
    190 So. 640
    BUCHLER v. FOURROUX (HOWARD, Intervenor).
    No. 34951.
    March 6, 1939.
    On Rehearing June 26, 1939.
    
      Theodore Cotonio, of New Orleans, for Sam Howard, appellant.
    L. H. Gosserand, of New Orleans, for appellee.
    Scott E. Beer, Dart & Dart, through Louis Guidry, J. D. Dresner, Raymond Gauche, Eldon S. Lazarus, Charles J. Mc-Cabe, Fontaine Martin, Jr., Roger Meunier, George Montgomery, John J. McCloslcey, Hyman Mithoff, Charles J. Rivet, William J. Waguespack, Jr., Fred S. Weis, Yarrut & Stich, Fred Zengel, and Fred Zen-gel, Jr., all of New Orleans, amici curiae.
   LAND, Justice.

Plaintiff obtained an order of executory process on March 16, 1938, against defendant, Charles Fourroux, on a note secured by chattel mortgage executed under Act No. 198 of 1918 by defendant on a certain building located on a lot in the Town of Kenner, which had been leased by defendant from A. J. Cristina, the record owner of the lot.

Section 1 of Act No. 198 of 1918 specifically provides that it shall be lawful to mortgage, among the movables therein enumerated, “buildings on leased ground.”

The chattel mortgage was executed on November 16, 1934, and recorded in Chattel Mortgage Book 7, Folio 178 as Entry 1072 in the Mortgage Office of the Parish of Jefferson.

Thereafter, defendant, Charles Four-roux, purchased the lot on which'the mortgaged building was located and executed a conventional mortgage on the building and lot in favor of J. P. Morgan. The intervenor, and plaintiff in injunction, Sam Howard, later acquired this note, which was secured by the conventional mortgage, which was executed on June 30, 1936.

In the case of Sam Howard v. Charles Fourroux, No. 12322 on the docket of the District Court for the Parish of Jefferson, Howard brought suit via ordinaria to enforce the mortgage on the property, both as to the lot and the building thereon, and obtained judgment against Charles Four-roux, for the amount of the mortgage note, with interest, attorney’s fees, and costs, with recognition of the mortgage. This judgment was recorded in the Mortgage Records of the Parish of Jefferson.

Howard intervened in the foreclosure proceedings brought by Mrs. C. A. Buchler in her suit against Charles Fourroux, No. 12880 on the docket of the District Court, and sought to enjoin her and the sheriff from proceeding further in the executory proceedings and from attempting to sell'the building on the mortgaged property.

The main grounds for the injunction are alleged as follows :

“That the so-called chattel mortgage under which said order for executory process was granted is null and void for the reason, if it is claimed that said mortgage was granted under the provisions of Act No. 198 of .1918 at page 372, that said act violates Article 3, Section 16 of the Constitution of 1921 (and Article 31 of the Constitution of 1898) in this, that the body of the act is broader than its title and therefore unconstitutional.”
“That the only law under which a mortgage can be granted on buildings erected by a lessee on leased ground is Act No. 186 of 1926, approved July 10, 1926, and said act specially provides that no mortgage granted under said act shall affect third persons unless and until recorded in the manner provided by law for the recordation of conventional mortgages upon real estate; and petitioner avers that no such recordation was made or is now of record in the office of the Clerk of Court and ex-officio Recorder for this 'Parish.”
“Petitioner further avers that at the time of the granting of the mortgage by said Fourroux under which your petitioner filed suit and. secured judgment; said mortgage having been originally granted in favor of J. P. Morgan by act before Thomas J. Fitzgerald, Notary Public, June 30, 1936; the said J. P. Morgan, mortgagee, secured a certificate of mortgages from the Clerk of this Court and said certificate was clear and showed no mortgages whatever against the said Charles Fourroux except a small claim of about Thirty Dollars ($30.00) which was subsequently satisfied.”

After hearing had, the trial Judge set aside the preliminary injunction issued in the case, and rendered judgment in favor of Mrs. C. A. Buchler, defendant in injunction, against Sam Howard, plaintiff in injunction, rejecting his demand and dismissing his suit at his costs.

From this judgment, Sam Howard, plaintiff in injunction and intervenor, has appealed.

(1) The title of Act No. 198 of 1918 is “An Act To grant the right to mortgage movable property; to provide the method of ' executing, recording, foreclosure-and enforcement of such right of mortgage,” etc.

Section 1 of the Act enumerates the various movables it shall be lawful to mortgage, and includes among them “buildings on leased ground.”

“Section 2. ’Be it further enacted, etc., That every such mortgage of property mentioned in Section 1 shall be in writing, setting out a full description of said property to be mortgaged, so that same may be identified, and also stating definitely the time when the obligation shall mature.” It is specifically declared in this section that “In order to affect third persons without notice, said instrument must be passed by notarial act and the original or a certified copy thereof shall be recorded in the office of the Recorder of Mortgages in the parish where the property shall then be situated, and also in the parish in which the mortgagor is a resident.”

“Section 4. Be it further enacted, etc., that every mortgage shall be a lien on the property mortgaged from the time same is filed for recordation, which filing shall be notice to all parties of the existence of such mortgage, and said lien shall be superior in rank to any privilege or lien arising subsequently thereto.”

Section 6 provides “that for the purpose of this Act, it shall be sufficient for the Recorder of each Parish to keep a book to be known as the Chattel Mortgage Book, which shall be ruled off in columns, with headings as follows:

*****
“An index to the Chattel Mortgage Book shall be kept in the same manner as required for other records.”

The act of chattel mortgage held by Mrs. C. A. Buchler was passed by notarial act, and duly recorded in the “Chattel' Mortgage Book” for the Parish of Jefferson.

Under the above quoted sections of Act No. 198 of 1918, it is clear that J. P. Morgan, mortgagee, of the conventional mortgage, upon which Sam Howard relies, and that Sam Howard himself, as the holder of the mortgage note, are affected by notice in this case, as third persons, as to the existence of the prior chattel mortgage in favor of Mrs. C. A. Buchler, although such mortgage was omitted from the certificate furnished by the Clerk and Ex-officio Recorder of the Parish of Jefferson.

To hold otherwise, would be for this court to ignore arbitrarily the plain and unambiguous provisions of Act No. 198 of 1918. •

There are indices of both the' Chattel Mortgage Book and of the Conventional Mortgage Book in the office of the Clerk and ex-officio Recorder for the Parish of Jefferson, and these indices are equally available to all interested third persons.

So, there is not room, under the provisions of Act No. 198 of 1918, even for a plausible argument of ab inconvenienti. Besides, such argument is of no avail when urged against the positive provisions of the statute, declaring that the recordation of the original, or of a certified copy of the notarial act of chattel mortgage, in the office of the Recorder of Mortgages, shall affect third persons without notice; and that even the filing of such act of mortgage shall be notice to all parties of the existence of such mortgage.

(2) In the case of Bank of White Castle v. Clark, 181 La. 303, 159 So. 409, 410, the owner of a plantation executed a chattel mortgage under Act No. 198 of 1918 to secure an indebtedness of $6,500 on certain mules, agricultural implements, vehicles, pumps, engines, and syphons, immovables by destination. Thereafter, the owner of the plantation executed a mortgage on the plantation to secure an indebtedness due the Bank of White Castle in the sum of $37,800.

The chattel mortgage was attacked by the Bank on the ground that the movables described therein constituted a part of the plantation and could not be mortgaged or sold separately from the realty.

On the other hand, the holder of the chattel mortgage contended that the effect of the execution and recordation of the chattel mortgage was to devtmnobilize the movables and that the recorded instrument was binding upon a subsequent purchaser or mortgagee.

So, in the case at bar, the building on the leased lot became deimmobilised and a movable, if it is contended that it formed a part of the realty, and the recorded act of chattel mortgage was binding upon the subsequent mortgagee, Sam Howard.

As stated in the Bank of White Castle v. Clark, cited supra: “If the movables have been immobilized by the owner of the land, he may subsequently mobilize them by granting a mortgage thereon ‘for debts or for money loaned or to secure future advances, or to guarantee the performance of any contractual obligations’ by complying with the terms of the chattel mortgage statute.” Act No. 198 of 1918, § 1.

The statute permits the mortgage of “buildings on leased ground”, and such buildings are properly classified as movables therein.

A movable becomes immobilized, when placed on the land by the owner, for its service and improvement. R.C.C. art. 468.

Besides, as stated in the Bank of White Castle v. Clark: “The statute is a useless piece of legislation, if since its enactment movables placed on a tract of land by its owner for its service and improvement are not subject to mortgage, or if a mortgage on detached movables is destroyed by tkei-t subsequent attachment by the mortgagor to a tract of land owned by him."

The contention therefore of intervener, Sam Howard, that the inclusion in the body of the act of “buildings on leased ground” makes the body of the act broader than the title, and the act unconstitutional, because the title only authorized the mortgaging of movable property, is without merit.

(3) Intervener, Sam Howard, first contends that Act No. 198 of 1918 is unconstitutional, because the body of the act is broader than its title. And then avers, as a consequence of the alleged unconstitutionality of Act No. 198 of 1918, that Act No. 186 of 1926 is the only law under which a mortgage can be granted on buildings erected by a lessee on leased ground, and that this act provides that no mortgage granted thereunder shall affect third persons unless recorded in the manner provided by law for the recordation of conventional mortgages upon real estate. See Petition for Intervention and Injunction, Transcript p. 14, paragraphs 8 and 9 of petition, p. 16.

As we have held that Act No. 198 of 1918 is constitutional, Act No. 186 of 1926 does not become the only law on the subject; and since intervener does not contend that Act No. 186 of 1926 supersedes Act No. 198 of 1918, for any reason than the asserted unconstitutionality of that act, intervener’s contention is without merit.

(4) Intervener complains that there was no lease recorded, against the property. The recorded chattel mortgage itself was notice to intervener of the existence of the mortgage, and shows that the building mortgaged was on “property standing in the name of. A. J. Cristina, as per act of sale recorded in C.O.B. 115, folio 440.” The notarial act of mortgage is annexed to and made part of the petition for executory process, filed by Mrs. C. A. Buchler, who alleges in this petition: “Petitioner now avers that the said building or buildings and chattel were, at the time of said mortgage, located on a piece of property belonging and standing in the name of A. J: Cristina, as hereinabove set forth, which had been leased by the said A. J. Cristina to the said Charles Fourroux and by him placed- thereon and subject to removal by him.” Petition, par. 3, Transcript p. 2.

At page 27 of the transcript appear two receipts for rent of the leased property for the years 1933-34-35, at the rate of $20 per year. These receipts are signed by A. J. Cristina, owner of the property, and are given by him to Charles Fourroux, lessee.

Act No. 186 of 1926 does not pretend to amend, in any particular, Section 1 of Act No. 198 of 1918, the Chattel Mortgage Law of the State, permitting the mortgage of “buildings on leased ground/

Nor does Act No. 186 of 1926 purport, in any of its provisions, to repeal or supersede Act No. 198 of 1918, which is not even mentioned in Act No. 186 of 1926. The repealing clause of this act specifically repeals Act No. 21 of,the year 1908, entitled:

“An Act
“Authorizing lessees who are obligated to make improvements to mortgage their lease, together with the buildings, constructions and improvements erected and to be erected by them, and to issue bonds secured by said mortgage.
“Whereas, long-term leases under which the lessee undertakes, at his own cost and expense, to improve and build upon the ground leased, are becoming increasingly numerous in this State, and,
“Whereas, the upbuilding of the State will be encouraged and promoted by facilitating the raising and borrowing of capital by those who undertake such building operations.”

Section 1 of Act No. 186 of 1926 provides :

“Section 1. ' Be it enacted by the Legislature of Louisiana, That it shall be lawful for a Lessee, Sub-Lessee, or Assignee, of a lease or sub-lease of any real property located in the State of Louisiana, to mortgage, affect and hypothecate his interest in any such lease, or sub-lease, together with his interest in any and all buildings, constructions and improvements upon the leased premises then or thereafter existing; provided that nothing in this Act contained shall be held or construed in any manner to affect, diminish or destroy the lien and privilege of the Lessor upon such buildings, constructions and improvements, for the payment of rent and the enforcement of other stipulations of the lease; and provided further, that such mortgage shall not affect third persons unless and until recorded in the manner provided by law for the recordation of conventional mortgages upon real estate.”

It is quite clear from the above provisions that they apply to written contracts of lease, by the terms of which the lessee binds himself, at his own cost and expense, to erect buildings, constructions and improvements upon the leased premises; and not to the case at bar, in which there is only a verbal lease, under whose terms the lessee only pays $20 per year for the rent of the lot.

(5) Intervener, Sam Howard, has filed in this court a plea of res adjudicata based upon a judgment of the lower court rendered on March 7, 1938, dismissing the intervention of Mrs. C. A. Buchler filed in the suit of Sam Howard v. Charles Fourroux to enforce the payment of a conventional mortgage note in the sum of $1200 with interest and attorney’s fees.

The opinion of the trial Judge and judgment in question are as follows:

'“Judgment of Intervention.
“In this case, Sam Howard filed a suit to enforce the payment of a mortgage note amounting to the sum of $1200.00, plus interest and attorney’s fees. After the legal delays for answering had expired, plaintiff moved for and obtained a preliminary default on April 30th, 1937, and on May 4, 1937, Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler filed and obtained an order for intervention and separate appraisement and sale of the mortgaged property, on the ground that she was the holder and owner for a valuable consideration before maturity, of a certain chattel mortgage note amounting to the sum of $2200.00, plus interest and attorney fees.
“On May 6, 1937, the preliminary default herein obtained by plaintiff (Sam Howard) against Fourroux was duly confirmed, and a judgment rendered against Fourroux for the full sum of One Thousand Two Hundred Dollars, with six per cent interest per annum from June 30, 1936, and fifteen per cent (15%) attorney fees on said principal and interest, and ordering that the property be sold by the Sheriff of the Parish of Jefferson, without appraisement, and for costs, and that plaintiff be paid from the proceeds of sale of said property by preference over all other creditors, the amount of his claim, etc.
“On the same day and date that the Intervention was filed, to-wit May 4, 1937, Mrs. Buchler in a separate suit entitled “Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler v. Charles Fourroux, No. 12402 of the docket of the 24th Judicial District Court, filed a suit to enforce the payment of the chattel mortgage note of $2200.00 plus interest and costs, prayed for and obtained an order for executory process ordering the Sheriff of the Parish of Jefferson to seize and sell the very same building which she sought to have appraised and sold separately by way of intervention in these proceedings.
“The building upon which the chattel mortgage bore was duly seized and advertised for sale, the sale to take place on July 3rd, 1937.
“Thereupon, Sam Howard, the plaintiff in this suit filed an intervention, prayed for and obtained a rule nisi, and thereafter a preliminary injunction, restraining the Sheriff of the Parish of Jefferson from selling the property under the chattel mortgage note filed by Mrs. Buchler in suit No. 12402.
“To this intervention, counsel for the plaintiff in this suit, filed numerous pleas, and more particularly one in which he sets out that the intervention was rendered ex parte, without any notice or previous hearing had contradictorily with the plaintiff and that the allegations of the petition of Mrs. Buchler did not entitle her to the said order of court. That a final judgment has been rendered in favor of plaintiff in this case, and the said judgment operates as a dismissal of said intervention.
“Without going at length and taking up the several exceptions filed by plaintiff, the Court, after a thorough examination of the law, on the question of interventions, is of the opinion that intervenor is mistaken in, her remedy. (Italics ours.)
“ ‘An Intervener or Inter-pleader is a demand by which a third person requires to be permitted to become a party in a suit between other persons, by joining the plaintiff in claiming the same thing, or something connected with it, or by uniting with the defendant in resisting the claims of plaintiff, or, where his interest requires it, by opposing both’ ”.

. Opposition of third parties Art. 395, Code Prac.

“ ‘This opposition is a demand by a third person not originally a party in the suit, for the purpose of arresting the execution of an order of seizure or judgment rendered in such suit, or to regulate the effect of such seizure in what relates to him.’
“Article 396 provides that such opposition may take place in two cases:
“First, when the third person making the opposition pretends to be the owner of a thing which has been seized, and second,
“When he contends that he has a privilege on the proceeds of the thing seized and sold.
“ ‘A creditor has no right to interfere in a suit between his debtor and a third party.’ Brown v. Saul, 4 Mart., N.S., 434, 16 Am.Dec. 175; Gasquet v. Johnson, 1 La. 425; Lee v. Palmer, 18 La. 405.
“ ‘The proper mode of testing the rights of one claiming the vendor’s privilege on property attached is not by way of intervention but third opposition.’ Yale v. Hoopes, 12 La. Ann. 460.
“For the above reasons, the court is of the opinion that the intervener is not entitled to the relief prayed for, and, it is therefore
“Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that the intervention filed by Mrs. Buchler in suit No. 12322, be, and the same is hereby dismissed, with costs.”

As stated in Article 539 of the Code of Practice:

“Definitive or final judgments are such as decide all of the points in controversy, between the parties.
“Definitive judgments are such as have the force of res judicata."

The intervention of Mrs. Buchler was dismissed because she was mistaken in her remedy. None of the points in controversy between the parties were adjudicated. The judgment of dismissal was therefore not a definitive judgment and can not be made the basis of the plea of res adjudicata tendered by intervener. The plea is therefore overruled.

(6) Sam Howard also contends that Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler came voluntarily into the suit of petitioner by her petition of intervention and therein sought a judgment against Charles Fourroux via ordinaria, and having proceeded against Charles Four-roux via ordinaria, can not now proceed by executory process against him, although it appears that the intervention of Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler has been dismissed; that having elected to proceed via ordinaria, she forever abandoned any right she had or might have to proceed via executiva.

The fallacy of this argument lies in the fact that the intervention of Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler was dismissed because she had mistaken her remedy, which should have been by third opposition. Since the judgment'of dismissal cannot be made the basis of the plea of res adjudicata tendered by Sam Howard, intervener, as we have already held, it is clear that such judgment cannot be urged as an estoppel against the present proceedings by Mrs. Buchler to enforce her chattel mortgage via executiva, the judgment of dismissal not being a definitive judgment.

On the same day that her intervention was dismissed, Mrs. Buchler paid the costs of court and brought the present proceedings via executiva, No. 12880, which were filed March 16, 1938.

The separate proceedings, No. 12402, for executory process, referred to in the opinion of the trial Judge dismissing the intervention of Mrs. Buchler, were filed by her May 4, 1937, and were dismissed as of non-suit and the costs paid, before the present proceedings via executiva were brought.

(7) In suit No. 12322, Sam Howard v. Charles Fourroux, petitioner recovered judgment against Charles Fourroux in the sum of $1200 with six per cent interest thereon from June 30, 1936, and fifteen per cent attorney’s fees on the principal and interest, with recognition of the mortgage on the lot and building. The property was ordered to be sold for cash, without benefit of appraisement, and petitioner to be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the building and lot by preference over all other creditors.

The intervention of Mrs. C. A. Buchler in the suit of Sam Howard v. Charles Fourroux, No. 12322, delayed the sale of the property.

In suit No. 12880, Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler v. Charles Fourroux, petitioner, in the enforcement of her chattel mortgage on the building on the leased lot, obtained a writ of seizure and sale of the building, for cash without appraisement, to pay and satisfy her claim of $2200, with eight per cent per annum interest from November 16, 1934, until paid, together with ten per cent upon the principal and interest as attorney’s fees and costs of proceedings, to be paid, out of the proceeds of the sale of the building by priority and preference over all other persons.

This sale was delayed by the intervention of Sam Howard in suit No. 12880, Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler v. Charles Fourroux, accompanied by the application of intervener for an injunction.

Under this situation, it was-agreed by and between counsel for Mrs. Buchler and for Sam Howard, in a written agreement that both parties discontinue the advertisement of the sale of the property pending the final determination of the suit in the Supreme Court. Transcript p. 20.

Since the intervention of Mrs. C. A. Buchler has been dismissed, and the preliminary injunction . obtained by Sam Howard has been set aside, the way is now open for the sale of the property.

For the reasons already assigned in this opinion, we have held that the chattel mortgage on the building, in favor of Mrs. C. A. Buchler, is legal and valid.

As the chattel mortgage was recorded prior to the mortgage on the building and lot secured by intervener, Sam Howard, the lien on the building arising from the recordation of the chattel mortgage is superior in rank to the mortgage on the building and lot. Act No. 198 of 1918, § 4.

Under such circumstances, Mrs. Buchler not only had • a right under the law and the facts to foreclose on the property, but also to have a separate appraisement and separate sale, since the property was to be sold under foreclosure by the holder of a subsequent mortgage.

Such separate appraisement was necessary, in order that the proportion of the sale attributable to her claim may be ascertained.

One of the purposes of Mrs. Buchler, as alleged in her intervention in the suit of Sam Howard against Charles Fourroux, was to provoke a separate appraisement of the buildings on the lot and to ask for a separate sale, so that her claim might be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the building by preference over all other creditors.

When Sam Howard filed his suit via ordinaria against Charles Fourroux, Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler, previous to the taking of a judgment, filed her intervention.

At the same time, Mrs. Buchler filed a petition for executory process against Charles Fourroux.

As a matter of fact, the following order was entered and signed by the trial Judge:

“Let this petition of intervention be filed and served as prayed for and according to law; let Thomas Rhodes and Maurice Pitre be and they are hereby appointed as appraisers to value the property described in the foregoing petition; ■let Frank J. Ckncey, Sheriff of the Parish of Jefferson, be and he is hereby directed to sell said property separately from the other property of Charles Fourroux and to make separate return of the proceeds of the sale.” Transcript p. 51.

Because of the existence of the above order, counsel for both Mrs. C. A. Buchler and Sam Howard filed the following agreement in the Record of date April 12, 1938:

“It is agreed, by and between counsel, that, for the purpose of determining the status, as to whether or not the conventional mortgage given upon the real estate upon which the building sought to be sold, under a chattel mortgage by executory process, as to whether or not that mortgage would become a first mortgage, over and above the chattel mortgage on the building, or whether or not that mortgage, given upon the real estate, would become a second mortgage, insofar as the building is concerned; that, in order to settle this dispute, counsel on both sides make the following agreement:
“That they will both discontinue the advertisement of the sale of the property, in order that it will be safe for both persons to know that the property will not be sold until the final termination of this suit, and the Sheriff be informed accordingly.”

For the reasons assigned, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment appealed from by Sam Howard, intervener, and plaintiff in injunction, be affirmed.

It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the chattel mortgage of Mrs. C. A. Buchler, plaintiff herein, be and is hereby recognized as the first mortgage on .the building on the property, and that the conventional mortgage of Sam Howard, on the building and the property, be and is hereby recognized as the second mortgage, insofar as the building is concerned.

It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the building, subject to the chattel mortgage, on the property, be separately appraised; and be separately sold by the Sheriff of the Parish of Jefferson, and that the Sheriff make separate return of the proceeds of the sale.

It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that Mrs. C. A. Buchler, plaintiff herein, be paid out of the proceeds of the sale of the building her claim, with interest,'attorney’s fees and costs, by preference and with priority over all other creditors; and that Sam Howard, intervener and plaintiff in injunction, appellant herein, pay the costs. of appeal, and all costs of the intervention and injunction proceedings incurred in the District Court.

FOURNET and HIGGINS, JJ., dissent.

O’NIELL, C. J., concurs in the result.

O’NIELL, Chief Justice

(concurring in the result). '

I concur in the opinion that Act No. 198 of 1918 does not violate Section 16 of Article III of the Constitution by extending its provisions further than its title indicates. The title of the act is sufficient. I concur also in the opinion that this act is not superseded by Act No. 186 of 1926, which provides for the mortgaging of a building, without the land on which it is located, only in cases where a mortgage is given on a lease and on the buildings belonging to the lessee on the leased premises. There is some doubt in my mind as to whether the recording, only in the chattel mortgage book, of a chattel mortgage on a building on the land of some one other than the mortgagor, is a sufficient notice to a third person, buying or taking a mortgage on the land and the building. That question, however, does not seem to be presented by the intervener’s petition for an injunction. The decree in this case ought to be merely an affirmance of the judgment appealed from, on the ground that, whatever right the intervener may have to claim a preference on the proceeds of the sale of the building, he has no right to prevent the sale by injunction. Inasmuch as the building is the only thing that was seized in the executory proceeding of Mrs. Buchler, I see no necessity for that part of the decree of this court ordering a separate appraisement and separate sale of the building.

FOURNET,' Justice

(dissenting).

I am of the opinion that the legislature of the State of Louisiana, by adopting its Act No. 198 for the year 1918, did not intend to nor did it in fact repeal or supersede the law of registry, in so far as it affects third persons dealing with real property. The holding of the majority opinion to the contrary is “in violation of the well-established principles of law that ‘repeals by implication are not favored and zvill not be indulged if there is cmy other reasonable construction; * * * ’ Ruling Case Law, vol. 25, § 169 (see, also, Johnson v. Browne, 205 U.S. 309, 321, 27 S.Ct. 539, 51 L.Ed. 816, 10 Ann.Cas. 636; Osborn v. Nicholson, 13 Wall. 654, 662, 20 L.Ed. 689; Succession of Hebert, 5 La.Ann. 121; State v. Brown, 48 La.Ann. 1569, 21 So. 143; Wachsen v. Commission Council of Lake Charles, 162 La. 823, 111 So. 177); that prior laws are repealed by subsequent lazvs only in case of positive enactment or clear repugnancy (Johnson v. Pilster, 4 Rob. 71) ; that nothing short of irreconcilable conflict between two statutes works a repeal by implication (Bank of Lecompte v. Lecompte Cotton Oil Co., 125 La. 844, 51 So. 1010; City of New Orleans v. New Orleans Jockey Club, 129 La. 64, 55 So. 711; State ex rel. Plyams’ Heirs v. Grace, 173 La. 215, 136 So. 569); that where a statute is ambiguoiis and susceptible of two constructions, the courts will give that construction which best comports with the principles of reason, justice, and convenience, for it is to be presumed that the Legislature intended such exceptions to its language as would avoid its leading to injustice, oppression, or absurd consequences (Encyc. of U.S.S.S.Ct.Rep. Statutes, vol. 11, pp. 151, 152, and cases therein cited; see, also, Corpus Juris, vol. 59, § 171; Ruling Case Law, vol. 25, § 242; Greek-American Produce Co. v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 4 Ala.App. 377, 58 So. 994) * * State v. Standard Oil Co. of La., 188 La. 978, at page 1054, 178 So. 601, at page 626. (Italics mine.)

In the instant case, the act being “An Act To grant the right to mortgage movable property * * * ” necessarily could not have been intended to affect immovable property and when providing in section 1 of the act that “ * * * it shall be lawful to mortgage * * * buildings on leased ground * * (Italics mine.) It is my opinion that the legislature intended thereby to mean, in order to affect third persons, a recorded lease. That fact is accentuated in its later act of 1926, No. 186, the title of which reads as follows: “An Act To authorize any Lessee, Sub-Lessee, or Assignee of a lease or sub-lease, to mortgage, affect and hypothecate his interest in such lease, or sub-lease, bearing on real property in the State of Louisiana, together with his interest in the buildings, constructions and improvements then or thereafter existing upon the leased premises ; to provide for the recordation of such mortgages; and to repeal all laws, or parts of laws, in conflict herewith and especially Act No. 21 of the Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana for the year 1908, provided such repeal shall not affect the validity or legality of bonds and mortgages executed under said act.”

In that act, it is provided that “* * * 'such mortgage shall not affect third persons unless and until recorded in the manner provided by law for the recordation of conventional mortgages upon real estate.” (Italics mine.) Section 1.

It is provided in the Constitution of the State of Louisiana for the year 1921 that "No mortgage or privilege on immovable property, or debt for which preference may be granted by law, shall affect third persons unless recorded or registered in the parish where the property is situated, in the manner and within the time prescribed by law * * *. Privileges on movable property shall exist without registration of same except in such cases as may be prescribed by law.” Section 19 of Article XIX. The same provisions were contained in the constitutions of 1913, 1898, 1879 and 1868. See Articles 186 and 187 of the Constitutions of 1913 and 1898, Articles 176 and 177 of the Constitution of 1879, and Article 123 of the Constitution of 1868. The manner prescribed by law for the registry of mortgages is found under Title XXII of the Revised Civil Code, Section 3 of Chapter 2, dealing with the inscription of mortgages. (Italics mine.)

If the legislature had intended by its Act No. 198 of 1918 (Chattel Mortgage Act) to repeal or supersede the law of registry that stood so long on the statute, books of this state and had been assured by incorporation into every Constitution of Louisiana beginning with the Constitution of 1868, it would have expressly done so.

The holding of the majority opinion in this case, in my opinion, beside violating the rules above referred to, will lead to “injustice * * * and absurd consequences.” For instance, if A, who erected a building on an unimproved tract of land verbally leased from B, grants a chattel mortgage on the building, in accordance with Act No. 198 of 1918, to C, and subsequently B sells the real estate to D, who obtains mortgage certificates, both real and chattel, in the name of B, having no knowledge of the transaction between A and C or between A and B, the consequence will be that the certificates will not show any encumbrances, as the chattel mortgage is recorded in A’s name only, thus leading to a grave injustice to D, who purchased on the faith of the record with clear certificates. In other words, the only way D could protect himself would be to run all of the chattel mortgages granted within the time prescribed by law for the prescription of such acts, irrespective of the name of the grantor or mortgagor, and check them with the view of discovering if any of the act's cover a building situated on real property having the description of the property he contemplates acquiring, which is, in my humble opinion, an injustice and absurdity never intended by the legislature.

I therefore respectfully dissent.

On Rehearing.

PONDER, Justice.

Sam Howard, appellant, intervenor, and plaintiff in injunction, sought and obtained a rehearing in this case.

In our original opinion, we recited in detail the pleadings and facts of this case. It is now only necessary to recite the pleadings and facts essential to a determination of the issues raised on the rehearing.

Charles Fourroux leased, under a verbal lease, a parcel of land from A. J. Cristina. Fourroux, while in possession of the land under the verbal lease, moved a building thereon and granted a chattel mortgage on this building in favor of the plaintiff, Mrs. C. A. Buchler. Sometime thereafter, Four-roux bought the. land from Cristina and granted a mortgage on the land and building in favor of the intervenor, Sam Howard. Howard brought suit to. enforce the mortgage on the land and building and obtained a judgment, which was duly recorded. Mrs. Buchler brought foreclosure proceedings on the chattel mortgage against Fourroux. Howard intervened and filed injunction proceedings to enjoin the sale of the building. A preliminary injunction was issued. On trial, the injunction was set aside and the intervention dismissed. The intervenor appealed to this court. On the hearing of the appeal, the judgment of the lower court was affirmed. The intervenor moved for a rehearing. A number of attorneys were given permission to appear as amici curiae and were permitted to file briefs in support of the intervenor’s application for rehearing. The rehearing was granted. The rehearing is now submitted for our determination.

Counsel for intervenor contends that the provision of Section 1 of Act No. 198 of 1918, making it lawful to place a chattel mortgage upon “buildings on leased ground,” is unconstitutional because this provision is broader than the title of the Act.

The title of Act No. 198 of 1918 is “An Act To grant the right to mortgage movable property,”- etc.

Section 1 of the Act provides that it shall be lawful to mortgage certain enumerated movables, including among them buildings on leased ground, and provides that all other movable property not specially named therein may be so mortgaged.

In the case of Westwego Canal & Terminal Co. v. Pizanie, 174 La. 1068, 1071, 142 So. 691, the doctrine laid down in 'the case of Vaughn v. Kemp, 4 La.App. 682, was cited- with approval; which is as follows:

“ ‘Lands and buildings or other constructions, whether- they have their foundations in the soil or not, are immovable by their nature.’ * * *
" “There is no qualification of this rule. The law makes no distinction between buildings erected by the owner and those erected by tenants or others. If they are erected on the land, they are immovable by their nature.
“There are also things which are immovable by their destination, as:
“ ‘Things which the owner of a tract of land has placed upon it for its service and improvement.’ Civil Code, art. 468..
“Under this article things become immovable by destination only when placed thereon by the owner of the soil.
“But the provisions of the Code, Article 464, with reference to things immovable by their nature, does not state that they shall be placed on the soil by the owner thereof.
“It therefore follows that a building placed upon leased premises by the lessee is an immovable under Article 464 of the Code.”

This doctrine was approved in the cases of Lighting Fixtures Supply Co. v. Pacific Fire Ins. Co. of New York, 176 La. 499, 146 So. 35; and Federal Land Bank of New Orleans v. Cook et al., 179 La. 857, 155 So. 249.

Section 16, Article 3 of the Constitution for Louisiana of 1921 reads: “Every law enacted by the Legislature shall embrace but one object, and shall have a title indicative of such object.”

Article 31 of the Constitution for Louisiana of 1913 reads: “Every law enacted by the General Assembly shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in its title.”

The purpose of the Act, as stated in the title, is to grant the right to mortgage movable property. The title makes no reference to immovables, and there is no language therein to indicate that the Act applies to immovables. The body of thé Act, insofar as it grants the right to mortgage buildings on leased ground, is broader' than the title. Buildings on leased ground are immovables by nature, and the inclusion of such in the body of the Act is beyond the purpose stated in the title. The mere fact that in Section 1, where the various kinds of movable property that might be mortgaged is. listed, buildings on leased ground (immovables) are included by inadvertence or otherwise without any provision for the deimmobilization of the immovables could not have the effect of changing the status of the immovables to that of movables. Under the provisions of Article 464, R.C.C., buildings on leased ground are immovables. The Legislature has never changed or repealed this Article of the Civil Code. The mere inclusion of buildings on leased ground in the body of the Act could not have the effect of repealing Article 464, R.C.C., even by implication, because there is nothing to indicate therein that such was the intention of the Legislature.

We find no provision in the body of the Act, or in its title, declaring buildings on leased ground to be deimmobilized. If it was the purpose of the Act to reclassify the immovable property, buildings on leased ground, the title should contain some provision to that effect. If it was the purpose of the Act to change the status of the immovable property, it would be necessary that there be some declaration in the Act to the effect that the immovable property is deimmobilized. If we were to view the Act in the light that it repealed Article 464 of the Civil Code and changed the status of the property, the Act would be unconstitutional because it would embrace more than one object. In addition to granting the right to mortgage movable property, the Act would change the status of immovable property, and in effect, repeal Article 464 of the Civil Code.

The Act is unconstitutional insofar as it applies to buildings on leased ground because the title is not sufficiently broad to include the mortgaging of immovables. Moreover, the Act would be unconstitutional if it granted the right to mortgage movables, and at the same time provided for the change of the status of immovables by nature, because it would embrace more than one object. It appears that the words “buildings on leased ground” were included in Section 1 of this Act by inadvertence because there is no language in the Act expressing any intention to change the status of buildings on leased ground from immovables by nature to movables. Furthermore, the mere inclusion of such property without any expressed intention to change the status could not have the effect of repealing Article 464, R.C.C., and of reclassifying the property.

The appellee cites Bank of White Castle v. Clark, 181 La. 303, 159 So. 409. An examination of that case shows that the property involved was immovables by destination.

Article 464, R.C.C., reads: “Lands and buildings or other constructions, whether they have their foundations in the soil or not, are immovable by their nature.”

In Bank of White Castle v. Clark, supra, wherein immovables by destination were involved, it is' stated to the effect that if the movables were mortgaged .before they were placed on the land, by the owner, they could never become deimmobilized so as to defeat the rights of the mortgagee, and if the movables had been immobilized by the owner of the land that he might subsequently deimmobilize them by granting a mortgage on them. Otherwise, the landowner desiring to mortgage his immobilized chattels, would be subject to the inconvenience and expense of temporarily removing from his land the chattels he desired to deimmobilize and mortgage. The court further stated, in effect, that the landowner by the mere changing of his mind could not alter the status of the movables which had become immobilized by destination, unless his change of mind be accompanied by a separation and detachment of the movables from the land, and in view of the Chattel Mortgage Act, that the intention of the landowner to deimmobilize the movables could be manifested by the execution and recordation of a mortgage covering the movables. In effect, the court said that the execution and recordation of the chattel mortgage indicated the landowner’s intention and constituted his overt act, which were in themselves sufficient notice to a subsequent purchaser or mortgagee dealing with the mortgaged movables, or with the land on which they were located.

It is thus to be seen that there is a vast distinction between immovables by destination and immovables by nature. The status of an immovable by destination can be changed by an act of the landowner, but there is no provision of law that we are aware of, and none has been cited to that effect, that the act of the landowner, or any other person, can change the status of an immovable by nature. It is to be borne in mind that an immovable by destination was originally a movable and that the movable becomes immovable by destination by the act of the owner in placing it on the land for service, etc.

The status of an immovable by nature is never changed by any act of the owner, while the status of an immovable by destination changes according to its use by the owner. In the case of Bank of White Castle v. Clark, supra, it was merely held, in effect, that the execution and recordation of a chattel mortgage on immovables by destination indicated the landowner’s intention and constituted his overt act which would be sufficient to put a person on notice. In the instant case, the status of the property could not be changed by the intention or act of the landowner because its status is fixed by law and does not depend upon its use.

Since we have arrived at the conclusion that the Act is unconstitutional insofar as it affects buildings on leased ground, it is unnecessary for us to recite or consider the other contentions advanced by the intervenor.

For the reasons assigned, it is ordered, adjudged and decreed that our decree herein rendered on original hearing be, and the same is, hereby annulled and set aside.

It is now ordered, adjudged and decreed that the judgment of the lower court be, and is hereby, reversed and set aside.

It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that there be judgment in favor of Sam Howard, intervenor, appellant, and against Mrs. Conrad A. Buchler, plaintiffappellee, decreeing the chattel mortgage granted by Charles Fourroux by act before Conrad A. Buchler, Notary Public, November 16, 1934, and recorded in the Chattel Mortgage Book 7, p. 178, entry 1074 of the Mortgage Office of the Parish of Jefferson, to be, and the same is, null, void, and of no effect.

All costs are to be paid by the plaintiffappellee.

Appellee’s right to apply for a rehearing is reserved.

LAND, J., dissents and adheres to the original opinion.

O’NIELL, C. J., concurs.

On Rehearing.

OrNIELL, Chief Justice

(concurring).

On the first hearing of this case I expressed the opinion that the-title of Act No. 198 of 1918 was sufficient to embrace the object, to grant the right to mortgage “buildings on leased ground”, and thus to treat them as movable property. My impression was that the including of “buildings on leased ground” in the enumeration of the things that might be subjected to a chattel mortgage, in the body of the statute, was the same as to say that henceforth “buildings on leased ground” shall be classified as movable property. But on the application for a rehearing I became convinced that, by the including of “buildings on leased ground” in the body of this statute, in the enumeration of the things that may be subjected to a chattel mortgage, the body of the act is made broader than its title, which provides only for the mortgaging of movable property. The classification of “buildings on leased ground”, as immovable by nature, is so well established by the provisions of the Civil Code and the decisions on the subject that it would require an express declaration by statute to change the classification. I concur in the opinion, therefore, that this statute is violative of section 16 of Article III of the Constitution, in so far as it provides for giving a chattel mortgage on “buildings on leased ground.”  