
    Charles A. Carlson, Respondent, v. The City of New York and George Potts, Appellants, Impleaded with Charles F. Partridge and Carlo Rossa, Defendants.
    Second Department,
    April 12, 1912.
    Evidence — presumption that condition continues — motor vehicles — injury by sand piled in street under municipal permit — light giving warning of obstructions—.presumption that light was burning — burden of proof — proximate cause — obstruction not authorized by permit— place of accident.
    Where the existence at any one time of a certain condition of things of a continuing nature is shown,' it is presumed that such condition continues to exist until the contrary is shown by circumstantial or direct evidence.
    Thus, in an action to recover against a city for injury to an automobile which in the night time was driven into sand piled in the street by a building contractor acting under a municipal permit, it will be presumed that there was a red light burning at the point at which the plaintiff approached the sand, if it be shown that such light was burning earlier in the evening and immediately after the accident the lantern, though extinguished, was found to be warm.
    A plaintiff, claiming that the lantern became extinguished through lack of oil, is under the burden of proving that fact to rebut the presumption aforesaid.
    Such red light placed at the extremity Of a pile of sand extending into a city street is a sufficient warning; a barricade is not necessary as it would merely add to the danger.
    It is immaterial that a portion of the sand pile extended half way across the carriageway,, contrary. to the city ordinance, which allowed an obstruction of only one-third of the street, if in fact the plaintiff ran into the sand pile at a point where it obstructed the street less than one-third of its width.
    Appeal by the defendants, The City of New York and another, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 14th day of July, 1911, upon. the verdict of a jury for $1,000, and also an appeal by the defendant, The City of New York, from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 25th day of July, 1911, denying said defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      
      Frank Julian Price [James D. Bell and Archibald R. Watson with him on the brief], for the appellant City of New York.
    
      George S. Billings, for the appellant George Potts.
    
      Conrad Saxe Keyes, for the respondent.
   Woodward, J.:

The plaintiff, while driving an automobile on Pacific street, borough of Brooklyn, on the 20th day of November, 1905, at or near midnight, came into collision with a pile of sand which the defendants George Potts and Charles F. Partridge had caused to be placed there under a permit issued by the city of New York for the purpose of using the same in the construction of a building upon the abutting property. It is conceded on this appeal that the defendants Potts and Partridge were justified in placing the materials in the street, and that the original placing was within the limits fixed by the ordinance of the city limiting the occupation to one-third of the width of the carriageway, but it is contended that at the time of the accident this sand had been permitted to spread out until it had covered about one-half of the street, and that there was only one red light upon the same, at or near the easterly end of the pile, nearly two hundred feet in length, the plaintiff approaching the same from the west. The evidence is undisputed, indeed, it is conceded, that there was a lantern attached to a pole at the westerly end of this sand pile, and that the same was lighted earlier in the evening, and the plaintiff’s own testimony is to the effect that as he lay upon the pavement near the wreck of his automobile a policeman called his attention to the lantern upon a pole, but he says that the light was out at this time. Another witness testifies to finding the lantern at the westerly end of the sand pile, and that the light was out, but he says the lantern was warm when he picked it up, and there is other testimony in the case as to the presence of this lantern, and none of the witnesses pretend to have observed that the light, which was conceded to have been burning earlier in the evening, had gone out, or that there was anything in the condition of the weather to cause it to go out, or that the lantern was not filled and properly equipped. As the case is presented, then, the lantern was properly placed and lighted at an earlier hour of the evening; it was found at or near the point where the collision with the sand pile occurred immediately after the accident, and the lantern was still warm when picked up by a disinterested witness. It is a well-established general rule that where the existence at any one time of a certain condition or state of things of a continuing nature is shown, the general presumption arises that such condition or state continues to exist until the contrary is shown by either circumstantial or direct evidence, so long ,as is usual with conditions or things of the particular nature (22 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 1238, 1243, and authorities cited in notes), and the presumption that this light remained! properly placed and burning up to the time of the accident is strengthened by the undisputed fact that the lantern was ¡still warm when a witness, who visited the scene immediately after the accident, found it. It is suggested that it was not shown that the lantern was filled with oil, but if this was true it was for the plaintiff to show the fact in rebuttal of the presumption, for when the defendants showed that the lantern was placed and burning earlier in the evening, the presumption was that it continued burning, as that would be the usual thing, and it was for the plaintiff to show that this was not the case. We think there was no evidence in this case which would justify a jury in finding that there whs not a lighted lantern at the .westerly end of this pile of sand at the time of this accident, and, if there was such a light, we think it can hardly be said that it was not a sufficient warning. There was no use in barricading it; the barricade would have been fully as dangerous as a pile of sand, and the case appears to have been tried upon the theory that if there was a lighted lantern at the westerly end of the sand pile the defendants could not be held to. be negligent. : ■

It is urged, however, that while the original placing of the sand was lawful, and if did not exceed the limit fixed by ordinance, at the time of the accident the sand had spread out so that it occupied about one-half of the street, While the photographs in evidence would seem to indicate that at certain points the sand had spread out into the roadway for nearly one-half the width of the carriageway, this condition was not shown to be the condition existing at the time of the accident, and the photographs were admitted in evidence under the ruling of the court: “For general conditions I admit both.” There were one or two witnesses who testified that this sand pile extended about half way across the street, but none of them testify that this was true at the westerly end of the pile where the accident occurred, and the photographs in evidence for the limited purpose suggested by the court, and the positive testimony of several of the witnesses, is to the effect that the sand pile at the point of the accident did not extend into the street to exceed ten feet, and it was admitted that the street measured thirty-four feet between the curbs at this point, so that there was less than one-third of the street occupied at the place where the accident occurred, and there was, so far as the plaintiff is concerned, no nuisance at the point of the accident. The fact that the sand may have reached to the center of the street at a point farther along is of no consequence; he was not injured by reason of that fact, but because of the condition at the westerly end of the pile: As to that, the evidence is clear, we believe, that it was not intruding upon the highway beyond the limits fixed by the city ordinance. At least the evidence introduced in behalf of the plaintiff does not show a nuisance at the point of this accident, and the case is to be determined upon the question of the negligence of the defendants in reference to guarding the pile of sand at the point of the accident. As we have already indicated, there is no evidence to show that the light which was properly placed and burning during the earlier part of the evening was out at the time of the accident, much less that it had been out any appreciable length of time before the happening of the accident, while the undisputed evidence is that the lantern was still warm when picked up after the accident. If the lantern was there at the time of the accident and lighted it was a sufficient warning upon a city street, over one-half of which was entirely unobstructed, and it was error, under the evidence, to submit the question of the defendant’s negligence to the jury.

While it is probably true that the court was not entirely regular in submitting the questions to the jury, we would not think the irregularities fatal to the judgment, but, under all of the circumstances, and with the defects in evidence pointed out, we are of opinion that the judgment should not stand. The judgment and order appealed from should be reversed.

Jenks, P. J., Hirsghberg, Burr and Rich, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.  