
    THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF PILOTS, Appellant, v. PAUL N. SPOFFORD and others, Executors, etc., Respondents.
    
      Code, | 385 — meaning of word “costs" in — when party entitled to costs.
    
    Under the Code, costs are allowed to the prevailing party, either absolutely or conditionally. When given absolutely, the statute fixes the right, and the courts cannot annul the statute. But, when given in the discretion of the court, there are no costs unless the court awards them.
    When, upon an appeal, a new trial is ordered, or a judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part, neither party is entitled to costs without the express adjudication of the court. Silence is a denial; and the addition of the words, “ without costs to either party,” adds nothing to the legal effect of an omission to award them.
    Section 385 of the Code requiring the plaintiff, in the case provided for, to pay “ defendant’s costs,” means only such costs as are legally allowed, either by statute or in the discretion of the court, and is not intended to limit, or in anywise to interfere with, the discretionary power over costs which is conferred on the courts, in any of the various steps or proceedings that may be taken in the progress of the suit.
    Appeal from an order of Special Term, affirming a taxation of costs by the clerk. The appeal is presented upon the following agreed statement of facts:
    The action was brought, March 27, 1865, by the plaintiff against the testator of the above named defendants, for the recovery of ninety-six penalties, of $100 each, for the violations of the pilot law. The defendant, before answer, made an offer of judgment, under section 385 of the Code, for $100, the amount of one penalty, and interest, with costs to the time of offer. The offer was refused.
    Defendant answered, and the cause was tried at the circuit; whereupon the plaintiff recovered for forty-six penalties, $4,600, the amount which it had been stipulated before the trial that the controversy should be limited to, on which judgment was entered, with costs. On appeal by defendant to the General Term, the judgment was affirmed, with costs. The defendant thereupon appealed to the Court of Appeals, where the judgment was “ reversed, except as to one penalty, with costs included in the judgment, without costs to either party in the Court of Appeals.” The offer of judgment did not appear in the printed case on appeal; the defendant then made a motion to correct the remittitur before the Court of Appeals, and an order was thereupon made by said court, on the 2d day of July, 1871, modifying the judgment of said court, by striking out the words, “ with costs included in the judgment,” and making the same read, “ judgment reversed, except as to one penalty, without costs to either party against the other in this court.” The remittitur having been sent down, the defendant presented a bill of costs for the circuit and General Term, which was taxed September 14, 1871, by the clerk, at $360.97, under plaintiff’s exception. From this taxation plaintiff appealed to the Special Term, on the ground that defendant was not entitled to costs of General Term. The Special Term thereupon ordered that the costs be retaxed, and that the defendant be allowed costs from the time of the service of the offer of judgment, to and including the trial, and be not allowed costs of General Term, and that said costs, as retaxed, be set off against the penalty recovered by plaintiff. Plaintiff’s costs, before offer of judgment, were then taxed at $30.88.
    The defendant' then appealed to the General Term, which affirmed the order of the Special Term, with costs. Defendant then appealed to the Court of Appeals, where the orders of General Term and Special Term were reversed, with costs, and judgment ordered in favor of defendant “ for their costs subsequent to the failure of the respondent to accept the offer, including the costs of the appeal to the General Term, to be adjusted, with costs of motion and the appeal from the order from Special to the General Term, and from the latter to the Court of Appeals.”
    The second remittitur having been sent down, the present defendants presented and the clerk taxed a full bill of costs, under plaintiff’s exception, including those of the Court of Appeals on appeal from the judgment.
    
      Plaintiff appealed to the Special Term, where the said taxation was affirmed, and the order now under review granted.
    The only question involved upon this appeal is, whether defendants were entitled to costs in the Court of Appeals, on the appeal from the judgment.
    
      Wm. Alim Butler, for the appellant.
    
      William G. Cooke, for the- respondents.
    The .right of the defendant to costs, under section 385, is an absolute one, and the Court of Appeals had no power to withhold them from him. (Wright v. Briggs, 2 Hill, 77; Sharp v. Speir, 4 id., 76; Budd v. Jackson, 26 How., 398; Peet v. Warth, 1 Bosw., 653.)
   Davis, P. J.:

It is insisted on the part of the respondents, that the defendants had an absolute right to all the costs in the action subsequent to the offer of judgment; and that this right is secured by section 385 of the Code of Procedure, which declares, that, “ if the plaintiff fail to recover a more favorable judgment, he cannot recover costs, but must pay the defendant’s costs from the time of the offer.” It may be conceded that this position is correct, in respect of all costs given by statute. Such costs become, by operation of law, the defendant’s costs,” in a case of the kind before us, and it needs no order or adjudication of the court to confer them, nor can such order or adjudication take them away.

That was in substance held by the Court of Appeals, in Ayers v. The Western Railroad Corporation, wherein it was adjudged that the addition of the words, “ with costs” or “ without costs” to a judgment of that court, cannot affect the right of the prevailing party, in cases where the costs are not in the discretion of the court.

Costs under the Code are the mere creature of statute. They are allowed to the prevailing party either absolutely or conditionally ; and in both cases, when allowed, they are regulated as to amount. Where given absolutely, the statute fixes the right, and the courts cannot -annul the statute. But where given conditionally, or, more properly speaking, in the discretion of the court, there are no costs unless the court, in the exercise of its discretion, awards them. This latter branch of the subject is regulated by section 306 of the Code, which immediately follows the two sections declaring where plaintiffs or defendants shall be allowed costs “ of courseIt provides that, in other actions costs may be allowed or not, in the discretion of the court,” and, after providing for the case of several defendants where plaintiff fails to recover against all, it further declares that, in the following cases, the costs of an appeal shall be in the discretion of the court:

“ 1. When a new trial shall be ordered.
“ 2. When a judgment shall be affirmed in part and reversed in part.”

No costs are allowed by the statute to any party in either of these eases without the express adjudication of the court. Silence is a denial of them; and the addition of the words, “without costs to either party,” adds nothing to the legal effect of an omission to award them, but is the customary form of advising the parties that the subject has been considered by the court which declines to exercise its discretion in favor of either party.

In this case, the plaintiff had recovered $4,600. The defendants had appealed from the entire recovery, upon questions of grave importance affecting equally each of the forty-six penalties. Those questions were decided adversely to them; but upon the point raised by defendant, that there could be a recovery in the action for but one penalty, they succeeded in reversing the judgment in part, while the plaintiff succeeded in affirming it in part. It is difficult to see why this is not the exact case in which, under section 306 of the Code, the question, whether there are any costs for either party on the appeal, did not altogether depend upon their allowance by the court, nor why, when the court expressly pronounced its judgment, without costs of the appeal to either party,” there could remain a doubt that costs on that appeal had no legal existence.

It is claimed, however, that section 306 is inconsistent with the provisions of section 385, and therefore that the latter must prevail. We think there is no inconsistency. The latter section declares that the plaintiff “must pay the defendant's costs from the time of the offer'' But what are “the defendant’s costs?” Clearly the costs allowed by statute, or by the court where the power of allowing them is relegated by statute to its discretion. The former the defendants have as matter of right, and the latter also when the court uses its discretion in their favor; but when, in respect of the latter, the court adjudges not to allow costs at all, it seems almost a reductio ad alsurdum still to insist that there is any such thing as “ defendant’s costs.”

The court having unquestionable power “to affirm in part and reverse in part,” and having exercised that power, the case clearly existed in which no costs of the appeal are given to either party unless the court in its discretion allows them. It is suicidal therefore, to argue that the court had no power to say anything on the subject, since it is plain that until the court does speak, there is no such thing in the particular proceeding as costs for either party.

The 385th section, in requiring the plaintiff, in the cases provided for, to pay “ defendant’s costs,” must be held to mean only such costs as are legally allowed either by statute, or in case of discretion, by the court, and is not intended to limit, or in any wise to interfere with, the discretionary power over costs which is conferred on the courts, in any of the various steps or proceedings that may be taken in the progress of the suit.

Since the final judgment, the question of costs in this case has been twice before the Court of Appeals, in forms incidentally involving the question now before us, and that court, in the order on the appeal from the General Term, gave explicit directions as to what costs should be taxed. We think that was a substantial adjudication of the question involved in this appeal. But if it were not, we are of opinion that the respondents have no legal right to tax costs on the appeal from the judgment to the Court of Appeals.

The order appealed from should be reversed, with ten dollars costs of this appeal, besides disbursements; and the clerk should be directed to strike out the items for costs, etc., of the Court of Appeals.

Daniels and Lawrence, JJ., concurred.

Ordered accordingly. 
      
      49 N. Y., 660.
     