
    PRESTON WOODALL and Wife, EMMA C. WOODALL, v. NORTH CAROLINA JOINT STOCK LAND BANK OF DURHAM, and the FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF DURHAM, Trustee; CITIZENS BANK AND TRUST COMPANY, BENSON, N. C., and EZRA PARKER, Trustee.
    (Filed 7 October, 1931.)
    1. Receivers B lb — Id this case held: appointment of receiver for defendant and refusal to allow defendant to give bond was error.
    The appointment of a receiver is a harsh and extraordinary remedy in equity intended to prevent the possibility of loss of the rents or profits from the property of the debtor, and it should not be granted ordinarily where, by following the statutory provisions allowing the debtor to give bond, the rights of the creditors can be fully protected, and in this case the appointment of a permanent receiver for the owners of a five-hundred-acre farm in a high state of cultivation and the refusal to allow the owners to give the statutory bond and retain possession is held for error under the facts and circumstances, O. S., 860, 861, it appearing that loss would not likely result to the creditors.
    2. Mortgages C e — Agreement in mortgage for receivership under certain conditions does not affect statutory provisions in regard thereto.
    The appointment of a receiver is an equitable remedy and our statutory provisions (C. S., 860, 861), enacted before the giving of a deed of trust upon lands may not be entirely supplanted by a provision in the instrument which gives the mortgagee or trustee the unequivocal right to the appointment of a receiver in the event of the happening of certain conditions so as to prevent our courts sitting in their equity jurisdiction from administering the equities to which the mortgagor is entitled under the facts.
    3. Courts A d — Legal and equitable rights are determined in one action.
    Legal and equitable rights and remedies are now determined in one and the same action. Const., Art. IY, sec. 1.
    Appeal by plaintiffs from Granm&r, J., at August Term, 1931, of Joi-iNstoN.
    Reversed.
    It is agreed by defendants that the following statement of facts by plaintiff is substantially correct in reference to this controversy;
    “This is a civil action instituted in the Superior Court of Johnston County to restrain the defendant, First National Bank of Durham, trustee, from selling or attempting to sell the 511 acres of land described in the complaint, under the powers contained in a certain deed of trust from plaintiffs to said defendants.
    Plaintiffs are now and were in 1926, the owners in fee of certain lands situate in Johnston County, aggregating 511 acres. Said lands lie upon both sides of State Highway No. 22, in one compact body, and are in a high state of cultivation. In 1926, plaintiffs applied for and obtained a loan from the defendant, North Carolina Joint Stock Land Bank, in the sum of $25,000, the said land bank’s appraisers then placing an estimated value upon said lands of $50,000. This loan was to be repaid upon an amortization plan in thirty-three years, with installments of $875.00 due on 1 April and October of each year. Plaintiff^ paid each of the maturing installments, totaling $7,875, until 1 April, 1931, when, owing to agricultural depression, plaintiffs found it inconvenient to pay the installment then due, and made this fact known to the land bank.
    There was considerable negotiation, but finally the land bank agreed to defer the 1 April installment until 1 October, 1931, in consideration of the erection by plaintiffs of five tobacco barns upon the mortgaged premises, which barns were necessary to the curing of the tobacco raised upon said lands during 1931. The land bank also agreed to withhold foreclosure until 1 October. Pursuant to said agreement plaintiffs, immediately thereafter, caused to be constructed upon said lands five new tobacco barns at a cost of about $1,500. Plaintiffs then restrained the sale, alleging the aforesaid contract, and upon the hearing Judge Cranmer continued the injunction to the trial upon the ground that an issue of fact was raised, from which ruling no appeal was made by the defendants.
    The defendants, land bank and trustee, in their answer and further defense alleged that they were entitled to have a receiver appointed to take charge of the lands and crops by virtue of a certain provision in the deed of trust, which is as follows:
    ‘7. And it is further covenanted that as further security for the payment of the note and all installments thereof, and for the performance of all the terms of said note and on the conditions and covenants of this deed of trust, that the said parties of the first part hereby assign, set over and transfer to the North Carolina Joint Stock Land Bank of Durham, its successors and assigns, all the rents, and income, of said premises herein conveyed for each and every year that any installment or installments of the said note may be unpaid, together with all rights and remedies for enforcing collection of the same; and that upon filing-suit, or at any time thereafter, of foreclosure, the North Carolina Joint Stock Land Bank of Durham, its successors and assigns, shall be entitled to have a receiver appointed to take charge of the said premises herein conveyed, together with all the rents, profits, crops and proceeds arising therefrom during such litigation, and to hold the same subject to the order and direction of the court.’
    They also alleged that plaintiffs are insolvent and that the lands have greatly depreciated in value and are worth less than the value of the property.
    
      Tbe defendants offered no evidence or supporting affidavits.
    The complaint, treated as an affidavit, together with numerous supporting affidavits, clearly show that plaintiffs have made permanent improvements upon said lands since the loan was obtained in the sum of $10,100; that the present value of the land is in excess of the debt to the land bank; that plaintiffs are abundantly solvent and able to respond to judgment; that there is no imminent danger of the loss of the property itself or the rents and profits arising therefrom; that the P. B. Johnson estate, holder of a first lien for more than $6,000 on the crops for fertilizers and advancements, is opposed to a receivership, as shown by affidavit of Wade F. Johnson; that there are three other crop liens aggregating $1,030, the holders of which are not parties to this action; that the proceeds from the sale of the crop will not be more than sufficient to pay the aforesaid crop liens, and the expense of a receivership would work a hardship upon plaintiffs and the holders of said liens without benefiting defendant, land bank, or any one else.
    It was alleged in paragraph 8 of the complaint that the Citizens Bank and Trust Company also has a mortgage upon said lands, and in paragraph 9, that said mortgage is a prior lien upon a portion of the 511 acre tract. At the hearing this position was abandoned by plaintiffs,, they having been advised that the defendant land bank had a first mortgage on said land; it was also shown that the Citizens Bank had ample security, other than its second mortgage on the 511 acre tract,, with which to pay the debt due it.
    On 5 August, 1931, Judge E. A. Daniels, in an ex parte hearing, without notice to plaintiff, appointed a temporary receiver, and in the order appointing said receiver cited plaintiffs to appear before himself at Chambers in Roxboro, 10th Judicial District, on 10 August, 1931,. and show cause why such receivership should not be made permanent. Plaintiffs appeared through counsel on the date mentioned, and upon motion the cause was transferred to Johnston County to be heard by his Honor, E. H. Cranmer, at Chambers on 17 August, 1931. Judge Cranmer heard the reading of the complaint and answer, treated as affidavits, and the numerous supporting affidavits on behalf of plaintiffs. His Honor, Judge Cranmer, found no facts, but upon the allegations, in defendant’s answer made the receivership permanent.”
    The following judgment was rendered in the court below:
    “This cause comes on to be heard before me, upon the rule to show cause heretofore issued herein by his Honor, E. A. Daniels, why the appointment of H. G. Gray as temporary receiver in the complaint and answer in this action, should not be made permanent, and it appearing for the protection of the interests of the defendants herein and the interests of the interpleaders, and for the preservation of tbe property, a receivership for the said lands and crops is necessary and proper;
    It is, now, upon motion of J. S. Patterson, attorney for the North Carolina Joint Stock Land Bank of Durham; and of Strickland and Johnson, attorneys for the interpleaders, P. B. Johnson estate, considered, ordered and adjudged that the appointment of II. G-. Gray as temporary receiver be made permanent and that A. T. Tart be appointed as a eoreceiver of the lands and crops, as mentioned in the answer herein, pending the final determination of the litigation herein, with the usual powers and duties of'receivers in such cases.
    And the said receivers are hereby authorized and instructed to cultivate, harvest and market the crops for the year 1931 and to rent or cultivate the said land until the final determination of this matter, making and keeping a true and correct account thereof and all expenses incurred therein, to, out of the proceeds of the sale thereof, apply a sufficient part of the moneys so received to the cultivation and harvesting of said crops, and any and all costs and expenses of these proceedings, retaining the balance in their hands as such receivers to wait the further orders of this court.
    This 17 August, 1931.”
    The plaintiffs excepted and assigned error to the refusal of the court below to dissolve the temporary receivership and to the signing of an order appointing permanent receivers, and appealed to the Supreme Court.
    
      Levinson & Sidenberg for plaintiffs.
    
    
      R. P. Reade and J. S. Patterson for defendants.
    
   ClauksoN, J.

C. S., 860, in part, is as follows: “A receiver may be appointed (1) before judgment, on the application of either party, when he establishes an apparent right to property which is the subject of the action and in the possession of an adverse party, and the property or its rents and profits are in danger of being lost, or materially injured or impaired; except in eases where judgment upon failure to answer may be had on application to the court.” N. 0. Prac. & Proe. (McIntosh), sec. 887, p. 1002; see. 888, p. 1003.

C. S., 861: “In all cases where there is an application for the appointment of a receiver, upon the ground that the property or its rents and profits are in danger of being lost, or materially injured or impaired, or that a corporation defendant is insolvent or in imminent danger of insolvency, and the subject of the action is the recovery of a money demand, the judge before whom the application is made or pending shall have the discretionary power to refuse the appointment of a receiver if tbe party against whom such relief is asked, whether a person, partnership or corporation, tenders to the court an undertaking payable to the adverse party in an amount double the sum demanded by the plaintiff, with at least two sufficient and duly justified sureties, conditioned for the payment of such amount as may be recovered in the action, and summary judgment may be taken upon the undertaking. In the progress of the action the court may in its discretion require additional sureties, on such undertaking.”

Upon application for a receiver it is proper to allow a defendant to continue in possession of property upon giving a sufficient bond to protect the other claimants. Frank v. Robinson, 96 N. C., 28.

Where there is danger of loss of rents and profits, instead of appointing a receiver the court may allow the defendant to execute a bond to secure the rents and profits and such damages as may be adjudged the plaintiff, and require an account to be kept. C. S., 861; Roper Lumber Co. v. Wallace, 93 N. C., 22; Durant v. Crowell, 97 N. C., 367; Lewis v. Roper Lumber Co., 99 N. C., 11; Ousby v. Neal, 99 N. C., 146.

The court erred in directing a receiver to take possession and control of the mines, and machinery for operating the same, without giving the defendant an opportunity to file a bond to secure the payment of any proceeds therefrom, as the court might subsequently direct. Stith v. Jones, 101 N. C., 361.

In Lumber Co. v. Wallace, supra, at p. 30, we find: “It is against the policy of the law to restrain industries and such enterprises as tend to develop the country and its resources. It ought not to be done, except in extreme cases.” Hurwitz v. Sand Co., 189 N. C., 1.

In Ellington v. Currie, 193 N. C., at p. 612, it is written: “In 23 R. C. L., part section 3, p. 9, it is said: ‘The appointment of a receiver is part of the jurisdiction of equity, and is based on the inadequacy of the remedy at law, being intended to prevent injury to the thing in controversy, and to preserve it, pendente lite, for the security of all parties in interest, to be finally disposed of as the court may direct. It is held to be a proceeding quasi in rem. . . . The right to the-relief must be clearly shown, and also the fact that there is no other safe or expedient remedy/ Twitty v. Logan, 80 N. C., p. 69; Hanna v. Hanna, 89 N. C., 68; Thompson v. Pope, 183 N. C., p. 123.”

In Clark on Receivers, Yol. 1 (2d ed.), part section 59, at pp. 67 and 68, the following observations are made: “The appointment of a receiver is ordinarily a harsh remedy because it takes custody of the defendant’s property out of his hands on an interlocutory order, before the court has had an opportunity to hear the merits of the case discussed, testimony relative to the merits introduced, and to pass on the final relief prayed for against the defendant. The appointment of a receiver should. only be granted in a clear case. If it is in tbe power of tbe court to protect tbe plaintiff by granting- a less drastic remedy tban tbe appointment of a receiver, tbe court will usually do so. . . . Tbe appointment of a receiver, being a barsb and extraordinary remedy, might in many cases be dispensed witb by tbe defendant giving bond to tbe plaintiff to protect tbe plaintiff and to pay to tbe plaintiff tbe amount of any judgment plaintiff might secure against tbe defendant, which judgment might otherwise be made good out of tbe property if a receiver should be appointed.”

Tbe defendants contend that they are entitled to have enforced in their favor tbe plain unequivocal language contained in section 7 of tbe mortgage or deed of trust duly executed by tbe plaintiffs, and providing in certain terms for tbe appointment of a receiver to take charge of tbe premises conveyed in tbe event of foreclosure of tbe deed of trust or mortgage. We think not under tbe facts and circumstances of this case.

Tbe appointment of a receiver is a part of tbe jurisdiction of equity, then again, C. S., 861 was enacted long prior to tbe deed of trust in controversy, therefore it enters into and becomes a part of tbe conventions of tbe parties. Bateman v. Sterrett, ante, at p. 61.

In 55 A. L. R., at p. 1028, citing a wealth of authorities, tbe following principle is stated: “A stipulation pledging tbe rents and profits and providing a receiver has been generally held insufficient of itself to entitle tbe mortgagee to tbe appointment of a receiver, unless further facts justifying such appointment are shown.” See 4 A. L. R., pp. 1417, 1418.

Tbe plaintiffs’ farm was a going concern. Tbe appointment of a receiver is ordinarily a barsb and extraordinary remedy. Tbe court below has large discretionary powers, yet in view of tbe statute allowing bond and tbe facts and circumstances of this case, we think that tbe plaintiffs should have been allowed to execute such reasonable bond, witb sufficient security, as tbe court may deem proper, payable to tbe parties affected, conditioned to secure to them such damages as tbe court may adjudge in their favor upon tbe determination of tbe action. In tbe event of failure to give such bond, tbe court to make such order or orders in tbe cause by tbe appointment of a receiver, or otherwise, as will protect tbe rights of tbe parties pending tbe litigation.

Tbe learned and careful judge in tbe court below, who tried tbe case, no doubt considered that tbe provision in tbe deed of trust was controlling, but not so (C. S., 861), and tbe equitable aspect should have been considered. Legal and equitable rights are now determined in one and tbe same action. Const., Art. IV, sec. 1. For tbe reasons given, tbe judgment of tbe court below is

Reversed.  