
    WHITNEY HARDWARE CO. v. McMAHAN et al.
    (No. 2987.)
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    May 25, 1921.)
    1. Husband and wife <®= 102 — Married woman liable for tort in connection with removal of roof on her building.
    A married woman owning a rented building would be liable for a tortious wrong in negligently and carelessly removing the roof and not replacing it until after the tenant’s property was damaged by rain; such liability being independent of her capacity to contract for repairs, and independent of her liability for an act or omission of agents.
    2. Husband and wife <§=>102 — Wife liable for tort, though connected with contract.
    Eor a tortious wrong a married woman must respond in damages, though the- wrong be committed in an attempt to perform a contract, whether binding or not on the married woman.
    3. Husband and wife <©= f02 — 'Wife, as well as husband, liable for wife’s torts.
    The statutes dealing with the rights of husband and wife leave the wife, as well as the husband, liable for the torts of the wife.
    4. Husband and wife <§=152, 213 — Feme covert liable for breach of contract and negligence in management and control of her separate estate.
    The power granted to a married woman by Acts 1913, c. 32 (Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, arts. 4621, 4622, 4624) to manage and control her separate estate and the rents to "be derived therefrom carried with it the incidental and collateral power to contract with her tenant to repair her store building and to employ others to make such repairs, and she would be liable for the breach of her contract and the proximate results of negligence on the part of those employed by her in leaving the roof off during a rain and destroying tenant’s property, without protection from her coverture.
    
      Certified Questions from Court of Civil Appeals of Fifth Supreme Judicial District.
    Suit by the Whitney Hardware Company against E. K. McMahan and others in the district court, which was appealed to the Court of Civil Appeals, which has certified the question whether the complaint states good cause of action against Mrs. Effie Mc-Mahan, a married woman. 231 S. W. 1117.
    Answered that plaintiff’s petition was not subject to general demurrer.
    J. J. Averitte and Wear & Frazier, all of Hillsboro, for appellant
    R. M. Vaughan, of Hillsboro, and Fred V. Lowrey, of Dallas, for appellees.
   GREENWOOD, J.

The Whitney Hardware Company, appellant, sued Mrs. Effie McMahan, her husband, E. K. McMahan, and her brother-in-law, Waul McMahan, appel-lees, to recover damages in the sum of $2,-500.

The petition alleged that appellant was a corporation engaged in business as a retail merchant, owning a stock of hardware in a brick building belonging to appellee Mrs. Effie McMahan as her separate property and rented by her to appellant; that the building got out of repair to such an extent as to be untenantable; that thereupon Mrs. McMahan, acting individually and by agent, on or about August 1, 1915, contracted with appellant to put the building in a good tenantable state; that instead of properly repairing the building in compliance with her contract, the ap-pellees, each acting as an individual and as agent for the others, duly authorized, negligently removed, without the knowledge of appellant, a part of the roof of the building and failed to restore same until after a heavy rain; and that as the proximate result of the removal of the roof and of the' failure to restore it, appellant’s stock was damaged in the sum for which a recovery was sought.

The Court of Civil Appeals certifies to us the question: Does plaintiff’s petition state a good cause of action against Mrs. Effie McMahan, a married woman, or was it subject to a general demurrer?

Under the averment that Mrs. Mc-Mahan in person carelessly removed and failed to restore a part of the roof of the building, proximately causing damage from rain to appellant’s stock of hardware, she would be liable for a tort, independent of her capacity to contract for repairs, and independent of her liability for an act. or omission of agents. For a tortious wrong a married woman must respond in damages, though the wrong be committed in an attempt to perform a contract, whether binding or not on the married woman. 26 R. C. L. 758; Stock v. Boston, 149 Mass. 414, 21 N. E. 871, 14 Am. St. Rep. 430.

Our statutes dealing with the rights of husband and wife have been uniformly construed as leaving the wife, as well as the husband, liable for the torts of the wife. McQueen v. Fulgham, 27 Tex. 464; Crawford v. Doggett, 82 Tex. 140, 17 S. W. 929, 27 Am. St. Rep. 859.

At common law the wife had no capacity to enter into a contract. The statutes creating and safeguarding her separate estate gave her no general power to contract. Kavanaugh v. Brown, 1 Tex. 484. The act of March 13,1848 (Acts 2d Leg. c. 79) empowered her to contract debts for necessaries furnished herself and children and for expenses to benefit her separate property. Prior to 1913 there was no other statutory grant of power to the wife to bind herself personally by contract. The'aet of 1913 (Laws 1913, c. 32 [Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, arts. 4621, 4622, 4624)) eliminated the express grant of capacity to incur obligations for expenses for the benefit of her separate property. The act contained words which seem to have continued the wife’s statutory obligation for necessaries furnished herself and children.

The history of the 1913 act repels the conclusion that it authorized the wife to contract as if free from disábility, except when expressly forbidden. Both houses passed the act when it did confer such authority. Because of the Governor’s objections to the policy of giving the wife so wide a contractual capacity, the bill was recalled from his office; and the manifest purpose of the radical change in the terms of the act was to diminish the power to contract which the wife would have had under the bill on its prior passage, Red River National Bank v. Ferguson, 109 Tex. 293, 206 S. W. 923.

As enacted, instead of conferring on the wife the capacity to make all contracts not specially inhibited, the act enlarged her rights and powers; first, by giving to her “the sole management, control, and disposition of her separate property, both real and personal,” subject to provisos as to the in-cumbrance, conveyance, or transfer of certain property; second, by placing the personal earnings of the wife, the rents from the wife’s real estate, the interest on bonds and notes belonging to her and dividends on stocks owned by her under the control, management, and disposition of the wife alone, subject to restrictions on incumbrances and transfers; and, third, by providing that the specific items of community property confided generally to the wife’s control and management, as well as her separate property, should not be subject to the payment debts contracted by the husband. The act also declared bank deposits to be presumptively the separate property of the Party in whose name they stood in the dealings of banks in honoring checks and orders on such deposits. The act relieved all community property, except the personal earnings of the wife and the income, rents, and revenues from her separate property, along with the husband’s separate property, from being subjected to the payment of debts contracted by the wife, except those contracted for necessaries furnished her or her children, and, in the same connection, forbade the wife from being joint maker of a note or surety on any obligation without the joinder of her husband.

As clearly stated by Mr. Bishop:

“Every statute carries with it so much of collateral right a^id remedy as will make its provisions effectual; or, as Lord Ooke expresses it, ‘when the law granteth any thing to any one that also is granted without which the thing cannot be.’ ” 2 Bishop on Law of Married Women, § 21.

As incidents to the wife’s power of exclusive management and control of her separate property and of the specified portions of the I community; she became vested with all such contractual power relative to same, as is requisite to make her power effectual.

The right to control and manage a store building or an improved farm, and to receive the rents, would be or would soon become valueless if the holder of the right were denied the power to make a binding rental contract and the power to make engagements for repairs or betterments.

The Supreme Court of Illinois decided that an action would lie against a married Ionian for work done in the improvement and cultivation of her farm, under a statute authorizing her to take the title to real estate free from her husband’s control and interference, during coverture, and to possess and enjoy it as if she were unmarried. In the course of an instructive discussion, the court said:

“Eor, how can she possess and enjoy a separate estate which is made subject to her sole control, the same as though she were unmarried, unless she can put it to the same uses that an unmarried woman might? An unmarried woman has the same legal capacity, the same right of control over her own property, if of full age, as a man may have. * * * In Mitchell v. Carpenter, 50 Ill. 470, the court said: ‘It may be said that a married woman cannot adequately enjoy her separate property unless she can make contracts in regard to it. This is true, and hence her power to make contracts so far as may be necessary for the use and enjoyment of her property must be regarded as resulting by implication from the statute. If she owns houses, she must he permitted to contract for their repair or rental. If’she owns a farm, she must be permitted to bargain for its cultivation and to dispose of its products.’ ” Cookson v. Toole, 59 Ill. 520, 521.

The Supreme Court of Maine held that the statutory right of a married woman to “manage” real estate included the power to submit to arbitration a question of damage thereto. In so holding, the court said:

“To manage property is (vide Webster’s Diet.) to conduct the concerns of it;' and the power to manage it must of necessity include the power to make valid contracts respecting it, by means of which she could acquire rights against' those dealing with her in relation to it.” Duren v. Getchell, 55 Me. 248.

In Freeking v. Holland, the New York Court of Appeals said:

“The statute of March 2, 1860, ‘concerning the rights and liabilities of married women,’ provides that a married woman may carry on any trade or business or perform any labor or services on her sole and separate account, and that the earnings therefrom shall be her sole and separate property. The power of a married woman to make contracts relating to her separate business is incident to the power to conduct it. It cannot be supposed that the Legislature, while conferring the power upon a married woman to enter into trade or business on her own account, intended that her common-law disability to bind herself by contract should continue as to contracts made in carrying on the business in which she was permitted to engage. The power to engage in business would b.e a barren and useless one disconnected with the right to conduct it in the way and by the means usually employed.” 53 N. Y. 425.

The power granted by the statute to Mrs. McMahan to manage and control the store building, belonging to her separate estate, and the rents to be derived therefrom, carried with it the incidental and collateral power to make a contract with her tenant to repair the store building and to employ others to make needed repairs. She would be liable for the-breach of her contract and for the proximate results of negligence on the part of those employed by her, without protection from her coverture.

We answer to' the question certified that plaintiff’s petition was not subject to a general demurrer in . behalf of Mrs. McMahan. 
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