
    UNITED STATES of America v. Kenrick PRIMO a/k/a Theodore Primo a/k/a Shawn Parkinson a/k/a “Magic”, Kenrick Primo, Appellant.
    No 06-1800
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    „ , , TT , Submitted Under Third Circuit t »t. «.ii nn „„„„ LAR 34.1(a) March 29,2007.
    Filed May 3, 2007.
    Robert L. Eberhardt, Rebecca R. Hay- . , TT wood, Office of United States Attorney, ^ pA_ (or Unlted gtates J America.
    Arthur T. McQuillan, Gleason, McQuil^an> Harbin & Markovitz, Johnstown, PA, ^or Appellant.
    Before: RENDELL, BARRY, and CHAGARES, Circuit Judges,
   CHAGARES, Circuit Judge,

From the evening of October 6,2003, to „ „ , , „ „ the afternoon of October 7, Somerset, „ . .. „„ . , . . . Pennsylvania police officers obtained and , . „ . executed a senes of four search warrants „ ^ Tr . , _ • on appellant Kenrick Primo s apartment, , . : ., , „ „ his former residence, and a safe found inside his former residence. During the course of these searches, the officers seized a number of items, including a size-able quantity of crack cocaine. A federal jury subsequently returned an indictment charging Primo with, inter alia, possession with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(l)(A)(iii).

„ . , , Primo moved to suppress the crack, . . . _ , , ;, The District Court held a suppression , . , ,, hearing, and then denied Primo s motion m ,, ’ . . _ TT . , _ a thorough opinion. See United States v. Primo, 369 F.Supp.2d 607 (W.D.Pa.2005). A jury eventually convicted Primo of the distribution charge, and the District Court handed down a 169-month sentence. In this appeal, Primo argues that the District Court’s denial of his suppression motion was error. For the reasons stated below, we disagree and will affirm.

I.

Primo’s primary argument is that the search warrants were unsupported by probable cause. “[0]ur review of the district court’s conclusion regarding the propriety of the magistrate’s probable cause finding is plenary.” See United States v. Williams, 3 F.3d 69, 71 n. 2 (3d Cir.1993).

. , . , , , . , ,, A defendant seeking to suppress the „ , , , fruits of a search conducted pursuant to a , , , . . warrant has a high hill to climb. A magis- , , , ... ,, , , trate — and we will use the word ‘magis- ^ , , , . trate’ to refer genencally to the issuing „ ~ , , ,, , authority — may find probable cause to search “when, viewing the totality of the circumstances, ‘there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’ ” United States v. Hodge, 246 F.3d 301, 305 (3d Cir.2001) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)). Once the magistrate has made this initial determination, the task of a reviewing court is a “modest” one. United States v. Conley, 4 F.3d 1200, 1205 n. 2 (3d Cir.1993). A reviewing court owes the magistrate’s probable-cause determination “great deference,” and it must leave that determination undisturbed “so long as the magistrate had a substantial basis for” finding probable cause. See Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S.Ct. 2317; United States v. Jones, 994 F.2d 1051, 1055 (3d Cir.1993). “[T]he resolution of doubtful or marginal cases in this area should be largely determined by the preference to be accorded to warrants.” Jones, 994 F.2d at 1057-58 (quoting United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 109, 85 S.Ct. 741, 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965)).

Furthermore, even if the magistrate did not have a substantial basis for finding probable cause, that fact alone is not enough to trigger the “extreme sanction of exclusion.” See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 926, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984). Under the good-faith excep^ion Exclusionary rule, suppression 1S inappropriate when an officer executes a search in objectively reasonable reliance on a warrants authority. Williams, 3 F-8d at 74 “The test for whether the good faith exception applies is ‘whether a ., „ , . . ... reasonably well trained officer would have . , ,. , ... . . known that the search was illegal despite ,, . , , , the magistrate s authorization. United States v. Loy, 191 F.3d 360, 367 (3d Cir. 1999) (quoting Leon, 468 U.S. at 922 n. 23, 104 S.Ct. 3405.

In a case such as this, where “a suppression motion poses no Fourth Amendment question of broad import,” it is “prudent for a reviewing court to immediately turn to the question of whether the officers acted in good faith.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 265, 103 S.Ct. 2317 (White, J., concurring in the judgment); see United States v. $92,422.57, 307 F.3d 137, 145 (3d Cir.2002); see also United States v. Craig, 861 F.2d 818, 820 (5th Cir.1988) (“Principles of judicial restraint ... dictate that, in most cases, we should not reach the probable cause issue if a decision on the admissibility of the evidence under the good-faith exception of Leon will resolve the matter.”). We will therefore limit our analysis to the dispositive question of “whether a reasonably well trained officer would have known that the search[es] [were] illegal despite the magistrate’s authorization.” Loy, 191 F.3d at 367.

Under our cases, the mere “fact that an officer executes a search pursuant to a warrant typically suffices to prove that an officer conducted a search in good faith and justifies application of the good faith exception.” $92,422.57, 307 F.3d at 146 (internal quotation omitted). Indeed, we have identified only “four narrow sitúations,” id., in which suppression is appropriate:

(1) the magistrate issued the warrant in reliance on a deliberately or recklessly false affidavit.
(2) the magistrate abandoned his judicial role and failed to perform his neutral and detached function.
(3) the warrant was based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable.
(4) the warrant was so facially deficient that it failed to particularize the place to be searched or the things to be seized,

Williams, 3 F.3d at 74 n. 4 (citations omitted).

Primo does not specifically argue that any of these “narrow situations” applies here. In fact, his brief does not mention Leon’s good-faith exception. Our own independent review of the record confirms that the Somerset police officers acted in good-faith reliance on the District Justice’s issuance of the four warrants in question. The record contains no indicia of deliberate or reckless falsities in the affidavits. The District Justice appears to have performed his neutral and detached function, The affidavits contain sufficient indicia of probable cause. And none of the four warrants is “so facially deficient that it failed to particularize the place to be searched or the things to be seized.” See id. In short, the Somerset police reasonably relied on the authority of the four search warrants, and the District Court’s denial of Primo’s suppression motion was proper,

jj

Primo also argues that, during the execution of the warrants, the Somerset police violated Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 209(A). Specifically, Primo points out that the officers failed to issue separate inventory sheets for the first and second warrants. He also notes that these inventory sheets omitted certain items, and that there are inconsistencies between the listed times of applications for warrants and the entered times of searches.

These arguments lack merit. men state officials conduct a search ^ little or no federal ™olvement, the evidence ^ be admissible in federal court so lonS as meets federal constitutional requirements. See United States v. Rickus, 737 F.2d 360, 363-64 (3d Cir.1984); see also United States v. Tate, 821 F.2d 1328, 1330 (8th Cir.1987) (“In a federal proseeution>the legality of a search and seizure is not determined by reference to a state statute, but rather is resolved by fourth amendment analysis.”). Thus, even if the officers violated the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure, the only relevant question before us is whether their conduct conformed to the Fourth Amendment, Accordingly, we hold that the purported violations of Rule 209(A) do not warrant suppression.

III.

Based on the foregoing, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment. 
      
      . Because we write only for the parties, we will forgo any detailed discussion of the facts.
     
      
      . The rule states:
      An inventory of items seized shall be made by the law enforcement officer serving a search warrant. The inventory shall be made in the presence of the person from whose possession or premises the property was taken, when feasible, or otherwise in the presence of at least one witness. The officer shall sign a statement on the inventory that it is a true and correct listing of all items seized, and that the signer is subject to the penalties and provisions of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904(b) — Unsworn Falsification To Authorities. The inventory shall be returned to and filed with the issuing authority,
      Pa. R.Crim. P. 209(A).
     
      
      . To the extent that Primo contends the Somerset police violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41, this argument is similarly unavailing. See, e.g., United States v. Piver, 899 F.2d 881, 882 (9th Cir.1990) ( [S]earches conducted by state officers with state warrants issued by state judges, with minimal or no federal involvement, are not to be judged by the specific provisions of Rule 41 but must only conform to federal constitutional standards.”).
     