
    114 A.3d 333
    ROBERT OCCHIFINTO AND NVE, INC., PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS, v. OLIVO CONSTRUCTION CO., LLC, MARTIN OLIVO, HOUGHTON, QUARTY & WARR, LLC, WW CONSTRUCTION AND MASONRY STAR BUILDING SYSTEMS, ANDRES F. ANDERSEN ASSOCIATES, INC., DIAMOND SAND AND GRAVEL CO., INC., ANTUL N. SHAH, P.E., ANS CONSULTANTS, INC., AND BARDO COX & MILLER, INC., DEFENDANTS, AND ROBERT S. KEPPLER MASON CONTRACTORS, LLC, A/K/A ROBERT S. KEPPLER CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, LLC, AND MERCER MUTUAL INSURANCE CO., DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.
    Argued January 21, 2015
    Decided May 7, 2015.
    
      
      Dennis T. Smith argued the cause for appellants (Pashman Stein, attorneys).
    
      Michael L. Testa, Sr., argued the cause for respondent Mercer Mutual Insurance Company of New Jersey (Testa Heck Scrocca & Testa, attorneys; Justin R. White, on the brief).
    
      Gregory J. Irwin submitted a brief on behalf of respondent Robert S. Keppler Mason Contractors, LLC a/k/a Robert S. Keppler Concrete Construction, LLC (Harwood Lloyd, attorneys).
   Justice SOLOMON

delivered the opinion of the Court.

Plaintiff Robert Occhifinto (Occhifinto) brought an action for damages against defendant Robert S. Keppler Mason Contractors, LLC (Keppler), and other entities responsible for the construction of an addition to his manufacturing warehouse (liability action). Occhifinto alleged that defendants’ negligence caused the addition’s concrete floor to fracture and fail. In the liability action, Keppler was defended by its insurance carrier, Mercer Mutual Insurance Company (Mercer), under a reservation-of-rights agreement. Before trial in the liability action, Mercer filed a complaint challenging its obligation to provide coverage and to defend Kep-pler, which Occhifinto opposed on Keppler’s behalf. The trial court found that Mercer was required to indemnify Keppler for damages assessed that were covered by the insurance policy.

The liability action proceeded to trial, and the jury found that Keppler breached its duty of care but did not proximately cause the failure of the warehouse floor and, therefore, awarded no damages against Keppler. After trial, Occhifinto moved to collect counsel fees from Mercer pursuant to Rule 4:42-9(a)(6), which authorizes trial courts to award counsel fees in “an action upon a liability or indemnity policy of insurance in favor of a successful claimant.” The trial court denied Occhifinto’s motion, holding that he was not a successful claimant because Keppler was not found hable for damages in the liability action.

We conclude that plaintiff was “a successful claimant” entitled to counsel fees under Rule 4:42 — 9(a)(6), and therefore reverse the judgment of the AppeUate Division.

I.

The following facts are undisputed for the purpose of this appeal. Occhifinto sought to expand the nutritional supplement factory he owned and operated by constructing more manufacturing and storage space. He hired Olivo Construction Co., LLC (Olivo) as the general contractor for the expansion. Olivo hired Keppler as the masonry subcontractor. Keppler’s primary responsibility under the subcontract was to pour the manufacturing building’s second-story concrete floor. Several months after completion of the expansion, the second-story floor began to fracture, rendering the building unsafe for occupancy. Subsequently, Oc-chifinto filed a complaint alleging negligence, among other things, against Keppler and the other entities involved with the construction.

Keppler held a general liability insurance policy issued by Mercer, which covered property damage to third parties resulting from an “occurrence” or accident. The policy excluded from coverage damages resulting from “a failure to perform an agreement or contract in accordance with its terms”; and “property damage caused, to any extent, by [Keppler’s] products or [Kep-pler’s] work or any part of such.” Mercer initially agreed to provide Keppler with a legal defense but reserved the right to disclaim coverage.

In an effort to disclaim coverage Mercer filed a declaratory judgment action before the liability action commenced. Mercer asserted that it had no duty to defend or indemnify Keppler against Oechifinto’s claims because the alleged damages fell outside of the policy’s coverage. Occhifínto defended the declaratory judgment action on behalf of Keppler and filed a counterclaim asserting that (1) Mercer had a duty to defend and indemnify Keppler under the policy, and that (2) Mercer was required to pay the counsel fees incurred defending the declaratory judgment action.

The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment on the insurance coverage question. Mercer also requested an adjournment of the liability action pending resolution of the declaratory judgment action on coverage. The trial court denied Mercer’s summary judgment motion and partially granted Ocehifinto’s, reserving the claim for counsel fees until the conclusion of the liability action. In his decision the trial judge stated, “I am satisfied that with regard to the proofs that have been presented on this application, that there is coverage under the policy.” The judge then determined “that there is a duty to provide indemnification in the event that there is a finding of liability at trial.” Finally, the judge denied Mercer’s request for an adjournment, and consolidated Occhifinto’s claim for counsel fees in the declaratory judgment action with the liability action.

At the conclusion of the liability trial, the jury found Keppler not liable, determining Keppler had breached its duty of care to Occhifinto but the breach was not a proximate cause of Occhifin-to’s damages. Thereafter, Occhifinto moved pursuant to Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) to recover counsel fees incurred defending Keppler in Mercer’s declaratory judgment action. The court denied the motion because the jury found Keppler was not liable. The court reasoned that Occhifinto was not a “successful claimant” because success under the rule “is contingent upon the securing of indemnity coverage.”

The Appellate Division affirmed in an unpublished opinion. We granted certification limited to the issue of Occhifinto’s right to counsel fees under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6). Occhifinto v. Olivo Constr. Co., LLC, 217 N.J. 291, 88 A.3d 187 (2014).

II.

Occhifinto contends he is a “successful claimant” under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) because the trial court required Mercer to defend and, if necessary, indemnify Keppler. In addition, he argues that no deference is owed to the trial court’s decision because it was predicated upon a misconception of controlling legal principles, not upon an exercise of its discretion.

Mercer counters that to be a “successful claimant” under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6), Occhifinto was required to prevail in the liability action. Thus, Mercer maintains that the trial court applied the correct legal standard governing the award of counsel fees under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6). Mercer also asserts that it provided a defense to Keppler under a reservation of rights agreement; thus, the only issue decided by the declaratory judgment action was whether Mercer was contractually obligated to indemnify Keppler against the types of claims alleged in Occhifinto’s complaint. Accordingly, Mercer claims the duty to defend was never at issue, and Occhifinto must show he succeeded in securing indemnity coverage to be a “successful claimant.”

III.

A.

Resolution of the present issue requires an understanding of New Jersey’s policy regarding fee shifting, which is the award of counsel fees to a successful party. New Jersey courts “have traditionally adhered to the American Rule as the principle that governs the allocation of attorneys’ fees.” Walker v. Giuffre, 209 N.J. 124, 127, 35 A.3d 1177 (2012). The American Rule “ ‘prohibits recovery of counsel fees by the prevailing party against the losing party.’ ” In re Estate of Vayda, 184 N.J. 115, 120, 875 A.2d 925 (2005) (quoting In re Niles Trust, 176 N.J. 282, 294, 823 A.2d 1 (2003)). Thus, litigants typically bear the cost of their own legal representation. Ibid. “The purposes behind the American Rule are threefold: (1) unrestricted access to the courts for all persons; (2) ensuring equity by not penalizing persons for exercising their right to litigate a dispute, even if they lose; and (3) administrative convenience.” Niles Trust, supra, 176 N.J. at 294, 823 A.2d 1.

Notwithstanding New Jersey’s “ ‘strong public policy against the shifting of costs,’” counsel fees may be awarded in certain circumstances. Litton Indus., Inc. v. IMO Indus., Inc., 200 N.J. 372, 404-05, 982 A.2d 420 (2009) (quoting Vayda, supra, 184 N.J. at 120, 875 A.2d 925). A goal of fee shifting is to discourage parties from using the costs of litigation to gain an advantage over their opponent. See Niles Trust, supra, 176 N.J. at 299-300, 823 A.2d 1; In re Estate of Lash, 169 N.J. 20, 26, 776 A.2d 765 (2001). Here, Occhifinto’s fee-shifting claim is based on Rule 4:42-9(a), which authorizes fee shifting in eight specific circumstances, *3 including “an action upon a liability or indemnity policy of insurance in favor of a successful claimant.” R. 4:42-9(a)(6). Fee shifting under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) discourages insurance companies from attempting to avoid their contractual obligations and force their insureds to expend counsel fees to establish the coverage for which they have already contracted. Sears Mortg. Corp. v. Rose, 134 N.J. 326, 356, 634 A.2d 74 (1993); Guarantee Ins. Co. v. Saltman, 217 N.J.Super. 604, 610, 526 A.2d 731 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 109 N.J. 484, 537 A.2d 1278 (1987); Kistler v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co., 172 N.J.Super. 324, 329-30, 411 A.2d 1175 (App.Div.1980).

The term successful claimant is broadly defined as a party that ‘“sueceed[s] on any significant issue in litigation which achieves some benefit the parties sought in bringing suit.’ ” R.M. v. Supreme Court of New Jersey, 190 N.J. 1, 10, 918 A.2d 7 (2007) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 1939, 76 L.Ed.2d 40, 50 (1983)). A party who “obtain[s] a favorable adjudication on the merits on a coverage question as the result of the expenditure of [counsel] fees,” is a successful claimant under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6). Transamerica Ins. Co. v. Nat’l Roofing Inc., 108 N.J. 59, 63, 527 A.2d 864 (1987).

A successful claimant under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) may include a party in a negligence action who, like plaintiff, is a third-party beneficiary of a liability insurance policy and litigates a coverage question against a defendant’s insurance carrier. See Sears, supra, 134 N.J. at 355, 634 A.2d 74; Myron Corp. v. Atl. Mut. Ins. Corp., 407 N.J.Super. 302, 311, 970 A.2d 1083 (App.Div. 2009), affd o.b., 203 N.J. 537, 4 A.3d 999 (2010). We authorize trial courts to award counsel fees in favor of third-party beneficiaries of insurance contracts because “an insurer’s refusal to provide liability coverage may also, as a practical matter, preclude an innocent injured party from being able to recover for the injury.” Myron, supra, 407 N.J.Super. at 311, 970 A.2d 1083.

B.

Having determined that a successful claimant under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) is one who “obtain[s] a favorable adjudication on the merits on a coverage question as the result of the expenditure of [counsel] fees,” Transamerica, supra, 108 N.J. at 63, 527 A.2d 864, we must next determine whether the duty to defend is a coverage question. We have held that the duty to defend is a “coverage question” if the complaint alleges claims that would, if proven, fall under the policy. Voorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 128 N.J. 165, 173-74, 607 A.2d 1255 (1992).

In Schmidt v. Smith, 294 N.J.Super. 569, 591, 684 A.2d 66 (App.Div.1996), aff'd, 155 N.J. 44, 713 A.2d 1014 (1998), the Appellate Division considered the meaning of “success” in a declaratory judgment action and concluded that a party who confirms an insurance carrier’s duty to defend qualifies as a successful claimant even if there is no award of damages requiring indemnification. The plaintiff in Schmidt filed a complaint against her manager and his employer, alleging sexual harassment, hostile work environment, assault, assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Schmidt, supra, 294 N.J.Super. at 574, 684 A.2d 66. The employer’s liability insurance carrier refused to defend either the employer or the manager, asserting that the claims against them resulted from intentional conduct, which was excluded under the policy. Ibid. The employer filed a declaratory judgment action against its liability insurance carrier seeking reimbursement for the counsel fees and costs incurred defending the liability action on its own behalf and on behalf of its manager. Ibid.

The trial court stayed the declaratory judgment action pending completion of the liability trial, after which the jury found for the plaintiff. Id. at 574-75, 684 A.2d 66. In answers to special interrogatories, the jury found that both the employer and the manager were liable for claims of sexual harassment and hostile work environment, and that the manager was individually liable for assault, assault and battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Ibid.

In the declaratory judgment action, the trial court held that the employer was entitled to indemnification on the claims of sexual harassment and hostile work environment because the plaintiff did not show that the employer’s actions were intentional. Id. at 584, 684 A.2d 66. However, the court determined that the manager was not entitled to indemnification because the acts for which he was found liable resulted from intentional conduct. Id. at 588, 684 A.2d 66. Nevertheless, the trial court found the insurance carrier had a duty to defend the employer and the manager, and both were entitled to reimbursement for counsel fees and costs incurred defending the action. Id. at 589, 684 A.2d 66.

On appeal, the Appellate Division correctly applied this Court’s holding in Voorhees, supra, 128 N.J. at 173, 607 A.2d 1255, that an insurer’s duty to defend is determined by the nature of the claims alleged in the complaint and not the merits of those claims. The appellate court held that, where an insured or a third-party beneficiary of an insurance policy has established the carrier’s duty to defend, counsel fees are recoverable regardless of the liability determination in the underlying case. Schmidt, supra, 294 N.J.Super. at 591, 684 A.2d 66; accord Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, comment 2.6 on R. 4:42-9 at 1807 (2015) (“[A]n insured entitled to a defense under the policy is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees for the defense even if he is later determined not to be entitled to indemnification.”).

In affirming the Appellate Division, we explicitly adopted the approach taken in Schmidt, supra, 294 N.J.Super. at 591, 684 A.2d 66, that a party to a declaratory judgment action qualifies as a successful claimant when the insurance carrier’s duty to defend is proven, even if there is no duty to indemnify. Schmidt v. Smith, 155 N.J. 44, 53, 713 A.2d 1014 (1998) (“We affirm the conclusions of the Appellate Division relating to [the insurance carrier’s] liability for the defense costs incurred by [the claimants].”).

C.

We acknowledge that the award of counsel fees under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) involves the exercise of sound discretion by the trial court. Passaic Valley Sewerage Comm’rs v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 206 N.J. 596, 619, 21 A.3d 1151 (2011) (holding trial courts have “broad discretion as to when, where, and under what circumstances counsel fees may be proper and the amount to be awarded”). However, the trial court in this instance denied Occhifinto’s motion based upon the assumption that success under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) “is contingent upon the securing of indemnity coverage.” The court’s ruling was therefore based upon its mistaken interpretation of the meaning of “successful claimant” under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) rather than an exercise of its discretion. As an interpretation of law the trial court’s judgment is not entitled to deference; we review legal determinations based on an interpretation of our court rules de novo. State ex rel. A.B., 219 N.J. 542, 554-55, 99 A.3d 782 (2014); Myron, supra, 407 N.J.Super. at 309, 970 A.2d 1083.

IV.

With those principles in mind, we consider the declaratory judgment action filed by Mercer. Mercer’s complaint explicitly denied “a duty to defend and/or indemnify [Keppler] for any and all acts complained of by [plaintiff],” and asked the trial court to “declare that plaintiff Mercer does not owe a duty to defend and/or indemnify” Keppler. Mercer also sought to have the trial date adjourned in the event its motion for summary judgment was successful.

Mercer’s attempt to disclaim coverage by filing a declaratory judgment action forced Occhifinto — a third-party beneficiary of Keppler’s liability insurance policy — to defend so that, if successful in the underlying liability action, he would be able to recover damages awarded against Keppler.

The trial court granted Occhifinto’s summary judgment motion without mentioning Mercer’s duty to defend Keppler. However, the court held that Mercer would be required to indemnify Keppler in the event Keppler was found liable. The trial court thus concluded that the complaint alleged claims that would, if proven, fall under Keppler’s policy with Mercer. See Voorhees, supra, 128 N.J. at 173, 607 A2.d 1255. That conclusion finds support in this record based upon our independent review of the pleadings and we see no basis for its disturbance. The trial court’s additional determination that Mercer may have a duty to indemnify Keppler had the practical result of enforcing Mercer’s duty to defend. Occhifinto thus succeeded in the declaratory judgment action by forcing Mercer to continue to defend Keppler in the liability action.

By forcing Mercer to defend Keppler in the liability action Oechifinto “obtain[ed] a favorable adjudication on the merits on a coverage question as the result of the expenditure of [counsel] fees.” Transamerica, supra, 108 N.J. at 63, 527 A.2d 864. Thus, Oechifinto was a successful claimant under Rule 4:42 — 9(a)(6). See ibid. This conclusion is consistent with the policy goals we articulated in Sears, supra, that Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) seeks to discourage insurance companies from filing declaratory judgment actions to avoid their contractual obligations to provide the coverage for which their insureds have contracted. 134 N.J. at 356, 634 A.2d 74; see also Guarantee Ins., supra, 217 N.J.Super, at 610, 526 A.2d 731.

V.

Because the trial court concluded in the declaratory judgment action that the complaint filed in the liability action alleged claims that would, if proven, fall under Keppler’s liability insurance policy with Mercer, thereby enforcing Mercer’s duty to defend, Occhifin-to was a successful claimant entitled to counsel fees pursuant to Rule 4:42-9(a)(6). We therefore reverse the judgment of the Appellate Division and remand the matter to the trial court for a determination of the amount of counsel fees to be awarded to Oechifinto.

For reversal and remandment — Chief Justice RABNER and Justices LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON and Judge CUFF (temporarily assigned) — 7.

Opposed — None. 
      
       Occhifinto's complaint also alleged breach of contract, breach of warranties, and other related claims which are not relevant to this decision.
     
      
       The award of counsel fees to the successful litigant is allowed by statute, court rule, contract terms, and equitable principles. With some variance, this approach is adopted by most jurisdictions. See generally John F. Vargo, The American Rule on Attorney Fee Allocation: The Injured Person's Access to Justice, 42 Am. L.Rev. 1567, 1578-88 (1993); see also Trope v. Katz, 11 Cal.4th 274, 45 
        Cal.Rptr.2d 241, 902 P.2d 259, 262-63 (1995); Schoonmaker v. Lawrence Brunoli, Inc., 265 Conn. 210, 828 A.2d 64, 94 (2003); Goodrich v. E.F. Hutton Grp., 681 A.2d 1039, 1043-44 (Del.1996); Preferred Mut. Ins. Co. v. Gamache, 426 Mass. 93, 686 N.E.2d 989, 991 (1997); Baker v. Health Mgmt. Sys., 98 N.Y.2d 80, 745 N.Y.S.2d 741, 772 N.E.2d 1099, 1104 (2002); State ex rel. Doe v. Smith, 123 Ohio St.3d 44, 9141 N.E.2d 159, 165, reconsideration denied, 123 Ohio St.3d 1474, 915 N.E.2d 1256 (2009); McMullen v. Kutz, 603 Pa. 602, 985 A.2d 769, 775 (2009).
     
      
       The eight circumstances are
      family actions when permitted under Rule 5:3-5(c); out of a fund in court; in certain probate actions; in mortgage foreclosure actions; in tax certificate foreclosure actions; in actions upon a liability or indemnity insurance policy; as otherwise expressly allowed by the Rules of Court; and in all cases where statutorily allowed.
      
        [Litton, supra, 200 N.J. at 405, 982 A.2d 420 (citing R. 4:42-9(a)(1) to (8).) ]
     
      
       Mercer's contention that it did not contest its duty to defend Keppler is inconsistent with Mercer's request for an adjournment of the trial contained in its motion for summary judgment; the adjournment request's obvious design was to provide Keppler with an opportunity to obtain substitute counsel in the event that Mercer's motion was granted.
     
      
       Although we held in Passaic Valley, supra, 206 N.J. at 619, 21 A.3d 1151, that the award of counsel fees under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6) “is not mandatory” and that trial courts should award counsel fees based on the “totality of the circumstances,” the decision not to award counsel fees here was based on a misapprehension of the law. Further, none of the factors militating against the award of counsel fees in Passaic Valley are present here.
     