show that the understanding of the parties was that the work should be done in the evening after working hours, owing to the interruption of business which would be caused by the blocking up of the gangway, or entrance, in the moving of this bulky machine, which was over thirty feet long, four to eighteen feet wide, and four feet six inches high, the whole weighing about 22,000 pounds; and in that view of the case the defendants were not required by the plaintiff to do more than the contract called for.

On the question of damages the verdict cannot be disturbed. There was dispute as to whether a new bed was required, at a cost of $855, or whether it would be sufficient to repair the old bed, at a cost of about $100. The verdict was $500, and in view of the evidence that plaintiffs were subjected to an expense of $435 for work done out of the shop while the machine was disabled, and before repairs could be completed, the jury was manifestly indulgent to the defendants. Proof of the cost of such work was erly admitted. It was not an attempt to show loss of profits upon contracts, hut simply the direct damage sustained by the loss of the use of the machine. None of the exceptions in the case present error, or any ground for reversing the judgment.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.

All concur.  