
    Martin Campbell, Appellant, v. McNulty Brothers, a Corporation, Respondent, Impleaded with Thomas & Buckley Hoisting Company, a Corporation, Defendant.
    First Department,
    May 29, 1914.
    Master and servant — negligence — absolute duty of sub-contractor to furnisb safe hoists or elevators.
    A sub-contractor is charged by the statute (Labor Law, § 18) with the absolute duty of providing sáfe elevators or hoists for the use of his employees, and cannot delegate the duty to other contractors.
    Hence, in an action by an employee of a sub-contractor for personal injuries sustained by the fall of an elevator or hoist furnished by another contractor, which he had been directed by the defendant to use in the prosecution of his work, it. is error to dismiss the complaint.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, Martin Campbell, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the respondent, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 15th day of January, 1914, upon the dismissal of the complaint as to the respondent by direction of the court at the close of plaintiff’s case.
    
      Ernest G. Stevens of counsel [Edward W. Beattie, Jr., attorney], for the appellant.
    
      Edward F. Lindsay of counsel [James B. Henney, attorney], for the respondent.
   Clarke, J.:

The complaint alleges that the George A. Fuller Company was the general contractor for the erection of the new post office building at Thirty-first street and Eighth avenue; that the defendant Thomas & Buckley Hoisting Company had a contract with said Fuller Company providing for the installation and operation of one or more elevators or hoists to be used by the various sub-contractors in the construction of said building, and had installed and was operating an elevator or hoist and the machinery connected therewith; that the defendant McNulty Brothers had a contract with the said Fuller Company for the plaster work and was engaged in the performance of said work; that plaintiff was on June 25, 1912, in the employ of McNulty Brothers as a plasterer’s helper, his duties consisting of unloading from said elevator car or hoist quantities of construction material and of distributing the same on the various floors for use by the plasterers, and that plaintiff was directed and required by said McNulty Brothers to use and ride on said elevator car or hoist in the performance of his work; that while plaintiff was in such employ and engaged in the performance of his said work, and for that purpose, while riding with a fellow-employee upon said elevator car or hoist, and without fault or negligence on his part said car or hoist without notice or warning dropped headlong with the greatest violence to the cellar of said building, a distance of about four stories, carrying both men and a quantity of building material with it; that said accident was due to a defective condition of the brake band on the hoisting engine operated in connection with said elevator car or hoist and by means of which it was raised and lowered; as a result of which defective condition said brake band broke without notice or warning' to plaintiff, through and by reason of the fault, carelessness and negligence of defendants, their agents, servants and employees. There was a written stipulation by which McNulty Brothers admitted that at the time of the accident they were using the hod hoist for raising material through the permission of the general contractor, which hoist was installed and operated by the Thomas & Buckley Hoisting Company pursuant to agreement with the George A. Fuller Company, and that McNulty Brothers were charged by the George A. Fuller Company for said use and paid for same.

On the opening the court dismissed the complaint as to McNulty Brothers, upon its motion, and then a juror was with, drawn, as none of the parties cared to go on as against the Thomas & Buckley Hoisting Company alone until the question of the liability of the plaintiff’s immediate employer, McNulty Brothers, was settled.

At the time of the trial the judgments in the following cases had been made and stood unreversed, and it was upon them that the learned tidal court granted the motion. ‘

In Bohnhoff v. Fischer (149 App. Div. 747) one Kennedy was the general contractor and one Fischer was a sub-contractor for the construction of the ironwork. The building’ was nearing completion. The work under way at the time of the accident was the construction of a pent house, a projection above the main roof for the accommodation of the elevator machinery. This pent house was about twelve feet above the roof. Kennedy’s employees, who were at work upon this part of the structure laying bricks, had constructed a runway by placing two planks with one end upon the main roof and the other upon wooden horses, with two other planks running from these horses to the roof of the pent house. At the same time and place defendant Fischer’s men were placing some of the last of the ironwork. Plaintiff was in the employ of Fischer as an iron-worker and was caused to fall and was injured by the alleged negligent manner in which said plank was laid. The evidence was undisputed that the runway was constructed and maintained by Kennedy or his employees, and that' it was used in common by the employees of Kennedy and Fischer. The broad question upon the appeal was whether the defendant Fischer was to be charged with responsibility under the provisions of section 18 of the Labor Law (now Consol. Laws, chap. 31 [Laws of 1909, chap. 36], § 18, as amd. by Laws of 1911, chap. 693). Writing for the Appellate Division, Second Department, Mr. Justice Woodward said: “We must examine the language, therefore, and determine whether a sub-contractor, doing no act in reference to the furnishing of materials or the construction of a scaffolding, but who merely sends his employees to a building to do certain work, and they make use of the structures erected by the general contractor for the use of his employees in work of a like general nature, is hable under this section of the Labor Law if such scaffolding falls and results in injury to his employees.”

The court held that the sub-contractor, Fischer, was not liable, Burr and Rich, JJ., dissenting on the ground “ that if a master permits his employee to make use of a scaffold constructed by another, it is his duty to see to it that it is safe for the purpose for which he permits it to be used.”

Boyle v. Robinson Co. (154 App. Div. 1) was a case in this department. In that case the plaintiff was in the employ of the firm of William Baumgarten & Co. as a plasterer’s laborer, and was injured by the fall of a hod-hoisting elevator in a building then being erected. The defendant Andrew J. Robinson Company was the general contractor for the erection of the building; pursuant to a contract with it, the Stanley Hod Elevator Company installed a hod-hoisting elevator in the building, and an engine and boiler outside, but connected therewith, and furnished an engineer to operate the same. The testimony was that the elevator was put in for the use of the Robinson .Company primarily “for we had to hoist our materials before any of the sub-contractors generally would want it. And for any sub-contractors that desired to use it. We were generally willing to make arrangements with them to use it. They were supposed to pay something for the use of it generally.” On the day of the accident the plaintiff was directed by his foreman to remove two loads of mortar from trucks in the street and to convey it on this hoist to the fourth floor of the building. While he was so engaged the hoist fell owing to the breaking of a cast steel cable five-eighths of an inch in diameter. The appeal was from a judgment of dismissal of the complaint. The majority of the court reversed the dismissal as against the Andrew J. Robinson Company, the general contractor, and the Stanley Hod Elevator Company, which put in the elevator, but affirmed as to the defendant Baumgarten & Co. upon the authority of Bohnhoff v. Fischer (supra). Mr. -Justice Laughliu dissenting, with whom Mr. Justice Dowling concurred, said: “ The liability of a sub-contractor making use of a hoist owned by a hod elevator company and installed and operated by it under a contract with the general contractor, as did the plaintiff’s employer, has not been decided by the Court of Appeals, but in Bohnhoff v. Fischer (149 App. Div. 747) the Appellate Division in another department by a vote of three to two decided that a sub-contractor would not be liable in such case. * * * I am of opinion the plaintiff’s employers furnished the hoist for his use within the fair intent and meaning of the statute. Doubtless in making their contract they counted on using the hoist to be installed in the building at the instance of the general contractor. The hoist was a time-saving appliance. * * * The employee had no option in the premises. He was obliged to use the hoist or give up his employment. He had no time or opportunity, even if he possessed the necessary qualifications, to examine and test the hoist for himself. The operation of the statute is not confined to those who erect the hoist or cause it to be erected. It extends to every person employing or directing another to perform labor of any kind in the erection of a building, who furnishes a hoist for their use in the performance of such labor. Baumgarten & Co. employed the plaintiff and they, so far as he is concerned, furnished this hoist for him to use in performing the labor of moving this mortar from the ground to the fourth floor. It is contended in behalf of Baumgarten & Co. that they did not own the hoist, that they were not in control of it, and that they had no right to inspect or repair it; but the answer to that argument is, that they were not under any obligation to use it. If they desired to use it for the purpose of economizing time and saving money, they might have so contracted with the general contractor or with the hod elevator company that they would have had the right to inspect the hoist and to make repairs. This legislation was designed for the protection of employees who are obliged to work for a livelihood wherever and in such manner as they are directed, and are utterly powerless to protect their om lives and limbs in the dangerous employments to which the statute relates. The statute, therefore, should, receive a liberal interpretation to accomplish that purpose, and not be unnecessarily confined and limited so that further legislative action will be required to accomplish what was sought to be be accomplished by the statute when enacted in its present form.”

After the trial of the case at bar the Bohnhoff case was reversed by the Court of Appeals (210 N. Y. 172). Judge Miller said: “ It is now settled law that the said statute is to be liberally construed to accomplish its beneficent purpose; that is, the better protection of workmen engaged in certain dangerous employments, and that the duty imposed upon the employer to furnish safe scaffolding, etc., cannot be delegated. Scaffolding is thus made by statute a place to work which it is the duty of the employer to furnish. He can no more delegate that duty to some other contractor engaged in the work than to an independent contractor of his own, or one of his own employees, and it can be of no consequence whether he directly employs, or tacitly suffers, another to perform that duty for him.

“In this case some means of access to the roof of the pent house was necessary. The appellant furnished none whatever. His employees were thus left to choose between the runway or the less convenient ladder, both furnished by another. Having furnished none of his own he must be held to have adopted the means at hand, or the statute loses its efficacy.”

In the case at bar the sub-contractors, plaintiff’s employer, made use of the hoist, paid for said use and affirmatively directed the plaintiff to use it in the prosecution of their work. Plaintiff did not exercise a voluntary choice of one means among others of getting up- stairs and carrying up the materials required. This hoist was furnished and prescribed by the employer for the employee to enable him to do his work. The facts bring the case precisely within the decision of the Court of Appeals in the Bohnhoff case; therefore, within the rule of absolute duty which could not be delegated.

The dismissal of the complaint upon the opening was error and the judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.

Ingraham, P. J., Laughlin, Scott and Dowling, JJ., concurred.

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event. Order to be settled on notice.  