
    Catharine Roach, as Administratrix, etc., Resp’t, v. City of Ogdensburg, App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Third Department,
    
    
      Filed September 27, 1894.)
    
    Municipal corporation—Streets—Plan of construction.
    A city is not liable for injuries caused by a defect in the plan adopted for laying a sidewalk.
    Appeal from a judment entered on á verdict in favor of plaintiff, and from an order denying a motion for á new trial on the merits.
    
      Louis Hasbrouck (Charles A. Kellogg and Thomas Sprait, of counsel), for app’lt; Malby & Lucey, for resp’t.
   Putnam, J.

The evidence pronounced by the parties oh the trial was such that the jury could have found that the defect in the street, which caused the death of plaintiff’s intestate, existed in consequence of the neglect of defendant’s officers to make proper repairs thereon, or that the accident to ,th'e deceased occurred at the crosswalk on Ford and State streets, -in the city of Ogdensburg, and was caused by the error or mistake of the common council of the defendant in the plan of the work. Such being the case, we think the trial court erred in declining to instruct the jury that, if they should find that the death of Roach was owing to the latter cause, the plaintiff could not recover, ánd in charging as follows: “ It is claimed by the defendant in this action that that crosswalk was so constructed under a resolution of the common council of the city of Ogdensburg, and that, it having been so constructed, -if they made a mistake in the plan, the city is not liable for it. A mistake in the plan of the work, of itself, would be no defense to this action ; but if it was simply a mistake of judgment on their part, and they had adopted one of two plans, either of which, at the time they adopted it, would seem to a reasonable, cáreful, prudeiit man to be a proper plan to be used under the circumstances under which it was used, and it after-, wards turned out that they had made a mistake of judgment on their part, and that they had not adopted the best plan, they would not be liable. That would simply'be an error of judgment. If they exercised their judgment as reasonably careful and prudent men, charged with the duty of maintaining safe highways, would ordinarily do under the circumstances, the city cannot be made liable if it turns afterwards that, although they hád exercised their best judgment, they had not adopted the best plan. They were only bound to use such judgment as a reasonably prudent and careful man would exercise under the circumstances. * * * If they adopted a plan that was obviously dangeróus, and that any man of ordinary prudence ought to know wag dárigeróús, then the city is liable, though it was adopted by resolution of the common council. * * * If it was a dangerous place, and one which any man of ordinary prudence, in charge of a street, or who looked at it, would pronounce dangerous, it makes no difference how it got there. If it was there, and they had notice of it, that is sufficient, and' the city would be chargeable with negligence in maintaining it there.”

The effect of this charge was to instruct the jury that the corporation was liable for the accident that caused the death of plaintiff’s intestate, although occurring by reason of the defect of the plan of the crosswalk adopted by the common council of defendant, if such plan was not one that .should be adopted by reasonably prudent and careful men. In other wolds, the court submitted to the jury the question as to the propriety of the plan of the crosswalk made by defendant.. It instructed thetri, not ás held in the authorities, that the city was not liable for the accident that caused the death of Roach if it occurred by reason of a defect in the plan of the sidewalk adopted by the city, but that it was not liable if such death was caused by a defect in the crosswalk, and the plan thereof adopted by the common council was such as reasonable and careful men would approve. If this instruction to the jury by the trial court was correct, it is obvious that in every similar case against a muriicipal corporation it would be proper to submit to the jury the propriety of the plan adopted by its common council. In every case where there was a defective plan the jury could determine that it wás one which reasonably careful and prudent men w;ould not adopt. We think the authorities do not sustain such a doctrine. In Urquhart v. City of Ogdensburg, 91 N. Y. 67, it appeared that the accident which caused the injury to plaintiff for -which the action was brought, was owing to a defect in the plan adopted by the city in laying the sidewalk. The court of appeals held that the trial judge erred in refusing to charge “ that the defendant cannot be held liable for any fault in the plan of the work, and hence was not liable for the steepness of the slope or incline from the platform to the curbstone.” The court of appeals also held that the trial judge erred in denying defendant’s motion for a non suit. The plan adopted in the case cited appeared to be dangerous, but, instead of determining that it should have been submitted to the jury to find whether it was such a plan as a reasonable and careful person should adopt, the court of appeals held that, the dangerous slope in the street which caused the injury appearing to have been made pursuant to the plan of defendant’s common council, a nonsuit should have been granted. I am not aware that the case above cited has been doubted or overruled. See Urquhart v. City of Ogdensburg, 97 N. Y. 238; Garrett v. Trustees of Village of Canandaigua, 135 id. 436-443; 48 St. Rep. 462; Betts v. Village of Gloversville, 29 St. Rep. 331; 8 N. Y. Supp. 795.

The correct doctrine applicable to this case is ably stated in Carr v. Northern Liberties, 34 Pa. St. 324-329 (when the question of the liability of a municipal corporation for an injury resulting from a defective plan adopted by its common council was under consideration), as follows: “Municipal corporations have often been held liable for carelessness in the exercise of their functions ; but if we do undertake to correct the evil in such a case as this, 'on the ground of carelessness, we do not see how to escape from the necessity of submitting the propriety of all acts of grading and draining in our towns to the decision of juries, for even discretionary acts may be charged to have been ignorantly or carelessly resolved upon. Any street may be complained of, as being too steep or too level; gutters, as being too-deep or too shallow, or as being pitched in a wrong direction; and there may be evidence that these things were carelessly resolved upon, and then a tribunal that is foreign to the municipal system will be allowed to intervene,, and control the town officers. And the end is not yet; for, if a regulation be altered to suit the views of one jury, the alteration may give rise to another case, in which the new regulation will be likewise condemned. This theory is so vicious that it cannot possibly be admitted.”

The above case was cited with approval and the same doctrine stated by Cooley, Ch. J., in City of Detroit v. Beckman, 34 Mich. 125-128; and the last named case was followed by the same judge in City of Lansing v. Toolan, 37 Mich. 152, referred to and followed in Urquhart v. City of Ogdensburg, 91 N. Y. 71.

■ For the reasons above stated, we conclude that the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted ; costs to abide the event.

Mayham, P. J., concurs; Herrick, J., concurs in the result.  