
    Edward J. Moniot, Respondent, v. Henry H. Jackson, Adrian H. Jackson, and Stephen H. Jackson, as Executors of and Trustees under the Last Will and Testament of Peter A. H. Jackson, Deceased, Impleaded, Etc., Appellants.
    (Supreme Court, Appellate Term,
    March, 1903.)
    Trustee — Not liable as such, for Ms tort — Amendment of the complaint changing the nature of the cause of action.
    Trustees, of an express trust in realty, charged with the duty of keeping the premises in repair, if liable at all for a failure to do so, can only be held as individuals.
    Where a person seeks, but fails, to make out a case against executors and trustees for their alleged negligence as trustees in not keeping in a safe condition a grating, near a sidewalk in front of their premises, covering an excavation into which he fell, the court should not allow him to amend his complaint upon the trial so as to charge h nuisance, a different cause of action, and permit him to recover as for that.
    Appeal from a judgment of the City Court of the city of New York, in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the City Court of the city of New York, on the 14th day of November, 1902, upon the verdict of a jury for the sum of $378.13 damages and costs, and also from an order, entered in said clerk’s office on the 11th day of November, 1902, denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes, on the ex•ceptions, and because the verdict was contrary to the evidence, ■contrary to law, against the weight of evidence, and for excessive damages.
    Johnston & Johnston (Edward W. S. Johnston, of counsel), for appellants.
    Joseph I. Green, for respondent.
   Giegerich, J.

This action was brought to recover.damages for personal injuries. The complaint alleges that the appellants were executors and trustees under the last will and testament of Peter A. H. Jackson, deceased, and as such executors and trustees were entitled to the possession of, and managed, directed, and controlled the premises known as No. 135 East 31st Street, Borough of Manhattan, New York City,” and further alleged that the individual defendants were the beneficiaries and cestuis que trust of the trusts established by said last will and testament; that Lexington avenue and East Thirty-first street, in the borough of Manhattan and city of New York, were at all the times mentioned and still are public highways; “ that the defendants failed and neglected to keep and maintain in proper and suitable condition and repair for the safe passage of pedestrians, the sidewalks and gratings in front of said premises - * * * and that, on or about the 3d day of June, 1900, the said gratings and sidewalk were in an unsafe and dangerous condition, and of Avhich defendants had due notice; that while the plaintiff was lawfully upon the sidewalk and stepping upon the said gratings in front of said premises he was violently thrown into an excavation which was covered by the said grating and seriously injured,” etc.; and also “ that the said injuries were caused and brought about solely through the negligent, careless, wrongful and unlawful conduct on the part of the defendants, their agents and servants, and without any fault, want of care or due diligence on the part of the plaintiff.”

The appellants (the executors) interposed an answer consisting of denials of the allegations of the complaint, and the individual defendants interposed another answer by another attorney. At the end of the plaintiff’s case, the court, on motion of the individual defendants, dismissed the complaint as to them and all of them. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against the appellants for the sum of $250.

At the opening of the case the appellants’ attorneys moved to dismiss the complaint, on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and also on the ground that the cause of action alleged against them in their representative capacity is for negligence, and for such negligence they were not liable, both of which were denied and the defendant-appellants excepted.

These motions were- renewed at the close of the case and again denied, and the defendant-appellants excepted; and also on the further ground that there was no testimony showing any notice that the condition as testified to by plaintiff’s witnesses had existed for any period of time prior to plaintiff’s stepping upon the place; that the grating was not upon the sidewalk, but within the stoop line, and that there was no proof to sustain an action for negligence, which was the cause of action stated in the complaint, which was denied, and to this denial exception was taken.

The plaintiff’s counsel, at the conclusion of the case, asked to be allowed to conform the pleadings to the proof in regard to the question of nuisance and to amend the complaint in that respect, which was granted, and to which the defendant-appellants duly excepted.

Under such circumstances we think no recovery against the appellants in. their representative capacity can be maintained. Trustees of an express trust in real estate, where the will creating the trust imposes upon them the duty of keeping the premises in repair, are, by virtue of the legal title which is vested in them, liable, if at all, only personally, and not in their representative capacity, for a failure to keep the premises in repair. They are not even liable, in their representative capacity, for their contracts, except in two instances, where they are held liable in equity, but not at law — the first of these being where they have no funds in their hands, and they contract with some person to furnish materials or do work upon the trust estate, and the work or materials furnished is for the benefit of that estate, and they contract with such person so furnishing such work and materials not to become personally liable, but that such person may have a lien upon such trust estate for the value of such work or material, where such lien may be enforced, with the trustees and all their cestuis que trust before the court, against the real property; and the other instance is where the trustees themselves are insolvent, such lien may be enforced likewise against the trust property by a person so furnishing such materials or labor.

In no instance have executors or trustees been held liable in their representative capacity for their torts. Blum v. Dabritz, 39 Misc. Rep. 800; Keating v. Stevenson, 21 App. Div. 604; McCue v. Finck, 20 Misc. Rep. 506; Mulrein v. Smillie, 25 App. Div. 135; New v. Nicoll, 73 N. Y. 127; Rogers v. Wendell, 54 Hun, 542, 547; O’Brien v. Jackson, 167 N. Y. 31. In the latter case the defendant-appellants were the same that are now before the court-, and the same will was in question.

Again, we are clearly of the opinion that no recovery should have been permitted for the nuisance, as was allowed in the court below, on a complaint charging negligence, and this is the only cause of action therein set forth. Ennis v. Myers, 29 App. Div. 382; Cottrell v. Dimick, 1 N. Y. St. Repr. 304; Fisher v. Rankin, 27 id. 584, 585; Maltbie v. Bolting, 6 Misc. Rep. 345; Jorgensen v. Ministers, 7 id. 3.

We also think the court below erred-in granting the amendment to the complaint asked for after the testimony was all in. Hnder such circumstances the court had no power to amend the complaint, for it clearly changed the action from one cause to another, and the exception taken to this amendment was well taken. Fisher v. Rankin, 27 N. Y. St. Repr. 584, 585 ; Keating v. Stevenson, supra; Davis v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co., 17 N. Y. St. Repr. 172; S. C., 110 N. Y. 646. This being our view of the law, it was clearly error to exclude the testimony offered by the defendants on the question of negligence.

The judgment should, therefore, be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellants.

Freedman, P. J., and Gildeesleeve, J., concur.

Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellants to abide event.  