
    UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL, INC., Defendant.
    Civil Action No. 08-961 (RWR).
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    Jan. 25, 2012.
    
      Albert Thomas Morris, Alicia J. Bentley, Callie R. Owen, Jennifer Lynn Chorpening, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
    Craig S. Primis, Eugene Frank Assaf, Jr., Washington, DC, Jennifer Walsh Cow-en, Chicago, IL, Daniel A. Bress, Janakan L. Thiagarajah, Laura Marie Cullen, New York, NY, for Defendant.
   MEMORANDUM ORDER

RICHARD W. ROBERTS, District Judge.

The government brings claims against defendant Honeywell International, Inc. (“Honeywell”) for alleged violations of the False Claims Act (“FCA”), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-33, as well as for common law unjust enrichment, in connection with the sale of Zylon body armor containing “Z Shield” ballistic material. Honeywell’s motion to dismiss was denied and Honeywell filed an answer to the complaint, asserting various affirmative defenses. The government moves to strike the first affirmative defense of waiver and estoppel on the grounds that waiver and estoppel are legally invalid defenses where, as here, the action is by the United States government for recovery of money paid from the United States Treasury.

An insufficient defense may be stricken from a pleading under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f). Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f). But “striking pleadings is generally disfavored as an extreme remedy.” Intex Recreation Corp. v. Team Worldwide Corp., 390 F.Supp.2d 21, 24 (D.D.C.2005). What constitutes an insufficient defense depends upon the nature of the claim and the defense in question. “[A] defense that might confuse the issues in the case and would not, under the facts alleged, constitute a valid defense to the action can and should be deleted.” 5C Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary Kay Kane & Richard L. Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1381 (3d ed. 2011).

The government relies principally on the Supreme Court’s decision in Office of Personnel Mgmt. v. Richmond, 496 U.S. 414, 110 S.Ct. 2465, 110 L.Ed.2d 387 (1990), for the proposition that courts are prohibited from applying equitable doctrines such as waiver and estoppel to prevent the government from bringing claims to recover funds paid improperly from the Treasury. (Pl.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Support of Mot. to Strike Def.’s First Affirmative Defense ("Pl.’s Mem.") at 3-6.) Richmond addressed an action by a benefits claimant who relied on erroneous advice from a government employee about eligibility limits that caused the claimant to exceed the limits and lose eligibility for certain federal disability payments. Because the Appropriations Clause provides that "[n]o money shall be drawn from the Treasury" except as a result of lawful Congressional appropriations, the Court held that payments from the federal treasury were limited to those authorized by statute and the government employee’s erroneous advice could not estop the government from denying benefits not otherwise permitted by law. Richmond, 496 U.S. at 424, 110 S.Ct. 2465. The government argues that the principles of Richmond bar application of the equitable defenses of both estoppel and waiver to an action by the government under the FCA. (Pl.’s Mem. at 6-8.) The Richmond Court, however, limited its decision to the facts before it, where a plaintiff sought to use estoppel offensively to claim payment from the government, and expressly "le[ft] for another day whether an estoppel claim could ever succeed against the Government[.]" Richmond, 496 U.S. at 423, 110 S.Ct. 2465.

The D.C. Circuit has held that "the fundamental principle of equitable estoppel applies to government agencies, as well as private parties." ATC Petroleum, Inc. v. Sanders, 860 F.2d 1104, 1111 (D.C.Cir. 1988) (internal quotations omitted). The Circuit continued to recognize that position in decisions post-dating Richmond, see Morris Commc’ns, Inc. v. FCC, 566 F.3d 184, 191 (D.C.Cir.2009); Graham v. SEC, 222 F.3d 994, 1007 (D.C.Cir.2000), including where the government brought an action to recover federal funds. See LaRouche v. FEC, 28 F.3d 137, 142 (D.C.Cir. 1994). The standard, however, is an exacting one. See Int’l Union v. Clark, Civil Action No. 02-1484(GK), 2006 WL 2598046, at *12 (D.D.C. Sep. 11, 2006) ("There is a clear presumption in this Circuit against invoking the doctrine [of equitable estoppel] against government actors in any but the most extreme circumstances.") The government "may not be estopped on the same terms as any other litigant [may be]." Heckler v. Cmty. Health Svces., Inc., 467 U.S. 51, 60, 104 S.Ct. 2218, 81 L.Ed.2d 42 (1984). The party asserting equitable estoppel "must show that (1) `there was a "definite" representation to the party claiming estoppel,’ (2) the party `relied on its adversary’s conduct in such a manner as to change his position for the worse,’ (3) the party’s `reliance was reasonable’ and (4) the government `engaged in affirmative misconduct.’" Morris, 566 F.3d at 191 (quoting Graham, 222 F.3d at 1007).

The government conduct. giving rise to the defense of waiver must constitute an “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” United States v. Weathers, 186 F.3d 948, 955 (D.C.Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993)). The waiver must be made by one having the authority to do so. See Fed. Crop Ins. Corp. v. Merrill, 332 U.S. 380, 384, 68 S.Ct. 1, 92 L.Ed. 10 (1947) (“Whatever the form in which the Government functions, anyone entering into an arrangement with the Government takes the risk of having accurately ascertained that he who purports to act for the Government stays within the bounds of his authority.”) The authority to bring FCA cases is vested in the Attorney General. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(a).

Honeywell argues that, though’ it anticipates additional discovery, it has already compiled a record supporting the defenses of waiver and estoppel. Specifically, it alleges that the United States knew at an early stage that the Z Shield contained in Zylon vests could degrade in certain conditions, that the government initiated a testing program to confirm this, that Honeywell informed the government of its own testing on this issue and offered to share data, but that the government failed to respond to Honeywell’s offers. (Def.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Support of Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. to Strike (“Def.’s Opp’n”) at 11-14.) The government contests the veracity of these assertions and contends that even assuming equitable estoppel and waiver are legally available defenses, they should be stricken here because the factual allegations proffered by Honeywell do not meet the high standards for maintaining such defenses. (Pl.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Strike at 5-10.)

The government’s argument has merit. Even if Honeywell’s factual asser: tions are accepted as true, and deemed incorporated into the answer, Honeywell has not set forth the elements of either estoppel or waiver that are necessary in order to maintain these defenses against the government. With respect to estoppel, Honeywell has not pointed to any definite representation by the government, only a failure of the government to accept Honeywell’s offer of test results. See, e.g., Morns, 566 F.3d at 191-92 (holding that FCC’s failure to respond to plaintiffs licensing waiver request for three years was not a “definite” representation of approval). Nor has Honeywell shown any reasonable reliance on government representations in such a manner as to change its position for the worse. Honeywell merely describes continuing a course of action— the sale of Z Shield—that it had embarked on earlier. Lastly, the government’s alleged failure to accept Honeywell’s offers of research assistance, even if that failure could be characterized as misconduct, is not of an affirmative nature sufficient to assert a defense of estoppel against the government. See id. at 192 (concluding that FCC’s three-year silence in response to licensing waiver request, while “egregious,” does not amount to “affirmative misconduct”).

With regard to the defense of waiver, Honeywell fails to identify any clear and intentional relinquishment or abandonment by the Attorney General of the right to sue under the FCA. Nor has Honeywell presented any support for the proposition that Department of Justice employees acted with the Attorney General’s authority to waive the right to bring an FCA case during those employees’ interactions with Honeywell. In sum, the government’s continued purchase of vests containing Z Shield, over a period during which Honeywell allegedly made repeated offers of research assistance and test data, does not warrant a finding that the government has waived or should be estopped from bringing this action.

To be sure, a motion to strike is not the appropriate place to resolve significant factual disputes between the parties. Accordingly, courts in this circuit typically have resolved the availability of equitable defenses against the government on a motion for summary judgment. See, e.g., Swedish Am. Hosp. v. Sebelius, 773 F.Supp.2d 1, 7-9 (D.D.C.2011); United States v. Philip Morris Inc., 300 F.Supp.2d 61, 70-72 (D.D.C.2004). However, whether or not the government disputes Honeywell’s factual allegations, those allegations fall short of demonstrating definite representations and affirmative misconduct by the government, detrimental reliance by the defendant, and a clear and intentional waiver by authorized government officials of a right to sue. Moreover, the legal theory and factual allegations that Honeywell proffers provide no basis for inferring that the facts that would be necessary to maintain a defense of equitable estoppel or waiver to this action could or would come to light with the benefit of completed discovery. For these reasons, resolving the availability of the first affirmative defense need not wait for a later stage of the litigation. See, e.g., Hernandez, Kroone and Associates, Inc. v. United States, 95 Fed.Cl. 395, 398 (Fed.Cl. 2010) (internal quotations omitted) (noting that "[a]lthough the court should restrain from evaluating the merits of a defense where ... the factual background for a case is largely undeveloped," striking an affirmative defense is permissible where "there has been ample discovery and no suggestion of facts such as would allow th[e] defense") (internal quotations omitted); Instituto Nacional De Comercializacion Agricola (Indeca) v. Continental Illinois Nat. Bank and Trust Co., 576 F.Supp. 985, 989 (N.D.Ill.1983) (striking at the pleadings stage affirmative defense of estoppel where facts alleged showed an absence of detrimental reliance on the part of the defendant).

Honeywell asserts that “the same facts supporting Honeywell’s affirmative defenses also support Honeywell’s non-affirmative defense that the United States cannot meet its burden of proof on the elements of a False Claims Act violation.” (Defi’s Opp’n at 14.) Honeywell represents that it expects to argue, on the same facts described above, that it was forthcoming with relevant information and therefore did not knowingly cause the presentation of false claims. The government agrees that this contention could support Honeywell’s non-affirmative defense to the action. (See Pl.’s Reply at 11 (recognizing that “evidence of government knowledge of the defendant’s conduct” could be “part of a defendant’s argument that it did not knowingly submit false claims”)). As is explained above, though, Honeywell’s theory of estoppel and waiver—that the government’s inaction in response to Honeywell’s overtures can be characterized here as a direct representation, affirmative misconduct, or abandonment of a right to sue—is clearly insufficient. Removing the insufficient defense will “avoid wasting unnecessary time and money litigating the invalid defense” and will clarify the issues. SEC v. Gulf & Western Indus., Inc., 502 F.Supp. 343, 345 (D.D.C.1980). In striking the defense, there is no prejudice to Honeywell’s ability to marshal the factual allegations that underlay the stricken defense in support of its argument that it did not knowingly cause the submission of false claims. Because waiver and estoppel are insufficient defenses to this action, the first affirmative defense will be stricken. Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that the plaintiffs motion [49] to strike be, and hereby is, GRANTED. 
      
      . The government notes that district courts in other circuits have readily stricken estoppel and waiver defenses asserted against the government in FCA cases. These trial courts followed decisions by courts of appeals that Richmond’s logic "applies equally in situations... where [the government] seeks to recover funds spent contrary to the will of Congress." United States ex rel. Dye v. ATK Launch Sys., Inc., No. 1:06-CV-39 TS, 2008 WL 4642164, at *2 (D.Utah Oct. 16, 2008) (citing United States v. Southland Mgmt. Corp., 288 F.3d 665, 683 (5th Cir.2002)); see also United States v. Manhattan-Westchester Medical Svces., P.C., No. 06 Civ. 7905(WHP), 2008 WL 241079, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2008) (citing United States v. RePass, 688 F.2d 154 (2d Cir.1982) and Southland Mgmt. Corp., 288 F.3d at 683); United States v. Cushman & Wakefield, Inc., 275 F.Supp.2d 763, 768-771 (N.D.Tex.2002) (citing Rosas v. U.S. Small Business Admin., 964 F.2d 351, 360 (5th Cir. 1992)). The D.C. Circuit has not endorsed this expansive interpretation of Richmond.
      
     