
    JAMES A. HAMILTON, et al., AS TRUSTEES, &c., Respondents and Appellants v. THE MANHATTAN RAILWAY COMPANY, et al., Appellants and Respondents.
    
      Witnesses, what may be asked of them on cross-examination tending to show hostility to or bias in favor of one of the parties to the action—Damages sustained and recovery sought, how affected by statute of limitations.
    
    One of the questions presented by the exceptions of defendants was to the ruling of the court at trial term permitting witnesses to testify as to what, in their opinion, the rental value of plaintiffs’ premises would have been if the defendants’ railroad had not been constructed.
    
      Held, that the reasons and construction of the general term of the supreme court, of the First District in the Kinkele case, and the fact that there ‘is sufficient evidence to sustain the findings of damages, etc., in the case at bar, other than that to the admission of which exceptions were taken, justify the overruling of said exceptions in accordance with the suggestions contained in the McG-ean case. A witness may be asked questions on cross-examination, tending to show his hostility to or bias in favor of one of the parties to the action, and if he denies such hostility or bias, he may be contradicted by other evidence. Such is the general rule that has been so long established by the courts in the trial of cases that it should not be disturbed by the judges. Any change in the same should be left to the Legislature.
    
      Held also, that no recovery can be had for damages that arose more than six years prior to the commencement of the action; but all damages sustained within the said six years may be recovered under a lease that was made more than six years before the commencement of the action, but after the construction of the elevated railroads. Damages sustained during any particular period embraced within the six years, may be recovered.
    Before Freedman and Truax, JJ.
    
      Decided March 4, 1890,
    Appeals by both parties from judgments in Actions Nos. 3 and 4, entered upon findings at equity term.
    
      The plaintiffs appeal from all portions of the judgment in which it was adjudged that plaintiffs were not entitled to recover for any damages that occurred prior to May 1, 1883, and defendants appealed from both judgments.
    
      Burnett &. Whitney, attorneys, and Henry L. Burnett and Edtoard B. Whitney of counsel, for plaintiffs-respondents and appellants.
    
      Davis &. Rapallo, attorneys and of counsel, for defendants - appellants and respondents.
   By the Court.—Truax, J.

Most of the questions that are presented on the defendants’ appeal have heretofore been decided adversely to the defendants, and a further discussion of them is unnecessary.

The question presented by the exception of the defendants to the ruling of the court permitting witnesses to testify what, in their opinion, the rental value of plaintiffs’ premises would have been if the defendants’ railroad had not been constructed, has lately been decided by the general term of the supreme court in the First Department adversely to the defendants. Kinkele v. Manhattan Ry. Co., 55 Hun, 398.

The reasons assigned in that case, and the fact that there is plenty of evidence to sustain the findings of damages other than that to the admission of which exceptions were taken by defendants, warrant us in overruling such exceptions, and in doing this we follow the suggestion contained in the McGean case.

The defendants put a witness on the stand who testified that during the trial he went to the property described in the complaint and asked to be admitted so as to make observations, but the proprietor, Mr. O’Brien, who had been called by plaintiffs as a witness in their behalf, refused to admit him. The defendants then asked their witness to state the reasons he, O’Brien, gave ; this question was objected to and excluded, and the defendants duly excepted. It was stated by defendants’ counsel that the object of the question was to show the animus of O’Brien in the case.

I have always understood the rule to be, that a witness may be asked questions tending to show his hostility to or bias in favor of one of the parties to the action, and if he denies such hostility or bias, he may be contradicted by other evidence, and such is the rule laid down in the following cases. Long v. Lambkin, 9 Cush. 361 ; Atwood v. Welton, 7 Conn. 66 ; Starks v. People. 5 Den. 106 ; Newton v. Harris, 6 N. Y. 345 ; Campbell v. State, 23 Ala. 44 ; Schultz v. Third Ave. R. R. Co., 89 N. Y. 242.

In a civil action, says G-reenleaf, a witness may be asked if he has not expressed feelings of hostility to one of the parties, and if he denies the fact he may be contradicted by other witnesses. 1 Greenl. on Ev., § 450.

It is true that it was said in Schultz v. Third Ave. R. R. Co. supra, that it is always competent to show that a witness produced upon the trial of an action is hostile in his feelings toward the party against whom he is called to testify, or that he entertains malice toward that party, and many cases were cited in support of that proposition, but in all of the cases cited except one the witness whose bias was attempted to be shown either was a party to the action or was first questioned in reference to his feelings of hostility toward the party, and such was the course of procedure in the Schultz case itself, and in the excepted case it does not appear whether the witness had or had not first been examined in regard to the alleged statement of hostility.

The rule is stated in 2 Phillipps on Ev., 902, as follows : On the cross-examination of a witness, it will be permitted to ask him as to any vindictive expressions he may have used towards other persons, where the use of such expressions would affect the character or credit of the witness : but a witness cannot be asked as to such expressions used by another witness, on other occasions than that which is the subject of the trial, such expressions being only matter for the cross-examination of the witness himself.

Stephen in his Digest of the law of evidence says, (Art. 130): “ when a witness is asked under cross-examination (certain questions)......no evidence can be given to contradict him except in the following cases :—(2). If a witness is asked any question tending to show that he is not impartial, and answers it by denying the facts suggested, he may be contradicted.” (See also sec. 177. of the Draft Revision of the Commissioners appointed pursuant to chap. 124 of the Laws of 1887 to revive the laws relating to evidence.)

Whatever may have been the reason of the rule, it is a rul e that has so long obtained in the trial of causes that it should not be disturbed by the judges ; but, if wrong in principle it should be left for the Legislature to correct.

The reason of the rule, I venture to suggest, is that a witness must be examined in reference to the facts in issue, facts relevant to the issue, or facts deemed to be relevant to the issue. The facts in issue are the facts which are affirmed on the one side and denied on the other ; a fact is relevant to the issue when it proves or. tends to prove the existence or non existence of a fact in issue: certain facts which show title, custom, motive, preparation, subsequent conduct, and explanatory statements, certain facts joining part of the same transaction or facts in issue and certain acts of conspirators, are deemed to be relevant to the issue. Now the credibility of a witness is not one of the facts above referred to, but by well established precedent a witness may be asked on cross-examination, (and on cross-examination only), in addition to the questions above referred to, any questions which tend to test his accuracy, veracity or credibility ; or to shake his credit, by injuring his character, but he cannot be compelled to criminate himself. (Stephen's Dig. Art., 127, 2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 129, and 120.)

Witnesses have been asked questions tending to show that a party to an action has expressed feelings of hostility toward his opponent, without interrogating such party in reference thereto, and the answers to such questions have been admitted; but such questions have been admitted because they tend to show another motive for bringing the action, than the desire to enforce legal or equitable rights, and it is not necessary that the party should first have been interrogated in reference thereto, for the answers to such questions may be admitted in evidence although the party to whom they refer has not been examined as a witness.

The trial judge found, as matter 'of fact, in Action No. 3, that prior to April 4,1882, the premises in suit had been leased until May 1,1883, by certain executors, (predecessors in title of the plaintiffs,) under which lease the tenants occupied the said premises for the said term, and that the damage to the rental value of said premises caused by the defendants from April 4, 1882 to. May 1, 1883, was $ 500, but he found as matter of law that plaintiffs were not entitled to recover this sum of $ 500.

A like question arose in action No. 4. The right of a plaintiff to recover his damages in such a case, except so far as it may be barred by the statute of limitations, has been upheld by the general term of this court in the case of Mortimer v. The Manhattan Railway Co., 57 Super. Ct. 509.

In the case at bar it is claimed, however, that the action having been commenced April 4, 1888, the statute of limitations is a bar to any recovery for the period between April 4, 1882, and May 1, 1883, and this claim, as well as the ruling of the learned trial judge who sustained it, rests on the theory that the statute runs not from the day of the injury but from the date of the last prior lease. This is erroneous. The cause of action for a continuing tort, and this is what the acts of the defendants constitute, accrues afresh from day to day so that the statute of limitations commences to run each day against that day’s damage. No recovery can therefore be had for damages which arose more than six years prior to the commencement of the action. On the other hand all damages sustained within the six years may be recovered under a lease made more than six years before the commencement of the action, but after the construction of the elevated railroads, it may be more difficult than in another case to ascertain the precise amount of damage sustained during any particular period embraced in the six years for which damages may be recovered, but that difficulty is no reason for a refusal by the court to award any damage whatever. Fortunately the facts have been fully found, so that the judgment may be made to conform to them. Price v. Price, 33 Hun, 432.

The judgments should be modified by adding to plaintiffs’ damages $ 500, in action No. 3, and $ 545, in action No. 4, and, as so modified, the judgments should be affirmed with costs. But plaintiffs should have only one bill of costs in each case upon both appeals.

Freedman, J., concurred.  