
    FOSHAN SHUNDE YONGJIAN HOUSEWARES & HARDWARE CO., LTD., and Polder, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and Home Products International, Inc., Defendant-Intervenor.
    Slip Op. 16-35
    Court No. 10-00059
    United States Court of International Trade.
    April 7, 2016
    
      William E. Perry, Dorsey & Whitney LLP, of Seattle, WA, argued for plaintiffs. With him on the brief was Emily Lawson.
    Michael D. Snyder, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant. With him on the brief were Joyce R. Bran-da, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Aman Kakar, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, United States Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.
    Frederick L. Ikenson, Blank Rome LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant-intervenor. With him on the brief was Larry Hampel.
   OPINION

EATON, Judge:

Before the court is' the United States Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce” or “the Department”) Third Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand pertaining to the fourth administrative review of the antidumping duty order covering floor-standing metal-top ironing tables and certain parts thereof from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand (Dep’t of Commerce Oct. 10, 2014) (ECF Dkt. No. 143) (“Third Remand Results”). On this third remand, Commerce was directed to either (1) properly corroborate the secondary information it relied upon in assigning plaintiff Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares and Hardware Co., Ltd. (“Foshan Shunde” or “plaintiff’), and its importer of record, Polder, Inc., an anti-dumping duty rate of 157.68 percent based on adverse facts available (“AFA”), or (2) determine a new rate for plaintiff that is supported by substantial evidence and is in accordance with law. See Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware Co. v. United States (Foshan Shunde III), 38 CIT -, 991 F.Supp.2d 1322, 1334-35 (2014). In the Third Remand Results, because Commerce determined it was unable to identify additional information to corroborate the previously-assigned rate, it assigned, under protest, a duty rate of 72.29 percent to Foshan Shunde, which was the rate assigned to the separate-rate companies in the underlying less-than-fair-value investigation (“the Investigation”). Third Remand Results at 2.

Plaintiff' and defendant-intervenor, Home Products International, Inc. (“HPI” or “defendant-intervenor”), object to the 72.29 percent duty rate. Foshan Shunde argues the Department failed to corroborate the new rate and that it does not reflect the company’s commercial reality. Comments on Third Remand Results 7-9 (ECF Dkt. No. 151) (“Pl.’s Cmts.”). HPI, on the other hand, insists the 157.68 percent duty rate previously assigned to Foshan Shunde was corroborated to the extent practicable, and that the new rate is inconsistent with the court’s remand order, unsupported by substantial evidence, and not in accordance with law. See Comments of HPI on the Third Remand Results 2 (ECF Dkt. No. 147) (“Def.-Int.’s Cmts.”). For the reasons set forth below, Commerce’s Third Remand Results are sustained.

BACKGROUND

1. The Final Results

In 2004, Commerce issued an antidump-ing duty order covering floor-standing metal-top ironing tables and certain parts thereof from the PRC (“subject merchandise”). See Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables & Certain Parts Thereof From the PRC, 69 Fed.Reg. 35,296 (Dep’t of Commerce June 24, 2004) (notice of final determination of sales at less than fair value); Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof From the PRC, 69 Fed.Reg. 47,868 (Dep’t of Commerce Aug. 6, 2004) (notice of amended final determination of sales at less than fair value and antidumping duty order) (collectively, “the Order”). The final results of the fourth administrative review of the Order, covering the period of review (“POR”) August 1, 2007 through July 31, 2008, were issued on January 20, 2010. See Floor-Standing, Metal-Top Ironing Tables and Certain Parts Thereof From the PRC, 75 Fed.Reg. 3,201 (Dep’t of Commerce Jan. 20, 2010) (final results of antidumping duty administrative review), and the accompanying Issues & Decision Memorandum (collectively, the “Final Results”).

In the Final Results, Commerce identified certain deficiencies in Foshan Shunde’s questionnaire responses related to the company’s factors of production and sales information, and therefore disregarded those submissions. In light of these inadequacies, the Department applied AFA when selecting from among the available facts, and thus drew inferences adverse to Foshan Shunde as to its reported factors of production and sales data. In addition, Commerce used these deficiencies as a basis to disregard the information Foshan Shunde offered to demonstrate its independence from the PRC government. Accordingly, Commerce determined Fosh-an Shunde was not entitled to a separate rate, and therefore assigned the PRC-wide rate of 157.68 percent to the company. See Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware Co. v. United States (Foshan Shunde I), 35 CIT -,-, Slip Op. 11-123, at 4-5 (Oct. 12, 2011).

In Foshan Shunde I, the court sustained Commerce’s determination to apply AFA as to Foshan Shunde’s factors of production and sales data, but remanded the ease for the Department to reexamine the facts surrounding the company’s separate-rate status and the duty rate applied to the company. Id. at -, Slip Op. 11-123, at 40-42.

II. The First Remand Results

In its First Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Order (“First Remand Results”), the Department determined that Foshan Shunde was entitled to a separate rate, but it could not determine such a rate because the record did not contain reliable information regarding plaintiffs factors of production and sales data. See First Remand Results at 1 (Dep’t of Commerce June 11, 2012) (ECF Dkt. No. 71). Relying on its finding in the Final Results that Foshan Shunde failed to cooperate to the best of its ability with the Department’s requests for information, as affirmed by the court in Foshan Shunde I, Commerce again assigned the rate of 157.68 percent based on AFA. Id. at 1, 3-7. The Department asserted this determination was supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law because: (1) it was based upon secondary information that was corroborated; (2) the assigned rate was “an individually calculated rate for a cooperative respondent in the investigation”; (3) the rate “ha[d] been used repeatedly as the rate assigned to the [PRC]-wide entity representing the rate for the industry”; and (4) data from the United States Customs and Border Protection Agency (“Customs”) included imports of subject merchandise into the United States during the POR (the “Customs Data”) made by market participants who were subject to the 157.68 percent duty rate. Id. at 8-9.

- In Foshan Shunde II, the court sustained both the Department’s determination that Foshan Shunde was entitled to a separate rate, as well as its use of AFA in selecting that rate. See Foshan Shunde Yongjian Housewares & Hardware Co. v. United States (Foshan Shunde II), 37 CIT -, Slip Op. 13-47 (Apr. 8, 2013). The court held, however, that Commerce had not sufficiently corroborated the secondary information it used to assign the duty rate. Id. Specifically, the court found that simply repeating the assignment of a duty rate, calculated during an underlying investigation, does not constitute adequate corroboration for assigning that rate as AFA to a specific respondent in subsequent reviews. Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-47, at 9 (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) (2006); 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(d) (2008)).

As to the Department’s claim that the 157.68 percent duty rate was corroborated because other importers had made entries while subject to this rate during the POR, the court stated that, in general, information from Customs is an appropriate independent source to corroborate secondary information. Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-47, at 11. The court further found, however, that the specific Customs Data relied upon by the Department in this case was lacking. Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-47, at 11-13. Specifically, the court found the claimed relevance of the Customs Data to Foshan Shunde’s commercial reality was not supported by substantial evidence because, among other things, nothing on the record expressly identified the entries in the Customs Data as entries of subject merchandise. Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-47, at 12-13. Accordingly, the court instructed Commerce on remand to supplement the record with additional information or to further explain why the Customs Data constituted substantial evidence that corroborated the secondary information it relied upon in assigning Foshan Shunde’s AFA rate. Id. at-, Slip Op. 13-47, at 14.

III. The Second Remand Results

In the Second Final Results of Redeter-mination Pursuant to Court Remand (“Second Remand Results”), the Department again applied AFA in assigning Foshan Shunde a duty rate of 157.68 percent, continuing to use the Investigation rate as secondary information. Second Remand Results at 1 (Dep’t of Commerce July 8, 2013) (ECF Dkt. No. 111). To corroborate the rate, the Department again relied solely on the Customs Data as its independent source. Id. at 6-8. In doing so, Commerce limited itself to the record evidence and concluded the selected rate was “to the extent practicable corroborated by information from independent sources pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c).” Id. at 1. In particular, the Department stated that the available “information from independent sources is limited to the Customs data”; that “[n]o average unit value or price list data is on the record of this proceeding”; and that it “has identified no other independent sources beyond these Customs data that could assist the Department in determining the probative value of the 157.68 percent AFA rate assigned to Foshan Shunde.” Id. at 5.

As to the court’s instruction to explain the relevance of the Customs Data to Foshan Shunde, Commerce asserted: (1) the rate is relevant to Foshan Shunde because it “had already been calculated in a prior segment of the proceeding at the time Foshan Shunde took the risk of providing unusable data to the Department in this review,” id. at 6 (“Foshan Shunde’s actions demonstrate that it preferred to avoid providing to the Department the necessary information for calculating its true margin.... Foshan Shunde knowingly chose to [accept the] risk” of receiving the selected rate and, thus, the selected “rate is relevant to Foshan Shunde by virtue of its choice not to cooperate.”); and (2) the entries in the Customs Data show that some market participants had imported subject merchandise at the 157.68 percent rate, including one entry of a large value by an alleged affiliate of Foshan Shunde. Id. at 7-9; see also Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1327 (“Taken as a whole, it is the Department’s position that the liquidation rate of these entries tends to prove that Foshan Shunde could, and did, do business in subject merchandise during the POR while its products were subject to the 157.68 percent rate.”).

In Foshan Shunde III, the court held that the Department again failed to demonstrate the relevance of the Customs Data to Foshan Shunde, and did not adequately explain why corroboration was not practicable in this case. Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1329-34. The court noted that Commerce chose not to reopen the record to obtain additional information to corroborate the 157.68 percent duty rate, but, rather, continued to rely on the Customs Data alone. Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1329-30. The court therefore concluded, “[b]ased on the existing record, ... Commerce’s explanation as to why it has sufficiently corroborated the assignment of the 157.68 percent rate is unconvincing.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1330.

First, the court found “the Department’s assertion that the rate is automatically relevant as a result of Foshan Shunde’s failure to comply with the Department’s request for information” to be “little more than a new attempt to satisfy the corroboration requirement with a modified form of the Rhone Poulenc presumption.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1330 (citing Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185 (Fed.Cir.1990)). The court explained that Rhone Poulenc, a pre-Uruguay Round Agreements case, permitted Commerce “to infer that the highest prior margin of a particular respondent was the most probative evidence of that party’s rate when the respondent failed to answer the Department’s questionnaires.” Id. (citing Rhone Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1190 (“[I]t reflects a common sense inference that the highest prior margin is the most probative evidence of current margins because, if it were not so, the importer, knowing of the rule, would have produced current information showing the margin to be less.”)). The court explained that the application of this presumption within the current statutory framework is limited “to situations where (1) the rate used was calculated in a prior review segment for the party now failing to cooperate, and (2) the party failing to cooperate did not respond to the Department’s questionnaires in any way,” neither of which occurred in this case. Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1331.

Second, the court found Commerce’s determination that the Customs Data represented subject merchandise was not supported by substantial evidence. Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1331-32 (“The Department ... only points to the liquidation rate of the entries, and that some entries were made by Foshan Shunde and a Fosh-an Shunde affiliate, as evidence to corroborate the 157.68 percent rate. Notably absent from Commerce’s analysis, however, is any direct evidence that the entries were classified under the [tariff] heading for ironing tables, or any assertion that no other products imported during the POR [ (i.e., products other than subject merchandise) ] were liquidated at the 157.68 percent rate.”). In other words, the court rejected the Department’s attempt to use the 157.68 percent rate to show the Customs Data represents entries of subject merchandise, and is therefore relevant to Foshan Shunde, observing “the only record support of the relevance of the rates in the Customs Data are the rates themselves.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1332. That is, just because the Customs Data may have included entries made by Foshan Shunde, such entries were not necessarily of subject merchandise. In addition, liquidation rates, which are unknown to importers at the time of entry, do not reveal much about the relevance of a particular AFA rate to a specific respondent. See id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1328 (agreeing “that, because the 157.68 percent rate was imposed on domestic importers at liquidation and those importers were unaware of what their ultimate rate would be at the time they imported the goods, the rate was not corroborated by the [liquidation rates]. That is, for [Foshan Shunde], because the 157.68 percent rate was imposed months after importation, the rate can not be said to represent any importer’s or exporter’s commercial reality during the POR”).

As to the practicability of corroborating the selected AFA rate, the court found the Department made “no mention of what other independent sources it attempted to identify” in support of its conclusion that corroboration was impracticable in this case. Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1333. Indeed, the court stated:

Where the Department states that it has been unable to identify independent sources to corroborate its selected secondary information, without more, the reasonable conclusion to be drawn under the statute is not that corroborating its selected secondary information is “not practicable.” Rather, the reasonable conclusion is that Commerce’s selected secondary information is not probative and that the Department should rethink its selection of that secondary information.

Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1333-34. The court also clarified that it is Commerce’s responsibility to locate independent sources to corroborate secondary information used in selecting AFA rates: “Congress placed the obligation to corroborate secondary information using independent sources on the Department, not on the interested parties who are normally responsible for generating the administrative record.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1329.

The court further noted the statute’s “to the extent practicable” limitation “was intended to permit the Department to rely on relevant independent sources whose data is ‘reasonably at [its] disposal,’ ” and neither the statute nor this Court require “the Department to go to extraordinary lengths to corroborate secondary information where the record is deficient.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)). Here, however, the court did not allow the Department “to rely solely on a claimed absence of corroborating independent information to support its conclusions without an explanation,” but required Commerce to “seek relevant independent sources to corroborate its secondary information, and if it [could not] locate such information, ... describe the steps that it has taken so that a reviewing Court can determine if the Department’s finding that corroboration was not practicable is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334.

In sum, five holdings can be found in the remands in this case: (1) “the decision in Rhone Poulenc ‘necessarily did not hold that the presumption could replace actual corroboration,’ ” and the presumption’s use is limited to situations where the rate “was calculated in a prior review segment for the party now failing to cooperate” and the uncooperative party failed to respond to the Department’s questionnaires altogether, id. at — n. 7, -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1330 n. 7, 1331; (2) evidence that a respondent’s merchandise was liquidated at a particular rate is not probative of its commercial reality unless it can be shown that the entries were of subject merchandise, see id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1331-32; (3) because at the time of importation importers are unaware of what their ultimate liquidation rates will be, liquidation rates are not probative of an importer’s commercial reality during the POR, see id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1328; (4) it is Commerce’s “obligation to corroborate secondary information using independent sources” and build the record for that purpose, “not ... the interested parties who are normally responsible for generating the administrative record,” id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1329; and (5) the Department may not simply rely on a claimed absence of independent information to support its conclusion that corroboration is impracticable: “Rather, the Department must still seek relevant independent sources to corroborate its secondary information, and if it cannot locate such information, it must descube the steps that it has taken so that a reviewing Court can determine if the Department’s finding that corroboration was not practicable is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law,” id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334 (emphasis added).

Accordingly, the court again remanded the case, instructing Commerce, if it continued to assign the 157.68 percent rate, to reopen “the record and make all reasonably practicable efforts to identify independent sources reasonably at its disposal that bear on the relevance of the 157.68 percent rate to Foshan Shunde” or, if it was unable to do so, to “explain what independent sources it considered and why those sources contained no relevant information.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334-35. In addition, if Commerce declined to assign the 157.68 percent rate, the court ordered the Department to “determine a separate rate for Foshan Shunde that is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1335.

IV. The Third Remand Results

In the Third Remand Results, now before the court, the Department stated it “found no additional information to potentially corroborate an AFA rate for Foshan Shunde beyond the Customs [D]ata that were examined in the [First and Second Remand Results].” Third Remand Results at 2. Specifically, in an attempt to corroborate the 157.68 percent rate, “the Department opened the record, searched for independent sources that would bear on the relevance of 157.68 percent rate, but found no additional statistical data from an independent source that may represent Foshan Shunde’s ‘commercial reality,’ or that would otherwise bear on the relevance of the 157.68 percent rate.” Id. at 7, 7 n.36 (The Department “searched the internet in an attempt to find any ‘primary information’ that is contemporaneous with the [POR] and could address the commercial reality concerns identified by the Court. [It] found no relevant information. [It] also re-examined the record to determine whether any additional Customs data had been overlooked. None was. [It] also considered whether any additional Customs data might be useful, but could not identify any additional Customs data or sources reasonably at the Department’s disposal.”). In addition, Commerce noted that “information concerning Foshan Shunde’s U.S. sales and factors of production data is unavailable. Thus, given Foshan Shunde’s failure to provide usable U.S. sales and factors of production data, the Department cannot determine a ‘commercial reality’ specific to Foshan Shunde.” Id. at 6. Thus, Commerce assigned, under protest, a revised AFA rate of 72.29 percent, which is the weighted average of the rates calculated for the two mandatory respondents in the Investigation (i.e., 157.68 percent and 9.47 percent). Id. at 2,10.

As to its selection of the 72.29 percent rate, the Department “looked to other rates that may be considered for use as AFA,” but found “other rates calculated in the history of this proceeding ... would similarly fail to qualify as a potential source for AFA given the criteria set forth by the Court in Foshan Shunde III.” Id. at 8. In particular, Commerce asserts:

The only calculated, non-AFA rate specific to Foshan Shunde is the 2.37 percent rate determined for Foshan Shunde in the 2004-2005 review of this order. All of the other potential AFA rates ... were either 1) calculated for companies other than Foshan Shunde, 2) are from the [underlying] investigation or otherwise pre-date the [POR] (and, thus, given the analysis set forth in Foshan Shunde II and Foshan Shunde III, therefore, not specifically ‘relevant’ to Foshan Shunde, or 3) are rates that are too low to induce cooperation in future reviews of this proceeding and are therefore unsuitable for use as an AFA rate.

Id. at 8-9 (footnote omitted). Furthermore, according to Commerce, “[a]s a rate that is culled from the history of two respondents, the 72.29 percent AFA rate is broader in scope than is a single rate,” and “is the current rate in effect for all companies which have demonstrated they are separate from the PRC-wide entity.” Id. at 10. For these reasons, Commerce concluded, the “72.29 percent rate better addresses the Court’s expressed concerns regarding ‘relevance’ and ‘commercial reality’ compared to a single rate that was calculated for one company.” Id. Finally, “[u]nlike lower rates that range from zero to 10.18 percent, in selecting from among the facts available [Commerce found] that 72.29 percent represents a rate that is sufficient to induce future cooperation and ensures that Foshan Shunde does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated fully.” Id.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i). “ ‘The results of a re-determination pursuant to court remand are also reviewed for compliance with the court’s remand order.’” Yantai Xinke Steel Structure Co. v. United States, 38 CIT -,-, Slip Op. 14-38, at 4 (Apr. 9, 2014) (quoting Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co. v. United States, 38 CIT -, 968 F.Supp.2d 1255, 1259 (2014)).

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Framework

During administrative reviews, Commerce requests information from respondents and if a respondent “withholds information that has been requested by [Commerce],” “fails to provide such information by the deadlines ... or in the form and manner requested,” “significantly impedes a proceeding,” or “provides such information but the information cannot be verified,” Commerce is permitted to “use the facts otherwise available” in making its determinations. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A)-(D). If Commerce further finds a respondent has “failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information,” then it “may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available” (i.e., it may apply AFA). Id. § 1677e(b).

In selecting an AFA rate, Commerce may use information from the petition, the investigation, prior administrative reviews, or “any other information placed on the record.” Id. .§ 1677e(b)(l)-(4); see Gallant Ocean (Thai.) Co. v. United States, 602 F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed.Cir.2010) (“[I]n the case of uncooperative respondents,” Commerce has discretion to “select from a list of secondary sources as a basis for its adverse inferences.”); see also Statement of Administrative Action Accompanying Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, at 870, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4199 (1994) (“SAA”) (“Secondary information is information derived from the petition that gave rise to the investigation or review, the final determination concerning the subject merchandise, or any previous review under section 751 [(19 U.S.C. § 1675)] concerning the subject merchandise.”). In addition, “in selecting a reasonable] [AFA] rate, Commerce must balance the statutory objectives of finding an accurate dumping margin and inducing compliance, rather than creating an overly punitive result.” Timken Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1334, 1345 (Fed.Cir.2004).

When Commerce relies on secondary information, “rather than on information obtained in the course of an investigation or review,” it “shall, to the extent practicable, corroborate that information from independent sources that are reasonably at [its] disposal.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) (emphasis added). “To corroborate secondary information, Commerce must find the information has ‘probative value,’ by demonstrating the rate is both reliable and relevant.” Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 802 F.3d 1339, 1354 (Fed.Cir.2015) (quoting KYD, Inc. v. United States, 607 F.3d 760, 765 (Fed.Cir.2010)) (citing Gallant Ocean, 602 F.3d at 1323-25); see also F.lli De Cecco di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed.Cir.2000) (“It is clear from Congress’s imposition of the corroboration requirement in 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) that it intended for an adverse facts available rate to be a reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent’s actual rate, albeit with some built-in increase intended as a deterrent to non-compliance.” (emphasis added)); Hubscher Ribbon Corp. v. United States, 38 CIT -, 979 F.Supp.2d 1360, 1365 (2014) (“In practice ‘corroboration’ involves confirming that secondary information has ‘probative value,’ by examining its ‘reliability and relevance.’ ” (citations omitted)). In other words, “Commerce must select secondary information that has some grounding in commercial reality.” Gallant Ocean, 602 F.3d at 1324; see also Nan Ya Plastics Corp. v. United States, 810 F.3d 1333, 1343 (Fed.Cir.2016) (“We clarify that ‘commercial reality’ and ‘accurate’ represent reliable guideposts for Commerce’s determinations. Those terms must be considered against what the antidumping statutory scheme demands.”).

Furthermore, the information used to corroborate a rate must bear a relationship to a particular respondent in order to satisfy the relevance requirement. See Gallant Ocean, 602 F.3d at 1324; see also Changzhou Wujin Fine Chem. Factory Co. v. United States, 701 F.3d 1367, 1384 (Fed.Cir.2012) (Observing that “because nothing in the record ... tied the AFA rate ... to [the respondent], we concluded that the AFA rate was unrelated to commercial reality and not a reasonably] accurate estimate of [the respondent’s] actual dumping, hence, not supported by substantial evidence.”).

II. The Department Reasonably Determined the 157.68 Percent Rate Is Not a Suitable AFA Rate for Foshan Shunde

As noted, in Foshan Shunde III, the court directed Commerce to either reopen “the record and make all reasonably practicable efforts to identify independent sources reasonably at its disposal that bear on the relevance of the 157.68 percent rate to Foshan Shunde” or, if it was unable to do so, to “explain what independent sources it considered and why those sources contained no relevant information.” Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334-35. In addition, if Commerce declined to again assign the 157.68 percent rate, the court ordered the Department to “determine a separate rate for Foshan Shunde that is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.” Id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1335.

Defendant-intervenor HPI objects to Commerce’s selection of the new AFA rate of 72.29 percent for Foshan Shunde, claiming this choice is unsupported by substantial evidence and not in accordance with law. Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 10. According to HPI, Commerce should have continued to use the 157.68 percent rate because that rate was corroborated to the extent practicable. Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 9. Specifically, HPI maintains that the Department adhered to the court’s directives in Foshan Shunde III by reopening the record and “makfing] all reasonably practicable efforts to identify independent sources reasonably at its disposal that b[ore] on the relevance of the 157.68 percent rate to Foshan Shunde.” Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 5 (quoting Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334-35) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is, for HPI, “[biased on its very own research and findings, the Department demonstrated that it was justified in continuing to use 157.68percent as the AFA rate for Foshan Shunde.” Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 8.

HPI further argues that, in accordance with the court’s order, Commerce described the specific steps it took to locate independent sources, and this “provide[d] ample support for maintaining its preferred rate of 157.68 percent.” Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 9. Thus, HPI insists there was no reason to change the rate because “[t]he Court [gave] the Department license to maintain the rate of its choice&emdash;provided that certain measures were taken to ensure compliance with the law and, based on the Department’s statements, they were.” Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 8. HPI also questions how a rate that was determined by calculating the weighted average of the rates assigned to the two mandatory respondents during the Investigation is more relevant to Foshan Shunde, and more reflective of its commercial reality, than the 157.68percent rate that was calculated for a company that HPI alleges was related to Foshan Shunde. Def.-Int.’s Cmts. 9.

The court finds HPI’s arguments unpersuasive. HPI is correct that, in accordance with the court’s remand order in Foshan Shunde III, the Department reopened the record, searched for independent sources, and properly detailed the steps it undertook to locate information to corroborate the 157.68 percent rate. See Third Remand Results at 7 n.36 (“[T]o follow the Court’s order, we note the Department searched the internet in an attempt to find any ‘primary information’ that is contemporaneous with the [POR] and could address the commercial reality concerns identified by the Court. We found no relevant information. We also re-examined the record to determine whether any additional Customs data had been overlooked. None was. We also considered whether any additional Customs data might be useful, but could not identify any additional Customs data or sources reasonably at the Department’s disposal.”). Thus, Commerce’s description of the steps it took to corroborate the 157.68percent duty rate, including reopening the record, searching for additional primary and secondary information, reexamining the record, and considering additional data from Customs, might have resulted in sufficient corroboration of the 157.68percent rate.

Nevertheless, contrary to HPI’s assertions, following a fourth attempt to identify independent sources, and given the inapplicability of the Rhone Poulenc presumption and the court’s rejection of Commerce’s efforts to corroborate the 157.68percent rate on three prior occasions, the Department reasonably determined the rate was unsuitable. See Third Remand Results at 8. Indeed, in Foshan Shunde III, the court gave Commerce the option of assigning to and corroborating a new rate for Foshan Shunde, and did not limit the Department’s ability to do so based on the success of its efforts to corroborate the previously-assigned rate. See Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1335. In other words, the Department reasonably determined it could not demonstrate the relevance of the 157.68percent rate to Foshan Shunde after three remands, and therefore looked elsewhere for an appropriate rate.

As to HPI’s claim that the 157.68 percent rate better reflects Foshan Shunde’s commercial reality because it was a rate calculated for a single company, as compared to the 72.29 percent rate, which was derived from the weighted average of two different companies, the court finds this argument unpersuasive. The 72.29 percent rate was based on the history of two different respondents, and therefore on a somewhat broader set of data. Accordingly, the new rate better addresses the court’s concerns about relevance and commercial reality as compared to the 157.68 percent rate, which was supported by, at least in part, a modified form of the Rhone Poulenc presumption that the court has repeatedly held does not apply to the circumstances of this case. See id. at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1330-31; Foshan Shunde II, 37 CIT at -n.4, Slip Op. 13-47, at 10 n.4. As to HPI’s argument that the 157.68percent rate should be sustained because it was assigned to a company affiliated with Foshan Shunde, no such finding was made by the Department or the court in this proceeding.

Accordingly, the court finds the Department’s determination to no longer use the 157.68percent AFA rate in light of the inapplicability of the Rhone Poulenc presumption, its inability to identify independent sources to corroborate the rate, and the court’s authorization in Foshan Shunde III to assign a new rate to the company irrespective of the success of its efforts to corroborate the 157.68 percent rate, to be supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.

III. The Department’s Selection op the 72.29 Percent AFA Rate Is Supported by Substantial Evidence

Next, Foshan Shunde argues the Third Remand Results are unlawful because “Commerce ... failed to meet its burden of identifying independent sources” to corroborate the 72.29 percent rate. Pl.’s Cmts. 7. Plaintiff contends “Commerce merely ‘searched the internet in an attempt to find additional primary information contemporaneous with the POR which could address the commercial reality concerns identified by the Court,’ ” but this was insufficient to meet the Department’s corroboration obligations. See PL’s Cmts. 8 (quoting Third Remand Results at 13). For instance, Foshan Shunde asserts “Commerce does not detail the extent of this ‘search,’ and the explanation is cursory at best.” PL’s Cmts. 8. Instead, plaintiff claims, rather than “expend[] serious effort to comply with the [Third Remand Results] and locate reliable independent sources, • Commerce eomplain[ed] that there [was] no primary information from Foshan Shunde to corroborate, because Commerce previously rejected the data provided by Foshan Shunde.” PL’s Cmts. 8.

Foshan Shunde also claims Commerce failed to satisfy the court’s relevance and commercial reality concerns expressed in Foshan Shunde III. Plaintiff argues that, because the 72.29 percent rate is based on rates calculated for two other companies, and not for Foshan Shunde itself, it does not reflect the company’s commercial reality. See PL’s Cmts. 9-10. Further, plaintiff contends that “if the current commercial reality ... during the review period was a 72.29 percent rate and that [was] a true rate for all Chinese companies, Customs data would show substantial imports into the United States with a cash deposit rate of 72.29 percent rate paid on imports or something close to it.” Pl.’s Cmts. 10. Plaintiff claims there is no such data because Foshan Shunde’s actual commercial reality during the POR reflected a rate of 2.37 percent, the rate it was originally assigned during the first administrative review, as well as its cash deposit rate in effect during this POR. PL’s Cmts. 10-11.

Relatedly, plaintiff insists the 72.29 percent rate was not properly corroborated because the Department failed to “look at [Foshan Shunde’s] cash deposit rate upon entering the ironing tables into the U.S. market, which was 2.37 percent,” or other rates on the record, ranging from 0 to 10.18 percent, and then “add ‘some built in increase intended as a deterrent to noncompliance.’ ” PL’s Cmts. 12-13 (quoting De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032). Finally, Foshan Shunde maintains that the 72.29 percent rate is “not an amount that would allow any importer to stay in business in the United States.” PL’s Cmts. 11.

The court finds Foshan Shunde’s arguments unpersuasive, and holds that Commerce’s assignment of the 72.29 percent AFA rate is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law.

First, as noted, Commerce properly concluded that the 157.68 percent rate, which was the highest calculated rate for a cooperating company in the history of the Order, was “unsuitable for use as the [AFA] rate” for Foshan Shunde based on the Department’s unsuccessful efforts to locate independent sources to corroborate the rate combined with the inapplicability of the Rhone Poulenc presumption. See Third Remand Results at 9. The Department then looked to other rates assigned over the course of the proceedings to potentially use as AFA, but reasonably concluded these rates were unsuitable. See id. Specifically, Commerce found these rates: (1) were “calculated for companies other than Foshan Shunde”; (2) were “from the [underlying] investigation or otherwise pre-date[d] the [POR] and, thus, given the analysis set forth in Foshan Shunde II and Foshan Shunde III, ... not specifically ‘relevant’ to Foshan Shunde”; or (3) were “too low to induce cooperation in future reviews of this proceeding and [were] therefore unsuitable for use as an AFA rate.” Id. at 9; see Mueller Comercial de Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. v. United States, 753 F.3d 1227, 1235 (Fed.Cir.2014) (describing the AFA statute as “ ‘the means Congress intended for Commerce to use to induce cooperation with its antidumping investigations.’ ” (quoting KYD, 607 F.3d at 768)).

As to the corroboration of the 72.29 percent rate selected by Commerce, as noted, when Commerce “relies on secondary information rather than on information obtained in the course of an investigation or review, ... [it] shall, to the extent practicable, corroborate that information from independent sources that are reasonably at its disposal.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(e) (emphases added). In other words, as the court confirmed in Foshan Shunde II and Foshan Shunde III, Commerce is not required “to go to extraordinary lengths to corroborate secondary information where the record is deficient.” See Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1334 (citing PSC VSMPO-AVISMA Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT -, -, Slip Op. 11-115, at 5 (Sept. 15, 2011); Hubscher Ribbon, 38 CIT at -, 979 F.Supp.2d at 1368-70; Nan Ya Plastics Corp. v. United States, 37 CIT -, -, 906 F.Supp.2d 1348, 1351-53 (2013); Tianjin Mach. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 36 CIT -, -, Slip Op. 12-83, at 10-13 (June 14, 2012)).

Here, despite Commerce’s difficulty in locating independent sources to corroborate the remaining duty rates assigned over the course of the proceedings under the Order, it is evident that the Department has corroborated the 72.29 percent rate “to the extent practicable.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c). As the Department correctly observed, unlike the 157.68 percent rate that was repeatedly rejected by the court, in part because it was calculated for a single company during a pri- or review, this deficiency is less pronounced with the 72.29 percent rate. Rather, the 72.29 percent rate is derived from two calculated rates (i.e., the weighted average of the 157.68 percent rate assigned to Yongjian and the 9.47 percent rate assigned to Since Hardware during the Investigation), and was also the rate “in effect for all companies which have demonstrated they are separate from the PRC-wide entity.” See Third Remand Results at 10. In other words, the 72.29 percent rate was the rate in effect for cooperating companies that had demonstrated entitlement to a separate rate. This rate is therefore reflective of Foshan Shunde’s commercial reality because similar exporters of subject merchandise were able to, and actually did, import subject merchandise into the United States at this rate.

Furthermore, assigning an AFA rate to an uncooperative party that is lower than the separate rate assigned to cooperative respondents runs contrary to the purpose of the AFA statute&emdash;to incentivize future compliance on the part of uncooperative respondents. De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032. That is, were the Department to assign Foshan Shunde an AFA rate of less than 72.29 percent, Foshan Shunde would have obtained a lower rate than those parties that cooperated fully with Commerce, and thus would have no incentive to cooperate in future reviews. See SAA, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, at 870, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4199 (“In employing adverse inferences, one factor the agencies will consider is the extent to which a party may benefit from its own lack of cooperation.”). Therefore, in addition to being relevant to Foshan Shunde, the rate of 72.29 percent fulfills the goal of the AFA statute&emdash;“to encourage future cooperation by ‘ensur[ing] that the party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated fully.’ ” See Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1365, 1373 (Fed.Cir.2014) (alteration in original) (quoting SAA, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, at 870, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4239). In addition, the Department reasonably determined that, due to Foshan Shunde’s withholding of accurate factors of production and U.S. sales information, it was impossible to determine accurately Foshan Shunde’s commercial reality during the POR. See Third Remand Results at 7-8. Thus, Foshan Shunde’s arguments regarding relevance and commercial reality are unpersuasive.

Second, Foshan Shunde’s argument that its 2.37 percent cash deposit rate is representative of its commercial reality during the POR is meritless. As an initial matter, in Foshan Shunde II, the court expressly rejected the use of the 2.37 percent rate as the dumping rate for Foshan Shunde in this review. See Foshan Shunde II, 37 CIT at -, Slip Op. 13-47, at 6-7 (“Thus, according to plaintiffs, Commerce was required to use the 2.37 [percent] rate calculated for Foshan Shunde in the first administrative review or to create a rate using some unspecified methodology. This argument cannot be credited. On remand, the court expressly instructed Commerce to ‘take[] into consideration the Department’s determination, sustained here, to apply AFA to Foshan Shunde’s factors of production and sales data.’ Therefore, the court anticipated the use of a reasonable AFA methodology by Commerce when determining the company’s rate. Nothing in the order indicated that when applying AFA, the Department was required to calculate a rate for Foshan Shunde or that it was prohibited from using any reasonable method for determining the company’s rate.” (alteration in original) (quoting Foshan Shunde I, 36 CIT at -, Slip Op. 11-123, at 42)).

Furthermore, after an investigation results in the issuance of an antidump-ing duty order, Commerce directs Customs to collect estimated antidumping duties (i.e., cash deposits) on entries of merchandise subject to the order. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(d)(l)(B). These deposit rates, however, are only estimates of the eventual liability to which importers might be subject for entries of merchandise that are covered by an antidumping duty order. As frequently noted by this Court, the antidumping duty regime is retrospective in nature, and interested parties may request annual reviews to better approximate their duty rates for a period of time that has already ended. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675; 19 C.F.R. § 351.213. Hence, in the event a review results in a rate that differs from the cash deposit rate, an importer’s liability may require an adjustment. Here, the 2.37 percent cash deposit rate for the current review was assigned to Foshan Shunde during the first administrative review. The purpose of the fourth review is to determine whether the rate of 2.37 percent remains an accurate duty rate for Foshan Shunde during the current POR, and says nothing about the company’s commercial reality during this POR.

Similarly, the court finds unavailing Foshan Shunde’s argument that one of the record rates ranging from 0 to 10.18 percent should have been used, along with a built-in increase for Foshan Shunde’s noncompliance. It is unclear what level of built-in increase to these rates plaintiff believes would be appropriate and, in any case, it is “Commerce’s task ... to identify the amount necessary to deter noncompliance.” Lifestyle Enter., Inc. v. United States, 36 CIT -, 865 F.Supp.2d 1284, 1291 (2012). Here, Commerce balanced the statutory directives to select an AFA rate that (1) would induce future cooperation on the part of Foshan Shunde, and (2) was reflective of Foshan Shunde’s commercial reality during the POR in a case where the company filed deficient information regarding its factors of production and sales during the POR.

Because the 72.29 percent rate assigned to Foshan Shunde satisfies Commerce’s inducement criteria by ensuring that the company does not obtain a more favorable outcome than it would have received had it cooperated with the Department’s requests for information, and Commerce corroborated the rate to the extent practicable in accordance with the statute, the court holds the Department’s assignment of the rate is supported by substantial evidence and is in accordance with law. Accordingly, Commerce’s Third Remand Results are sustained.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that the Department of Commerce’s Third Final Results of Rede-termination Pursuant to Court Remand are sustained. Judgment will be entered accordingly. 
      
      . During the pendency of this case, the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 was signed into law, which, among other things, amends the corroboration requirement under 19 U.S.C § 1677e. See Pub.L. No. 114-27, 129 Stat. 362 (2015). Specifically, § 502 of the Act modifies the provisions pertaining to the selection and corroboration of AFA rates. As is relevant here, the revised corroboration requirement under § 1677e(c) now contains an exception under which Commerce is not "required to corroborate any dumping margin ... applied in a separate segment of the same proceeding.” 19 U.S.C § 1677e(c)(2) (2015). In "addition, the Act provides that when Commerce uses AFA, it "may ... use any dumping margin from any segment of the proceeding under the applicable antidumping order ... including the highest such rate or margin.” Id. § 1677e(d)(l)-(2). Further, for purposes of corroborating an AFA rate, Commerce is no longer required “to estimate what the ... dumping margin would have been if the interested party found to have failed to cooperate ... had cooperated," or "to demonstrate that the ... dumping margin used by [Commerce] reflects an alleged commercial reality of the interested party.” Id. § 1677e(d)(3). As the Federal Circuit recently noted, however, "the amendments do not apply to final determinations that Commerce made prior to the date of enactment.” Nan Ya Plastics Corp. v. United States, 810 F.3d 1333, 1337 n. 2 (Fed.Cir.2016) (citing Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 802 F.3d 1339, 1348-52 (Fed.Cir.2015)); see also Fresh Garlic Producers Ass’n v. United States, 39 CIT -,-, Slip Op. 15-133, at 31 (Nov. 30, 2015) ("To apply § 502 on remand would be in effect to apply the law retroactively by applying it to a determination that occurred before the new law became effective.”).
     
      
      . "If Commerce finds that a respondent has 'failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information,’ the statute permits the agency to draw adverse inferences commonly known as 'adverse facts available’ when selecting from among the available facts.” Nan Ya Plastics, 810 F.3d at 1338 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (2006)).
     
      
      . In reviews involving merchandise from a non-market economy country, such as the PRC, Commerce presumes all respondents are government-controlled, and therefore subject to a single country-wide duty rate. Ad Hoc Shrimp, 802 F.3d at 1353. "Respondents may rebut this presumption and become eligible for a separate rate by establishing the absence of both de jure and de facto government control. If a respondent fails to establish its independence, Commerce relies upon the presumption of government control and applies the country-wide rate to that respondent.” Id. (citation omitted).
     
      
      .The 157.68 percent duty rate was the highest rate selected for a cooperating respondent during the Investigation. The other rates assigned during the Investigation were 9.47 percent and 72.29 percent. Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, - n. 3, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1325, 1325 n. 3.
     
      
      . The court further noted that "this Court has previously rejected attempts to 'dispense with [the] corroboration requirement by employing the Rhone Poulenc presumption’ and it does so again now.” Foshan Shunde III, 38 CIT at -, 991 F.Supp.2d at 1330 (quoting Tianjin Mach. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 35 CIT -, 752 F.Supp.2d 1336, 1348 (2011)). In any case, the court had already rejected the application of the Rhone Poulenc presumption in Foshan Shunde II. See Foshan Shunde II, 37 CIT at-n.4, Slip Op. 13-47, at 10 n.4 (“This is not a case where the Rhone Poulenc presumption that the highest prior margin is probative applies.”).
     
      
      . As explained in Foshan Shunde III, because Rhone Poulenc was decided prior to the Uruguay Round Agreements, “it reflect[s] the state of the law prior to the enactment of the Act that implemented the Agreements’ negotiated terms.” Tianjin Mach., 35 CIT at -, 752 F.Supp.2d at 1347. Specifically, part of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act requires "Commerce to make additional findings in AFA cases,” such as corroborating secondary information used for AFA rates under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c). Id. at -, 752 F.Supp.2d at 1348. Thus, Rhone Poulenc "necessarily did not hold that the presumption could replace actual corroboration.” Id.
      
     
      
      . In particular, the Department determined the following rates were unsuitable for use as AFA for Foshan Shunde:
      1. 9.47 percent rate assigned to Since Hardware during the October 1, 2002 through March 31, 2003 investigation period
      2. 157.68 percent rate assigned to Shunde Yongjian Housewares during the October 1, 2002 through March 31, 2003 investigation period
      3. 2.37 percent rate assigned to Foshan Shunde during the February 3, 2004 through July 31, 2005 review period
      4. 10.18 percent rate assigned to Forever Holdings, Limited during the February 3, 2004 through July 31, 2005 review period
      5. 0.45 percent rate assigned to Since Hardware during the February 3, 2004 through July 31, 2005 review period
      6. 0.34 percent rate assigned to Since Hardware during the August 1, 2005 through July 31, 2006 review period
      7. 157.68 percent rate assigned to Since Hardware during the August 1, 2006 through July 31, 2007 review period
      8. 0.00 percent rate assigned to Forever Holdings, Limited during the August 1, 2006 through July 31, 2007 review period
      Third Remand Results at 9.
     