
    PERRY BROWNING et al. v. E. M. HOOPER et al.
    APPEAL PROM THE DISTRICT COURT OP. THE UNITED STATES POR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OP TEXAS.
    No. 256.
    Argued November 17, 1925.
    Decided January 4, 1926.
    1. A Texas statute authorizes fifty property taxpaying voters, by petition to the commissioners’ court of a county, to designate territory of which they are residents within the. county as a road district and the amount of bonds to be issued, for road improvements within the district, not to exceed one-fourth of the assessed value of real property therein, whereupon it becomes the duty of the commissioners’ court to order an election-in the district, as so described, for the purpose of determining whether the bonds in the amount - named in the petition shall be issued and whether a tax shall be levied upon the property of the district for their payment; and if two-thirds of the votes at such election favor the proposition, the commissioners’ court is required to issue and sell the bonds and levy a tax sufficient to pay them as they mature, by assessments on the same valuation, and which become liens and may be enforced in the same manner, as state and county taxes. Held, (a) that assessments so authorized and levied were special assessments for local improvements, not general taxes; (b) that a district so created could not be regarded as one created by the legislature, even though coincident in boundaries with two adjacent “commissioners’ precincts ”; (c) that the assessments were not legislative assessments. P. 403.
    2. Where a special irUprovement district is not created by the legislature or a municipality to which the State has granted full legislative powers over the subject, and where there has been no legislative determination thatjthe property to be assessed for the improvement will be benefited thereby, it is essential to due process of law that the property owner be given notice and an opportunity to be heard on the question of benefits. P. 405.
    3 Fed. (2d) 160, reversed.
    
      Appeal from a decree of the District Court which dismissed the bill in a suit to restrain the issuance or sale of bonds of a road district.
    
      Messrs. William R. Watkins and C. K. Walsh, for appellants.
    The whole theory underlying the law. of special assessments is that in the exaction thereof it is assumed that' there has been a legislative determination that the portion of the community^ upon which they are laid is peculiarly benefited by the improvement. The principle applies as well to - districts created by the legislature as to those created under delegated authority.
    A state legislature-cannot abdicate its power of taxation by delegating to private citizens the authority to fix the boundaries of and 'establish á taxing district, because this is a legislative question requiring deliberation by the legislature or under its direction. Due process requires that the powers vested in the government be exercised by the government and not by private individuals. These principles apply to the establishment of special assessment districts for public improvements to the same extent they have been applied to- cases arising under the police power, in which it has been held by this Court that the Fourteenth Amendment is violated by vesting arbitrary power in private individuals to determine whether a business may be conducted in a certain locality or not, and, by vesting arbitrary power in private individuals to establish a property .line. No law for the establishment of a special assessment district, other than by a legislative body, without notice or hearing has ever been held constitutional. A law permitting petitioners to irrevocably define and establish a taxing district is of such a nature, as that there is no reasonable probability that justice generally will be done in its application. Where a taxing district is not established by the legislature, but under its delegated authority, it is essential to due process, that those affected thereby be given notice and an opportunity to be heard upon the question whether their property would be benefited by the improvement or not.
    The eases in this-Court"’fall into three classes. (1) Those in which, the power of establishing the district being vested in the legislature, the district is established ' by the legislature — when no notice or hearing is essential; (2) those in which the organic law vests the legislative power directly in a subordinate agency. In these two classes the law is always sustained unless it appears that there is no reasonable presumption that substantial justice will be done, but the probability is the parties will be taxed disproportionately to each other and to the benefits conferred. The third class comprehends those cases in which the district is not established by the legislature but by an exercise of delegated authority (as in this case), and therefore in the location of the boundaries and the creation of the district it is essential to due process that the owners be accorded an opportunity to be heard.
    The district involved in this suit was established in 1924 under a general prospective law adopted by the legislature of Texas in 1909 and under, that law is a “ defined district.” The record does not show that it is a “ political subdivision.”
    
      Mr. John R. Moore, with whom Messrs. Dan Moody, Attorney General of Texas, C. A. Wheeler, Assistant At-' tomey General of Texas, and W. E. Forgy were on the brief, for appellees.
    The facts show that Road' District No. 2 is composed of two of the commissioners’ precincts of Archer County, “ political subdivisions ” of the county which were established, recognized and ascertained long before the beginning of this controversy. The Constitution of Texas in effect created the district and fixed the tax. The Constitution and the statutes of Texas did and authorized the doing of the things complained of by appellant. These political subdivisions included in the Road District when thrown together became a “ defined district.” The tax was fixed both by the Constitution and statutes in the provision that bonds should not be issued exceeding one-fourth the value of the real estate of the political subdivision or defined district. The question then arises whether the building of roads is of ; general benefit or is theoretically for the benefit of tho¡3e whose property may be contiguous to or in the neighborhood of the roads.
    The facts show that both of the roads sought to be improved have been designated as staté highways, and one of the roads has been selected and designated by the federal highway engineer as recipient of federal aid in the building of highways. Public roads in Texas have always been state property over which the State has full control and authority. Robbins v. Limestone County, 268 S. W. 915; Baker v. Dunning, 77 Texas, 28.
    In the building of public roads benefit is presumed just as the building of schools and the levying of taxes to maintain them is presumed to benefit the public generally. Wright v. Police Jury, 264 Fed. 705, is almost identical with the case here. The .building and construction of public roads is a governmental function and one to be exercised by sovereignty. As for the matters of benefits and notice, see Fallbrook Irrig. Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U. S. 176; Walston v. Nevin, 128 U. S. 578; Dallas County Levee Dist. v. Looney, 109 Texas 326. In the exercise of governmental functions no particular or special-notice is required to be given to the individual whose property may be affected thereby. -. It is the province of the sovereignty to say how a State shall be divided and to determine what shall constitute a political subdivision, and also to determine the machinery necessary for the proper' operation and function of all governmental affairs. It is the theory of sovereignty that public education and transportation are for the general benefit of the public, regardless of any direct benefit that may or may not accrue to the particular individual, and it would be the duty of sovereignty to function in the establishment of public • highways, even though their establishment might in some instances harm the individual to a greater extent than he would be benefited. In such instances the individual is not entitled to-any special notice that the authority of the sovereign will be exercised. Wright v. Police Jury, supra.
    
   Mr. Justice Butler

delivered the opinion of the Court.

Appellants own taxable real and personal property in that part of Archer County, Texas, defined as Road District No. 2. The appellees are the county judge and four commissioners, (constituting the county commissioners’ court,) the tax assessor and the sheriff of the county, who is the tax collector. Appellants brought this suit to restrain the issue or sale of bonds.of the road district in the amount of - $300,000 proposed to be sold to obtain money, for the construction, operation, and maintenance of roads in that district, and to restrain the levy of collection of any tax upon their property to pay any part of the interest or principal of the bonds. They seek relief on the ground that the creation of the road district' and the enforcement of the proposed tax, will deprive them of their property without due process of .law 'in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The District Court dismissed the complaint. 3 Fed. (2d) 160. The case is here qn direct, appeal: § 238, Judicial Code.

.'The Texas statutes (Vernon’s Complete Texas Statutes, 1920) provide: “ Any county' ... or any. political subdivision or defined district, now or hereafter to be described and defined, of a county,” is authorized to issue -bonds, not to exceed.oné-fourth of the assessed valuation of real property in the district, for the construction, maintenance and operation of macadamized, graveled or paved roads and turnpikes, and to levy and collect taxes to pay them. Art. 627. Upon the petition of fifty resident property taxpaying voters of any defined district of any county, it is the duty of the commissioners’ court to order an election in the district as described in the petition to determine whether its bonds shall be issued for such road purposes, and whether a'tax shall be levied upon the property of the district for their payment. Art. 628. If two-thirds of the votes cast are in favor of the proposition, the commissioners’ court is required to issue and sell the bonds. Art. 631. But before they are put on the market, the court is required to levy a tax sufficient to pay the debt as it matures. The assessments are to be made on the same valuation, and they become liens and may be enforced in the same manner, as state and county. taxes. Arts. 634, 2827, 2836. For the purposes of the act, any district accepting its provisions by such vote is thereby created a body corporate which may sue and be sued. Art. 637.

Archer County is about 30 (miles square, and has a population of between 5000 and 6000. The principal place is Archer City, the county seat, located about five miles south and three miles east of the center of the county. Road District No. 2 embraces approximately the northerly half of the county, including a part of Archer City. The Ozark Trail is a federal aided state highway, and about 20 miles of it extends diagonally across the northwesterly part. Dundee is located on it about two miles from the west line of the county. There is a highway extending from that place to Diversion Dam about six miles northwest. , About 18 miles of the Southwest Trail lies between Archer City and a point on the' north line of the county about six miles from its northeast corner. There is another highway extending from a point on the Southwest Trail about two miles south of the county line to Holliday on the Ozark Trail about six miles 'west. These-roads are within the road district, and the bonds issued are to raise money to improve them.

January 17, 1924, there was presented to the commissioners’ court -a petition signed by 74 persons. It prayed, an election, to determine whether bonds of the territory, therein described by metes and bounds, and to be designated ás “ Road District No. 2 of Archer County, Texas,” should be. issued for road purposes in the amount of $300,000; and whether a tax should be levied upon the property therein to pay the bonds. The commissioners’ court by order established the district within .the metes and bounds and for the purposes set forth in the petition, and declared it to be a body corporate. On the samé day the court fixed the time and place for an election. Its result'was 303; votes for and 102 against .the bond issue. Thereupon the court ordered the bonds to be issued, and levied the taxes. Before the election .was called, the court determined that the proceeds of the •bonds, if voted, or so much, as might be necessary, should 'bé expended for the roads above described;

The appellants’ lands — 24,900 acres in all — are in the-northeasterly part of the county. All but one of the petitioners are residents of the part of Archer City that is within the road district. Archer City, Dundee and Holliday furnished 252 votes for the bond issue, — more than twice the number cast against it. Nearly all the vdtes cast in the northeasterly part of the county were negative. The taxable property in the district is assesséd at . $5,683,359, of which $257,080 belongs to appellants, and $111,388 to petitioners; and $60,500 of that amount belongs to one signer, leaving only $50,888. .to the other 73. The part of the district in which appellants’ lands are situated is tributary to Wichita Falls,. which is outside . Archer County, but near its northeast comer. The evidence persuasively supports appellants’ contention that the improvements of the roads designated will not benefit their property. Moreover, the inclusion of their lands in that road district makes it impossible, until the last bonds mature 30 years hence, to create another road district to raise money for the improvement of roads needed to serve the territory in which their lands are situated. ' Art. 637d.

Resort may be. had to general taxes and to special assessments to raise funds for the construction or improvement of roads. Missouri Pacific Railroad v. Road District, 266 U. S. 187, 190. The proceedings in this case, cannot be sustained as the levy of a general tax. The commissioners’ court is authorized to levy general taxes for road purposes up to a stated maxinuim on each $100 valuation. Art. 2242; Constitution Art. VIII, § 9. The expenditure of the moneys so raised is not limited to any specified roads. And it is significant that, in the case of a road district, the court’s duties in respect of the amount to be raised and the lands to be subjected to the charge are purely ministerial, and confined solely to carrying out the will of the petitioners when approved at the election. Here, on the initiation of individuals signing the petition, a special district was carved out to furnish credit and to pay for specified improvements on designated roads wholly. within the territory selected. The purpose was special, and the district will cease to exist as a body corporate upon the payment of the bond debt. It is clear that the burdens here sought to be imposed on appellants’ lands are special assessments for local improvements. Embree v. Kansas City Road District, 240 U. S. 242, 247; Illinois Centred Railroad v. Decatur, 147 U. S. 190, 197, 209.

The legislature did not create the road district, levy the tax or fix the amount to be raised. Under the act, road districts are not. required to correspond with or to include any political subdivision. Moore v. Commissioners’ Court, (Tex. Civ. App.) 175 S. W. 849; Bell County v. Hines, (Tex. Civ. App.) 219 S. W. 556. There is nothing in the law to guide or to limit the action of the signers of the petition in selecting property to be assessed. Subject to the vote of a district of their own choice, the petitioners’ designation is absolute. The commissioners’ court has no power to modify or deny; it is bound to grant the petition. Huggins v. Vaden, (Tex Civ. App.) 253 S. W.877, 878; 259 S. W. 204, 206; Meurer v. Hooper, (Tex. Civ. App.) 271 S. W. 172, 176. And when the required vote is given, the court, once for all, must make a levy on the taxable property of the district-sufficient to pay the entire debt as it matures. The opinion of the District .Court states that the road district “was composed of two of the precincts of. Archer County — ‘political subdivisions ’ of the county well recognized and ascertained long before the controversy.” We find nothing in the record to support the statement. But, if true, it does not tend to show that the legislature created the road district. A political subdivision is not a “ defined district ” within the meaning of the Texas Constitution (Art. Ill, § 52) or of the act. It has been held by the Texas Court- of Civil Appeals that a “ defined district ” means a defined area in a county, and less than a county, other than a political subdivision of a county. Bell County v. Hines, supra, 557. The fact that the metes and bounds describing the road district happened to coincide with the external boundaries of two adjoining commissioners’ precincts does not support the contention .that the road district was created by the legislature. For the election of commissioners, each county is divided into four precincts, from each of which a commissioner is elected. These precincts are not defined by the legislature, but by the commissioners’ courts. Art. 1356; Constitution, Art, V, § 18. They are political subdivisions, but, unlike road districts, they are not bodies corporate. See Ex parte Haney, 51 Tex. Cr. Rep. 634; Cofield v. Britton, (Tex. Civ. App.) 109 S. W. 493, 496. They are not taxing.or assessment districts; their powers and functions are wholly different from those of a road district. And plainly, the authority granted (Art. 627) to issue road bonds up to one-fourth the assessed valuation and to levy taxes ratably to pay them is not a legislative determination of the rate or amount of the tax imposed on appellants' property. The amount of the bonds to be issued and the property to be taxed are the elements which determine the burden. These were fixed by the petition and election. The legislature may make assessments for local improvements ratably on the basis of property valuation (Valley Farms Co. v. Westchester, 261 U. S. 155) ; but, where the amount to be raised is determined and the property to be assessed is selected as in this case, the requirement that the burden shall be so spread is not a legislative assessment.

Where a local improvement territory is selected, and the burden is spread by the legislature or by a municipality to which the State has granted full legislative powers over the subject, the owners of property in the district have no constitutional right to be heard on the question of benefits. Valley Farms Co. v. Westchester, supra; Hancock v. Muskogee, 250 U. S. 454, 459; Withnell v. Construction Co., 249 U. S. 63, 69; Wright v. Police Jury, 264 Fed. 705. But it is essential to due process of law that such owners be given notice and opportunity to be heard on that question where, as here, the district was not created by the legislature, and there has been no legislative determination that their property will be benefited by the local improvement. Appellants were denied all opportunity to be heard. Ño officer or tribunal was empowered by the law of the State to hear them, or to consider and determine whether the road improvements in question would'benefit their lands. The apt is repugnant to the due process clause of the Fourteénth Amendment. Embree v. Kansas City Road District, supra, 251.

Decree reversed.  