
    Vitacrescenza Summo, as Administratrix, etc., of Vito A. Summo, Deceased, Respondent, v. Snare & Triest Company and Steel and Masonry Contracting Company, Appellants.
    Second Department,
    March 5, 1915.
    Master and servant — negligence — death caused by defective scaffold — breaking of hoisting rope — proof justifying recovery — pleading — cause of accident — parties—liability of corporation as secret principal— employment of laborers through medium of other corporation — husband and wife — common-law marriage.
    Action against a master brought under the Labor Law to recover for the death of an employee. The deceased was standing with a fellow-servant upon a scaffold consisting of an ordinary painter’s ladder with boards laid on the rungs. While it was being hoisted into position by other employees by means of ropes which were suspended from a tower of masonry, one of the ropes broke, allowing the scaffold to fall. There was evidence that the rope had been in bad condition on the day prior to the accident and that the defendant’s foreman had been given notice of that fact. This was denied by the defendant, who claimed that the rope had been accidentally cut by the decedent. There was a conflict of evidence as to whether the workmen who were hoisting the scaffold into place were “skylarking” at the time. On all the evidence;
    Held, that there was a case for the jury under section 18 of the Labor Law and that a judgment for the plaintiff should not be disturbed. Under a complaint alleging that the rope “was defective and was old and worn out,” the plaintiff may recover upon evidence that the rope was in bad condition, although in fact it was comparatively new.
    •Although the decedent, while working, was in the employ of a corporation which paid him and directed his work, and which apparently was acting as an independent subcontractor, the plaintiff may prove that such corporation was merely a “paper corporation” organized and controlled by another corporation, also made defendant, for the purpose of conducting the laboring work on contracts undertaken by it, and that it furnished all materials and tools to the subcontractor and advanced all moneys for the purpose of paying its employees, thus making it in fact a secret principal and liable as such. The fact that the subcontractor is a distinct corporate entity does not make proof of the facts aforesaid incompetent.
    The decedent, when living in Italy, had entered into meretricious relations with the plaintiff at a time when she had a husband and he had a wife living. Thereafter they came to this country and cohabited together in all respects as husband and wife, and children were born to them and baptized with the father’s name. During this intercourse, but before the year 1911, the decedent’s lawful wife died, and at about the same time the plaintiff received a letter from a relative in Italy informing her that her lawful husband had committed suicide, he having left her for places unknown many years before. After this information the parties again agreed together to be lawful husband and wife. On all the evidence;
    Held, that a finding by the jury that the plaintiff was the lawful wife of the decedent so as to be entitled to maintain an action to re’eover damages for his death, and that the children of said marriage had become legitimate, was justified.
    Appeal by the defendants, Snare & Triest Company and another, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Westchester on the 20th day of March, 1913, upon the verdict of a jury for $5,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 17th day of March, 1913, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon, the minutes.
    
      
      Hector M. Hitchings, for the appellants.
    
      William F. Unger [Leonard M. Wallstein with him on the brief], for the respondent.
   Carr, J.:

The plaintiff recovered a verdict for $5,000 for damages for the death of her decedent through the alleged negligence of both defendants. It was a “ scaffold case ” and the action was brought under the Labor Law. One of the ropes sustaining a scaffold which was being hoisted into place gave way while the decedent was on the scaffold, and he fell to the ground and was killed.

There were three hotly contested issues at the trial, and this appeal is based upon all three, viz.: First, was there actionable negligence on the part of either defendant ? Second, was the Snare & Triest Company the employer of the decedent ? Third, was the plaintiff the lawful wife of the decedent, and were the children (his also) his legitimate children ?

The appeal was argued unusually well by both counsel. The briefs are exhaustive. I will discuss briefly the points of the appellants in their order:

First. Was there proof of actionable negligence on the part of either defendant ?

The accident happened on one of the towers of the Pelham Bay bridge, which was erected under a contract between the city of New York and the Snare & Triest Company. A photograph of the bridge and its towers is to be found in the record. The decedent had been at work, on the day before the accident, cleaning spots of cement from the masonry surface of the tower. An ordinary painter’s ladder, with boards over the rungs, was used as a scaffold. The decedent and a helper stood upon these boards. The scaffold was suspended along the side of the tower by a rope looped over its top. It was lowered to the ground at the end of the day’s work. Early in the morning of the accident, the decedent and his helper took their places upon the scaffold, and other workmen began to hoist it up into place. At times one end of the scaffold would go up higher than the other during the hoisting process. But, according to the plaintiff’s witnesses, the .scaffold had reached its proper place and was entirely level when the accident happened. The plaintiff produced several eye-witnesses, among them De Melia and Erdrono. These witnesses describe the whole occurrence. According to their .story, the suspending rope broke, the decedent fell from the scaffold and the scaffold in its fall struck the decedent as he lay upon the ground. There is proof by a plaintiff’s witness, Farrara, that the rope was in bad condition on the day prior to the accident, and that notice of that fact was given to Folian, the foreman on the job. The defendants’ contention is that the rope was comparatively new and in good condition; that its break was due to the alleged fact that the decedent had accidentally cut it on the day before the accident, and that when the scaffold was being hoisted into place the men who were hoisting indulged in skylarking to frighten the decedent’s helper, a young “ greenhorn ” Italian, by hoisting the scaffold ends irregularly, and that in so doing they allowed the rope to chafe against an iron bracket at the top of the tower and so to sever the strands of the rope. The plaintiff’s witnesses denied the skylarking. The defendant produced two eye-witnesses, Schilling and Kane. Both of these witnesses testified that there was skylarking during the raising of the scaffold. There was evidence for the jury that the rope was in a bad condition, and that the foreman, Folian, had notice of it, which he denied. Folian was not present at the time of the accident.

There was a case for the jury under section 18 of the Labor Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 31 [Laws of 1909, chap. 36], as amd. by Laws of 1911, chap. 693), and I do not recommend any interference with the verdict. In the complaint it was alleged that the rope “was defective and was old and worn out.” The appellants contend that, inasmuch as their proofs show that the rope was not “old,” but comparatively new, the verdict and judgment are not secundum allegata. But I think the word “defective” covers the situation sufficiently.

Second. The next proposition to be examined is whether the Snare & Triest Company was shown to have been the decedent’s employer.

The surface proof is that the defendant Steel and Masonry Contracting Company was the employer of the decedent. It paid him and apparently directed him in work. The plaintiff, however, undertook to prove that the Steel and Masonry Company was hut a paper corporation, organized and controlled by the Snare & Triest Company for the sole purpose of doing the laboring work on its jobs, it furnishing all materials, tools and appliances to the Steel and Masonry Company and advancing all the moneys required for the payrolls of the latter corporation. The Snare & Triest Company had a contract with the city of New York for the construction of this bridge. It claims to have subcontracted with the Steel and Masonry Company for the actual work of construction, so far only as the doing of the labor was concerned. As before stated, it furnished all materials, all tools and appliances and likewise all cash for the payrolls of the Steel and Masonry Company, and, in addition, it paid to the latter company every two months five per cent of the net cost of the labor as shown by the payrolls. The president and vice-president of the Snare & Triest Company owned all the stock of the Steel and Masonry Company, except a few shares held by the officers of that corporation apparently for the purpose of enabling them to hold their offices. There was a mass of evidence put in to show the modus operandi of both corporations, and their intimacy of business relations. The court submitted to the jury the question whether the Steel and Masonry Company was really an independent subcontractor, or whether the Snare & Triest Company was the real principal and the Steel and Masonry Company but a “dummy” agent, instrument and working tool. The appellants claim this was error. It is argued that as the Steel and Masonry Company was a distinct corporate entity, differently officered, it was incompetent to go into the question of the circumstances of its organization, and its usual scope of business, which was concerned exclusively with the jobs of the Snare & Triest Company and its stock control.

The case at bar is in many ways like that of McCherry v. Snare & Triest Co. (130 App. Div. 241; affd., 198 N. Y. 532), where a controversy was litigated at the trial whether the Snare & Triest Company was the real principal, acting through a dummy corporation known as the Metropolitan Bridge and Construction Company under an arrangement between them practically the same as that shown in this record with reference to the Steel and Masonry Company. I sat as trial judge in that action and recall its controversy very clearly. It was held there, necessarily, that it was competent to show that a corporation, apparently an independent subcontractor, was in reality but a dummy device or tool used to enable another corporation, as the true and secret principal, to carry on its manipulations as to hiring and directing of labor employed really for the purposes of the secret principal. This question came up again in McKenna v. Snare & Triest Co. (147 App. Div. 855). There the Metropolitan Bridge and Construction Company was involved, and the plaintiff recovered a judgment on the theory that the Snare & Triest Company was the true employer. That judgment was reversed on several grounds, viz.: Errors in the admission of evidence and errors in the charge of the trial court. There are several opinions, the prevailing one by Laughlin, J., and a dissenting opinion by Miller, J. There is much consideration in both opinions on this very question now before us on this appeal. The appellants rely upon the McKenna case as deciding flatly that where the Metropolitan Bridge and Construction Company formally hired and paid an employee for the doing of labor on a job which it was carrying on under a formal contract with the Snare & Triest Company for the benefit of that company ultimately, it was improper to go behind the appearances and to show that the Metropolitan Bridge and Construction Company was but a mere device and tool of the Snare & Triest Company; but that case, whatever was said, was not decided on that theory.

My opinion is that this question was properly submitted to the jury, and the plaintiff’s evidence in regard to the actual conditions was competent.

Third. We come now to the most perplexing question in the case, viz.: Was the plaintiff the lawful wife of the decedent, and are her children his lawful issue ?

The plaintiff and the decedent began to cohabit together in Italy. When this cohabitation began the plaintiff had a living husband and the decedent a living wife, who continued to live with the decedent in the same house with the paramour. Thereafter the decedent and the plaintiff came to America and cohabited together in all respects as if they were lawful man and wife. Children were bom and baptized with the father’s name; the decedent generally referred to her as his wife, and she was known as such to the neighborhood. This cohabitation began illicitly; both parties were not free to contract a lawful marriage during the lifetimes of their lawful spouses. While this couple were living together for some years, the decedent’s lawful wife died in Italy. This left him free to contract a marriage, but his concubine was not free if her original husband was still presumably alive somewhere in South America, where he had gone many years before. Shortly after he went to South America he wrote home once, sending a small sum of money, but then disappeared completely from the knowledge of his wife, and nothing was heard about him further for many years thereafter. Finally, as the plaintiff testified, she received a letter in 1910-1911 from her sister-in-law in Italy informing her of the death of plaintiff’s original husband by suicide, and that immediately thereafter the decedent and she, the impediments being removed, agreed together to be lawful husband and wife. If this couple, after the removal of the impediments, became by agreement lawful husband and wife, then their previously born children became legitimatized (Laws of 1895, chap. 531; Dom. Rel. Law [Gen. Laws, chap. 48; Laws of 1896, chap. 272], § 18, as amd. by Laws of 1899, chap. 725; renum. § 19, and amd. by Laws of 1907, chap. 742; Dom. Rel. Law [Consol. Laws, chap. 14; Laws of 1909, chap. 19], § 24); if not, then said children are illegitimate. There was much industry in the respective briefs by way of citation and quotation from the very numerous reported precedents, especially as to the rule of prima facie presumption that should apply. Tet the plaintiff’s claim to be the lawful wife of the decedent does not rest alone upon prima facie presumptions, as she has given evidence as to a non-ceremonial marriage after all mutual impediments were apparently removed. It is argued by the appellants that a merely verbal contract of marriage could not have been made lawfully in 1911. The respondent cites Matter of Hinman (147 App. Div. 452; 206 N. Y. 653) as holding to the contrary of appellants’ contention. But the Court of Appeals did not pass upon that question, expressly excluding it from consideration. There is a statement in the opinion in 147 Appellate Division, 452, to the effect advanced by the respondent, but it was not concurred in by the whole court, one justice concurring “ in result ” and one dissenting. In the case at bar the jury found that the decedent and the plaintiff had become lawful man and wife by verbal agreement prior to 1902. This finding was based partly on the statute as to presumption of death, and that which authorizes a person whose spouse has disappeared and has not been heard from or about for the period of five years to contract in good faith a aew marriage, which, however, may be voidable.

The learned counsel for the appellants feels that he had a rather hard time in this case. On the marriage question he was on a very unpopular side. The jury, or at least six of them, remonstrated with the court as to some language said to have been used by that counsel in his summing up, and .declared that they had been insulted ” thereby. If this counsel had asked for a withdrawal of a juror and a mistrial his application should have been granted. But he did not so ask, and he took his chances.

Now, this is an unusual case in its facts and the nature of the legal questions presented, but we see no imperative reasons calling for a reversal.

The judgment and order .are affirmed, with costs.

Present—Jeneb, P. J., Burr, Carr, Stapleton and Putnam, JJ.

Judgment and order unanimously affirmed, with costs.  