
    Stapleton National Bank, Respondent, v. The United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, Appellant.
    Second Department,
    March 5, 1909.
    Insurance — fidelity of employees — pleading—allegations charging ' corporation with liability for acts of officers — breach of implied conditions.
    It is a good defense to an action on a policy insuring the fidelity of bank employees to allege that the policy was issued on the faith of a false statement signed by the bank or its agent, one G-., who was authorized by the bank to sign the same, and that his authority to sign was obtained as part of the duties imposed upon him as cashier. The defense is not demurrable on the theory that the false statement is alleged te have been made by the cashier individually, rather than by the bank through his agency.
    It is immaterial that the bank’s false statement was made through an officer of the bank whose fidelity was insured.
    There is an implied condition in a contract of insurance of the truth of all representations of the insured material to the risk, on the faith of which the contract is made even though they be dehors the policy. Hence, a false statement may be pleaded as a breach of a condition of the policy without an allegation that it was made fraudulently or by mutual mistake.
    Appeal by the defendant, The United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company, from an interlocutory judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Richmond on the 14th day of July, 1908, upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial at the Richmond Special Term,- sustaining the plaintiff’s demurrer to a separate, special defense contained in the amended answer.
    The complaint is on a contract of renewal for another year of a contract or policy of insurance by the defendant to the plaintiff for file fidelity of the plaintiff’s cashier, Robert H. Gill. The policy was a general one for the fidelity of any or all employes of the plaintiff whose fidelity it might have the defendant insure from time to time on payment of the premium therefor by the plaintiff.- Only the fidelity of the" said cashier had been -thus far insured. The said cashier was not a party to the contract or policy.
    
      Sumner Bowman, for the appellant.
    
      Arthur O. Townsend [Frank H. Vedder with him on the brief], for the respondent.
   Gaynor, J.:

The answer pleads as a defense that the renewal “ was executed on the faith of a statement in writing dated the 10th day of December, 1906, signed by this plaintiff, its officer or agent, one Robert FI. Gill, who was the duly authorized agent of said plaintiff, and duly authorized by said plaintiff to sign the same, and that his authority- to sign the same was obtained as part of the duties and responsibilities imposed on him as cashier of said plaintiff ”; that the said statement was (in substance)" that the books and papers of the said, employes for the past year had been examined and found correct, and that all moneys handled by them had been accounted for, and was false in that the books and papers of the said cashier had not been examined, and that all the money of the plaintiff which came into his hands had not been accounted for by him.

The contention to sustain the demurrer to -the defense for insufficiency is that it is not an allegation that the false statement was made by the plaintiff, the bank, but that it was made by its cashier individually; and that has" been decided below. Even without resorting to the settled rule of liberal construction in the defendant’s favor, the words of the defense do not fairly bear the construction given them below. If the defense had been leanly pleaded in scientific and proper form, viz., that the plaintiff induced the defendant to make the contract of renewal by a statement to the defendant that it had examined the said books and accounts, and found them correct, and that all moneys handled by the said cashier had been accounted for, which statement was false, leaving the manner the making of it and by what officers or agents to be shown by the evidence, instead of using the verbiage which provoked the demurrer, all of this delay and .trouble would have been avoided. One might not naturally feel favorably disposed toward such a crude and unscientific pleader; but it is due to the attorney for the defendant to say that he put in the defense in proper form, but was compelled by an order of court to state the particulars as he has alleged them, on motion by the plaintiff that he make the defense more definite and certain ; a thing which was not easy to credit on the statement of it on tlie argument, for the plea was in proper form originally and as definite and certain as anything could be. As it is, the words of the defense, taken as a whole, allege that the'false statement was made by the plaintiff; and it does not matter which of its employes or officers acted for it in the communication of it, or whether he was the one whose honesty and fidelity was to be insured. The defendant may prove at the trial (for instance) that it sent a letter to the plaintiff asking for the statement before it would renew the contract for the ensuing year; that the president, or board of directors, received and considered the letter, and directed the cashier to answer the letter for it that the examination had been made, and the books and papers found correct, and that all the moneys handled by the said cashier had been accounted for; in which, or like case, the statement would certainly be by the plaintiff. If the letter addressed to the bank had fallen to the cashier in the due course of the duties assigned to him, and he had sent back the statement officially, or in the name of the bank, but of his own motion, the statement might not be that of the bank; that would depend on all of the facts, whereas we are now only passing on a question of pleading, and not even on the burden of proof.

The defense does not plead the false statements as fraudulent, nor as a mutual mistake of fact. But in insurance contracts the rule is different to what it is in respect of contracts generally, viz., there is cm implied condition in every contract of insurance of the truth of all representations of the insured material to the risk on the faith of which the contract is made, even though they be dehors the policy; and therefore a pleaded defense of the breach of such condition, instead of the fraudulency of the statement, or that it was a mutual mistake of fact, suffices (Evans v. Columbia Fire Ins. Co., 40 Misc. Rep. 316; Sullivan v. Fraternal Soc. Co-operative Union, 36 id. 578). Both sides treat the contract in this ease as one of insurance, and it is expressly made such by statute (The Insurance Law, § 70, as amended by Laws of 1906, chap. 326).

The judgment should he reversed and the demurrer overruled.

Woodward, Rich and Miller, JJ., concurred.

Interlocutory judgment reversed, with costs, and demurrer overruled, with costs.  