
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Mannie Gluck, Appellant.
    First Department,
    February 8, 1907.
    Crime — grand largeriy in the second degree — evidence — character of defendant impeached by questions as to specific acts.
    Tbe defendant was convicted of grand larceny in the second degree for1 failing to pay for or. return upon demand a diamond ring which he bad purchased- on conditional sale. The defense was that the diamond was not of the weight ¡represented; by the complainant, but in this respect the defendant was contradicted by tbe contract of conditional sale. It was. shown that he bad paid tbe first installment by a check which was uncollectible, and bad refused to return the ring upon demand. On all the evidence, 1
    
      Held, that the judgment of conviction was right and should be affirmed: '
    That as the defendant did not make the payment at the time the ring was delivered, nor return the same when demanded, he was guilty of larceny under section 528 of the Penal Code.
    When a defendant in a criminal action has- offered himself, as a .witness, the prosecution on cross-examination may prove specific acts tending to discredit him or impeach his moral character. Thus,_ he may be asked if he had not been engaged in selling worthless steamship tickets to poor immigrants. There is a distinction between evidence of previous arrest, indictment or "accusation of wrongful acts, and evidence of the commission of the wrongful acts themselves. It is only evidence of the former character that the authorities condemn, and it is well settled that acts showing disregard of law and contempt of the rights of others may be shown on cross-examination to affect the Credibility of the witness and impeach his moral character.
    Patterson, P. J., and Houghton, J., dissented, with opinion.
    Appeal by the defendant, Mannie Gluck, from' a judgment of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace in and for the county of New York, entered on the 4th day of October, 1906, convicting the defendant of the crime of grand larceny in the second degree.
    
      Isadore L. Pascal, for the appellant:
    
      M. Crosby Pindléberger, for the respondent.
   McLaughlin, J.:

The defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him of the crime of grand larceny in the second degree upon which he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment in State’s prison of not less than one nor more than four years.

The validity of the judgment appealed from is attacked principally upon the ground that, taking all the evidence together, it is insufficient to sustain the finding of the jury that the defendant was guilty of the crime charged and for which he was convicted.

The evidence, in substance, tends to show that on the 4th of January, 1906, the defendant went to the place of business, of the complaining witness (one Behrens) for the purpose of purchasing, as he said, a diamond ring, and on being shown several loose stones, selected one to be set in a ring; that the stone thus selected was set in a ring and on the following day Behrens delivered it to the defendant, who at that "time sighed a memorandum stating that one fourteen-karat solid gold tooth ring, Homan colored, set with solitaire diamond, weighing 3/4 L. 1 /16 1/64, value $115, was consigned by John Behrens & Co. to defendant, returnable on demand; that the same was not sold, nor did title thereto pass; that the conditions on which the consignment was made were in writing, which the defendant read carefully before he signed the same, and received the ring; that concurrently with the execution of this writing another one was signed by defendant, stating that he was to deposit with Behrens & Go. $30 on the execution of the . agreement and certain sums on certain dates thereafter, until the. total deposits amounted to $175, when- Behrens & Go. were to deliver to him one diamond ring ; that all the deposits then made were to become the property of Behrens & Go., who, in case defendant defaulted in any payment, was to deliver an article of the same nature, reasonably worth the sum deposited.

It was also made to appear that at the time the ring was delivered' to the defendant he gave to Behrens & Go., or Behrens, the complaining witness, five dollars in cash and a check of a third party, payable to- his own order, and which was indorsed by him, for twenty-five dollars, which was not paid, the same being returned to Behrens marked “ H. G-.; ” that subsequently' Behrens, in the presence of his son, demanded the return of the ring, and the demand was refused.

The material part of the evidence offered on the part of the People was not disputed, but the defendant testified that when he purchased the ring Behrens weighed the diamond selected and told him it weighed a karat and a 'quarter, and that after the ring had been delivered to him he ascertained, by having it weighed, that this was. not its correct weight and he thereupon stopped payment of the check referred to and refused to make further payments; that subsequently he offered to return the ring if Behrens would give back the five dollars he had paid and return the check. This Behrens denied, and he was corroborated by his son as to the con-_ yersatión which took place at the time the demand was made for the return of it, after the check had been dishonored. That a demand was made for the return of the ring was not denied by the defendant.

This, in substance, is the testimony offered by the respective •parties, from which it appears that the defendant signed a memorandum at the time he accepted the ring, Which showed the weight of the diamond to be a little less than three-fourths of a karat. It was, therefore, unnecessary for the defendant to apply to other jewelers to ascertain the weight of the stone, nor could he in any way have been deceived upon that subject. He knew from the statement signed that the stone was not represented to weigh one and one-quarter karats, and, therefore, the jury was justified in finding that his stopping payment of the check was not for the reason assigned by him, but in pursuance of a purpose to obtain possession and keep the ring without paying for,it.

The charge of the learned trial court was as favorable to the defendant as could be reasonably asked. He' charged the jury that it must acquit if it reached the conclusion that the defendant offered to return the ring, or if he did not receive it as bailee. The defendant obtained the ring from Behrens & Co. He did not pay for it, and it was specifically agreed that until the deposits amounted to the price asked, viz., $175, the title to the ring was to remain in Behrens & Co., to whom the same should be returned on demand. He did not make the payment agreed at the time the ring was delivered, nor did he return the ring when demanded. Having failed to return the ring when demanded, he was, under the. pro visions of section 528 of the Penal Code, guilty of larceny.

The judgment of conviction, therefore, should be affirmed unless there is merit- in defendant’s contention that errors were committed in the admission of evidence. During the defendant’s direct examination, he testified that he had been arrested in connection with a ticket agency of a steamship line but was discharged. On cross-examination he was asked, and permitted to answer against objection and exception, if the steamship ticket business that he was connected with was not that of selling^ to poor Jewish immigrants worthless orders for steamship tickets and if he did not receive, in one instance, eighty-three dollars for selling worthless orders for such tickets. To the first question he answered that he did not get money on false tickets from any one, and to the second question, that he sold an order for tickets which would be honored. He contends that his exception in each instance was well taken.

I am of the opinion that the ruling was proper and the evidence admissible. The defendant having offered himself as a witness, the People had a right to prove specific facts which tended to discredit him or to impeach his moral character. (People v. Irving, 95 N. Y. 541; People v. Webster, 139 id. 84.)

In holding 'that the admission of this evidence was not error, the cases cited by the appellant have not been overlooked, but the distinction between evidence of previous arrest, indictments or accusations of wrongful acts and evidence of the commission ' of the. wrongful acts themselves is apparent.. It is only.the' admission of evidence of the former character that the, authorities condemn; on the other hand, the rule is well settled that acts showing disregard' of law and contempt for the rights of others may be "shown on cross-examination to affect the "credibility of the witness and to impeach his moral character, and the questions here propounded tended to elicit evidence bearing on such subjects. (People v. Irving, supra; People v. McCormick, 135 N. Y. 663.)

The judgment of conviction is z-ight and should be affirmed.

Ingraham and Lambert, JJ., concurred .; Patterson, P. j., and Houghton, J., dissented.

Patterson, P. J. (dissenting):

I dissent from the decision of the majority of the court affirming the judgment in this case. The defendant was convicted of the; cz-ime, of grand lai-ceny in the second degree. There wez-e two' counts in the indictment, the first- chaz-ging the defendant with feloniously stealing, taking and carrying away a finger ring of the value of $175, the property of one John Behrens. In the second count he was chaz-ged with having in his custody as bailee the same property referred to in the first count, and with feloniously appropriating the same to his own use with the intent to dépri've and defraud the said John Behrens of the same and of the use and benefit thereof. On the trial, the case was submitted to the jury upon the second count.

I am of the opinion that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the conviction, in that it fails to show that the defendant retained the' property with the intent to depz-ive and defraud the true owner of the same. The undezlying facts of the case are' plain. The defendant and John' Behrens had negotiations respecting the sale by the latter to the former of a diamond ring, Those negotiations resulted, in ah arrangement by which the ring was to be delivered to the defendant: He paid five dollars in money and indoi-sed and. delivered to Behrens a check of a third party for the' sum of twenty-five dollars. At the same time two papez-s were signed by the defendant, in one. of which it is provided that “ The undez’-mentioned goods are com signed to you to be returned within .... or upon demand. Hone of them are sold nor does the title thereto pass. Conditions and agreements not expressly herein included shall not be considered as part hereof. All risks are assumed by the consignee. 1 14Kt. Solid Cold Tooth Bing Boman colored, set with solitaire diamond weighing 3/4 (less) 1/16 1 /64 value 175.” At the same time, another paper was signed, termed a deposit agreement, and under which the' defendant agreed to pay Behrens thirty dollars upon the execution of the paper, eight dollars on January thirteenth, and three dollars each- week, beginning on January 15, 1906, until the sum so deposited amounted to one hundred and seventy-five dollars._ The agreement then proceeded to state that: “ It is further expressly agreed that if the first party (the defendant) at .any time defaults any of said deposits, the second party (Behrens) may deliver to the first party articles, as near as may be, of the same nature, manufacture and style as the chattels herein agreed to be delivered but reasonably worth the sums so deposited, and upon delivery thereof, this.agreement shall be deemed fulfilled and satisfied, and it is further agreed that conditions and agreements not expressly included herein shall not be considered as a part hereof.”

The transaction took place on the 5th of January, 1906. On January sixteenth, Behrens, with his son, called on the defendant at his place of business and then said to him : “ The Court requires me to make a personal demand upon yon in the presence of a witness, and I now demand the return of this diamond ring,” holding the memorandum in his hand at the time, and the defendant said: “ All right, I accept your demand'.” Behrens testified that that was all that was said. “ He did not give me my ring.” In the meantime, and after the five dollars was paid and the twenty-five-dollar check given, the defendant claims that he discovered that the diamond in the ring was not of the quality represented by Behrens when he sold it, and that thereupon he, the defendant, stopped the payment of the check. When the return of the ring was demanded by Behrens the defendant said: “ All right, I accept your demand.” He did not refuse, therefore, to give up .the ring. He swore that he stated that he would give it up upon the five dollars and the twenty-five-dollar check being returned. That is denied, it is true, by Behrens and his son, but criminal intent cannot necessarily be inferred from his mere neglect to return the ring. It had come into his possession lawfully, and Behrens expressly agreed that if the defendant made default in any of the deposits, he, Behrens, “ may deliver to the first party articles, as near as may be, of the same nature, manufacture and style as the chattels herein agreed to be delivered but reasonably worth the sums so deposited.” - This stipulation cannot be regarded as leaving it altogether optional with Behrens" whether he would deliver to the defendant merchandise of the value of five dollars or of tyventy-five dollars; but, at all events, the defendant might be justified in believing that before the ring was returned by him, he was entitled to something as an equivalent for the money he had paid on account of the transaction. He might well have believed that before the return of the ring could be exacted or compelled, Behrens ought to satisfy him in some way for the money paid on account. There is nothing in this evidence to indicate an original purpose on the part of the defendant to pro-, cure possession of the ring by fraud, artifice or deception, and its conversion subsequently with a felonious intent is not satisfactorily established.

I think the judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered.

Houghton, J., concurred.

Judgment affirmed. Order filed.  