
    STATE of Louisiana in the INTEREST of B.M.
    No. 50,977-JAC.
    Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Second Circuit.
    Aug. 10, 2016.
    On Rehearing Sept. 22, 2016.
    
      James E. Stewart, Sr., District Attorney, Sarah Midboe Hood, Tommy J. Johnson, Suzanne Morelock Williams, Assistant District Attorneys, for Appellant, State of Louisiana.
    George E. Harp, Shreveport, Kristen B. Bernard, for Appellee, Cherie Williams.
    W. Allen Haynes, Shreveport, for Appel-lee, Terran Allan Mabry.
    Roshell L. Jones, Lafayette, for B.M.
    Before BROWN, CARAWAY and PITMAN, JJ.
   CARAWAY, J.

| iThis dispute concerns a minor child. The State received a report that the child was a victim of physical abuse. Subsequently, the State sent an investigator to the child’s residence, and the parents were arrested after marijuana was found on the premises. Thereafter, the State filed a petition seeking to have the child adjudicated as a child in need of care. Some months later after trial, the juvenile court ruled that the evidence did not show that the child was in need of care. Finding that the evidence supports this determination, we affirm.

Facts

On November 27, 2015, a person reported to the State of Louisiana, Department of Child and Family Services (“DCFS”), regarding physical abuse/tying or confinement of a two-year-old boy, B.M. In the report, it was alleged that B.M.’s parents left him in a bedroom 90% of the day. It was further alleged that the parents reside in a travel trailer and that the room in which B.M, is locked is only big enough for a full-size bed. It was asserted that the parents neglect B.M. by not caring for his hygiene and that he has very poor speech because the parents do riot communicate with him.

On December 1, 2015, LaShunda Prim (“Prim”), a child protection investigator at the DCFS, escorted by Caddo Parish Sheriff Deputy Mike McConnell, went to the address of B.M.’s parents as provided in the report. When they entered the trailer, Deputy McConnell arrested the parents after marijuana was found inside. The mother was charged with possession of marijuana, illegal use of a controlled dangerous substance in the presence of | ?a child under 17 years, and prohibited aets-use/possession of drug paraphernalia. The father was charged with the same offenses, except he was charged with a second possession of marijuana offense.

As Deputy McConnell arrested B.M.’s parents, Prim contacted and placed B.M. with his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. The following day, December -2, 2015, the DCFS filed an instanter order, attached with the affidavit of Prim. The instanter order specified that B.M. would remain placed with his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather pending the custody hearing. The trial court granted this order, issuing temporary custody to the DCFS.

On December 22, 2015, the hearing officer of the juvenile court (“Hearing Officer”), after considering evidence and arguments from the DCFS and the parents, issued recommendations. The Hearing Officer determined that there was reasonable grounds to believe that B.M. was in need of care and continued custody was necessary for his safety and protection. The Hearing Officer granted the parents supervised visitation, but ruled that B.M. remain placed with his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. The Hearing Officer also instructed the DCFS to develop a case plan and forward it to the parents. On January 12, 2016, the juvenile court adopted and rendered judgment in accordance with these recommendations.

On January 6, 2016, the DCFS filed a petition seeking to have B.M. adjudicated as a child in need of care as defined by La. Ch.C. art. 606, et seq. On March 7, 2016, the DCFS presented the case plan to the juvenile court. In the case plan, the DCFS stated that the goal was reunificiation. |sAt the March 15, 2016 adjudication hearing, Prim, Deputy McConnell, and B.M.’s paternal grandmother each testified.

Prim testified that when she and Deputy McConnell arrived at the address, she saw that the front property was inhabited by B.M.’s paternal grandfather and step-grandmother and that B.M. and his parents resided in a travel trailer in the back of the property. Thereafter, she stated that she noticed that the ground leading to the back of the property and up to the trailer was wet. She said that upon further inspection, she realized that the wetness covering the ground was raw sewage and that it was coming from underneath the trailer. She also claimed that it was impossible to avoid as they walked up to the trailer.

Upon entry, she testified that she saw that the parents were sitting in camping chairs and that B.M. was crawling on the floor. Prim stated that she felt that the trailer was very small and noticed that it had only a living room and a bedroom. She also stated that she saw dirty dishes in the kitchen sink. She testified that the entrance into the bedroom was a half door that stopped at her waist, which she felt would prevent a small child from leaving the room. Inside the bedroom, she stated that there was a mattress and a small pallet next to the mattress. She testified that she believed that due to the small size of the trailer, she did not feel it was a fit location for B.M. to be living. However, she stated that B.M. appeared to be healthy. She testified that B.M. was examined by a pediatrician on December 8, 2015, and his examination revealed he was healthy. She also stated that after the arrest, the parents and B.M. were tested for drugs and the father tested positive for T.H.C., but the mother and B.M. tested negative.

I ¿Deputy McConnell also testified that he saw the raw sewage leading to the trailer and his description of the trailer matched Prim’s. He stated that as soon as he entered the trailer, he noticed that B.M.’s father quickly placed his cell phone on what Deputy McConnell suspected was a marijuana cigarette. He testified that he immediately seized the marijuana cigarette and arrested the parents. Consequently, he stated that they waived their Miranda rights and elected to give statements. Deputy McConnell testified that the father told him that the marijuana cigarette belonged to him, not the mother, and that they never smoked in the presence of B.M. However, Deputy McConnell stated that the mother told him that they had smoked marijuana the day before in B.M.’s presence. Additionally, Deputy McConnell testified that the father gave him a Ziploc bag containing about 3½ grams of marijuana. Similar to Prim, Deputy McConnell also stated B.M. appeared to be well taken care of, describing him as a “little chubby little thing.”

The paternal grandmother testified that when B.M. came into her care on December 1, 2015, he was healthy and did not have poor hygiene. She testified that she took B.M. to the doctor a week after he arrived and that there were no health concerns. She further stated that she had no concerns about B.M. being returned to his parents and that he cries when his parents leave after visitation.

After hearing the testimonies, the court requested the position 'of the attorney representing B.M.:

[B.M.’s attorney]: The child’s position is that this child is not in need of care. When the State initially went out to investigate this matter, |gthey went out to investigate some report of physical abuse, tying, or confinement. [Your honor] heard the evidence. None was presented. There was no finding indicating that physical abuse or tying or confinement of this child occurred.

Thereafter, the juvenile court determined that B.M. was not in need of care, vacated the DCFS’s custody, and returned custody to B.M.’s parents. The court reasoned as follows:'

The court does not find that the evidence warrants an adjudication in this case.
There was a moment, a moment, when the child was in need of care in order to transit from the parents, as they were being arrestéd[,] to [B.M.’s paternal grandmother]; but I don’t find that the evidence in this case warrants a child in need of care adjudication at this time. I would caution [the parents] that if you have not fixed that sewage problem by this time, B.M. need not to be there. So you need to make sure that B.M. stays with [his paternal grandmother] until you have a suitable place for the child to live.

The DCFS has appealed this judgment.

Discussion

The DCFS argues that the denial of the petition to declare B.M. in need of care was manifest error that occurred when the juvenile court failed to observe the principle of accepting as true the uncontradicted testimony of a witness. The DCFS submits that the evidence showed that raw sewage was subject to tracking into the trailer. The DCFS argues that this is a violation of La. R.S. 40:4(6), which prohibits the disposal of sewage in an unsanitary manner, and therefore, it clearly puts B.M. at risk for disease. The DCFS further argues that the evidence shows that marijuana was being used in the presence of B.M., which placed him at additional risk. The |flDCFS cites La. Ch.C. art. 1528(8) for the proposition that drug use in the presence of children is reprehensible and grants juvenile courts jurisdiction over such misdemeanors. Therefore, the DCFS argues that it met its burden of proof that B.M.’s parents committed neglect, thereby making him a child in need of care.

The purpose of Title VI of the Children’s Code, entitled “Child in Need of Care,” is “to protect children whose physical or mental health and welfare is substantially at risk of harm by physical abuse, neglect, or exploitation and who may be further threatened by the conduct of others[.]” La. Ch.C. art. 601; State ex rel. L.M., 46,078 (La.App.2d Cir.1/26/11), 57 So.3d 518. The health, safety and best interest of the child shall be the paramount concern in all proceedings under Title VI. Id.

La. Ch.C. art. 606 sets forth the grounds on which a child can be adjudicated in need of care, and provides, in pertinent part:

A. Allegations that a child is in need of care must assert one or more of the following grounds:
¾? * ⅜
(2) The child is a victim of neglect.

La. Ch.C. art. 603(16) provides, in pertinent part:

“Neglect” means the refusal or unreasonable failure of a parent or caretaker to supply the child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, care, treatment, or counseling for any injury, illness, or condition -of the child,, as a result of which the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health and safety is substantially threatened or impaired. Neglect includes prenatal neglect. Consistent with Article 606(B), the inability of a parent or caretaker to provide for a child due to inadequate financial resources shall not, for that reason alone, be considered neglect[.]

Adjudication of a child in need of care is warranted when a parent shows a repeated pattern of placing a child at risk and exposing a child to a lack of adequate shelter. State ex rel. L.M., supra. At the adjudication ^hearing, the state bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the child is a child in need of care. La. Ch.C. art. 665; State in the Interest of L.B., 08-1539 (La.7/17/08), 986 So.2d 62; State ex rel. L.M., supra. It is not the duty of the State to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, by clear and convincing evidence, or to disprove every hypothesis of innocence. State in the Interest of L.B., supra; State ex rel. L.M., supra. Where there is conflicting testimony, reasonable evaluations of ex-edibility and reasonable inferences of fact should not be disturbed upon review, even when the appellate court may feel that its own evaluations and infex-ences are as reasonable as those of the juvenile court. Id.; see also Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989). If the juvenile court’s findings are reasonable in light of the x-ecord reviewed in its entirety, the appellate court may not reverse, even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. State ex rel. L.M., supra; see also Pinsonneault v. Merchants & Farmers Bank & Trust Co., 01-2217 (La.4/3/02), 816 So.2d 270. Great weight is attached to the exercise of the trial judge’s discretion, which will not be disturbed on review if reasonable men could differ as to the propriety of the trial court’s action. State v. Talbot, 408 So.2d 861 (La.1980); State ex rel. J.B., 35,032 (La.App.2d Cir.5/9/01), 794 So.2d 899.

' From our review of the evidence, we find that the juvenile court did not commit manifest error in finding that B.M. is not in need care.

The DCFS’s proof of the child’s exposure to marijuana was less than clear. Even though the mother told Deputy McConnell that the parents had smoked marijuana in B.M.’s presence the day before Deputy McConnell |8arrested them, this was disputed by the father’s statement. The juvenile court had the discretion to resolve these conflicting statements and reject the mother’s statement. In re A.J.F, supra; Rosell v. ESCO, supra. We cannot say that the juvenile court was clearly wrong in finding that B.M.’s parents did not expose him to marijuana, especially considering that he tested negative for T.H.C. Accordingly, the DCFS failed to show the parents repeatedly placed B.M. at risk for marijuana.

Additionally, the evidence did not show that B.M. was ever exposed to the raw sewage leading to the trailer. The DCFS did not produce any evidence revealing how long the raw sewage was on the ground, or the condition of the parent’s residence thereafter. Therefore, we cannot say the mere presence of the raw sewage outside the trailer on this sole occasion showed the parents committed neglect. Moreover, the DCFS did not produce any evidence as to whether the raw sewage still remains. The juvenile court addressed this concern by telling the parents that if the raw sewage had not been eliminated, B.M. should continue to reside with his paternal grandmother.

Other than these two issues, it is notable that no evidence of physical harm or the tying of the child was presented by DCFS, even though this was the basis of the third party report in the first place.

Most importantly, Prim, Deputy McConnell, and the paternal grandmother each testified that B.M. appeared to be healthy. These sentiments were proven true by B.M.’s medical examination,, which revealed him to be healthy and showed no signs of abuse.

19Finally, we note that the proposed case plan presented by- the DCFS stated that the goal was reunification. Based on our review, and in light of the great discretion afforded to the juvenile court, we find that the DCFS did not produce sufficient evidence to show why reunification under the conditions should be delayed.

Considering the foregoing, we conclude that the evidence supports the finding that B.M. is not a child in need of care. Therefore, under the manifest error standard of review, we affirm the juvenile court’s ruling.

Conclusion

The ruling of the juvenile court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

PITMAN, J., dissents with written reasons.

PITMAN, J.,

dissents.

|,I respectfully dissent. The facts of this case are set out in the majority opinion; however^ important facts have been omitted.

This family, which consists of B.M., his father, Terran Mabry (“Mabry"), and his mother, Cherie Williams (“Williams”), reside in a very small travel trailer with raw sewage emptying onto the ground below it. There is one entry to the trailer which can only be accessed by walking through the sewage and tracking it inside on the floor of the trailei, where B.M. must walk.

Title VI of the Louisiana Children’s Code contains provisions regarding a child in need of care (“CINC”). According to La. Ch. C. art. 601:

The purpose of this Title is to protect children whose physical or mental health and welfare is substantially at risk of harm by physical abuse, neglect, or exploitation and who may be furthér threatened by the conduct of others, by providing for the reporting of suspected cases of abuse, exploitation, or neglect of children; by providing for the investigation of such complaints; and by providing, if necessary, for the resolution of child in need of care proceedings in the courts[.]

This article goes on to explain that proceedings are to be conducted expeditiously and that this Title is intended to provide the greatest possible protection as promptly as possible and that the health, safety and best interest of the child shall be the paramount concerns.

The seven grounds for finding a child in need of care are set out in La. Ch. C. art. 606. Allegations that a child is in need of care must assert one or more of the grounds. In the case of B.M., it was alleged that he was a victim of neglect. See La. Ch. C. art. 606(A)(2).

|2The Louisiana Department of Child and Family Services (“DCFS”) received a report that the parents of B.M. were' locking him in a bedroom for a majority of the day. This was investigated by a DCFS case worker and a Caddo Parish Sheriffs deputy. Upon arriving at the address they were given, they determined that Ma-bry, Williams and B.M. were living in a travel trailer behind the house with the address. It was then that the case worker and deputy had to walk through raw sewage to enter the trailer and found B.M., Williams and Mabry, who hid a marijuana cigarette under his cell phone. The parents were arrested, and B.M. was taken to the home of Mabry’s mother.

A definition of the term “neglect” is found in La. Ch. C. art. 603(18) as follows:

“Neglect” means the refusal or unreasonable failure of a parent or caretaker to supply the child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, care, treatment, or counseling for any injury, illness, or condition of the child, as a result of which the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health and safety is substantially threatened or impaired.

The safety of B.M. is substantially threatened by the conditions in which he is living. This was also a concern of the trial judge, who did not find B.M. to be a child in need of care, but told the parents that B.M. should stay with his grandmother until the sewage issue is corrected and they can provide an appropriate wholesome environment for B.M. La. Ch. C. art. 624 describes procedures for a continued custody hearing and a continued safety plan hearing. Neither of these was held.

During the time court proceedings were taking place, a Court-Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) volunteer was appointed to speak |3for the needs of B.M. A report, which details the facts of the case, was prepared by the CASA volunteer on March 7, 2016, for consideration at a disposition hearing on March 15, 2016. This report indicates an extensive criminal history for Mabry, who has a number of alcohol and drug-related charges, and is required to register as a sex offender. He also has charges related to smoking marijuana in the presence of B.M., as does his wife. In fact, both parents were arrested during the investigation regarding the well-being of B.M. Marijuana was in plain sight in the trailer, more was given to the sheriff’s deputy, Mabry tested positive for marijuana and Williams confessed that they had smoked marijuana the previous day with B.M. present.

Recommendations were part of the CASA report, which included leaving B.M. in the custody of his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather, obtaining mental health evaluations for both Mabry and Williams, obtaining a substance abuse assessment for Mabry and giving supervised visitation for the paternal grandfather, Chester Mabry, at a neutral location. There is no evidence in the record that any of the recommendations were considered by the court.

We do not know whether the living conditions of B.M. have improved. We do not know if Mabry and Williams continue to use illegal drugs in the presence of B.M.

We do know that Mabry has an extensive criminal history and tested positive for marijuana and Williams admitted smoking marijuana in the presence of B.M. the day before they were arrested. We do know that no evidence was presented at the March 15, 2016 hearing to prove that raw [4sewage was no longer covering the ground under the travel trailer. We do know that the safety of B.M. is substantially threatened by the conditions in which he is living with his parents. .

For these reasons, I must dissent. I believe the trial court erred in not finding B.M. a child in need of care and implementing a plan to assure his safety. If parents neglect to provide a safe environment for their child, it is incumbent on our courts with jurisdiction over families to do so.

ON REHEARING

Before BROWN, CARAWAY, DREW, PITMAN and GARRETT, JJ.

CARAWAY, J.

| iWe now grant rehearing for reconsideration of the juvenile court’s failure to enter an adjudication order. The juvenile court’s judgment was incomplete, being conditioned upon the sanitation status of the parents’ trailer and home for the child. The State argues on rehearing that the burden of proof rested on the parents in defense to prove that the current state of the dwelling had changed from its prior condition with raw sewage in violation of the Sanitation Code. We agree. The juvenile court’s judgment left that important issue unresolved and therefore requires the entry of an adjudication order and the continued monitoring by the State for the child’s welfare, which is the overriding purpose of the child in need of care proceeding. That proceeding should therefore continue. The juvenile court judgment is therefore reversed, and it is hereby ordered that the evidence warrants a child in need of care adjudication for this child.

Additionally, the adjudication ruling which we now render will allow continued proceedings toward disposition. The distinction between these two important proceedings of the child in need of care action is most important for evidentiary purposes. At the adjudication stage which is currently before us, the regular limits of the rules of evidence apply. La. Ch.C. art. 663(A). At the disposition stage, which has not yet occurred in this case, the evi-dentiary rules are relaxed under La. Ch,C. art.. 680 where the court may “consider evidence which would not be admissible at the adjudication hearing.”

In this case, a CASA report was filed prior to the adjudication hearing stating that “this report is submitted for the disposition hearing” (emphasis supplied) for the case. Such hearing has not yet occurred. Accordingly, the bCASA report, which contained obvious hearsay information, was not introduced into evidence at the adjudication hearing. The State and the court-appointed counsel for the child therefore never argued the CASA information of the parents’ history at this adjudication hearing. The State appropriately did not argue that information to this court in its original brief or in its rehearing brief. The trial court’s ruling denying adjudication was not based upon consideration of the CASA report.

On remand, with the ruling by this court for adjudication, the information developed in the CASA report and predisposition investigation may be fully considered.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

DREW, J., concurs in the result of the majority opinion and further joins in both concurrences.

PITMAN, J., concurs with written reasons.

GARRETT, J., concurs with written reasons.

PITMAN, J.,

concurs.

liOn the application of the State of Louisiana, we granted rehearing in this case to reconsider the opinion of this court affirming the juvenile court’s determination that B.M. is not a child in need of care. I dissented from this court’s original opinion. For the following reasons, I concur with the result in the opinion on rehearing.

FACTS

On December 2, 2015, the State of Louisiana, Department of Child and Family Services (“DCFS”), filed an instanter order and an affidavit in support of the instanter order. In this affidavit, DCFS child protection investigator LaShuñdra Prim explained that, on November 27, 2015, DCFS received a report alleging abuse of a two-year-old' boy, B.M.- The report alleged that B.M.’s parents “lock[ ]” him in a bedroom “90% of the time.” It explained that B.M. and his-parents live in a travel trailer and the room in which B.M. is kept is only large enough to fit a full-size bed. It also stated that B.M.’s parents neglect him by not caring for his hygiene and that B.M. has very poor speech because his parents do not communicate with him. ■

Ms. Prim stated that, on December 1, 2015, she and a Caddo Parish sheriffs deputy went to the home of B.M.’s parents. Marijuana was found inside the trailer, and B.M.’s parents were arrested. B.M.’s mother was- charged with possession of marijuana, -illegal use of a controlled dangerous substance in the presence of a child under. 17 years and prohibited acts—use/possession of drug paraphernalia, B.M.’s father was charged with possession of marijuana— second offense, illegal use of a controlled dangerous substance in the presence of a child under 17 years and prohibited Lacts—use/possession of drug paraphernalia. Following his parents’ .arrest, B.M. was placed with his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather.

The juvenile court issued an instanter order on December 1, 2015, finding that there were reasonable grounds to believe that B.M. was in need of care due to substantial, immediate danger to his health and safety; that removal of B.M. from the home was necessary to safeguard his welfare due to physical abuse/tying or confinement, neglect/lack of adequate supervision, neglect/dependency, neglect/inadequate shelter; that DCFS was deemed to have made reasonable. efforts to prevent or eliminate the need for removal because emergency circumstances exist and there was a substantial, immediate danger to the health, safety and welfare of B.M.; and that preventive services have been offered. The juvenile court ordered that B.M. be placed in the temporary custody of DCFS.

On December 22, 2015, the hearing officer of the juvenile court issued recommendations after considering evidence and arguments made at a hearing. The hearing officer determined that there were reasonable grounds to believe that B.M. was in need of care and that continued custody was necessary for his safety and protection. She granted B.M.’s parents supervised visitation and placed him in the legal custody of his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. She also ordered DCFS to develop a case plan and forward it to B.M,’s parents.

' On January 12, 2016, the" juvenile court signed a judgmeni/order adopting the recommendations made by the hearing officer and declared the recommendations to be the judgment of the court.

|3In January 2016, DCFS filed a petition seeking to have B.M. adjudicated a child in need of care as defined by La. Ch. C. art. 606, et seq.

On March 7, 2016, DCFS filed a report and a case plan. It stated that the case plan goal is reunification and outlined efforts to achieve that goal. It recommended that B.M. remain in the custody of his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather and that his parents have unsupervised visitation.

An adjudication hearing was held on March 15, 2016. Ms. Prim testified that she became involved in this investigation when DCFS received a report that B.M. had been locked in a room by himself all day and that he was not being well kept. She stated that she contacted law enforcement for an escort to B.M.’s home and then proceeded to the address. When she arrived, she observed that there were two trailers located on the property. She went to the first trailer, where she learned that B.M.’s paternal grandfather and step-grandmother lived there and, that B.M. and his parents resided in the trailer on the back of the property. She stated that, while walking to the travel trailer, she noticed that the ground was wet with sewage, She testified that B.M.’s father answered her knock at the door. She explained to him that she was -there because of an open investigation with child protection pertaining to B.M, and he allowed her to enter the home. She described the interior of the travel trailer and recalled that there were two camper chairs joined together by an ashtray and that there were dishes in the sink. The door to the bedroom was a half door that would prevent a small child from entering or exiting the room. She noted that the bedroom was small and that there was a mattress on the floor.. She testified that, as she began reading the parents the report, the father was arrested for [¿having marijuana in the home. She then picked up B.M. and moved him so that he did not get hurt during the arrest. After both parents were arrested, she contacted B.M.’s paternal grandmother, and B.M. was placed with his paternal grandmother and step-grandfather. She testified that she then visited both parents in jail. B.M.’s father admitted that the marijuana was his, that it did not belong to his wife and that he had never smoked marijuana around B.M-The father submitted to a drug test, which was positive for marijuana. She stated that B.M.’s mother appeared not to know what was going on and was placed in the mental health unit of the jail due to suffering from depression. The mother submitted to a drug test and the results were negative. She stated that B.M. was also tested for drugs and that the test results were negative. She noted that B.M. appeared to be healthy but that there was not enough room in the travel trailer for him to move around.

On cross-examination, Ms. Prim stated that B.M. was not locked in the bedroom when she arrived at the trailer. She testified that B.M. received an examination from a state physician and was declared healthy.

Deputy Mike McConnell of the Caddo Parish Sheriffs Office testified that, on December 1, 2015, he was dispatched to a travel trailer in response to a complaint that a child might be living in severe conditions. He described the travel trailer as 25 feet long by 8 or 9 feet wide. He stated that, when he walked up to the trailer, he noticed—by sight and smell—that there was raw sewage coming out from under the trailer and that there was no way to enter the trailer without walking through the sewage. He testified' that Ms. Prim then came into contact with B.M.’s parents and explained why she |Kwas there, and he and Ms. Prim then entered the trailer. He recalled that the • travel trailer was small and that there was very little room to move around inside. The trailer had no furniture except for two lawn chairs and there were dirty dishes in the sink. He noted the bedroom was small and that it appeared that B.M. slept on a pallet on the floor. He further testified that he noticed B.M.’s father place his cell phone on top of a marijuana cigarette in an attempt to conceal the cigarette. He stated that he seized the- cigarette and then Mirandized B.M.’s parents. Both parents waived their rights, and the father admitted that the marijuana cigarette belonged to him. The father also gave him a plastic bag containing 3.5 grams of marijuana. Dep. McConnell stated that B.M.’s mother told him that she and B.M.’s father had consumed marijuana the day before in the trailer with B.M. present. He testified that B.M.’s parents were then arrested and Ms. Prim took B.M. from the residence.

On cross-examination, Dep. McConnell noted that B.M. was present in the trailer and was clothed in a diaper. He stated that he did not notice any bruises or marks on B.M. and that he looked well taken care of, describing him as a “little chubby little thing.”

B.M.’s paternal grandmother testified that B.M. was currently living with her and her husband (his step-grandfather). She stated that B.M. came to live with them the night his parents were arrested. She described B.M. as being in perfect health with good hygiene and that he did not appear to have been harmed in any way. She noted that she had never visited the travel trailer. She testified that she was not concerned about his safe.ty or well-being if he was returned to his parents.

| (¡On cross-examination, B.M.’s paternal grandmother stated that she does have concerns about drugs being used around B.M. She noted that B.M. and his parents had lived in the travel trailer for approximately nine months and that it was supposed to be temporary housing. She stated that when his parents leave after their visitation, B.M. cries and looks for them.

Following the testimony, DCFS argued that B.M. is a child in need of care, and the attorney for B.M. argued he was not a child in need of care. The juvenile court found that the evidence in this case did not warrant a child-in-need-of-care adjudication. The court explained:

There was a moment, a moment, when the child was in need of care in order to transit from the parents as they were being arrested to [B.M.’s paternal grandmother]; but I don’t find that the evidence in this case warrants a child in need of care adjudication at this time.
I would caution /all that if you have not fixed that sewage problem by this time, [B.M.] needs to not be there. So you need to make sure that [B.M.] stays with [his paternal grandmother] until you have a suitable place for the child to live.

The juvenile court vacated the custody of DCFS and returned custody of B.M. to his parents. It reiterated that B.M.’s parents needed to leave B.M. with his paternal grandmother until they had a “wholesome, appropriate” place for B.M. to live.

DISCUSSION

Title VI of the Louisiana Children’s Code, i.e., La. Ch. C. arts. 601 to 725.3, sets forth the statutes regarding children in need of care. La. Ch. C. art. 601 explains the purpose of Title VI and states:

The purpose of this Title is to protect children whose physical or mental health and welfare is substantially at risk of harm by physical abuse, neglect, or exploitation and who may be further threatened by the conduct of others, by providing for the reporting of suspected cases of abuse, Sexploitation, or neglect of children; by providing for the investigation of such complaints; and by providing, if necessary, for the resolution of child in need of care proceedings in the courts. The proceedings shall be conducted expeditiously to avoid delays in achieving permanency for children. This Title is intended to provide the greatest possible protection as promptly as possible for such children. The health, safety, and best interest of the child shall be the paramount concern in all proceedings under this Title. This Title shall be construed in accordance with Article 102. This Title shall be administered and interpreted to avoid unnecessary interference with family privacy and trauma to the child, and yet, at the same time, authorize the protective and preventive intervention needed for the health, safety, and well-being of children.

(Emphasis added.)

The grounds for finding a child to be in need of care are set forth in La. Ch. C. art. 606. Allegations that a child is in need of care must assert one or more of the grounds. In the case of B.M., it was alleged that he was a victim of neglect. See La. Ch. C. art. 606(A)(2). La. Ch. C. art. 603(18) defines “neglect,” in part, as follows:

“Neglect” means the refusal or unreasonable failure of a parent or caretaker to supply the child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, care, treatment, or counseling for any injury, illness, or condition of the child, as a result of which the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health and safety is substantially threatened or impaired.... Consistent with Article 606(B), the inability of a parent or caretaker to provide for a child due to inadequate financial resources shall not, for that reason alone, be considered neglect.

Adjudication of a child in need of care is warranted when a parent shows a repeated pattern of placing a child at risk and exposing a child to a lack of adequate shelter. State ex rel. L.M., 46,078 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1/26/11), 57 So.3d 518. At the adjudication hearing, the state bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the child is a child in need of care. La. Ch. C. art. 665. It is not the duty of DCFS to | sprove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, by clear and convincing evidence or to disprove every hypothesis of innocence. State ex rel. L.M., supra.

It is well settled that an appellate court cannot set aside a juvenile court’s finding of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless those findings are clearly wrong. State ex rel. L.M., supra.

The physical health, welfare and safety of B.M. were substantially at risk of harm due to the conditions in which he was living while in the custody of his parents. Raw sewage surrounded the entry into the travel trailer, B.M.’s father possessed marijuana inside the travel trailer and B.M.’s mother admitted that she and his father had smoked marijuana when B.M. was present.

The trial court did not adjudicate B.M. a child in need of care, but it admonished B.M.’s parents that B.M. should not return to the travel trailer until the sewage problem was fixed and that B.M. should remain with his paternal grandmother until they had a “wholesome, appropriate” place for B.M. to live. These actions by the juvenile court are inconsistent.

The juvenile court was clearly concerned with B.M.’s living conditions and did not want B.M. to return to a home surrounded by sewage. Although it instructed B.M.’s parents that B.M. should remain with his paternal grandmother until they could provide an appropriate living situation for him, it did not put in place any procedures to ensure that the parents would comply with its admonition. We do not know if the living conditions of B.M. have improved. We do not know if the sewage problem has been [ {¡remediated. We do not know if B.M.’s parents continue to use illegal drugs in his presence.

Therefore,.- the juvenile court should have adjudicated B.M. a child in need of care and implemented available procedures to protect his safety by ensuring that the living situation with his parents improved before returning him to their custody. If parents neglect to provide a safe environment for their child, it is incumbent on our courts with jurisdiction over families to do so.

I agree with this court’s reversal of the juvenile court and determination that B.M. is a child in need of care. I agree that this case be remanded to the juvenile court, ordering, that a safety plan be developed and a disposition hearing held immediately. Further, CASA shall be reappointed to represent the best interests of B.M. This child has been in harm’s way for entirely too long.

Accordingly, I concur in the result of the opinion on rehearing.

GARRETT, J.,

concurs.

hi concur in the result reached by the majority opinion, and I also agree with the reasons provided in the concurrence. In addition, I note for the record that the Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) Program was appointed by the court on December 9, 2015, to advocate for the best interests of the child in this “Child in Need of Care Matter.” The order of assignment of the CASA worker was made shortly thereafter. Both court orders expressly provide:

All reports of the CASA shall be directed to the presiding Judge and will be made available to counsel for the parties, subject to a protective order upon the request of the CASA, a party or party’s attorney, or by the action of the Judge.
The CASA' may be called as a witness in the proceedings by any party or by the Court and may request of the Court the opportunity to appear as a witness.

The lengthy CASA report dated March 7, 2016, was addressed to the then-presiding judge for the proceedings set to go before the court on March 15, 2016. The report was also filed into the suit record on March 8, 2016. Pursuant to the court order and La. Ch. C. art. 424.7, copies of the report were provided to all counsel and DCFS. Presumably, all involved should have reviewed the report in preparation for the court hearing that was held on March 15, 2016. Why the CASA volunteer was not called as a witness is an unanswered question from .the record before us. However, the contents of the report surely were available to everyone involved- in lathis case well in advance of the hearing, and perhaps this explains why neither parent testified in this matter. 
      
      . The initials of the child are used to protect the identity of the minor child. URCA Rules 5-1, 5-2.
     
      
      . The full citation is Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
     
      
      . The attorney appointed to represent B.M. made no mention of the Court Appointed Special Advocate’s report, nor did the State move to enter the report into evidence for the court’s consideration pursuant to La. Ch.C. art. 663.
     
      
      . Neither the Department of Children and Family Services nór any district attorney’s office shall be required to pay court costs in any child welfare proceeding instituted by such department of district attorney's office. La. R.S. 13:4521(A)(4).
     
      
      . In coming to its decision, the juvenile court considered and accepted the attorney for .B.M.'s argument that B.M. was not a child in need of care. However, the arguments made by B.M.’s attorney were not in B.M.’s best interest.
     