
    Ex parte LIPSCOMB.
    (No. 3630.)
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    April 12, 1922.)
    1. Witnesses <©=>217 — Privilege to exclude confidential communications is that of client, not attorney.
    The privilege to exclude confidential communications between attorney and client is the privilege of the client and not the attorney, and, where the attorney objects to testimony on the ground of privilege, it is regarded as the objection of the client, and a refusal to sustain the objection is not a denial of any privilege or immunity of the attorney, nor erroneous as to him, though' it might be so as to the client.
    2. Witnesses <©=>21, 223 — Whether communication of attorney is privileged is for the court, not the witness, to determine; commitment for contempt held valid.
    Where an attorney, who was a witness in a cause to which he was not a party, objected to certain questions as calling for privileged communications, the questions of privilege and of waiver were for the court, and not for the witness; and, in ruling that the communications were not privileged, it was 'acting within its jurisdiction, regardless of whether its decision was erroneous, so that a commitment for contempt in refusing to answer the questions was valid.
    3. Habeas corpus <§=>4, 30(1) — Cannot be used as method of appeal or for correction of errors in evidence rulings.
    Habeas corpus cannot be used as a method of appeal or for the correction of errors of the trial court in the admission or exclusion of evidence.
    4. Habeas corpus <©=94— Inquiry id limited to question of jurisdiction.
    In habeas corpus proceedings, the inquiry is limited to the question of the jurisdiction of the court to commit relator to custody.
    5. Habeas corpus <®=>4 — Supreme Court jurisdiction to review errors of other courts is limited by Constitution and statute.
    The Supreme Court does not have jurisdiction to determine the correctness of judgment of the trial court, except by writ of error to the Courts of Civil Appeals, and its appellate jurisdiction may be exercised only in accordance with the Constitution and statutes, and only when invoked by parties to the suit, so that a ruling communications were not privileged cannot be reviewed on habeas corpus proceedings by the' witness to procure his release from commitment for contempt.
    6. Habeas corpus <®=>4 — Statutes <©=>225 — Statute authorizing issuance of habeas corpus by Supreme-Court construed with statute as to appellate jurisdiction, and does not supplant remedy by appeal.
    Rev. St. art. 1529, prescribing when the Supreme Court may exercise its original jurisdiction by the issuance of writs of habeas corpus, must be construed in connection with the statutes relating to the appellate jurisdiction of the court, since all those statutes are in pari [ materia, and, so construed, does not authorize a habeas corpus to supplant the remedy by appeal.
    7. Habeas corpus <©=>4 — Emergency clause cannot control plain purpose of statute.
    The emergency clause of Acts 29th Leg. (1905) c. 17, § 1, which became Rev. St. art. 1529, relating to issuance of habeas corpus by the Supreme Court, cannot have reference to the correction of errors for which there was a. plain remedy by appeal, since the article itself does not manifest such purpose and the emergency clause cannot control the plain purpose of the act.
    8. Habeas corpus <@=>II7(I) — Determination court was without jurisdiction is not review of its decision.
    The determination, on writ of habeas corpus, that the court acted beyond its jurisdiction in committing relator to custody, is not a review of a decision, but is a determination that there was no decision made.
    9. Habeas corpus <©=>3, 38 — Attorney, a witness, not entitled to review of rulings on privilege, although he had no other remedy where client had remedy.
    The fact that a witness, an attorney, who claimed that a question asked him called for privileged communications by his client, who was a party to the action, had no remedy to review an erroneous ruling that communication was not privileged, does not entitle him to habeas corpus to procure his discharge from commitment for failure to answer question when ordered by the court, since he was deprived of no right by such order, even if it were erroneous, and the client had a remedy by exception and appeal from the erroneous ruling.
    Habeas corpus proceedings by A. D. Lipscomb to procure his discharge from custody for contempt.
    Relator remanded to custody.
    A. D. Lipscomb, H. M. Whitaker, E. E. Easterling, and Geo. G. O’Brien, all of Beaumont, for Lipscomb.
    O. W. Howth, Oliver J. Todd, and ^on-field, Nall & King, all of Beaumont, for ap-pellee.
   CURETON, O. J.

The writ of habeas corpus was issued in this proceeding upon the application of relator, A. D. Lipscomb, complaining that he was restrained of his liberty by the sheriff of Jefferson county under an order and commitment of the Mfty-Eighth district/ court of that county, issued on January 14, 1922. The case was heard in this court on February 1, 1922, on an agreed record. The relator was committed for contempt for refusing to answer certain questions propounded to him as a witness. The court at the time was engaged in the trial of the ease of II. Lawson Gray v. Thomas H. Langham and Others, a suit in the ordinary form of trespass to try title, to ' recover a portion of the J. S. Johnson one-fourth league survey in Jefferson county, Tex., and for rents and damages. Tiie agreed record states additional proceedings as follows:

“To this petition the defendants pleaded the general issne, not guilty, and the several statutes of limitation. And for cross-action pleaded that the deed under' which the plaintiff H. Lawson Gray claimed title to said land from Sam Lee Gray to him of date June 23, 1911, although absolute as to form, was in fact a mortgage only and intended by the parties thereto as a mortgage only, given by said Sam Lee Gray to the plaintiff to secure the said plaintiff in the collection of certain sums of money claimed to have been advanced by said H. Lawson Gray to said Sam Lee Gray and certain other advancements to be made in the future: and that in pursuance of said agreements and to give written evidence thereof the said plaintiff and said Sam Lee Gray entered into a written contract or declaration of trust contemporaneously with said purported deed and as a part of the same transaction, by the terms of which it was mutually agreed in writing that said conveyance constituted only a security for indebtedness, and that the said Sam Lee Gray could at any time pay to the plaintiff any sum of money then due and receive reconveyance of said property, which said agreement, although made, executed and delivered to the said Sam Lee Gray, has never been recorded; and that s$id contract passed into the hands of the plaintiff as representing the estate of his brother Sam Lee Gray, or was destroyed or suppressed by the plaintiff; and the defendants notified the plaintiff to produce the original, on the trial, otherwise secondary proof of its contents would be made.
“The plaintiff by a supplemental petition denied all the facts and allegations contained in said answer and cross-action of defendants.
“After the pleadings were duly read, the plaintiff offered in evidence a general warranty deed from Sam Lee Gray to the plaintiff, H. Lawson Gray, dated June 23, 1911, filed for record June 28, 1911, and recorded in Volume 123, page 614, of the deed records of Jefferson county, Tex., conveying the land involved in this suit; and for the purpose of showing common source only, offered in evidence a general warranty deed from Sam Lee Gray to the defendants, conveying the same land, dated the 26th day of June, 1911, and filed for record June 26, 1911, in Volume 123, page 612, of the deed records of Jefferson county, Tex. Thereupon the plaintiff rested. The defendants then offered in evidence for the purpose of showing title a general warranty deed from Sam Lee Gray to the defendants, dated June 26, 1911, filed for record June 26, 1911, recorded in Volume 123, page 612, of the deed records of Jefferson county, Tex.; and thereupon the defendants, for the purpose of showing the deed to the plaintiff from Sam Lee Gray was a mortgage, called the witness A. D. Lipscomb,” who was sworn and took the witness stand.

The relator is an attorney, and in the preparation of the deed of date June 23,1911, from Sam Lee Gray to H. Lawson Gray, was attorney for H. Lawson Gray. Many questions were propounded to him by counsel for the defendants, the purpose of which was to elicit testimony to the effect that, at. the time he prepared the deed from Sam Lee Gray to H. Lawson Gray to the land in controversy, there was prepared for and executed by the two Grays an additional instrument, which would show that the deed, though absolute on its face, was in fact a mortgage. Relator answered that he did prepare the deed dated June 23,1911, from. Sam Lee Gray to H. Lawson Gray, which as stated above, was placed of record a few days thereafter; but he declined to answer any question relative to the additional instrument inquired about, and declined to identify a purported copy thereof submitted to him.

We deem it unnecessary to set out the questions asked or further describe the copy of the instrument presented to the witness for identification.

When relator took the witness stand, and before any questions had been propounded to him, he asked that he be excused from testifying, because he thought he would be called on to testify as to matters which were confidential between himself and his former client, H. Lawson Gray. The court refused this request, and the questions referred to were propounded to him. Present counsel for the plaintiff, H. Lawson Gray, also objected to the, questions and the answers sought, on the ground that the answers would necessarily disclose privileged communications between H. Lawson Gray and relator while the latter was his attorney. The objections, however, did not go to the execution of the deed, absolute on its face, from Sam Lee Gray to H. Lawson Gray, which haá been recorded, and which was introduced in evidence 'by the plaintiff, H. Lawson Gray, in the action before the court. The refusal of the relator to answer was limited to questions relative to the additional instrument inquired about. As to this additional instrument, the relator stated his position as follows:

“I can state my position at this point satisfactorily — it seems to me I can. I claim my privilege not to answer that question, because the only open matter that was involved in that service to my client, Lawson Gray, was the execution of the deed referred to. That was all that I was called upon by him to draw up, I mean. Whatever else was done was on my own suggestion and at my request, and was purely confidential; and, in my belief, it would not have been executed at all or consented to by Lawson Gray, except upon my advice and insistence, and that was given because of the-relation of attorney and client; and I was advising him very confidentially, because of his relationship to his younger brother, whom I regarded as being capable of contracting all right, but as being of that character of mind and degree of competency which renders one easily the subject of. undue influence. For that reason, I requested the execution of the separate • agreement, for my own satisfaction; and everything connected with it was of the most purely confidential nature as between attorney and client. I feel that I am under obligation to refuse testimony on any point in regard to it. Anything that I could say about it would probably be misunderstood, and certainly would have to be incomplete. It would not, by any means, be the whole truth, because going into everything necessarily would involve the disclosure of matters of confidence between attorney and client.”

The relator also stated that on previous trials he had gone into the matter inquired about more or less, hut now it was his deliberate judgment that it was improper for him to have done so, and he now insisted on the privilege.

The trial court overruled all the objections made, holding the instrument presented to the witness for identification was not protected by the law of privileged communications, for the reason that it had been 'executed, and was a part of the same transaction in which the deed, absolute on its face, from Sam Lee Gray to H. Lawson Gray, previously placed of record and offered in evidence by H. Lawson Gray, was executed. The court directed the witness to answer the various questions propounded by counsel for defendants, and, upon his refusal, adjudged him guilty of contempt. The court, in the judgment finding relator guilty of contempt, found that the testimony sought to be elicited from relator was on one of the vital questions involved in the suit, and provable only by the evidence of the relator. Because of his refusal to answer, the trial of the case was suspended, the jury discharged, and a mistrial entered.

The high standing of relator and his respectful attitude toward the court are unquestioned. He declined to answer the questions in a firm, positive, but very respectful manner, and for the reason only that he was sincerely insisting upon what he believed to be his legal right and duty. Apparently he was under the impression that the question'of privilege was one personal to him as well as to his former client. To this we cannot assent. The law of privileged communications between attorney and client is that the privilege is that of the client. He alone is the one for whose protection the rule is enforced. Smith v. Boatman Savings Bank, 1 Tex. Civ. App. 115, 20 S. W. 1122; Chamberlayne on Evidence, § 3695 ; 28 Ruling Case Law, 550; Chirac v. Reinicker, 11 Wheat. 280, 294, 6 L. Ed. 474.

Where the attorney objects to testifying upon the ground of privilege, it is to be regarded as the objection of the client. 28 Ruling Case Law, 579. It would follow from this that an attorney as a witness has no personal interest in the matter, and a refusal of the court to sustain his objections on the ground of privilege is not a denial of any privilege or immunity, nor in any event erroneous as to him1, although it might be so as to his client. In the trial out of which this proceeding arose, relator was not a party to the suit, and had no interest, right, or privilege which the law regards, affected by the ruling of the court. The questions of privilege and waiver, like those of materiality and relevancy of evidence, were for the trial court to determine, and not for relator as a witness. Harris v. Daugherty, 74 Tex. 1, 6, 11 S. W. 921, 15 Am. St. Rep. 812; 28 Ruling Case Law, 569, 570; Blair v. United States, 250 U. S. 282, 39 Sup. Ct. 468, 63 L. Ed. 979; Nelson v. United States, 201 U. S. 92, 115, 26 Sup. Ct. 358, 50 L. Ed. 673; People’s Bank of Buffalo et al. v. Brown et al., 112 Eed. 652, 654, 50 C. C. A. 411; In re Ruos (D. C.) 159 Fed. 252, 255.

From the foregoing it is quite clear that the trial court in ruling upon the questions propounded to relator was acting within its province, and whether or not the ruling was erroneous could in no event affect the validity of the order committing relator for contempt. In re Swan, 150 U. S. 637, 651, 14 Sup. Ct. 225, 37 L. Ed. 1207.

The rule is elementary that the writ of habeas corpus cannot be used as a method of appeal, or for the correction of errors of the trial court in the admission or exclusion of evidence. Darrah v. Westerlage, 44 Tex. 388, 389; Perry v. State, 41 Tex. 488, 490; 12 Ruling Case Law, 1240; Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wheat. 39, 42, 43, 5 L. Ed. 391; Charlton v. Kelly, 229 U. S. 447, 457, 33 Sup. Ct. 945, 57 L. Ed. 1274, 46 L. R. A. (N. S.) 397.

Ruling Case Law, cited above, states;

“That neither irregularities nor errors, so far as they were within the jurisdiction of the court, can be inquired into on habeas corpus, but must be reviewed if at all on appeal or writ of error.”

In Charlton v. Kelly, supra, Mr. Justice Lurton, delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, said:

“It must be conceded that impressive evidence of the insanity of the accused was offered by him and excluded. It is now said that this ruling was erroneous. But if so, this is not a writ of error and mere errors in the rejection of evidence are not subject to review by a writ of habeas corpus.” •

The question is definitely settled by the opinions of this court, as well as by courts of other jurisdictions, that on habeas corpus proceedings the inquiry is limited to the question of jurisdiction. Ex parte O. M. Smith, 110 Tex. 55, 58, 214 S. W. 320; 6 Ruling Case Law, 540; 12 Ruling Case Law, 1192, 1196, 1210, 1239, 1240; Ex parte Siebold, 100 U. S. 375, 25 L. Ed. 717; Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wheat. 38, 45, 5 L. Ed. 391; Ex parte Terry, 128 U. S. 289, 9 Sup. Ct. 77, 32 L. Ed. 405; In re Debs, 158 U. S. 564, 15 Sup. Ct. 900, 39 L. Ed. 1092.

In the case of Ex parte Smith, supra, which was a contempt case, Associate Justice Greenwood, writing the opinion of this court, said:

“Since the applicant has wholly failed to show that the judgment committing him into the sheriff’s custody is void, he cannot have same reviewed in this proceeding.”

This is the general rule announced by the text-writers and various authorities which we have cited.

6 Ruling Case Law, supra, states the rule as follows:

“Since a writ of habeas corpus is a collateral remedy, and as the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction upon a matter within its jurisdiction cannot be collaterally impeached, it naturally follows that in contempt proceedings, no question of jurisdiction being raised or involved, a conviction or commitment for contempt cannot be reviewed by means of this writ. It is consequently settled by an overwhelming weight of authority that where a court has jurisdiction of the person of the defendant, and of the subject-matter out of which the alleged contempt arises, he is not entitled to relief by means of this writ. It cannot be employed to bring up for review any of the facts of the case or errors of law committed at the trial. The rule in contempt proceedings is, that the functions of the writ of habeas corpus, when the party who has appealed to its aid is in custody under process, do not extend beyond an inquiry into the jurisdiction of the court by which the commitment for contempt was issued, and the validity of the process upon its face.”

In the instant case the trial court, beyond question, had jurisdiction of the subject-matter out of which the alleged contempt arose, and of the person of the defendant. It is therefore plain that relator presents no matter which this court may review in this proceeding.

The Supreme Court does not have original jurisdiction to review and determine the correctness of the judgments of trial courts, except by writ of error to the Courts of Civil Appeals. The appellate jurisdiction of the court may be exercised only in accordance with the Constitution and statutes, and only upon appeal by parties to the suit may errors in the admission or rejection of.evidence be revised. Were we to revise the ruling of the trial court in this case on the question of privilege, and therefore determine the admissibility of the testimony of the relator, we would be exercising our powers of review in a manner and on occasion not provided for by law, and at the instance of one not a party to the suit in which it is claimed the erroneous ruling was made.

Revised Statutes, art. 1529, invoked by relator, names the occasions on which the Supreme Court may exercise its original jurisdiction by the issuance of writs of habeas corpus; but this article must be construed and interpreted in connection with the statutes relating to the appellate juris1 diction of the court, since these statutes are all in pari materia. Hanrick v. Hanrick, 54 Tex. 101, 109; Cannon’s Adm’r v. Vaughan, 12 Tex. 399. So construed, it is quite plain that the remedy of habeas corpus is not intended to conflict with or supplant the remedy of revision by appeal. The emergency clause of the act of 1905, chapter 17, General Laws of the Twenty-Ninth Legislature,- section 1 of which became article 1529 of the Revised Statutes, can have no reference to the correction of those errors of law for which the plain remedy by appeal was then existent. The purpose of the act was to carry into effect the constitutional provision that the Supreme Court should have. power to issue such writs of habeas corpus as may be prescribed by law. Article 1529 clearly specifies the cases in which the Supreme Court may issue writs of habeas corpus, but does not define the extent of review by that remedy. Since a plain and simple remedy by appeal for erroneous rulings of trial courts on questions of the admissibility of testimony was then provided, the emergency clause to this act could have no reference to the revision of this character of error, or to granting relief from the consequences of any such erroneous ruling. Besides, the emergency clause cannot control the plain purpose of the act, which, when construed with the statutes relating to appeals, evinces no purpose to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the court by giving it appellate or revisory powers in habeas corpus proceedings.

In the instance of a void order brought before us on habeas corpus, we are not revising the decision. We simply determine whether or not there has been, in fact, any decision. If the trial court had no jurisdiction, then there was no decision. What it has done is a nullity. It is as though nothing had been done. We do not review the decision, because there is nothing to review. We are in no sense exercising an appellate jurisdiction, but are' simply determining, in the exercise of our original jurisdiction, whether or not a citizen is restrained of his liberty without due process; by which is meant whether or not his restraint is the result of a hearing before a competent tribunal, having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, after notice, and an opportunity to be heard. If the elements of due process are not present, then our jurisdiction attaches and the relator may be released from custody. If all are present, then our inquiry ends. If any error has been committed by a tribunal properly erected, having jurisdiction, after notice and opportunity to be heard, then the error, when within our appellate jurisdiction, may be reviewed by us by properly invoking that jurisdiction, but not in a collateral inquiry by habeas corpus.

It may be said that no remedy by appeal is provided for the witness in a case such as this one. This is true; but the failure to provide for such an appeal does not deprive' the witness of any rights, for the reason that the witness has no rights which are regarded by the law. The question of privilege is not personal to the witness, but to his client. Authorities supra.

In this case, relator’s former client had the plain and simple remedy of exception and appeal from any erroneous ruling of the trial court, and the witness should have answered such questions as the trial court directed him to answer. It was the duty and right of the court, not of the witness, to determine the questions of privilege, waiver, and admissibility of the evidence. It was the duty of the witness to abide by the ruling of the court, and answer the questions; and, if any of the rights of his former client were thereby invaded, then the remedy by appeal is effectual for the correction of all such errors and the restoration to the client of his rights.

It is unnecessary for us to consider a case where the questions propounded are calculated to elicit privileged communications between an attorney and client, neither of whom are parties to the cause on trial. That state of facts is not before us. What we do hold is that where, as in the instant case, the client, in whose behalf the attorney, as a witness, claims the privilege, and where the client, as a party to the suit, also interposes the objection that the evidence sought to be elicited is privileged, has an ample, complete, and adequate remedy by appeal from erroneous rulings, and the witness must answer the questions when the objections thereto have been overruled by the trial court.

From what we have said it follows that the relator must be remanded to the custody of the sheriff of Jefferson county, and it is so ordered. 
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