
    Gust Frederickson, Administrator of the Estate of Nub Frederickson, deceased, v. Iowa Central Railway Company, Appellant.
    Railroads: evidence: conclusion: prejudice. Where there was 1 evidence in a railroad crossing accident warranting a conclusion that a certain engine was the one which struck deceased, and there was no attempt to show it was not the engine, the testimony of a witness that he examined an engine of defendant’s in the yards and that it came over the route of the accident on that day, while in the nature of a conclusion was not so prejudicial as to require a reversal.
    Same: crossing accident: negligence: evidence of custom. Evi2 dence of the general custom and habit of a decedent, as to his exercise of care on approaching a certain railway crossing, is competent in aid of the presumption that he was in the exercise of due care, there being no eye witness to the accident.
    Same: contributory negligence: submission of issue. Although 3 a railway crossing is so open that‘the approach of trains can readily be seen under ordinary circumstances and an exercise of ordinary care, still where there was a high wind and flying snow at the time of the accident, sufficient at times to largely obscure the vision, when taken in connection with the presumption of due care and the evidence of decedent’s usual care on approaching the crossing, the question of contributory negligence was properly left to the jury.
    Same: duty to stop, look and listen. One is not required by 4 law to stop, look and listen for approaching trains under all circumstances when about to cross a railway track, but this duty iis governed by the existing conditions; and where the weather conditions were such that had deceased done so it might have been of no avail, his failure to exercise such a degree of care was not negligence as matter of law.
    Damages: disregard of instruction: presumption. It will not be 5 presumed that a direction to the jury to allow the fair reasonable value of property destroyed, as shown by the evidence, was disregarded by an allowance for property of which there was. no evidence of value.
    
      
      Appeal from Worth District Court. — -Hon. J. F. Clyde, Judge.
    Friday, March 15, 1912.
    Action to recover damages for the wrongful killing of plaintiff’s intestate and to recover the value of certain' personal -property destroyed at the same time. A trial to a jury resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. The defendant appeals.
    
    Affirmed.
    
      W'. H. Bremner, F. M. Miner, and Kepler & West-fall (Geo. W. Seevers, of counsel), for appellant.
    
      F. M. Babin for appellee.
   Sherwin, J.

Plaintiff’s intestate was killed by a train on a highway crossing, intersecting a railroad track' and about two miles north of Northwood, Iowa, over which both the defendant and the Chicago, Pock Island & Pacific Pailroad Company operate trains. The evidence, fairly shows that the deceased started from Northwood for home between two and half past two o’clock in the afternoon, driving a single horse hitched to a sleigh. No witness who testified on the trial saw the accident; but a witness for the plaintiff, who lived near the crossing, found Frederickson fatally injured a short distance northwest of. the crossing shortly after three' o’clock. Frederickson was so badly hurt that he was unable to give any account of the accident, and he died within an hour after he was found. The horse that he had been driving was found dead and mangled some distance north of the crossing. His sleigh was broken, and flour and other groceries that he had. bought in Northwood were found in the vicinity. It is conclusively shown that deceased was killed by a northbound train. The only trains going north on the afternoon in question, so far as the record shows, were a Bock Island passenger train, which passed Nortliwood before 2 o’clock, and a passenger train of the defendant, which was due to leave there at 2:32, and which did, in fact, leaveNortliwood about on time that afternoon. There was evidence tending to show that the engine that pulled the defendant’s train in question into Albert Lea, Minn., that afternoon, bore unmistakable evidence of having been in collision with a horse, and with flour and other groceries, such as the deceased carried in his sleigh. We -therefore think the evidence sufficient to warrant the finding -that it was the defendant’s train that killed plaintiff’s intestate.. Defendant was charged with a failure to give warning of its approach, and there was sufficient evidence to take that question to the jury.

A witness, residing in Albert Lea, Minn., testified over the defendant’s objection that the question called for a conclusion that he “examined an Iowa Central engine that oamo north that day,” and that it was No. 46. The witness was a policeman of Albert Lea, and testified that he saw the engine in the evening over toward the roundhouse, and that it was the only Iowa Central engine outside of the roundhouse. He 'did not testify that it was the engine that took the train in question into Albert Lea that afternoon, but from his testimony as to the condition -of the engine, together with the other evidence, the jury was justified in concluding that it was the same engine that -struck deceased. There was no evidence attempting to show that No. 46 was not the engine -that pulled that particular train into Albert Lea, and while the answer of the -witness was in the nature of a conclusion, we do not think it was so prejudicial to the defendant as to require a- reversal.

A son of the deceased testified that he had ridden with his father over the crossing in question some twenty times or moro during the five years immediately preceding the accident, that he knew his father’s habit and custom about looking and listening for trains, and that he was in the habit of stopping and looking and listening. Proper objection was made to this testimony and appellant now contends that it was error to receive it, because the habits and usual conduct as to a particular act are not admissible on the question of contributory negligence and because the witness had not shown sufficient familiarity with the habits of the deceased. The deceased was alone 'at the time he was killed, and, 'so far -as the record discloses, no one 'witnessed the accident. In such cases, the presumption obtains that the deceased was exercising due care in approaching the crossing. This presumption is not conclusive, but is to be considered with the other evidence. In Dalton v. Railroad Company, 114 Iowa, 259, and in Gray v. Railway Company, 143 Iowa, 268, we intimated that cases might arise where it would be competent to show the general habit and conduct in such cases as bearing indirectly upon the question of contributory negligence. The general objection to such evidence is that it is too remote, and that a man may be generally careful in doing a particular thing and still be careless in the instance in question. But' we are of the opinion that evidence of the general habit in using a particular railroad crossing is competent, at least where there are no eyewitnesses of the accident.' It may tend to aid the presumption of self-preservation that arises in such cases, because a person is more likely to do what he is in the habit of doing under th'e same conditions. Such evidence is held admissible in New Hampshire; Tucker v. Boston & M. R. R., 73 N. H. 132 (59 Atl. 943); Davis v. Railroad, 68 N. H. 247 (44 Atl. 388), and cases therein cited; and in Illinois, Railroad Company v. Clark, 108 Ill. 113; Railroad Co. v. Bailey, 145 Ill. 159 (33 N. E. 1089). The following cases also support the rule: Railway Co. v. McNeil (Ind. App.) 66 N. E. 777; Rail road Co. v. Spilker, 134 Ind. 380 (33 N. E. 280, 34 N. E. 218); Craven v. Railroad Co., 72 Cal. 345 (13 Pac. 878); Fitzpatrick v. Railroad Co., 128 Mass. 13; 1 Wigmore on Evidence, sections 92, 93; Mathias v. O'Neill, 94 Mo. 520 (6 S. W. 253). As bearing somewhat, on the snipe question, see Slossen v. Railroad Co., 60 Iowa, 215; Lanning v. Railroad Co., 68 Iowa, 502; Johnson v. Railroad Co., 77 Iowa, 666; Shaber v. Railway Co., 28 Minn. 103 (9 N. W. 575); Smith v. Clark & Whitting, 12 Iowa, 32; Stafford v. Oskaloosa, 64 Iowa, 251.

It is said that the court should have held, as a matter of law, that deceased was guilty of contributory negligence; but we can not assent to the proposition. While the crossing in question was so open that the approach of a train could have readily been seen by exercice of Care, under ordinary circumstances, the record shows that on the afternoon in question the wind was high and .at times the air was so full of drifting snow that a person could not see far. What precaution the deceased may have taken when approaching this crossing can not be certainly determined. But he had used it frequently for many years and knew that it was dangerous to attempt to cross the track without exercising care, and the presumption that we have already referred to, in connection with evidence of the conditions of the weather at the time, was, we think, sufficient to take the case to the jury. Lorentz v. Railway Co., 115 Iowa, 377; Funston v. Railway Co., 61 Iowa, 452.

Instruction 10 is complained of, on the ground that no fact or circumstance was shown which would serve to excuse “the failure of the deceased to look and listen for an approaching train.” But the appellant is mistaken as to this. The deceased may have stopped and looked and. listened, and still have been unable to see or hear the train on account of the weather conditions shown. Nor is a person approaching a railway crossing required by the law to stop, look and listen under all conditions. Such duty is always dependent upon the conditions existing at the time. See cases immediately supra. There was no error in the instruction.

Instruction 12 is criticised because the jury was told that, if it found for the plaintiff on his claim for damages to the horse, sleigh, and other personal property, the fair and reasonable value of such property, as shown by the evidence, should be allowed. It is said that there was no evidence as to the value of the groceries that were destroyed by the collision, and hence the instruction was erroneous. If appellant’s contention be true, the jury could not have allowed anything therefore under the instruction without -disregarding it, and this we will not presume. It is a very small matter, involving but a few dollars at most, aud we see no reason for modifying the judgment on account thereof.

We find no error for which the judgment should he disturbed, and it is affirmed.  