
    DORN v. TOWN OF OYSTER BAY.
    (Supreme Court, General Term, Second Department
    February 11, 1895.)
    Defective Highways—Negligence of Officers.
    The- commissioner of highways of defendant town is not chargeable with neglect in not ascertaining that a highway was obstructed by a snowdrift, and removing it before the accident to plaintiff was caused thereby, where it appears that about five days previously a snowstorm commenced, and continued until the afternoon of the day before the accident.
    Appeal from circuit court, Queens county.
    Action by Auguste Dorn against the Town of Oyster Bay to recover damages for the death of plaintiff’s intestate alleged to have been caused by reason of a defective highway in defendant town. Plaintiff was nonsuited, and appeals.
    Affirmed.
    Argued before DYKMAN and PEATT, JJ.
    Grout, De Fere & Mayer (Paul E. De Fere, of counsel), for appellant.
    F. H. Van Vechten, for respondent.
   DYKMAN, J.

The towns of this state are the primary political divisions. As they exist here, they were unknown to the common law, and are all of statutory creation. They were erected and organized by statute, and all their duties and obligations are prescribed by statute, and they derive their capacity and powers from the same source. In the early history of the state, their capacity was limited, and their duties and liabilities were but few. By the Revised Statutes, each town, as a body corporate, had capacity to purchase or hold property for certain purposes, to sue and be sued, and to make certain contracts in relation to corporate property and affairs. Modern legislation has, however, enlarged their capacity, and indued them with powers, and imposed upon them obligations, similar to those possessed by municipal corporations. During the war of the Rebellion, the legislature passed laws directing the different towns to borrow money to pay bounties to soldiers, and issue bonds of the town as security for' its payment. About the year 1865 several special statutes were enacted by the legislature providing for the opening and grading of wide avenues in Westchester county, and directing the county treasurer to issue bonds of the several towns through which the avenueswere tobe constructed to payforthe improvements. It was decided that the legislature possessed the power to direct the improvements, and impose the burden of paying therefor upon the different towns. People v. Flagg, 46 N. Y. 401. So the towns were made legal entities, and clothed with power to incur obligations, and become liable for their payment. Finally the legislature has declared that “a town is a municipal corporation, comprising the inhabitants within its boundaries, and formed for the purpose of exercising such powers, and discharging such duties of local government, and administration of public affairs, as have been or may be conferred or imposed upon it by law.” Laws 1890, p. 1211, § 2. So the liability of towns for injuries caused by defects or obstructions in highways is also the result of modern legislation. Planting themselves upon the fact that the towns had no ownership or interest in the highways within their borders; that even their use did not pertain exclusively to the inhabitants of the towns, but only in common with the whole people; that the officers having the care of the highways were not the agents of the towns, and received no instructions from them,—the courts in the earlier cases refused to entertain suits against the towns for the recovery of damages for accidents on the highways therein. As late as the year 1864, the right to maintain such actions was substantially denied in the court of appeals in the case of Garlinghouse v. Jacobs, 29 N. Y. 300, and it was said in that case that from the organization of the state government, down to 1820, there was no known instance in this state of an attempt to enforce a civil' remedy in respect to highways. Finally, in 1870, the court of appeals decided in favor of the right to maintain such actions against commissioners of highways. Hover v. Barkhoof, 44 N. Y. 113. After that time actions of that character were frequently sustained, down-to 1881, when the towns were made liable, by a special statute (Laws 1881, c. 700), for damages to persons and property sustained by reason of defects in highways and bridges, in cases where the commissioners of highways were then liable therefor. In 1890 the towns were made absolutely liable for all damages to persons and property sustained by reason of defects in highways or bridges existing by reason of neglect of commissioners of highways of such town. Laws 1890, p. 1181. This examination manifests the gradual development of the powers and liabilities of the towns in this state, and shows that the underlying reason for the liability of the town for injuries sustained upon the public roads is the negligence of the commissioners of highways. The case before us is an appeal by the plaintiff from a judgment entered upon a nonsuit at the circuit, and from an order denying a motion for a new trial on the minutes of the court. The suit is for the recovery of damages resulting from the death of the plaintiff’s intestate, which is alleged to have been caused by the defective condition of a highway in the town of Oyster Bay, existing by reason of the negligence of the commissioners of highways of that town. The material facts are these: The plaintiff was driving two horses attached to a covered baker’s wagon on Tuesday, the 21st day of February, 1893, between 6 and 7 o’clock in the evening, along a public highway between Bethpage and Farmingdale, in the town of Oyster Bay. The wagon was upset in a bank of snow, and the rear part fell upon the daughter, and she was killed. A snowstorm, accompanied with wind, commenced in that locality five or six

days previous to the accident, and continued, with more or less regularity and severity, until 3 o’clock on Monday, the day before the accident. The snow was blown and drifted into the road for about one-eighth of a mile in the vicinity of the accident. The snowbank was about three feet deep at that point. Before a recovery can be had against a town in an action of this character, it must be made to appear that the obstruction in the highway which caused the injury existed by reason of the neglect of the commissioners of highways of the town, and we find the record in this case destitute of proof to establish that essential fact. The time which elapsed between the cessation of the storm of snow and wind at 3 o’clock on the afternoon of Monday and 6 o’clock in the evening of Tuesday, when the accident happened, was insufficient to afford time to the commissioners of highways to ascertain the existence of the obstruction in the highway, and an opportunity to remove the same. The duty of commissioners of highways in relation to the removal of obstructions or the reparation of defects is a qualified one. They are required to exercise reasonable care, under all the circumstances, and their negligence is the omission of such care. The towns in this state are not required to maintain the highways within their borders in a condition of absolute safety, and their commissioners of highways are not bound to constant vigilance and inspection of the roads. Ordinary care is the limit of responsibility, and that denotes such care and conduct on their part as a reasonable and prudent person would ordinarily exercise under similar circumstances. Lane v. Town of Hancock, 142 N. Y. 510, 37 N. E. 473. Tested by these rules, the evidence was entirely insufficient to support a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. The duty resting upon municipalities in relation to the removal of accumulations of ice and snow from streets and sidewalks within their limits has been so much and so recently discussed as to render the pursuit of the subject by us unprofitable. Lane v. Town of Hancock, supra; Hubbell v. City of Yonkers, 104 N. Y. 435, 10 N. E. 858. It is to be observed, however, that there is an obvious difference between the obligations of rural towns and municipal corporations, like cities and villages, in respect to the care of highways, and the rule is more stringent in respect to the latter than the former. Hyatt v. Village of Rondout, 44 Barb. 386. The fact that the towns are now made municipal corporations will not change this rule, because the reason for it still exists. The facts and circumstances disclosed were insufficient to-justify a jury in finding a verdict for the plaintiff, and a nonsuit was therefore properly granted. Lane v. Town of Hancock, supra. The judgment and order denying the motion for a new trial should be affirmed, with costs.  