
    BLOOM v. POND’S EXTRACT CO.
    
      N. Y. Superior Court, Chambers;
    
    
      September, 1891.
    1. Depositions ; examination before trial.] In an action against a corporation upon a contract, plaintiff may obtain an examination of an officer of the corporation before trial, in order to ascertain whether the person who entered into the contract in behalf of the corporation was authorized by it to do so, such fact being peculiarly within the knowledge of defendant.
    2. . The same.] In order to obtain an order for such examination it need not be shown that there are no other witness, by whom the fact may be proved.
    3. The same ; production of books, etc.] An officer of a corporation on examination before trial cannot be compelled to produce books and papers for the purpose of inspection independent of his examination. Books and papers can only be required to be produced when necessary to the examination of the witness within the rules laid down in Loey v. N. Y. Central, etc., R. R. Co., 53 N. Y. Super. Ct. 263 and Black v. Curry, 1 Civ. Pro. R. 193
    
    4. Forms,] Form of affidavit and order for the examination of an officer of a corporation before trial.
    Motion to vacate an order for the examination of an, officer of a corporation before trial.
    Action by Moses E. Bloom against Pond’s Extract Co. for breach of contract by defendant to employ plaintiff to paint signs.
    The order for examination directed “that the defendant, through Edward O. Stanley, its treasurer, appear and attend before me, or one of the other judges of the superior court, of the city of New York, on Sept. 8, 1891, at 12 o’clock, noon, at the chambers thereof, at the county court house in said city, and there submit to an examination concerning the matters stated in said affidavit, and that said Edward O. Stanley be examined and his deposition be taken before trial, to enable the plaintiff to prepare for trial in this action pursuant to sections 870-875 of the Code of Civil Procedure [and that the defendant through Edward O, Stanley, its treasurer, then and there produce any and all agreements or contracts of employment made between said defendant or its officers or directors, and one Evans mentioned in the annexed affidavits prior to April 27, 1891, if any there be, and also all books of minutes and other records of said defendant relating to the employment or appointment of said Evans by the defendant, and that it give to the plaintiff an inspection and copy thereof ]. Service of a copy of this order, and the annexed affidavit of said Edward O. Stanley, the treasurer of the defendant, and on the attorneys for the defendants, on or before August 31, 1891, will be deemed sufficient.”
    The affidavit of Moses E. Bloom in support of the application for the order stated: “That he is the plaintiff above named, and that he resides at No. 347 East 51st street, in the city of New York, and his attorneys in this action, one Messrs. Mooney & Shipman, whose office address is No. 5 Beekman street, New York city. That this action was commenced on May 13, 1891, by the service of the summons herein Oh the defendant. That the defendant appeared herein on May 22, 1891, by Messrs. Billings & Cardozo, his attorneys, whose office address is No. 120 Broadway, New York city. That defendant is a domestic corporation, and that its principal office for the transaction of business is at No. 76 Fifth avenue, in said city. That the complaint herein was served on June 10, 1891, and defendant’s answer thereto was on July 1, 1891.
    That this action is brought to recover damages in the sum of five hundred dollars'for breach of contract, arising out of the following facts and circumstances, alleged in the complaint herein as follows: On about April 27, 1891, the defendant entered into an agreement with the plaintiff, this deponent, for the repainting by the plaintiff of ail the signs of the defendant along the route of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, between New York city and Bridgeport, Connecticut, for which the defendant agreed to pay plaintiff two cents a square foot, for each and every square foot of said signs, as agreed to be repainted; that the said signs contained about 25,000 square feet"of surface; that the plaintiff has always been ready and willing to perform the same, but the defendant has refused to allow him so to do, and has broken said agreement to plaintiff’s damage in the sum of five hundred dollars.
    That the defendant in its answer admits it is a corporation but denies the employment alleged in the complaint, admits that it has refused to employ the plaintiff as stated in the complaint and denies that it has broken any agreement.
    That in making said agreement the plaintiff, this deponent, had consultations with one Evans an official in defendant’s office and place of business' relative thereto and the terms thereof, and was directed and authorized by said Evans to do said repainting for defendant, and pursuant to [said direction and authorization said agreement was made and this action is based thereon. That plaintiff, this deponent, has no means of evidence or information as to the extent and scope of the employment duty, powers and authority of said Evans under and on behalf of said defendant in relation to said agreement and such evidence and information is particularly within the knowledge of the defendant. That deponent through his attorneys has requested that defendant admit the authority of said Evans to make the agreement, set. forth in the complaint herein, but defendant’s attorneys have declined to comply with said request as appears from letters annexed hereto. That plaintiff, this deponent, is advised by his counsel and verily believes that an examination of defendant through Edward O. Stanley, who is the treasurer of the defendant corporation, and an inspection of any and all agreements or contracts of employment made between said defendant or its officers or directors, and said Evans prior to April 27, 1891, and all books of minutes and other records of said defendant relating to the employment, appointment or authority of said Evans by the defendant and in respect to the nature and scope of the duty, powers and authority of said Evans under and in behalf of said defendant, and especially as to his powers and authority to direct, authorize or makesaid agreement is indispensably necessary to plaintiff to enable him to prepare for trial in this action, and plaintiff is unable to procure such evidence and information other than by the examination of the defendant through its said treasurer and the inspection of said books and records aforesaid.
    That deponent verily believes that said Edward O. Stanley, the treasurer of the defendant, has full knowledge as to the right and authority of said Evans to bind the defendant in respect to said contract or agreement, and that deponent’s belief is based upon the facts that said Stanley is one of the directors, and the treasurer of the defendant, and as such verified the answer of the defendant herein, and upon certain letters written by said Stanley on behalf of the defendant to deponent’s attorneys herein, which have been exhibited to deponent, and which now remain in the hands of said attorneys.
    This application is made in good faith for the very purpose stated and none other, and deponent intends to use the testimony to be taken on the trial of this action, and that no previous application has been made for the accompanying proposed order.
    The order entered upon the motion to vacate in accordance with the opinion, denied the motion, and directed the examination to proceed, but provided that the defendant need not produce the books and papers until furthe'r directed.
    
      Billings & Cardozo, for defendant for motion.
    
      Mooney & Shipman, for plaintiff.
    
      
       See note at the end of this case.
    
    
      
       The direction as to production for inspection is here held improper in an order for examination before trial; see opinion.
    
   McAdam, J.

The necessity for the examination of the defendant’s treasurer as a witness before trial is that the fact sought to be proved, i.e., whether Evans, who made the contract on behalf of the defendant, had authority to make it, is peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant (24 State Rep. 1005). The plaintiff need not allege that there are no other witnesses by whom the fact may be proved (56 N. Y. Super. Ct. R. 600). The plaintiff has made out a fair case for the examination required (12 Daly, 397 ; De Witt v. McDonald, 1 Civ. Pro. R. 86; 109 N. Y. 81, 82). The examination must pi'oceed on September 14, at 12 M. The defendant’s treasurer need not produce the books or papers i-eferred to in the order (Levey v. N. Y. Central, etc. R. R. Co., 53 N. Y. Superior Ct. R. 267), except as decided in Black v. Curry (1 Civ. Pro. R. 193). There is a conflict in the authorities, but the cases cited seem to be in keeping with the present understanding of the practice. No costs.

Note ok Production of Documents during Examination of Witness.

On application for an examination of a witness before trial, Code Civ. Pro. § 872 subd. 7, provides : “ If the party sought to be examined is a corporation, the affidavit shall state the name of the officer or directors thereof, or any of them whose testimony is necessary and material, or the books and papers as to the contents of which an examination or inspection is desired, and the order to be made in respect thereto shall direct the examination of such persons and the production of such books and papers.”

In Levey v. N. Y. Central R. R. Co. 53 N. Y. Super. Ct. 263, 267, upon affirming an order vacating an "order for the examination of an officer of a corporation before trial, the court say: “ The learned counsel for the appellant argues that in a case like this where the party sought to be examined is a corporation, the seventh subdivision of § 872 provides for a discovery of papers as well as for an examination of a party as a witness in connection with the papers produced. The purpose and end of sections 872 and those before and after it is to procure a deposition which may be filed, etc. The order to be made is to direct the examination of such persons and the production of such books and papers. There is no language which clearly indicates that the sections provide for the discovery of papers as an independent proceeding, and such a discovery sufficient for all purposes of justice yet shaped to protect the rights of the defendant is specifically provided in sections 805 et seq. The section 872 by its phrases of examination and inspection of the contents of the books and papers and the production, does not intend an alternative to the oral examination of the witness and not connected with the latter, but means something depending or ancillary to oral examination. It must be held that the section contemplated not an independent discovery, but an oral examination of a witness which will involve the necessity of producing a paper as to which or the contents of which he can give evidence.”

The opinion in Black v. Curry is as follows ;

McAdam, J.—The court cannot compel a discovery of books and papers on the examination of a party before trial (Martin v. Spofford, 3 Abb. N. C. 125 ; De Barry v. Stanley, 5 Daly 412 ; Hauseman v. Sterling, 61 Barb. 347) ; but if upon the examination of a party it appears that he cannot testify to the facts inquired about without refreshing his memory from books and papers in his possession or under his control, the court may, by subpoena duces tecum, compel him to produce such documents on a day to be named, then to be used, not as papers presented for inspection, as upon an order for the discovery thereof, but in aid of the memory of the witness, to the end that his testimony may be taken before the trial, as fully as he might be required to give it on the trial itself. This is evidently what the codifiers intended ; and full effect cannot be given to the various provisions of the Code regulating the examination of an adverse party before trial by any other mode of construction (Code Civ. Pro. §§ 852, 867). It is an elementary rule that, where a power is given, everything essential to the complete and successful execution of the power goes with it. The parties must conform to the practice above declared.

Smith v. McDonald, 1 Abb. N. C. 350. A party examined before trial may be required by subpoena duces tecum to produce books and papers, but they will be used upon the examination in the same way only as if produced on his examination as a witness at the trial.

Ahlymeyer v. Healy, 12 State Rep. 677, Com. Pl. Gen. T. Although a party who swears on his examination before trial that he cannot answer a question without examining his books of account may be required to produce the books, yet where .the inspection of the books by the party while examining the witness would not be satisfactory, the court may in its discretion make an order for discovery and inspection of the books.

Fenton v. Dempsey, 10 State Rep. 733, Motion to punish for contempt because of the disobedience of an officer of a corporation in not producing books directed in an order for an examination before trial. It was admitted that the witness could not testify without the books.—Held, the books must be produced, not necessarily for inspection, but in order that the witness by reference to them may testify as the order directs.

Pond v. Solomon, 2 City Ct. 300. In supplementary proceedings a witness subpoenaed by duces tecum may be relieved by the court from producing unnecessary books. The court say, “ Banks and merchants (particularly if strangers to the litigation) should not be required to bring into court all their books at the instance of of any judgment creditor who is willing to pay fifty cents for the liberty of inspecting them. The court or referee and not the creditor is to be the judge of the propriety of exercising this extraordinary and economical power of inspection, which in order to prevent abuse must be limited to the exigence of each particular case,”

McCall v. Moschcowitz, 10 Civ. Pro. R. 107, 129. Upon the trial of an action to dissolve a partnership, the referee refused to compel a witness, a stranger to the action, present under asubpama duces tecum to produce his books and checks, to exhibit them either to the court or the counsel subpoenaing him before they were offered in evidence. held no error. The court say: “ The question therefore reduces itself to this: Has counsel the right to compel the inspection of the private writings of a witness not a party to an action without the declared intention of offering them in good faith in evidence ? Waive the question, has counsel the right to compel a stranger to disclose to him what he knows about the case before he offered him as a witness P We think there would be but one answer, and that in the negative. However desirable such information may be, the law has provided no way of compelling a stranger to make such a disclosure. We fail to see what difference it makes whether this information has been reduced to writing and is in the exclusive possession of a stranger, or exists in his memory only. To compel a stranger to exhibit his private writings to counsel before they are offered in evidence, or at any rate before such counsel has declared his intention to offer such parts as may be material to the controversy in evidence would be fraught with great danger.”

Frothingham v. Broadway etc, R. R. Co. 9 Civ. Pro. R. 304; Super. Ct. Sp. T. The examination of an officer of a corporation before trial is an examination of the corporation within the meaning of Code Civ. Pro. § 872 subd 7, and such officer may be ordered as provided in such provision of the Code to produce the books and papers of the corporation.

The court say by the amendment of the Code introducing the provision above referred to, it “was intended simply to supply a defect in the law as it then existed in reference to the examination of parties before trial by which the officers and directors of defendant corporations might be examined and compelled to produce such books and papers of the corporation as would aid in the giving of their testimony precisely the same as individuals theretofore were compelled to appear and testify.”

Chaffee v. Equitable Reserve Fund Life Ass’n, 56 Super. Ct. 267 ; 2 N. Y. Supp. 481; 18 State Rep. 960. An order for the examination of an officer of a corporation as a witness before trial may require the production of the books of the corporation as an incident to the examination of the witness. Such an order does not, however, entitle the person obtaining it to a discovery or inspection of the books.

Talbot v. Darin & Wright Co., 18 Civ. Pro. R. 304. Upon application for an examination of an officer of a defendant corporation before trial, it appeared that transactions entered in defendant’s books were designated by numbers, and that plaintiff's name did not appear.—Held, as the inspection of the books could be of no assistance without an examination of the officer of defendant, the order might direct the production of the book for plaintiff’s inspection.

State v. Bacon, 41 W. 526; 98 Am. Dec. 616. Prosecution for the illegal sale of intoxicating liquors. The cross-examining counsel has a right to inspect a memorandum used by the witness to refresh his memory on his direct examination.

[Note containing collection of authorities on same point.]

Tibbetts v. Sternberg, 66 Barb. 201. In an action to recover the value of logs.—Held, error for referee not to compel a witness to allow inspection by counsel of a memorandum from which he had testified. The court say: It is the right of the party to inspect a memorandum used by a witness while testifying, whether he reads its contents or only uses it to refresh his memory. The witness has no right to use a memorandum in either way unless made by himself; and if the witness cannot be compelled to produce it, he might use documents made by the party calling him, of the accuracy of which he knows nothing.

Kouba v. Horacek, 6 N. Y. Sicpp. 250. In an action to set aside a deed, the plaintiff’s husband testified as to a date, and stated that he had put it down in his diary which he had’ only kept for a few days.—Held the circumstances being suspicious, the cross-examining counsel had to inspect the whole book to see if it had not been falsely made up, and it was error to confine his inspection to the single entry as to the date.

First Nat. Bank of DuBois City v. First Nat. Bank of Williamsport, 114 Pa. St. 1. Assumpsit. It is not a valid objection to the deposition of a witness that it refers to a memorandum used to refresh his memory, which was not in evidence. The memorandum need not be produced for inspection by the jury.

Trustees v. Bledsoe, 5 Ind. 133. A witness was allowed to refer in his testimony to certain books used to refresh his memory without producing them, held no error.

[It does not appear that the objection was made by the party calling the witness,]

Arnold v. Chesebrough, 30 Fed. Rep. 145. The exhibition of a paper to a witness on the stand entitles the opposite party to an inspection of the paper, as such party is entitled to be informed of what transpires between his opponent and a witness ; but the mere exhibition of the signature to a paper does not entitle the opposite party to inspect the entire document containing the signature.

Rice v. Rice, 47 N. J. Eq. 559,1890; 19 Atl. Rep. 736. Bill for divorce. Where a paper was shown a witness solely for the purpose of identifying the handwriting, and it nowhere appears that he became acquainted with the contents thereof, the opposing party is not thereby entitled to an inspection of it.

Mitchell’s Case, 12 Abb. Pr. 249. In contempt proceedings, held if the production of a document is called for and the witness declines to produce it on the ground that the reading of it in evidence would be prejudicial to his interests or the interests of a person to whom he stood in confidential relation, respecting the instrument, the witness may be required to submit the document to the inspection of The court.

For the rules as to subpoena duces tecum to obtain books of account, and books and papers of a corporation, see also Code Civ. Pro. §§ 867, 869, and Abb. New Pr. & F. 674 etc. F. 1330-1337.

How far the calling for the production of papers and inspecting them makes them evidence. See authorities cited in counsel’s brief in Carradine v. Hotchkiss, 55 Super. Ct. 190.

Jordan v. Wilkins, 2 Wash. (U.S.) 482. If one party gives notice to another to produce certain papers at the trial he has no right to inspect them unless he will consent that they shall go in evidence.  