
    Alton R. Easton, Plaintiff in Error, v. Thomas L. Salisbury.
    Between May, 1829, and July, 1832, there was an interval in the acts of Congress reserving lands from sale which wére claimed under Spanish concessions in Louisiana; and during this interval, an entiy or patent for any of these . lands would have been valid..
    . But a patent issued in 1827, whilst the reservation was in force, was void, and the patent did not become operative proprio vigóre during the interval, between 1829 and 1832.
    .The confirmation of the concession in 1836, therefore, gave a^good title to the claimant under the concession. ■
    Moreover, the New Madrid warrant, not being located within one year from the 26th of April, 1822, was Void.
    ■ This base was brought up from the Supreme Court of Missouri by a writ of error issued under the 25th section of the judiciary act.
    It was a petitionin the nature of an ejectment'brought by Easton against Salisbury in the St. Louis Court' .of Common ,Pleas, to recover the lots described in the opinion of the court. The Court of. Common Pleas gave judgment for the defendant, and this judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court.
    . The plaintiff claimed under a New Madrid patent issued in 1827, and the defendant ■ under a Spanish concession which was confirmed in 1836. The Supreme. Court of Missouri were of opinion that the New Madrid patent was absolutely void when issued, and that it did not become operative in the interval between May, 1829, and July, 1832.
    The case wa» argued in this court by Mr. Gibson and Mr. Gamble for the plaintiff in 'error, and by Mr. Ewing for the defendant.
    The counsel for the plaintiff in error contended that the question involved in this case was not ruled or raised in Mills v. Stoddard, or Stoddard v. Chambers, and that Easton had a right to perfect his title in the interval between 1829 and 1832.
    The two points were thus stated:
    I. The title under which the plaintiff claims was good against the United States. (Les Bois v. Brammell, 4 How., 449; Stoddard v. Chambers, 2 How., 284'; Mills v. Stoddard, 8 How., 364; Menard's Heirs v. Massy, 8 How., 310; Delauriere v. Emerson, 15 How., 525; Hoofnagle v. Anderson, 7 Wheaton.)
    The survey made by the surveyor, gen eral, its return by him to the recorder of land titles, the issuing of a patent certificate by that officer, and of a patent by the President of the United States, were all acts done by the proper officers of the United States; and the question is now for the first time raised in this court, as to the effect of these acts as against the United States:
    
    This question was not only not decided in Mills v. Stoddard, ■ or Stoddard v. Chambers, but the point was not involved in those cases, nor raised by the counsel. On the contrary, in Chambers v. Stoddard, (2 How., 295,) the plaintiff’s • counsel, Messrs. Lawlers and Ewing, say: “If.the question were now between the United States and locator, there might, perhaps, be some grounds for a liberal construction. It might be contended, that the surveyor general, who filed the location and surveyed it, being an officer and agent of the United States, his act as against his principal ought, if possible, to be binding.’
    ■ And the inquiry in that case was, as stated by this court, “ whether the defendant (Chambers) had any title, as against the'plaintiffs."
    
    
      II. The land was subject to be disposed of by the Government during the existence, of .the bar, from 1829 to 1882, to any person, or in any manner, and was then open to entry or location.
    And the plaintiff.had the right, during this time, to perfect his title. But had the plaintiff applied for a patent during the bár, (and this court say- a patent -issued then would have incontestably passed the title,) he would have been properly answered by the officers of the Government, that two patents could never issue by the Government for the same land under the same title,. and to the same person; and that, as his patent passed any title the Government might have, a second patent could add no strength to his claim.
    Suppose the plaintiff, relying on his patent, had purchased Bell’s claim in 1827, and, having then both titles, had failed or neglected to have, it confirmed under the act of 1836; would it. not have been a sheer outrage to permit the United States to deprive him -pf tjiis land, and at the same time to continue -.to claim the land in New Madrid, in lieu of which this was granted ? And yet, such is the legitimate result of the principle which the-defendant seeks to establish.
    . The counsel for the defendant contended that the Supreme Court of Missouri had taken the proper view of the point, that the patent of 1827 was absolutely void; and that, by the act of-Congress of April 2fi, 1822, this warrant was void, being unlocated on the 26th of April, 1823. .
   Mr. Justice McLEAN

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the State of' Missouri. ■ -.

The parties agreed as to the facts in this Case, in order that the points of law might be ruled by the court.

, On- the 9th of July, 1811, there were confirmed to James Smith, by the- commissioners for the adjustment of titles to. land in the Territory of Missouri, lots nine and ten, (9 and 10,) containing two árpens of land, imthe village of Little Prairie, in the county of New Madrid, State of Missouri. Afterwards these lots, while still owned by said Smith, were materially injured by earthquakes, and proof thereof was made before the recorder , of land titles at St. Louis, on the 16th of Novem her, 1815; whereupon, there was issued by said recorder, to said James Smith, a certificate of new location, (commonly called a New Madrid certificate,) numbered 159. On the 22d of October, 1816, said Smith and wife conveyed to Rufus Easton' the said two arpens in Little Prairie, and assigned to him the right to locate other lands under said certificate in lieu of the land so injured, and also conveyed to said Easton the land that might be located by means of said certificate. . On the 16th of November, 1816, Easton gave notice to the surveyor general of said Territory of Missouri of the location of said certificate on a tract of. land about two miles west of the city of St. Louis, and demanded a survey thereof. In March, 1818, a survey was made,- by direction .of the surveyor general, in pursuance of said selection, and was duly returned and approved by said surveyor general; said survey is numbered 2,491, and' the land thereby designated embraces the land in controversy, and is within St. Louis township, in St. Louis county, Missouri. By virtue of the premises, Easton held said land, claiming the same until 1826, when he conveyed the same to. William Russell. On the 28th day of May, 1827, the United States issued a patent on said location for said land to James Smith or his legal representatives. On the 19th of January, 1839, William assigned and conveyéd all his interest in said land to J. G-. Easton, who, on the 18th of March, 1845, conveyed and assigned the same to plaintiff. Defendant is in possession of the land described in the petition, and the same is within the boundaries indicated by said survey and patent.

On the 20th of January, 1800, a concession was made by the Spanish Lieutenant Governor, to one Mordecai Bell, of three hundred and fifty arpens of land, including the premises in controversy. The. representatives of Mordecai Bell, on the 29th of June, 1808, presented the claim for said land, together with a descriptive plat of survey thereof, to. the board of commissioners for the adjustment of land- titles in the Territory of Missouri. The documents showing said claim,' and the deriv active title from Mordecai. Bell, were duly recorded in 1808 by the recorder of land titles for the Territory of Missouri. And on the 4th day of July, 1836, the United States confirmed said claim, according to said plat of survey, to the legal representatives of M. Bell; a survey of said confirmation was made by authority of . the United States in-, and is numbered 3,026. Said survey embraces the land in dispute; and all the title of. the confirmee, by the act of 1836, is in the defendant. The survey numbered 2,491, and also the patent dated 28th of May, T827, are in due form of law; but defendant does not admit the authority of the officers of the United States to make the one or issue the other, nor that the same were made or issued under any law. It is admitted that the land in controversy is worth more'than two thousand dollars; that if the court should be of opinion-that the plaintiff is entitled to recover, it is agreed that the damages shall be fixed at one cent, and the monthly value of the premises at one dollar. Either party is at liberty to turn this case into a bill of exceptions, and thereon prosecute' a writ of error, or take an appeal to the Supreme Court of the State of Missouri, or of the United States. It is admitted that survey No. 3,026 was made under the authority of the United States, but the plaintiff may dispute the power of the United States as regards both the confirmation of 1836 and the survey No. 3,026.

It is admitted that the plaintiff had, at the commencement of this suit, all the title that was invested' in'said- James Smith, or his representatives, by the New Madrid location and patent above mentioned.

It will be observed that this controversy arises between a New Madrid title and a. Spanish concession. A holder of a New Madrid certificate had a right to -locate it on any-of the public lands which had been authorized' to be sold. This claim came into the hands of Alton R. Easton, the plaintiff in error. It yas surveyed in March, 1818, and the 28th of May, 1827, the United States issued a patent to James Smith, or his legal representatives. •

. Erom 1808 to the-26th of May, 1829, reservations were made from time to time to satisfy certain claims, but from that time they ceased, until renewed by the act of the 9th of July, 1832. During this period, it is understood by the plaintiff in error, the “ land in question'was subject to be disposed of to any person, or in any manner, and was then open to entry .or location. And it is urged that the plaintiff had the right during this time to perfect his title.”

The President of the United States has no right to issue patents for land, the sale of which is not authorized by law. In the case of Stoddard v. Chambers, (2 How., 318,) it is said, “The location of Chambers was made on lands not liable to be thus appropriated, but expressly reserved; and this was the ease when his patent was issued.” Had the entry been made or the patent issued after the 26th' of May, 1829, when the reservation ceased, and before it was revived by the act of 1832, the title of the defendant could not be contested.

Nothing was done to give Easton’s title validity, from the •cessation of the reservation, in 1829, until its revival, in 1832. His entry was made in'1818, and on the 28th of May, 1827, his patent was issued. The land located and patented, having been reserved, was not liable to be appropriated by his patent. Whether the withdrawal of the patent might have been procured, or a new one instituted, it is' not necessary to inquire. No such attempt was made.

But it seems by the act of the 26th of April, 1822, it was provided that all warrants under the New Madrid act of th15th of February, 1815, which shall not be located within onyear, shall be held null and void. This law is decisive upon this point: all New Madrid warrants not located within one year from the 26th of April, 1822, are null and void. Smith’s or Easton’s certificate for the New Madrid claim was void, and also his patent when issued, under the paramount claim of Bell, whose title was confirmed by the act of the 4th of July, 1836. Bell made the conveyance to Mackey, not having the legal title; but when, under the act of 1836, the report of the commissioners was confirmed to Bell and his legal representatives, the legal title vested in him, and inured, by way of estoppel, to the grantee, and those who claim by deed under him. (Stoddard v. Chambers, 2 How., 317.)

There was no period from the entry and patent of the New Madrid claim in which that claim was valid. The location was not only voidable, but it was absolutely void, as it was made on land subject to a prior right. And under the act of 1822, all New Madrid warrants not located within a year from that date, were declared to be void.

Whether we look at the confirmatory act of 1836, which vested the title in the confirmee, or to the New Madrid title asserted against it, it is clear that the New Madrid title is without validity, and that the fee is vested in the grantee of Bell.' ■  