
    The People of the State of New York, Plaintiff, v. Frank N. Gagliardi, Defendant.
    (Supreme Court, Westchester Special Term,
    June, 1908.)
    Indictment: ¡Requisites and sufficiency of the accusation-*■Statement of offense in general — Evidence not to be stated — What is evidence: Joinder and separation of counts and election — Nonjoinder of distinct offenses — What constitutes joinder of distinct offenses.
    Where an indictment charges the defendant with having procured a person to vote or offer to vote when he was not a qualified voter, it need not set forth in detail the acts or words by which he procures the person to illegally vote or offer to vote, the latter being matter of evidence.
    Where a series of acts is enumerated in a statute, the doing of either of which is made an offense, the enumeration of the entire series in an indictment does not involve duplicity.
    Demurrer to indictments.
    Francis A. Winslow, district attorney, for people.
    David H. Hunt, for defendant.
   Tompkins, J.

I think the indictments are sufficient. In substance, they accuse the defendant with having feloniously advised, assisted and procured certain persons who were not inhabitants of the village of White Plains to vote at a village election, and in violation of subdivision 4 of section 41-1, of the Penal Code, which reads: “Any person who, * * * procures, aids, assists, commands or advises another to vote or offer or attempts to vote at an election or town meeting, knowing that such person is not qualified to vote thereat * * * is guilty of felony.”

The indictments allege the holding of the village election and set forth the qualifications necessary to enable a person to vote thereat, and then allege that the defendant feloniously, etc., did procure, aid, assist and advise the said .................., who was not an inhabitant and actual resident in the village of White Plains, but an inhabitant in and a resident, of the town of Greenburgh, outside of the village of White Plains, to appear, in his own proper person at the polling place in the third ward of the village of White Plains, while said election was 'being held, and to then and there unlawfully, etc., vote and offer to vote. They then charge that the defendant at the time knew that said................did not reside in the village of White Plains, and that he was not a qualified voter of said village.

The effect of the allegations of each indictment is to charge the defendant with having procured a person to do an unlawful act, viz., to vote or offer to vote when he was not a qualified voter. It is not necessary that the indictment should set forth in detail the acts or words of the defendant, by means of which he procured the person to illegally vote or offer to vote. They are matters of proof to be given at the trial. In the McKane Case, 80 Hun, 322; 143 1ST. T. 455, the indictment charged a violation of the provision of the Election Law, relative to the registration of electors, and charged that the defendant, “ did then and there maliciously, feloniously, unlawfully, willfully and knowingly, counsel, command, induce, procure, aid and abet the said John W. Murphy, etc., to so neglect to have such lists and register of voters, and three certified copies thereof, at all reasonable hours accessible to the public for examination, and for making copies thereof.”

ETowhere in this indictment was there any specification of the acts or words or description of the manner by-which the defendant did “ counsel, command, induce, procure, aid and abet.” This indictment was held to be good. To the same effect was the decision in the case of People v. Clark, 8 N. Y. Grim. 313, in which case Judge Van Brunt, writing for the court, said: “ It is not the office of the indictment to set out the evidence, if the conclusions of fact are stated, which facts, if true, constituted a crime; that is all that is necessary. The evidence to establish these conclusions forms no part of the indictment. The office of an indictment is to inform the defendant of the' reasons he is charged of a crime — not to inform the defendant what the evidence is which establishes the charge.”

In the Corbalis Case, 178 N. Y. 516, which is cited by counsel for the defendant in support of this demurrer, the indictment charged that the defendants, “ contrary to law, did engage, aid, assist and abet in pool-selling, and selling pools upon the result of a trial and contest of speed, and power of endurance of beasts;” and the Court of Appeals held that the indictment was insufficient because it failed to state the facts constituting the crime charged; but the statute under which the defendants were indicted in that case expressly provided a number of ways by which the crime of pool-selling, etc., can be committed, and Chief Justice Parker, writing the opinion of the court in that case, says: “ The statute under which defendants were indicted may be violated in a number of ways: By directly taking or placing a .wager; by inducing others to go to a fixed place to wager; by renting a building to be used for the purpose of pool-selling, knowing that it is to be so used; by keeping and maintaining a- building for that purpose, rented from others; by contributing the capital with knowledge that another is to use it in the starting of the business of poolselling; by uniting in the formation of a corporation to be engaged in selling pools; by keeping watch to prevent those engaged in selling pools from being caught; by giving money to another to be placed; by assisting as a clerk others engaged in selling pools,” and so on, showing that, in this and -other ways, the defendants might have committed acts constituting a violation of the statute; and the court held that, inasmuch as many different acts might constitute a violation of the statute under which the indictment was found, the indictment should specify the particular violation the defendant was called upon to meet.

The indictment now under consideration charges the defendant with having feloniously procured a person to-do a certain and specific unlawful act, viz.: To vote or offer to vote at an election, when he was not a qualified elector, and, it seems to me, is quite similar to an indictment for subornation of perjury, which is defined, by section 105 of the Penal Code, as follows: “A person, who willfully procures or induces another to commit perjury, is guilty of subornation of perjury,” and the common form of an indictment for that offense is to charge it in the language of the statute, without pleading the acts constituting the procuring and inducing.”

The further claim is made that these indictments are void for duplicity, in that they allege that the defendant did: 1. Procure, 2. Aid, 3. Assist, 4. Advise, and that the doing of either constitutes a crime, and, hence, that four distinct crimes are alleged.

I think the claim is untenable, because it is the settled law that, where a series of acts is enumerated in a statute as constituting the offense, the enumeration of the entire series in an indictment does not involve duplicity, even though the commission of any one of the series would be sufficient to constitute the crime. People v. Harris, 123-H. Y. Y6. And, in the case of Boric v. People, 91 H. Y. 5, the court said: “ The indictment charges in the conjunctive that the defendant, with intent to defraud, did feloniously and wrongfully obtain, receive, convert and dispose of the bonds mentioned. The statute is pointed against the criminal misapplication of public funds or property. The offense may be committed in any one of the several ways mentioned, that is, by receiving, obtaining, converting, etc., such funds or property wrongfullv, with intent to defraud. It was not necessary to prove .that the defendant did all the specific acts charged in. the indictment to justify a conviction. It was sufficient to prove that he did any one of the acts constituting the offense. Where an offense may he committed by doing any one of several things the indictment may, in a single count, group them together, and charge the defendant to have committed them all, and a conviction may be had on proof of the commission of any one of the things, without proof of the commission of the others.”

In the case of the People v. Davis, 56 N. Y. 95, where the indictment was for an abortion, the court said: “ It will be seen that the count charges the use of different means to' perpetrate the crime, the miscarriage of the woman, and in consequence of them all, that the death of the child and the woman were effected, charging all as constituting a single felony. The law sanctions this method of pleading in criminal cases.”

To the same effect are the decisions in the People v. Altman, 147 N. Y. 473, and People v. Herlihy, 66 App. Div. 534; 170 N. Y. 584.

My conclusions are that the indictment charges only one crime, and that it sufficiently states the acts constituting that offense. The demurrer is, therefore, overruled.

Demurrer overruled.  