
    RU TON et al. v. EVERITT.
    (Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.
    December 9, 1898.)
    Contracts—Validity—Restraint oi? Trade.
    Under a contract for the sale of a produce commission business in New York City, the seller included his good will and everything connected with the business, and agreed not to enter into business in the same or similar line for 10 years, and to throw all the necessary influence he could towards the increase of the business of the buyer, and to allow him to use-the seller’s firm name. Held, that the agreement not to compete was not void in restraint of trade, since it was restricted to the locality where competition was possible, and included only the city of New York.
    McLaughlin, J., dissenting.
    Appeal from special term, New York county.
    Action by Charles D. Ru Ton and another against John N. Everitt for injunction. From an injunctional order against him, defendant appeals.
    Affirmed.
    Eu Ton was an employé of the defendant in the business in question. In the month of December, 1896, the defendant, being in bad health, expressed his intention of going out of the business entirely, and offered to sell it to Eu Ton. This resulted in a sale, which was consummated under a written agreement reading as follows:
    “New York, Dec. 18, 1896.
    “Beeeived from Charles D. Eu Ton the sum of one hundred dollars ($100) on account of the purchase of stands Nos. 44, 46 & 48 Thompson avenue, West Washington Market, New York City, which he has this day purchased from me, the balance of the purchase money, to wit, nineteen hundred dollars ($1,900), to be paid on April 3d, 1897. The sale this day made by me to him includes the good will and interest of the business heretofore conducted under the firm name of Everitt & Co., of which I am the sole owner, and includes all the stands, office furniture, fixtures, desks, safes, books, and all other things connected with said business as now conducted. And I further agree not to enter into business in the same or similar line for the term of ten years from date, thus agreeing to throw all necessary influence which I can toward the increase of and for the benefit of the business of Charles D. Du Ton. I further agree to allow him to use the present firm name, if he so desires, in the continuation of said business; and I further agree, upon the payment as above provided, to deliver full possession of the same to him April 3d, 1897, and to give him any other and further agreements that may be deemed necessary to fully transfer to him the said business, and all the things connected with the same. John N. Everitt.”
    After Eu Ton had paid the full purchase price, and had taken possession and commenced business in his own name under this agreement, the defendant; in violation of his covenant, entered into a similar business in this city, and has since endeavored to deprive Eu Ton of the good will which he had thus purchased and paid for. The defendant did this deliberately, acting upon the theory that his covenant was void and unenforceable. Whether it is so is the main question presented by this appeal.
    Argued before VAN BRUNT, P. J., and BARRETT, EUMSEY, McLaughlin, and ingraham, j j.
    Norman J. Marsh, for appellant.
    Christopher Fine, for respondents.
   BARRETT, J.

The appellant contends that his covenant here not to do business was unlimited as to space; in other words, that it embraced the entire world. This contention was undoubtedly made under the stress of the modern relaxation of the ancient rule upon the subject of covenants in restraint of trade. The courts of this state have gradually modified the original doctrine of the common law that all restrictions upon trade are void, without regard to the circumstances of the particular case. The early cases here followed the old rule in England. Even as late as 1870 the commission of appeals, speaking through Leonard, C., in Bank v. King, 44 N. Y. 91, observed that "agreements restraining the use of any occupation or trade beyond a locality of very moderate extent are illegal and void on grounds of pub-, lie policy.” The first great advance in the direction of the modern doctrine was made in Diamond Match Co. v. Roeber, 106 N. Y. 473, 13 N. E. 419. It was there held that a covenant not to engage in the manufacture and sale of friction matches within any of the United States or its territories, except Nevada and Montana, was valid. The restraint there was treated as partial, and not general. This case was followed in Leslie v. Lorillard, 110 N. Y. 519, 18 N. E. 363, and the effect of its reasoning summed up as follows: “Under the authority of that case, it may be said that no contracts are void as being in general restraint of trade, where they operate simply to prevent a party from engaging or competing in the same business.” In Thermometer Co. v. Pool, 51 Hun, 157, 4 N. Y. Supp. 861, there was not even the exception of a remote state or territory. The covenant distinctly embraced the entire United States. Yet the court (Martin, J.) held that it was valid, adopting the dicta of Andrews, J., in Diamond Match Co. v. Roeber, supra, and citing numerous cases in support of his position. “The cases cited,” he adds, “seem to sustain the doctrine that a restriction which is no greater than the interest of the vendee requires, and by giving which the vendor has obtained an increased price for what he sold, is valid, though it extended through the whole kingdom or country.” This latter ease, it is proper to say, was cited with approval by the court of appeals in Oakes v. Water Co., 143 N. Y. 439, 38 N. E. 461. Precisely the same doctrine was enunciated in United States Cordage Co. v. William Wall’s Sons’ Rope Co., 90 Hun, 429, 35 N. Y. Supp. 978. There the agreement was that William Wall’s Sons would not engage in the manufacture or sale of cordage within the limits of the United States except as an employé of the National Cordage Company. It was held to be valid and enforceable. “Since the Diamond Match Company Case,” said Parker, J., “it has been the law of the state that a covenant not to engage in business, made' by a vendor in connection with a sale of his business and good will, is valid and enforceable.” The same rule was laid down in Hodge v. Sloan, 107 N. Y. 244, 17 N. E. 335; Tode v. Gross, 127 N. Y. 480, 28 N. E. 469; and Underwood v. Smith (Com. Pl.) 19 N. Y. Supp. 380, affirmed on the opinion below in 135 N. Y. 661, 32 N. E. 648. Indeed, the absolute doctrine that a covenant in restraint of trade is void merely because it is unlimited in regard to space has been questioned even in England by so eminent an authority as Mr. Justice Fry. Rousillon v. Rousillon, 14 Ch. Div. 351. And Vice Chancellor James, in Cloth Co. v. Lorsont, L. E. 9 Eq. 345, observed that a man may enter into any stipulation, however restrictive, provided that the restriction, in the judgment of the court, is not unreasonable, having regard to the subject-matter of the contract. These oases were discussed in Ammunition Co. v. Nordenfelt [1893] 1 Ch. 630, and Lord Justice Bindley there observed that, in his opinion, this was “the doctrine to which the modern authorities have been gradually approximating.” Lord Bowen, in his celebrated opinion in this case, summarized the conclusion at which he had arrived as follows: “The rule as to- general restraint of trade ought not, in my judgment, to apply where a trader or manufacturer of goods finds it necessary, for the advantageous transfer of the good will of a business in which he is so interested, and for the adequate protection of those who buy it, to covenant that he will retire altogether from the trade which is being disposed of, provided, always, that the covenant is one the tendency of which is not injurious to the public.” This last proviso also embodies the sole criticism of Lord Justice Lindley upon the judgments of Lord Justice Pry and Vice Chancellor James in the cases already referred to. The third judge in the Nordenfelt Case (Lord Justice A. L. Smith) said that, in his judgment, there was no such hard and fast rule as that every covenant in restraint of trade is ipso facto void if it is unlimited as to space. Applying the true rule to the facts of that case, he observed: “How can it be truly said that a restraint which is but coextensive with the area traded over by the plaintiffs is unreasonable, and affords more than a fair protection to their interests? In my judgment, the limit of space in all these cases must necessarily vary with the ever-changing circumstances attending the development of trade, and the varying circumstances of the particular trader; and, bearing in mind what the plaintiffs’ trade is, the limit, though co-extensive with the world, is not, in my opinion, unreasonable.”

It is thus apparent that the courts in which this doctrine originated have kept pace with modern conditions. In that respect they afford an example to courts in this country, where the hard and fast rule seems still to be adhered to. Bishop v. Palmer, 146 Mass. 469, 16 N. E. 299; Oil Co. v. Nunnemaker, 142 Ind. 560, 41 N. E. 1048. The result of the authorities both here and in England justifies this statement of the present governing rule: A covenant by the vendor of a particular business not to engage therein, or in a similar business, to the prejudice of the vendee is valid when such covenant is an incident to the sale of the good will of the business sold. Such a covenant is.not in restraint of trade so long as it is co-extensive with the interest to be protected, and but adequate to secure to the vendee the full, and, as against the vendor, exclusive, enjoyment of the thing purchased. Applying this rule to the facts of the case at bar, it seems quite clear that the present agreement is valid and enforceable. The instrument must be read in connection with the surrounding circumstances; and also in the light of the rule stated by Allen, J., in Curtis v. Gokey, 68 N. Y. 304, that “the law will not presume an agreement void as illegal or against public policy when it is capable of a construction which would make it consistent with the laws, and valid.” There is nothing in the instrument, when fairly construed, which makes the covenant unlimited as to space, or detrimental to the public. It is true that it lacks express words of limitation. But these words may be implied as well as expressed. The instrument, it will be observed, is not a formal agreement, but a mere receipt, signed by the defendant alone, and, as thus signed, delivered to Ru Ton. It refers to the business sold as a business conducted in “New York City.” The papers show that this business consisted in the sale of farm products consigned to the defendant as a commission merchant from farmers in various parts of the country. What the parties were thinking about and dealing with was the ■sale of this business conducted exclusively in the city of New York, and of its good will. The market was in the city of New York, and competition could only be there. The receipt was drawn in contemplation of these facts. The covenant not to enter into a business in the same or a similar-line was but a natural and necessary incident of such a sale. The object thereof was plainly to prevent competition by the vendor; that is, competition here, where alone there could be competition. When the defendant says, “I agree not to enter into any business in the same or a similar line for the term of ten years from date,” he says, in effect, that for that length of time, so far as he is concerned, he will leave the field of business activity here, in a particular line, to the vendor. What object would there be in extending the defendant’s disability beyond any possible area of competition? And why should the language, though general, be construed contrary to what we can plainly see was the intention of the parties? There certainly could be no competition in this particular business outside of the locality where farmers find their market, and apart from local agencies, namely, the city of New York and its farm produce commission merchants. The minds of the parties never passed beyond this area of possible competition, and the writing was but an expression of what was in their minds with relation to the business done within that area. This is accentuated by the explanatory words which immediately follow the covenant, namely, “Thus agreeing to throw all necessary influence which I can towards the increase and for the benefit of the business of Charles D. Ru Ton.” How could a covenant not to engage in the business of a commission merchant for the sale of farm products in the world at large (outside of New York City) have any bearing upon the vendor’s agreement to use his influence to increase the particular business here sold? The true paraphrase is clearly this: “I agree not to enter into the same or a similar business in competition with you for ten years, thus agreeing during that period to help rather than hinder you in increasing the business sold.” When the words “in competition with you” are understood and implied (as clearly upon the surroundings they must be), the locality of the business, namely, the city of New York, is equally understood and implied. The covenant as to space was thus limited to the locality where competition was possible. The case, on this head, is directly within the rule laid down in Hubbard v. Miller, 27 Mich. 15, and within the principle upon which the following cases were decided: Smith’s Appeal, 113 Pa. St. 579, 6 Atl. 251; Thomas v. Miles, 3 Ohio St. 274; Peltz v. Eichele, 62 Mo. 171; Boardman v. Wheeler, 15 N. Y. Wkly. Dig. 325, affirmed 27 Hun, 616; Heichew v. Hamilton, 3 G. Greene, 596. And see Curtis v. Gokey, supra; Id., 5 Hun, 555. Upon both the law and the facts, we think that a clear case for an injunction was made out. There was here an attempt on the defendant’s part to deprive the plaintiff of the benefit meant to be conferred upon him by the contract of sale. The defendant’s course is quite inexcusable. He would take, but not give. Retaining the purchase price, he in fact seeks to repossess himself of what that purchase price represented. The law will not permit him, upon the hypocritical pretense of défending a rule of public policy, to cheat the plaintiff out of the essential thing which the latter bought and paid for.

The order was right, and should be affirmed, with $10 costs and the disbursements of the appeal. All concur, except McLAUGHLIN, J., dissenting.

McLAUGHLIN, J. (dissenting).

A contract not to engage in business is not in restraint of trade so long as it is only co-extensive with the interest sought to be protected; but when the covenant goes beyond this, and thereby becomes oppressive to one of the parties without conferring a corresponding benefit upon the other, then such covenant is said to be unreasonable, and injurious to the public interests, and therefore invalid. Diamond Match Co. v. Roeber, 106 N. Y. 473, 13 N. E. 419; Bank v. King, 44 N. Y. 87; Ward v. Byrne, 5 Mees. & W. 548; Oil Co. v. Nunnemaker, 142 Ind. 560, 41 N. E. 1048; Bishop v. Palmer, 146 Mass. 469, 16 N. E. 299; Taylor v. Saurman, 110 Pa. St. 3, 1 Atl. 40; Davies v. Davies, 36 Ch. Div. 359; Nordenfelt v. Ammunition Co., 63 Law J. Ch. 908. Applying this principle to the contract under consideration, it seems to me clear that the defendant’s covenant not to enter into business in the same or a similar line for the period of 10 years is invalid. The business sought to be protected is local in its character, while the covenant is general. The prevailing opinion seems to concede that the covenant in this contract is invalid if read literally, but it is insisted that it does not, in fact, express what the parties intended, and therefore it should be read as though the defendant had agreed not to enter into the same or a similar business in competition with the plaintiff for 10 years; and that when the words “in competition with” are understood and implied, then the locality of the business, namely, the city of New York, is 'equally understood and implied, and thus the covenant of space limited to the locality where the competition is possible. But the covenant in this contract is expressed in plain terms. It is not ambiguous, and we have no right to assume, such being the fact, that anything was intended by the parties except what a fair construction of the language itself implies. The court has no right to take from or add to the contract, and to do so is simply to make a new contract for the parties instead of construing one which they have made. This contract is not in partial restraint of trade, and it cannot be saved upon that ground. It is general in its terms, and absolutely prohibits the defendant from engaging in the same or a similar business in any place whatsoever for the term of 10 years, and there is absolutely nothing in the contract or in the papers before us which warrants the assumption that it was intended to apply only to the city of New York. Such construction can only be placed upon it by inserting words not therein used, and giving to the covenant a meaning and purpose not expressed in it, and which cannot fairly or reasonably be implied from it. The respondent’s attorney, as appears from the brief filed on the argument before us, insists that the parties intended that the covenant should apply to the “boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens,' and Richmond.” The court below enjoined the defendant from doing business at any place in the “borough of Manhattan”; while in the judgment of this court, as appears from the prevailing opinion, the defendant should be enjoined from doing business in the city of New York. These different views simply illustrate the futility of an attempt to construe the contract upon the assumption that certain. words not expressed in it are to be. understood and implied from it. I think the contract expressed just what the parties intended, and my view in this respect is strengthened by the fact that the defendant had customers in several states, who were in the habit of sending him farm produce to be sold on commission, and to secure these customers for the plaintiff the covenant in question was inserted in the contract to absolutely prohibit the plaintiff from engaging in the same or a similar line of business for the time specified. In all cases in which contracts in restraint of trade have been held invalid the covenant might have been sustained if the courts had adopted the reasoning of the learned justice writing the prevailing opinion. The purpose of this covenant was to prevent competition, and in trying to do this the parties went too far. The covenant is oppressive to the. defendant, and does not confer a corresponding benefit upon the plaintiff, and therefore, under the rule above stated, and under every well-considered decision which I have been able to find, it must be held to be invalid.

For these reasons I am unable to concur in the opinion of Mr. Justice BARRETT,  