
    BURDON CENT. SUGAR-REFINING CO. et al. v. PAYNE et al.
    (Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
    June 7, 1897.)
    No. 518.
    1, Landlord and Tenant — Lessor's Privilege — Louisiana Law.
    The lessor’s privilege, given by Rev. Civ. Code La. art. 2705, as security for the rent and “other obligations of the lease,” held not to operate as security for a balance due for cane made into sugar on the leased xirenuses, but whicii was grown by the lessors on other lands, not covered by the lease, and delivered to tiie lessees under a contract of purchase and sale embraced in the same instrument with the lease, but which was in fact a separate contract from the lease. 17 Sup. Ct. 754, followed.
    2. Sugar Bounties — Equitable Liens.
    A sugar grower in Louisiana may, by contract with the manufacturer to whom he sells the cane, reserve an equitable lien on the sugar bounties becoming due under the act of October 1, 1890, which may he enforced to the. exclusion of general creditors, unaffected by the state laws.
    Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
    This was a suit by the Burdon Central Sugar-Refining Company against the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, for the appointment of a receiver, etc. A receiver was accordingly appointed, and thereafter the firm of J. U. Payne & Co. filed an intervening pcti tion, setting up certain alleged liens on property found on the premises, and also on the sugar bounty due under the act of October 1, 1890. The. circuit court sustained the liens claimed, and entered a decree accordingly. 78 Fed. 417. From this decree an appeal was taken to this court, which certified the questions arising therein ■ to the supreme court for instructions.
    The certificate contained the following statement of facts:
    vl) H. M. Payne, .T. TJ. Payne, and J. U. Payne & Co., a commercial firm compos'd of J. IT. Payne, J. TJ. Payne, ,Tr., and K. W. Poster, all residents of New Orleans, La., were the owners of three contiguous plantations in St. Landry parish. Louisiana, known as Barbreck, .St. Peter’s, and Anchorage.
    (2) On June 16, 1892, they entered into the following, contract with L. Murray Ferris and Wm. L. Ferris, of Poughkeepsie, New York, which was duly recorded:
    “This indenture made by H. M. Payne, J. TJ. Payne, and the firm of J. TJ. Payne & Co., all residents of the city of New Orleans, slate of Lou'«iana, as the parties of the first part, and L. Murray Ferris and William L. Ferris, both residents of the city of Poughkeepsie, state of New York, as the parties of the second part, witnesseth: That whereas the said IT. M. Payne, J. TJ. Payne, and the firm of J. TJ. Payne & Co., parties of the first part, as aforesaid, are the owners and proprietors of three certain plantations, to wit, the Barbreck, St. Peter’s, and Anchorage places, their respective interests in the said three plantations being of record in the said parish; and whereas, the said L. Murray Kerris and William L. Ferris, parties of the second part, as aforesaid, have proposed to contract, upon the terms and conditions hereinafter provided, for a lease of the Barbreck sugar -house, and the purchase of the crops of the three aforesaid plantations: Now, therefore, the said parties of the first part, each for and as regards his respective interest in the said plantations, and the said parties of the second part, jointly and severally, hereby contract, obligate, and bind themselves as follows, to wit:
    “Article First. The parties of the first part grant to the parties of the second part, upon the terms and conditions hereafter provided, a lease, for a period of ten years, of the sugar house situated on the Barbreck plantation, together with all the machinery and appurtenances thereto belonging, it being understood and agreed that this lease shall.coyer and include all the present inclosure around tire Barbreck sugar house, anil so much in addition towards the Anchorage plantation as. may be necessary to provide space for handling cars, and, further, the land between the cane yard and the bayou, except the public highway, which shall be used in common by the parties hereto: provided, that the lease shall not include any cabins or dwelling houses which may be situated on the aforesaid premises, the parties of the first part reserving to themselves the right to remove any and all such, cabins or dwelling houses off the said premises which the parties of the second part shall have the right, at their option, to require. And it is agreed and understood that the lease shall further cover and include the right to make such additions, alterations, or modifications to or in said sugar house as the parties of the second part may desire! to make, using, at their option, all the brick and other material now in the aforesaid premises; the right being farther reserved to the said parties of the second part to drain the aforesaid leased premises into the regular plantation ditches and drains. But the parties of the second part hereby covenant and bind themselves to make at least, and in any event, such additions and alterations to and in said sugar house as will enable them conveniently, and in suitable time, to take off the crops of the Barbreck, St. Peter’s, and Anchorage plantations.
    “Article Second. The consideration of the aforesaid lease shall be the sum oí twenty thousand dollars ($20,000), or two thousand dollars ($2,000) per annum, which the parties of the second part bind and obligate themselves to pay in semiannual installments of one'thousand dollars ($1,000) each; the first installment to be due and payable on the first day of January, 3893, and the others every six months thereafter. And it is understood and agreed that, while all the terms and stipulations of this contract shall be absolutely and irrevocably binding from the date of its execution, the rent, as above stipulated, shall not begin to run until the first day of October, 1892.
    “Article Third. It is further understood and agreed that there shall be built immediately, or as soon as practicable after the execution hereof, a tramway and bridge from the Barbreck sugar house through the St. Peter’s plantation, on the Barbreck side of the bayou, to the boundary line of the Prosser plantation, for the purpose of conveying the crops of the said plantation to the sugar house. The parries of the first part contract and agree, on their part, to grade the bods of the said tramways, aDd to haul all the necessary materials for their construction; the parties of the second part covenanting and agreeing, on their part, to furnish all the material, and to complete the tramways and build the bridges, after the grading and hauling aforesaid shall have been done. And, after the first crop season after the execution hereof, the parties of the second part bind and obligate themselves to build, on the same terms and conditions as are provided above, a branch tramway from the main tramway on the Barbreck plantation, hereinabove provided for, across the St. Peter’s bridge and through the St. Peter’s Hold on that side of the bayou up to the line of the Morgan Railroad. And the parties of the second part shall have the privilege of carrying the tramways entirely through all or either of the said three plantations, so as to be able to extend them beyond.
    “Article Fourth. The parties of the second part shall further have the right of way for a railroad to connect the Barbreck sugar house with the Morgan Railroad, including the consent of the parties of the first part to their building a railroad bridge across the bayou at the grade level of the Barbreck cane yard, and the further right to construct and operate telegraph and telephone lines along all the aforesaid tramways and railroad. The parties of the second part shall further have, during the lease, a. full and complete right of way over the road connecting the Barbreck sugar house and the railroad depot, and the further right to establish and operate during the lease, at some suitable place on one of the three aforesaid plantations, a kiln for burning brick.
    “Article Fifth. But it is distinctly understood and agreed that the- aforesaid tramways and railroad must be so constructed as not to interfere with the drainage facilities of the aforesaid three plantations, or either of them. And, as the courses of the aforesaid tramways and railroad are not definitely fixed herein, it is further understood and agreed that as soon as the said courses shall have been mutually agreed upon, and the tramways and railroad built, they shall ipso facto become the courses contemplated herein, and neither of the parties hereto shall have the right to change the same, or either of them, without the other’s consent.
    “Article Sixth. The parties of the first and second part hereto furl her covenant and agree mutually to soil and purchase, respectively, upon the following terms and conditions, all the cane which, may be grown on the three aforesaid plantations, viz. the Barbreck, St. Peter’s, and Anchorage plantations, except such as may be needed each season as seed for the following year.
    “Article Seventh. The parries of the first part shall cultivate the plantations in cane, or so much thereof as would be justified by usual and improved agricultural methods.
    “Article Eighth. The cane shall be delivered at the sugar house or at the tramways. at the option of the parties of the first part, to cars furnished by the parties of the second part; the said cars to he loaded to their full capacity by the parties of the first part.
    “.'rítele Xinth. The parties of the first part shall have the absolute right to deliver on and after the fifteenth day of October of each season, and the parties of the second part shall be bound and obligated to accept, unless hereinafter provided to the contrary, so much cane each working day as shall represent the average amount necessary to be delivered per day, to complete the delivery by the twenty-fifth day of December following; the said average to be based upon the number of working days between the fifteenth of October and the twenty-fifth of December, and the total estimated tonnage of the three plantations. The said estimate shall be made on the first day of each October by the parties of the.first part, and shall be submitted in writing to the parties of the second part, who shall have the right to make a personal inspection of the crop; and, in case of a disagreement between the parties hereto as to the tonnage, they shall agree upon an umpire, whose decision and estimate shall be final and binding on all parties hereto.
    “Article Tenth. The parties of the second part shall not be bound to accept cane frozen standing more than eight days after a freeze, but windrowed cane, uninjured by freeze shall be paid for on the same basis as uninjured standing-cane. And all cane must be cut as close to the ground as practicable, and not above the first red joint; and it must be delivered promptly after cutting, freed from trash, as is customary in Louisiana. Nor shall the parties of the second part be bound to accept any cane the juice of which shall test less than 9 per cent, sucrose. •
    “Article Eleventh. The price to be paid by the parties of the second part shall be graduated according to the percentage of the sucrose content of the juice of the cane, as expressed at the mill, and the average market price, as determined by the New Orleans quotations of prime yellow clarified sugar, during each delivery week, plus the bounty; this price to be estimated on a basis of four dollars per ton for cane when the sucrose content of the juice is 11 per cent, and the average market price of prime yellow clarified sugar, plus the bounty, is five and a half cents per pound, or 6.6 cents for every one per cent, of sucrose in the juice, thus: Í1 per cent, x 6.6 x 5%, equals $4.00.
    “Article Twelfth. The parties of the first part shall have the right to appoint a representative, who shall have access to the mill at all times for the purpose of testing the juice, or for any other purpose legitimately and reasonably pertaining to the interests of the said parties of the first part under this contract. The juice shall be tested daily, or as often as either party may desire, and immediately, or as soon as practicable, after it is expressed. And, in case more than one determination is made during a day, the average result shall be taken as the basis of- payment for that day, And, in case of disagreement between the parties hereto as to the percentage of sucrose content, Dr. W. C. Stubbs, of New Orleans,, shall be the umpire; arid his decision and figures shall be binding.
    “Article Thirteenth. The price of cane as above determined shall be paid as follows: Two and lg/100 dollars per ton shall be paid every Monday for the cane delivered during the preceding week, until the delivery is completed. The balance, if any, per ton, shall operate as a lien and privilege, to the full extent of such balance, on the first bounty money received by the parties of the second part on sugar produced from cane ground at the Barbreck sugar house; and the said parties of the second part covenant and agree to consecrate solely to the payment of such balance all bounty payments so received by them, until the whole of the said balance shall have been paid.
    “Article Fourteenth. But whereas, there is recorded against the premises herein-above leased a mortgage to secure the'payment at maturity of four promissory notes, each note being for the sum of four thousand one hundred and sixty-six dollars and sixty-six cents, and bearing interest at the rate of four per cent, per annum from the first day of January, 1890, ‘until they respectively mature; and whereas, the said notes mature on the first of January, 1893, the first of January, 1894, the first of January, 1895, and the first of January, 1896, respectively: Now, therefore, in order to secure the parties of the second part in the quiet enjoyment of the said leased premises and the prompt payment of the said notes, principal and interest, as they respectively mature, it is understood and agreed that the parties of the second part shall have the right and privilege of reserving each season, until all the aforesaid notes shall have been paid, the rent which may be due under the terms of this contract on the first day of January of each season, and, in addition, so many of the cash weekly payments for cane, herein-above provided for, next preceding the first day of January of the said season, as will, together with the rent as aforesaid, aggregate the amount, principal and interest, of Ihe note falling due on 1he first of January of that season. The amount so reserved shall be held by the said parties of the second part in trust for the parlies of the first part, and, in ease the said note is not promptly paid at maturity by the parries of the first part, then, for their own protection, the parties of the second part shall have the right to apply the amount reserved as above provided to the payment of the note, principal and interest, charging the amount so applied to the account of the parties of the first part. But, if the parties oí the first part shall promptly pay at maturity the note falling due on the first of January of any season, then in that event the amount reserved, as above provided, by the parties of the second part for the payment of that note, shall immediately become due and payable to Ihe parlies of the first part. The parties of the first part further covenant and agree to remove all other liens and privileges on the leased premises, and to keep the same free from all other liens and privileges during the term of this lease.
    “Article Fifteenth. In the event of a temporary closing and shutting down of the mill as the result of fire, explosion, breakage, or other purely fortuitous cause, the parlies of the second part shall not be bound to receive cane during such time, and shall not be liable in damages to the parties of the first part for such nonreecipl; but during such temporary shutting down of the mill the parties of the first part shall have the right to dispose of so much cane as the parties of the second part, would otherwise have been compelled, under the terms of this contract, to receive, in any way they may see fit, and they shall furthermore have tito right to use for such purpose, free of charge, all the tramways, cars, and oilier transportation facilities of the parties of the second part. And the parties of the second part stipulate and agree to use every reasonable effort to repair, and make all such delays as short as possible.
    “Article Sixteenth. In case of total loss of the sugar house, mill, and machinery, by fire or otherwise, this contract may be terminated, at the option of the partios of the second part..
    “Article Seventeenth. It is agreed and understood that the value of the Barbrock sugar house, machinery, and appurtenances, as they stand at the date of this contract, shall he estimated by- three appraisers to be appointed as follows: One by each of the parties hereto, and the third by these two. And the parties of the second part covenant and agree to take out thereon, in the name and for Ihe benefit of the parties of the first part, and to keep in force during the term of this contract, a policy of insurance against fire, for the full value as above determined, provided that this valuation shall not exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars, and to pay the premium on the said policy, for the benefit of- the parties of the first part, during the term of this contract.
    “Article E'gi>teorth. The parties of the second part further covenant and agree to pay during the term of this contract any and all extra taxes which may result from increased assessment of the leased property on account of the improvements put upon it by the said parties of the second part.
    “Article Nineteenth. On the termination of this contract by limitation, or as otherwise nrovided therein, the parties of the second part shall have the right to remove and take away all the improvements, of whatever kind or description, including tramways, which they may have put upon the leased premises, on condition. however, of paying, before such removal, to the parties of the first part, an amount which shall represent the depreciation in value of the sugar house, machinery, and appurtenances belonging to the said parties, as a means of manufacturing sugar from cane, the. present value to be that determined by the appraisement hereinabove provided for, and the value at the termination of this contract to be determined by a similar appraisement; it being.understood and agreed that the latter appraisement shall be made solely with reference to the relative efficiency and value of the said sugar house, machinery, and appurtenances for the manufacture of sugar from cane, without regard to the profits of the industry, or the depreciation in value of same as the result of the Introduction of new and improved machinery or methods of manufacture.
    “Article Twentieth. The parties of Ihe first part agree to keep all such books and records as are required by the United States government in relation to the bounty, and to furnish to the parties of ihe second pa,rt all the details which may be necessary to enable them to effectuate their bounty rights.
    
      “Article Twenty-First. Nothing' in this contract shall be so construed as to authorize the establishment or conduct of a store of any sort or description upon the leased premises by the parties of the second part or others.
    “Article Twenty-Second. It is further mutually understood and agreed that, in case the bounty now paid upon sugar by the United States government is removed during the term of this contract, then and in that event either of the parties hereto may, at their option, terminate the contract; but, as regards the parties of the first part, it is understood and agreed that this right of terminating the contract shall extend only so far as then- obligation to cultivate and deliver cane is concerned; the right and option being reserved to the parties of the second part, in the event of an exercise by the parties of the first part of their right to termination under this section, to continue the lease as herein stipulated upon the same terms and conditions, except as hereinabove provided.
    “Article Twenty-Third. And whereas, the parties hereto recognize that despite the genuine and earnest efforts of the parties of the second part to construct and put in operation the contemplated mill in time for the next grinding season after the execution hereof, such a consummation may be rendered practically impossible by events absolutely beyond the control of the said parties hereto, it is therefore understood and agreed that if, by reason of such unforeseen events, it snail become practically impossible to construct and put into operation the said contemplated mill in time for the next grinding season after the execution hereof, then and in that event the said parties of the second part shall be bound to receive, under the terms and conditions of this contract, during said next grinding season, only the cane grown on the Barbreck plantation, and the parties of the first part shall have the right to dispose of the St. Peter’s and Anchorage crops during said season in any way they may see fit, with the privilege of using for such purpose, free of charge, any and all the transportation facilities of the parties of the second part. But nothing in this section shall be so construed as to relieve the parties of the second part from their obligation, under this contract, to purchase the crops of the three aforesaid lfiantations in case of their failure to construct and put in operation the said contemplated mill in time for the next grinding season, if such failure shall result from the financial inability of the said parties of the second part to meet their engagements, or from a want of exercise by them of all due caution, prudence, and foresight to that end.
    “Article Twenty-Fourth. It is further understood and agreed that the parties of the second part shall have the right and privilege of subrogating to their rights an.d liabilities under this contract, at any time during the term thereof, a corporation-duly organized, provided it be satisfactorily shown that the said corporation be legally organized and competent to contract; that it is the absolute owner and proprietor of the property, machinery, rights, and effects of every kind and description which shall have belonged to the parties of the second part hereto, and shall be situated- upon the three aforesaid plantations, or either of them; and that the said property, machinery, rights, and effects are free from any and all liens and incumbrances except the lien of the lessors under this contract; and on this condition the parties of the first part covenant and bind tnemselves to accept the aforesaid corporation as the substitute of the parties of the second part hereto, and to release the said parties from any and all subsequent liability hereunder.
    “Article Twenty-Fifth. It is finally understood 'and agreed that this is an entire contract, each stipulation and obligation herein being a part of the consideration for eveiy other.
    “In vritness whereof, the aforesaid parties have hereunto affixed their hands on this 16th day of June, 18&2.
    “[Signed] H. M. Payne.
    • “J. U. Payne.
    “J. U. Payne & Co.
    “[Signed] L. Murray Ferris.
    “Wm. L.. Ferris.”
    (3) Under article twen'ty-four (24) of said contract, the said L. Murray Ferris and Wm. L. Ferris transferred all their rights and liabilities under said contract to the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, a corporation organized under the laws of Louisiana.
    
      (4) The McKinley tariff aet, passed October 3, 1890, which provided for a bounty to sugar producers, was repealed on August 28, 1894, and on September 3, 1894, it was stipulated between the parties to said contract that the provisions of articles eleven and thirteen thereof should be extended so as to apply to any bounty that might thereafter be granted by congress to sugar produced from the crop of 1894.
    (5) The Perris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, operated the Barbreek sugar house under the terms of said contract from October, 1894, to January 4, Í895, and the said parties of the first part, J. TT. Payne & Co. et al., delivered to the said Perris Sugar-Manufacturing Company during that season, under said contract, ten thousand three hundred and seventy-seven (10,377) tons of cane grown upon premises other than those leased to said Ferris Company. for which the said Ferris Company owed a balance on the purchase price of four thousand five hundred and sixty-four and ’Vioo dollars ($4.564.73) on tiie contract basis of $2.75 a. ton, and a further sum of six thousand five hundred and seventy-nine and so/ioo dollars ($6,579.30) in the event that the bounty should be collected.
    (6) In the fall of 1894 the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, became heavily involved in financial difficulties, and prior to this a number of creditors (among them, the Reading Iron-Works Company and John II. Murphy) recorded vendors’ privileges upon the machinery sold by them to the said Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, and erected by it in the said Barbreck sugar house.
    (7) On January 4, 1895, the Burdon Central Sugar-Refining Company, Limited, a corporation organized under the laws of New York, and an unsecured creditor of the Ferris Company to the extent of forty thousand four hundred and four and seventy-four one-hundredths dollars ($40,404.70), its entire debt, filed a bill in equity in the circuit court of the United States for the Eastern district of Louisiana. alleging that the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, was heavily indebted and insolvent, and that its assets would be sacrific d by numerous creditors who were about to bring suit. The bill prayed for the appj'utment of a receiver to take charge of all the assets of said company. On the same day the defendant company filed an answer, with a resolution of its board of directors annexed authorizing such action, admitting all the facts charged in the bill, and uniting in the prayer for a received’. A receiver was thereupon appointed.
    (8) On March 25, 1895, H. M. Payne, J. U. Payne, and J. TT. Payne & Co. filed a petition of intervention in this suit, stating, among other things not relevant to this certificate, the said balance of $4.564.73 and of $6,579.30 due them for cane delivered to the said Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, and claiming that both sums were secured by a lessor’s privilege on the property of the, defendant company at the Barbreck sugar house, and that the latter sum. namely, $6.579.30, was also secured by an equitable lien on any bounty that might thereafter be collected by the receiver. The receive]' and the Ferris Company filed an answer to this petition, admitting the correctness of the amounts claimed, but denying that they were secured as averred. The Burdon Central Sugar-Refining Company adopted the answer of the receiver. Issue was joined by replication, and the matters in issue were referred to a master to report upon the law and the facts. The master allowed the amounts claimed by interveners, but rejected the'ir claims both to a lessor’s privilege to secure these amounts and to an equitable lien on the bounty. Upon exceptions to tno master’s report the court decreed that interveners were entitled to a lessor’s privilege upon the movable effects of said Ferris Company and of third persons upon leased premises to secure both said sums due for the unpaid price of the. sugar cane, in addition to an equitable lien on the bounty to secure the said sum of 86,579.30. in preference to all other creditors of -the said Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited.
    (9) From this decree the Bunion Central Sugar-Refining Company, complainants, the Reading Iron Company, and John H. Murphy, interveners in this suit, as creditors of the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, for large, amounts, took an appeal, and made the following assignment of errors: “First. Said court erred in decreeing that said interveners, J. TT. Payne et al, are entitled to a privilege and right of pledge, as lessors, upon the movable effects of the defendant on the leased premises, to secure the sums due said Interveners for cane sold and delivered by them to said defendant, amounting to $4,564.78 and $6,579.30. Second. Said court erred in decreeing that said interveners are entitled to an equitable lien on the bounties which may be collected on sugars made from cane belonging to said interveners, and taken off by the defendant or its receiver.”
    The .questions certified by the circuit court of appeals are given in the opinion.
    The opinion of the supreme court, answering those questions, was delivered by Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, as follow's:
    By article 3183 of the Revised Civil Code of Louisiana, it is provided: “The property of the debtor is the common pledge of his creditors, and the proceeds of Its sale must be distributed among them ratably, unless there exist among the creditors some lawful causes of preference.” By article 3184: “Lawful causes of preference are privilege and mortgages.” By article 3185: “Privilege can be claimed only for those debts to which It is expressly granted in this Code.” By article 3186: “Privilege is a right, which the nature of a debt gives to a,' creditor.” Article 2705 provides: “The lessor has, for the payment of his rent; and other obligations of the lease, a right of pledge on the movable effects of the lessees, which are found on the property leased. * * *” And by article 3263 this privilege is made sup.erior to the privilege of a vendor.
    Judge Parlange, holding the circuit court, was of opinion that under the terms of the contract the purchase price of the cane delivered by the sellers, the lessors, to the purchasers, the lessees, was secured by the lessors’ privilege, because under the contract the obligation to pay the price of the cane was one of the essential obligations of the lease, and therefore covered by the words “other obligations of the lease.” 78 Fed. 417. Counsel’s contention is that by reason of these words the privilege extends to every obligation created by a contract of lease; and Warfield v. Oliver, 23 La. Ann. 612, Fox v. McKee, 31 La. Ann. 67, and Henderson v. Meyers, 45 La. Ann. 791, 13 South. 191, are cited as maintaining that view. In the first of these cases it was held that the obligation resulting from a clause in a lease providing that the lessee should repair and keep in repair the leased premises was secured by the lessor’s privilege. In the two other cases it was decided that, when a contract of lease provided for an attorney’s fee in the event of suit to recover the rent, the amount of the stipulated fee was also so secured. But it may be observed that repairs to be made to leased property are,in their very nature incidental to a lease of the property, and that such a stipulation as to an attorney’s fee is a mere accessory to the rent itself.
    It is further contended that the Code Napoleon and the Louisiana Code on the subject of the lessor’s privilege are substantially alike, and that the French commentators and the decisions of the French courts support the proposition that the lessor’s privilege secures, not only the rent, but also advances made during the course of the lease for the execution of the lease; that the meaning of the Louisiana law should be regarded as settled by this construction; and that, as the price of the cane delivered under this contract would be secured by the privilege of the lessor under the law of France, the same conclusion follows here. Article 2102 of the Code Napoleon provides that the lessor shall have a privilege for “the repairs which the tenant is bound to make (reparations locatives), and for everything that concerns the execution of the lease.” Many French commentators are referred to as establishing that under this provision tire privilege of the lessor extends to and secures advances made by him to a lessee, and they undoubtedly maintain that under the French law the amount due for raw material delivered by a lessor to the lessee of a manufacturing establishment for the purpose of being worked at the factory, under the terms of the lease, would be secured by the lessor’s privilege. 29 Laurent, Droit Civil Franpais (4th Ed.; .1887) §§ 407, 408, states the principle thus: “By execution of the lease, we understand all the obligations which the law or the contract imposes on tha lessee. Those which the law establishes are considered as agreed between the parties. All, therefore, concern the execution of the contract. * * * Are advances which the lessor makes under the contract of lease to the lessees so-cured by his privilege? The affirmative is adopted by jurisprudence. _ It is Incontestable when tiie advances concern the lease; that is to say, the rights and obligations which result from it. In this case both the letter and spirit of the law are applicable. But if a loan of money were made to tiie lessee, in the contract of lease, without there being any relation between the loan and the lease, this would not lie an advance; it would he an ordinary loan; and the law gives no privilege for such a loan. Jurisprudence adopts this view; for, if it grants a privilege to the lessor for the advance which he makes, it is because these advances concern the lease. The owner of an iron furnace stipulates to furnish to the lessee of his furnace the wood necessary to operate it; it has been adjudged that; such an advance is privileged. Such is also the case when the lessor furnishes beets to the lessee of a sugar factory. The lessor furnishes 10,000 francs to the lessee of a mill, as a fund to be used in operating it. The advance being intended to operate the mill, therefore its object was the execution of the lease, and the claim is privileged.”
    The only decision of tiie French courts cited in argument is referred to by Laurent, and is the caso of Yanderaghen c. Decocq, decided April 18, 1850, by the court of appeals of Douai (not by the court of Cassation, as inadvertently stated by counsel), and reported in 1 Journal du Palais (1851) p. 895. The following statement made by the court of original jurisdiction was adopted by the .court of appeals in affirming the judgment: “Considering that, as regards Ihe claim of 6,800 francs for rentals, tiie privilege of Decocq is not contested by the defendant, and is, besides, expressly established by article 2102 of the Civil Code; that, according to paragraph 1 of tliat article, the same privilege takes effect for repairs chargeable to the tenant, and for everything that concerns the execution of the lease; that it is by virtue of a clause of tiie lease, and for the execution of that clause, and in order to insure the operation of the factory leased, that the Decocqs have delivered and furnished to Blanquart beets io value of 8,086 francs; that article 9 and following of said lease required them to plant beets on 53 hectares and 19 acres, and to furnish and deliver to the factory the entire product of the crop at tire price of 16 francs per 1,000 kilos of beets, and under a penalty of 350 francs damages for each 35 acres of beets not delivered; that all the authors and jurisprudence grant the privilege of article 2302 to the lessor, who has made advances and furnished commodities, as in this case, by virtue of a clause of the lease, and for the execution of the lease,— it is hold that under the terms of article 2102 the claim of Decocq is privileged as well for the beets furnished as for rentals.” Whether the language of Hie Louisiana Code, “every obligation of the lease,” may not justly bo held to be narrower than the words “everything that concerns the execution of the lease,” as found in the Code Napoleon, and therefore whether the latter would secure by the lessor’s privilege an advance made by the lessor, which would not be so secured under the Louisiana law, we need not discuss; for, even conceding that the two Codes are alike, and that the provisions of both support the theory relied on, yet we think that under the provisions of this contract the price of the cane was not secured by the lessor’s privilege. The test applied by the French writers to ascertain whether the particular obligation is secured by the lessor’s privilege is whether the obligation created by a particular clause in a, contract of lease is really a part of tiie contract of lease proper, or an obligation necessary for its execution. Thus Laurent, as we have just seen, says: “But, if a loan of money were made to the lessee in the contract of lease, without there being any relation between the loan and the lease, this would not be an advance; it would be an ordinary loan, and the law gives no privilege for such a loan.” And the conclusion of the court of appeals of Douai in the case cited rested on the fact that the particular contract there considered made the price of the beers a part of the contract of lease, and intended for the execution of the lease.
    It is clear, then, that, though we concede the view of the Louisiana law con-, tended for by appellee, the question still remains: “Did the obligation to pay for the cane as stipulated in this contract make such obligation a part of the lease itself, or did the duty to pay under the contract result, not from the. lease, bur from another and distinct contract, namely, one of sale, not contemplated by the parties to be considered as a part of tiie lease ns such, and therefore not secured by the lessor’s privilege?” The learned district judge proceeded on the ground that there was an identity between the French and the Louisiana law. that tne interpretation of the one was' persuasive in respect of the other, and that under both laws the privilege claimed should be allowed; but to reach this result he also held that the contract was brought within this view of the law because the sale of the cane, as between the parties to the contract, was “an essential consideration of the lease, both on the part of the lessors and lessees.” We should remember that the contract must be so construed as to give meaning to all its provisions; and that that interpretation would be incorrect which would obliterate one portion of the contract in order to enforce another part thereof (Rev. Civ. Code La. art. 1951); and that as privileges, under the law of Louisiana, are in derogation of common right, they cannot rest on implication, and can only result from express terms, or from clear and irresistible intendment (Shaw v. Grant, 13 La. Ann. 52; Bank v. Maureau, 37 La. Ann. 857). In Case v. Taylor, 23 La. Ann. 497, the supreme court of Louisiana said: “It matters not what name the parties have given to the instrument; its character is determined by its constituent elements.” Article 20G3 of the Revised Civil Code of Louisiana (an article not found in the French Code) provides: “A conjunctive obligation is one in which the several objects in it are connected by a copulative, or in any other manner which shows that all of them are severally comprised in the contract. This contract creates as many different obligations as there are different objects; -and the debtor, when he wishes to discharge himself, may force the creditor to receive them separately.” And article 1883, that “every contract has for its object something which one or both of the parties oblige themselves to give, or to do, or not to do.”
    The writing before us embodies, in fact, two contracts — a contract of lease and a contract of sale. If we were compelled to treat it as a single, indivisible contract, what would be its proper denomination? The sale of the cane was manifestly more important to Payne & Go. than the lease of the sugar house. By the contract they severed their lands into two parcels; leasing, for a time and price fixed, one part thereof, with the sugar house, and retaining the remainder, which they were to cultivate, and the crop upon which the Ferrises agreed to purchase. Apparently the lease was the inducement to the sale, rather than the sale the inducement to the lease. So that, if there was a loss of identity, which form of contract absorbed the other? We do not think, however, the effect of the document was to fuse the two into one, but that a contract ot sale and a contract of lease were both provided for. The preamble recites: “Whereas, the said L. Murray Ferris and William L. Ferris, parties of the sec- ■ ond part, as aforesaid, have proposed to contract, upon the terms and conditions hereinafter provided, for a lease of the Barbreck sugar house, and the purchase of the crops of the three aforesaid plantations.” And anieles 1 to 5 regulate, in substance, the relations between the parties as landlord and tenant, while articles 6 to 13 govern the sale of the eiops. Article 6 says: “The parties of the first and second part hereto further covenant and agree mutually to sell and purchase, respectively, upon the following terms and conditions, all the cane which may be grown on the three aforesaid plantations, viz. the Barbreck, St. Peter’s, and Anchorage plantations, except such as may be needed each season as seed for the following year.” Article 11: “The price to be paid by the parties of the second part shall be graduated according to the percentage of the sucrose content of the juice of the cane,” etc. Article 13: “The price of cane as above determined shall be paid as follows: Two and T5/i0o dollars per ton shall be paid every Monday for the cane delivered during the preceding week, until the delivery is completed. Tire balance, if any, per ton, shall operate as a lien and privilege to the full extent of such balance on the first bounty money received by the parties of the second part on sugar produced from cane ground at the Barbreck sugar house,” etc.
    We do not see how it can be successfully denied that there was a contract of sale as well as a contract of lease, and, this being the fact, it is impossible to so read the writing as to destroy the one in order to'give effect to the other, And, in interpreting the contracts, if all the obligations which they created, excepting those essentially necessary to the existence of the contract of sale, should be attributed to and treated as obligations of the lease, this would not make the duty to pay for the cane an obligation of the lease, because price is of the essence of the contract of sale,.under the law of Louisiana, and without price there can be no sale. Rev. Civ. Code, art. 2439. This conclusion is strengthened when we consider that the contracting parties themselves sedulously separated the obligation to pay the price of the cane from the other obligations by stipulating that the price should be secured by a privilege and lien entirely independent of the lease. Thereby the duty to pay for tlie cane was treated as resulting from a sale, and secured by a privilege specially provided for upon ihd bounty money, which is inconsistent with tlie view that the contracting parlies contemplated that the duty to pay for the cane resulted, not from a sale, but purely from a lease. It is true that the mere taking of security for the obligations of tlie lease would not import that the lessor’s privilege created by law in favor of these obligations was abrogated, yet when the necessary effect of the contract under consideration is to separate the duty to pay for the cane from the obligations of the lease as such, and to secure it separately, the stipulation as to security is entitled to great weight, as tending to show that the parties regarded the obligations of the lease as one thing, and tlie obligation to pay the price separately secured as another. Privilege, says the Code, is the right “which'the nature of the debt gives to the creditor.” Now, the stipulation was that the price of the cane should be secured by a privilege on the bounty money; and this clearly justifies the assumption that the parties proceeded on the theory that the price of the cane arose from a different consideration and created a different obligation from the obligations created by the lease. Again, the twenty-second article of the contract expressly provided for tlie continuance of the lease at the option of the lessee, the manufacturing company, even after the lessors had been discharged from all obligation to cultivate or deliver cane to the company. That article is: “It is further mutually understood and agreed that, in case the bounty now paid upon sugar by the United States government is removed during the term of this contract, then and in that event either of the parties hereto may, at their option, terminate the contract; but. as regards the parties of the first part, it is understood and agreed that this right of terminating the contract shall extend only so far as their obligation to cultivate and deliver cane is concerned; the right and option being resolved to the parties of the second part, in the event of an exercise by the parties of the first part of their rigid of termination under this section, to continue the lease as herein stipulated under the same terms and conditions, except as hereinabove provided.” How can it be concluded that the cultivation, delivery, and sale of tiro cane, on the one hand, and the payment of the price therefor, on the other, was an essential and necessary part of the continuance of the contract of lease, when the contracting parties themselves declared that, although all obligation to cultivate and deliver cane and to pay for the same should be dispensed with, the lease itself might continue to exist for its full term? And it may be observed, in this connection, that the contingency as to tlie bounty liad happened before any delivery whatever had been made under the contract. If, in tlie year following, the vendor liad exercised his option to cease delivering cane, and the vendee had continued to lease, could it have been said that there was no lease, because the obligation to deliver cane had disappeared, when the contract itself provided that this should not be the case? As the contract of lease provided for the erection by the lessor of new machinery in the sugar house, and therefore must be considered to have contemplated a debt as arising from its execution, it appears to us that it was The plain duty of the lessors, if their intention was that the purchase price of the cane should be an obligation of the lease secured by a lessor’s privilege, to hare so stipulated in unambiguous terms. And as this was not done, but, on the contrary, as the obligation to pay for the cane was stated in the contract as arising from the sale, and was separated from the obligations of the lease by the reservation of a privilege and lien on the bounty money, the rule of strict interpretation precludes us from so reading the contract as to enlarge its terms to import a privilege not necessarily resulting therefrom. Nor do we think that the twenty-fifth article, providing that “this is an entire contract, each stipulation and obligation herein being a part of the consideration for every other,” tends to impair the conclusions we have indicated. The parties treated the written agreement as embodying botli a sale and a lease, as independent contracts. Rev. Civ. Code La. art. 17G9. The contract of lease is essentially commutative. Id. art. 2669. And article 1768 of the Code defines such contracts thus: “Commutative contracts are those in which what is done, given or promised by one party, is considered as equivalent to, or a consideration for what is done, given, or promised by the other.” It was because tlie parties considered the agreement as embodying independent stipulations that the provision before quoted was inserted, for it would otherwise have been superfluous; while, considering them as independent contracts, the stipulation making them interdependent created the right to rescind The one in case of the violation of the oilier. IVe hold, then, that the price of the cane delivered under the contract was not secured by the lessors’ privilege, and that the first quesfion must be answered in the negative.
    2. The thirteenth article of the contract reads as follows: “The price of cane as above determined shall be paid as follows: Two and ts/ioo dollarspertonsha.il be paid every Monday for the cane delivered during the preceding week, until the delivery is completed. The balance, if any, per ton, shall operate as a lien and privilege to the full extent of such balance on the first bounty money received by the parties of the second part on sugar produced from cane ground at the Barbreclt sugar house; and the said parties of the second part covenant and agree to consecrate solely to the payment of such balance all bounty payments so received by them, until the whole of the said balance shall have been paid.” If it was within the power of the contracting parties to create an equitable lien upon the bounty collected, the terms of the contract effectuated that purpose. Walker v. Brown, 165 U. S. 654, 17 Sup. Ct. 453, and cases cited. The right of the parties, however, by the contract to create an equitable lien, and the power of a court of equity to enforce such lien, are denied upon the ground that as, by the provisions of the law of Louisiana, equality of distribution is the rule among creditors, and preferences can only result from privileges and mortgages, and as the subject-matter from which the lien here arose was not one of the cases to which the law of Louisiana gives a privilege, therefore an equitable lien could not be created by contract or enforced in violation of the terms of The statutes of Louisiana. But. without passing on the correctness of this proposition, we think it has no relation to tlie matter under consideration. The bounty on sugar was derived wholly from the act of congress of October 1, 1890, providing therefor (26 Stat. 567. c. 1244), and the act of March 2, 1S95, making a partial allowance for the repealed bounty (28 Stat. 910, c. 189). U. S. v. Realty Co., 163 U. S. 427, 16 Sup. Ct. 1120. The bounty was given, by the terms of the act of 1890. not to the manufacturer of sugar manufactured within the United States, but to the producer of such sugar from “beets, sorghum and sugar cane grown within the United States.” In this way the law, in conferring a bounty, created a link between the manufacturer of the sugar and the grower of the beets, sorghum, or cane from which it was-manufactured. And this connection between the manufacturer and the grower being created by the act of congress in conferring the bounty only for sugar manufactured from cane grown within the United States, the relation between the grower and the manufacturer was one arising from the laws of the United States, and not from tlie local law of the state of Louisiana. As a transfer of the .claim against the United States derived from tlie bounty could not have been given by the manufaclurer who received the cane, of the grower without a violation of section 3477 of the Revised Statutes, the contention of appellants denies to the grower of cane, on its delivery -to a manufacturer, any security whatever; but this would be incompatible with tlie purposes and objects of the acts of congress, and would cause the statutes of Louisiana to operate upon, and, in a measure, render nugatory, laws of the United States. The parties to the contract had in view in making it the necessary relation between them accorded by the act of congress, for the contract stipulated that the parties of the first part should “keep all such books and records as are required by the United States government in relation to the bounty, and to furnish to the parties of the second part all the details which may be necessary to enable them to effectuate their bounty rights.” The right to collect the bounty having arisen from a law of the United States, and the provisions of that law creating a necessary relation between the grower and the manufacturer, making them, in effect, joint producers of tlie sugar, tlie right to the equitable lien stipulated by the contract was not controlled by the provisions of the local law of Louisiana, even although, as a general rule, — and in regard to this we express no opinion, — the effect of that law would be to deprive contracting parties, except when expressly allowed, of the right to contract for an equitable lien, and to deny to courts of equity tlie power to enforce tlie same.
    
      These considerations lead to an affirmative answer to the second and third questions. The first question is answered in the negative, and the second and third questions in the affirmative, and it will be so certified.
    John D. Rouse, Wm. Grant, Walter H. Saunders, and Frank McGloin, for appellants.
    Chas. E. Fenner, for appellees.
    Before PARDEE and McCORMICK, Circuit Judges, and MAXEY, District Judge.
   PEE CURIAM.

Certain questions arising in this cause, which are hereinafter more fully set out, were certified to the supreme court, to obtain the instruction of that court in the matter embraced in the question. A complete statement of the case will be found in 167 U. S. 127, 17 Sup. Ct. 754, and it is unnecessary to repeat it here.' The questions certified were the following:

“(1) Ti being shown that the cane sold by appellees, ,T. U. Fayne & Oo. et al., to the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, pursuant to the contract between the parties, was grown on lands not embraced within the limits of the premises leased to the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, are appellees, under the laws of Louisiana, considered in connection with the provisions of the contract, entitled to the lessor’s privilege to secure the payment of the purchase price of such cane? (2) Under the terms of the thirteenth article of the contract between the Paynes and the Ferrises, and to secure the payment of the price of the sugar cane sold and delivered under said contract, have the appellees, 11. M. Payne, X U. Payne, and the’members of the firm of X TI. Payne & Co., an equitable lien upon the bounty money collected from the United Stares by the receiver in this suit? (3) If the second question shall be answered in the affirmative, can such equitable lien, under the laws of Louisiana, be so enforced in the present suit as to appropriate the bounty money to the payment of the claim of the Paynes, io the exclusion of the general creditors of tlie Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company ?”

The first of tlie certified questions was answered by the supreme com! in the negative, and the second and third questions in the affirmative. The decree of the circuit court appealed from in this cause adjudged that flu* appellees were entitled to both the lessor’s privilege and an equitable lien to secure the payment of the price of the cane sold l>v .the appellees to the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited. The decree oí the circuit court is erroneous in extending to the appellees the benefit of the lessor's privilege to secure the payment of the price of the cane. Appellees have an equitable lien on the bounty money, to the extent only of f6.579.80, which should be appropriated first to the payment of their claim, and the remainder thereof should be distributed to the creditors of the Ferris Sugar-Manufacturing Company, Limited, as justice and equity require. For the error indicated, the decree of the circuit court should be reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to enter a decree in conformity with the view's above expressed; and it is so ordered.  