
    Harkness & Wife vs. Underhill.
    1.. A fraudulent entry of public land allowed by a register and receiver, upon false proofs of settlement, occupancy and housekeeping, may be set aside and vacated by the Commissioner of the General Land Office.
    2. A contract between two persons, neither óf them being settlers or housekeepers, that one of them shall enter land for the benefit of both under the pre-emption laws, is a combination to defraud tha Government; contrary to public policy, illegal, and void.
    8 ■ Such a contract will not operate by way of estoppel to prevent one of ■ the parties, his heirs or alienees, from, setting up a good legal title subsequently acquired, against the fraudulent title obtained by the other in accordance with the contract.
    4. Where a party has had possession of land -for fourteen years under a - legal title clear and free upon its face, and. the land in the mean time has greatly risen in value, a court of equity cannot make a decree which will turn the owner of the legal title out.
    James P. Harkness and Mana his wife brought their bill in the Circuit Court of the United States for the northern district of Illinois,. against Isaac Underhill, to compel the defendant to convey to Maria Harkness the west'half of the east half of the southeast quarter of section 4 in township 8, range 8, east of the 4th principal meridian, in Peoria county," Illinois. •' The -material facts set forth in the bill are these :
    Isaac Waters, the father of Maria Harkness, wasasett-ler and housekeeper on the half-quarter section of land described. As such he was in possession of the whole eighty acres from April 5th, 18.82, until July 13th, 1833; and from the latter date until July 2d, 1835, he was in possession of forty acres, the west half, cultivating it and making improvements, which began in April, 1832. On the 24th of November, 1832, he made his affidavit, which was corroborated by that of John G-. Trail, that he was a settler,.and housekeeper on the.half-quarter section; which affidavits of himself and Trail he afterwards presented at the land office and applied for the purchase and entry of the l¿nd, but failed because the public surveys of that township had not then been returned. Subsequently to this the surveys were returned, but "Waters died without renewing his application. He left a. widow, and several children. On the 7th of August, 1835, which was after the death of Waters and within one year after the-return of the surveys, his widow, on behalf of herself-and children, applied for a p're-emption right upon the proofs which Waters had. made in his lifetime. The register and receiver, allowed the claim, and the land was thereupon entered by the widow for herself and the heirs-at-law of Waters.. The receipt was recorded in the office of the recorder for Peoria country. ,
    The narrative now goes back to certain transactions of Waters with-other parties. ■ On the 13th of July, 1833, he made his Writing obligatory to. Stephen Stillman and William A. Stewart, reciting that Water’s and Stillman were common owners of the eighty acres ; that Stewart had bought half of Stillman’s share; that Steyvart should pay $50, one half of the whole purchase money, anc[ Waters should 'make to Stewart and Stillman a good title ^for forty acres, the east half of the eighty acres. Stewart conveyed his interest to Francis Church. As to the west half, Waters bound himself on the 2d of July, 1835, to convey that to Moses Pettingal and William Wolcott. They assigned their interest to Aaron Russell, who went into possession and made improvements worth $3,000r Russell died in possession in the fall of 1838, leaving no children, but a ..widow, .who retainedv the possession to the time of her own death in the fall- of 1839, when Gale and Cross, administrators of Russell, took possession and kept it until they were turned out.by force, as will be mentioned hereafter.
    Ijn 1836, Stillman, taking advantage of the possession which he had acquired, with Waters’s consent, of the east half of the eighty acres, claimed a pre-emption right in the whole of it. H© had previously sold a portion of it to Aquilla Wren. The land office refused to allow him a pre-emption or to permit 'him to enter the land, because a pre-emption for the same land had been already-allowed to-the heirs of Waters. ; Stillman . died in 1837. The year afterwards, Wren, together w'th one Frisby, sent an agent to the land office, who got a pre-emptions right allowed, and an entry made in the name of himself as agent for Stillman’s heirs. But this was done without the authority or knowledge of Stillman’s h'eirs, and the purchase money and fees were paid by Prisby and Wren. They also got a patent from the General Land Office at Washington, and turned Bussell’s administrators (Gále and Cross) out of possession of the west half by force. In 1841, Wren conveyed the west half of the lot to Isaac Underhill.'
    After the administrators of Bussell had been forcibly detruded from their possession, they brought an action against Waters’s representatives on the bond which Waters had given to Pettingal and Wolcott for the title of the west half of the lot, and recovered $3,000. On this judgment execution was issued; the land now in controversy was levied on inter alia, and sold to Charles Balance for $5. Balance conveyed to Maria Harkness, a daughter .of Waters, and one of the present plaintiffs. The other heirs of Waters also released their respective rights to her.
    The bill concludes by praying that Isaac Underhill, the defendant, be decreed to convey the west half of the eighty acres to Maria Harkness, and account to her for the profits he has r aceived.
    The defendant’s version of the facts as extracted from his' answer,- and simply stated, is this:
    • Waters was riot a settler and housekeeper on the land. His affidavit to that effect was false, and so was Trail’s. He went on the land September 23,1832, put up a log-pen, without á roof, staid the.re'o.ne night only, and the next day made his affidavit. That was the only possession he ever had, and the certificate of pre-emption obtained upon it was fraudulent and void. Defendant knew nothing of the written contract bé- . tween Waters of the one part,-arid Stillman ^nd Stewart of the other part, until long after he purchased, from Wren, and he denies that the facts recited in that writing are. true, or that Stillman got possession of the east half of the lot under thats writing; .he was in possession before. It is true that Bussell made improvements on .the west half, but they were made with . a^ full knowledge that Waters’s pre-emption right was cop-tested, and its validity denied. When defendant made his purchase from Wren, the bond from Waters to Stillman and Stewart, as well as the receiver’s certificate and receipt, were recorded in the-recorder’s office of Peoria county, but he did not know it; he had no actual knowledge, of either transaction, and he insists that he is an innocent and bona fide purchaser for a- valuable consideration, without notice of any adverse claim whatever. He has made valuable improvements, which the plaintiffs stood by and saw him make for years, without asserting any right of their own; and this, together with the lapse of time, should protect him. He admits that the land was s,old by the sheriff at the suit of Russell’s administrators, on a judgment against the personal representatives of Waters; but the sheriff’s vendee acquired no tith, because the title was then not in the heirs of Waters, but in Wren.
    The evidence taken in the cause was convincing enough that Waters was not an actual-settler and housekeeper on any part of the eighty acres when he made Ms application for the right of pre-emption. 'He was.at that time a resident of Peoria, 'and'continued to reside there afterwards. This was the only fact controverted betweetn the parties. ''The' Commissioner of the General Land Office ordered the entry of Waters’s heirs to be vacated on the ground.of fraud. The principal questions, therefore, which arose on the bill, answer, and evidence, were:
    1. Whether Waters’s right of pre-emption could be set aside and the entry,.of his heirs vacated on the ground that his proofs were insufficient or false.
    - ■ 2. Whether Stillman, and those claiming under him, were estopped by his contract with Waters to take advantage of the unsoundness of Waters’s title.
    - 3. Whether Underhill, the defendant, took the legal title which he purchased from Wren discharged of the equities against it in the hands of Stillman; and
    4. Whether the lapse of time and the accompanying circumstances were, or were not, a protection to Underhill against the claim of the plaintiffs..
    The Circuit Court decided all the points of fact and law against the plaintiffs and dismissed the bill. Thereupon, they took this appeal.
    
      Mr. Williams for complainants.
    It makes no difference whether Waters’s house and actual' residence was on the land in question or. on the adjoining tract. The substantial requirement1 of the law was, the improvement, and that was' on the land.1 The United States were not wronged, for they got as much money, and ás good, from Waters as they would have got from Stillman. Nor was Waters’s entry a.fraud upon Stillman. It was made-with his consent and for his benefit. At all events,, Waters’s entry was good under the act of June 19, 1834, which provides that all persons who were in possession of and cultivated lands in 1833 shall be entitled to preemption. • Besides, the irregularity, was cured by the act of July 2, 1836!
    The register and receiver having sold the land to Waters in conformity with the instructions of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, had no further power or j ui’isdiction over it. Neither had the,Commissioner of the General Land Office power to set asideidie sale even for fraud. This could only be done by judicial authority,; Opinions of Attorneys General, Public Laud Laws, Instructions and Opinions, part 2, No. 15, p. 16; No. 57, p. 85; No. 58, p. 85; No. 64, p. 99; No. 88, p. 140; Elliott vs. Piersoll, (1 Pet., 340;) Wilcox vs. Jackson, (13 Pet., 511; 13 Curtis, 269;) Lytle vs. The State of Arkansas, (9 How., 333; 18 Curtis, 159;) United States vs. Arredondo, (6 Pet., 709, 729;)La Roche vs. Jones, (9 How., 17; 14 Pet., 458.) The entry of Waters was vacated on an ex parte application without notice*,, A judicial decree made under such circumstances, and in such a manner, would be a nullity. So, for a stonger reason, is the decision of a mere executive or ministerial officer,.
    Stillman is estopped by-the contract between himself and Waters from setting up a title acquired as his was in opposition to the title of Waters. 12 How., 24; Hallet vs. Collins, (10 How., 174,. 183;) Hunt vs. Sloan, (2 Michigan, 213;) Pey
      
      ton vs. Stith, (5 Pet., 485;) Tilghman vs. Lytle, (13 Ills. R., 239;) Wenlock vs. Hardy, (4 Little, 272—4;) Riley vs. Millian, (4 J. J. Marsh, 305.)
    Wren and Underhill having purchased with a full knowledge of Waters’s claim, and of the facts upon which it was' founded, are in .no better condition than Stillman himself. Waters’s certificate of entry and his bond, to Stillman and.. Stewart weré recorded. That record was notice .to all the world. It is made so by the recording law of Illinois. 1 Purp. St., 159, sec. 28. Besides, the open, actual, notorious possession which Waters, and .those-deriving title from him had of the west half of the eighty acres, was notice to all persons of the title under which they claimed it. Rupert vs. Mark, (15 Ills., 542;) Tuttle vs. Jackson, (6 Wend., 213;) Colby vs. Kenniston, (4 N. H., 262;) Mathews vs. Demerite, (22 Maine, 312;) Landes vs. Brant, (10 How., 348;) Dyer vs. Martin, (4 Scam., 146;) Dixon vs. Doe, (1 S. & M., 70;) Boling vs. Ewing, (9 Dana, 76;) MeConnel vs. Read, (4 Scam., 123;) 1 Story’s Eq. Jurisp., sec. 400; 2 Vesey; 437; 13 Vesey, 118;. Buck vs. Holloway’s Devisees, (2 J. J. Marsh, 180;) Grimston vs. Carter, (3 Paige,. 421—437;) Governeur vs. Lynch, (2 Paige, 300;) Chesterman vs. Gardner, (5 Johns, Ch. 29.)
    And this rule extends to-the possession of a pre-emption in Illinois. Brurier et al. vs. Manlove et al., (3 Scam., 339.)
    
      Mr\ Carlisle and Mr. Webb for defendant.
    No one but a •settlerand housekeeper on the land was entitled to aright of pre-emptio.n under the act of April 5, 1832. Waters was not a settler or housekeeper. He had, therefore, no right — no title — nothing but a fraudulent claim, wholly worthless and void.' That being its character, the register and receiver and Commissioner of the General Land Office -had authority to rescind, set aside, and treat as a nullity the entry made by his heirs on the false proqfs produced by him in his lifetime. As" Waters’s Gentry did not give him the tifie, it was still in the United States, and the land office was justified in permitting Stillman’s heirs to enter it. 2 Land Laws, 646; Lewis vs. Lewis, (9 Mo., 143.) “It is the duty of the Commissioner of the General Land Office to-revise the proceedings of the register and receiver and vacate entries which may have been illegally.made, and thereby arrest the completion of a title originating in fraud, mistake, or violation of law.” This is the language of the court in Green vs. Hill, (9 Missouri, 322.) To the same effect are the cases of Perry vs. O’Hanlon, (11 Mo., 585;) Huntsucker vs. Clark, (12 Mo., 333;) Nelson vs. Simms, (23 Miss., 383;) Glenn vs. Thistle, (23 Miss., 42;) Mitchell vs. Cobb, (13 Ala., 137;) Dickinson vs. Brown, (9 Smeade and Marshall, 130;) Gray vs. McCance, (4 Ill.) Between the ease at bar and the case last cited there is no essential difference. The Commissioner of the Land'Office held Gray’s entry to be a nullity, a. fraud on the Government, and directed it to be set aside, and his action was held to be not only legal but conclusive upon the parties. If Waters had any claim under the act of April 5,1832, or March 2,1833, he waived it by his neglect to comply with the rules and regulations of the General Land Office, and no subsequent act'that he could take advantage of would cure the irregularity.
    The bond which Waters gave to Stillman was neither morally nor legally binding. Waters was to convey to Stillman if he obtained a pre-emption, and this he neither did nor could do. His heirs after his' death entered the land in fraud of the law, but they never offered to execute the contract by. conveying to Stillman. The bond was contrary to the policy of the law.
    The plaintiffs rely on the record as proving notice to Under-hill.' Perhaps these records may be notice that he had a claim, but in 1841, when Underhill made his purchase from Wren, the entry by Waters’s heirs had been set aside for three years, and for the same period no person had been in possession claiming under Waters or his heirs. The patent had been issued to Stillman’s heirs, and no intention had been manifested to assert an adverse claim. Then eighteen years, elapsed after the title, to Stillman, and fourteen after Underhill’s purchase, before this bill was filed. Meántimé the land ha,d increased in value one hundred fold — had been laid out into town lots, improved ■and built upon , by innocent purchasers, and had become a ma- . terial portion of a thriving and important western city. The purchase by Underhill was made in good faith, and the entire legal and equitable title is vested in him. He need not go behind his patent for a title. It is conclusive evidence of right and title in the patentee until attacked and overthrown'by some one who can show á superior equity. The defendant is also fully and wholly protected by the statute of limitations. 2 Purple’s Stat., 730; Purple’s Real Estate St., 424.
   Mr. Justice .CATRON.

In the winter or spring of-1832, Isaac Waters and Stephen Stillman agreed to cultivate and improve-the east half of the southeast quarter of section four, a portion of which is in controversy in this suit.. This arrangement was made in view of the probability that Congress would, at its then session, pass a pre-emption law. It was further stipulated that Waters should make the necessaiy proof to obtain the pre-emption. As was anticipated, the act of April 5, 1832, was passed, allowing “to actual settlers, being house-' keeper?,” a pre-emption to enter a half-quarter section to include his improvement. Waters went on the land, made a slight improvement for the purpose of cultivation, erected a temporary hut, or rather a pen, put some furniture in it, and he,-with a part of -his family, went into the hut, staid there a couple of days, and then returned to his residence in the village of Peoria, where-he resided, and continued to reside. , He was a substantial resident of the village, having a house, home, and .family there. The 'half-quarter section adjoined the village property. Waters made an affidavit in September, 1832, that he'- was an actual settler and housekeeper on the land. -He does not say at what time, but he .applied tó enter under the provisions of the act of April 5, 1832. He .also procured the affidavit of one Trail, who swoi’e that Waters was an actual settler and housekeeper on the half-quarter section. ■

In July, 1833, Waters, in a written agreement with Stillman and Wm. A. Stewart, recited the* terms on which he and Still-man agreed to improve the land, to wit: that the entry was to be made for their joint benefit on the proofs, furnished by Waters. Stewart, at the date of the agreement, stipulated to pay Stillman’s moiety of the purchase-money, and Waters was bound to convey to Stewart.and Stillman one-half of the eighty acres; and it appears by a covenant, dated July 2, 1835, executed by Waters to Pettingal and Wolcott, that Waters’s portion was the western forty acres, which he bound himself to convey to Pettingal and Wolcott, they being purchasers from Waters. Waters soon thereafter died, leaving a widow and children, and they entered the half-quarter section, in the name of Waters, at the land office at Quincy, August.7,1835. The entry stood in this condition till' May, 1838, when the Commissioner of the General Land Office informed the register and receiver at Quincy that, Stephen Stillman’s h'eirs having applied to them to enter the half-quarter section, containing eighty acres, and having adduced evidence to the Commissioner tending.to prove that Waters went on the land into a' log-pen, without a roóf, find staid there only oné night; furthermore,.that the affidavits of Waters and Trail being evasive, aud not stating that Waters was an actual settler on the 5th of April, 1832, the register and receiver were, therefore, instructed, that if they believed the facts, as respects the frauds practised to obtain the entry in Waters’s name, to treat it as void,.for fraud, and allow Still-man’s heirs to enter the land; and this was accordingly done. The entry in Stillman’s name was made under the .occupant law of 1834.'

We con cur with, the Commissioner’s directions, and the finding of the register and receiver, that the proceeding of Waters was a fraudulent contrivance to secure the valuable privilege-of a, preference of entry. It was- an attempt to speculate on his part, and also on the-part of Stillman, his co-partner,, by fraud and falsehood. , They both knew equally well that Waters was no actual settler on the.public lands at-any time, and that the affidavits of Waters and Trail were false.

The principal-ground on which the bill is founded assumes that the complainant, as. assignee of Waters’s heirs, is entitled to a decree against the respondent, because his title was derived-through Stillman, andthat Stillman came.into possession under Waters, and therefore Stillman’s assignee cannot dispute the title of him under whom he held possession, according to the doctrine maintained by this court in the case of Thredgill vs. Pintard, (12 How., 24.)

In Thrédgill’s ease the transaction was fair, and obviously honest. ■ The consideration between the .parties was full and undoubted; their contracts bound-them. But in this case, there was no legal contract between Stillman and Waters. They combined to defraud the Government; their agreement was contrary to public policy, because it was intended by contrivanee-to take the land' out of the market at public sale — á cherished policy of the Government. Such an agreement can have no standing in a court of justice.

But there is another defence equally conclusive. The bill seeks the legal title from Underhill; he holds under a patent, dated in 1838; he purchased in 1841, and has been in uninterrupted possession ever, since. This suit was brought in 1854. • In the meantime,' the land' sued for has been' partly laid off into, lots, and become city property; yet, Waters’s claiiu’lay dormant after his entry was set aside at the General Land Office for eighteen years, and fourteen years after the patent in Stillman’s name was issued, and the land conveyed to Underhill by Wren. Underhill, and those holding under him, have held possession from 1841 to the time when this suit was brought; and, in the meantime, the land had greatly increased in' value, and changed in its. circumstances. These facts present a case on which a court of equity cannot decree for the complainant, if there was 'no other defence.

The question is again raised, whether this entry, having been allowed by the register and receiver, could be set aside by; the Commissioner. All the officers administering the public lands were bound by the regulations published May 6, 1886.1, 2 L. L. & O., 92. These regulations prescribed the mode of proceeding to vacate a fraudulent occupant entry, and were pursued in the case before the court.

This question has several times been- raised and decided in this court, upholding the Commissioner’s powers. Garland vs. Winn, (20 How., 8;) Lytle vs. The State of Arkansas, (22 How.)

Eor the reasons above stated, it is ordered that the decree of the Circuit Court hr affir-ihed.  