
    Matthew RANCOSKY, Administrator DBN of the Estate of Leann Rancosky and Matthew Rancosky, Executor of the Estate of Martin L. Rancosky, Appellee v. WASHINGTON NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, as successor by merger to Conseco Health Insurance Company, formerly known as Capital American Life Insurance Company, Appellant
    No. 28 WAP 2016
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    ARGUED: April 4, 2017
    DECIDED: SEPTEMBER 28, 2017
    
      Jacob C. Cohn, Esq., Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani, LLP, Rod Brandon McCullough, Esq., Henry M. Sneath, Esq., Pieadio, Sneath, Miller & Norton, P.C., Katharine Joan Thompson, Esq., Gordon & Rees LLP, for Appellant.
    Sean Peter Wajert, Esq., Shook, Hardy & Bacon, L.L.P., for Appellant Amicus Curiae.
    Kenneth Robert Behrend, Esq., Kevin M. Miller, Esq., Behrend <& Ernsberger P.C., for Appellee.
    Scott B. Cooper, Esq., Schmidt Kramer, P.C., James C. Haggerty, Esq., Haggerty, Goldberg, Schleifer & Kupersmith, P.C., John Jacob Hare, Esq., Marshall, Denne-hey, Warner, Coleman <& Goggin, P.C., Michael Hillel Sampson, Esq., George L. Stewart II, Esq., Michael Patrick Yingling, Esq., Reed Smith LLP, Andrew M. Roman, Esq., for Amicus Curiae.
    SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.
   OPINION

JUSTICE BAER

In this discretionary appeal, we consider, for the first time, the elements of a bad faith insurance claim brought pursuant to Pennsylvania’s bad faith statute found at 42 Pa.C.S. § 8371. For the reasons set forth below, we adopt the two-part test articulated by the Superior Court in Terletsky v. Prudential Property & Cas. Ins. Co., 437 Pa.Super. 108, 649 A.2d 680 (1994), which provides that, in order to recover in a bad faith action, the plaintiff must present clear and convincing evidence (1) that the insurer did not have a reasonable basis for denying benefits under the policy and (2) that the insurer knew of or recklessly disregarded its lack of a reasonable basis. Additionally, we hold that proof of an insurance company’s motive of self-interest or ill-will is riot a prerequisite to prevailing in a bad faith claim under Section 8371, as argued by Appellant. While such evidence is probative of the second Terletsky prong, we hold that evidence of the insurer’s knowledge or recklessness as to its lack of a reasonable basis in denying policy benefits is sufficient. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court, which partially vacated the trial court’s judgment and remanded for further proceedings on Appel-lee’s bad faith claim.

I. Background

In March of 1992, while working for the United States Postal'Service (“USPS”) Ap-pellee LeAnn Rancosky (“Rancosky”) purchased a cancer insurance policy as a supplement to her primary employer-based health insurance. The cancer policy was issued by Appellant Conseco Health Insur-anee Company (“Conseco”). To pay for the policy, Rancosky’s employer automatically deducted bi-weekly payments of $22.00 from her paycheck.. , •

Of particular importance to the case sub judioe, the policy contained a waiver-of-premium provision, which excused premium payments in the event Rancosky became disabled due to cancer. The waiver-ofr-premium provision read, . in. relevant part, as follows: .

Subject to the .conditions of this policy, you will not be required to make premium payments if:
• you are diagnosed as having cancer more. than 30 days after the , Effective Date; and
• you are disabled due to cancer for a continuous period of more than 90 consecutive, days beginning- on or after the date of diagnosis.
After it has been determined, as shown below that you are disabled, we will waive your premium payments for the period of disability, except those during the first 90 days of such period.

PROOF OF DISABILITY

You must send us a physician’s statement containing the following:

• the date you were diagnosed as having cancer;
• the date you were disabled due to such cancer; and,
• the expected date, if any, such disability will end.

Plaintiffs Complaint In Civil Action, Exhibit 5, Conseco Cancer Policy at Section 5 (Reproduced Record (“R.R.”) Yol. I at 115a). Additionally, Rancosky’s policy provided that “disabled” means that: . •

• for the first 24 months you are unable-to perform all the substantial and material duties of your regular occupation; and,

After 24 months, “disabled” means that:

• you are unable to work at any job for which you are qualified by reason of education, training or experience;
•' you are not working at any job for pay or benefits; and
• you are under the care of a physician for the treatment of cancer.

Plaintiffs Complaint In Civil Action, Exhibit 5, Conseco Cancer Policy at Section 1 (R.R. Vol. I at 109a). Thus, pursuant to the above provisions, a policyholder who is “disabled,” in that she is unable to work due to cancer, is excused from paying premiums on her policy following ninety days of such disability.

On February 4, 2003, Rancosky was admitted to the hospital due to intense abdominal pain. She was ultimately diagnosed with ovarian cancer and, over the subsequent months, underwent surgery and chemotherapy. Though, Rancosky did not return to her job with USPS following her February 4, 2003, hospital admission, she remained on her employer’s payroll for several months because she had. accrued unused vacation and sick days. Consequently, Conseco continued to receive payroll-deducted premiums from Rancosky until June 24, 2003, when Rancosky went on disability retirement. As the premium payments were made in arrears, and therefore paid for the prior month’s coverage, the final' premium payment extended coverage* under her policy to May 24, 2003. ■ .

Beginning in April 2008, Rancosky made several attempts to obtain waiver-of-premium status, claiming that she was-unable to work and was thus “disabled” under her policy since her admission to the hospital in February of 2003. Upon Conseco’s request, on November 18, 2003, she submitted waiver-of-premium forms along with the required • physician statement. Unbeknownst to Rancosky, however, the submitted physician’s statement inaccurately specified her date of disability as beginning on April 21, 2003-, rather than on February 4, 2003. Believing that the premiums had been waived and that no further premiums were due on the policy because of her disability from cáncer, Ran-eosky’s final premium payment came from her June 24, 2003, payroll-deducted premium. Thus, over the next two years, as Rancosky experienced several recurrences of her cancer, she continued to submit claims to Conseco.

In early 2005, during an audit of its payroll-deducted premium policies,, Conse-co discovered, apparently for the first time, that Rancosky ceased making premium payments on her policy in June of 2003. Despite Rancosky’s prior submissions and inquiries regarding her waiver-of-premium status in which she indicated the start date of her disability as February 4, 2003, and authorized Conseco to obtain information from her physicians and employer about her disability, Conseco informed Rancosky on January 28, 2005, that it deemed her policy, to have lapsed as of May 24,2003, the date to which her final payroll-deducted premium payment extended her coverage. Over the following months and years, Rancosky had an ongoing disagreement with Conseco as to whether she was on waiver-of-premium status, and thus entitled to continued coverage under her cancer policy. During this time, Rancosky, again reflecting February 4, 2003, as her disability start date, submitted numerous claim forms, waiver-of-premium requests, and authorizations permitting Conseco to - contact- her physicians, employer, or anyone else who might have information regarding her disability start date. Notwithstanding its contention that her policy had lapsed in May of 2003, Conseco paid for cancer related treatment Rancosky received in 2004 and 2005.

In 2006, however, following yet another recurrence of her cancer, Conseco denied Rancosky’s claim for further benefits based upon her failure to pay premiums. In response, Rancosky sought reconsideration of Conseco’s denial of benefits, again reiterating her oft-stated assertion that she was excused from paying premiums past her final payroll-deducted premium on June 24, 2003, because she was disabled within the meaning of her policy beginning on February 4, 2003, and made all required premium payments throughout the ninety-day waiting period of the waiver-of-premium provision. In evaluating Ranco-sky’s reconsideration request, however, Conseco’s review was limited to its in-house documentation, which at that time included, among voluminous and inconsistent filings, the physician’s statement that erroneously indicated the start date of'her disability as April 21, 2003.

Notwithstanding Rancosky’s eight separate authorizations permitting Conseco to contact her employer or any other person with information as to the actual start date of her disability, Conseco did not undertake any investigation to clarify the discrepancy between Rancosky’s claimed disability date of February 4, 2003, and the physician’s statement erroneously indicating April 21, 2003, as the start date of disability. Instead, it merely accepted the inaccurate information in her physician’s statement that the start date of her disability was April 21, 2003, and took the position that her policy lapsed due to nonpayment of premiums prior to the ninety-day waiting period under the waiver-of-premium provision. Consequently, it denied her request for reconsideration.

Rancosky subsequently brought suit against Conseco, alleging, inter alia, breach of contract and bad faith pursuant to Section 8371. In her bad faith claim, Rancosky sought interest on her claim, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees, as provided in Section 8371. The contract and bad faith claims were bifurcated, and Ran-cosky’s bad faith claim eventually proceeded to a non-jury trial. Though the trial court found that Conseco was “sloppy and even negligent” in its handling of Ranco-sky’s claim, it ultimately found in favor of Conseco on the bad faith claim. Trial Court Verdict, 7/3/2014, at 1 (R.R. Vol. VII at 2500a). In particular, the trial court concluded that Rancosky failed to demonstrate that Conseco lacked a reasonable basis for denying benefits under the cancer policy, i.e., the first prong of the Ter-letsky test, because she did not prove that the insurer acted out of “some motive or self-interest or ill will.” Trial Court Verdict, 7/3/2014, at 1 (R.R. Vol. VII at 2500a). Accordingly, the trial court returned a verdict in favor Conseco on Rancosky’s bad faith claim.

Rancosky filed a post-trial motion in which she, inter alia, requested that the trial court vacate its verdict in favor of Conseco and enter judgment in her favor. Following denial of Rancosky’s post-trial motions, the trial; court entered judgment on both the contract and bad faith claims. Rancosky appealed to the Superior Court, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court misapplied the well-settled test for bad faith claims under Section 8371, namely, (1) that the defendant did not have a reasonable basis for denying benefits under the policy, and (2) that the. defendant knew or recklessly disregarded its lack of a reasonable basis in denying the claim. See Terletsky, 649 A.2d at 689. According to Rancosky, the trial court erred as a matter of law by requiring proof that Conseco acted out of a motive of self-interest or ill-will. In Rancosky’s view, the first Terlet-sky prong is an objective inquiry into whether a reasonable insurer would have denied payment of the claim under the facts and circumstances presented. She further argued that, to the extent the insurer’s subjective motivation has any relevance, it is merely potentially probative of the second Terletsky prong, rather than a requirement for prevailing in a bad faith claim in toto under Section 8371. Thus, Rancosky maintained that the trial court erred in concluding that she failed to satisfy the first Terletsky prong based upon her failure to demonstrate that Conseco denied her benefits due to its subjective motive of self-interest or ill-will.

In a published opinion, a three judge panel of the Superior Court vacated the trial court’s judgment as to Rancosky’s bad faith claim and remanded for further proceedings on that claim. Rancosky v. Washington Nat’l Ins. Co., 130 A.3d 79 (Pa. Super. 2015). The Superior Court agreed with Rancosky that the first prong of the Terletsky test, whether the insurer lacked a reasonable basis for denying benefits, is an objective inquiry and that the subjective intent of the insurer has no relevance thereunder. Thus, it .held that the trial court erred, as a matter of law in denying Rancosky’s claim under the reasonable basis prong of the Terletsky test premised upon the court’s holding that she failed to demonstrate self-interest or ill-will on the part of Conseco.

Consistent with its prior precedent, the Superior Court further held that, to the extent an insurer’s motive of self-interest or ill-will is-relevant in a bad faith claim, it is merely probative of the second Terletsky prong, rather than a -prerequisite to succeeding altogether. See, e.g., Greene v. United Services Auto. Ass’n, 936 A.2d 1178, 1191 (Pa. Super. 2007) (holding “that the motive of self-interest or ill will level of culpability is not a third element required for a finding of bad faith, but it is probative of the second element identified in Terletsky, ie.,' the insurer knew -or recklessly disregarded' its lack of reasonable basis in denying the claim”) (citation and internal quotations omitted), - appeal denied, 598 Pa. 750, 954 A.2d 577 (2008). Thus, the Superior Court reiterated the Terletsky framework for analyzing bad faith claims under Section 8371 and held that proof of self-interest or ill-will, while potentially-probative of-the second prong, is not required under either prong of the Terletsky test.

Next, the Superior Court determined, based upon its independent review of the record, that the evidence did not support the trial court’s determination that Conse-co had a reasonable basis for denying Ran-cosky benefits under her cancer policy. The Superior Court believed it could .make such a determination based upon the factual findings and credibility determinations made by the trial court in its Pa.R.A,P. 1925(a) opinion. The Superior Court concluded that if Conseco had conducted any meaningful investigation into the starting date of Rancosky’s cancer disability during its review of Rancosky’s reconsideration request, it would have discovered that she was unable to work due to her cancer diagnosis beginning on February 4, 2003, and that she made the required premium payments during the ninety-day waiting period, of her cancer policy. Thus, the court opined, Conseco would have understood that her failure to pay premiums after her final payroll-deducted premium on June 24, 2008, was excused pursuant to the waiver-:of-premiuni provision. Because Conseco failed to conduct any such investigation and merely accepted the incorrect information from Rancosky’s physicians that her disability began on April .21, 2003, the Superior Court determined that Con-seco lacked a reasonable basis for denying Rancosky benefits pursuant to the first prong of the Terletsky test.

As to the second prong of the Terletsky test, whether Conseco knew or recklessly disregarded its lack of a reasonable basis in denying benefits, the Superior Court remanded to the trial court to make a determination in the first instance. Accordingly, it vacated the trial court’s judgment as to Rancosky’s bad faith claim and remanded for further proceedings.

This Court subsequently granted Conse-co’s petition for allowance of appeal limited to the following question, as phrased by Conseco:

Whether this Court should ratify - the requirements of Terletsky v. Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 437 Pa.Super. 108, 649 A.2d 680 (1994), appeal denied, 540 Pa. 641, 659 A.2d 560 (1995), for establishing insurer bad faith under 42 Pa.C.S. § 8371, and assuming the answer to be in the affirmative, whether the Superior Court erred in holding that Terketskyl’s] factor of a “motive of self-interest or ill-will” is merely a discretionary consideration rather than a mandatory prerequisite to proving bad faith?

Rancosky v. Washington Nat’l Ins. Co., 144 A.3d 926 (Pa. 2016).

II. Analysis

In order to answer the question presented 'in this appeal, an issue of first impression for this Court, we must interpret Pennsylvania’s bad faith insurance statute at 42 Pa.C.S. § 8371, which pro-vidés, in full, as follows:

§ 8371. Actions on insurance policies
In an action arising under an insurance policy, if the court finds that the insurer has acted in bad faith toward the insured, the court may take all of the following actions:
(1) Award interest on the amount of the claim from the date the claim was made by the insured in an amount equal to the prime rate of interest plus 3%.
(2) Award punitive damages against the insurer.
(3) Assess court costs and attorney fees against the insurer.

42 Pa.C.S, § 8371.

Issues of statutory interpretation present this Court with questions of law; ■accordingly, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. See Pennsylvania Pub. Util. Comm’n v. Andrew Seder/The Times Leader, 635 Pa. 570, 139 A.3d 165, 172 (2016). This Court’s interpretation of Section 8371, and indeed of all statutes, is guided by the Statutory Construction Act, 1 Pa.C.S.- §§ 1501-1991. Pursuant to the Statutory Construction Act, the object of all statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the General Assembly’s intention. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). When the words of a statute are clear and free from ambiguity, the letter of the statute is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b). However, when the words of a statute are not explicit, the General Assembly’s intent may be ascertained by considering matters other than the statutory language, such as the occasion and necessity for the statute, the circumstances of the statute’s enactment, the object the statute seeks to attain, and the consequences of a particular interpretation. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c). Moreover, technical words and phrases that have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning shall be construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning. 1 Pa.C,S. §' 1903(a).

Critically, when read in, a vacuum, the plain language of Section 8371 provides little guidance in answering the discrete legal question raised herein, namely, the level of proof required to prevail in a bad faith claim. In enacting Section 8371, the General Assembly did not define “bad faith” or otherwise set forth the manner in which a party must prove liability. Therefore, in order to understand the meaning of “bad faith,” and thus ascertain and effectuate the intent of the General Assembly in enacting Section 8371, we must utilize the additional tools of statutory construction outlined above. In particular, we look to the occasion and necessity for the statute and the circumstances of the . statute’s enactment. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c).

In this regard, we observe that Section 8371 is widely considered a delayed legislative response to this Court’s 1981 decision in D’Ambrosia v. Pennsylvania Nat’l Mut Cas. Ins. Co., 494 Pa. 501, 431 A.2d 966 (1981), in which we declined to recognize the common law right of action that had been adopted by a number of courts throughout the United States at that time related to an insurer’s failure to act in good faith when refusing to cover a loss under an insured’s policy. See id. at 968-70 (opining that it is the role of the General Assembly, rather than the courts, to create a cause of action for bad faith conduct); see also Mishoe v. Erie Ins. Co., 573 Pa. 267, 824 A.2d 1153, 1160-61 (2003) (observing that Section, 8371 was a delayed legislative ' response to D’Ambrosio). Accordingly, consideration of the circumstances leading to the enactment of Section 8371 necessarily requires that we analyze the historical 'development of bad faith claims in the United States generally, ’ and the D Ambrosio Court’s understanding of such claims in particular.

In 1973, the Supreme Court of California became the first court in the United States to recognize a right of action, sounding in tort, for bad faith denial of insurance policy benefits. Gruenberg v. Aetna Ins. Co., 9 Cal.3d 566, 108 Cal.Rptr. 480, 510 P.2d 1032 (1973). Specifically, the California high court held that when an insurer “fails to deal fairly and in good faith with its insured by refusing, without proper cause, to compensate its insured for a loss covered by the policy, such conduct may give rise to a cause of action in tort for breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing,” Id., 108 Cal.Rptr. 480, 510 P.2d at 1037. Thereafter, a number of state courts throughout the country recognized the Gruenberg court’s common law remedy for insureds claiming bad faith. See, e.g., Grand Sheet Metal Products Co. v. Protection Mut. Ins. Co., 34 Conn.Supp. 46, 375 A.2d 428 (1977); Chavez v. Chenoweth, 89 N.M. 423, 563 P.2d 703 (N.M. App. 1976); Christian v. American Assurance Co., 577 P.2d 899 (Okla. 1977).

Of particular importance in the development of the law in this area, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, after expressly adopting the Gruenberg right of action for bad faith, expanded upon it by outlining the facts one must allege to support such a claim. Anderson v. Continental Ins. Co., 85 Wis.2d 675, 271 N.W.2d 368, 376 (1978). Specifically, the Anderson Court held that, in order to succeed in an action for bad faith, “a plaintiff must show the absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the defendant’s knowledge or reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim.” Id. The Anderson Court further held that while mere knowledge or recklessness is sufficient to demonstrate bad faith liability in general, additional proof of ill-will is required if the plaintiff specifically seeks punitive damages for the established bad faith conduct. Id. at 379 (stating “[w]e do not conclude, however, that the proof of a bad faith cause of action necessarily makes punitive damages appropriate” and that punitive damages requires “something in the nature of special-ill-will”).

Gruenberg and Anderson were both recognized as seminal cases in the development of bad faith claims in the United States by the time this Court was presented with the opportunity to acknowledge the judicially-created right of action in 1981. See Richard L. McMonigle, Jr., Insurance Bad Faith in Pennsylvania § 2:05 at 20-21 (8th ed. 2007) (stating that “[t]he decisions in Gruenberg and Anderson judicially created a tort of first party bad faith based upon the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied in every insurance contract”). In D’Ambrosio, this Court was expressly urged by the plaintiff to adopt the right of action first recognized in Gruenberg. Id. at 968. We declined to do so, however, concluding that the General Assembly, rather than the courts, should create a cause of action for bad faith conduct in denying benefits under an insurance policy. Id. at 970. In describing the right of action it ultimately declined to recognize, the DAmbrosio Court cited to both Gruenberg and Anderson and specifically quoted the above language from Anderson. See D'Ambrosio, 431 A.2d at 971 (stating that “those jurisdictions which have recognized a cause of action for bad faith conduct have cautioned ... that ‘a plaintiff must show the absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the defendant’s knowledge or reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim’ ”) (quoting Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 376). Though punitive damages were specifically sought by the plaintiff in DAmbrosio, unlike the Wisconsin high court in Anderson, the DAmbrosio Court made no distinction between bad faith liability generally and bad faith claims seeking punitive damages.

Responding to the DAmbrosio Court’s invitation to create a right of action for bad faith, the General Assembly enacted Section 8371 in 1990. See Mishoe, 824 A.2d at 1160-61 (observing that Section 8371 was a delayed legislative response to DAmbrosio). Section 8371 provides that if a court finds “bad faith,” it may take all of the following actions: award interest on the claim; award punitive damages against the insurer; assess court costs and attorney fees against the insurer. 42 Pa.C.S. § 8371- (supra, at pg. 370). Section 8371 does not define “bad faith,” set forth the manner in which plaintiffs must prove bad faith, or distinguish the manner of proof for punitive damages from other bad faith damages. To the contrary, Pennsylvania’s bad faith statute provides for the award of interest, attorney’s fees, and punitive damages upon a showing of bad faith.

As noted, this Court has not had occasion to consider the precise contours of bad faith claims arising under Section 8371 since its enactment. Consequently, the Superior Court’s 1994 decision in Terletsky has been the preeminent ruling on this issue. There, the Superior Court observed that in the insurance context, bad faith had acquired a particular meaning, citing the following definition from the 6th edition of Black’s Law Dictionary,

“Bad faith” on part of the insurer is any frivolous or unfounded refusal to pay proceeds of a policy; it is not necessary that such refusal be fraudulent. For purposes of an action against an insurer for failure to pay a claim, such conduct imports a dishonest purpose and means a breach of a known duty (i.e., good faith and fair dealing), through some motive of self-interest of or ill will; mere negligence or bad judgment is not bad faith.

Terletsky, 649 A.2d at 688 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 139 (6th ed. 1990) (emphasis added)); see also 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a) (providing that words shall be construed in accordance with the peculiar and appropriate meaning they have acquired). Citing to D’Ambrosio, the Superior Court artieulat-ed the test for bad faith as follows: “to recover under a claim of bad faith, the plaintiff must show [1] that the defendant did not have a reasonable basis for denying benefits under the policy and [2] that the defendant knew or recklessly disregarded its lack of reasonable basis in denying the claim.” Id. (citing, inter alia, D’Ambrosio, 431 A.2d at 971).

Though the Terletsky court did not reference self-interest or ill-will in its test, or application thereof, its citation to Black’s Law Dictionary inadvertently created confusion as to the relationship between the two-prong test and the seemingly additional requirement of proving a subjectively improper motive on the part of the insurance company. See Greene, 936 A.2d at 1189. However, when squarely presented with the issue in subsequent cases, the Superior Court has consistently clarified, as it did in the case sub judice, that the Terletsky test did not establish a self-interest or ill-will level of culpability for bad faith. See Greene, 936 A.2d at 1190 (stating that “the motive of self-interest or ill will level of culpability is not a third element required for a finding of bad faith, but it is probative of the second element identified in Terletsky, i.e., the insurer knew or recklessly disregarded its lack of reasonable basis in denying the claim”) (citation and internal quotations omitted); Nordi v. Keystone Health Plan West Inc., 989 A.2d 376, 384-85 (Pa. Super. 2010) (stating that the Terletsky court’s reference to Black’s Law Dictionary did not create a self-interest or ill-will level of culpability for bad faith claims). Accordingly, while this issue has evaded appellate review from this Court, the longstanding standard in Pennsylvania has been the Superior Court’s two-pronged test in Terletsky and its subsequent clarification that self-interest and ill-will, while probative, is not required.

With , this historical backdrop in mind, we turn to the parties’ arguments and their competing interpretations of Section 8371. Initially, we observe that the parties are in substantial agreement on several aspects of bad faith claims under Section 8371. Both parties generally agree with the Terletsky test and that the first prong, whether the insurer had a reasonable basis for denying benefits, is an objective inquiry into whether a reasonable insurer would have denied payment of the claim under the facts and circumstances presented. See Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 377 (stating that the absence of a reasonable basis is an “objective standard, ... ie„ would a rea? sonable insurer under the circumstances have denied or delayed payment of the claim under the facts and circumstances”) (citation omitted).

Consequently, both parties agree that mere negligence is insufficient for a finding of bad faith under Section 8371 and the primary point of -contention relates to the relevance, if any, of the insurance company’s subjective motivation under the second. Terletsky prong. In this regard,, both parties contend that the General Assembly did not specifically define “bad faith” or set forth the manner in which an insured must demonstrate a bad faith claim because the phrase had acquired a peculiar and universally acknowledged meaning by the time Section 8371 was enacted in 1990. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a) (providing that words shall be construed in accordance with the peculiar and appropriate meaning they have acquired). While Conseco maintains that, the acquired meaning of “bad faith”. includes whether the insurer had a subjectively improper motive, Rancosky argues that self-interest and ill-will are merely probative and that knowledge or recklessness is sufficient.

In support of its position that an insurance company’s subjectively improper motive is’ part of the well-established meaning of bad faith, Conseco relies, inter alia, upon the definition of “bad faith” from the 1990 edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, which was cited by the Terletsky court and includes “motive of self-interest or ill will” as part of its definition. Conseco observes that this edition of Black’s Law was published the same year Section 8371 was enacted and that it is therefore an appropriate barometer of bad faith as it was understood at that time. Conseco further highlights that the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision in Anderson, which was cited by the D’Ambrosio Court, described bad faith as an intentional tort. See Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 376 (stating “[i]t is apparent, then, that the tort of bad faith is an intentional one”.). Additionally, Con-seco maintains that the punitive damages provision of Section 8371 is penal in nature, designed to punish and deter bad faith conduct, Therefore, Conseco argues that it must be construed narrowly in favor of defendants pursuant to the rule of lenity. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)(1) (providing, that penal statutes are to be strictly construed).

In response, Rancosky observes that the version of Black’s Law Dictionary cited by Conseco was not published until July of 1990, after Section 8371 was signed into law on February 7, 1990. Thus, she maintains that it could not have informed the General Assembly’s understanding of bad faith. Rather, she highlights that in D’Am-brosio, this Court indicated that recklessness is sufficient in a bad faith cause of action. See D’Ambrosio, 431 A.2d at 971 (stating that “those jurisdictions which have recognized a cause of action for bad faith conduct have cautioned ... that ⅛ plaintiff must show the absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the defendant’s knowledge or reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim.’ ”) (citing Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 376). Because Section 8371 is widely viewed as a legislative response to this Court’s decision not to recognize a common law right of action for bad faith conduct in D’Ambrosio, she argues that the General Assembly intended to incorporate that Court’s definition of bad faith into Section 8371. As to Conse-co’s argument that Section 8371 is a penal statute, Rancosky counters that, in enacting Section 8371, the General Assembly intended to create a private right of action in order to address the unequal bargaining power between insurance companies and policyholders. Accordingly, Rancosky argues that Section 8371 should be construed broadly in favor of plaintiffs to effectuate its remedial- purpose. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(c) (providing for liberal construction of statutes to effect their objects and promote justice). Thus, while Rancosky acknowledges that mere negligence is.insufficient, she argues that a recklessness standard effectuates the intent of the General Assembly in enaeting Section 8371.

Given the historical development of bad faith claims and the context in which the General Assembly enacted Section 8371, we agree with the parties that in responding to the D Ambrosio decision the General Assembly intended to incorporate that Court’s understanding of bad faith. As stated supra, this Court’s citation to Grun-berg and Anderson in.DAmbrosio, and in particular to the test from Anderson, suggests that those cases, were critical to this Court’s understanding of the nature of such claims. While the Wisconsin high court in Anderson did indeed describe the tort of bad faith as “an intentional one,” Anderson, 271 N.W.2d at 376, it reiterated throughout its opinion that knowledge or recklessness is sufficient .for demonstrating liability in a bad. faith cause of action. See, e,g., id. (stating that “[t]o show a claim for bad faith; a' plaintiff must show the absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the defendant’s knowledge or reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim”); see also id. at 377 (reiterating its two-prong test and stating “implicit in that test is oür conclusion that the knowledge or the lack of a reasonable basis may be inferred and imputed to an insurance company where there is a reckless disregard of a lack of a reasonable basis for denial or a reckless indifference to facts or to proofs submitted by the insured”). Consequently,'we conclude' that the Anderson Court spoke with clarity as to the standard of proof for liability in a bad faith action.

Importantly, however, the Anderson Court went on to state that a higher standard of proof is necessary where the plaintiff specifically seeks punitive damages related to bad faith denial of insurance benefits. Id. at 379 (stating “[w]e do not conclude, however, that the proof of a bad faith cause of action necessarily makes punitive damages appropriate”). Specifically, it held that for punitive damages to be awarded, “there must be a showing of an evil intent deserving of punishment or of something in the nature of special ill-will or wanton disregard of duty or gross or outrageous misconduct.” Id. Thus, it appears that the inclusion of an ill-will level of culpability in bad faith claims has its genesis in the Anderson Court’s distinction between bad faith liability in general and a bad faith claim specifically seeking punitive damages. Consequently, the gravamen of our inquiry is whether the D’Ambrosio Court, and thus the General Assembly, similarly understood that an award of punitive damages carried a higher evidentiary threshold in the bad faith context.

In this regard, we observe that punitive damages were specifically pled in the D’Ambrosio case. D’Ambrosio, 481 A.2d at 967. Notwithstanding its reliance upon Anderson, however, the D’Ambrosio Court made no reference to a higher threshold for punitive damages when describing the bad faith right of action, stating only that “a plaintiff must show the absence of a reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and the defendant’s lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim.” Id. at 971. While we acknowledge .that the D’Ambrosio Court ultimately did not to recognize the right of action at common law, we nonetheless find it important that the D’Ambrosio Court provided no indication of a higher threshold for punitive damages in its far reaching discussion of the development of bad faith claims.

Indeed, in responding to D’Ambrosio, the General Assembly seemingly put punitive damages on the same footing as other categories of damages when it enacted Section 8371. Specifically, the statute sets forth that, upon a finding of bad faith on the part of the insurer, a court may award interest, punitive damages, and/or court costs and counsel fees. 42 Pa.C.S. § 8871 (supra, at pg. 370). Consequently, as Section 8371 does not distinguish between the standard for finding “bad faith” generally and “bad faith” allowing for punitive damages, we find no basis for concluding that the General Assembly intended to impose a higher standard of proof for bad faith claims seeking punitive damages when it created the right of action.

Moreover, looking to the consequences of the competing interpretations of Section 8371, see 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(6), we find that Conseco’s proffered interpretation would create an unduly high threshold for bad faith claims. Given our conclusion that there is no basis to distinguish between punitive damages and other categories of damages under Section 8371, an ill-will level of culpability would limit recovery in any bad faith claim to the most egregious instances only where the plaintiff uncovers some sort of “smoking gun” evidence indicating personal animus towards the insured. We do hot believe that the General Assembly intended to create a standard so stringent that it would be highly unlikely that any plaintiff could' prevail thereunder when it created the remedy for bad faith. Such a construction could functionally write bad faith under Section 8371 out of the law altogether.

For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the Superior Court’s. longstanding two-pronged test, first articulated in Terletsky, presents an appropriate framework for analyzing bad faith claims under Section 8371. In particular, we conclude that the Terletsky test, and its imposition of a recklessness standard for liability under the second prong, comports with the historical development of bad faith in Pennsylvania and effectuates the intent of the General Assembly in enacting Section 8371. Accordingly, we hold that proof of an insurer’s motive of self-interest or ill-will, while potentially probative of the second prong, is not a mandatory prerequisite to bad faith recovery under Section 8371.

Because we agree with the legal test for bad faith claims under Section 8371 articulated by the Superior Court in this case and agree that the trial court misapplied that test by considering Conseco’s subjective motivation in determining whether it had a reasonable basis for denying Ranco-sky’s claim, we affirm the Superior Court’s ultimate disposition to vacate the trial court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings on Rancosky’s bad faith claim. However, we respectfully believe that the Superior Court erred in making a specific determination as to whether the record in this case demonstrates Conseco’s lack of a reasonable basis for denying Rancosky benefits, ie., the first Terletsky prong. The Superior Court premised its holding in this regard upon credibility determinations the trial court made in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. However, because it is unclear to what extent the trial court’s findings on the reasonable basis prong of Terletsky were intertwined with its erroneous belief that proof of Conseco’s .motive of self-interest or ill-will was required, upon remand the trial court should consider both prongs of the Terletsky test anew.

III. Conclusion

In summary, we hold that, to prevail in a bad faith insurance claim pursuant to Section 8371, a plaintiff must demonstrate, by clear and convincing, evidence, (1) that the insurer did not have a reasonable basis for denying benefits under the policy and (2) that the insurer knew or recklessly disregarded its lack of a reasonable basis in denying the claim. We further hold that proof of the insurer’s subjective motive of self-interest or ill-will, while perhaps probative of the second prong of the above test, is not a necessary prerequisite to succeeding in a bad faith claim. Rather, proof of the insurer’s knowledge or reckless disregard for its lack of reasonable basis in denying the claim is sufficient for demonstrating bad faith under the second prong. For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court, which vacated the trial court’s judgment in part and remanded for further proceedings on Appellee’s bad faith claim. On remand, the trial court should consider anew whether the above test has been met.

Justices Todd, Donohue, Dougherty, Wecht and'Mundy join the opinion.

Chief Justicq Saylor files a concurring opinion.

Justice Wecht files a concurring opinion.

CONCURRING OPINION

CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR

I join Parts I and III of the majority opinion.

As to Part II, I support the holding that a denial of insurance benefits in the absence. any reasonable supporting basis, coupled with knowledge or reckless disregard on the part of the insurer, is sufficient to constitute bad faith for purposes of Section 8371 of the Judicial Code. That said, my reasoning does not fully comport with some of the. majority’s rationale. For example, I differ with the assertion that “an ill-will level of culpability would limit recovery in any bad faith claim to the most egregious instances only where the plaintiff uncovers some sort , of ‘smoking gun’ evidence indicating personal animus towards the insured.” Majority Opinion, at 376. To the contrary, inferences regarding intent are legitimately and regularly drawn from circumstantial evidence (including actions and inaction) in other contexts, including in the criminal law. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Kloiber, 378 Pa. 412, 426, 106 A.2d 820, 827 (1954) (“It is clearly settled that a man may be convicted on circumstantial evidence alone, and a criminal intent may be inferred by the jury from facts and circumstances which are of such a nature as to prove defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”). I see no reason why the General Assembly could not have envisioned similar treatment in the bad-faith arena.

Instead, I endorse the threshold of at least reckless disregard, since I believe that this captures a sufficient measure of wrongfulness to comport with the Legislature’s remedial purposes and yet conveys that a finding of bad faith requires more than mere negligence.

As to punitive damages, I believe these should also be adjudged according to conventional standards, including the applicable' constitutional limitations. In this regard, the Supreme Court of the United States has explained that the federal Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires a circumstance-specific assessment of the “degree of reprehensibility” relative to punitive damage awards. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 418-19, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 1520-21, 155 L.Ed.2d 585 (2003). In the absence of more specific and appropriate legislative guidance, trial courts must be sensitive to the attendant considerations and limitations, see id. at 419, 123 S.Ct. at 1521, lest their awards reflect unconstitutional applications of Section 8371.

Finally, I agree with the remand on the terms- prescribed by the majority for the reasons that it sets forth at the conclusion of Part II of its opinion. See Majority Opinion, at 377.

CONCURRING OPINION

JUSTICE WECHT

I join the learned Majority Opinion in full. As a matter of statutory interpretation, the Majority demonstrates astutely that “proof of the insurer’s subjective motive of self-interest or ill-will, while perhaps probative of the second prong of the [Terletsky ] test, is not a necessary prerequisite to succeeding in a bad faith claim.” Maj. Op. at 377.

■It bears emphasizing that “self-interest” and “ill will” are not part of ^Section 8371 as enacted by the General Assembly. This is unsurprising, inasmuch as such strains of overt malfeasance often will be lacking and, in any event, will seldom be susceptible to establishment by competent proof of record. That is to say, with apologies to the drafters of the 1990 edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, those terms not only are non-mandatory under Pennsylvania’s bad faith statute; they generally are analytically unhelpful as well.

Many species of bad faith may flourish notwithstanding the absence of either “self-interest” or “ill will.” Shoddy claims-handling, lack of diligence, non-responsiveness, haphazard investigation, unreasonable denials, and the like, all may come within the statutory definition of bad faith while nonetheless falling short of the “self-interest”/“ill will" threshold. “Ill will” suggests an unduly personal or vindictive motive, something that is (and indubitably should be) exceptionally rare in these contexts. In the universe of bad faith insurance claims, “ill will” is more often than not a red herring, and should in any event be given no totemic weight. “Self-interest” suggests that an adjuster or other claims-handler perceives some personal financial benefit that will follow from denial of a claim, something that, while plausible in theory, certainly is far from universal in bad faith cases. In any event, these terms cannot be permitted to devour the definition pf bad faith as a whole. The Terletsky reference to the Black’s Law Dictionary 1990 definition inadvertently allowed for confusion (or creative advocacy) on this point. It is salutary that.the Majority has now entombed that idea,.

Knowing or reckless claims-handling leading to objectively unreasonable denial of benefits, if proven .by clear and convincing evidence, embodies the principle that a patent absence of good faith is tantamount to the presence of bad faith. Unless our General Assembly intervenes to supersede the Majority’s understanding of the legislative will, this is the rule, that our courts must apply. 
      
      . Section 8371 provides, in full, as follows:
      § 8371. Actions on insurance policies
      In an action arising under an insurance policy, if the court finds that the insurer has acted in bad faith toward the insured, the court may take all of the following actions:
      (1) Award interest on the amount of the claim from the date the claim was made by the insured in an amount equal to the prime rate of interest plus 3%.
      (2) Award punitive damages against the insurer.
      (3)Assess court costs and attorney fees against the insurer.
      42 Pa.C.S. § 8371.
     
      
      . The lengthy factual and procedural history underlying the instant dispute involves several interrelated claims and parties not relevant to the narrow question upon which review was granted. Accordingly, we recite only those facts necessary for resolution of the discrete legal issue currently before this Court.
     
      
      . Washington National Insurance Company, Conséco's successor-in interest, was ultimately substituted as the defendant in this matter. However, because the lower courts and the parties' have referred to “Conseco” throughout these proceedings, we will continue the convention of referring to Appellant as "Con-seco.” Additionally, though Rancosky died during the pendency of the instant litigation and her estate was substituted as plaintiff in this matter, for ease of discussion we will continue to refer to Appellee as “Rancosky.”
     
      
      . Utilizing February 4, 2003 as the inception of Rancosky’s disability, the trial court determined that, by the time her final payroll-deducted premium was received by Conseco, the ninety-day waiting period under the waiver-of-premium provision expired. Accordingly, Rancosky did not pay any premiums following her final payroll-deducted premium on June 24 2003, believing that she was on waiver-of-premium status pursuant to her policy. As will be discussed in further detail infra, however, Conseco erroneously determined that her disability start date was April 21, 2003, and deemed her policy to have lapsed as of May, 24 2003, based upon her final premium payment of June 24, 2003, for nonpayment of premiums within the ninety-day waiting period of the waiver-of-prémium provision.
     
      
      . Conseco did not receive this documentation until July of 2006. It is unclear, from the available record, why Conseco did not receive this correspondence until several-years after Rancosky sent it. As will be discussed in further detail infra, the Superior Court ultimately concluded that Conseco lacked a reasonable basis for denying Rancosky benefits due to its failure to investigate adequately the discrepancy between the áctual start date of her disability and the erroneous start date indicated on the physician’s statement.
     
      
      . Conseco contends that the erroneous information from Rancosky’s physicians regarding the start date of her disability supports its argument that it had a reasonable basis for denying her claim, Rancosky, in turn, argues that Conseco lacked a reasonable basis for its actions because it failed to conduct an adequate investigation to resolve the discrepancy between the erroneous physician’s statement and her oft-stated assertion that she was disabled as of February 4, 2003, notwithstanding her eight separate authorizations permitting Conseco to contact her physicians and employer regarding her disability. However, as will be discussed in further detail infra, our analysis focuses on the legal test for bad faith claims under Section 8371 only and we remand for further proceedings so that the trial court can consider anew whether that test has been met based upon the existing record.
     
      
      . A jury found in favor of Rancosky on her breach of contract claim and awarded damages in the amount of $31,144.50. There is no issue regarding Rancosky’s contract claim currently before this Court.
     
      
      . As will be discussed in further detail infra, in its brief to this Court Conseco acknowledges that the first prong of the Terletsky test is an objective inquiry but maintains that proof -, of the insurer’s subjectively improper motive is a prerequisite to prevailing in a bad faith action under Section 8371.
     
      
      . The Superior Court further held that Ranco-sky’s bad faith claim is not time-barred under the applicable statute of limitations. This Court did not ultimately grant further review of the statute of limitations issue ■ raised by ‘ Conseco. Thus, it is finally decided in favor of Rancosky.
     
      
      . We observe, however, that this Court has considered other aspects of claims brought pursuant to Section 8371. See Toy v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 928 A.2d 186, 200 (Pa. 2007) (holding that the General Assembly did not intend to give relief to an insured who alleged that his insurer engaged in unfair or deceptive practices in soliciting the purchase of an insurance policy when it enacted Section 8371); Birth Center v. St. Paul Companies, Inc., 567 Pa. 386, 787 A.2d 376 (2001) (holding that in creating additional remedies for bad faith under Section 8371, the General Assembly did not intend to prohibit an award of compensatory contractual damages that were otherwise available at common law); Mishoe, 824 A.2d at 1160 (holding that the Pennsylvania Constitution does not provide for the right to a jury trial for bad faith claims arising under Section 8371). While these cases are instructive in terms of their overview of the development of bad faith insurance claims in Pennsylvania, none of them addressed the issue presented today, namely, the legal test for bad faith under Section 8371. See, e.g., Toy, 928 A.2d at 200 n.16 (stating "we do not consider what actions amount to bad faith.”). Consequently, our pri- or decisions interpreting Section 8371 do not directly control our disposition of the instant matter. Moreover, nothing we say here should be read as casting doubt on the validity of the holdings in those cases.
     
      
      . Conseco does not specifically reference the Anderson Court’s holding that a higher manner of proof is required where the plaintiff seeks punitive damages.
     
      
      . Given our conclusion that the General Assembly had a particular understanding of bad faith when it enacted Section 8371 and did not distinguish between punitive and other categories of damages, the phrase "bad faith” is sufficiently clear within the context of the statute. Accordingly, we need not address the parties’ arguments as to whether Section 8371 is a penal or remedial statute.
     
      
      , It should be acknowledged, however, that term “recklessness” itself carries some ambiguity. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 836, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 1978, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994) (“[T]he term recklessness is not self-defining."). From my own point of view, civil-law recklessness as defined by the Supreme Court of the United States, see id. at 836-37, 114 S.Ct. at 1978-79, should suffice-to support the compensatory damages and fee-shifting provided in Section 8371. However, the question whether it will support punitive damages in any given amount, consistent with constitutional norms, must be addressed according to the federally-prescribed standards discussed belqw.
     
      
      . Nor are we the only ones to have clarified that neither self-interest nor ill will is neces- ' sary to a finding of bad faith in the insurance context. The. most recent edition of Black's Law,Dictionary, too, .has eliminated any suggestion to that effect. See Black’s Law Dictionary 166 (10th ed: 2Ó14).
     
      
      . See Terletsky v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 437 Pa.Super. 108, 649 A.2d 680, 688 (1994) (citing Cowden v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 389 Pa. 459, 134 A.2d 223, 227 (1957) for the "clear and convincing evidence” standard of proof).
     