
    [No. B267935.
    [No. B277301.
    Second Dist., Div. Eight.
    Second Dist., Div. Eight.
    Feb. 24, 2017.]
    Feb. 24, 2017.]
    THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ARLEEN STACY LOPEZ, Defendant and Appellant. In re ARLEEN STACY LOPEZ on Habeas Corpus.
    
      Counsel
    Jenny Macht Brandt, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant and for Petitioner.
    Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Yun K. Lee and Thomas C. Hsieh, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
   Opinion

FLIER, J.

—Appellant Arleen Stacy Lopez appeals from the judgment after her conviction for carjacking. She also petitions for a writ of habeas corpus based on ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm the judgment and deny the petition.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On April 7, 2015, Aurora Prado, a 65-year-old woman, drove a Toyota Highlander belonging to her daughter’s boyfriend to the El Super market in La Puente. She pulled part way into an accessible parking space, but realized the space was blocked by two shopping carts. She exited the vehicle to move the carts, leaving the door open and the engine running.

While Prado was moving the carts, appellant walked past her, climbed into the driver’s seat of the Highlander, and closed the door. Prado went over to the driver’s side and “bang[ed] on the window,” pleading with appellant not to take the vehicle. Prado grasped the door handle with her left hand and tried to open the door, but appellant held it shut. Appellant began backing the vehicle up as Prado held on to the door handle and continued to plead with appellant not to take the car. Prado said appellant ‘“didn’t reverse slow . . . . She go fast and makes noise with the tires . . . .” Prado held on to the door handle until she lost her balance and had to let go, although she did not fall to the ground. Appellant sped off.

On April 9, 2015, authorities located appellant in the Highlander in the parking structure of a casino in Highland. A detective with the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department interviewed appellant several days later. Appellant admitted that she had taken a Highlander from an elderly Hispanic female in a supermarket parking lot.

At trial, Prado identified appellant as the person who took the Highlander. The prosecution presented a surveillance video of the entire incident. Prado testified that appellant had pushed her before getting into the car, but acknowledged on cross-examination that she could not see a push on the surveillance video.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Appellant was charged with carjacking (Pen. Code, § 215, subd. (a)) and found guilty by the jury. She was sentenced to state prison for the low term of three years, with various credits and fines. Appellant timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

1. Insufficient Evidence

Appellant contends there was insufficient evidence that she took the Highlander “by means of force.” We hold there was sufficient evidence and reject this argument.

a. Applicable law

“On appeal, we review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible and of solid value—from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.] ‘ ‘“[I]f the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, we must accord due deference to the trier of fact and not substitute our evaluation of a witness’s credibility for that of the fact finder.” ’ ” (People v. Snow (2003) 30 Cal.4th 43, 66 [132 Cal.Rptr.2d 271, 65 P.3d 749].) This standard applies whether direct or circumstantial evidence is involved. (Ibid.)

A person may be convicted of carjacking only upon proof of a ‘“felonious taking of a motor vehicle . . . accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§ 215, subd. (a).) The carjacking statute does not define ‘“force,” nor have we found any case law that provides a definition. But courts interpreting the carjacking statute have analogized it to the robbery statute, section 211, as both share similar language and elements. (People v. Lopez (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1051, 1059 [6 Cal.Rptr.3d 432, 79 P.3d 548] (Lopez) [holding that “ ‘ ‘“felonious taking” ’ ” had the same meaning under both § 211 and § 215 because ‘“the carjacking statute’s language and legislative history . . . demonstrate that carjacking is a direct offshoot of robbery and that the Legislature modeled the carjacking statute on the robbery statute”].) Given that both crimes are ‘“accomplished by means of force or fear” (§§ 211, 215, subd. (a)), we may presume that the Legislature intended that those terms have substantially the same meaning in both statutes, in the absence of any clear intent to the contrary. (See Lopez, supra, at p. 1060 [‘“When legislation has been judicially construed and a subsequent statute on a similar subject uses identical or substantially similar language, the usual presumption is that the Legislature intended the same construction, unless a contrary intent clearly appears.”].)

However, ‘“[t]he analogy between robbery and carjacking is imperfect.” (People v. Hill (2000) 23 Cal.4th 853, 860 [98 Cal.Rptr.2d 254, 3 P.3d 898] (Hill).) For example, the penalty for carjacking is greater than for second degree robbery, in part ‘“because ... the nature of the taking . . . raises a serious potential for harm to the victim, the perpetrator and the public at large.” (People v. Antoine (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 489, 495 [56 Cal.Rptr.2d 530].) And the Supreme Court held that, unlike robbery, a defendant could be guilty of carjacking even if the victim (in that case, an infant) was unaware of the taking. (Hill, supra, at pp. 860-861.) The court based this holding in part on the increased risk of danger involved in carjacking: “unlike a robbery, a carjacking subjects an unconscious possessor or occupant of a vehicle to a risk of harm greater than that involved in an ordinary theft from an unconscious individual.” {Ibid.)

Thus, we proceed with our analysis using the law of robbery as a guide, keeping in mind that the carjacking statute reflects a heightened concern for safety.

“ ‘The terms “force” and “fear” as used in the definition of the crime of robbery have no technical meaning peculiar to the law and must be presumed to be within the understanding of jurors.’ ” (People v. Mungia (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 1703, 1708 [286 Cal.Rptr. 394], quoting People v. Anderson (1966) 64 Cal.2d 633, 640 [51 Cal.Rptr. 238, 414 P.2d 366].) In terms of the amount of force required to elevate a taking to a robbery, “something more is required than just that quantum of force which is necessary to accomplish the mere seizing of the property.” (People v. Morales (1975) 49 Cal.App.3d 134, 139 [122 Cal.Rptr. 157] (Morales).) But the force need not be great: “ ‘ “[a]ll the force that is required to make the offense a robbery is such force as is actually sufficient to overcome the victim’s resistance (People v. Burns (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1251, 1259 [92 Cal.Rptr.3d 51] (Burns), quoting People v. Clayton (1928) 89 Cal.App. 405, 411 [264 P. 1105].) Burns in fact based its analysis not on the amount of force applied, but on the fact of the victim’s resistance; thus, a purse snatching constituted robbery when the defendant stepped on the victim’s toe and pulled the purse from her as she struggled to hold onto it. (Burns, supra, at p. 1255; see id. at p. 1257 [“where a person wrests away personal property from another person, who resists the effort to do so, the crime is robbery, not merely theft”].)

b. Analysis

Appellant argues that the showing of force in this case was insufficient to support her conviction. She notes that she did not use a weapon, or touch or threaten the victim. She asserts that she applied no more force than was necessary to reverse the Highlander out of the parking space and drive off, and this was nothing more than “the quantum of force which [was] necessary to accomplish the mere seizing of the property.”

We disagree. The prosecution offered evidence that appellant was driving faster than necessary simply to move the vehicle. Prado testified that appellant reversed quickly enough to “make[] noise with the tires” and was “go[ing] fast,” all of which would support a conclusion by the jury that appellant was driving at relatively high speed, and thus accomplishing the taking with more force than was necessary to take the property. (See People v. Anderson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 989, 993, 995 [125 Cal.Rptr.3d 408, 252 P.3d 968] [robbery defendant applied more force than necessary to move a stolen vehicle when he drove 25 to 30 miles per hour in a parking lot in an attempt to get through a closing electronic gate].)

Even absent evidence of fast driving, however, the law does not support as strict an application of the Morales rule as appellant argues. For thefts of most personal property, there is an appreciable distinction between the quantum of force necessary to seize the property from an unresisting victim, and the additional force needed to seize the property if the victim fights back. It is thus possible to apply the rules from both Morales and Burns: if the thief is applying no more force than necessary to lift the property and carry it off, there is no robbery; if the victim resists, more force is needed and the theft becomes a robbery. But carjacking presents a circumstance in which the amounts of force may be identical in both situations. Given the power of even a slow-moving vehicle, a thief attempting to drive the car away need not apply additional force to shake off a victim trying to stop the car from moving. Under such a circumstance, Morales and Burns are in tension with one another, and either potentially is applicable.

Appellant urges us to apply the rule from Morales, but we think the more appropriate rule is that of Burns. Under Burns, a victim’s physical resistance will convert a theft into a robbery, regardless of the amount of force involved. (See Burns, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 1257.) It is sensible to treat a theft more severely under the law when it involves overcoming a victim’s resistance, because the risk of harm to the victim is greater, and the crime is commensurately more serious. That risk of harm certainly exists when a victim resists the taking of a vehicle, even if the vehicle is moving just as it would were the victim not present. As discussed above, the law recognizes that the taking of a car from the immediate presence of its driver or passengers creates a fundamentally more hazardous situation than the taking of most other forms of property, and thus the Penal Code imposes a greater penalty for carjacking than for second degree robbery. Similarly, that potential for harm makes it appropriate to treat the taking of a vehicle more severely when the victim physically tries to stop the vehicle, even if the only force the perpetrator applies is the force necessary to move the vehicle. We therefore hold that a perpetrator accomplishes the taking of a motor vehicle by means of force, as defined under section 215, when the perpetrator drives the vehicle while a victim holds on or otherwise physically attempts to prevent the theft.

Under this analysis, there clearly was sufficient evidence to support appellant’s conviction. Both the surveillance video and Prado’s testimony established that Prado held onto the Highlander and tried to stop the vehicle as appellant backed out of the parking space. Appellant continued to back up until Prado had to let go. This was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that appellant had used force to take the vehicle from Prado.

2.^1.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. The petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied.

Bigelow, P. J., and Grimes, J., concurred.

Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied June 14, 2017, S241098. 
      
       Prado described herself as “disabled.”
     
      
       Appellant was in the front passenger seat, and a man was in the driver’s seat.
     
      
       Prado said the video “went too fast,” presumably referring to the low frame rate of the surveillance video, which created brief but noticeable gaps in the recorded footage. Despite the video, Prado continued to assert that she had been pushed.
     
      
       All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
     
      
       “ ‘Caijacking’ is the felonious taking of a motor vehicle in the possession of another, from his or her person or immediate presence, or from the person or immediate presence of a passenger of the motor vehicle, against his or her will and with the intent to either permanently or temporarily deprive the person in possession of the motor vehicle of his or her possession, accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§ 215, subd. (a).)
     
      
       “Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear.” (§211.)
     
      
       Prior to the creation of the crime of caijacking in 1993, “the forcible taking of a motor vehicle was charged and prosecuted as a second degree robbery.” (Lopez, supra. 31 Cal.4th at p. 1057.)
     
      
       The prosecution at trial focused on the “force” element and did not argue that the taking was accomplished through fear. Prado, the victim, provided some testimony arguably suggesting she was frightened, specifically referring to concerns she had during the incident that she might fall down and be injured by the vehicle’s tires. We need not decide whether this testimony was sufficient to support a finding of fear, given our holding that the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that force was used.
     
      
       Respondent argues there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that appellant had pushed Prado before taking the car, assuming the jury credited Prado’s testimony that she was pushed and found the surveillance video unclear enough that it did not contradict Prado. Having reviewed the surveillance video ourselves, we think it exceedingly unlikely a reasonable juror would conclude that appellant pushed Prado—even the prosecutor conceded there was no push visible on the video. We need not reach the issue, however, given our holding.
     
      
       Appellant claims that People v. O’Neil (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 1126 [66 Cal.Rptr.2d 72] rejected a defendant’s argument that “force” has different meanings under the caijacking and robbery statutes because of the greater potential for harm to victims during a caijacking. Appellant misreads O’Neil: the defendant never made such an argument, and the court in fact pointed to the great potential for harm as a reason to reject the defendant’s other arguments attempting to narrow the scope of the caijacking statute. (Id. at p. 1133.)
     
      
       In our holding we in no way mean to suggest that carjackings only arise when victims attempt to stop the taking. Our holding applies when there is no evidence that the taking was accomplished by means of fear, and the only force applied is the force necessary to move the vehicle.
     
      
      See footnote, ante, page 1230.
     