
    Note.
    Soon after the preceding appeal was decided, two other appeals, both from the same court with it, and with facts which distinguished them little, if at all, from it in principle, were adjudged. They were
    The Kalorama, The Custer.
    1. The Grapeshot (9 "Wallace,. 129), affirmed a third and a fourth time as to the second point adjudged by it; the point relating to admiralty liens. The Imlu, supra, p. 192, also affirmed.
    2. Tt is no objection to the assertion'in the admiralty of a maritime lien against a vessel for necessary repairs and supplies to her in a foreign port, that the owner was there and gave directions in person for them; the same having been made expressly on the credit of the vessel. The Guy, 9 Wallace, 758, affirmed:
    3. Nor that the libellant have brought a common law action for'the value of the repairs and supplies; the action not being yet determined.
    The case was exactly the same in both these appeals; which were accordingly argued with one set of briefs, on one set of depositions, contained in one record; the appeals having been, in fact, regarded at the bar as presenting throughout identically the same points. The case was thus:
    Morgan, of New York, owning the steamer Kalorama, belonging to that port, and Comstock, of the same place, owning the Custer, belonging to the port of Georgetown, D. C., agreed with one Pendergast, of Baltimore, Md., who was disposed to purchase both steamers, that he should run them for two trips between Baltimore and Charleston, and if, after this trial, he liked the vessels, that he might purchase them. For the two voyages Pendergast was to charge 10 per cent, commission on the gross freights of the vessels, and to disburse, the steamers, and to have all freights and disbursements insured for the benefit of the owners; and in case the vessels were not satisfactory after a trial of two trips, Pendergast was to retain them in the Southern trade on the same terms. Pendergast accordingly took the two vessels to make the trips, and the owners of them respectively being at the time in Baltimore, he with their consent changed the master, and selected some-of the crew. After the two trial trips he elected not to make the purchase, and subsequently refused to disburse the vessels on the credit of the owners.
    While in the port of Baltimore, the steamers needed repairs and supplies to enable them to make their trips to Charleston. The masters of neither vessel had funds which they could apply to the purpose, nor could either procure any on the credit of the respective owners. Pendergast therefore made repairs and furnished supplies to both; all of the repairs being made' and the supplies furnished at the request- of the masters in the absence of the owners, or at the request of the owners themselves when present in Baltimore, as they frequently were on the arrivals of the steamers in that port; and as the court considered that it was, in every case, “quite clear” “ with the express understanding that the repairs were so made and furnished on the credit of the steamer.” Part of the supplies and repairs were made during the two trips made under the agreement, and part during two afterwards, but part of the bills had been paid before, any libel was filed, and payments were made afterwards also. For the value of the repairs and supplies unpaid for, Pendergast brought a common law suit against the owners in one of the State courts of Baltimore, and while that suit was pending and undecided filed a libel for the same repairs and advances on the admiralty side of the District Court at Baltimore.
    • The District Court decreed in favor of the libellants, the amount allowed by it being for a less sum than had been disbursed by Pen dergast after the first two trips had been made. The Circuit Court, the Chief Justice holding it, reversed the decree, he stating that he thought that a literal construction of the language used by this court in the cases of The Sultana
      
       and The Lauraf made it his duty as'a Circuit Judge to do this; but stating it to be his, opinion also that the Supreme Court did not, in those cases, intend to establish the law which the language used in the, opinions in those cases seemed to announce, and that, considered iu connection with the facts of the cases in which it was used, the-language was susceptible of a different interpretation, and that this, the Supreme Court, in The Grapeshot and- The Guy, which had been argued and were then pending before it, and which involved, as he- considered, the same points, might give to it an interpretation, as he himself as a judge of this court might feel at liberty to do, which would necessitate the reversal of his own decrees and the affirmance of those of the District Court.
    It was in these circumstances that the appeals came before this court.
    
      Messrs. J. H. Thomas and S. T. Wallis, for the appellants:
    
    Since the recently announced opinions of this court in The Grapeshot and in The Guy,
      
       there is nothing open in this case. The former case, explaining the ill-considered language of the opinions in The Sultana and The Laura, settles conclusively that the repairs and supplies, supposing them to have been fur. nished in the owner’s absence, are a lien; and the case of The Guy, where obviously the owner was present, treats that feature as not qualifying the general principle.
    We need say nothing about the writs issued out of the State court of Baltimore City; these proceedings in personam, are of course no bar to the right to maintain libels in rem; it being perfectly and long settled that creditors making advances to ships in a foreign port are entitled to a threefold remedy,— against the ship, the master, and the owners; that these are cumulative, not alternative, and that they may all be pursued simultaneously.
    
    The judgment of the Circuit Court must be reversed, and that of the District Court affirmed, as of course.
    
      Mr. William Shepard Bryan, contra:
    
    
      '' 1. The advances were made in pursuance of a contract entered into with the owners personally, by wuich the appellants assumed entire charge of the steamers for a series of voyages, and were to receive the specified compensation of 10 per cent, commission on the gross freights. They became the agents of the owners; freighted .the ships, collected the freights, and paid their expenses. These agents appointed captain, officers, and crew, ordered supplies, and stood in the place of owners ■generally. There is nothing in the nature of a maritime' lien in the case, but the case is the ordinary one of an hgent against a principal for a settlement of accounts, and the remedy is by assumpsit at common law. Indeed,-from such common law suit having been brought, it is plain that the suit in admiralty is an afterthought.
    2. Tlqe claim maintained in the libels is for a tacit or implied hypothecation, blow all the authorities show that noone but the master can create these liens. The owner himself caúnot do it, except where he also sustains the character of shipmaster or captain. This seems to be assumed as settled law in The Grapeshot. The Guy hardly decides that if the master be present the lien can exist. Such a doctrine would be in the face of the whole idea and nature of a maritime lien, such as is set up here. That lien exists only in case of a foreign vessel in a foreign port. It is an implied trust, founded on a necessity, and never existing without a necessity, proved or presumed. A constant argument against this class of-liens has been that the master or material men could have communicated with the owner. This very.argument is made in The Lulu; and that the port was not a.foreign port, but, on the contrary, one where the owner was, or could readily come to.
    If the lien can be created in a foreign port where the owner is, and appears, and acts, why shall it not exist, cceteris paribus, in the domestic port? Yet it does not exist there. No doubt an owner can either at home or abroad pledge his vessel, or he can sell her, and whether he have credit or no credit, funds or' no funds. But an actual pledge is not here set up. The libel proceeds upon the idea of “ a maritime lien,” that sort of implied lien given to persons who, in cases of necessity, repair or supply a foreign vessel in a foreign port at the master's instance; an ancient, well-known, and-welWe/sned lien.
    But, independently of that question, everything, was in this case defined by a contract, and Pendergast was to make the disbursements.
    3'. The suit in the State court of Baltimore is still pending. It may be proceeded in to judgment; and if a decree is sustained on this libel, two judgments would be had for the same claim. The pendencyof the, common law suit is a bar within the maxim, Nemo debet bis vexari pro eadern causd.
    
    
      
       See opinion of the court, infra, p. 214.
    
    
      
       Thomas v. Osborn.
    
    
      
       8 Wallace, 141.
    
    
      
      
         9 Id. 758.
    
    
      
       Certain Logs of Mahogany, 2 Sumner, 589, 91; The Paul Boggs, 1 Sprague, 369; Harmer v. Bell, 22 English Law and Equity, 70.
    
    
      
       Minturn v. Maynard, 17 Howard, 477.
    
    
      
       The St. Jago de Cuba, 9 Wheaton, 409-416.
    
   Mr. Justice CLIFFORD

deliyered an opinion of the court in each of the cases, thus:

I. In the Kalorama.

Advances for repairs and supplies to the steamer' named in the pleadings were made by the libellants to an amount much larger than the sum claimed in the' libel, and allowed in the decree of the District Court.

■ Payments made before the suit was instituted were deducted from the claim as set forth in the libel, and it was- ordered, adjudged, and decreed by the District Court, that there was due to the libellants at the date of the decree the sum of five thousand one hundred and' thirty-two dollars and thirty-six cents as a lien upon the steamer, for which the stipulators for value were liable.

Pi’ocess was duly sexwed in the District Court, and the owner of the steamer appeared as claimant and filed an answer setting up several defences, as follows: (1.) That the repairs and supplies were- not necessary, as alleged in the libel. (2.) That they were'not made and furnished on th.e credit of the steamer. (3.) That the steamer is not chargeable with the moneys advanced for the repairs and supplies described in the libel, as they were not made and furnished under a maritime contract. (4.) That the libellants brought a common law suit for the same cause,of action before the libel was filed, and that the same is still pending and undecided.

None of these defences call in question the correctness of the charges in the account, and no motion was made to refer the cause to an assessor to report, the amount of the .expenditure, nor was any exception taken to the finding of the District Court in that behalf.

Appeal was taken by the owner and claimant of the steamer from the decreo of the District Court to the Circuit Court, whpro the decree of the District Court was'reversed.

Remarks respecting the'correctness or incorrectness-of the accounts exhibited in the record may well be omitted, as it is not pretended that, in view of the evidence, there- can be any well-founded doubt that the advances were made- as therein set forth.

Distinct issues of law are presented in the pleadings, and the District and Circuit Courts differed as widely as the parties; the former holding that the advances were a lien upon .the-steamer under the general rules of the maritime law. On the other hand tbe Circuit Court, in deference to certain expressions contained in the opinions of this court in the two cases of Thomas v. Osborn and Pratt v. Reed, held that the advánces were the mere personal debt of the owner, that they did not constitute a lien upon the steamer, and accordingly dismissed the libel, which was a libel in rem against the steamer, setting up a maritime lien. Whereupon the libellants appealed to this court, and now seek to reverse that decree.

Before examining the special defence set-up by thó respondent, growing out of the contract of the libellants to employ the steamer-in two or more trips between Baltimore and Charleston, it becomes necessary to define with some precision what is meant by a maritime lien as affording a security for such advanees, and under what circumstances it arises where repairs are made or supplies are furnished to a vessel engaged in commerce and navigation.

In considering that question it will be sufficient to state that the owner of the steamer throughout that period was a resident of the city of New York,.and that the port of New York was the home port of the steamer, as conceded by both parties. Proof satisfactory to both courts was introduced, showing that the steamer needed the repairs and supplies when the advances were made by the libellants, and that they were made while the steamer was tying in the port of Baltimore, whore the libellants resided, to .enable the steamer to continue her regular trips as contemplated by her- owner; that her master had no .funds which ho could apply to that purpose, nor could he procure any' on the credit of the owner, and that all of the advances were mado at the request of the master,, in the absence of the owner, or by the owner in person when he was present.

Contracts of claims for service or damage purely maritime, and touching rights and duties appertaining to commerce and navigation, are cognizable in the admiralty. Wherever a maritime lien arises in.such a contract or claim, as in controversies respecting repairs made or supplies furnished to a ship, or in case of collision, the injured party may pursue his remedy, whether it be for a breach of a maritime contract or for a marine tort, by a suit in rem against the vessel, or by a suit in personam, at his election, against the owner; or against the master and owner in cases where they are jointly liable for the alleged default.*

By the civil law a lion upon the ship is given, without any express contract, to those who repair the vessel or furnish her with necessary supplies, whether the vessel was at her homo port or abroad, when the repairs and supplies were made and furnished.

But the only lien which the common law recognizes in such cases, independent of statutory regulations, is the possessory lien, which arises out of, and is dependent upon, the possession of the ship, as in cases where goods are delivered to an artisan or tradesman to, be repaired or manufactured. Such a lien, as understood at common' law, did not attach unless the ship was. in the possession of the person who set up the claim, and the extent of the privilege which it conferred was that he might retain the ship in his possession until he was paid the money-due him for the repairs made and the-supplies furnished.. Until paid he might refuse to surrender the ship, but if he relinquished the possession of the ship hih lien was displaced and extinguished.

In jurisdictions where the rules of the common law prevail the shipwright who works upon the ship, without taking possession of it, or if he parts with the possession before collecting' what is due for his services, is not deemed to be a privileged-creditor, nor is the merchant so considered who furnishes the ship with necessary supplies unless the ship is placed within his confrol.

Important alterations have recently been made in those rules of decision by acts of Parliament; but it. is not necessary to pursue that inquiry, as those rules were never regarded as rules of decision in the admiralty courts of this country exercising jurisdiction under the present Constitution and the laws of Congress. On the contrary, some of the Federal courts, immediately after their organization under the Judiciary Act, decided . that repairs made and supplies furnished to a ship, if made and furnished on the credit of the .ship, were a lien upon the ship, whether she was at the time in her home port or in a foreign port. Other district judges were of the opinion that a maritime lien did not arise if the repairs were made and the supplies were furnished in the home port of the vessel, and some uncertainty for a time prevailed upon the subject until the same was examined by this court, when the question was put at rest.

Such a lien is a privilege in the thing, and-is not dependent upon possession or registry, nor is it displaced, as in a contract Of affreightment, when possession is relinquished, unless the circumstances are such as to show that it was waived; nor is it lost by delay, unless for such a time as to show gross laches, and to afford a reasonable presumption that it was abandoned.

Where repairs had been made and supplies furnished to a foreign ship, or to a ship in a port of the State to which she does not belong, the general maritime law, said Judge Story, following the civil law, gives the party a lien on the ship itself for security, and he may well maintain a suit in rem in the admiralty to enforce his right.

Many of the rules of the general maritime law are doubtless drawn from the civil law; but it is n'ot quite correct to say that the maritime law of the United States, as laid down in that case, follows the civil law in respect to the lien conceded to the shipwright and tradesman who make repairs and furnish supplies to ships engaged in commerce and navigation, as the civil law extends that privilege to such repairers and furnishers without any such distinction between domestic and foreign vessels, as that which is constantly maintained in the decisions of this court.

Ports of States other than those where the vessel belongs are for that purpose considered as foreign ports, and of course the port where the steamer in this case was lying when the repairs were made and the sujjplies were furnished must be regarded, as between the parties in this controversy, as a foreign port.

Controversies respecting such liens usually arise in cases where the repairs or supplies were ordered by the master without any express directions from the owner, and in such cases the repairer or furnisher must prove affirmatively that the ship needed such repairs and supplies, as the authority of the master in such a case is implied from the necessity for the repairs or supplies, the want of funds for that purpose, the inability to procure the same, and the absence of the owner.

Where it appears that the repairs and supplies were necessary to preserve the ship in port, or to enable her to proceed on her voyage, and that they were made and furnished in good faith, the presumption is that the ship, as well as the master and owner, is responsible to those who made the necessary advances, and it is clear that the necessity for credit must be presumed where it appears that the repairs and supplies were ordered by the master, and that they were necessary for the ship, unless it is shown that the master had funds or that the'owner had sufficient credit, and that the repairers, furnishers, and lenders of the money knew those facts or one of them, or that such facts and circumstances were known to them as were sufficient'to put them upon inquiry, and to show that if they had used due diligence they would have ascertained that the master was not authorized to obtain any such relief on the credit of the vessel.

Subject to those conditions,.the master, in the absence of the owner, is vested with the authority to order necessary repairs- and supplies, but it is no objection to his authority that he acted on the occasion under the express instructions .of the owner, nor will the lien of those who made -the repairs and furnished the supplies be defeated by the fact' that his authority emanated from the owner instead of being implied by law.

When the owner is present the implied authority of the master for that purpose ceases, but if the owner gives directions to that effect the master may still order necessary repairs and supplies, and if the ship is at the time-in a foreign port, or in the port of a State other than that of the State to which she belongs, those who make the advances will have a maritime lien, if they were made on the credit of the 'vessel.

Grant all these several propositions, still it is contended by the respondent that no such lien arises in this ease because, as he'insists, the repairs were made and supplies furnished in pursuance of a contract with the owner, by which the appellants assumed the entire charge of the steamer for a, series of trips and were to receive the specified compensation of ten per cent, commission on the gross freights.

. Doubtless some of the repairs and supplies were ordered by the owner, and the respondent contends that the appellants, by virtue of the arrangement, became the agents of the owner, and .that it was in that capacity that they freighted the steamer and paid the expenses of the repairs and supplies, without any other lien upon the steamer than that given by the common law. '•

Strong doubts are entertained whether the written agreement, even if it had continued in'force without alteration, and if the advances in question had been'made under it, would support the theory set up by' the respondent, but it is not absolutely necessary to decide that point, as it is quite clear that the repairs were made and supplies furnished in every case either y the order of the master or the owner, and with the express understanding that they wore so made and furnished on the credit of the steamer.

They employed the steamer, in the first place, under the written agreement of the fourteenth of March, 1866, for two trips between Baltimore and Charleston, andTt was agreed that they were to receive ten per cent.'commissions on the gross freights, and that they should disburse the steamer, but they also stipulated to have the freights and disbursements insured for the benefit of the owner, which shows to a demonstration that they were not owners for the voyage. Suggestion is made that they changed the master and selected some of the crew, but the evidence shows that all those acts were performed by the consent of the owner and subject to his approval. Much the larger portion of the advances was paid before the libel was filed, and additional payments have since been made.

Viewed,''as the state of the case was, at the date of the decree entered in the District Court, it is not doubted that an amount much greater than the amount allowed in that decree had been disbursed by the libellants for repairs and supplies to the steamer subsequent to the two trips made under the written agreement. Suppose the libellants had no lien for the disbursements made under that agreement, which is not admitted, still it is fully proved that the. appellants, subsequent to the two trips, refused to make further advances on the credit of the owner, and that the owner expressly requested that the advances should be made on the credit of the steamer.

Implied lienSj it is said-, can be created only by the master, but if it is meant by that proposition that the owner, or owners, if more than one, cannot order repairs and supplies on the credit of the vessel, the court cannot assent to the proposition, as the practice is constantly otherwise.

Undoubtedly .the presence of the owner defeats the implied authority of the master, but the presence of the owner would not destroy such credit as is necessary to furnish food to the mariners and save the vessel and cargo from the perils of the seas.

More stringent rules apply as between one part-owner and another, but the ease is free from all difficulty if all the owners are present and the advances are mado at their request, or by their directions, and under an agreement, express or implied, that the same are made on the credit of the vessel. Were it not so mariners would refuse to ship for distant ports if the owner was to remain with the ship, .either as supercargo-or passenger, unless it was known that‘he had credit everywhere, as in case the ship should become disabled-and need repairs and .provisions the most reliable means of relief would be withdrawn, and it is not difficult to imagine a case whero. life and property might bo lost because the owner was on board and without personal credit.

Decree of the Circuit Court reversed, and the causo remanded with directions to enter a decree

Affirming the decree of the District Court.

II. In the Custer.

Jurisdiction, it is conceded, is vested in the district courts, by the ninth section of the Judiciary Act, to enforce maritime lions by a suit in rem in all cases where such liens arise, whether the libel is for the breach of a maritime contract or to recover damages for a marine tort.

Repairs were made and supplies furnished by the appellants to the steamer named in the pleadings, and the oivners of the steamer refusing to pay for the sam.e, the appellants filed their libel in the District Court for the District of Maryland, and caused the steamer to bo arrested, claiming that the repairs and the supplies were a lien upon the steamer. Appearance was entered by the owners of the steamer, as claimants of the same, and they filed an answer setting up the same defences, as those pleaded by the owner of the steamer in the suit just decided. Testimony was taken by both parties in the two suits, as exhibited in the transcript of the other suit, and the parties entered into a stipulation that reference might be made in the trial of this suit to the depositions printed in the other, and that both ¡should bo heard at the sainé time.

Two principal questions, it seems, were discussed in tho District Court. (1.) Whether the evidence showed that the credit for the repairs and supplies was or was not given to the steamer, under the rules of the maritime law as understood and administered in the Federal courts. (2.) Whether the repairs made and the supplies furnished, in view-of the circumstances, became a lien upon the steamer. Both of those questions were answered by the district judge in the affirmative, and the court entered a decree for the libellants in the sum of six thousand four hundred and ninety-six dollars and sixty-three cents against the owners of the steamer and the stipulators for value. Appeal was taken by the respondents to the Circuit Court, where the decree of the District Court was reversed, upon the ground that the evidence in the transcript, if tested by the rules laid down in Thomas v. Osborn, and in the case of Pratt v. Reed, does not show the existence of any such lion. ,

Since that ruling was- made the whole subject has been very fully reconsidered by this court in the case of The Grapeshot, in which the opinion was given by the Chief Justice. Viewed in the light of that decision, and of the opinion of the court in the case of The Lulu, lately delivered, as the case must be, it is cleat that further discussion of the same is unnecessary, as it is conclusively settled that “ whore proof is made of necessity for the repairs and supplies, or for funds raised to pay for the same, and of credit given to the ship, a presumption will arise, conclusive in the absence of evidence to the contrary, of necessity for credit,” or, in other words, the necessity for credit must be presumed where it'appears that the repairs and supplies were necessary, Unless it is shown that the master had funds, or.that the owner had sufficient credit, and that the person or.persons making the advances knew those facts or one of them, or that such facts and circumstances were known to them as were sufficient to put them upon inquiry, and to show that if they had used due diligence in that behalf they would have ascertained that the master was not authorized to obtain any such relief on the credit of the steamer.

Suppose that defence cannot be sustained, still the respondents insist that the steamer is not liable for the advances made by the appellants, because the decree, as they contend, falls within the rule laid down in the case of Mintrun v. Maynard, where it was held that a libel in personam could not be maintained to recover a. balance of account, consisting of moneys-paid, laid out, and expended for the respondents in payment for repairs and supplies to a steamer owned by the debtors, together with charges for commissions and for advertising the steamer.

Examples might easily be given where a party may sue in the admiralty or in the common law courts at his election, but it is unnecessary to express any doubts as to the correctness of the rule laid down in that case, as it is clear that it does not control the caso before the court even if the rule be admitted to be correct without any qualification.

Undoubtedly the appellants took charge of the steamer tor two trial trips between Baltimore and Charleston, and by the terms of the written agreement entered into at that time they were to receive for the services rendered in those trips a commission of ten per cent, on the gross freights of the steamer, but they also stipulated to disburse the steamer, and to insure the freights and disbursements for the benefit of the owners. They took the steamer on trial for those two trips with .a view to purchase her in case they were “ satisfied with the vessel," but they elected not to make the purchase, and subsequently refused to disburse the steamer on the credit of the owners. Uncontradicted as the evidence is upon this point, it does not seem necessary to reproduce it, especially as it is all one way.

. Objection is also made that the advances cannot be held to be a lien upon the steamer, because some of the repairs and supplies were ordered by the owners, in person, but the objection is entitled to no weight, as the evidence shows that it was expressly agreed that the advances should be furnished on the credit of the steamer.

Payments have been made by the respondents since the decree was.entered in the District Court, but the court here is not asked to revise the finding of the District Court as to the amount, nor to deduct the payments since made, as those matters will be adjusted under the stipulations executed between the parties.

Suggestion is also made that the lien was waived by the commencement of an action for the advances in the State court, but the record shows that the action is still pending, and it is well-settled law that the pendency of such an action is no bar to a suit in a Federal court.

Had the judgment been rendered it might be different, but it is clear that the rule “ transit in rern judicatam” cannot apply during the pendency of the aetion.

All sums collected in that proceeding have been duly credited in this case, and it is fully proved that the whole amount included in the decree of the District Court was properly cognizable in the admiralty.

Decree of the Circuit Court is reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to enter a decree

Affirming the decree op the District Court. 
      
       19 Howard, 22.
     
      
       19 Id. 359.
     
      
       The Belfast, 7 Wallace, 642.
     
      
       Dig. 14, 1, 1; 1 Valin, Commentary, 363; 3 Kent, 168; Williams & Bruce, Admiralty Practice, 155.
     
      
       Westerdell v. Dale, 7 Term, 312; Justin v. Ballam, 4 Salkeld, 34; Watkinson v. Bernadiston, 2 Peere Williams, 367; 3 Kent, 169; Maude & Pollock on Shipping, 64; The Zodiac, 1 Haggard’s Admiralty, 320; Spartali v. Benecke, 10 C. B. 223.
     
      
       McLachlan on Shipping, 101; Doddington v. Hallet, 1 Vesey, 497.
     
      
       The General Smith, 4 Wheaton, 443.
     
      
       Paragon, Waro, 322; Young Mechanic, Id. 535, second edition, S. C.; 2 Curtis, 404.
     
      
       2 Parsons on Shipping, 312; The Marion, 1 Story, 6; The Chusan, 2 Id. 455; St. Jago de Cuba, 9 Wheaton, 409.
     
      
       The Grapeshot, 9 Wallace, 129.
     
      
       The Guy, 9 Wallace, 758.
     
      
       19 Howard, 22.
     
      
       19 Ib. 360.
     
      
       9 Wallace, 137.
     
      
      
        Supra, p. 192.
     
      
       17, Howard, 477.
     
      
       The Belfast, 7 Wallace, 644; Davis v. Child, Davies, 71; The Grapeshot, 9 Wallace, 141; Merritt v. Brewer, 14 Law Rep 452.
     
      
       The Grapeshot, 9 Wallace, 141; The Guy, 19 Id. 758; S. C.1 Benedict, 112; The Lulu, supra, 192.
     
      
       Loring et al v. Marsh et al., 2 Clifford, 320; Wadleigh v. Veazie, 3 Sumner, 165; Whito v. Whitman, 1 Curtiss, 494; Lyman v. Brown, 2 Id. 559; The Paul Boggs, 1 Sprague, 369; The Highlander, 1 Id. 510.
     
      
       Murray v. Lovejoy, 2 Clifford, 197; S. C. 3 Wallace, 16.
     
      
       Pratt v. Reed.
     