
    AD HOC SHRIMP TRADE ACTION COMMITTEE, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and Hilltop International and Ocean Duke Corp., Defendant-Intervenors.
    Slip Op. 13-93.
    Court No. 11-00335.
    United States Court of International Trade.
    July 23, 2013.
    
      Andrew W. Kentz, Jordan C. Kahn, Nathaniel Maandig Rickard and Nathan W. Cunningham, Picard Kentz & Rowe LLP, of Washington, DC, for the Plaintiff.
    Joshua E. Kurland, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for the Defendant. With him on the brief were Stuart Delery, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Melissa M. Brewer, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.
    Mark E. Pardo and Andrew T. Schütz, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington, DC, for the Defendant-Intervenors.
   OPINION

POGUE, Chief Judge:

This action arises from the fifth administrative review of the antidumping duty order covering certain frozen warmwater shrimp from the People’s Republic of China (“China” or the “PRC”). In prior proceedings, the court remanded certain aspects of the agency decision in this review for further consideration. While remand was pending, the United States Department of Commerce (“Commerce”), by motion, sought permission to reopen the administrative record to consider new evidence suggesting that the antidumping duty assessment rate calculated in this review for respondent Hilltop International (“Hilltop”) — a DefendanNIntervenor in this action — may have been based on information that was false or incomplete. Because Commerce’s request to expand the scope of remand was based on a substantial and legitimate concern, the motion was granted.

Upon consideration of the new evidence, Commerce concluded that Hilltop had significantly impeded this proceeding by submitting information containing material misrepresentations and inaccuracies. Moreover, Commerce determined that the nature of Hilltop’s misrepresentations and the circumstances of their eventual disclosure “call[ed] into question Hilltop’s ownership structure as reported in [this review], and, consequently, its eligibility for a separate rate [from the PRC-wide entity].” Accordingly, because the record contained no reliable evidence to rebut the presumption of government control attaching to Hilltop as an exporter of subject merchandise from China, Commerce determined that Hilltop failed to demon-

strate eligibility for a rate separate from the PRC-wide entity, and therefore assigned to Hilltop the antidumping duty assessment rate applied to that countrywide entity. Hilltop now challenges Commerce’s redetermination on remand as not supported by substantial evidence.

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to Section 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2006), and 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006).

For the reasons set forth below, Commerce’s determination to apply the PRC-wide antidumping duty assessment rate to Hilltop is sustained. However, Commerce’s choice of an appropriate assessment rate for the PRC-wide entity (including Hilltop) is remanded for further consideration and/or additional explanation concerning the chosen rate’s compliance with the antidumping statute’s corroboration requirement.

BACKGROUND

On remand, Commerce accepted into the record of this (fifth) review evidence submitted by Plaintiff Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Committee (“AHSTAC”) — a petitioner for the underlying antidumping duty order — in the course of the subsequent (sixth) review of the order. This new evidence showed that, contrary to Hilltop’s representations in this review, Hilltop was affiliated with an undisclosed Cambodian shrimp exporter during the relevant time period. Commerce concluded that the circumstances of Hilltop’s eventual admission to this previously undisclosed affiliation impeached Hilltop’s credibility with regard to its remaining representations in this review. See Remand Results at 16 (“Because Hilltop submitted material misrepresentations with regard to its affiliations, and certified the accuracy of such false information, we find that we cannot rely on any of the information submitted by Hilltop in this review.”). Specifically, Commerce credited evidence that Hilltop did not disclose this affiliation until faced with clear evidence thereof; that Hilltop failed to provide a satisfactory explanation for its omissions and misrepresentations in reporting its corporate structure — claiming only that the misrepresentations “may have been in error ... for whatever reason” ; and that Hilltop continues to withhold information that Commerce requested regarding potential additional undisclosed affiliates.

Commerce’s determination that Hilltop is not a reliable source of complete and accurate information implicated Hilltop’s representations in this review that neither it nor any of its PRC affiliates with potential for price manipulation were under the control of the Chinese government. See Hilltop’s AR5 Sec. A Resp. at 3-5; Remand Results at 15. Because Commerce’s decision to assign to Hilltop a separate rate from the PRC-wide entity in this review had been based on these representations, which Commerce now found to be unreliable, the agency determined that the basis for Hilltop’s separate rate status had been invalidated. Remand Results at 15. Finding no valid evidence to rebut the presumption of government control applied to exporters of subject merchandise from China, Commerce decided to no longer treat Hilltop as separate from the PRC-wide entity. Id. Accordingly, Commerce assigned to Hilltop the 112.81 percent anti-dumping duty assessment rate applied to the PRC-wide entity in this review. Id. at 2.

Hilltop challenges Commerce’s redetermination on remand, arguing that it should be assessed an antidumping duty rate based at least in part on its own information. Hilltop’s Br. at 3-24. In the alternative, Hilltop challenges the rate assessed for the PRC-wide entity (including Hilltop) in this review as not supported by substantial evidence. Id. at 24-37.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court will sustain Commerce’s redetermination on remand so long as it is supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise in accordance with law. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i); Pakfood Pub. Co. v. United States, — CIT -, 753 F.Supp.2d 1334, 1341 (2011). Substantial evidence refers to “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as.adequate to support a conclusion,” SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, 537 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed.Cir.2008) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938) (defining “substantial evidence”)), and the substantial evidence standard of review can be roughly translated to mean “is the determination unreasonable?” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed.Cir.2006) (internal quotation and alteration marks and citation omitted).

DISCUSSION

A. Commerce’s Decision to Deny Hilltop Separate Rate Status in This Review Is Sustained.

The first question before the court is whether Commerce’s decision to deny Hilltop separate rate status in this review is supported by substantial evidence. See Remand Results at 2 (finding that “Hilltop has failed to rebut the presumption that it is part of the [PRC]-wide entity”); Hilltop Br. at 18-24 (arguing that Commerce’s decision to treat Hilltop as part of the PRC-wide entity is not supported by substantial evidence). For the reasons below, Commerce’s decision to apply the PRC-wide antidumping duty assessment rate to Hilltop is supported by substantial evidence and is therefore sustained.

When dealing with merchandise from China, which Commerce treats as a non-market economy (“NME”), Commerce “presumes that all companies within [China] are subject to governmental control and should be assigned a single antidumping duty rate unless an exporter demonstrates the absence of both de jure and de facto governmental control over its export activities” and thus obtains “separate rate status”. Where record evidence supports a respondent’s eligibility for separate rate status, Commerce must treat the respondent as separate from the countrywide entity unless the agency makes a specific finding, supported by substantial evidence, that the evidence regarding separate rate eligibility is deficient or otherwise unreliable. See Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Co. v. United States, — CIT -, 884 F.Supp.2d 1295, 1309-10 (2012).

Hilltop’s separate rate status in this review was based on representations contained in its responses to Commerce’s information requests. Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8340-41 (unchanged in the Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,942). Because Hilltop “reported that it is a Hong Kong based exporter of subject merchandise,” Commerce concluded that “a separate rate analysis [was] not necessary to determine whether [Hilltop] is independent from government control.” Id. at 8341 (citations omitted). Although Hilltop had disclosed a number of affiliations with companies located in China that were at least partially owned by Chinese persons or entities, it represented that “[t]here is no control over any of the Hilltop Group companies by any local or national government entity.” Hilltop’s AR5 Sec. A Resp. at 3-4. Based on this information, Commerce determined that “there is no PRC ownership of Hilltop” and, notwithstanding Hilltop’s affiliation with Chinese companies, the record presented “no evidence indicating that [any] of these companies are under the control of the PRC.” Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8341 (unchanged in the Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,942).

As discussed above, however, on remand Commerce determined that Hilltop provided false and incomplete information in this review regarding its corporate structure and, given the nature and timing of Hilltop’s omissions and misrepresentations in this regard, Commerce decided that none of Hilltop’s submissions, including the statements used to support Hilltop’s separate rate status, could be relied on to provide accurate information. See Remand Results at 2, 15. This conclusion “was based on the finding that Hilltop had a Cambodian affiliate, Ocean King, from [the first period of administrative review of this antidumping duty order] through most of [the sixth period of review], which Hilltop repeatedly failed to disclose to [Commerce].” Id. at 6.

Commerce’s finding that Hilltop repeatedly withheld and misrepresented material information regarding its affiliation with Ocean King is supported by a reasonable reading of the record here. Specifically, record evidence shows that, although Hilltop’s general manager and part owner was a board member and 35 percent shareholder in Ocean King during the period of review, Hilltop nevertheless misrepresented to Commerce that “[n]one of the Hilltop Group companies or their individual owners own 5 percent or more in stock in any third parties,” and that none of Hilltop’s managers “held positions with any other firm, government entity, or industry organization during the [period of review].” The evidence also shows that Hilltop subsequently denied and concealed its affiliation with and investment in Ocean King until confronted with public registration documents contradicting its misrepresentations. This is sufficient to reason-' ably support Commerce’s conclusion that Hilltop withheld information requested of it in this review and significantly impeded this proceeding by submitting information containing material misrepresentations and inaccuracies. See Remand Results at 15,17.

When a respondent fails to comply with Commerce’s requests by withholding or failing to timely provide requested information, submitting information that cannot be verified, or otherwise significantly impeding an antidumping proceeding, Commerce may disregard all or part of the deficient submission if the respondent fails to timely and adequately remedy or explain the deficiency after receiving notice from the agency. 19 U.S.C. at §§ 1677e(a)(2), 1677m(d). Here Commerce determined that Hilltop’s conduct implicated the overall credibility of its representations in this review. In particular, Commerce concluded that the credibility of Hilltop’s statements regarding its affiliations, corporate structure, and ownership — which had formed the basis for Hilltop’s separate rate status in this review — was undermined by Hilltop’s withholding of critical information and repeated misrepresentation of the scope of its affiliates. Remand Results at 14-15. Specifically, Commerce could no longer rely on Hilltop’s declaration that none of the Chinese companies with which it is affiliated — all of which possess “a significant potential for manipulation of [the] price or production [of subject merchandise]” — was controlled by the PRC.

Although Hilltop was afforded an opportunity to rehabilitate its impeached credibility by providing a reasonable explanation for its non-disclosure and subsequent denial of any affiliation with Ocean King, the evidence also supports Commerce’s conclusion that Hilltop’s explanation was unpersuasive. Far from providing a reasonable explanation, Hilltop admitted only what was unequivocally evidenced by the new documents, trivialized its prior misrepresentation as having been in error “for whatever reason,” and continued to evade Commerce’s requests for information regarding possible additional undisclosed affiliates. Commerce inferred that Hilltop’s failure to disclose its affiliation with Ocean King until faced with undeniable evidence thereof rendered its representations regarding lack of PRC control over its Chinese affiliates untrustworthy. Remand Results at 15, 21. As this Court has previously held, “the inference that a respondent’s failure to disclose willful deception until faced with contradictory evidence implicates the reliability of that respondent’s remaining representations is reasonable.” Changbao, — CIT at-, 884 F.Supp.2d at 1306 (citing Shanghai Taoen, 29 CIT at 199 n. 13, 360 F.Supp.2d at 1348 n. 13). Here the reasonableness of this inference is bolstered by evidence that Hilltop may also have additional undisclosed affiliates, whose roles in the production and pricing of subject merchandise Hilltop continues to deny.

Under these circumstances, Commerce reasonably determined to disregard the totality of Hilltop’s representations in this review- — -including those previously used to support Hilltop’s separate rate status — as inherently unreliable because Hilltop’s conduct “raises questions regarding what other information is missing that could be relevant to [Commerce]’s proceeding.” Remand Results at 23; see 19 U.S.C. at §§ 1677e(a)(2), 1677m(d). Hilltop’s unexplained contradictions in representing its corporate structure in this review concern information that is core, not tangential, to Commerce’s analysis because it goes to the heart of Hilltop’s corporate ownership and control. And as Hilltop continued to misrepresent its corporate structure — including by explicitly denying any affiliation with Ocean King or other undisclosed entities — until forced to reconcile its misrepresentations with contradictory evidence, Commerce reasonably decided that Hilltop’s remaining representations regarding its structure and ownership — particularly those concerning the role of PRC government control in its pricing decisions- — -may be similarly ■ incomplete and inaccurate. See Remand Results at 15, 23.

Based on these findings, Commerce’s conclusion that Hilltop’s representations regarding its corporate structure, affiliations, and government control are not reliably accurate and complete is reasonable. Accordingly, because the record contains no other reliable information to rebut the presumption of government control, Commerce’s determination that Hilltop failed to demonstrate eligibility for a separate rate from the PRC-wide entity is supported by substantial evidence and is therefore sustained.

B. The PRC-Wide Assessment Rate Applied in This Review Is Remanded for Further Consideration and/or Additional Explanation.

Next, Hilltop argues that the anti-dumping duty assessment rate applied to the PRC-wide entity, including Hilltop, was based on secondary information that was not properly corroborated in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c). Hilltop’s Br. at 24-37. As explained below, remand is necessary for further consideration and/or explanation of the extent to which the PRC-wide rate applied in this review satisfies the corroboration requirement.

The rate applied to the PRC-wide entity in this review was calculated in the' unfair pricing investigation that led to the issuance of this antidumping duty order, using information derived from the original petition to initiate these antidumping proceedings. In that proceeding, Commerce concluded that the “112.81 percent [PRC-wide rate] [was] corroborated within the meaning of [19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) ]” because the agency had “compared that margin to the margin [Commerce] found for the largest exporting respondent” and “found that the margin of Í12.81 percent ha[d] probative value.” The PRC-wide entity was then assigned this same rate in every subsequent administrative review of this anti-dumping duty order, including the fifth review at issue here, based on adverse inferences applied because of the PRC’s failure to respond to Commerce’s questionnaires and cooperate to the best of its ability. See Preliminary Results, 76 Fed. Reg. at 8342 (discussing history of the PRC-wide rate); cf. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(2) (providing that adverse inferences “may include reliance on information derived from ... a final, determination in the [underlying unfair pricing] investigation”). ...

Commerce correctly posits that the PRC-wide rate need not be corroborated with respect to each particular respondent who, like Hilltop, is found to form a part of the PRC-wide entity and thus to be subject to the PRC-wide rate. “Commerce’s permissible determination that [a respondent] is part of the PRC-wide entity means that inquiring into [that respondent’s separate sales behavior ceases to be meaningful.” But Commerce is■ required to corroborate the PRC-wide rate with respect to “its reliability and relevance to the countrywide entity as a whole.” Peer Bearing, 32 CIT at 1313, 587 F.Supp.2d at 1327.

To properly corroborate the PRC-wide rate, Commerce must determine that this rate “is relevant, and not outdated, or lacking a rational relationship to [the China-wide entity].” Ferro Union, Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT 178, 205, 44 F.Supp.2d 1310, 1335 (1999). Here, Commerce determined that the 112.81 percent PRC-wide rate was “corroborated, relevant, and reliable” because this rate “was fully corroborated during the investigation.” Remand Results at 38. During the investigation, this rate was corroborated by comparison with the rate determined for the largest exporting respondent, which was 90.05 percent. But as Hilltop emphasizes, this comparison rate was later changed; it was reduced to 5.07 percent following judicial review. Hilltop’s Br. at 32-33 (relying on Allied Pac. Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States, — CIT -, 716 F.Supp.2d 1339 (2010)). Moreover, the rates for the remaining two mandatory respondents from the investigation who received rates above de minimis were also reduced following judicial review. Id. (relying on Allied Pac. Food (Dalian), — CIT -, 716 F.Supp.2d 1339; Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co. v. United States, — CIT-, 880 F.Supp.2d 1332 (2012)). Thus the final liquidation rates for the four mandatory respondents from the investigation were de minimis, 5.07 percent, 7.20 percent, and 8.45 percent. These numbers are significantly different from the (subsequently invalidated) 90.05 percent comparison rate that Commerce used to corroborate the 112.81 rate assigned to the PRC-wide entity in the investigation and in every segment of this proceeding thereafter.

As, the comparison margin used to corroborate the PRC-wide rate was subsequently shown not to reflect commercial reality, Commerce may no longer rely on that comparison to satisfy itself that the PRC-wide rate assigned in this review has probative value. Compare with Watanabe, 2010 WL 5371606, at *4 (holding that Commerce may rely on a countrywide rate that was corroborated in an earlier segment of an antidumping proceeding if the record contains “no evidence questioning the prior corroboration”) (citations omitted). Accordingly, Commerce has failed to establish that the 112.81 percent rate assigned to the PRC-wide entity (which includes Hilltop) in this review “is corroborated, relevant, and reliable.” See Remand Results at 37-38. Remand is therefore necessary on the issue of proper corroboration of the secondary information used to calculate the PRC-wide rate in this review. On remand, Commerce must either adequately corroborate the 112.81 percent rate and explain how its corroboration satisfies the requirements of 19 U.S.C. 1677e(c), or else calculate or choose a different countrywide rate that better reflects commercial reality, as supported by a reasonable reading of the record evidence.

CONCLUSION

For all of the foregoing reasons, Commerce’s redetermination on remand is sustained except with regard to the antidumping duty assessment rate applied to the PRC-wide entity, which includes Hilltop. On remand, Commerce must either adequately corroborate the 112.81 percent PRC-wide rate and explain how its corroboration satisfies the requirements of 19 U.S.C. 1677e(c), or calculate or choose a different countrywide rate that better reflects commercial reality, as supported by substantial evidence. Commerce shall have until September 9, 2013 to complete and file its remand determination. Plaintiff and Defendant-Intervenors shall have until September 23, 2013 to file comments. Plaintiff, Defendant, and Defendant-Intervenors shall have until October 9, 2013 to file any reply.

It is SO ORDERED. 
      
      . See Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 76 Fed.Reg. 51,940 (Dep't Commerce Aug. 19, 2011) (final results and partial rescission of antidumping duty administrative review) (“Final Results ”) and accompanying Issues & Decision Mem., A-570-893, ARP 09-10 (Aug. 12, 2011).
     
      
      . Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, - CIT - , 882 F.Supp.2d 1366 (2012).
     
      
      . Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, —• CIT-, 882 F.Supp.2d 1377, 1379 (2013).
     
      
      . Id. at 1381-82 (relying on SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 254 F.3d 1022, 1029 (Fed.Cir. 2001); Shakeproof Assembly Components Div. of III. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States, 29 CIT 1516, 1522-26, 412 F.Supp.2d 1330, 1336-39 (2005)).
     
      
      . Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand, A-570-893, ARP 09-10 (Apr. 1, 2013), ECF No. 74 ("Remand Results ”) at 17.
     
      
      . Id. at 24.
     
      
      . See Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 294 F.3d 1371, 1373 (Fed.Cir.2002) (explaining that Commerce treats exporters "from countries with nonmarket economies ('NMEs') such as China” as "subject to a single, countrywide antidumping duty rate unless they [can] demonstrate legal, financial, and economic independence from the Chinese government,” and noting that the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has "upheld the application of this 'NME presumption’ ”) (citing Sigma Corp. v. United States, 117 F.3d 1401 (Fed.Cir. 1997)).
     
      
      . Remand Results at 15.
     
      
      . See Def.-Intervenors' Comments in Opp’n to Final Remand Results, ECF No. 76 ("Hilltop’s Br.”).
     
      
      . Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of Title 19 of the U.S.Code, 2006 edition.
     
      
      . See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c).
     
      
      . Remand Results at 2, 5 (citing Placing Public Documents on the Record of the Fifth Administrative Review, A-570-893, ARP 09-10 (Feb. 14, 2013), Remand Admin. R. Pub. Docs. 1-38 ("Docs, from AR6 "), [AHSTAC’s] Comments on the Dep’t’s Preliminary Determination to Grant Hilltop's Request for Company-Specific Revocation Pursuant to 19 C.F.R. 351.222(b)(2) & Comments in Anticipation of Hilltop’s Forthcoming Verification, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (Mar. 12, 2012), reproduced in Hilltop's Br. con. app., ECF No. 79-1, at ex. 6). All relevant portions of the administrative record relied on in this opinion are reproduced within the public and confidential appendices to the parties’ court filings, ECF Nos. 79-80, 94-95. Hereinafter, all citations to documents from the sixth review that have been placed on the record of this (fifth) review include the label Docs, from AR6.
      
     
      
      . Compare Resp. of Hilltop Int’l & Affiliates to Antidumping Questionnaire Section A, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (June 15, 2010), Admin. R. Con. Doc. 6 [Pub. Doc. 36], reproduced in Def.’s Resp. Comments Regarding Remand Results ("Def.'s Resp.”) con. app., ECF No. 94-5, at tab 19 ("Hilltop’s AR5 Sec. A Resp.”) at 4-5 (representing that Exhibits A-2 and A-3 to Hilltop’s AR5 Section A Response contain an exhaustive list of Hilltop’s affiliations), and id. at Exs. A-2 & A-3 (making no mention of Ocean King (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. ("Ocean King”)), with Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s 7th Supp. Questionnaire Resp., A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (June 27, 2012), reproduced in Def.’s Resp. con. app. at tab 24 ("Hilltop's AR6 7th Supp. Questionnaire Resp.”) at 2 (acknowledging that "an affiliation within the statutory definition of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33) existed between the Hilltop Group and Ocean King until September 28, 2010”). See Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,940 (noting that the period of review for this proceeding was February 1, 2009, through January 31, 2010).
     
      
      . See Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s AR6 7th Supp. Questionnaire Resp. at 2 (admitting that this affiliation was not disclosed until Commerce placed on record public registration documents for Ocean King showing affiliation with Hilltop).
     
      
      . See Remand Results at 19 (quoting Docs, from AR6, Hilltop-Specific Issues Rebuttal Br., A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (July 23, 2012), reproduced in Def.’s Resp. pub. app., ECF No. 95-4, at tab 18 ("Hilltop’s AR6 Rebuttal Br.”) at 9).
     
      
      . See id. at 21 n. 83, 23.
     
      
      . Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 76 Fed.Reg. 8338, 8340 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 14, 2011) (preliminary results and- preliminary partial rescission of fifth antidumping duty administrative review) (''Preliminary Results ”) (unchanged in the Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,942).
     
      
      . Remand Results at 15.
     
      
      . See supra note 7.
     
      
      .A "nonmarket economy” is defined as “any foreign country that [Commerce] determines does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A). "Because it deems China to be a nonmarket economy country, Commerce generally considers information on sales in China and financial information obtained from Chinese producers to be unreliable for determining, under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a), the normal value of the subject merchandise.” 
        Shanghai Foreign Trade Enters. Co. v. United States, 28 CIT 480, 481, 318 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1341 (2004). See also 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c) (providing special rules governing Commerce’s calculation of normal value for merchandise from nonmarket economy countries); Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8340 ("In every case conducted by [Commerce] involving the PRC, the PRC has been treated as an NME country. In accordance with [19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(C)(i) ], any determination that a foreign country is an NME country shall remain in effect until revoked by [Commerce], None of the parties to this proceeding has contested such treatment. Accordingly, we calculated [normal value] in accordance with [19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)], which applies to NME countries.”) (additional citation omitted) (unchanged in the Final Results or Remand Results).
     
      
      .Import Administration, U.S. Dep’t Commerce, Separate-Rates Practice & Application of Combination Rates in Antidumping Investigations Involving Non-Market Economy Countries, Policy Bulletin No. 05.1 (Apr. 5, 2005) (“ITA Policy Bulletin 05.1 ”) at 1 (citation omitted); Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8340. Generally, Commerce evaluates “whether a firm is sufficiently' independent from governmental control in its export activities to be eligible for separate rate status” on the basis of three criteria for demonstrating the absence of de jure government control and four criteria for demonstrating the absence of de facto government control. ITA Policy Bulletin 05.1 at 2. The de jure freedom from government control criteria are "1) an absence of restrictive stipulations associated with an individual exporter’s business and export licenses; 2) any legislative enactments decentralizing control of companies; and 3) any other formal measures by the government decentralizing control of companies.” Id. The de facto freedom from government control criteria are "1) whether the export prices, are set by, or subject to the approval of, a governmental authority; 2) whether the respondent has authority to negotiate and sign contracts and other agreements; 3) whether the respondent has autonomy from the central, provincial and local governments in making decisions regarding the selection of its management; and 4) whether the respondent retains the proceeds of its export sales and makes independent decisions regarding disposition of profits or financing of losses.” Id.
      
     
      
      . (discussing Gerber Food (Yunnan) Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 753, 387 F.Supp.2d 1270 (2005); Shandong Huarong Gen. Grp. Corp. v. United States, 27 CIT 1568, 2003 WL 22757937 (2003) (not reported in the Federal Supplement); Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware Co. v. United States, No. 10-00059, 2011 WL 4829947 (CIT Oct. 12, 2011); Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co. v. United States, No. 09-00123, 2010 WL 3982277 (CIT Sept. 27, 2010)).
     
      
      . See id. at 8340 ("[I]f [Commerce] determines that a company is wholly foreign-owned or located in a market economy, then a separate rate analysis is not necessary to determine whether it is independent from government control.”) (citing Petroleum Wax 
        
        Candles from the People's Republic of China, 72 Fed.Reg. 52,355, 52,356 (Dep’t Commerce Sept: 13, 2007) (final results of antidumping duty administrative review)); see also, e.g., Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 35,312, 35,320 (Dep't Commerce June 24, 2004) (notice of preliminary determination of sales at less than fair value and postponement of final determination) (“It is [Commerce]'s policy to treat Hong Kong companies as market-economy companies.”) (citing Application of U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws to Hong Kong, 62 Fed.Reg. 42,965 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 11, 1997) (explaining that “Hong Kong [is] considered a separate Customs territory within the PRC” subsequent to the PRC’s resumed exercise of sovereignty over its territory)).
     
      
      
        .See Remand Results at 8 (“[Commerce] . released public registration documents for Ocean King that identified To Kam Keung, Hilltop’s general manager and part owner, as a board member and 35 percent shareholder beginning in July 2005 and ending in September 2010.”) (citing Docs, from AR6, Public Registration Docs, for Ocean King (Cambodia) Co., Ltd., A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (June 19, 2012), reproduced in Def.'s Resp. pub. app. at tab 17); Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s AR6 7th Supp. Questionnaire Resp. at 2 (acknowledging that "an affiliation within the statutory definition of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33) existed between the Hilltop Group and Ocean King until September 28, 2010”); Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,940 (noting that the period of review for this proceeding was February 1, 2009, through January 31, 2010).
     
      
      . See Remand Results at 12 (quoting Ex. A-2 to Hilltop’s AR5 Sec. A Resp.).
      
     
      
      . See id. at 13 n. 65 (quoting Hilltop Int’l & Affiliates .Supp. Section A Questionnaire Resp., A-570-893, ARP 09-10 (July 29, 2010), Admin. R. Con. Doc. 12 [Pub. Doc. 58], reproduced in Def.’s Resp. con. app. at tab 20, at 6).
     
      
      . Compare Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s Resp. to CBP Import Data, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (May 24, 2012), reproduced in Def.’s Resp. con. app. at tab 23, at 2 n. 1 (claiming that Hilltop is not affiliated with any of the Cambodian shrimp manufacturers identified in Docs, from AR6, Customs Data of U.S. Imports of Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from Cambodia, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (May 17, 2012), reproduced in Def.’s Resp. con. app. at tab 25, which included Ocean King), and Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s Reply to Pet’rs’ Resp. to CBP Import Data, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (May 31, 2012), reproduced in Def.’s Resp. con. app. at tab 23, at 6 ("Hilltop is not affiliated with Ocean King.... Hilltop confirms that neither the company, nor its owners or officers, invested any funds in Ocean King.”), with Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s AR6 7th Supp. Questionnaire Resp. at 2 (admitting to Hilltop’s affiliation with Ocean King for the first time in response to Commerce’s request to reconcile Hilltop’s prior representations with the public registration documents for Ocean King).
     
      
      . Where the deficiency identified in a respondent’s submissions affects an isolated issue or data set, Commerce uses facts otherwise available solely to fill the evidentiary gap, while continuing to rely on the remainder of the respondent's non-deficient submissions. E.g., Am. Silicon Techs, v. United States, 24 CIT 612, 620 n. 6, 110 F.Supp.2d 992, 999 n. 6 (2000) (citing Statement of Administrative Action accompanying the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R.Rep. No. 103-826 (1994) ("SAA”) at 656, 869). Where, however, the deficiency affects information that is "core, not tangential, and there is little room for substitution of partial facts,” Commerce may disregard the totality of the respondent's submitted information and reach its determination based on "total facts available.” Shanghai Taoen Int’l Trading Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 189, 199 n. 13, 360 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1348 n. 13 (2005). Where resort to the use of facts otherwise available is warranted, Commerce may employ an adverse inference when selecting among the facts available if it further determines that the respondent failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with Commerce's requests for information. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). But "[ajlthough separate determinations are required for application of facts otherwise available under § 1677e(a), and adverse inferences under § 1677e(b), both standards are met where a respondent purposefully withholds, and provides misleading, information.” Shanghai Taoen, 29 CIT at 195, 360 F.Supp.2d at 1345.
     
      
      
        .See Remand Results at 17; cf. Changbao, - CIT at -, 884 F.Supp.2d at 1306 ("It is reasonable for Commerce to infer that a respondent who admits to having intentionally deceived Commerce officials, and does so only after Commerce itself supplies contradictory evidence, exhibits behavior suggestive of a general willingness and ability to deceive and cover up the deception until exposure becomes absolutely necessary.”); Shanghai Taoen, 29 CIT at 199 n. 13, 360 F.Supp.2d at 1348 n. 13 (explaining that a respondent's intentional deception of Commerce may reasonably implicate the overall credibility of that respondent).
     
      
      . Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8339.
      
     
      
      . See Hilltop's AR5 Sec. A Resp. at 3-4; Remand Results at 15, 24 ("Hilltop's refusal in AR6 ... to disclose its full universe of affiliated companies and provide information regarding its affiliations with other persons/entities calls into question Hilltop's ownership structure as reported in [this review], and, consequently, its eligibility for a separate rate in this review.”), 30 (“[B]ecause the disclosure of Hilltop’s affiliation with Ocean King ... reveals that substantial portions of Hilltop’s Section A response contain material misrepresentations with regard to Hilltop's corporate structure and affiliations, Hilltop's entire Section A response, which details its eligibility for a separate rate and was submitted in lieu of a separate-rate application, is now fatally undermined and unusable for any purposes.”) (citation omitted).
     
      
      . See Remand Results at 32 ("Based on the record as a whole, we determine that Hilltop has failed to present any evidence or argument that explains its failure to disclose its dealings with Ocean King or its trading activity with persons/entities involved in its Cambodian enterprise.”).
     
      
      . Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s AR6 7th Supp. Questionnaire Resp. at 2 (admitting to Hilltop’s affiliation with Ocean King for the first time in response to Commerce's request to reconcile Hilltop’s prior representations with the public registration documents for Ocean King).
     
      
      . Docs, from AR6, Hilltop’s AR6 Rebuttal Br. at 9.
     
      
      . See Remand Results at 21 (noting Hilltop's "potential affiliations with additional entities/persons”) (citing Docs, from AR6, Hilltop 6th Supp. Questionnaire, A-570-893, ARP 10-11 (June 1, 2012), reproduced in Def.'s Resp. pub. app. at tab 17, at questions 5d, 5e, and 9a-c (requesting information regarding Hilltop's affiliation with certain entities/persons referenced in the record evidence) and noting that "Hilltop refused to respond to these questions” in its subsequent responses).
     
      
      . See supra note 35.
     
      
      . See Remand Results at 30 (“Hilltop’s failure to disclose the affiliation [with Ocean King] goes to the heart of its Section A questionnaire response and the information that [Commerce] relies on to make separate-rate status determinations.”); cf. Shanghai Taoen, 29 CIT at 199 n. 1-3, 360 F.Supp.2d at 1348 n. 13.
     
      
      . See supra note 27.
     
      
      . While Hilltop emphasizes the record evidence that it is registered in Hong Kong, see Hilltop's Br. at 18-24 (relying on Exs. A-5 (Hilltop's Hong Kong Business License) & A-6 (Hilltop's Hong Kong Business Registration Form) to Hilltop’s AR5 Sec. A Resp.), Hilltop's registration in Hong Kong does not address the potential for government control through Hilltop’s disclosed and possibly additional undisclosed PRC affiliates. Compare Certain Coated Paper Suitable for High-Quality Print Graphics Using Sheet-Fed Presses from the People's Republic of China, 75 Fed.Reg. 24,-892, 24,900 (Dep't Commerce May 6, 2010) (notice of preliminary determination of sales at less than fair value and postponement of final determination) (finding that a separate rate analysis was not required for a respondent located entirely in Hong Kong) (unchanged in the final determination, 75 Fed. Reg. 59,217 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 27, 2010)), with Certain Woven Electric Blankets from the Peoples Republic of China, 75 Fed. Reg. 5567, 5570 (Dep't Commerce Feb. 3, 2010) (preliminary determination of sales at less than fair value and postponement of final determination) (determining that a full seven factor separate rate analysis was necessary for a "collapsed entity [that was] a joint venture between a PRC and a foreign (i.e., Hong Kong) company” because the PRC government could exercise control through the PRC affiliate) (unchanged in the final determination, 75 Fed.Reg. 38,459 (Dep't Commerce July 2, 2010) and the amended final determination, 75 Fed.Reg. 46,911 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 4, 2010)).
     
      
      . See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) ("When [Commerce] relies on secondary information rather than on information obtained in the course of an investigation or review, [Commerce] shall, to the extent practicable, corroborate that information from independent sources that are reasonably at [Commerce’s] disposal.”).
     
      
      . Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8342 (unchanged in the Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,942) (unchanged in the Remand Results at 24-25); see Certain Frozen and Canned Warmwater Shrimp from the People's Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 70,997, 71,003 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 8, 2004) (notice of final determination of sales at less than fair value) {“Final LTFV Determination ”) (assigning 112.81 percent as the PRC-wide rate).
     
      
      . Certain Frozen and Canned Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 42,654, 42,662 (Dep’t Commerce July 16, 2004) (notice of preliminary determination of sales at less than fair value, partial affirmative preliminary determination of critical circumstances and postponement of final determination) {“Preliminary LTFV Determination ") (relying on SAA at 870 ("Corroborate [within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)] means that [Commerce] will satisfy [itself] that the secondary information to be- used [ (which includes information derived from the petition) ] has probative value.”) and citing Corroboration Memorandum, A-570-893, Investigation (July 2, 2004)) (unchanged in the final determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,003).
     
      
      
        .Remand Results at 38; cf. Peer Bearing Co Changshan v. United States, 32 CIT 1307, 1313, 587 F.Supp.2d 1319, 1327 (2008) ("[T]here is no requirement that the PRC-wide entity rate based on AFA relate specifically to the individual company. ... [This] rate must be corroborated according to its reliability and relevance to the countrywide entity as a whole.”) (citation omitted); Shandong Mach. Imp. & Exp. Co. v. United States, No. 07-00355, 2009 WL 2017042, at *8 (CIT June 24, 2009) (explaining that Commerce has no obligation to corroborate the PRC-wide rate as to an individual party where that party has failed to qualify for a separate rate).
     
      
      . Watanabe Grp. v. United States, No. 09-00520, 2010 WL 5371606, at *4 (CIT Dec. 22, 2010).
     
      
      . See also Preliminary Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 8342 (assigning to the PRC-wide entity in this review the 112.81 percent rate as "the only rate ever determined for the PRC-wide entity in this proceeding,” without additional corroboration) (unchanged in the Final Results, 76 Fed.Reg. at 51,942).
     
      
      . Preliminary LTFV Determination, 69 Fed. Reg. at 42,662 (“To corroborate the [PRC-wide] margin of 112.81 percent, we compared that margin to the margin we found for the largest exporting respondent.”) (unchanged in the Final LTFV Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,003).
     
      
      . See Preliminary LTFV Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 42,660 (explaining that Commerce had limited its examination to "the four exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of subject merchandise” and listing "Allied” as the largest of the four); id. at- 42,671 (assigning a 90.05 percent weighted-average dumping margin to "Allied”) (adjusted to 84.93 percent in the Final LTFV Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,003) (adjusted to 80.19 percent in Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 70 Fed.Reg. 5149, 5151 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 1, 2005) (notice of amended final determination of sales at less than fair value and antidumping duty order)).
     
      
      
        .Final LTFV Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 70,998 (listing "Zhanjian Goulian; Yelin; Allied; and Red Garden" as the four mandatory respondents in the investigation); id. at 71,-003 (listing a de minimis rate for "Zhanjian Goulian”); Allied Pac. Food (Dalian),-CIT at-, 716 F.Supp.2d at 1342, 1352 (affirming reduction of the rate for "Allied” to 5.07 percent); id. (affirming reduction of the rate for "Yelin” to 8.45 percent); Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff, - CIT at -, 880 F.Supp.2d at 1334-35 (affirming reduction of the rate for "Red Garden” to 7.20 percent).
     
      
      . See Allied Pac. Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States, 30 CIT 736, 435 F.Supp.2d 1295 (2006) (remanding Commerce’s calculation of Allied’s rate during the investigation); Allied Pac. Food (Dalian), CIT at , 716 F.Supp.2d at 1342, 1352 (affirming reduction of the rate for Allied to 5.07 percent).
     
      
      . See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) (requiring corroboration of "secondary information”); SAA at 870 (defining "secondary information” to include "information derived from the petition that gave rjse to the investigation or review”)
     