
    D. W. Purvis, as Sheriff of Columbia County, Florida, and Ex Officio Administrator of the Estate of Sarah Baxley, Deceased, Robert Baxley and M. A. Baxley, Appellants, v. Talulah H. Frink, Appellee.
    
    1. Where in a chancery cause an application is made to change the venue under section 1471 General Statutes of 1906, on account of the prejudice of the judge of the circuit court, and there is no allegation in the application that the judge is prejudiced against the applicants, or either of them, but it is alleged that the judge by reason of his being a stockholder and director of two corporations, viz: a bank, and of an investment company, engaged is. the business of lending money at rates which the applicants contend is usurious, and that in the pending case the facts stated by the applicants in defense of the suit present a similar question of usury, wherefore the applicants fear the judge has such an interest in the result of the pending case as to prejudice him in the interest of complainant and against the defendant, such application presents no statutory ground for a change of venue.
    2. Section 1471 General Statutes of 1906, authorizing a change of venue on account of prejudice in the judge, construed in the light of our decisions, means a prejudice against a party to the cause, and not a prejudice based upon or growing out of the business relations of the judge or a mere interest in an abstract question that may be involved in the cause and which may arise in some future independent litigation not yet begun.
    This case was decided by Division B.
    Appeal from the Circuit for Columbia County.
    The facts in the case are stated in the opinion of the court.
    
      A. J. Henry, for appellants;
    
      Roberson & Small, for appellee.
   Hooker, J.

—Appellee Talulah H. Frink hied her bill against the appellants in the circuit court of Columbia county seeking to foreclose a mortgage given to secure the payment of a note for $700.00, both note and mortgage' executed 'by Sarah Baxley in her lifetime, to the appellee. Defendants hied a plea setting up that the transaction was usurious and a plea of part payment.

The following petition was also hied by apppellants for a change of venue: “And now come the defendants by A. J. Henry, their solicitor, and state that they fear that they cannot have a fair and impartial trial of the said cause in the third judicial circuit where the said cause is pending on account of the prejudice of the judge of the said court, the Honorable B. H. -Palmer, against the defendants, and their, cause, and in favor of the complainant and her cause, and as cause for such fears they state: That the said judge is a stockholder in and director, as these defendants are informed and believe, of both the First National Bank of Lake City, and Lake City Investment Company. That both said bank and company are corporations domiciled and doing business in Lake City, Florida, and are engaged in the business of lending money, and discounting bills; that in their said business the said companies frequently lend money at the rate of ten per centum per annum, and charge interest in advance or, reserve, charge, or 'take •the interest or a portion thereof for the time of forbearance, at the time of lending the money, and in doing so, invariably charge, reserve or take, the sum that will be ten per cent, of the sum of money contracted to be lent, or the interest to be charged, reserved, or taken, instead of a sum that will be ten per centum per annum of t.he sum actually received by the borrower. That in a certain transaction between the complainant in this case and Sarah Bexley, now deceased, the intestate and ancestress of these defendants, on the 3rd day of September, 1903, it was contracted by and between them, the said complainant and intestate and ancestress, that the said complainant should lend the said intestate and ancestress, the sum of seven hundred dollars and forbear the same for the period of one year next thereafter or until the 3rd day of September, 1904, and in consideration thereof reserve, charge, or take interest thereon at the rate cf ten per centum per annum, payable quarterly in advance ; and that the complainant in said transaction, when she received the note for $700.00, and the mortgage to secure the said note sought to- be foreclosed in this case, paid to the intestate and ancestress the sum of $682.50 as and for the said sum of $700.00 contracted to be lent as aforesaid, "pretending then and there and thereby to reserve the interest in the sum of $17.50 as and for the interest for the first quarter of the period of one year aforesaid; whereas the proper sum to be then reserved, charged or taken, was, as interest at the rate of ten per centum per annum for one quarter on the said sum of $700.00 when taken in advance only the sum of $15.90 which was the greatest sum that could be lawfully charged, reserved, or taken. That these defendants are advised that the said transaction was usurious and unlawful inasmuch as then and there by the contract, and construction then put thereon by the parties thereto, and carried out by them as hereinbefore stated, was usurious and in violation of the law in that it was a contract for the payment of interest upon a loan and forbearance of the sum of money actually received by the borrower a,t a higher rate of interest than ten per centum per annum thereon, and that the said note and mortgage are obligations whereby the debtor was required to pay a greater sum than the sum actually received by the said intestate and ancestress together with interest thereon at the rate of ten per centum per annum, which said defences are presented by a plea and answer filed in the said cause. That the' result of the decision in this case will be to establish whether such contracts are or are not usurious; that many and divers contracts and transactions by which money is lent, made, and interest charged by the said bank and other company, as herein-before stated, and' the construction put thereon and interest charged and taken by the said companies are identical in kind with the said contract affecting the said note and mortgage involved in this case, and the construction put thereon by the complainant and interest then reversed and taken. And these defendants did not know of the relation of the said judge as such stockholder and director as hereinbefore stated, until on or about the 15th day of April, 1907, after the argument of their plea had been made and submitted. Wherefore these defendants 'fear that the said judge has such an interest in the result of this case as to prejudice him in the interest of the complainant and against the defendants and pray that the venue of the said cause may be changed to some other circuit where a fair and impartial trial may be had, and your petitioner will ever pray, etc.”

This application for a change of venue was heard by the circuit judge who made the following order:

“This cause came on for hearing upon application of the defendants for change of venue filed August. 8th, 1907, and same was argued by counsel and upon, consideration thereof, it is ordered that said motion be denied. Done and ordered this 10th day of September, 1907. B. H. Palmer, Judge.
In making the above ruling the court desires to remark that had he followed his personal feelings, he would have granted said motion. But the court is here to follow what he deems to be the law of each case and not his personal likes or dislikes. The Bexleys have been long and close personal friends and the court would have been glad to have yielded to the application, but in obeying the laws as laid down in our Florida Reports and various other authorities, he is restrained from so doing. B. H. Palmer, Judge.”

From this order denying the application for a change of venue an appeal was taken to this court.

Appellants rely upon section 1471 under Article 1, Chapter 14 of the General Statutes of 1906, relating to change of venue. That section is as follows: •

“1471. (1079 Revised) On account of prejudice of judge or undue influence of opposite party.—Such change shall be granted if either party in any civil case, or the defendant in any criminal case, shall make application therefore on oath stating that he fears that he will not receive a fair trial in the court where the suit is pending, on account of the prejudice of the judge of said court against the applicant or in favor of the adverse party, or on account of 'the adverse party having an undue influence over the minds of the inhabitants of the county or justice’s district in which the case is pending, or on account of applicant being so odious; such application shall fully and distinctly set forth the facts upon which the same is founded.”

It will be observed that the application for change of venue nowhere alleges any facts tending to show any prejudice on the part of the circuit judge against the appellants or either of them personally. It seeks to show that the circuit judge by reason of being interested in two money-lending corporations who- are alleged to be lending money on terms similar to those in the instant case in interest in so deciding this case, as to sustain the contracts of the said corporations. Our statute must be construed in the light of our decisions upon what constitutes a prejudice such as will disqualify a judge. Thus considered our statute must be construed to mean that the prejudice which will disqualify a judge must be a prejudice against a party tO' the cause and not a prejudice based on the possible incidental opinions and views of a judge growing out of his business relations. 23 Cyc. 585. See the luminous discussion of this question in Conn v. Chadwick & Co., 17 Fla. 429, in which it is very clearly shown that a contrary rule would not only put it in the power of a party to select the judge who was to decide his case, but wpuld .practically wipe out the judicial powers conferred upon judges by the constitution. No authority is cited by appellants which sustains their contention.

The circuit judge correctly ruled that he was without power to follow his personal inclination, but was to be governed wholly by the law of this state, and the sole question was whether the facts set forth in the petition constituted a disqualification of the judge to sit; if these facts do not make out a case of actual disqualification, the order of removal of the cause would be a nullity. Williams v. Robles, 22 Fla. 95.

It is clear that the disqualifying interest is a property interest in the action, not a mere interest in an abstract question that may be involved therein and which may arise in some possible future independent litigation not yet begun in which the judge may then have some interest.

For all errors a judge may commit a party has his right of appeal.

The decree of the circuit judge is affirmed.

Parkhill, J., concurs;

Shackleford, C. J., Cockrell and Whitfield, JJ., concur in the opinion.

Taylor, J.,

{concurring.)-—-The application for change of venue states in general terms the legal conclusion that the judge is prejudiced, but when the facts are stated that comprise this alleged prejtidice, they do not even tend to show any prejudice on the judge’s part either for or against any of the parties to the cause, but attempt to show that the judge, by reason of being a stockholder or director in two money-lending corporations Who are total strangers to this litigation, but who loan money on the same terms as was done in this case, is interested, (not prejudiced) in the question simply that is involved in this case, vis.: that of the proper interpretation of the question of usury in the transaction involved.

In the case of Adams, Admr. v. Board of Trustees of Internal Imp. Fund, 37 Fla. 266, 20 South. Rep. 266, in a discussion of the question as to what interest a party must have in the litigation in order to be disqualified as a witness to transactions had with a party deceased at the time of giving testimony, it was held that: “An interest by the witness simply in the question involved does disqualify him under the proviso of our statute, but, to disqualify him, he must be so interested in the result of the suit as that he would gain or. lose directly and iimnediately thereby,- or that the record therein could be used as legal evidence either for or against him in some other suit as' an establishment or disestablishment of the matters testified about.” When it is claimed that a judge is disqualified to preside over the trial of a cause because of interest, we think that the same test would be applicable to him as was applied in the case above quoted from, viz.: He must be so interested in the result of the suit as that he would gain or lose directly and immediately thereby, and not simply that he was interested in the question 'involved therein. 17 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2nd ed.) p. 741, and-cases cited.

The judicial disqualification guarded against by the statute invoked in this case is based upon prejudice on the judge’s' part, not a collateral interest in the question involved in the case, and such collateral interest cannot be warped or twisted into a prejudice by any legitimate reasoning. There was no error in the refusal of the change of venue applied for.  