
    Mary Braine, Respondent, v. Julie Rosswog, Appellant.
    
      Usury — where a principal knowingly shares in the unlawful gains of the agent the transaction is roicl.
    
    Where a father and daughter live together and the daughter signs checks on a bank for money deposited in her name, which the father loans at usurious rates upon the security of chattel mortgages, the daughter sharing in the profits of the loans, an action is maintainable by a borrower to procure the cancellation of a note and chattel mortgage given to secure a loan so made.
    An instrument made by the borrower constituting the father her agent to procure the loan, and agreeing to give him fifty dollars for his services, and an affidavit verifying the statements contained in such instrument, do not estop ,. the borrower from alleging the real facts.
    Appeal by the defendant, Julie Rosswog, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 13th day of April, 1896. upon the decision of the court rendered after a trial at the New York Special Term.
    
      The action was brought by the plaintiff to have declared void and surrendered up to her to be canceled a certain promissory note made by her to the defendant’s order on the 21st day of April, 1893, and a chattel mortgage to secure payment of the same, executed the same day:
    The negotiations leading up to the loan were conducted by the defendant’s father, Constantine Rosswog.
    
      David Gerber and I. M. Duttenhoefer, for the appellant.
    
      Charles S. Simpkins, for the respondent.
   Barrett, J.:

There was evidence in this case, of a circumstantial nature, to-warrant the findings of the learned trial judge. This evidence went-far beyond mere-surmise or conjecture. The inferences therefrom were certain, and they -pointed clearly and directly to the usury charged, We entirely agree with the view of the law presented upon the appellant’s behalf. It is not sufficient for the plaintiff to show that the loan was made by the agent of the lender, and that this agent exacted and received a bonus over and above the legal interest. It is undoubtedly the rule that the plaintiff must also show ’that the act of the agent was authorized by the principal, or that betook the bonus with the lender’s'knowledge and assent, so that the latter, at least by- acquiescence, became a party to .the usurious transaction.

But here there was more than an ordinary agency. The parties-were clearly acting in concert to evade the usury law. They were father and daughter. They lived together. The proceeds of the-usury went to support them both. There was no pretense of compensation to the father for his services. The daughter knew that he was exacting compensation from the lender, or else that he was. acting gratuitously. It seems that she had a small capital deposited in bank in her own name. Upon that the business was transacted. It was. what is known as a chattel mortgage business.. The father did the business and the daughter signed the checks. That, in fact, was all she did. The transaction in question was not an isolated one... It was simply an incident of the general business in which the parties were engaged — the business of lending money at usurious-rates to needy people upon the security of chattel mortgages. “ I have drawn,” says the defendant, “ many checks for loans made by my father.” The father advertised in the newspapers offering tO' lend money. The plaintiff, seeing the advertisement, went to the place therein indicated. There she found Rosswog (the father),, and the usurious bargain was made — according to her testimony — directly with him as principal. In her complaint, however, she avers that the bargain was made with Rosswog, “claiming to act as agent for' defendant.” -But, whether it was made with him as principal, or in form as agent, is of little consequence. He and his daughter Avere one in the transaction. He attended to the entire business; drew all the papers, including the check; received the bonus; retained the documents in his own possession; made the subsequent extensions; indorsed partial payments upon the note; and further, when payments were delayed, Avrote all the. dunning and threatening letters to the plaintiff. There Avas no evidence that he ever delivered the note or mortgage to his daughter. The contrary AAas fairly inferable from his continuous possession of these papers. She Avas asked if she ever had possession of the note, and her reply Avas: “ I kept all my papers in my father’s safe, and he transacted my business for me.” All she professed to know about the transaction in question Avas that she signed the check for $250; and she performed this single act in her OAvn house. There Avas here no ordinary agency; everything Avas left to the father; whatever he did she did. This is the only reasonable inference from her testimony and his. She says: “ My father makes out the papers, and if everything is satisfactory I make the loan. Q. Did your father make this loan ? A. If it Avas satisfactory, yes, sir.”

All that took place betAveen them when the loan was made was this, according to her testimony: “ When my father talked to me about the matter he said he had an application for a loan that he thought Avas a very good one; that Mr. Kinney found everything correct, and I -then gave him the check for the amount. * * * Q. You say he submitted the loan to you and you approved it? A. He submitted it to me as being satisfactory and as being Aery good, and I gave him the money.” He says : “ Q. Is it a fact that you and your daughter live together t A. I~es, sir. Q. Did you not support your daughter at this time out of the moneys that you received from these mortgages ? A. She gets the interest of her money. Q. IIow much interest does she get ? A. I couldn’t tell you. Q. Do you not support your daughter from, the money that you loan to different persons on chattel mortgages ? A. I pay as much as 1 can and she has the interest coming to her. Q. Do you not give her money that you pretend to receive through extensions ■of mortgages that you- have looms made for her on ? A. Yes, sir. I do give her some of that money. Q. Then, isn’t it a fact that •some portion of the moneys which you- received from Mrs. Braine that you gave to your daughter upon this mortgage ? A. 1 don’t Jcmow as. I gave her amy of that money which I received from Mrs. Draime. I give her sometimes money when I have some.”

• The documents to which Eosswog secured the plaintiff’s signature .cannot avail as against the real facts of the case It.appears that at some time the plaintiff signed' two papers — one an instrument acknowledging that she had constituted Eosswog her agent to procure the loan; that she had agreed to pay him fifty dollars for his .servicés, and that he had no interest whatsoever in the money to be procured by him ; the other, an affidavit verifying all the statements ■made in the instrument referred to. There seems to be some con■fusion about the date when these papers were signed. Eosswog says they were signed at the same time as the note and chattel mortgage. • The plaintiff says she never knew that she had signed -any papers save the note and chattel mortgage. The notary public, Whose name is attached to -the affidavit, strangely enough Was not .called as a witness. And the affidavit purports to. have been verified oh the 21st day of April, 1895. Either this is a misprint or the defendant, in some undisclosed manner, secured the plaintiff’s signature thereto two years after the loan was made. Assuming that the date “1895” is a misprint, and that “1893 ” was intended, it is still singular, if these' instruments were fairly obtained,' that the defendant failed to call the notary as a witness. The truth is that these documents really strengthened the plaintiff’s case, They •are not such documents as any innocent broker, dealing honestly; would present to a borrower. They are elaborate and specious, carefully drafted, and evidently printed for general use with re'cur-■I'ing victims. The object was plainly to cover up the real transaction and to estop the victim from subsequently asserting the usury. But the law here admits of no estoppel upon the truth. That must prevail as against all such devices to cover up usury. These documents color the evidence of the defendant and her father, and they lend additional force and meaning to all the facts disclosed. Parties cannot escape under such circumstances as these simply by keeping the hand that writes the cheek in the background. Everything points to the defendant’s complicity, and once more a cunning attempt to evade the statute proves unsuccessful.

The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.

Van Brunt, P. J., Rumsey, O’Brien and Ingraham, JJ., concurred.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  