
    [No. 32305-6-III.
    Division Three.
    September 1, 2016.]
    General Construction Company, Respondent, v. Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Petitioner.
    
    
      
      David E. Sonn, Kristin M. Ferrera, and H. Lee Lewis IV (of Jeffers, Danielson, Sonn & Aylward PS), for petitioner.
    
      
      John S. Stewart, Thomas A. Larkin, and Tyler J. Storti (of Stewart Sokol & Larkin LLC), for respondent.
   Korsmo, J.

¶1 We granted discretionary review of this unduly convoluted and overly lawyered action at the request of the Grant County Superior Court in order to determine if the doctrine of quantum meruit recognized in Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d 817, 399 P.2d 611 (1965), still has application after the decision in Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County, 150 Wn.2d 375, 78 P.3d 161 (2003), upheld contractual notice and waiver provisions in government construction contracts. In the published portion of this case, we conclude that Bignold remains viable after Johnson for matters not included within the contract and affirm the trial court’s rulings on that point. In the unpublished portion, we affirm the majority of the trial court’s remaining summary judgment rulings, reverse some, and remand this interlocutory appeal for trial.

FACTS

¶2 This case arises from a contract to build a fish ladder into the Wanapum Dam on the Columbia River immediately south of Vantage, Washington. The dam was built between 1959 and 1963, and required the abandonment of the former Vantage town site and its relocation above the new high water levels. The dam was constructed for Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County (PUD).

¶3 The dam was built with 16 intake units designed to house large, power-generating turbines. Six of those units were left open for future expansion of the dam’s power-generating capacity. The dam was designed as a “gravity dam” that is built to withstand upstream water pressure by its own weight. Thirteen anchor tendons help support each of the expansion units of the dam since those units do not have sufficient weight to withstand the water pressure. The anchor tendons consist of steel cables anchored into the upstream bedrock.

¶4 In the early 2000s, PUD decided to construct a fish bypass in Unit 11, an expansion unit containing three separate slots. It then contracted with an independent firm, Jacobs Engineering, to do some preliminary analysis in anticipation of soliciting bids for the project. Jacobs Engineering produced a series of reports analyzing general, presumptive methods of construction. Based on those reports, PUD produced and disseminated bid specifications. General Construction Company (GCC) and other potential bidders met with Jacobs Engineering to go over that material in preparation for bidding.

¶5 Ultimately, PUD awarded the contract to GCC to perform “all work necessary for the Construction of Wana-pum Future Unit Fish Bypass.” Clerk’s Papers at 19583. The nearly 430 page contract contains many provisions relevant to this litigation. Among the most pertinent to this opinion are provisions that (1) made the overall project engineer the primary contact person between GCC and PUD, (2) allowed the engineer to approve or direct minor changes to the construction process, (3) required PUD management approval for changes costing more than $10,000, (4) required all change requests from GCC be in writing if payment was expected for the change, (5) and stated that GCC’s failure to submit a written request for damages within ten days waived the right to payment for those damages.

¶6 Regulations promulgated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) require periodic inspection of dams by independent consultants to analyze potential and actual deficiencies. 18 C.F.R. § 12.32. Pursuant to this requirement, PUD periodically contracted with independent engineering firms to conduct potential failure modes analysis of the dam (PFMA). As a result of the periodic analyses, PUD and FERC constantly monitored the dam for any signs of failure. The most recent analysis prior to the fish bypass project was conducted in late 2004 by Acres International.

¶7 Since at least the mid-1980s, PUD and FERC have been aware that the anchor tendon construction method may result in the anchors becoming weakened by the corrosive effects of water. Consequently, the PFMAs have all assessed this possibility and its repercussions. Because of the severity of the consequences, FERC classified this potential failure mode as a “Category I: Highlighted Potential Failure Modes.” However, they have been unable to ascertain the likelihood that any corrosion has in fact occurred. Following completion of the project, GCC obtained these reports from FERC through a Freedom of Information Act request. 5 U.S.C. § 552.

¶8 Just as no plan of battle survives first contact with the enemy, it appears no plan of construction survives first contact with the elements. Accordingly, original plans must be revised to address the changed conditions. That was certainly the situation with the Wanapum Dam fish ladder project. Change was constant; the building process saw numerous changes to the projected course of the construction. For instance, although the PUD had anticipated the three slots in Unit 11 would be worked on sequentially, GCC bid the contract to work on the first two slots simultaneously and commenced work according to that approach. However, when Unit 11 moved during construction, tilting very slightly before stabilizing, the engineer ordered GCC to cease simultaneous work and proceed sequentially, delaying the project and driving up GCC’s expenses. Many additional changes, some formally requested by GCC and some not, as well as changes directed by the engineer, occurred. GCC also did not submit timely damage claims on some of the changes. Under a partial settlement reached in 2007 during the construction, PUD paid GCC extra for some changes and denied payment for others.

¶9 After the project was completed, GCC initiated this litigation addressing the damage claims that were not resolved by the settlement. Ultimately, the matter was assigned to the Honorable John Knodell. Over the course of several years, the parties argued the motions at issue in this appeal. By well-analyzed and thoughtful rulings, the trial court eventually granted partial summary judgment to PUD on several of GCC’s damages claims and denied summary judgment on other claims. Similarly, GCC sought to challenge some of the factual bases for the contract and establish that PUD had waived compliance with the contract’s notice provisions; those efforts failed.

¶10 Nonetheless, the trial court was concerned with the question of how strictly to apply the notice and claim provisions of the contract, with particular concern over whether PUD had to establish prejudice in order to rely on the notice and claim provisions. To that end, the trial court urged this court to grant review in order to resolve that specific legal contention and certified its partial summary judgment rulings for appeal. This court granted both PUD’s motion for discretionary review and GCC’s cross motion. The matter eventually proceeded to oral argument.

ANALYSIS

¶11 The parties understandably frame their arguments under expansive readings of the case most favorable to their position, with PUD emphasizing Johnson and GCC relying on Bignold. We think it is quite possible to give effect to both cases.

¶12 This court reviews orders on summary judgment de novo, and will perform the same inquiry as the trial court. Lybbert v. Grant County, 141 Wn.2d 29, 34, 1 P.3d 1124 (2000). All facts and inferences shall be considered in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co., 146 Wn.2d 291, 300, 45 P.3d 1068 (2002). Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no material facts at issue and a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Lybbert, 141 Wn.2d at 34.

¶13 Bignold involved a construction project to build a road in King County. The contractor, Bignold, was required to build the road in segments, using materials cut from one portion of the roadway as embankment for subsequent portions. 65 Wn.2d at 819. As with this case, a government-employed engineer had responsibility for directing the project. Id. The primary problem that developed was the discovery that large sections of the excavated material were too wet and contained too many boulders to be used for embankment. As a result, the contractor was ordered by the engineer to remove and dispose of the unsuitable material and find replacement material. Id. These changed require-merits slowed the project down and imposed increased expenses for both the unexpected disposal and for having to obtain materials from a greater distance at a greater expense.

¶14 The county paid for only a portion of the additional work it directed Bignold to undertake. Id. Bignold sued under a theory of quantum meruit and prevailed on the claims related to the subsurface conditions. Id. at 819-22. The Washington Supreme Court affirmed. In the course of its opinion, the court discussed two issues of particular import to this case. First, after noting that the contract required the contractor to give written notice of changed subsurface conditions to the county, the court upheld a trial court finding that the contractor had given “ ‘timely notice of the subsurface conditions on the job site.’ ” Id. at 821, 822. The county had been alerted to the changed conditions as soon as they were discovered and ordered the contractor to perform changes. Id. at 822. “Under such conditions, the county cannot defeat recovery by a contractor even if no written notice was given.” Id. Second, the court expressly rejected King County’s argument that the doctrine of quantum meruit had no place in an action on a contract. Id. at 826. Instead, the court expressly found it available to the subsurface condition problems, and that it was “an appropriate basis for recovery when substantial changes occur which are not covered by the contract and were not within the contemplation of the parties, if the effect is to require extra work and materials or to cause substantial loss to the contractor.” Id.

¶15 Johnson involved a contract between Spokane County and Mike M. Johnson Inc. to construct sewers on two separate projects in the Spokane Valley. 150 Wn.2d at 378. Although the parties expected that Johnson would work on the projects sequentially, the county had the ability to direct which streets to work. Id. Both contracts required Johnson “to use mandatory notice, protest, and formal claim procedures for claims of additional compensation, time extensions, and changed conditions.” Id. at 379. Problems developed when one of the streets needed to be redesigned and buried telephone lines unexpectedly were discovered. Id. at 378-79. As a result, the county changed the order of streets that Johnson was to work and directed project changes to the street being redesigned; it paid Johnson for the extra expenses of that component of the project, but not for increased expenses to the entire project. Id.

¶16 More changes followed and Johnson noted its unhappiness with the delay and constant change orders, and also indicated that it was incurring additional costs. Id. at 380-81. However, it did not follow the contract provisions for protest and for claiming additional compensation, despite the county’s written indication that Johnson needed to comply with the contract’s provisions. Id. at 381-82. After extensive negotiations failed, Johnson eventually filed suit seeking damages; the county defended on the basis that Johnson had failed to comply with the contract. Id. at 384. The trial court ultimately granted summary judgment in favor of the county and Johnson appealed. Id. at 384-85. This court reversed, deciding that material questions of fact existed concerning whether the county’s “actual notice” excused Johnson from complying with the contract. Id. at 385. The Washington Supreme Court granted review and reversed in a 5 to 4 decision.

¶17 The majority concluded that there was no “actual notice” exception and that, instead, contract requirements would “be enforced absent either a waiver by the benefiting party or an agreement between the parties to modify the contract.” Id. at 386-87 (citing cases rejecting claims where contractor had not complied with contractual notice provisions). The court expressly rejected Johnson’s argument that Bignold had created an actual notice exception. Id. at 387-88 (quoting Bignold, 65 Wn.2d at 822). It read Bignold as reaffirming “the long-established rule requiring contractors to follow contractual notice provisions unless those procedures are waived by the owner.” Id. at 388. It then discussed the cases relied on by Johnson as examples of waiver. Id. The majority found that Johnson did not comply with the notice and claim provisions of the contract and that the county did not waive its reliance on those provisions. Id. at 390-92.

¶18 By contrast, the dissent, authored by Justice Chambers, argued that it was unfair to require Johnson to comply with the claims procedure when the county had been fully informed about the problems and observed the work performed. Id. at 393. The dissent agreed that more than actual notice was required to waive compliance with a contract provision. Id. at 400. The dissent read Bignold as creating a rule that the failure to comply with the “claims procedures will not defeat the contractor’s right to compensation unless that procedural error causes prejudice to the owner.” Id. In support of that statement, the dissent cites Bignold, 65 Wn.2d 817. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 400. That page, however, is the title page for the opinion and contains three of the nine headnotes for the case. See 65 Wn.2d at 817. Thus, the dissent appears to simply be citing Bignold in passing. However, headnote three from that page might also bear on the issue. It states:

Same—Construction—Formal Notice Requirement— Actual Notice. The fact that a contractor did not give written notice of changed conditions, as required by the contract, did not prevent his recovery for the cost of extra work required by conditions which had not been anticipated by the contracting parties, where the person for whom the work was being done had become immediately aware of the changed conditions as soon as they developed, and had ordered the contractor to perform the extra work involved.

Id. at 817-18.

¶19 Our issue arises against this backdrop due to the trial court’s concern whether the position of Justice Chambers might have any traction. For several reasons, we think it has none in this case.

¶20 First, this case is factually closer to Johnson than to Bignold because the contract at issue in Johnson expressly imposed duties on the contractor to give written notice and follow a specific written claim procedure, as does the contract here. The notice requirements, if any, in the Bignold contract are discussed very little, and whether the contractor complied with them is discussed even less. The only notice provision mentioned in the opinion involved the requirement that the contractor notify the county about changed subsurface conditions. 65 Wn.2d at 821. The trial court’s finding that the contractor had given that notice was upheld. Id. at 822. If there were any other notice provisions at issue, they simply were not discussed. Bignold does not provide implicit factual authority for the proposition that contractual notice provisions were at issue there, let alone any authority that they can be ignored.

¶21 Second, the Bignold passage on page 822 cited for the proposition that lack of compliance with notice requirements is not a bar to recovery is not a statement of the facts of that case. Rather, the passage expressly cites to two 1941 federal cases that did state that rule of law. This passage simply should be read as a general statement of law rather than as the governing rule of the case. It would be no more than dicta if viewed as a ruling on the issue of compliance with contractual notice provisions in Bignold and likely would be in conflict with Johnson if treated as such.

¶22 Finally, it should go without saying that a dissenting opinion is not law. While GCC can properly urge that Justice Chambers’ opinion be adopted, this court is not the place to make that argument. We are bound by the majority opinion in Johnson. E.g., State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2d 481, 487, 681 P.2d 227 (1984). The Johnson majority speaks squarely to the validity of contractual notice and claim provisions—they are valid unless the party in whose favor the provisions act waives the protection. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 391-92. There must be unequivocal evidence of an intent to waive. Id. at 391. Bignold’s oblique reference to the topic has no bearing on the issue in light of Johnson.

¶23 Bignold, however, is still good law for its actual holding that quantum meruit has a place in litigation arising from a construction contract. 65 Wn.2d at 826. It applies to “substantial changes” beyond the contemplation of the parties and not covered by the contract that result in extra work or substantial costs to the contractor. Id. Thus, in Bignold, the doctrine applied to the costs incurred when the subsurface conditions, duly reported by the contractor upon discovery, varied significantly from that expected by the parties and led to increased costs for finding new fill and the removal and transportation of the saturated materials. Id.

¶24 Giving effect to both Bignold and Johnson, we discern the following rules. First, for work within the scope of the contract, which here was “all work necessary for the Construction of Wanapum Future Unit Fish Bypass,” the terms of the contract must be complied with unless there is evidence that PUD waived compliance with the notice and claim requirements. For work outside of the contract, and changed work within the scope of the contract where GCC satisfied the contractual notice and claim provisions, quantum meruit applies and entitles GCC to compensation. In essence, Bignold provides a supplemental means of recovery when the contract is not applicable.

¶25 The trial judge typically took this approach to the various claims presented. An example involved a contractual requirement that an inspector certified by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) oversee the painting of the flow fairing modules that were to be inserted in the fish bypass. GCC asked that it be allowed to use an internal quality assurance manager employed by one of its subcontractors. That individual, however, was not NACE certified and PUD declined to waive the certification requirement. GCC then hired an outside inspector who had NACE certification at a cost of $67,000.

¶26 It later sought reimbursement from PUD for this expense in this litigation. The trial court dismissed the claim on the grounds that GCC had failed to notify PUD of the claim when it arose. Although GCC contends that PUD modified the contract by requiring a third-party inspector, the record does not support the claim. The contract always required a certified inspector without mandating that the person be an independent employee.

¶27 The trial court correctly concluded that the Selway claim was barred by the failure to provide timely notice to the PUD. We affirm the dismissal of that claim.

¶28 A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder, having no precedential value, shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.

Siddoway, J., concurs.

Fearing, C.J.

¶29 (concurring) — I concur in all of the majority’s rulings. Nevertheless, I disagree with or wish to expand some of the analysis of the majority on two subject matters.

Bignold and Mike M. Johnson

¶30 I disagree with the tenor of the majority opinion that Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d 817, 399 P.2d 611 (1965) and Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County, 150 Wn.2d 375, 78 P.3d 161 (2003) may be reconciled. Mike M. Johnson v. Spokane County silently overrules Bignold v. King County’s ruling that a contractor may recover for additional work resulting from changed conditions, if the public owner of the project knows of the changed conditions, despite the contractor’s failure to obey contract requirements demanding compliance with formal written claim procedures.

¶31 The majority correctly notes that the opinion in Bignold v. King County fails to outline many of the relevant contract provisions in the subject public works contract. The Bignold opinion notes that the contract contained a “changed conditions” section similar to that found in other standard construction contracts. 65 Wn.2d at 821. Nevertheless, the decision does not cite any of the language of the section or detail what the court considered to be a standard contract. What was standard in 1965 might not be standard in 2005. At any rate, the public works contract in Bignold had a provision admonishing the contractor to fully examine the contract site before bidding. Another provision demanded the contractor give notice in writing to the county of any subsurface or latent physical conditions materially different from conditions described in the contract. Finally, a provision required the contractor to invoke some section of the contract if it wished payment for extra material. A provision may have exculpated the owner of the project, King County, from any extra costs incurred by the contract by reason of unforeseen conditions at the site.

¶32 The Washington Supreme Court, in Bignold v. King County, refused to enforce many of the relevant contractual terms. Although the contractor gave oral notice, the contractor failed to provide any written notice of unanticipated subsurface conditions and withheld any written notice of an expectation of additional payments. The trial court granted additional recovery caused by unanticipated conditions, nonetheless, and the Supreme Court affirmed. The high court held that the contractor may recover for additional costs.

¶33 Based on Bignold v. King County, this court, in Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County, reasonably held that Mike M. Johnson need not have necessarily followed the notice provisions in Spokane County sewer installation contracts. Instead, a question of fact existed as to whether the county waived the claims procedures. The Supreme Court reversed us.

¶34 I find language in Bignold v. King County irreconcilable with language in Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County. In the former decision, the Supreme Court announced the controlling principles: courts generally allow recovery for additional costs when the condition complained of could not reasonably have been anticipated by either party to the contract. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 821-22. This rule remains true despite admonitory or exculpatory phrases such as those requiring the contractor to carefully examine the site. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 822. If the contractor gives timely oral notice of an unanticipated condition and/or the owner becomes immediately aware of the changed conditions as soon as they develop and orders the contractor to perform the changes and extra work, the owner cannot defeat recovery by the contractor for additional costs even if the contractor provided no written notice of unforeseen conditions and extra work. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 822. The owner cannot preclude recovery for extra costs incurred by the contractor and caused by a shutdown of work if the owner’s engineer gives instructions to shut down despite the engineer giving no written instruction as required by the construction contract. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 822-23. Under the previous circumstances, equitable estop-pel bars the owner from relying on a contract provision that requires any instructions to be in writing. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 823. Quantum meruit provides an appropriate basis for recovery when substantial changes occur that are not covered by the contract and were not within the contemplation of the parties, if the effect is to require extra work and materials or to cause substantial loss to the contractor. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826. The owner cannot rely on contract notice provisions for claims sounding in quantum meruit. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826. A claim in quantum meruit is outside the coverage of the contract. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826.

¶35 These controlling principles in Bignold v. King County conflict with the following rules applied in Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County: Washington law generally requires contractors to follow contractual notice provisions unless those procedures are waived. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 386. A contractor’s claim for extra work will be dismissed when there was no written order for the extra work as required by the contract and no waiver of the requirement. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 387. When the engineer issued no required written order for extra work, the contractor may recover for the extra work only if it shows a waiver by the owner. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 387. A building contract provision requiring a written order for alterations or extras will be enforced. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 387. Despite an owner having actual notice of a contractor’s protest or claim, the notice, in and of itself, does not excuse the contractor from complying with mandatory contractual protest and claim procedures. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 377, 387. Even if the contractor gives notice of a claim or even if the owner knows of concerns of delay, if the contractor does not give notice of the amount of the claim or length of delay, as required by the contract, the contractor cannot recover for costs caused by delay. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 389. Even if the contractor submits a letter to the owner indicating a concern over a change order and that it expected additional compensation for its work under the order, if the letter does not supply the information required by the contract to support a protest or a formal claim, the contractor will be denied recovery for extra work required by the change order. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 390. A general notice to the owner that the contractor expects additional compensation does not excuse the contractor from complying with the contractual claim procedures. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 390. A contractor’s notice of protest to the owner does not excuse the contractor from complying with mandatory claim procedures. Mike M. Johnson, 150 Wn.2d at 391.

¶36 In Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County, 150 Wn.2d 375, 78 P.3d 161 (2003), the contractor of a sewer installation public works contract encountered buried telephone lines, which halted work until the county and the utility company resolved the conflict. The construction contract placed all risks from utilities mislocated on the plans or not shown on the plans on the contractor. The contract also required the contractor to use mandatory notice, protest, and formal claim procedures for claims of additional compensation, time extensions, and changed conditions. The contract read that the contractors’ failure to follow the procedures resulted in waiver of any claims for protested work. In a 5 to 4 decision, the Supreme Court dismissed Mike M. Johnson’s claim for additional work because of its failure to follow contract procedures, despite other written notice to the county of the additional work caused by the unforeseen utilities.

¶37 Two facts found in Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County may distinguish it from Bignold v. King County. First, Mike M. Johnson’s owner admitted knowing of the formal protest procedures, but decided to ignore the procedures because of the time needed to comply. Second, the City of Spokane repeatedly warned Mike M. Johnson of the need to follow the contract provisions with regard to notice of additional claims. The Mike M. Johnson court formulated no rules for use in the future based on these peculiar facts.

¶38 The majority downplays notice requirements found in the public works contract in Bignold v. King County. The majority may emphasize that the contractor, in Bignold v. King County, sued in quantum meruit. The Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County opinion does not show that the contractor, Mike M. Johnson, sued in quantum meruit. The majority in this appeal may also highlight that the contractor, in Bignold v. King County, sought recovery for work outside of the contract. I find the distinction between quantum meruit and other forms of recovery and the distinction between suit for work covered by the contract and for work not covered by the contract hollow. Recovery should not be based on magic Latin words employed in the complaint. Distinguishing between work within the contract terms and outside the contract provisions is sometimes difficult and nonsensical. Washington courts have never provided working definitions for “work on the contract” and “work outside the contract.”

¶39 Distinguishing Bignold v. King County and Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County by reason of Bignold suing in quantum meruit and Mike M. Johnson not raising such a claim is unsatisfactory. In each case, the contractor performed additional work and incurred increased costs as a result of unforeseen underground conditions. Although the respective owners directed each contractor to perform work in manners unexpected at the time of contracting, neither contractor performed work beyond the scope anticipated in the contract. The finished project remained the same.

¶40 Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d 817 (1965) stands for the following rules. “Quantum meruit” means “ ‘as much as deserved.’ ” Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826 (quoting Losli v. Foster, 37 Wn.2d 220, 233, 222 P.2d 824 (1950)). Quantum meruit provides an appropriate basis for recovery when substantial changes occur that are not covered by the contract and were not within the contemplation of the parties, if the effect is to require extra work and materials or to cause substantial loss to the contractor. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826. The owner cannot rely on contract notice provisions for claims sounding in quantum meruit. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826. A claim in quantum meruit is outside the coverage of the contract. Bignold v. King County, 65 Wn.2d at 826. Mike M. Johnson, Inc. v. Spokane County, 150 Wn.2d 375 (2003) did not expressly overrule these quantum meruit rules.

¶41 The remainder of this opinion is not to be published to coincide with the lack of publication of the corresponding portion of the majority opinion. 
      
       Despite the fact that this case comes to us from rulings on motions seeking partial summary judgment, the clerk’s papers tally 20,605 pages. Much of the record is duplicative and unnecessary. Our commissioner’s office also has been subjected to repeated motions before discretionary review was sought as well as after review was granted. While it is debatable whether Public Utility District is a substantially prevailing party, it is undebatable that both sides have contributed to the excessive litigation. Accordingly, we exercise our discretion under RAP 14.2 and deny costs and fees on appeal.
     
      
       Most of the facts necessary to the resolution of the remaining issues will be detailed in the unpublished portion of this opinion in conjunction with the discussion of those issues.
     
      
       Wanapum Dam has been in the news in the last few years because of cracks that occurred after completion of the fish bypass construction project. There is no indication in our record that the cracking problem is related to either the construction project or the anchoring method.
     
      
       Attributed to Field Marshall Helmuth von Moltke in his 1871 essay, “On Strategy,’’ reprinted in Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings 45-47 (Daniel J. Hughes ed., 1993).
     
      
       PUD does not agree that the contract authorized the two slot approach, but we view the facts on this issue in the light most favorable to GCC, the nonmoving party.
     
      
       Other successful claims in the case involved costs imposed by a stop work order and costs incurred when the engineer required the contractor to work under bad weather conditions. Bignold, 65 Wn.2d at 823-26.
     
      
       In the event the headnote states a fact that is not included in the opinion, we simply note that headnotes are not prepared by the court and do not constitute authority. United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U.S. 321, 337, 26 S. Ct. 282, 50 L. Ed. 499 (1906).
     
      
       And which subsequently became headnote 3.
     
      
       But, for those who do need a citation for that proposition, please see Cole v. Harveyland, LLC, 163 Wn. App. 199, 207, 258 P.3d 70 (2011) (“[T]he meaning of a majority opinion is not found in a dissenting opinion.”).
     
      
       For instance, if PUD had required GCC to repair or replace an anchor tendon, the work would have been outside of the scope of the contract to build the fish passages.
     
      
       GCC sees Bignold as providing an alternative theory of recovery rather than merely a supplemental one. We reject that approach.
     
      
       The production of the modules was subcontracted to Selway Corporation. The parties identify this issue as “Claim 12’’ or as “the Selway claim.’’
     
      
       GCC also argues here, as it does in all instances where the court determined that a claim was not timely raised under the contract, that PUD had waived the notice and claim requirements. We address, and reject, that argument in the unpublished portion of this opinion.
     