
    420 F. 2d 725
    FIRST NATIONAL BANK IN DALLAS, EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF GEORGE PATTULLO, DECEASED v. THE UNITED STATES LUCILE W. PATTULLO v. THE UNITED STATES
    
      No. 52-66 No. 53-66
    [Decided January 23, 1970]
    
      
      Maiwiee E. Pwmell for plaintiffs; John, D. Heckert, attorney of record. A. E. Aikmm, Locke, Purnell, Boren, Lamey é¡ Neely, and McOVare & Trotter, of counsel.
    
      Philip B. Miller, with whom was Assistant Attorney General Johnnie M. Walters, for defendant. Know Bemis, of counsel.
    Before Cowen, Chief Judge, Laramore, Dureee, Davis, Collins, Skelton, and Nichols, Judges.
    
    
      
       The Interest Equalization Tax Act of 1964 (P.L. 88-663, 78 Stat. 809, adding chapter 41 to sub-title D of the Internal Revenue Code of 1964) 26 U.S.C.A. §§ 4911 et seq., provides in section 2, pertinent here, as follows:
      (a) In General. — There is hereby imposed, on each acquisition by a united States person * * * of stock of a foreign issuer, or of a debt obligation of a foreign obligor * * *, a tax determined under sub-section (b).
      (b) Amount of Tax.—
      (1) Stock. — The tax imposed by subsection (a) on the aequistion of stock shall be equal to 15 percent of the actual value of the stock.
      (c) Effective Date.-—
      (1) General Rule. — * * * [T]he amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to acquistions of stock and debt obligations made after July 18, 1963.
    
   Laramore, Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

In these suits, the First National Bank in Dallas, as executor of tlie estate of George Pattullo, and Lucile W. Pattullo (bis widow), seek recovery of Federal excise taxes and interest paid by the Pattullos, individually, witb respect to tbeir purchases of certain stocks of Canadian corporations in late 1963 and early 1964. The dispositive issue involves the constitutionality of the Interest Equalization Tax Act of 1964 as applied to the transactions here involved. The facts are stipulated and will be summarized here only to the extent necessary to explain the basis for our decision that plaintiffs are not entitled to recover.

On July 18, 1963, President John F. Kennedy delivered to both Houses of 'Congress a message wherein he proposed an “interest equalization tax,” the purpose of which was to alleviate the United States balance of payments problem by restricting long-term capital outflow from the United States.

The proposed tax was to be levied on purchases of foreign securities by United States persons from foreign persons. The effective rate of the tax was to be 15 percent of the value of equity securities, and from 2.75 percent to 15 percent of the value of debt obligations not maturing within three years. Foreign securities purchased from United States persons were to be exempt.

In his message to Congress, President Kennedy explained, with respect to the timing of the proposed tax, that:

* * * Since the effectiveness of this tax requires its immediate application, I am asking Congress to make the legislation effective from the date of this Message. * * *.

After the President addressed Congress, and his message was made public, prices of stocks and bonds dropped on foreign exchanges, especially those in which Japanese or Canadian securities were traded. Other markets reflected a strengthening in the position of the dollar, and a rise in the prices of United States bonds and Treasury bills.

After July 18,1963, it was general knowledge among dealers and brokers in stocks and bonds, both in the United States and abroad, that the Kennedy administration had recommended a tax, applicable from and after July 19,1963, upon the purchase by United States persons of foreign stocks and bonds. It was also the practice of brokers and dealers in stocks and bonds to advise United States persons who wished to buy foreign stocks and bonds that such purchases (from non-United States persons) would be subject to the interest equalization tax if the pending bill were enacted with the effective date proposed by the President. Extensive publicity was given by the press to the President’s proposed interest equalization tax, and to the proposed immediate effectiveness of the tax.

On the day of the presidential message, the United States Treasury Department issued a 26-page “Detailed Explanation of the Interest Equalization Tax,” and a 6-page “Information on Proposed Interest Equalization Tax” with pertinent exemption certificates attached. Each document contained a description of the tax as proposed by President Kennedy, and each was made available to the press and the general public, and sent to members of the New York Stock Exchange. Subsequently, in the Federal Register of August 16, 1963, the Treasury Department published a “Notice of Proposed Effective Date” of the interest equalization tax bill (H.R. 8000, 88th Cong., 2d Sess.). This notice stated that the tax was proposed to apply (with certain specified exceptions) to acquisitions of stock and debt obligations made after July 18, 1963. This Federal Register notice also set out a general description of the provisions of the proposed tax and of the exemptions from its coverage.

The application of the proposed tax to transactions on national securities exchanges in the United States was postponed until August 19, 1963, in order to allow representatives of the Treasury Department and of the exchanges to work out the technical problems for procedures adapted to the proposed tax and its proposed retroactive application. Beginning August 19, 1983, the exchanges instituted procedures whereby a foreign security was subject to normal exchange trading only if the seller was a United States person so that the transaction would not make the buyer liable for the proposed tax. The sale of a foreign security by a seller who was not a United States person could be made only by a special contract, pursuant to an offering stating: “buyer subject to Interest Equalization Tax.” (On the New York Stock Exchange such a sale was designated on the ticker tape by the symbol “F.”).

On August 22,1963, the Toronto Stock Exchange put into operation a second market, called the “Foreign Market,” to handle all transactions between United States sellers and United States 'buyers of Canadian stocks, such sales being exempt from the proposed interest equalization tax. All 1,100 stocks listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange could be traded on this Foreign Market. Bid and asked quotations on the Foreign Market were recorded at each trading post alongside the quotations for the regular market. Foreign Market purchase orders and sales orders were distinctively colored, and all floor slips for these transactions were stamped with the symbol “z”. Also, records of Foreign Market transactions carried the prefix “z” on the Toronto Stock Exchange ticker tape.

The Interest Equalization Tax Act was signed into law on September 2,1964; it contained the above-detailed proposed provisions, which were outlined in the presidential message, without significant change.

George Pattullo was born in Canada in 1880, and lived there until 1906 when he moved to the United States. Mr. Pattullo remained a British subject, however, until 1911 when he was naturalized a United States citizen. In 1913, he married Lucile Wilson, of Dallas, Texas, and throughout their marriage the Pattullos lived in Texas or New York. George Pattullo died July 29, 1967, in New York City, where the Pattullos had resided for many years; he was survived by his wife, Lucile.

For many years, including 1963 and 1964, both George Pattullo and Lucile Pattullo had accounts with Baker, Weeks & Co., a stock brokerage and investment advisory firm with its main office in New York City, as well as offices in Toronto and Montreal. James A. Edgar, a close personal friend of George Pattullo, and Thomas F. Bohen, both of Baker, Weeks & Co., acted as brokers for George Pattullo, who at all times made his own decisions as to what stocks he wanted to buy or sell. George Pattullo also gave instructions to these brokers as to the stocks to be bought or sold for the account of Lucile W. Pattullo.

During the last months of 1963 and the early months of 1964, George Pattullo gave instructions to Mr. Bohen or Mr. Edgar for purchase of stocks in certain Canadian corporations. When George Pattullo said that he wanted to buy these stocks, Mr. Bohen and Mr. Edgar informed George Pattullo that there was pending before the United States Congress a proposed tax called the Interest Equalization Tax, which was proposed to be made retroactive, and if enacted as proposed, would apply to the purchase of foreign securities by United States citizens. Notwithstanding what Mr. Edgar and Mr. Bohen told him, George Pattullo gave them orders to purchase the Canadian stocks on the Toronto Stock Exchange for his account and for his wife’s account. Mr. Edgar, or Mr. Bohen, transmitted these orders to the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co., which then executed the orders on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

During 1963 and 1964, George Pattullo maintained a United States dollar account and a Canadian dollar account in the Agency Bank of Montreal in New York City, and also a Canadian dollar account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal. When the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. executed the purchase orders for Canadian stock for George Pattullo, it charged his account styled “Canadian Funds Account” in Canadian dollars. (George Pattullo also had an account with Baker, Weeks & Co. in New York styled “United States Funds” account, to which were charged his purchases of United States securities.) Upon receipt of the stock certificates pursuant to the purchase orders, the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. would deliver the certificates to the Bank of Montreal, Toronto Branch, against payment by the Bank of Montreal, which would charge the payment to George Pattullo’s Canadian dollars checking account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal. Upon such delivery and payment, the “Canadian Funds Account” with the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. would be credited with the payment received from the Bank of Montreal. The certificates were held by the Bank of Montreal in a “Safekeeping” account for George Pattullo. Lucile W. Pattullo had similar accounts with the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. and with the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal, and the procedures described above were followed with respect to purchases of Canadian stocks made for her.

During the period under review, George Pattullo purchased stocks in Canadian corporations in the total amount of $334,928.12; the initial purchase took place on November 13,1963, and the final purchase took place on February 12, 1964. Prior to any of the subject purchases, on July 18,1963, Mr. Pattullo owned Canadian funds in the amount of $399,503.15, all of which, except for $9,893.28, was on deposit in Canada. After the last of the subject purchases, on March 5, 1964, he owned Canadian funds in the amount of $221,493.12, all of which was on deposit in Canada. Mr. Pat-tullo’s Canadian dollar account in Canada had been replenished, in large part, by proceeds from the conversion, on November 7 and 12, 1963, of $175,000 from his United States dollar account in New York City.

Lucile Pattullo, during the period under review, purchased stocks in Canadian corporations in the total amount of $227,806.24; the initial purchase occurred on November 14, 1963, and the final purchase occurred on February 13, 1964. Mrs. Pattullo owned $560,232.13 in Canadian funds on deposit in Canada on July 18, 1963, and $482,963.57 on March 16, 1964. Mrs. Pattullo’s Canadian dollar account in Canada had likewise been replenished, in part, by proceeds from the conversion, on March 2,1964, of $75,000 from her United States dollar account in New York City.

The Pattullos filed Interest Equalization Tax Returns in December, 1964, reporting the Canadian stock purchases they had made from November, 1963 through February, 1964, and paid the amounts shown to be due on the returns. On June 2, 1965, claims were filed for refund of the taxes so paid, on the asserted ground that the retroactive application of the tax to the subject purchases was unconstitutional. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue did not allow these claims; whereupon, after six months, the Pattullos 'brought these suits.

Plaintiffs contend that the interest equalization tax, as retroactively applied to the transactions here involved, is unconstitutional because, as so applied, the tax (1) violates the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, (2) represents unauthorized legislation by the Executive, and (8) constitutes an invalid unapportioned direct tax. It is our view that plaintiffs’ positions are not well taken; we hold that the Interest Equalization Tax Act, as applied to the subject purchases, is not unconstitutional under any of the theories advanced by plaintiffs.

I

Plaintiffs initially assert the unconstitutionality of the interest equalization tax on the ground that its retroactive application here is arbitrary and capricious, and constitutes a deprivation of property without due process of law in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This is so, plaintiffs urge, irrespective of the quantity or quality of non-statutory notice given prior to enactment regarding the retroactive effect of the tax. We do not agree.

Retroactivity in a tax statute by no means represents a novel occurrence. To the contrary, cases which have dealt with the issue are numerous, and it cannot be gainsaid that such retroactivity is sanctioned in proper circumstances. Thus, the disagreement between the parties here centers largely on whether the circumstances surrounding the instant tax are such that its retroactive application is constitutional.

It is well settled that an income tax statute may be given retroactive effect without violating the Constitution. Brushaber v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., 240 U.S. 1 (1916); Cooper v. United States, 280 U.S. 409 (1930); Welch v. Henry, 305 U.S. 134 (1938); Gillmor v. Quinlivan, 143 F. Supp. 440 (N.D. Ohio 1956). An examination of this principle reveals certain motivating considerations. Initially, there is the revenue-raising purpose of income tax statutes, which purpose is of paramount importance to the continued functioning of government. An income tax is levied, moreover, upon the proceeds of an “involuntary” act; that is, it is generally assumed that a taxpayer will generate income, rather than refrain from so doing, irrespective of the imposition of a tax upon that income. And, perhaps of greatest importance, because the income tax has become a recognized fact of life, taxpayers are presumed to be on notice.

Quite obviously, the considerations underlying different types of tax statutes are not uniform. Indeed, tax statutes commonly vary with respect to, inter alia, their underlying-congressional intent, the transactions or interests upon which they are levied, their economic purpose, and perhaps even their social function. Nevertheless, near exclusive reliance upon the above-detailed considerations incident to income tax statutes is evident when plaintiffs enunciate the rigid tripartite standard which they consider to be the touchstone of valid retroactivity for all tax statutes. This standard, which plaintiffs claim to be the distillate of the decided cases, is that retroactivity in a tax statute is sanctioned only if (1) the tax is primarily a revenue measure, or (2) the tax is not imposed on some voluntary act, or (3) the taxpayer is forewarned of such retroactivity by the statute boohs or repeated congressional practice. The limitation inherent in plaintiffs’ standard, as we understand it, is that a new type of tax, primarily regulatory in nature and imposed upon a voluntary taxpayer act, may never validly be given retroactive effect.

We perceive no such. rigid standard of constitutionality in the decided cases, nor do we recognize the limitation inherent in the alleged standard. See, Milliken v. United States, 283 U.S. 15 (1931); United States v. Hudson, 299 U.S. 498 (1937); Welch v. Henry, supra. We are guided, rather, by the more flexible criteria delineated by the Supreme Court in Welch v. Henry, supra, at page 147:

* * * In each case it is necessary to consider the nature of the tax and the circurmstcmces m which it is laid before it can be said that its retroactive application is so harsh and oppressive as to transgress the constitutional limitation. [Emphasis supplied.]

Accordingly, it is our view that where there is reasonable cause to believe or expect that a tax will be imposed upon a presently nontaxable transaction, the retrospective application of such tax does not constitute a denial of due process.

There can be 'little doubt, on the facts of the instant suits, as to the pervasiveness or the efficacy of the forewarnings given. Indeed, the facts detailed above reveal not only numerous instances of general notice to the public regarding retroactive application of the proposed tax, but also communication of actual notice to plaintiffs to this effect. We do not believe that such widespread and effective notice is the stuff of which denial of due process cases are made. See, Sidney v. Commissioner, 273 F. 2d 928 (2d Cir. 1960).

Nor do the early tax decisions of the Supreme Court relied upon by plaintiffs impart otherwise. See, Nichols v. Coolidge, 274 U.S. 531 (1927); Blodgett v. Holden, 275 U.S. 142 (1927); Untermyer v. Anderson, 276 U.S. 440 (1928). In none of these cases was there any showing of prior notice that the estate tax or gift tax involved, respectively, would be made effective prior to the date of its enactment. A reading of the opinions in these cited cases, moreover, reveals that there was serious disagreement among the members of the Court as to whether the tax statutes there involved were even mtended to apply retroactively.

Perhaps of critical importance here, and .consonant with the above-quoted “balancing test” excerpt from Welch v. Henry, supra, are the circumstances in which the subject tax was laid. Although the interest equalization tax would raise a not insignificant amount of revenue, it is clear that the primary purpose of the tax was regulatory — to limit the outflow of long-term capital from the United States, and thereby alleviate the United States balance of payments problem. The retroactive aspect of the tax, moreover, was no mere embellishment; indeed, that aspect was a necessary prerequisite to the effectuation of the regulatory purpose. For if the interest equalization tax had not been proposed and enacted with retroactive effect, a premium would have been placed upon the consummation of “covered” transactions prior to the tax’s enactment date. Far from relieving the balance of payments problem, such a prospect would have intolerably aggravated the problem. That the public purpose served by the procedures invoked at the time of, and prior to, enactment was of the highest order cannot seriously be questioned.

Nor can it be said, upon an objective view of the facts, that the retroactive application of the tax was “so harsh and oppressive as to transgress the constitutional limitation.” Indeed, any limited restriction imposed upon the Pattullos’ investment options, which restriction actually stemmed from the issuance of effective notice, can hardly counterbalance the serious national purpose underlying the subject tax. Accordingly, we hold that the interest equalization tax, as retroactively applied to the transactions here involved, does not violate tbe due process clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.

II

Plaintiffs alternatively assert the unconstitutionality of the tax on the ground that its retroactive application constitutes the making of law by public announcement, also in violation of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, and represents an encroachment by the President, in violation of the separation of powers, upon the legislative power vested in Congress by Article I, Section 1, of the Constitution. This is so, plaintiffs continue, because the desired result (restriction of outflow of long-term capital) was accomplished, at least in part, prior to the enactment of the tax, owing to the fact that many people heeded the warnings and notices given that the proposed tax would be retrospectively applied. Though the operative facts are accurately portrayed by plaintiffs, the conclusions drawn are without justification.

Clearly, there was no interest equalization tax until the enactment date, September 2, 1964. Implicit in plaintiffs’ argument is the idea that pre-enactment notice that a proposed tax will be retrospectively applied effectively accelerates the enactment date, and invalidates the tax. In this plaintiffs are mistaken; their argument is contrary to the plain realities of the situation. The very warnings which plaintiffs characterize as unauthorized lawmaking represent, in fact, the elements of fairness, reasonableness, and equity in the suits before us.

The realities in these suits, as we view them, are that the Pattullos, with full knowledge of the pendency of a retroactive tax bill apparently applicable to their proposed transactions, chose to gamble that the bill would not become law, or that an exemption would be added covering their purchases. As subsequent events clearly have shown, the gamble was ill-advised. Now, plaintiffs disaffirm the notice that was given for their benefit and, instead, attack such notice as an unconstitutional usurpation of Congress’ legislative power. This, plaintiffs cannot do. Accordingly, we hold that pre-enactment notice of a proposed retroactive tax, followed by the enactment of such tax, does not constitute unauthorized legislation by public announcement.

III

Plaintiffs further assert the unconstitutionality of the interest equalization tax on the ground that, as retroactively applied in the cases now under review, the tax violates the provisions of Article I, Section 2 and Section 9, of the Constitution that no direct tax shall be levied without apportionment. Plaintiffs’ position is necessarily based on the premise that an excise tax, when retroactively applied, is converted to a direct tax requiring apportionment to preserve its constitutionality. This position is not well taken.

It is not entirely clear what characteristics comprise a direct tax, and thus distinguish it from other, or indirect, taxes. At one time classification as a direct tax was synonymous with capitation or poll taxes and taxes on land, while later the issue became one of interpretation with policy considerations a dominant factor. See, Springer v. United States, 102 U.S. 586 (1880); Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429 (1895), on rehearing, 158 U.S. 601 (1895); Nicol v. Ames, 173 U.S. 509 (1899) ; Knowlton v. Moore, 178 U.S. 41 (1900). It is clear, however, that the burden of persuasion that a particular tax is direct lies upon the claimant of such fact. See, New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U.S. 345 (1921); Anniston Mfg. Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 337 (1937). Plaintiffs concede that a tax imposed upon the exercise of a privilege, as here, is an excise tax and not a direct tax. Yet, they urge that such a tax, when retroactively applied, is no longer a tax on the transaction, but rather an unconstitutional direct tax on the underlying property.

We fail to see, and plaintiffs provide no assistance in this regard, how the tax in question is distinguishable, in any meaningful sense, as a direct tax from other valid taxes levied upon the receipt or acquisition of property. See, Scholey v. Rew, 90 U.S. (23 Wall.) 331 (1874); Knowlton v. Moore, supra. Nor do we see how the mere retroactive application of a tax, conceded to be an excise imposed upon the exercise of a privilege, can convert such tax to a direct levy on property. Plaintiffs have failed to sustain their burden of persuasion and we hold, accordingly, that the interest equalization tax is not an unconstitutional direct tax.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The court, having considered the stipulation of the parties, the briefs and argument of counsel, makes findings of fact as follows:

1. George Pattullo was bom in Canada in 1880, and lived there until he was 26 years old. His cousin was later a longtime Prime Minister of Manitoba, one of the Canadian provinces, and at George Pattullo’s death, all 'his kinsmen were Canadians.

2. George Pattullo moved to the United States in 1906. He remained a British subject, however, until 1917 when he was naturalized a United States citizen. By profession Mr. Pattullo was a writer, especially of Western fiction. Pie was the author of several books, including The Untamed (1911), All Our Yesterdays (1948), and Some Men in Their Time (1959). Also his short stories were published in various magazines, including The Saturday Evening Post and McClure’s.

3. In 1913, George Pattullo married Lucile Wilson, of Dallas, Texas. Throughout their marriage the Pattullos have lived in Texas or New York except for the period that George Pattullo served as a special correspondent for The Saturday Evening Post with the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. George Pattullo died July 29, 1967, in New York City, where the Pattullos had resided for many years. He was survived by his wife, Lucile W. Pattullo.

4. On July 18,1963, President John F. Kennedy delivered to both Houses of Congress a message announcing a series of coordinated actions designed to alleviate the United States balance of payments problem, including a proposed “interest equalization tax.” This message appears as H. Doc. No. 141, 109 Cong. Record, Part 10, p. 12806 (Senate), and 109 Cong. Record, Part 10, p. 12940 (House of Representatives).

5. On July 18, 1963, the United States Treasury Department issued a 25-page “Detailed Explanation of the Interest Equalization Tax.” Also on July 18,1963, the Treasury Department issued a 6-page “Information on Proposed Interest Equalization Tax,” attached to which were samples of Forms 3625 and 3626, “Certificates of American Ownership,” the execution of which by American sellers of foreign securities exempted the buyers from liability for the proposed tax. Both the “Detailed Explanation of the Interest Equalization Tax” and the “Information on Proposed Interest Equalization Tax” contained descriptions of the tax as proposed by President Kennedy in his message to Congress. These two documents were made available to the press, and to those of the general public who requested copies. They were also mailed to members and member organizations of the New York Stock Exchange.

6. The press gave extensive publicity to the President’s proposed interest equalization tax and to the proposed immediate effectiveness of the tax. For instance, the recommended tax was the subject of lead articles on the front page of the New York Times for July 19,1963.

7. On July 18, 1963, after President Kennedy’s message was made public, prices of stocks and bonds dropped on foreign exchanges, especially those in which Japanese or Canadian securities were traded. Other markets reflected a strengthening in the position of the dollar (i.e., increases in the prices quoted for dollars in terms of foreign currencies and decreases in the prices quoted for foreign currencies in terms of dollars), and a rise in the prices of United States bonds and Treasury bills. After July 18,1963, it was general knowledge among dealers and brokers in stocks and bonds, both in the United States and abroad, that the Kennedy administration had recommended a tax, applicable from and after July 19,. 1963, upon the purchase by United States persons of foreign stocks and bonds.

8. The Treasury Department published in the Federal Register of August 16,1963, a “Notice of Proposed Effective Date” of the interest equalization tax bill (H.R. 8000). This notice set out the provisions of the bill concerning the proposed effective date ’of the tax. It was stated that the tax was proposed to apply (with certain specified exceptions) to acquisitions of stock and debt obligations made after July 18, 1963. This Federal Register notice also set out a general description of the provisions of the proposed tax and of the exemptions from its coverage.

9. The application of the proposed tax to transactions , on national securities exchanges in the United States was postponed until August 19,1963, in order to allow representatives of the Treasury Department and of the exchanges to work out the technical problems for procedures adapted to the proposed tax and its proposed retroactive application. Beginning August 19, 1963, the exchanges instituted procedures whereby a foreign security was subject to normal exchange trading only if the seller was a United States person so that the transaction would not make the buyer liable for the proposed tax. The sale of a foreign security by a seller who was not a United States person could be made only by a special contract, pursuant to an offering stating: “buyer subject to Interest Equalization Tax.” (On the New York Stock Exchange such a sale was designated on the ticker tape by the symbol “F.”)

10. After July 18, 1963 (or after August 19, 1963, in the case of securities traded on a national securities exchange), it was the practice of brokers and dealers in stocks and bonds to advise United States persons who wished to buy foreign stocks and bonds that such purchases (from non-United States persons) would be subject to the interest equalization tax if the pending bill were enacted with the effective date proposed by the President.

11. On August 22, 1963, the Toronto Stock Exchange put into operation a second market, called the “Foreign Market,” to handle all transactions between United States sellers and United States buyers of Canadian stocks, such sales being exempt from the proposed interest equalization tax. All 1,100 stocks listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange could be traded on this Foreign Market. Bid and asked quotation on the Foreign Market were recorded at each trading post alongside the quotations for the regular market. Foreign Market purchase orders and sales orders were distinctively colored, and all floor slips for these transactions were stamped with the symbol “z.” Also, records of Foreign Market transactions carried the prefix “z” on the Toronto Stock Exchange ticker tape.

12. Baker, Weeks & Co. is a stock brokerage and investment advisory firm with its main office in New York City. The firm has offices in Toronto and in Montreal, Canada, and is a member of the stock exchanges of both those cities, as well as of the New York Stock Exchange and the American Stock Exchange.

13. Both George Pattullo and Lucile W. Pattullo had accounts with Baker, Weeks & Co. for many years, including 1963 and 1964. James A. Edgar, a close personal friend of George Pattullo, and Thomas F. Bohen, both of Baker, Weeks & Co., acted as brokers for George Pattullo, who at all times made his own decisions as to what stocks he wanted to buy or sell. George Pattullo also gave instructions to these brokers as to the stocks to be bought or sold for the account of Lucile W. Pattullo.

14. During the last months of 1963 and the early months of 1964, George Pattullo gave instructions to Mr. Bohen or Mr. Edgar for purchase of stocks in certain Canadian corporations. When George Pattullo said that he wanted to buy these stocks, Mr. Bohen and Mr. Edgar informed George Pattullo that there was pending before the United States Congress a proposed tax called the Interest Equalization Tax, which was proposed to be made retroactive, and if enacted as proposed, would apply to the purchase of foreign securities by United States citizens. Notwithstanding what Mr. Edgar and Mr. Bohen told him, George Pattullo gave them orders to purchase the Canadian stocks on the Toronto Stock Exchange for his account and for his wife’s account. Mr. Edgar, or Mr. Bohen, transmitted these orders to the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co., which then executed the orders on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The stocks so purchased are those set out in findings 23 and 24.

15. When the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. executed the purchase orders for Canadian stock for George Pattullo, it charged his account styled “Canadian Funds Account” in Canadian dollars. (George Pattullo also had an account with Baker, Weeks & Co. in New York styled “United States Funds” account, to which were charged his purchases of United States securities.) Upon receipt of the stock certificates pursuant to the purchase orders, the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. would deliver the certificates to the Bank of Montreal, Toronto Branch, against payment by the Bank of Montreal, which would charge the payment to George Pattullo’s Canadian dollars checking account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal. Upon such delivery and payment, the “Canadian Funds Account” with the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. would be credited with the payment received from the Bank of Montreal. The certificates were held by the Bank of Montreal in a “Safekeeping” account for George Pattullo. Lucile W. Pattullo had similar accounts with the Toronto office of Baker, Weeks & Co. and with the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal, and the procedures described above were followed in respect to purchases of Canadian stocks made for her.

16. During 1963 and 1964, George Pattullo maintained a United States dollar account and a Canadian dollar account in the Agency Bank of Montreal in New York City, and also a Canadian dollar account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal. The following is a statement of George Pattullo’s Canadian dollar account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal from July 18, 1963, through March 5,1964.

GEORGE PATTULLO

Canadian Dollar Account in Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal

17. During 1963 and 1964, Lucile W. Pattullo maintained a United States dollar account and a Canadian dollar account in the Agency Bank of Montreal in New York City, and also a Canadian dollar account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal. The following is a statement of Lucile W. Pattullo’s Canadian dollar account in the Toronto branch of the Bank of Montreal from July 18, 1963, through March 5, 1964.

LUCILE W. PATTULLO

Canadian Dollar Account in Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal

18. The 'following table lists certain certificates of time deposits that George Pattullo field with, the Bank of Montreal. The table shows the number of each certificate, its term and its maturity date, the date George Pattullo purchased it and its total cost to him (in Canadian dollars), and the date George Pattullo cashed it and its total proceeds to him, including interest (in Canadian dollars).

GEORGE PATTULLO

Certificates of Time Deposits with Bank of Montreal

19. The following table lists certain certificates of time deposits that Lucile W. Pattullo held with the Bank of Montreal. The table shows the number of each certificate, its term and its maturity date, the date Lucile W. Pattullo purchased it and its total cost to 'her (in Canadian dollars), and the date Lucile W. Pattullo cashed it and its total proceeds to her, including interest (in Canadian dollars).

LUCILE W. PATTULLO

Certificates of Time Deposits with Bank of Montreal

20. At July 18, 1963, Canadian funds were owned by George Pattullo and Lucile W. Pattullo as follows:

Mr. Pattullo
Bank account — Toronto Branch, Bank of Mon-treal_ $57, 837. 43
Time Deposit (Canadian funds) with Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal, dated May 28, 1963, and due August 26, 1963- 331, 772. 44
Bank account (Canadian funds) — Agency Bank of Montreal, New York, N.Y_ 9, 893. 28
Total Canadian funds_,._ $399, 503.15

The Time Deposit was renewed on August 26 for an additional 90 days and on November 25,1963, the proceeds therefrom, $336,950.63, were deposited in the account at Toronto.

Mrs. Pattullo
Bank account — Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal_ $64, 371. 67
Time Deposits (Canadian funds; with Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal:
Dated April 29, 1963, due July 29, 1963_ $254, 762. 92
Dated May 28, 1963, due Aug. 26, 1963_ 221, 181. 61 475, 944. 53
Bank accounts (Canadian funds)— Agency Bank of Montreal, New York
Individual account_ 18, 598. 41
Joint account_ 1, 317. 52 19, 915. 93
Total Canadian funds. $560, 232. 13

The Canadian funds Time Deposit due July 29, 1963, was renewed at that time and again on October 28, 1963. On January 27, 1964, it matured and the proceeds, $260,747.93, were deposited to her account at the Toronto branch.

The other Time Deposits were renewed at 90-day intervals and were still on hand at June 28, 1966.

21. At March 5, 1964, Canadian funds were owned by George Pattullo as follows:

Bank account — Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal_ $221, 493. 12
Time Deposit (Canadian funds) with Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal_ —0—
Bank account (Canadian funds) — Agency Bank of Montreal, New York, N.Y_ ■ — 0—■
Total Canadian funds_ $221, 493. 12

At March 16, 1964, Canadian funds were owned by Lucile W. Pattullo as follows:

Bank account — Toronto Branch., Bank of Montreal_ $31, 485. 18
Time Deposits (Canadian funds) with Toronto Branch, Bank of Montreal:
Dated Jan. 31, 1964, due May 1, 1964_ $200, 000. 00
Dated Feb. 24, 1964, due May 25, 1964_ 226, 478. 39
Dated Dec. 30, 1963, due March 31, 1964_ 25, 000. 00 451, 478. 39
Bank accounts (Canadian funds)— Agency Bank of Montreal, New York, N.Y_ _ —0—
Total Canadian funds_ _ $482, 963. 57

22. Between October 1,1963, and March 9,1964, the rate of exchange to convert Canadian dollars into IBS. dollars was between 0.92 and 0.93. The rate was subject to daily fluctuations, but for the pertinent dates, never varied by as much as 0.01.

23. The following table lists the stocks issued by Canadian corporations that George Pattullo purchased between July 18, 1963, and September 2,1964. The table shows (1) the date of the trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange, (2) the number of shares purchased, (3) the name of the issuer of the stock purchased and (4) the total cost of the stock in Canadian dollars.

GEORGE PATTULLO

24.The following table lists the stocks issued by Canadian corporations that Lucile W. Pattullo purchased between July 18,1963, and September 2,1964. The table shows (1) the date of the trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange, (2) the number of shares purchased, (3) the name of the issuer of the stock purchased and (4) the total cost of the stock in Canadian dollars.

LUCILE W. PATTULLO

25.On December 14, 1964, George Pattullo filed a Quarterly Interest Equalization Tax Return (Form 3780) upon which he reported the following “Taxable Acquisitions of Stock of a Foreign Issuer by a United States Person.”

On December 14, 1964, George Pattullo paid the $46,568.67 in tax reported to be due on the return, plus $286.43 in interest.

26.On December 11, 1964, Lucile W. Pattullo filed a Quarterly Interest Equalization Tax Return (Form 3780) upon which hhe reported the following “Taxable Acquisitions of Stock of a Foreign Issuer by a United States Person.”

On December 14,1964, Lncile W. Pattullo paid the $31,650.71 in tax reported to be due on the return, plus $194.67 in interest.

27. On March 8, 1965, George Pattullo filed a claim for refund of the $2,563.66 in interest equalization tax he had paid on account of his purchase of 1,000 shares of Calgary and Edmonton Corp., Ltd., stock in November, 1963. On October 22,1965, George Pattullo was refunded the $2,563.66 pursuant to his claim for refund on the ground that Calgary and Edmonton Corp., Ltd., satisfied the requirements of section 4920(a) (8) of the Internal Eevenue Code of 1954, and accordingly was not subject to the interest equalization tax.

28. On June 2, 1965, George Pattullo filed an amended claim seeking refund of the entire $46,568.67 interest equalization tax, and $286.43 interest thereon, that he had paid in December, 1964. The ground stated for the claim was the assertion that the retroactive application of the interest equalization tax to transactions fully consummated before the passage of the Act was unconstitutional in that it was arbitrary and capricious and amounted to a deprivation of property without due process of law prohibited by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The Commissioner of Internal Eevenue has not allowed or given notice of disallowance of this amended claim for refund.

29. On June 2, 1965, Lucile W. Pattullo filed a claim for refund of the entire $31,650.71 interest equalization tax, and $194.67 interest thereon, that she had paid in December, 1964. The ground stated for the claim was the assertion that the retroactive application of the interest equalization tax to transactions fully consummated before the passage of the Act was unconstitutional in that it was arbitrary and capricious and amounted to a deprivation of property without due process of law prohibited by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The Commissioner of Internal Eevenue has not allowed or given notice of dis-allowance of this claim for refund.

CONCLUSION OK LAW

Upon the foregoing findings of fact and opinion, which are adopted by the court and made a part of the judgment herein, tbe court concludes as a matter of law tbat plaintiffs are not entitled to recover and tbe petition is dismissed. 
      
       H. Doc. No. 141, 109 Cong. Record, Part 10, p. 12806 (Senate), and 109 Cong. Record, Part 10, p. 12940 (House of Representatives).
     
      
       109 Cong. Record, Part 10, pp. 12809, 12943.
     
      
       On March 8, 1965, George Patinillo filed a claim for refund of the $2,563.66 In Interest equalization tax he had paid with respect to his purchase of 1,000 shares of Calgary and Edmonton Corp., Ltd., stock In November, 1963. On October 22, 1965, Mr. Pattullo was refunded the $2,563.66 pursuant to his claim for refund on the ground that Calgary and Edmonton Corp., Ltd. satisfied the requirements of section 4920(a) (8) of the 1954 Code, and accordingly was not subject to the interest equalization tax.
     
      
       The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the united States provides, in pertinent part:
      “No person shall * * * be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; * *
     
      
       The factual posture of the suits now before us obviates the need to reach the question whether the retroactive application of a tax statute of the type here involved is constitutional where no pre-enactment notice is given regarding the statute’s retroactive effect.
     
      
      
        See, Welch v. Henry, supra, wherein the Supreme Court distinguished earlier decisions, in which retroactive tas statutes were held invalid, with these important words at page 147 :
      “* * * [D]eeision [there] was rested on the ground that the nature or the amount of the tax could not reasonably have been anticipated by the taxpayer at the time of the particular voluntary act which the statute later made the taxable event. [Citations omitted.] * *
      We are of the view that there was reasonable opportunity for the requisite anticipation in the suits now before us.
     
      
       We Rave expressed our view that the above-cited cases bolding unconstitutional tbe retroactive application of certain tax statutes are factually distinguishable in a significant sense from tbe suits now before us. We note in passing, moreover, that these early Supreme Court tax decisions, in which tbe Court was closely divided on tbe retroactivity issue, have since been frequently distinguished and narrowly limited; it is not entirely clear, in light of tbe above and tbe ever-increasing role of taxation in every area of activity, that tbe same result would obtain in these early cases were they before tbe Court today. See, Welch v. Henry, supra, at 147; Sidney v. Commissioner, supra, at 932.
     
      
       Article I,_ Section 1, of the united States Constitution provides as follows:
      “All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the united States, which shaU consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.”
     
      
       The constitutional authority for the statute in question lies in Article X, Section 8, wherein Congress is given the power to lay and collect taxes, to coin money and regulate its value, and to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the foregoing. See also, Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935) ; United States v. Doremus, 249 U.S. 86 (1919).
     
      
       Section 2 and Section 9 of Article I of the united States Constitution provide, in pertinent part, as follows :
      “§ 2. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this union, according to their respective Numbers, * * *
      “§ 9. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.”
     
      
       Plaintiffs assert for the first time, in tlieir reply brief, that even if retroactive application of the interest equalization tax is constitutional, the tax is, nevertheless, inapplicable to the transactions here involved. This is so, plaintiffs urge, because the Pattullo purchases entailed no outflow of united States funds; therefore, the purchases had no adverse effect on the United States balance of payments. This argument is untimely as, indeed, plaintiffs’ counsel conceded at oral argument.
      We note in passing, however, that no discernible implication emerges from the clear wording of the tax provision pertinent here to the effect that the taxability of a “covered” transaction, turns on the nature of the funds used. The free convertibility between united States and Canadian dollars, and the instances of actual conversion of funds, moreover, strongly tend to refute even the factual basis of plaintiffs’ position.
     