
    Clifford Williams, by Roy Williams, His Guardian ad Litem, Appellant, v. Bessie Falconberg, Impleaded with George H. Bressette, Respondent.
    
      Motor vehicle — negligence —pleading.
    
    Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court, entered in the Columbia county clerk’s office on the 28th day of January, 1915, and also from a judgment entered on the 1st day of February, 1915, upon said order.
   Order and judgment reversed, with costs, and motion denied, without costs, upon the authority of Ferris v. Sterling (214 N. Y. 249). All concurred, except Kellogg, J., dissenting, in opinion.

Kellogg, J. (dissenting):

The contention raised by the demurrer of the defendant Bressette is that the complaint does not state a cause of action against him. It is alleged that while the plaintiff was lawfully upon the highway, an automobile “ owned by the defendant Bressette and operated and driven by the defendant Falconberg. ” struck and injured the plaintiff, and that the automobile was negligently driven and controlled. The liability for the plaintiff’s injury rests solely upon the person controlling the car. The owner of the car is not liable as owner; he can only be liable in this case if Falconberg, when she was negligently controlling the car, was his servant. Undoubtedly the fact that the defendant owned the car, upon the trial, would be some evidence that he was controlling it. The complaint undertakes to define the relations of Falconberg and Bressette to the accident. The allegation that Bressette owned the car shows that Falconberg had nothing to do with the ownership; the allegation that Falconberg operated and drove the car makes it clear that Bressette was not operating and driving it. If Falconberg was the agent of Bressette then Bressette was operating and controlling the car by his agent. The complaint impliedly negatives agency; under the circumstances it was necessary to allege it. The case is on all fours with Rubin v. Bierman (87 Misc. Rep. 174) where the Appellate Term, composed of Seabury, Cohalan and Bijur, JJ., unanimously held such a complaint insufficient. The trial justice here evidently based his determination upon that decision. Ferris v. Sterling (214 N. Y. 249) is in no way in conflict with that decision. There the defendant’s son, in charge of an automobile, killed the plaintiff’s intestate. The defendant and son claimed the car belonged to the son; the license, however, by the Secretary of State, was issued to the father, also the insurance and accident policies were in his name. The jury found that the father owned the car and that the son was engaged in his business at the time of the accident. The nature of the defendant’s business the court considered important as bearing upon the question of fact. He' kept a livery stable, but in his ill-health the son managed it for him. The claim that the automobile was not included in the business was not credited. The court charged the jury “ that even if the defendant owned it, there was no liability unless the son at the time of the collision was engaged in the defendant’s business.” The Court of Appeals recognized the charge as proper. The form of the pleadings was not mentioned. That case, therefore, in no way controls this case, which is strictly one of pleading and not of evidence. A complaint should contain a plain and concise statement of the facts, and it is an elementary rule of pleading that evidence is not to be alleged. Whether Bressette is or is not liable does not appear from the complaint; proof of his ownership upon the trial would be some evidence of control. The ownership creates no liability; the control is the important thing. Falconberg was controlling the ear. If she was controlling it as agent for Bressette, that fact should have been alleged. Conceding everything alleged in the complaint, it cannot be said that Bressette is necessarily liable. He may and he may not be liable; that fact cannot be ascertained until the evidence is in. A complaint should allege the necessary facts in such a manner that if every allegation in it is true liability necessarily follows. It is common experience that a car, as well as all other kinds of personal property, is not always controlled by or for the owner. It may be leased, loaned or taken; many conditions may arise where the mere fact of ownership is entirely immaterial in fixing a liability for the negligent control of the car. It was easy to allege, if true, that Falconberg was the servant of Bressette, or that Bressette controlled the car through her. Evidently the pleader had in mind that the owner of the car, on account of the ownership, was liable without regard to the circumstances of its operation. The essential fact to be alleged was the negligent control of Bressette through Falconberg; that allegation is wanting. The demurrer was properly sustained.  