
    Albert L. GRAY, Administrator, et al., Plaintiffs, v. Jeffrey DERDERIAN, et al., Defendants. Estate of Jude B. Henault, et al., Plaintiffs, v. American Foam Corporation; et al., Defendants.
    Nos. 04-312L, 03-483L.
    United States District Court, D. Rhode Island.
    Nov. 17, 2005.
    
      Daniel J. Horgan, Horgan Law Offices, John J. Nazzaro, Ralph J. Monaco, Conway & Londregan, Robert I. Reardon, Jr., Robert I. Rimmer, The Reardon Law Firm, P.C., New London, CT, Ronald J. Creamer, Ronald J. Resmini, Providence, RI, for Plaintiffs.
    Michael T. Ryan, Ryan, Ryan, Johnson & Deluca, Stamford, CT, Thomas C. Ange-lone, Hodosh, Spinella & Angelone, Lauren Disimone Wilkins, Ronald P. Langlois, Smith & Brink, P.C., James T. Murphy, Kelly N. Michels, Hanson Curran LLP, Anthony F. Demarco, Reynolds, Demarco & Boland, Ltd., Providence, RI, Gerald P. Dwyer, Jr., Robinson & Cole, Hartford, CT, Edwin F. McPherson, McPherson & Kalmansohn, Los Angeles, CA, Fred A. Kelly, Jr., Ian C. Ridlon, Steven M. Richard, Nixon Peabody LLP, Randall L. Sou-za, Shechtman Halperin Savage LLP, Donald J. Maroney, James H. Reilly, III, Kelly, Kelleher, Reilly & Simpson, Benjamin V. White, LLL., Eric M. Sommers, Vetter & White, Incorporated, Howard A. Merten, Partridge, Snow & Hahn LLP, Providence, RI, Curtis R. Diedrich, Sloane & Walsh, Boston, MA, Carla Ottaviano, Law Office of George J. Duborg, Glastonbury, CT, Curtis R. Diedrich, Edward T. Hinchey, Sloane & Walsh, Boston, MA, Andrew J. Trevelise, James J. Restivo, Reed Smith LLP, Philadelphia, PA, Stephen J. MaeGillivray, Stephen M. Prigna-no, Edwards & Angelí, Providence, RI, W. Thomas McGough, Jr., Reed Smith LLP, Pittsburg, PA, William E. Murray, Edwards & Angelí, Hartford, CT, Marc De-sisto, Desisto Law, Providence, RI, James R. Lee, Attorney General’s Office, Gerald C. Demaria, Higgins, Cavanagh & Cooney, C. Russell Bengtson, Carroll, Kelly & Murphy, Providence, RI, Charles L. Bab-cock, Jackson Walker L.L.P., Houston, TX, Richard W. MacAdams, MacAdams & Wieck, Inc., Providence, RI, Deborah G. Solmor, Edward M. Crane, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Chicago, IL, Joseph V. Cavanagh, Jr., Kristin E. Rodgers, Joseph V. Cavanagh, Jr., Blish & Cav-anagh, Providence, RI, for Defendants.
   In Re Motions to Dismiss of Defendants State of Rhode Island, Irving J. Owens, Town of West Warwick, Denis Larocque, Anthony Bettencourt, and Malcolm Moore, in his capacity as Finance Director for the Town of West Warwick.

DECISION AND ORDER

LAGUEUX, Senior District Judge.

On February 20, 2003, a deadly fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, destroyed a nightclub known as The Station. The fire started as the featured rock band, Great White, began its live performance and the club was crowded with spectators, staff and performers. The opening featured stage fireworks, ignited by the band’s tour manager, as the band took the stage.

According to eyewitnesses, the fireworks created sparks behind the stage which ignited polyurethane foam insulation on the clubs ceiling and walls. In minutes, the entire building was on fire and over 400 people were struggling to escape the crowded, dark and smoky space. The final toll: One hundred people dead and over 200 injured.

Numerous lawsuits, both criminal and civil, were filed throughout southern New England in both state and federal courts. Last year, in Passa v. Derderian, 308 F.Supp.2d 43 (D.R.I.2004), this Court asserted jurisdiction over several of the civil cases that had been removed here from Rhode Island Superior Court, and asserted jurisdiction as well over the cases that had originally been filed in this Court. The Court’s exercise of original federal jurisdiction is based upon the Multiparty, Mul-tiforum, Trial Jurisdiction Act of 2002, 28 U.S.C. § 1369. Since then, to the best of this Court’s knowledge, all civil lawsuits resulting from the nightclub fire have been consolidated in this Court, pursuant to a First Amended Master Complaint (hereinafter “the Master Complaint”) filed and adopted jointly by about 250 plaintiffs, against over 50 defendants.

Although this Court’s jurisdiction relies upon federal law, Rhode Island provides the substantive law for these cases. Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938); Ticketmaster-New York v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 204 (1st Cir.1994); Passa v. Derderian, 308 F.Supp.2d 43 (D.R.I.2004). As of this writing, discovery has been stayed to permit an adequate time for service of, and response to, the Master Complaint and for the Court to deal with a number of motions to dismiss. To date, the Court has addressed four previous motions to dismiss, three of which may be found under this same caption at 389 F.Supp.2d 308 (D.R.I.2005), 371 F.Supp.2d 98 (D.R.I.2005) and 365 F.Supp.2d 218 (D.R.I.2005). The fourth, most recent opinion is available through Westlaw, under the citation 2005 WL 3005046.

Presently before the Court are two Motions to Dismiss, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), brought by the State of Rhode Island and the Town of West Warwick. Additional defendants included in these Motions are State Fire Marshal Irving J. Owens, individually and in his official capacity; Malcolm Moore, in his capacity as Finance Director for the Town of West Warwick; Denis Larocque, individually and in his capacity as the Town’s Fire Inspector; and Anthony Bet-tencourt, individually and in his capacity as a West Warwick police officer. Plaintiffs allege that these defendants were negligent in their enforcement of fire codes and other safety regulations, and that the State and the municipality are liable for the negligence of their employees. Defendants move for the dismissal of all counts against them, based upon the doctrine of sovereign immunity, among other grounds.

For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants the Motion to Dismiss of the State of Rhode Island and the State Fire Marshal Irving J. Owens. The Court denies the Motion to Dismiss brought by the Town of West Warwick, on behalf of its Fire Inspector Denis Larocque, Finance Director Malcolm Moore, and police officer Anthony Bettencourt. For the sake of clarity, the Court will address the allegations against the State and Town defendants separately.

Standard of Review

Defendants move to dismiss the claims against them pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Accordingly, in the course of its analysis, the Court will assume that all Plaintiffs’ allegations are true. The allegations and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from them will be construed in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs. Aulson v. Blanchard, 83 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1996). As stated by the United States Supreme Court, “the accepted rule [is] that a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). Defendants’ motion will fail if “the well-pleaded facts, taken as true, justify recovery on any supportable legal theory.” Cruz v. Melecio, 204 F.3d 14, 21 (1st Cir.2000).

State of Rhode Island Defendants

Irving J. Owens

Irving J. Owens was Fire Marshal for the State of Rhode Island at the time of the fire. The State Fire Marshal is a position created by Rhode Island statute, R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-1, and filled by gubernatorial appointment.

In the Master Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that Owens is directly responsible “for the enactment and enforcement of fire safety laws within the State of Rhode Island,” including inspecting and enforcing code requirements for commercial structures such as The Station. Master Complaint, ¶ 434. Plaintiffs allege that Owens was egregiously negligent in the performance of these tasks, by “failing to enforce appropriate capacity limitations and exit requirements, failing to discover and order remedied highly flammable interior finish within the building and failing to properly train and supervise state personnel responsible for enforcing the fire safety laws of Rhode Island.” Master Complaint ¶ 435. In Count 36, Plaintiffs seek damages from Owens individually and in his official capacity. Master Complaint ¶ 440.

The State of Rhode Island, on behalf of Owens, has advanced at least eight separate grounds for dismissal of the counts naming Owens and the State. In this decision, the Court will focus on the argument that Owens is immune from liability based upon Rhode Island statute, R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-17. The pertinent statutory section, entitled “Relief from responsibility,” provides,

The .state fire marshal, his or her deputies, and assistants, charged with the enforcement of the Fire Safety Code, chapters 28.1 through 28.39 of this title, shall not render themselves liable personally, and they are hereby relieved from all personal liability for any damage that may accrue to persons or property as a result of any act required or permitted in the discharge of their official duties. Any suit instituted against any officer or employee because of an act performed by him or her in the lawful discharge of his or her duties, and under the provisions of the Fire Safety Code, shall be defended by the legal representative of the state until the final termination of the proceedings. In no case shall the fire marshal, his or her deputies, or assistants, be liable for costs in any action, suit, or proceedings that may be instituted in pursuance of the provisions of the Fire Safety Code, and any fire marshal, acting in good faith and without malice, shall be free from liability for acts performed under any of its provisions or by reason of any act or omission in the performance of his or her official duties in connection therewith.

R.I.G.L. § 23-28.2-17, (emphasis added). Owens’ alleged failure to adequately enforce Fire Safety Code provisions inargu-ably concerns the discharge of his official duties, and falls squarely within the scope of this statutory provision. Plaintiffs have made no allegation that Owens acted in bad faith or with malice. Consequently, Owens is relieved from all personal liability for damages caused by The Station fire.

The State of Rhode Island

The State of Rhode Island, is charged with negligence in the enactment and enforcement of fire safety laws, “through its Fire Marshal, Irving J. Owens.” Master Complaint ¶ 434. Under the theory of respondeat superior, the State’s liability results from the alleged negligence of Owens, acting in his official capacity. The Court has concluded above that Owens is relieved from personal liability; however, the question remains as to whether the State may still be liable for actions Owens took, or failed to take, in his official capacity.

Plaintiffs assert that even if Owens is absolved from personal liability, the State remains liable for Owens’ negligent conduct. However, for reasons explained below, this Court holds that Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-17 also provides immunity for the State under these particular circumstances.

Returning to the above-quoted statutory immunity provision: the first sentence relieves the Fire Marshal from all personal liability for damages resulting from any official act. The third sentence goes further:

... and any fire marshal, acting in good faith and without malice, shall be free from liability for acts performed under any of its provisions or by reason of any act or omission in the performance of his or her official duties in connection therewith.

R.I.G.L. § 23-28.2-17. The impact of this sentence is to relieve the Fire Marshal from all liability for acts undertaken in the performance of his duty, as long as his actions are free from bad faith and malice. This interpretation operates to absolve both Owens, and consequently the State, of all liability for any acts of negligence committed in connection with the enforcement of regulations at The Station, as no bad faith or malice on the part of Owens has been alleged in the Master Complaint. If no liability can be charged against Owens, then no respondeat superior liability can be charged to the State.

Plaintiffs urge the Court to ignore this plain language interpretation, and to limit the relief granted by the statute to personal liability only, leaving the State as a defendant. However, a close reading of the two Rhode Island Supreme Court cases that have addressed this qualified immunity statute reveals that Plaintiffs’ position is not mandated, and is not the correct one.

The statutory immunity section was enacted by the Rhode Island legislature in 1975, and the Rhode Island Supreme Court first interpreted it in 1984 in Bitgood v. Allstate Ins. Co., 481 A.2d 1001. In that case, the plaintiffs place of business burned down, killing his associate. An investigation ensued, undertaken by the State Deputy Fire Marshal.- The plaintiff filed a claim with his insurance company, and was told that he would be paid when the insurance company received the Deputy Fire Marshal’s final report absolving plaintiff from any criminal liability for the fire. This report, which did clear plaintiff, of all liability, was completed approximately six months after the fire, but not received by the insurance company until another seven months after that. In the meantime, Plaintiff sued the Deputy Fire Marshal, the State and the insurance company, alleging, among other charges, that they conspired to delay the final report and his financial recovery. An eventual pay-out under the insurance policy constituted a settlement with that defendant, and the case against the State and the Deputy Fire Marshal proceeded to trial, resulting in a directed verdict in favor of the Deputy Fire Marshal. In affirming the directed verdict, the Supreme Court wrote,

Section 23-28.2-17 purports to relieve the fire marshal and his personnel from any personal liability resulting from the carrying out of their responsibilities.... A review of the record failed to disclose substantial evidence to support the allegation of bad faith as an issue for the jury-

481 A.2d at 1006 -1007.

The Court next goes on to dispense with the State’s appeal concerning the denial of its motion to dismiss and alleged improper service of process, declaring that “these issues have been rendered moot in light of the fact that the state and its deputy fire marshal, Ignagni, are the prevailing parties in this action.” 481 A.2d at 1008. Although the Bitgood Court speaks in terms of the statute providing the Deputy Fire Marshal relief from personal liability only, it does not preserve any cause of action against the State after affirming the directed verdict in favor of the Deputy Fire Marshal. 481 A.2d at 1009.

In Vaill v. Franklin, 722 A.2d 793 (R.I.1999), a shop owner claimed that the town’s fire chief and officers violated his civil rights when they conducted an emergency inspection of. his shop during the annual Christmas tree lighting ceremony/sales event. The trial judge granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the grounds that R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-17 shielded them from liability. 722 A.2d at 795. On appeal, the Rhode Island Supreme Court held that there was no evidence to show that the officers, who were following the orders of the Fire Chief, acted in bad faith or with malice. “... [Tjherefore,” the Court concluded, “the trial court did not err when it found that the officers were shielded from liability based upon qualified immunity.” 722 A.2d at 795.

On the other hand, the determination of whether the Fire Chief was likewise shielded from liability by the statute was dependent on whether the spot inspection was a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment. Presumably, a search which failed to pass constitutional scrutiny could be found by the jury to be evidence of bad faith. Consequently, summary judgment was vacated as to the Fire Chief, and the case was remanded for a determination of the material facts concerning the constitutionality of the search. 722 A.2d at 796.

In the case herein, Plaintiffs urge the Court to follow cases where the Rhode Island Supreme Court has indicated that a municipality could be liable for the negligence of its building inspector. See Haworth v. Lannon, 813 A.2d 62 (R.I.2003) and Quality Court Condominium Ass’n v. Quality Hill Dev. Corp., 641 A.2d 746 (R.I.1994). While these cases certainly have some similarities to the case before the Court, they are also distinguishable and, therefore, not controlling. The State Fire Marshal has been granted immunity by the legislature; the building inspector cases were analyzed by the Rhode Island Supreme Court according to the public duty doctrine.

This Court’s reading of the statutory immunity provision is consistent with the Rhode Island Supreme Court’s sovereign immunity jurisprudence. In 1970, the State of Rhode Island underwent a radical shift in its policy on the historical doctrine of sovereign immunity. First the immunity previously enjoyed by the state’s municipalities was abrogated by Becker v. Beau-doin, 106 R.I. 562, 261 A.2d 896 (1970) (this writer was the trial judge in that case); then the legislature followed with a broad waiver of the State’s immunity from tort liability as codified by Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 9-31-1. In the ensuing thirty-five years, some fine tuning has taken place.

Despite the broad language of Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 9-31-1, courts have exercised restraint in imposing tort liability on the State in all cases. This is in keeping with the holdings of the United States Supreme Court, which has said on this issue,

When the Court in 1793 held that a State could be sued in the federal courts by a citizen of another State, the Eleventh Amendment was passed precluding it. But this is an immunity which a State may waive at is pleasure. The conclusion that there has been a waiver will not be lightly inferred.

Petty v. Tennessee-Missouri Bridge Comm’n, 359 U.S. 275, 276, 79 S.Ct. 785, 3 L.Ed.2d 804 (1959) (emphasis added) (cites omitted). In Marrapese v. Rhode Island, 500 F.Supp. 1207 (D.R.I.1980), Judge Pet-tine of this Court stated,

In accordance with the standard of Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938), this Court must find that there has been an “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.” The most obvious evidence of such relinquishment would be an explicit, statutory statement that Rhode Island consents to be sued in the federal courts.

500 F.Supp. 1207, 1212-1213. See also Andrade v. State, 448 A.2d 1293, 1294 (R.I.1982).

In Calhoun v. Providence, 120 R.I. 619, 390 A.2d 350, 355 (1978), the Rhode Island Supreme Court explicitly recognized that “there is a zone of governmental operation which should be insulated from tort claims ...” In Calhoun, the plaintiff was mistakenly rearrested on a motor vehicle charge that had been resolved. The error came about when either the judge or court clerk failed to cancel the initial capias, or warrant, on resolution of the case. In upholding the notion of judicial immunity, the Court engaged in an extensive defense of the practice of limiting the State’s waiver of tort liability,

However, unlike the common law doctrine of sovereign immunity which operated as a bar to recovery regardless of whether countervailing policies were implicated, current limitations upon governmental liability proceed from considerations of competing interests. There must be a weighing of the injured party’s demand for justice against the state’s equally valid claim to exercise certain powers for the good of all without burdensome encumbrances and disruptive forces.

390 A.2d at 355.

This Court opines that it is precisely this weighing of countervailing values that resulted in the state legislature’s decision to relieve the State Fire Marshal and his or her deputies from tort liability for all actions undertaken in connection with his or her official duties, except where those actions were motivated by bad faith or malice. Because Plaintiffs herein have not alleged that Owens acted in bad faith or with malice, the charges against him, in his official capacity, must be dismissed.

The Rhode Island Supreme Court in Calhoun also states clearly that no liability can be charged to the State, based on the doctrine of respondeat superior, if the state’s agent or employee is immune from prosecution: “We, therefore, find in this case, as did the trial justice, that plaintiffs claim is barred if the state official responsible for canceling the capias personally enjoyed the protection of a governmental immunity from tort liability.” 390 A.2d at 357.

This same position was reiterated by the Rhode Island Supreme Court in a case involving prison guards, Saunders v. State, 446 A.2d 748 (R.I.1982). In that case, this District Court had certified several questions of law to the Rhode Island Supreme Court. One of the questions concerned the State’s respondeat superior liability for the torts of its employees. In response, the Rhode Island Supreme Court wrote,

Consequently, in the event that a correctional officer employed by the state was guilty of negligence and was not protected by personal immunity, the state would be liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior for the negligence of its employee subject to the monetary limitation set forth in § 9-31-2.

446 A.2d at 752 (emphasis added).

Therefore, it appears that the immunity from personal liability afforded the Fire Marshal by R.I.G.L. § 23-28.2-17, for actions taken in his official capacity, is sufficient to shield the State from liability for those actions, even without the broader immunity offered by the section’s final sentence. Accordingly, all allegations in the Master Complaint against the State of Rhode Island and Irving J. Owens must be dismissed.

Henault allegations

A group of plaintiffs from Connecticut, under the caption Henault v. American Foam Corp., C.A. No. 03-483L, has adopted the Master Complaint and also enumerated several additional claims in its Notice of Adoption of First Amended Master Complaint. Based on the immunity provided Fire Marshal Irving J. Owens and the State by Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-17, these additional counts are hereby dismissed. The counts include Count Eight for negligence, Count Nine for damages stemming from the commission of a crime (R.I.G.L. § 9-1-2), and Count Ten, which names Owens and the State in a joint venture with other named defendants, which is dismissed only to the extent of removing Owens and the State from the list of joint venturers.

Defendants from the Town of West Warwick

The Town Defendants include the Town of West Warwick as represented by Malcolm Moore, in his official capacity as Finance Director, police officer Anthony Bettencourt and Fire Inspector Denis Larocque. The Town’s memoranda identifies seven grounds for the dismissal of the allegations against these defendants. To determine whether or not any of these arguments is sufficient to defeat the allegations at this pleading stage, the Court will review each argument separately.

Statutory immunity

Town fire official Denis Larocque asserts that he is a deputy to the State Fire Marshal and, therefore, the allegations against him must be dismissed based upon the statutory immunity provided by Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-17. In the Master Complaint, as well as in the Henault Plaintiffs’ Notice of Adoption of First Amended Master Complaint (hereinafter “Notice of Adoption”), Larocque is identified as Fire Inspector for the Town of West Warwick.

Pursuant to Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-9, the State Fire Marshal “may appoint as many nonsalaried assistant deputy state fire marshals as he or she may deem necessary ...” The statute provides further: “(b) The chief of the fire department of the several cities, towns, and fire districts may be an assistant fire marshal subject to the approval of the state fire marshal ...” R.I.G.L. 23-28.2-9(b). At the present stage in this litigation, there is no evidence of Larocque’s appointment as a deputy. Without this evidence, the immunity statute cannot properly be invoked or applied on his behalf.

Furthermore, Plaintiffs allege that Lar-ocque’s negligence “constituted a lack of good faith performance of his duties.” Master Complaint, ¶ 421. If the Plaintiffs can demonstrate that Larocque’s negligence in carrying out his duties resulted from bad faith or malice, then the immunity statute would not provide a shield for him' — regardless of his status as a deputy fire marshal. R.I Gen. Laws § 23-28.2-17.

Quasi-judicial immunity

The Town Defendants argue that Larocque is protected from liability under the doctrine of quasi-judicial immunity. The Rhode Island Supreme Court has recognized that “... agents of the state who performed a quasi-judicial function were entitled to immunity both for themselves and for the sovereign entity that employed them.” Mall at Coventry Joint Venture v. McLeod, 721 A.2d 865, 869 (R.I.1998) (citing Psilopoulos v. State, 636 A.2d 727 (R.I.1994)). In Suitor v. Nugent, 98 R.I. 56, 199 A.2d 722, 724 (1964), the Rhode Island Supreme Court adopted a description of the quasi-judicial function from the New Jersey Superior Court,

Where a power rests in judgment or discretion, so that it is of a judicial nature or character, but does not involve the exercise of the functions of a judge, or is conferred upon an officer other than judicial officer, it is generally deemed ‘quasi-judicial.’ Throop, Public Officers, Sec. 533. It is defined as a term applied to the action and discretion of public administrative officers, who are required to investigate facts, and draw conclusions from them, as a basis for their official action, and to exercise discretion of a judicial nature.

199 A.2d at 724, (citing State v. Winne, 21 N.J.Super. 180, 198, 91 A.2d 65, 74 (1952)).

Plaintiffs allege that Larocque was negligent in the performance of his duties, and some of those duties and responsibilities are enumerated in the Master Complaint. However, the information supplied at this point in the litigation is insufficient to make a determination as to whether Lar-ocque was required “to exercise discretion of a judicial nature” in the performance of his job. Id., at 724. Consequently, dismissing the allegations against Larocque or the Town based upon the doctrine of quasi-judicial immunity would be inappropriate at this time.

‘Negligent enforcement’ not a cause of action

The Town Defendants argue that the allegations against them must be dismissed because there is no cause of action for a governmental entity’s negligent enforcement of a regulatory scheme, such as the State Fire Safety Code. In support of this contention, they rely on a line of cases from Kentucky, and one from Vermont. The Town Defendants are correct that the Fire Safety Code does not include a civil remedy for violations, and that the Rhode Island Supreme Court would be unlikely to infer that such a remedy exists. See Bandoni v. State, 715 A.2d 580, 585 (R.I.1998).

However, Plaintiffs respond that the cause of action they have alleged is not for negligent enforcement of a regulatory scheme. Instead, according to Plaintiffs, the Town Defendants’ duty was a common law duty to act carefully after affirmatively undertaking a responsibility — in this case, to inspect the building and enforce the fire code. The Rhode Island Supreme Court has indeed held that such a duty exists,

We have recognized the doctrine that one who assumes a duty must do so with reasonable care whether or not that person had an obligation to perform the act or repairs prior to assuming the duty.

Izen v. Winoker, 589 A.2d 824, 828 (R.I.1991).

Moreover, Plaintiffs are able to cite several Rhode Island Supreme Court cases where a cause of action was found to exist for negligent enforcement of the State’s building code, which, like the Fire Safety Code, does not include a private right of action or civil remedy. See Torres v. Damicis, 853 A.2d 1233 (R.I.2004); Ha-worth v. Lannon, 813 A.2d 62 (R.I.2003); Boland v. Tiverton, 670 A.2d 1245 (R.I.1996); Quality Court Condominium Ass’n v. Quality Hill Dev. Corp., 641 A.2d 746 (R.I.1994). The Rhode Island Supreme Court relied on th'e law pertaining to the public duty doctrine to analyze these cases. This Court concludes, therefore, that the Plaintiffs’ negligence count sets forth a cause of action and that a public duty doctrine analysis is the appropriate approach.

Public Duty Doctrine

The Town Defendants assert that Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by the public duty doctrine. The public duty doctrine is an exception to the broad waiver of sovereign immunity granted by Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 9-31-1. The doctrine shields a government entity from tort liability, as long as the entity is engaged in a governmental function of the sort that is not ordinarily undertaken by private individuals. In the following instances, the Rhode Island Supreme Court has found that the government entity was performing a function not ordinarily undertaken by private individuals: the issuance of an entertainment license by the town council, Marti-nelli v. Hopkins, 787 A.2d 1158 (R.I.2001); highway maintenance, Wroblewski v. Clark, 88 R.I. 235, 146 A.2d 164 (1958) and Knudsen v. Hall, 490 A.2d 976 (R.I.1985); supervision of prisoners in jail, Becker v. Beaudoin, 106 R.I. 562, 261 A.2d 896 (R.I 1970); issuance of a driver’s license, Ryan v. DOT, 420 A.2d 841 (R.I.1980).

A government entity engaged in carrying out an exclusively governmental function will generally be rendered immune from tort liability by the public duty doctrine, unless the government’s actions fall into one of two exceptions: 1) when the government entity owes a special duty to the plaintiff; or 2) when the government’s negligent conduct is egregious. Martinelli v. Hopkins, 787 A.2d 1158, 1167 (R.I.2001).

The Rhode Island Supreme Court distinguishes a ‘public duty’ owed to the citizenry at large from a'‘special duty’ owed to a specific identifiable individual, and describes the distinction as “a manifestation of public policy.” Orzechowski v. State, 485 A.2d 545, 548 (R.I.1984). In Quality Court Condominium Ass’n v. Quality Hill Dev. Corp., 641 A.2d 746 (R.I.1994), the Rhode Island Supreme Court concluded that the City of Pawtucket, because of the actions of the City’s building inspector, owed a special duty to the condominium association whose buildings were plagued by construction defects in violation of the state building code. The Supreme Court emphasized that a single visit to a building site by the building inspector to ensure code compliance would be insufficient to establish a special duty. However, in this case, the City’s building inspector had met repeatedly with the seller of.the condominiums, the unit owners, the architect and the State building inspector in an effort to resolve the construction problems. The Supreme Court wrote,

This court is persuaded that the specific events listed above brought the individual unit owners “specifically into the realm of [the city’s] knowledge.” This was not an instance in which the potential “victim” was unknown to the city. After the meeting with a representative of the Attorney General’s office the city’s duty was to the individual owners of the condominium’s units and “not to some amorphous, unknown ‘public.’ ”

641 A.2d at 751 (cites omitted).

The Rhode Island Supreme Court further limited the public duty doctrine in 1991, when it established the “egregious” conduct exception in the ease of Verity v. Danti, 585 A.2d 65 (R.I.1991). In that case, a girl was injured when she stepped off the sidewalk in order to avoid a large tree that blocked her way. When she stepped onto Route 44, she was struck by a car. The tree took up the entire sidewalk, and a stone wall prevented pedestrians from passing the tree on the other side. The trial judge granted the State’s motion to dismiss based upon the public duty doctrine. 585 A.2d at 66.

But the Supreme Court found that state employees were aware of the tree, which had stood in that spot for over 100 years, and held that the State’s failure to remove the tree “forced Stephanie into the position of peril that caused her to be injured.” 585 A.2d at 67. The Supreme Court stated,

We find that the state’s negligence in this instance is so extreme that to bar suit under the public duty doctrine would effectively excuse governmental employees from remedying perilous situations that they themselves have created. To recognize governmental immunity under the present facts would violate the basic premise of the Tort Claims Act as stated above.... We conclude, therefore, that when the state has knowledge that it has created a circumstance that forces an individual into a position of peril and subsequently chooses not to remedy the situation, the public duty doctrine does not shield the state from liability.

585 A.2d at 67.

To determine if the public duty doctrine provides a shelter of immunity for the Town Defendants, the Court must make determinations on the following three issues: 1) was the particular defendant engaged in an activity not ordinarily undertaken by private individuals? 2) did the particular defendant owe a special duty to the Station Plaintiffs? and 3) were the actions of that defendant egregiously negligent? Obviously, such determinations must await the presentation of evidence.

Anthony Bettencourt

The threshold issue is sufficient to eliminate West Warwick police officer Anthony Bettencourt from the protection of the public duty doctrine. According to the Master Complaint, Bettencourt “was employed as a special detail officer to provide security services, and enforce the law, at The Station nightclub before and during the Great White Concert.” Master Complaint ¶ 417. The act of providing security services is one that is frequently carried out by private individuals. See Housing Authority of the City of Providence v. Oropeza, 713 A.2d 1262, 1264 (R.I.1998). The Court has insufficient evidence to evaluate Bettencourt’s duties, or to make a determination as to the precise nature of the arrangement among Bettencourt, The Station owners and the Town of West Warwick. The analysis as to whether Bettencourt can be shielded from liability by the public duty doctrine must await development of the facts pertaining thereto.

Denis Larocque

West Warwick Fire Inspector Denis Larocque “was responsible for inspecting commercial structures in the Town of West Warwick and for enforcing the fire code and building laws of the State of Rhode Island within West Warwick.” Master Complaint ¶ 414. The Rhode Island Supreme Court recommends a “functional rather than abstract” analysis of this activity: ‘We inquire whether this is an activity that a private person or corporation would be likely to carry out?” O’Brien v. State, 555 A.2d 334, 338 (R.I.1989).

The Supreme Court has consistently held that the enforcement of the state building code is not an activity engaged in by private persons or corporations. Torres v. Damicis, 853 A.2d 1233, 1239 (R.I.2004). Consistent with this analysis, this Court holds that the enforcement of the fire code is likewise not an activity undertaken by private persons or corporations.

The Henault Plaintiffs have alleged that Larocque owed a duty “in particular” to the patrons of The Station. Henault Notice of Adoption ¶ 45. The Master Complaint has alleged that the negligence of Larocque, and through him the Town, was egregious in nature. Master Complaint ¶421. These allegations that Larocque’s negligence fits into one or both of the exceptions to the public duty doctrine are sufficient to prevent the dismissal of the charges against Larocque and the Town on these grounds.

In this decision this Court concurs with the Rhode Island Supreme Court which has stated that “controversies in which the public duty doctrine is asserted as a defense are not susceptible of disposition by means of a motion for judgment on the pleadings ...” Haley v. Town of Lincoln, 611 A.2d 845, 847 (R.I.1992). The Supreme Court explained further:

In such cases to succeed on a Rule 12(c) motion, the state must demonstrate to a certainty that its relationship with the plaintiff does not come within an exception to the public duty doctrine. It is virtually impossible for the state to sustain such a burden when the pleadings are viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.... In light of the fact-intensive exceptions to the public duty doctrine, the trial court is unlikely to be able to hold that the plaintiff could not establish the state’s negligence under any set of facts that might be adduced at trial.

611 A.2d at 849-50. See also Tedesco v. Connors, 871 A.2d 920, 926 (R.I.2005). Based on the information made available to the Court at this time by the pleadings, viewed in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, it does not appear that the public duty doctrine can shield Bettencourt, Larocque and the Town of West Warwick from the burden of going forward as defendants in this case.

No criminal conduct giving rise to civil damages

Plaintiffs have alleged that Larocque’s actions or omissions constitute the commission of a crime or offense, and, therefore, Plaintiffs may recover damages from him and the Town pursuant to Rhode Island Gen. Laws § 9-1-2, which provides crime victims with recourse to make a financial recovery from crime perpetrators. Defendants seek the dismissal of this count because, they argue, the allegations do not support a finding that Lar-ocque committed a criminal act.

Under Section 9-1-2, a plaintiff may bring a cause of action even if no criminal complaint for the crime or offense has been filed. Mello v. DaLomba, 798 A.2d 405, 411 (R.I.2002). The Rhode Island Supreme Court defines the common law crime of involuntary manslaughter as follows, “This court has long held that the crime of involuntary manslaughter may be based upon proof that a defendant has been guilty of gross negligence and that such gross negligence is equated with the term ‘criminal negligence.’ ” State v. Cacchiotti, 568 A.2d 1026, 1030 (R.I.1990). If, as they have alleged, Plaintiffs can establish that Larocque was egregiously negligent in carrying out, or failing to carry out, his duties in enforcing the fire code, then it is possible that his negligence could be found to be ‘gross’ or ‘criminal’ negligence. Consequently, the Court holds that it would be premature at this time to dismiss the counts for civil damages under section 9-1-2.

Proximate cause

The Town Defendants assert that the negligence claims against them must be dismissed because their actions were not the proximate cause of Plaintiffs’ injuries. The fire, they argue, was caused by intervening negligent and criminal acts of others, which acts break the causal chain.

To make a prima facie case of negligence under Rhode Island law, Plaintiffs must show that 1) Defendants owed them a legal duty to refrain from negligent activities; 2) Defendants breached that duty; 3) the breach proximately caused Plaintiffs’ injuries; and 4) actual loss or damages resulted. Splendorio v. Bilray Demolition Co., 682 A.2d 461, 466 (R.I.1996).

Proximate cause is described as the proximate connection between a defendant’s negligence and plaintiffs injury, or a cause which is natural, unbroken and continuous. Peycke v. United E. Ry., 49 R.I. 257, 259, 142 A. 232 (1928).

“It is well settled that in order to gain recovery in a negligence action, a plaintiff must establish* * *proximate causation between the conduct and the resulting injury, and the actual loss or damage.” Jenard v. Halpin, 567 A.2d 368, 370 (R.I.1989) (citing Atlantic Home Insulation, Inc. v. James J. Reilly, Inc., 537 A.2d 126, 128 (R.I.1988)). “[P]roximate cause is established by showing that but for the negligence of the tortfeasor, injury to the plaintiff would not have occurred.” Skaling v. Aetna Insurance Co., 742 A.2d 282, 288 (R.I.1999) (citing Fondedile, S.A. v. C.E. Maguire, Inc., 610 A.2d 87, 95 (R.I.1992)).

English v. Green, 787 A.2d 1146, 1151 (R.I.2001).

However, the Rhode Island Supreme Court has also stated that “the negligence of a third party intervening between the defendant’s negligence and the damage breaks the causal connection between the two.” Mahogany v. Ward, 16 R.I. 479, 481, 17 A. 860 (1889). The Mahogany Court, charged with apportioning liability between the drivers of two horse-drawn carriages on a single-lane road in Middle-town, went on to explain an exception to the rule about intervening acts:

The rule above stated is subject to the qualification that, if the intervening act is such as might reasonably have been anticipated as the natural or probable result of the original negligence, the original negligence will, notwithstanding such intervening act, be regarded as the proximate cause of the injury, and will render the person guilty of it chargeable.

Mahogany v. Ward, 16 R.I. at 483, 17 A. 860.

More recently, the Rhode Island Supreme Court addressed the issue of proximate and intervening causes in the case of an injured tennis player, Hueston v. Narragansett Tennis Club, 502 A.2d 827 (R.I.1986). There the Supreme Court wrote, “It is fundamental that there may be concurring proximate causes which contribute to a plaintiffs injury and that a defendant’s negligence is not always rendered remote in the causal sense merely because a second cause intervenes.” 502 A.2d at 830. The key is foreseeability: Are the intervening acts the natural and probable consequence of defendant’s negligence; and could those intervening acts have reasonably been anticipated by the defendant? Clements v. Tashjoin, 92 R.I. 308, 168 A.2d 472, 474 (1961).

In the Master Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that police officer Anthony Bettencourt failed to enforce occupancy restrictions at The Station, permitting dangerous overcrowding, and that he failed to enforce the laws governing the legal use of pyrotechnics. Denis Larocque allegedly failed to adequately inspect The Station for safety violations and failed to enforce a myriad of fire safety laws and standards. These laws and regulations were all enacted in order to ensure the safety of the general public. These laws are designed to prevent fire or mitigate its impact in public places. It is logical that violations of these laws and regulations would result in an increased possibility of fire and increased hazard to the general public. By definition, fire is a foreseeable consequence of a violation of a fire prevention regulation. Plaintiffs’ allegations against Bettencourt, Larocque and the Town, if proven, are sufficient to support a finding of proximate cause, and support a theory of liability against Defendants. Consequently, the Town Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the allegations of negligence based on a lack of proximate cause is denied.

No in personam jurisdiction

In their Memorandum in Support of their Motion to Dismiss the Henault complaint (which complaint was originally filed in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut), Defendants argue that the Connecticut District Court lacks in personam jurisdiction over them. In reviewing the travel of the case, this Court concludes that this issue has been addressed and resolved, and therefore is moot.

In determining whether a transfer of venue is proper, courts look to the jurisdictional authority of the transferee court rather than the transferor court. See Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 369 U.S. 463, 466, 82 S.Ct. 913, 8 L.Ed.2d 39 (1962), Mulcahy v. Guertler, 416 F.Supp. 1083, 1085 (D.Mass.1976). In transferring the Henault matter to this Court in October 2003, United States District Judge Dominic Squatrito wrote,

Prior to determining whether a transfer is appropriate pursuant to Section 1404 [28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)], certain conditions must be met. The phrase “where it might be brought” has been interpreted to mean that, in order to transfer a case to another district pursuant to Section 1404, the transferee court must have subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiffs must have been able to acquire personal jurisdiction over each defendant in the transferee district. See Hoffman v. Bla-ski, 363 U.S. 335, 343-45, 80 S.Ct. 1084, 4 L.Ed.2d 1254. Here, these prerequisites have been satisfied.

Memorandum of Decision and Order, Case No. 3:03CV999(DJS), 10/3/03.

When this Court held that it could properly exercise jurisdiction over all the Station fire cases in Passa v. Derderian, 308 F.Supp.2d 43 (D.R.I.2004), this writer specifically made note of the Henault case:

Currently, this Court has been transferred three additional cases arising from the Station nightclub fire from Connecticut and Massachusetts. The plaintiffs in these cases are not all from Rhode Island- — -indeed, in Estate of He-nault v. American Foam, C.A. No. 03-483L, the filing plaintiffs are all from Connecticut, and have jurisdiction in this court based on the federal diversity statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

308 F.Supp.2d at 59.

The determination of Judge Squatrito as to the propriety of the transfer of venue, as well as this Court’s conclusion in Passa that its exercise of jurisdiction was proper, indicate that the issue of in per-sonam jurisdiction has previously been analyzed and decided in the case of these Defendants. Moreover, the fact that the Henault plaintiffs adopted the First Amended Master Complaint on December 14, 2004, renders moot any hypothetical technical shortcomings of their earlier filings. See Kendall v. Overseas Dev. Corp., 700 F.2d 536, 539 (9th Cir.1983).

Joint venture

Count Ten of the Henault Plaintiffs’ Notice of Adoption charges that the Town of West Warwick and Denis Laroeque, along with several other defendants, entered into a joint venture in the pursuit of economic gain and their common business interests.

Under Rhode Island law, a joint venture is “an undertaking by two or more persons jointly to carry out a single business enterprise for profit.” Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. E.W. Burman, Inc., 120 R.I. 841, 391 A.2d 99, 101 (1978). In McAleer v. Smith, 860 F.Supp. 924 (D.R.I.1994), this Court wrote,

Generally, in order for a joint venture to exist, the parties must be bound by express or implied contract, providing for: (1) a community of interests, and (2) joint or mutual control, that is, an equal right to direct and govern the undertaking. In addition, the joint venture agreement must provide for a sharing of losses as well as profits.

860 F.Supp. at 943. When a joint venture is established, then all members of the joint venture are chargeable with the negligence of one member acting in further-anee of the joint enterprise. Walsh v. Israel Couture Post, No. 2274 V.F.W., 542 A.2d 1094, 1096 (R.I.1988).

A review of the joint venture allegations in the Notice of Adoption reveals few of the requisite elements. The alleged joint venturers, twenty-five in number, include the owners of the nightclub, the band members and road manager, the corporate sponsors, Denis Larocque and the Town of West Warwick, Irving J. Owens and the State of Rhode Island, and two California corporations which the Court believes may comprise the band’s promoter and/or recording company. According to Count Ten, these parties entered into “an express or implied agreement for the common purpose and design of planning, endorsing, sponsoring, promoting, and/or advertising the concert” in order to pursue common business interests and economic gain. Notice of Adoption, ¶¶ 67 — 68. The Henault Plaintiffs also allege that each joint venturer could “voice concerns regarding the event” and that each controlled “certain aspects of the planning, endorsement, sponsorship, promotion, and/or advertising relating to the Great White concert.” Notice of Adoption, ¶ 69.

While it may be true that at least some of the joint venture Defendants collaborated to put on the Great White concert, Plaintiffs fail to make the essential allegation that they had an agreement to share profits and losses. The Court has tried, in the words of Circuit Chief Judge Boudin, “indulging to a reasonable degree a plaintiff who has not yet had an opportunity to conduct discovery.” DM Research, Inc. v. College of Am. Pathologists, 170 F.3d 53, 55 (1st Cir.1999). However, despite all indulgent inferences, the Court is unable to imagine what kind of an agreement could include these twenty-five defendants. Plaintiffs allege that the Town Defendants failed to adequately inspect The Station for fire and other safety hazards. There is no allegation that the Town Defendants had an agreement with the nightclub owners, the corporate sponsors, or any of the other defendants to share in the profits and losses from the concert, or, that they played any role in putting on the concert.

For all these reasons, the Court concludes that the Henault Plaintiffs have failed to allege adequate factual predicates to support their claim. Even if all the allegations are taken as true, a joint venture has not been sufficiently pleaded. Consequently, Count Ten of the Notice of Adoption in the Henault case is dismissed as to the Town of West Warwick and Denis Larocque.

Conclusion

For the aforementioned reasons, this Court grants the Motion to Dismiss of the State of Rhode Island and State Fire Marshal Irving J. Owens as to all allegations set forth in the First Amended Master Complaint, and the Henault Notice of Adoption. The Court denies the Motion to Dismiss of the Town of West Warwick, on behalf of Malcolm Moore, Denis Larocque and Anthony Bettencourt, except that Count Ten of the Notice of Adoption of First Amended Master Complaint in the Henault case is dismissed as to these Defendants. No judgment shall enter at this time.

It is so ordered. 
      
      . The section reads: 9-31-1. Tort liability of state. — The state of Rhode Island and any political subdivision thereof, including all cities and towns, shall, subject to the period of limitations set forth in § 9-1-25, hereby be liable in all actions of tort in the same manner as a private individual or corporation; provided, however, that any recovery in any such action shall not exceed the monetary limitations thereof set forth in this chapter.
     
      
      . See Bolden v. Covington, 803 S.W.2d 577 (Ky.1991) and Corbin v. Buchanan, 163 Vt. 141, 657 A.2d 170 (1994).
     
      
      . R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-2 states: Civil liability for crimes and offenses. — Whenever any person shall suffer any injury to his or her person, reputation, or estate by reason of the commission of any crime or offense, he or she may recover his or her damages for the injury in civil action against the offender, and it shall not be any defense to such action that no criminal complaint for the crime or offense has been made; and whenever any person shall be guilty of larceny, he or she shall be liable to the owner of the money or articles taken for twice the value thereof, unless the money or articles are restored, and for the value thereof of in case of restoration.
     
      
      . Defendants filed their memorandum of law on August 31, 2004, which predates by several months the Henault Plaintiffs Notice of Adoption of the First Amended Master Complaint.
     
      
      . The other defendants included in the joint venture are: Jeffrey Derderian; Michael Derderian; DERCO, LLC d/b/a The Station; Manic Music Management, Inc., Jack Russell; Mark Kendall; David Filice; Eric Powers; Daniel Biechele; Paul Woolnough; Knight Records, Inc.; Anheuser-Busch, Inc.; Anheu-ser-Busch Companies, Inc.; McLaughlin & Moran, Inc.; Clear Channel Broadcasting, Inc. d/b/a WHJY-FM; Citadel Communications Corporation d/b/a WQGN-FM; Motiva Enterprises, LLC; Shell Oil Company; State of Rhode Island; and Irving J. Owens.
     