
    St. John Wood and Others, Composing the firm of J. R. Wood & Sons, Appellants, v. John C. Proudman, Respondent.
    First Department,
    December 13, 1907.
    Conversion —evidence —waiver not admissible unider general denial — sale- of goods consigned for inspection only party — action against individual partner. .
    In an action for conversion the defendant under á general denial is not entitled to prove that the plaintiff waived the conversion after its commission. Such defense must be specifically pleaded.
    When goods are delivered with a memorandum stating that they are sent for examination only-, and remain the property of the person delivering them returnable on demand., and that there shall be no sale or contract to. sell until the date of the owner’s approval of the selection of the goods by the bailee, a sale of the goods by the latter without the approval of the owner is a conversion as a matter of law.
    Conversion being a tort, the plaintiff may sue all or one or more of the members of a partnership guilty of 'the wrong.
    Patterson, P. J., dissented:
    Appeal by the plaintiffs, St. John Wood and others, composing the firm of J. E. Wood & Sons, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the. defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 21st day of January, 1907, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 19th day of February, 1907, denying the plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Oliarles 8. Mackenzie \_William I. Marshall and Orowley Wentworth with him on the brief], for the appellants.
    
      Benjamin Patterson, for the respondent.
   Laughlin, J.:

The action is for the conversion of certain diamonds. The plaintiffs were wholesale diamond merchants and their place of business was No. 2 Maiden lane, borough of Manhattan, New York. During many years the defendant was a retail jeweler in the city of New York and prior to the time in question had taken his wiféaud one Trebilcock, into business as partners, under the firm name of J. C. Proud man & Co. The partnership business was conducted in the main by Trebilcock, who had been manager for the defendant. The plaintiffs had from time to time delivered diamonds t,o the defendant and to his firm on consignment. On the 1st day of October, 1904, Trebilcock sent one Ulner, a clerk of the firm, to the plaintiffs’ store for two diamonds which were delivered to him, together with a memorandum in the usual form, as follows:

“New York, Oct. 1, 1904.
“ Mr. J. C. Proudman.
“ Memorandum from J. E. Wood & Sons, 2 Maiden Lane.
“ These goods are sent for your inspection and examination only, remaining the property of J: E. Wood & Sons, held by you subject to their order, and are to be returned to them on demand. There is no sale or contract to sell until the date of their approval of your selection.
1 dia. 2-3/4 less 1/64 at 124.00.....................;. $339 06
1 “ 2-1/4 less 1/64 at 124.00......................... '280 94
2-3/8 14 mtg. .90 ..................../. 2 14
622 14
“Send list of goods‘selected when reporting. Eo later claims allowed. ■ ,
“ Duplicate.”

Ulner delivered the diamonds together with this consignment memorandum to Trebileock, who sold the diamonds ten or twelve days thereafter and deposited the proceeds, so far as received, to the credit of his firm. Before, making the sale he did .not send to the plaintiffs a list of the diamonds selected or obtain tlreir approval of his selection. The complaint describes the property and'alleges the conversation thereof by the defendant, who interposed merely a general denial. Upon the trial the defendant gave evidence tending to show that after the alleged conversion it was waived and credit was given the defendant’s firm by the plaintiffs’ credit agent for the diamonds as upon a sale. This evidence was received under plaintiffs’ objection and exception that the answer merely contained a general denial, that a waiver of the conversion was not pleaded, and also that the authority of the credit agent to waive conversion was not shown. The-court submitted to the jury the question as to whether there was a conversion, and if so, whether it was waived. We are of opinion that there should be a new trial. The sale of the diamonds without the approval of the plaintiffs and affording them an opportunity to determine whether or not they were willing to extend credit to the defendant’s firm, therefore, constituted a conversion as matter of law. The consignment memorandum clearly apprised the defendant of the fact that his firm had no authority to sell the diamonds until they reported to the plaintiffs the selections made and obtained the approval of the plaintiffs.- The title, to the diamonds remained in the plaintiffs and never passed to the defendant’s firm. The action being in tort, the plaintiffs were at liberty to proceed against all or one or more rnernbers of the firm. The defendant was not at liberty to show that the conversion -was waived without specially setting up that defense. The conversion was complete by the act of the defendant’s firm in selling the diamonds. The subsequent negotiations for credit may have constituted a waiver^ if the credit man was authorized to waive the tort, but this could not be proved under the general denial. It did not tend to disprove the conversion. It constituted matter in avoidance, which it was essential to allege affirmatively. The plaintiffs’ cause of action became complete by the conversion. The defendant, in effect, seeks to show under a general denial not that the cause of action did not accrue to the plaintiffs, but that after it accrued it was compromised or waived. I think the question falls on principle within the rule that the release of a cause of action or rescission of a contract must- be specially pleaded. (Horton v. Horton, 83 Hun, 213 ; Chapin v. Pratt, 49 N. Y. St. Repr. 42.)

It follows that the judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event.

Ingraham, Clarke and Scott, JJ., concurred ; Patterson, P. «I., dissented.

Judgment and order reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.  