
    ABRAMS CENTRE NATIONAL BANK, a National Banking Association, Appellant, v. FARMER, FUQUA & HUFF, P.C., f/k/a Farmer, Fuqua, Hunt & Munselle, P.C., a Texas Professional Corporation, Appellee.
    No. 08-05-00140-CV.
    Court of Appeals of Texas, El Paso.
    Oct. 27, 2005.
    
      David M. O’Dens, SettlePou, Dallas, for Appellant.
    Robert K. Wise, Hunton & Williams, Dallas, for Appellee.
    Before BARAJAS, C.J., McCLURE, and CHEW, JJ.
   OPINION

ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice.

We address today the liability of an accounting firm for negligent misrepresentation in audit reports. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the firm, finding that no duty was owed. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

FACTUAL SUMMARY

ESS College of Business, Inc. was a for-profit business college located in Dallas, Texas and directed by Jan Y. Friedheim. The College trained students to work as secretaries, paralegals, and administrative assistants. Most of the students received financial aid through federal programs which were administered by the Department of Education (DOE). In fiscal years 1999 and 2000, the DOE imposed the Ninety Percent Rule, which prohibited the College from deriving more than 90 percent of its revenue from federal funding.

Although the College received federal funding for its programs, it also borrowed money from various lenders in 1998, 1999, and 2000. On November 5, 1998, it incurred the maximum credit line of $950,000 from Chase Bank of Texas, whose predecessor was Texas Commerce Bank (Chase). In March 1999, Abrams Centre National Bank (Abrams) replaced Chase as the lender for the 1998 debt. The $950,000 debt was rolled into a new seven-year term loan of $1,000,000 which was guaranteed by the Small Business Administration. Abrams also provided the College with a $300,000 credit line on April 22, 1999. The $300,000 credit line was renewed on April 22, 2000 and again on September 29, 2000. At that point, the credit line was increased by $200,000. On January 22, 2001, Abrams loaned an additional $250,000. All of the promissory notes were guaranteed by Jan V. Fried-heim and her husband and secured by liens on personal property which primarily consisted of the College’s accounts receivable for funds due under federal educational programs for student loans.

The College hired Farmer, Fuqua & Huff, P.C. as an independent auditor. Farmer audited the College at fiscal year end in 1998, 1999, and 2000. The audits were performed in compliance with DOE requirements. The College informed Farmer that copies of the audit would be sent to Chase as required by their line of credit.

Following an open audit by the DOE in July 2000 indicating a high default rate on Perkins loans, the College was placed on provisional certification. When a school is placed on provisional certification, the DOE can take action without allowing for due process. The College never notified Abrams that it had been placed on provisional certification. The DOE placed the school on “reimbursement status” in December 2000 for failure to comply with the Ninety Percent Rule. While on reimbursement status, the College could only obtain Title IV reimbursement by submitting complex documentation every thirty days showing what funds had been earned during the prior period. As a consequence, the school suffered an adverse affect on its cash flow. ESS sought additional funds from Abrams and it agreed to the two-month short term loan of $250,000 in January 2001.

On March 27, 2001, the DOE revoked the school’s provisional certification to participate in Title IV programs. ESS ceased operations, defaulted on all three loans to Abrams, and filed for bankruptcy. Because all of the loans were guaranteed by the Friedheims, Abrams filed suit against both of them. Abrams obtained a judgment for $1,600,000. This judgment remains unsatisfied.

Abrams then filed suit against the accounting firm for negligent misrepresentation, claiming Abrams had relied on the financial status of the school as reflected in the audits when it loaned money to ESS. Farmer moved for summary judgment, contending that Abrams failed to establish that the firm knew Abrams would receive and use the audits in deciding whether to make the loans. Farmer relied upon the Restatement (Second) of Torts, contending that Texas follows Section 552 without reservation. Abrams responded that there was genuine issue of material fact as to whether the firm should have known its reports would be relied upon by Abrams. The trial court granted summary judgment with regard to the January 2001 loan because the evidence established as a matter of law that Abrams had not justifiably relied on the audit report. In denying summary judgment as to the March 1999 and the September 2000 loans, the trial court determined that the Restatement was inconsistent with Blue Bell, Inc. v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., 715 S.W.2d 408, 412 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In Blue Bell, the Dallas Court of Appeals held accountants are liable to third parties under the Restatement if the accountant knew or should have known they would receive information. Farmer unsuccessfully argued that Blue Bell was overruled by the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in McCamish, Martin, Brown & Loeffler v. F.E. Appling Interests, 991 S.W.2d 787, 788 (Tex.1999). It then filed an interlocutory appeal to the Dallas Court of Appeals pursuant to Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.014(d)(Vernon Supp. 2004-05). The court denied the application. Farmer then filed a motion for reconsideration of the partial denial of summary judgment in the trial court. This motion was based upon Compass Bank v. King, Griffin & Adamson, P.C., 388 F.3d 504 (5th Cir.2004) and Tara Capital Partners I, L.P. v. Deloitte & Touche, L.L.P., No. 05-03-00746-CV, 2004 WL 1119947 (Tex.App.-Dallas May 20, 2004). The trial court entered a final summary judgment on February 9, 2005.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In a traditional summary judgment proceeding, the standard of review on appeal is whether the successful movant at the trial level carried the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that judgment should be granted as a matter of law. Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 471 (Tex.1991); Duran v. Furr’s Supermarkets, Inc., 921 S.W.2d 778, 784 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1996, writ denied). Thus, the question on appeal is not whether the summary judgment proof raises fact issues as to required elements of the movant’s cause or claim, but whether the summary judgment proof establishes, as a matter of law, that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to one or more elements of the movant’s cause or claim. Gibbs v. General Motors Corp., 450 S.W.2d 827, 828 (Tex.1970); Duran, 921 S.W.2d at 784. In resolving these issues, all evidence favorable to the non-movant must be taken as true and all reasonable inferences, including any doubts, must be resolved in the non-movant’s favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Mgmt. Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex.1985); Duran, 921 S.W.2d at 784. A trial court properly grants summary judgment in favor of a defendant if that party conclusively establishes all elements of an affirmative defense, or conclusively negates at least one element of the plaintiffs claim. American Tobacco Co., Inc. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex.1997). Issues not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion or response to the motion for summary judgment cannot be considered as grounds for reversal. Tex.R.Civ.P. 166(a); McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex.1993). We may only consider the record as it existed at the time of the motion and may not consider sua sponte grounds for reversing the judgment. San Jacinto River Authority v. Duke, 783 S.W.2d 209, 210 (Tex.1990), citing Central Education Agency v. Burke, 711 S.W.2d 7, 9 (Tex.1986).

FOR WHOM THE BLUE BELL TOLLS

At issue is whether Blue Bell remains viable or whether it has been implicitly overruled. In its first and second points of error, Abrams contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because Blue Bell was not expressly overruled by McCamish, and, based on Blue Bell, an accountant can be held liable for negligent misrepresentation only to those non-clients he knew or should have known would receive the information. The parties agree that Section 552 applies. Abrams argues that Texas imposes a fore-seeablility standard in determining accountant liability to non-clients. Farmer counters that Texas has adopted an actual knowledge standard.

The Restatement

Section 552 of the Restatement provides:

(1) One who, in the course of his business, profession or employment, or in any other transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false information for the guidance of others in their business transactions, is subject to liability for pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable reliance upon the information, if he fails to exercise reasonable care or competence in obtaining or communicating the information.
(2) Except as stated in Subsection (3), the liability stated in Subsection (1) is limited to loss suffered
(a) by the person or one of a limited group of persons for whose benefit and guidance he intends to supply the information or knows that the recipient intends to supply it; and
(b) through reliance upon it in a transaction that he intends the information to influence or knows that the recipient so intends or in a substantially similar transaction.
(3) The liability of one who is under public duty to give the information extends to loss suffered by any of the class of persons for whose benefit the duty is created, in any of the transactions in which it is intended to protect them.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 552 (1977). The purpose for the rule is found in Comment a:

When the harm that is caused is only-pecuniary loss, the courts have found it necessary to adopt a more restricted rule of liability, because of the extent to which misinformation may be, and may be expected to be, circulated, and the magnitude of the losses which may follow from reliance upon it.
⅜; ⅜ ⅜ ⅜: ⅜ ⅜
[I]t does not follow that every user of commercial information may hold every maker to a duty of care. Unlike the duty of honesty, the duty of care to be observed in supplying information for use in commercial transactions implies an undertaking to observe a relative standard, which may be defined only in terms of the use to which the information will be put, weighed against the magnitude and probability of loss that might attend that use if the information proves to be incorrect.
[0]ne who relies upon information in connection with a commercial transaction may reasonably expect to hold the maker to a duty of care only in circumstances in which the maker was manifestly aware of the use to which the information was to be put and intended to supply it for that purpose. [Emphasis added].
By limiting the liability for negligence of a supplier of information to be used in commercial transactions to cases in which he manifests an intent to supply the information for the sort of use in which the plaintiffs loss occurs, the law promotes the important social policy of encouraging the flow of commercial information upon which the operation of the economy rests.

Restatement (Second) of ToRts § 552 cmt.a (1977). In other words, the Restatement requires knowledge and intent by the provider of the information because the provider needs to assess the risk of loss that may be attributed to the receiver if the information is incorrect.

Blue Bell

Blue Bell was a clothing manufacturer located in North Carolina. Blue Bell, 715 S.W.2d at 410. In 1972, the company began extending credit to Myers Department Stores, a Texas corporation based in Arlington (Meyers Texas). Id. In 1980, Meyers Texas and an affiliated company, Meyers Department Stores of Forth Worth, Inc. (Meyers Fort Worth), were acquired by a newly formed Delaware corporation, Meyers Department Stores, Inc. (Meyers Delaware). Id. Shortly thereafter, Meyers Delaware hired Peat-Marwick to audit all of Meyers’ financial records. Id. On June 3, 1981, Peat-Marwick issued to Meyers Delaware a consolidated balance sheet with combined financial statements of all three companies. Id. Several days later, it made a minor revision to the financial statements and forwarded the revisions to Meyers Delaware. Id. Per Meyers Delaware’s request, Peat-Marwick made seventy-five copies of the revised reports rather than the twenty-five copies it had made of the original. Id.

Meyers Delaware provided to Blue Bell a copy of the original report and the revised financial statement. Id. Blue Bell relied upon the statements when it considered extending a substantial amount of credit to Meyers Texas. Id. On November 4, 1982, Meyers Texas filed for bankruptcy. Id. As a result, Blue Bell recovered only a portion of the outstanding balance due. Id. Blue Bell sued Peat-Marwick alleging four causes of action, including negligent misrepresentation. Id. at 410. Summary judgment was granted in favor of Peat-Marwick. Id. On appeal, Blue Bell contended that the accounting firm had failed to conclusively establish it did not owe a legal duty to them. Id. at 411. In reversing, the Dallas Court of Appeals concluded that a fact issue existed as to whether Blue Bell fell within Section 552(2)’s “limited class.” Id. at 412.

The court’s analysis discussed the depth of Section 552 and its application to accountants. Noting that other jurisdictions had adopted a foreseeability test, the court declined to adopt such a broad standard. Id. at 412. Limiting liability to those third persons who an accountant specifically knew would rely on the information was “too artificial a distinction.” Id. at 412. Instead, the court adopted a “less restrictive interpretation of section 552.” Id.

To allow liability to turn on the fortuitous occurrence that the accountant’s client specifically mentions a person or class of persons who are to receive the reports, when the accountant may have that same knowledge as a matter of business practice, is too tenuous a distinction for us to adopt as a rule of law. Instead, we hold that if, under current business practices and the circumstances of that case, an accountant preparing audited financial statements knows or should know that such statements will be relied upon by a limited class of person, the accountant may be liable for injuries to members of that class relying on his certification of the audited reports. [Emphasis in original].

Id. at 412.

McCamish

In McCamish, the Supreme Court determined whether a law firm representing a financial institution owed a duty to non-clients for the tort of negligent misrepresentation. McCamish, 991 S.W.2d at 788. The non-clients sued the law firm, claiming the firm negligently misrepresented that the financial institution’s board of directors had approved a settlement agreement. Id. at 790. The firm filed a motion for summary judgment, alleging that it did not owe a duty to third parties because there was no privity. Id. The trial court granted the motion, but the court of appeals reversed, holding that even absent privity, an attorney may owe a duty to avoid negligent misrepresentation to a third party. Id. The Supreme Court then examined whether privity was required under Section 552 in order for a non-client to sue an attorney.

First, the Court decided that Section 552 applies to attorneys. Id. It then explained that Section 552 imposes a duty to avoid negligent misrepresentation absent privity because the claim is not equivalent to a legal malpractice claim. Id. at 792.

Under the tort of negligent misrepresentation, liability is not based on the breach of duty a professional owes his or her clients or others in privity, but on an independent duty to the nonclient based on the professional’s manifest awareness of the nonclient’s reliance on the misrepresentation and the professional’s intention that the nonclient so rely.

Id. at 792. Although an attorney may be subject to liability for negligent misrepresentation under Section 552(1), liability is limited by Section 552(2) to those:

[Situations in which the attorney who provides the information is aware of the nonclient and intends that the nonclient rely on the information. In other words, a section 552 cause of action is available only when information is transferred by an attorney to a known party for a known purpose.

Id. at 794. By this language, the Court wholly adopted Section 552. And in analyzing whether Section 552 applied to attorneys, the Court cited several opinions which had applied Section 552 to other professionals, including accountants. Id. at 791, citing Steiner v. Southmark Corp., 734 F.Supp. 269, 279-80 (N.D.Tex.1990); Blue Bell v. Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co., 715 S.W.2d 408, 411-12 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Shatterproof Glass Corp. v. James, 466 S.W.2d 873, 880 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1971, writ ref'd n.r.e.). We conclude that Sections 552(1) and (2) apply to a wide range of professionals, including accountants.

Because McCamish wholly adopted Section 552, it implicitly overruled Blue Bell. This is true for two reasons: (1) the language of the Restatement is contrary to Blue Bell’s, holding, and (2) the duty articulated in Section 552 requires that a defendant have actual knowledge of a third party’s rebanee upon the information in issue.

Tara

Following McCamish, the Dallas Court of Appeals recognized the Restatement’s requirement of actual knowledge. Tara Capital Partners I, L.P. v. Deloitte & Touche, L.L.P., 2004 WL 1119947 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004, pet. denied). Tara purchased Just for Feet, Inc. stock based on the company’s financial statements and quarterly reports. Id. at *1. Deloitte prepared the audits for Just for Feet. Id. Shortly after Tara purchased the stock, Just for Feet filed for bankruptcy and Tara filed suit against Deloitte for negb-gent misrepresentation. Id. Summary judgment was granted in favor of Deloitte. Id.

The appellate court held that Section 552(2) limits a defendant’s habihty to situations in which “the information supplier is aware of the third party and intends that the third party rely on the information.” Id. at *2. The court found nothing to indicate that Deloitte intended or knew Just for Feet intended to utilize its work for the purpose of attracting investors. Id. at *3. Thus, the court recognized that Section 552 imposes an actual knowledge requirement. Because we agree with this assessment, we overrule Points of Error One and Two.

IS THERE A FACT QUESTION?

Having estabbshed that Section 552 requires a supplier of information to know to whom the information will be supplied, we turn now to the commentary which establishes two classes of plaintiffs. The first is a plaintiff who is specifically identified by the supplier to be the intended receiver. The second is a plaintiff who although not specifically mentioned by name belongs to a specified group or class the supplier knows will receive the information. The commentary also requires a defendant to procure the information for the guidance of both classes. A defendant must have the specific purpose of providing information to either a known plaintiff or a known group of plaintiffs before a duty is owed. Farmer argues it conclusively established that it did not know Abrams would receive the audits nor did it intend for Abrams to rely on the audited information in loaning money to ESS. In Point of Error Three, Abrams contends a fact issue exists as to whether it fell within a class of known recipients.

Two illustrations in the Restatement demonstrate these principles:

ILLUSTRATION 5
A is negotiating with X Bank for a credit of $50,000. The Bank requires an audit by independent public accountants. A employs B & Company, a firm of accountants, to make the audit, telling them that the purpose of the audit is to meet the requirements of X Bank in connection with a credit of $50,000. B & Company agrees to make the audit, mth the express understanding that it is for transmission to X Bank only. X Bank fails, and A, without any further communication with B & Company, submits its financial statements accompanied by B & Company’s opinion to Y Bank, which in reliance upon it extends a credit of $50,000 to A. The audit is so carelessly made as to result in an unqualified favorable opinion on financial statements that materially misstates the financial position of A, and in consequence Y Bank suffers pecuniary loss through its extension of credit. B & Company is not liable to Y Bank. [Emphasis added].
ILLUSTRATION 6
The same facts as in Illustration 5, except that nothing is said about supplying the information for the guidance of X Bank only, and A merely informs B & Company that he expects to negotiate a bank loan, for $50,000, requires the audit for the purpose of the loan, and has X Bank in mind. B & Company is subject to liability to Y Bank. [Emphasis added].

Abrams contends the facts here are similar to Illustration 6. It argues Farmer knew the audit was being formulated for the general purpose of obtaining a bank loan. It fell within the class of lenders Farmer knew the College intended to supply with the audits. Farmer also knew that ESS had to provide its audited information to Chase Bank as a requirement of the credit line and that once ESS changed lenders, the new lender would be receiving and relying upon the audited reports.

On the other hand, Farmer suggests Illustration 5 is more closely analogous. Farmer was hired by ESS to provide audits for the Department of Education. The purpose of the audits was explicitly stated in each of the compliance letters: “This report is intended for the information of management and the U.S. Department of Education. However, this report is a matter of public record and its distribution is not limited.” This caveat is not surprising. The purpose of providing compliance letters to the DOE was to establish that no more than 90 percent of the College’s funding came from federal programs. The remaining 10 percent had to come from another source. Indeed, the funds came from a credit line. The 1998 audit was provided for a specific party— Chase Bank — in order to comply with the credit line terms. Ted Munselle was the accountant in charge of the 1998 audit. His affidavit explained that Chase would use the financial statements and audits only in connection with the existing credit line. William Huff was in charge of the 1999 and 2000 audits and had knowledge of the 1998 audit. In his affidavit, he maintained that Farmer knew ESS had a revolving credit line with Chase Bank but the firm did not know that ESS intended to give a copy of its reports to Abrams in order to secure replacement or extensions of existing loans. Huff also stated that had the firm known Abrams would be relying on the reports, Farmer would have charged more to compensate for the additional risk of liability. Audits conducted for purposes of governmental agencies involve less risk. If problems arise, there generally are no repercussions since the risk is shifted to the client. Munselle, Huff, and Friedheim all insisted that ESS never informed Farmer of its intent to give the audits to Abrams or to any bank other than Chase.

While Farmer undoubtedly owed a duty to Chase, it owed no duty to Abrams. The summary judgment evidence conclusively established there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Abrams fell within the two recognized classes of plaintiffs. We overrule Point of Error Three. Our resolution obviates the necessity of addressing the fourth and final point regarding justifiable reliance. We affirm the judgment of the court below. 
      
      . Farmer, Fuqua, & Huff, P.C. v. Abrams Centre National Bank, 2003 WL 588726 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.).
     
      
      . Although the court explicitly stated it was not adopting a foreseeability standard for negligent misrepresentation, their “less restrictive interpretation of section 552” has been recognized by other courts as a complete contradiction. Compass Bank v. King Griffin & Adamson, P.C., 2003 WL 22077721, at *3 (N.D.Tex.2003)(£&ie Bell’s analysis was double speak because the court declined to adopt a foreseeability standard but then extended an accountant’s liability to those the accountant should know would rely upon the statements); Nycal Corp. v. KPMG Peat Marwick, L.L.P., 426 Mass. 491, 688 N.E.2d 1368, 1373 n. 5 (1998)(BZwe Bell’s expansive interpretation of Section 552 effectively eliminated all of the restrictions the Restatement sought to impose).
     
      
      . This case was transferred to us from the Dallas Court of Appeals by virtue of the Supreme Court’s docket equalization plan. The trial court below endeavored to ascertain the precedent within the Fifth District Court of Appeals and to determine whether the court intended Tara to overrule Blue Bell. Because of the transfer, we are placed in the unusual and uncomfortable situation of speaking for that court as to precisely what it had in mind. And certainly the trial court did not envision that three folks sitting 600 miles to the west would be making that determination.
     