
    Tucker v. Mutual Ben. Life Co. of Hartford.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department.
    
    November, 1888.)
    L Insurance—Life Policy—Violent and Accidental Death.
    Plaintiff sued defendant on a policy of insurance issued to his son, whereby defendant promised to pay plaintiff §1,500 on proof that the son had sustained “bodily injuries through external, violent, and accidental means, ” within the terms of the policy, causing death. The son was insured as a farmer, and was drowned by the capsizing of a boat while rescuing the crew of a shipwrecked schooner. His body was recovered with a bruise over the left temple; how caused there was no positive proof. Held, that his death was caused through means within the terms of the policy.
    
      2. Same—Application—Occupation.
    Though the son was insured as a farmer, the fact that he was drowned while saving persons from a wreck does not exclude plaintiff from the benefit of the policy because of the provision that the benefit should not extend to death caused by “voluntary exposure to any unnecessary danger, ” or while employed in “wrecking, ” unless such occupation is “stated in the application, and permitted. ”
    8. Same—Insurable Interest.
    An insurance by a son on his own life for the benefit of his father is vajid.
    Appeal from Jefferson county court.
    Suit by M. F. Tucker against the Mutual Benefit Life Company of Hartford, Conn., to recover on a policy on the life of F. B. Tucker, the son of plaintiff. Verdict for plaintiff, and defendant appeals.
    
      John Lansing, for appellant. D. IS. Ainsworth, for respondent.
   Follett, J.

Appeal from a judgment entered on a verdict directed at the Jefferson circuit, and heard on a case which contains all of the evidence. The defendant issued to Fred. E. Tucker a certificate, or policy, whereby it promised to pay to his father, the plaintiff, “ within ninety days after satisfactory proofs that the member, (Fred. E. Tucker,) during the continuance of this contract, shall have sustained bodily injuries through external, violent, and accidental means, within the intent and meaning of this contract and the conditions hereunto annexed, and that such injuries alone shall have occasioned death within ninety days from the happening thereof. ” Among the conditions thereunto annexed were the following: “(5) Prohibitions. The benefits under this certificate shall not extend to any case in which there shall be no external or visible sign of bodily injury, nor to death * * * happening directly or indirectly in consequence of * * * any voluntary ■exposure to any unnecessary danger in or in consequence of the member being or having been under the influence of intoxicating drinks, * * * or while employed' in mining, blasting, or wrecking, * * * except when such occupation is stated in the application, and permitted.” “(7) Losses and Adjustment of Same, (a) The member shall use all due diligence for personal safety and protection.” Fred. E. Tucker was a farmer, living on the shore of Lake Ontario, and was insured as a farmer. November 28, 1886, a schooner was driven aground, about 100 rods from the shore, by a storm. A flag of distress was exhibited, and the insured, who lived near, went, with his neighbors, to the rescue of the crew, consisting of eight men and one woman. The insured was in the first boat that reached the disabled schooner, and in the last boat that left it. He remained with the captain until the entire crew had been saved, and left with him. On their way the boat was capsized by the heavy sea, and the insured drowned. November 30th the body was found on the shore, near the wreck. “There was a bruise across the left temple, about an inch and a half long, and perhaps a quarter of an inch wide. * * * The scar was across the temple, over the left eye. It might have been made by striking a stone on shore when the body came ashore. I have no idea what made it, from my own knowledge. ” After the boat was capsized, the insured came to the surface, and was helped onto the boat, which was bottom side up, and rolling in the sea. He was unable to speak, and was-held on to the boat by the captain and one Holbrook until he was apparently dead, and was then washed away. Whether be was injured by coming in contact with the boat, or by some person or thing thrown from it when it capsized, does not appear, unless it may be inferred from the mark found upon his head, which, so far as the evidence shows, might have been caused after death. These facts are undisputed. The defendant resists the payment of the policy upon the grounds: (1) That it was not shown that death was caused through external, violent, and accidental means, within the intent and meaning of the contract; (2) that the assured, by voluntarily going to the rescue of the crew, exposed himself to unnecessary danger, and did not use all due diligence for personal safety and protection; (3) that the assured was drowned while engaged in wrecking; and (4) that the father had no insurable interest in the life of his son. .

At the close of the evidence the defendant moved for a nonsuit, which was refused; then moved that a verdict be directed in its favor, which was refused; and thereupon the court directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. The defendant excepted to each of these rulings, which are the only exceptions contained in the record. Assuming that death was caused solely by drowning, it was “through external,violent, and accidental means.” “Means” is that which produces a result, and, in the sense used in the contract, is synonymous with “cause.” The means or cause — the water—was external, though it took effect internally, as do all external causes or means of death. In Trew v. Assurance Co., 6 Hurl. & N. 839, 845,—a case of drowning,—Chief Justice Cockburn, speaking for a unanimous court, said: “If they [jurors], are of opinion that he died from the action of the water causing asphyxia, that is a death from external violence within the meaning of this policy, whether he swam to a distance, and had not strength enough to regain the shore, or on going into the water got out of his depth. ” See, also, Winspear v. Insurance Co., 42 Law T. (N. S.) 900, 22 Alb. Law J. 223, affirmed L. R. 6 Q. B. Div. 42; Reynolds v. Insurance Co., 22 Law T. 820, 18 Wkly. Rep. 1141; Lawrence v. Insurance Co., L. R. 7 Q. B. Div. 216; Bacon v. Accident Ass’n, 44 Hun, 599; Paul v. Insurance Co., 45 Hun, 313. The evidence is that tire waves were seven or eight or more feet high, and that the boat was overturned by them. The means were violent. See cases above cited. The death was accidental.

The second defense is untenable. It was the duty of the insured to aid in-rescuing the crew from the peril in which they were, and there is no evidence that in doing so he exposed himself to unnecessary danger; besides, the exposure was not in consequence of the insured being under the influence of intoxicating drinks. The insured was not “employed in * * * wrecking,” within the meaning of the parties to the contract, which reads: “While employed in * * * wrecking, * * * except when such occupation is stated in the application, and permitted.” The insured stated in the application that he was by occupation a farmer, and he was insured as such. He was a farmer, and not, by occupation, a wrecker. As weil might a farmer who should be smothered in attempting to rescue his neighbors from their burning dwelling be called a fireman as this man a wrecker.

“It is well settled that a man has an insurable interest in his own life, and in that of his wife and children; a woman in the life of her husband; and the creditor in the life .of his debtor.” Insurance Co. v. Schaeffer, 94 U. S. 457, 460; Warnock v. Davis, 104 U. S. 779. But this insurance was not effected by the father on the life of the son, but by the son on his own life, for the benefit of his father, and is valid, and within Olmsted v. Keyes, 85 N. Y. 593, in which case Judge Earl, in speaking for the court, said: “It is abundantly settled in this state that one who takes an insurance upon his own life may make the policy payable to any person whom he may name in the policy, and that such person need have no interest in the life insured.” The judgment is affirmed, with costs.

Hardin, P. J., and Martin, J., concurred.  