
    Ponsford P. DOE, Plaintiff, v. APRIA HEALTHCARE GROUP INC., Defendant.
    Civil Action No. 13-4204.
    United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
    Signed April 10, 2015.
    
      Gerald Jay Pomerantz, Gerald Pomer-antz & Associates PC, Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiff.
    Monica T. Holland, McElroy Deutsch Mulvaney Carpenter LLP, Philadelphia, PA, for Defendant.
   MEMORANDUM

EDUARDO C. ROBRENO, District Judge.

Plaintiff Ponsford P. Doe brings this race discrimination action against his former employer, Defendant Apria Healthcare, Inc. Plaintiff claims his employment was terminated on the basis of his race, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981. In addition, he claims Defendant retaliated against him for complaining of Defendant’s alleged racial discrimination in the workplace, also in violation of § 1981. Defendant has moved for summary judgment and, for the reasons that follow, the Court will grant the motion in part and deny it in part.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In 2010, Defendant, a home respiratory services and medical equipment provider, Def.’s Br. 1, brought Plaintiff, an African American male, on as a temporary worker and later hired him as a full-time employee based on the quality of his work. Am. Compl. ¶ 7. Plaintiff was a “filler,” whose job responsibilities included filling cylinders with liquid oxygen, a product regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). Def.’s Br. 1. Plaintiff alleges discrimination by his supervisors, including: (1) not allowing nonwhite employees to use the bathrooms outside of breaks without special permission (while white employees were free to use them); (2) reprimanding non-white employees for speaking during working hours (while white employees were free to speak); and (3) requiring non-white employees to change into work gear before' clocking in while allowing white employees to clock in before changing. Am. Compl. ¶ 8

After becoming a full-time employee, Plaintiff complained of the discriminatory behavior to his supervisor, who told Plaintiff that “if he didn’t like the rules that he should leave.” Id. ¶ 10. Plaintiff claims that in November 2010 he was called a “monkey” by a coworker but supervisors took no action. Id. ¶ 12. In June 2011 Plaintiff submitted an electronic workplace survey complaining of discrimination and insufficient advancement opportunities. Id. ¶ 13. In July 2011, allegedly due to his survey comments and the quality of his work, he was promoted to a position of greater responsibility. Id. ¶ 14. Throughout this time, Defendant’s employees continued their discriminatory conduct, about which Plaintiff complained to his supervisors periodically. Id. ¶ 16.

“On or about September 4, 2012, Plaintiff was called into the supervisor’s office, where he was informed that he had made record-keeping mistakes and that he was discharged.” Id. ¶ 17. Plaintiff allegedly requested to see the mistakes, but his supervisor denied his request and ordered him to leave the premises. Id. ¶¶ 18-19. Plaintiff believes that these mistakes were pretextual and his termination actually resulted from unlawful racial discrimination and retaliation. Id. ¶ 22.

Accordingly, Plaintiffs pleads the following claims: hostile work environment (Count I), unlawful termination (Count II), and retaliation (Count III). Id. ¶¶ 25-27. On July 19, 2013, Plaintiff filed his Complaint (ECF No. 1) in federal court, which he amended on August 22, 2013 (ECF No. 3). On October 11, 2013, Defendant filed its Amended Answer. ECF No. 10. After obtaining discovery, Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on August 21, 2014 (ECF No. 18), to which Plaintiff responded on September 15, 2014 (ECF No. 19). The motion is ripe for disposition.

11. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). “A motion for summary-judgment will not be defeated by ‘the mere existence’ of some disputed facts, but will be denied when there is a genuine issue of material fact.” Am. Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 581 (3d Cir.2009) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). A fact is “material” if proof of its existence or nonexistence might affect the outcome of the litigation, and a dispute is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

The Court will view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. “After making all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor, there is a genuine issue of material fact if a reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party.” Pignataro v. Port Auth., 593 F.3d 265, 268 (3d Cir.2010). While the moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, meeting this obligation shifts the burden to the nonmoving party who must “set • forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Unlawful Termination

1. Legal Standard

Section 1981 “prohibits racial discrimination in the making and enforcement of private contracts,” including employment contracts. Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164, 172, 109 S.Ct. 2363, 105 L.Ed.2d 132 (1989), superseded in part on other grounds by 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b). This statutory prohibition includes “post-contract-formation conduct,” such as unlawful termination or other adverse actions that may occur during an employee’s tenure. CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries, 553 U.S. 442, 451, 128 S.Ct. 1951, 170 L.Ed.2d 864 (2008).

“In order to prevail under § 1981, a plaintiff must prove purposeful discrimination,” Patterson, 491 U.S. at 186, 109 S.Ct. 2363-discriminatory intent by another name. Here, Plaintiff offers no direct evidence of such intent, but rather relies on indirect evidence. Where only indirect evidence is available, courts ana- lyze § 1981 discrimination claims accord- ing to the three-step burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-05, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). See Patterson, 491 U.S. at 186, 109 S.Ct. 2363. Plaintiff admits

Under McDonnell Douglas, the plaintiff must first make out a prima facie case of discrimination by establishing four factors: (1) he belongs to a protected class; (2) he was qualified for his job; (3) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the circumstances give rise to an inference of intentional discrimination. Makky v. Chertoff, 541 F.3d 205, 214 (3d Cir.2008) (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817). The burden of establishing a prima facie case need not be onerous, as its purpose is simply “to eliminate the most obvious, lawful reasons for the defendant’s action.” Pivirotto v. Innovative Sys., Inc., 191 F.3d 344, 352 (3d Cir.1999). Nevertheless, that purpose is important, and a plaintiff must present evidence of each element in order to obtain relief. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-54, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).

Second, once the plaintiff has established his prima facie case, the burden of production shifts to the defendant employer to “articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s rejection.” McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817; see also Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255, 101 S.Ct. 1089 (“It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff.”); Anderson v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 621 F.3d 261, 271 (3d Cir.2010) (noting that defendant only has a burden to produce a legitimate reason, and that “defendant need not even prove that the tendered reason was the actual reason for its behavior”).

Finally, if the employer is able to provide a reason, the plaintiff must now show that the proffered reason is merely a pretext. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 805, 93 S.Ct. 1817. The plaintiff must provide rebutting evidence which would allow a “factfinder reasonably to infer that each of the employer’s proffered non-discriminatory reasons was either a post hoc fabrication or otherwise did not actually, motivate the employment action.” Fuentes v. Perskie, 32 F.3d 759, 764 (3d Cir.1994) (citation omitted). The plaintiff can satisfy her burden at the summary judgment stage by “demonstrating] such weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions” in the employer’s explanation for its action “that a reasonable factfinder could rationally find them ‘unworthy of credence.’ ” Id. at 765 (quoting Ezold v. Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen, 983 F.2d 509, 531 (3d Cir.1992)). Notably, “throughout this burden-shifting paradigm the ultimate burden of proving intentional discrimination always rests with the plaintiff.” Id. at 763.

2. Analysis

Here, as is typical, the first three elements of Plaintiffs prima facie case are undisputed. First, Plaintiff, as an African American, is a member of a protected class under § 1981. Second, his performance evaluations indicate that he was a satisfactory worker. See Def.’s Br. Ex. F (showing an overall performance of “achieves expectations” for 2010-2011); id. Ex. G (showing an overall performance of “achieves expectations +” for 2011-2012). Third, Plaintiff was terminated on September 4, 2012. See id. Ex. N (showing Plaintiffs Termination Corrective Action Plan).

Plaintiff advances several arguments in order to show causation, the fourth element. He describes a work environment in which black employees were held to work rules that white employees could violate with impunity. Pl.’s Br. 13. He submits that the error for which he was terminated “remains completely unexplained.” Id. He contends that Defendant never formally investigated the incident that led to his termination, in violation of internal and FDA regulations. Id. Finally, he argues that the incident implicated a similarly situated white coworker who was not terminated. Id. at 13-14.

Because most of Plaintiffs arguments for causation are bound up with Defendant’s explanation of the incident, the Court assumes arguendo that Plaintiffs evidence establishes a prima facie case of discrimination and proceeds to the next step in the McDonnell Douglas analysis, in which the Court determines whether Defendant has proffered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Plaintiffs termination. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817.

According to Defendant, Plaintiff was terminated for "his careless mislabeling of over 630 FDA-regulated oxygen cylinders and Fill Logs," a mistake which "exposed Apria to significant liability." Def.'s Br. 36; see also id. Ex. M (Termination of Employment for Cause memorandum); id. Ex. A, Supervisor William Crocker Dep. 265:20-266:10, June 16, 2014. Defendant states that Plaintiffs errors were well documented, see id. Ex. I (oxygen fill records); id. Ex. K (building operations manager's notes); id. Ex. M (Termination of Employment for Cause memorandum), and the Human Resources Director-who did not know Plaintiff-reviewed the documentation and approved the termination, see id. at 36; see also id. Ex. L, Human Resources Director John Coleman Dep. 20:10-15, 32:16-34:2, 54:21-56:18, July 7, 2014; id. Ex. B, Ponsford Doe Dep. 264:1720, June 26, 2014. According to Plaintiff's supervisor and others involved, Plaintiff's mistake was of sufficient magnitude to justify his termination. See id. at 37; Crocker Dep. 241:1-2 (“In 24 years I never seen nothing of this magnitude.”); see also id. Ex. J, Building Operations Manager Ronnie Edward Smith Dep. 65:6-10, June 20, 2014; id. Ex. C, Quality Control Unit employee Joseph Vi-tellaro Dep. 188:2-7, June 25, 2014.

Because Defendant has articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Plaintiffs termination, the Court proceeds to evaluate whether this reason is a pretext and whether unlawful discrimination is the real reason for the termination. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 805, 93 S.Ct. 1817. At this final stage of the McDonnell Douglas framework, Plaintiff “has ‘the full and fair opportunity to demonstrate’ ... ‘that the proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment decision,’ and that [a discriminatory reason] was.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507-08, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255 n. 10, 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089). At the pretext stage, the Court’s “factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255, 101 S.Ct. 1089.

Plaintiff advances his pretext argument by alleging inconsistencies in the circumstances surrounding his termination, particularly Defendant’s decision to merely reprimand a similarly situated white employee. Plaintiff contends that Joseph Vi-tellaro, a white male, also bore responsibility for the error because he was the only Quality Control Unit employee on duty at the time, but that Vitellaro merely received a written warning. Pl.’s Br. 14, 18; see also Def.’s Br. 12 (noting Vitellaro received a “Final Written Warning”). Plaintiff thus attempts to show pretext by demonstrating that Defendant “has treated more favorably similarly situated persons not within the protected class.” Simpson v. Kay Jewelers, Div. of Sterling, Inc., 142 F.3d 639, 645 (3d Cir.1998). “Although [the Third Circuit] has not explicitly stated what constitutes a similarly situated employee, we accept the standard used by other circuits that to be considered similarly situated, comparator employees must be similarly situated in all relevant respects.” Wilcher v. Postmaster Gen., 441 Fed.Appx. 879, 881-82 (3d Cir.2011) (citing Russell v. Univ. of Toledo, 537 F.3d 596 (6th Cir.2008); Lee v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 574 F.3d 253, 259-61 (5th Cir.2009)). In Lee, the Fifth Circuit held that employees are similarly situated in all relevant respects when they “held the same job or responsibilities, shared the same supervisor or had their employment status determined by the same person, and have essentially comparable violation histories.” 574 F.3d at 260. “And, critically, the plaintiffs conduct that drew the adverse employment decision must have been ‘nearly identical’ to that of the proffered comparator who allegedly drew dissimilar employment decisions.” Id.

Here, Plaintiff offers a number of reasons for why he and Vitellaro were similarly situated.. Although they held different positions, with Vitellaro in Quality Control and Plaintiff a filler, Vitellaro’s duties substantially overlapped with Plaintiffs. See Pl.’s Br. 14; see also id. Ex. G, Quality Control Unit employee Robert Keith Simpkiss Dep. 35:10-14, June 25, 2014 (“The QCU was supposed to go and check every run. Approximately about every three runs the QCU goes, and goes through every run double checking them.”); Doe Dep. 176:8-22 (noting that the filler and Quality Control ”“work[ed] hand in hand”); Vitellaro Dep. 164:6-10 (“[Q.] And it’s true, is it not, that on occasions when you worked with Ponsford Doe that you would also batch stamp cylinders? A. Yeah, we would all help.”): In addition, Crocker appears to have supervised both Plaintiff and Vitellaro, or at least have had the power to discipline or terminate them. See, e.g., Vitellaro Dep. 102:8-104:12 (stating that Crocker wrote- Vitellaro up after the incident occurred and warned him that he would be fired if it happened again); Def.’s Br. Ex. M (showing that Crocker signed Plaintiffs termination memorandum). Both employees appear to have had similar disciplinary histories. See, e.g., Vi-tellaro Dep. 104:8-12 (“Q. Was that the first time that you were made aware that you had made mistakes? A. That, yeah, that’s the first time as a QCU, I’m pretty sure.”); Def.’s Br. Exs. F, G (rating Plaintiffs performance as at least “achieves expectations” from 2010-2012). Finally, although Plaintiff had primary responsibility for filling the tanks, the “filling record could not be completed by the filler alone, and was not valid until each individual line was reviewed and signed by the QCU.” Pl.’s Br. 5; see also Crocker Dep. 191:12-19 (“Q. As [Plaintiffs] doing it, once he has completed all of the work that he’s done, he cannot release the tanks, can he? A. Correct. Q. Well, the only person who can release that is someone who is QCU. A. Correct.”).

Defendant argues that Vitellaro was not similarly situated to Plaintiff because the Quality Control and filler positions are distinct, Vitellaro was still in training at the time of the incident, Vitellaro missed the error but did not cause it, and the scope of his job responsibilities included “oversee[ing] the whole shift and [making] sure the work was performed efficiently and without incident.” Defi’s Br. 31-32. Defendant believes these differences properly account for the differing degrees of discipline meted out to Plaintiff and Vitellaro. Id. at 32.

While it is true that both employees appear superficially distinct, it is not clear that the substance of their duties materially diverged with respect to the incident at issue. As Plaintiff shows, the positions had a large amount of overlap, with the Quality Control employee often performing the job duties of the filler. Moreover, it appears that the final product was the result of both employees’ collaborative efforts, particularly since Quality Control must inspect and sign off on the filler’s work before the oxygenated tanks could leave the facility. Finally, both employees reported to the same supervisors and had similar disciplinary histories at the company. On this evidence, a reasonable jury could find the two to be “comparator employees [who are] similarly situated in all relevant respects.” Wilcher, 441 Fed.Appx. at 882.

For the reasons given above, Plaintiff has offered sufficient evidence regarding the circumstances of his termination — and especially Vitellaro’s status as an appropriate comparator — to meet his burden at the pretext stage. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff as the nonmoving party, the Court finds that he has raised a genuine dispute as to a material fact on the pretext question and will therefore deny Defendant’s motion for Summary judgment as to the unlawful termination claim. Pignataro, 593 F.3d at 268.

B. Retaliation

1. Legal Standard

In CBOCS West, the Supreme Court held that § 1981 encompasses retaliation claims. 553 U.S. at 457, 128 S.Ct. 1951. Therefore, the Court’s analysis proceeds as it would for a Title VII retaliation claim. Because Plaintiff offers no direct evidence of retaliation, the Court will evaluate his claim under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Anderson, 621 F.3d at 270. Although the second and third steps of this framework follow those the Court uses in the discrimination context, the first step differs slightly. Thus, in order for a plaintiff to establish a prima facie case of retaliation, he “must tender evidence that: ‘(1) [ ]he engaged in activity protected by Title VII; (2) the employer took an adverse employment action against h[im]; and (3) there was a causal connection between h[is] participation in the protected activity and the adverse employment action.’ ” Moore v. City of Phila., 461 F.3d 331, 340-41 (3d Cir.2006) (quoting Nelson v. Upsala Coll., 51 F.3d 383, 386 (3d Cir.1995)). An “adverse employment action” in this context is an action that “well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

2. Analysis

For the purposes of summary judgment, the parties do not dispute that Plaintiff has satisfied the first two elements of his pri-ma facie case. First, Plaintiff asserts that, since he was hired as a full-time employee in June 2010, he complained “several times a month” to his supervisor Crocker about race-based unequal treatment in the workplace. Pl.’s Br. 2; see also Doe Dep. 108:21-116:2. Crocker’s alleged typical response to these complaints was that “if you don’t like the way we operate things here, you can find another job or you can quit.” Pl.’s Br. 3; see also Doe Dep. 109:15-19. Sometime before July 15, 2011, Plaintiff submitted a computerized survey in which he complained of the unequal treatment at his workplace. See Doe Dep. 99:19-101:6. Finally, in November 2011, Plaintiff also complained to Building Operations Manager Smith. Pl.’s Br. 3; see also Doe Dep. 225:5-16. Defendant concedes that these events occurred and that they constituted protected activity. See Def.’s Br. 33-34. Second, there is no dispute that Plaintiff was terminated on September 4, 2012.

Regarding the third element, causal connection, Plaintiff points to Crocker’s frequent comment that “if you don’t like the way we operate things here, you can find another job or you can quit,” and also generally restates the arguments he made in the context of his unlawful termination claim. Pl.’s Br. 15-16. Defendant disputes that Plaintiffs termination had anything to do with complaints that Plaintiff might have ipade. Def.’s Br. 34-35. Defendant also notes the temporal distance between many of Plaintiffs complaints and his termination, and that “nothing changed about the nature or frequency of [Plaintiffs] complaints” around the time of the termination. Id. at 34.

The Third Circuit allows a plaintiff to “rely on a ‘broad array of evidence’ to demonstrate a causal link between his protected activity and the adverse action taken against him.” Marra v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 497 F.3d 286, 302 (3d Cir.2007) (quoting Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 284 (3d Cir.2000)). “In certain narrow circumstances, an unusually suggestive proximity in time between the protected activity and the adverse action may be sufficient, on its own, to establish the requisite causal connection.” Id. (internal quotations marks omitted). On the other hand, the “mere passage of time is not legally conclusive proof against retaliation.” Id. (quoting Robinson v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth., 982 F.2d 892, 894 (3d Cir.1993)) (internal quotation marks omitted). A court may need to assess other factors as well. For example,

[w]here the time between the protected activity and adverse action is not so close as to be unusually suggestive of a causal connection standing alone, courts may look to the intervening period for demonstrative proof, such as actual antagonistic conduct or animus against the employee, or other types of circumstantial evidence, such as inconsistent reasons given by the employer for terminating the employee or the employer’s treatment of other employees, that give rise to an inference of causation when considered as a whole.

Id. (citation omitted). In any event, a plaintiff “cannot establish that there was a causal connection without some evidence that the individuals responsible for the adverse action knew of the plaintiffs protected conduct at the time they acted.” Daniels v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 776 F.3d 181, 196 (3d Cir.2015).

Here, it cannot be disputed that the “individuals responsible for the adverse action knew of [Plaintiffs] protected conduct,” id., since the complaints were primarily directed to them. Looking at Plaintiffs evidence as a whole, however, it is clear that he has not sufficiently established a causal link between his complaints and his termination. The latest discrete complaint occurred in November 2011, when Plaintiff spoke to Smith. The fact that he was terminated approximately ten months later does not constitute an inference-creating temporal proximity. See LeBoon v. Lancaster Jewish Cmty. Ctr. Ass’n, 503 F.3d 217, 233 (3d Cir.2007) (“Although there is no bright line rule as to what constitutes unduly suggestive temporal proximity, a gap of three months ... [,] without more, cannot create an inference of causation and defeat summary judgment.”). On the other hand, Plaintiffs more regular complaints to Crocker do seem to be temporally proximate to his termination. However, any inference to be drawn from temporal proximity weakens considerably once it is noted that Plaintiff complained regularly for over two years, during which time' — -and allegedly partially on the basis of his complaints' — he was promoted to a position of increased responsibility. See Am. Compl. ¶ 14; Pl.’s Br. 4. In this context, Crocker’s alleged frequent comment suggesting that Plaintiff quit if he did not like the work environment also fails to support an inference of causation.

Receiving no support from temporal proximity, Plaintiff must base his retaliation claim on other “demonstrative proof, such as actual antagonistic conduct or animus against the employee, or other types of circumstantial evidence” supporting an inference of causation. Marra, 497 F.3d at 302 (citation omitted). As noted above, Plaintiff here relies on the arguments he made in the unlawful termination context. Although he successfully avoided summary judgment on that claim, he cannot do so here. Any alleged inconsistencies in Defendant’s handling of the termination and any disparate treatment between Plaintiff and Vitellaro as a white comparator may raise a genuine dispute as to a material fact regarding whether Defendant improperly terminated Plaintiff based on racial discrimination. However, Plaintiffs discrimination and retaliation claims cannot be collapsed into one conceptual claim, especially if there is a lack of evidence that Plaintiffs protected conduct prompted the adverse action. Here, Plaintiff was promoted during the period in which he engaged in protected activity: this effectively precludes any inference to be drawn from the circumstances surrounding his discrimination claim. Moreover, as Defendant observes, Plaintiff appears to allege no change in the nature of or response to his regular complaints over the relevant time period. See Doe Dep. 200:2-6 (“Q. Did anything change about the nature of your complaints around August [2012]? A. When I complained, you know, he will listen. Sometimes it would cease. Sometimes it would go back to where it was.”). Therefore, Plaintiff fails to show a causal connection between the protected activity and his termination, and cannot satisfy the third element of his prima facie case.

In sum, Plaintiff has not offered “evidence that is sufficient to convince a reasonable factfinder to find all of the elements of a prima facie, case,” Keller v. Orix Credit Alliance, Inc., 130 F.3d 1101, 1108 (3d Cir.1997) (citing Hicks, 509 U.S. at 506, 113 S.Ct. 2742), and he therefore cannot succeed on his retaliation claim against Defendant. Accordingly, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on this claim.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiffs retaliation claim and will deny the motion as to Plaintiffs unlawful termination claim. An .appropriate order follows.

ORDER

AND NOW;, this 10th day of April, 2015, for the reasons stated in the accompanying memorandum opinion, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 18) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, as follows:

(1)Defendant’s Motion is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs claim of retaliation, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Count III);

(2) Defendant’s Motion is DENIED as to Plaintiffs claim of unlawful termination, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Count II); and

(3) Counts 1 and III of the Amended Complaint (ECF No. 3) are DISMISSED.

AND IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . In accordance with the appropriate standard of review for motions for summary judgment, the Court views the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff as the nonmoving party.
     
      
      . In his response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff withdraws his hostile work environment claim. PL’s Br. 12. The Court will not consider it further.
     
      
      . Plaintiff believes the evidence in this case is strong enough to support a mixed-motivation theory under Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228, 109 S.Ct. 1775, 104 L.Ed.2d 268 (1989), superseded by statute as recognized by Burrage v. United States,-U.S.-, 134 S.Ct. 881, 187 L.Ed.2d 715 (2014). In order to so proceed, Plaintiff must clear a "high hurdle" by offering evidence "strong enough to permit the factfinder to infer that a discriminatory attitude was more likely than not a motivating factor in the [defendant's] decision,” as well as evidence "connected to the decision being challenged by the plaintiff.” Anderson v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 621 F.3d 261, 269 (3d Cir.2010) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, he does not know if Defen- dant had a discriminatory motive when it terminated him. Def.’s Br. Ex. B, Ponsford Doe Dep. 264:15-265:11, June 26, 2014. As discussed below in the context of the retalia- tion claim, the only direct statement pertinent to his employer’s alleged animus (i.e., “if you don't like the way we operate things here, you can find another job or you can quit,” PL’s Br. 3) cannot be causally linked to the termi- nation. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s evidence is circumstantial in nature and the Court prop- erly evaluates it under the burden-shifting framework in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973), rather than under the mixed-motivation framework. mixed-motivation framework.
     
      
      . These inconsistencies include the improbability of the error occurring in the way Defendant describes it, the ability of Plaintiff's supervisor to influence Human Resource's ' approval of the termination, Defendant’s inadequate post-incident investigation, Defendant’s failure to initially report Vitellaro’s involvement in the incident, and Defendant's racially discriminatory work environment. Pl.'s Br. 13-14, 17-18. While a perusal of the record indicates that Plaintiff at times overstates the evidence supporting these claims, they may yet reinforce his position. In any event, the Court will not consider these arguments as the similarly situated evidence described in the main text below is sufficient for Plaintiff to withstand summary judgment on this claim.
     
      
      . The Third Circuit has stated generally that, when determining whether an employee is similarly situated, a court "must look to the job function, level of supervisory responsibility and salary, as well as other factors relevant to the particular workplace. This determination requires a court to undertake a fact-intensive inquiry on a case-by-case basis rather than in a mechanistic and inflexible manner.” Monaco v. Am. Gen. Assurance Co., 359 F.3d 296, 305 (3d Cir.2004).
     
      
      . See also, e.g., McDonald v. Vill. of Winnetka, 371 F.3d 992, 1002 (7th Cir.2004) (“As a general rule, whether individuals are similarly situated is a factual question for the jury. However, a court may properly grant summary judgment where it is clear that no reasonable jury could find that the similarly situated requirement has been met.” (citation omitted)); accord Heller v. Elizabeth Forward Sch. Dist., 182 Fed.Appx. 91, 95 (3d Cir.2006) (holding that the district court "did not err in denying the motion for summary judgment and concluding that whether the jobs are similarly situated is a fact issue appropriate for the juiy”); Oliver v. Clinical Practices of Univ. of Pa., 921 F.Supp.2d 434, 448 (E.D.Pa.2013) (holding that the plaintiff "has not presented sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that [a potential comparator] was similarly situated”).
     
      
      . See supra note 3, which applies with equal force to Plaintiff’s retaliation claim.
     
      
      . The fact that the majority of these complaints appear to be informal does not alter the Court’s analysis, as the Third Circuit does not "require a formal letter of complaint to an employer or the EEOC as the only acceptable indicia of the requisite ‘protected conduct.' " Barber v. CSX Distrib. Servs., 68 F.3d 694, 702 (3d Cir.1995); see also id. (discussing this proposition in the context of a claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, but relying on Sumner v. U.S. Postal Serv., 899 F.2d 203, 209 (2d Cir.1990), a Title VII case).
     
      
      . Plaintiff does argue generally that he was subject to a racially discriminatory work environment. Pl.’s Br. 15. However, because he has not shown that he was personally adversely affected by this environment (to the contrary, he was promoted), this argument does not persuade.
     
      
      . Plaintiff previously withdrew Count I, his hostile work environment claim.
     