
    The DIAMOND SAWBLADES MANUFACTURERS' COALITION, et alia, Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant.
    Slip Op. 18-28 Consol. Court No. 16-00124
    United States Court of International Trade.
    March 22, 2018
    Daniel B. Pickard, Maureen E. Thorson, and Stephanie M. Bell, Wiley, Rein & Fielding, LLP, of Washington, DC, for the plaintiff Diamond Sawblades Manufacturers' Coalition.
    Gregory S. Menegaz, J. Kevin Horgan, Judith L. Holdsworth, and Alexandra H. Salzman, deKeiffer & Horgan, PLLC, of Washington, DC, for the consolidated plaintiffs Bosun Tools, Co., Ltd. and Bosun Tools Inc.
    Max F. Schutzman, Andrew B. Schroth, Dharmendra N. Choudhary, and Elaine F. Wang, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington, DC, for the consolidated plaintiffs Weihai Xiangguang Mechanical Industrial Co., Ltd., Ehwa Diamond Industrial Co., Ltd., and General Tool, Inc.
    Lizbeth R. Levinson, Ronald L. Wisla, and Brittney R. McClain, Kutak Rock LLP, of Washington, DC, for the consolidated plaintiffs Jiangsu Fengtai Diamond Tool Manufacture Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Fengtai Tools Co., Ltd., Chengdu Huifeng Diamond Tools Co., Ltd., Danyang Huachang Diamond Tools Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Danyang NYCL Tools Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Danyang Weiwang Tools Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Guilin Tebon Superhard Material Co., Ltd., Hangzhou Deer King Industrial and Trading Co., Ltd., Hong Kong Hao Xin International Group Limited, Jiangsu Inter-China Group Corporation, Jiangsu Youhe Tool Manufacturer Co., Ltd., Orient Gain International Limited, Pantos Logistics (HK) Company Limited, Qingyuan Shangtai Diamond Tools Co., Ltd., Quanzhou Zhongzhi Diamond Tool Co., Ltd., Rizhao Hein Saw Co., Ltd., Wuhan Wanbang Laser Diamond Tools Co., and Zhejiang Wanli Tools Group Co., Ltd.
    John J. Todor, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, for the defendant. With him on the brief were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Franklin E. White, Jr., Assistant Director. Of Counsel on the brief was Amanda T. Lee, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC.
    OPINION and ORDER
   Musgrave, Senior Judge:

This opinion concerns the November 1, 2013, through October 31, 2014 period of review ("POR") of the antidumping duty order on diamond sawblades ("DSBs") and parts thereof from the People's Republic of China ("PRC"). DSBs and Parts Thereof From the PRC , 81 Fed. Reg. 38673 (June 14, 2016) (" Final Results "), Public Record Document ("PDoc") 408, and accompanying issues and decision memorandum, PDoc 389 (June 9, 2016) ("IDM "); see also DSBs and Parts Thereof From the PRC , 80 Fed. Reg. 75854 (Dec. 4, 2014) (" Preliminary Results "), PDoc 352, and accompanying decision memorandum thereto ("PDM "), PDoc 333. The following instituted separate lawsuits, subsequently consolidated, to contest aspects of those results as determined by the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ("Department" or "Commerce"): (1) plaintiff Diamond Sawblades Manufacturers' Coalition ("DSMC"); (2) consolidated plaintiffs consisting of Weihai Xiangguang Mechanical Industrial Co., Ltd. ("WXMI", an exporter and producer of subject merchandise from the PRC), Ehwa Diamond Industrial Co., Ltd. (WXMI's Korean affiliate), and General Tool, Inc. (collectively "Weihai"); (3) consolidated plaintiffs Jiangsu Fengtai Diamond Tool Manufacture Co., Ltd. and Jiangsu Fengtai Tools Co., Ltd. (collectively "Jiangsu Fengtai" or "JF", exporters and/or producers of subject merchandise); and (4) consolidated plaintiffs Bosun Tools Co., Ltd., an exporter and/or producer of subject merchandise, and Bosun Tools Inc. (collectively "Bosun").

Jurisdiction over the case is pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), and the standard of review thereon is to decide whether a final administrative determination is "unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law". 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). The parties' separate motions for judgment, pursuant to the court's Rule 56.2, challenge these administrative determinations on the record: (1) deduction of irrecoverable value-added tax ("VAT") from Jiangsu Fengtai and Weihai's export prices, (2) surrogate valuation of nitrogen and oxygen, (3) surrogate valuation of labor, (4) calculation of surrogate truck freight, (5) treatment of graphite plates as direct material rather than factory overhead, (6) selection of financial statements for financial ratios, (7) denial of a request to rescind the review as to Weihai, (8)

valuation of self-produced and purchased DSB cores in the calculation of Weihai's normal value, and (9) the margin for the separate rate respondents, as impacted by the foregoing. The case is being remanded voluntarily, by request, and also in accordance with the following.

Discussion

I. Voluntary Remand

Commerce voluntarily requests remand of the last two issues in light of the intervening remand order issued in Diamond Sawblades Manufacturers' Coalition v. United States , 41 CIT ----, 219 F.Supp.3d 1368 (2017). That case, which concerns the previous administrative review of DSBs from the PRC, remanded the issue of Weihai's cores' valuation methodology. See id. ; see also Diamond Sawblades Manufacturers' Coalition v. United States , 42 CIT ----, Slip Op. 18-26, 2018 WL 1444607 (Mar. 22, 2018). The case of SKF USA, Inc. v. United States , 254 F.3d 1022, 1029 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (" SKF ") holds that the reviewing court has the discretion to grant a remand, if an agency requests it, without confessing error, in order to reconsider its previous position. DSMC supports Commerce's request for remand and "agrees that Weihai's normal value calculation and, as necessary, the margin for the non-selected separate rate companies, should be reconsidered in light of the issues raised in DSMC's opening brief and reviewed herein." DSMC Reply at 4. Weihai's response brief targets the DSMC's arguments raised in the latter's 56.2 brief, but Weihai's reply brief is silent on the remand request. Because the agency's request appears legitimate and substantial, issues (8) and (9) will therefore be, and hereby are, remanded to harmonize with Court No. 15-00164 (but, nota bene section IX infra ).

II. Deduction of Irrecoverable VAT

Jiangsu Fengtai, Weihai and Bosun challenge Commerce's determination with respect to Commerce's methodology for the deduction of "irrecoverable" VAT from the reported U.S. prices. See IDM at 14. They also challenge Commerce's specific deduction in this case.

By way of background, an antidumping duty represents the amount by which the "normal value" ("NV") of subject merchandise exceeds its United States price ("USP"), which is typically either an export price ("EP") or a constructed export price ("CEP"). 19 U.S.C. § 1673. In a market economy situation, NV is typically the price at which the foreign like product is sold or offered for sale for consumption in the exporting country. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a)(1)(B). When Commerce calculates USP, regardless of whether the proceeding concerns a market economy or non-market economy ("NME") situation the statute calls for deduction of "the amount, if included in such price, of any export tax, duty, or other charge imposed by the exporting country on the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States". 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B).

In applying these provisions, Commerce has sought tax neutrality when comparing NV with USP. See , e.g. , IDM at 15. It has also sought to avoid the "multiplier effect" in the determination of the margin. Explaining what "multiplier effect" means by way of example concerning a market economy, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had this to say:

Assume product A is sold in Japan for $100. The identical product is exported and sold in the U.S. for $90. The difference is $10, the amount by which the product is being dumped. Further assume a 10% VAT is imposed on the sale in Japan, but not on the export sale to the U.S. With the tax included, FMV is $100 + 10% = $110. The similar calculation of USP, using the tax rate, is $90 + 10% = $99. The dumping margin, FMV-USP, is $11 ($110 - 99), rather than the $10 which is the actual amount of dumping. This mathematical peculiarity is known as the "multiplier effect."

Federal-Mogul Corp. v. United States , 63 F.3d 1572, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

The case clarified that while Congress had specifically rejected a proposed tax neutral approach to the problem, the most that can be inferred from the statute as it came into being at that time is that Congress neither mandated nor precluded a tax-neutral approach to the administration of section 1677a. See id. at 1579-80. The Federal Circuit also noted that the easiest way to achieve tax neutrality would be to subtract the VAT from the price actually paid in the home market, which had been Commerce's approach to the problem in a number of cases prior to implementation of the URAA. See id. at 1576, referencing Zenith Electronics Corp. v. United States , 10 CIT 268, 273 and n.8, 633 F.Supp. 1382, 1386 and n.8 (1986).

Two points are noteable. For one, the problem Commerce had considered in Federal-Mogul , to repeat, was in the context of a market economy's VAT. But in a non-market economy ("NME") situation, Commerce must normally resort to determining NV on the basis of the factors of production ("FOPs") for subject merchandise. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c). Stated differently, the NV price in the NME home market is suspect. Weihai also emphasizes here that Commerce's historical position had been that 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B) does not apply in NME cases because no reliable way existed to determine whether or not an export tax had been included in the price of a product from an NME. Either consideration leads to the second point: when comparing NV to USP, avoidance of the multiplier effect, assuming that is desirable, is distinct from a tax-neutral comparison. The latter, obviously, is not the same as "tax-free."

Recent cases have sustained Commerce's theoretical interpretation of the statute as permitting the deduction from USP of irrecoverable VAT. See generally Aristocraft of America, LLC, v. United States , 41 CIT ----, 269 F.Supp.3d 1316 (2017) (" Aristocraft "). The apparent reason such cases have been instituted is that Commerce reconsidered how it would apply the NME aspect of the antidumping statute in light of how the PRC's so-called "socialist market economy" has been evolving. See Methodological Change for Implementation of Section 772(c)(2)(B) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as Amended, in Certain NME Antidumping Proceedings , 77 Fed. Reg. 36481 (June 19, 2012) ("Methodological Change ").

A

The parties' challenges to Commerce's interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B) and 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A) raise arguments similar to those considered in other cases and do not advance a different reason for invalidating Commerce's interpretation of the statute.

Jiangsu Fengtai begins by arguing that Commerce's interpretation is contrary to the "plain" meaning of the statute and Magnesium Corporation of America v. United States , 166 F.3d 1364, 1370-71 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (" Magnesium Corp. "), which "prohibits" deduction from U.S. price of not only export taxes duties and charges that may be imposed upon the exportation of merchandise by NME countries but also the unrebated portion of internal VAT taxes. Jiangsu Fengtai claims these are "by definition" not a form of "export tax, duty or other charge imposed" by the PRC upon export of the subject merchandise. Jiangsu Fengtai 56.2 Br. at 7-12. But, in upholding Commerce's interpretation of section 1677a(c)(2)(B) in the context of the Russian Federation, Magnesium Corp . only upheld that section 1677a requires export taxes to be deducted from USP if the export tax is included in such price. The decision does not limit or preclude Commerce from determining the extent to which such taxes (or duties or other charges) are included in such price.

Nonetheless, Jiangsu Fengtai quotes Magnesium Corp.'s observations with respect to USP to the effect that in a market economy Commerce can "presume" any tax imposed on merchandise to be exported will be included in the USP of that merchandise and also that such a presumption is "not available" when the merchandise is produced in an NME, in that "the price of the merchandise does not reflect its fair value because the market does not operate on market principles" and "no reliable way exists to determine whether or not an export tax has been included in the price of a product from" an NME. Magnesium Corp. , 166 F.3d at 1370. To the extent those observations reiterate Commerce's thinking with respect to NV (or rather, at the time, FMV), the decision predates Methodological Change , which Commerce announced after notice and comment, and which is entitled to Chevron deference. E.g. , Aristocraft , 41 CIT at ----, 269 F.Supp.3d at 1322 ; Jacobi Carbons AB v. United States , 41 CIT ----, ----, 222 F.Supp.3d 1159, 1186-94 (2017) (" Jacobi Carbons ").

Jiangsu Fengtai next argues that "[i]nstead of affirmatively imposing a tax, charge or other duty as required by the statute upon the export of the subject merchandise, the government of [the PRC] in this case is not refunding previously paid internal VAT when the subject merchandise is exported." JF Br. at 14. This argument, however, essentially concedes the fact of unrefunded (i.e. , irrecoverable) VAT, which Commerce's methodology purports to address, and the record shows that Jiangsu Fangtai declared receipt of "rebate" upon exportation. At least conceptually, the unrefunded or irrecoverable VAT represents what must, of necessity, have been a cost that must, in turn, be passed along to the ultimate purchaser in the export price. See , e.g. , Aristocraft , 41 CIT at ----, 269 F.Supp.3d at 1324-25.

Bosun repeats that VAT is not "imposed" by the PRC "on the exportation of subject merchandise to the United States" as required by the statute, and that Commerce itself previously rejected the rationale of the new VAT adjustment methodology to compensate for a domestic tax imposed on the acquisition of inputs in the PRC and also to ensure the cost is captured in the calculation, which Magnesium Corp. had sustained. Bosun Br. at 10-12, referencing Globe Metallurgical, Inc. v. United States , 35 CIT ----, ----, 781 F.Supp.2d 1340, 1346-47 (2011). But Juancheng Kangtai Chemical Co., Ltd. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, Slip Op. 17-3 at 27-28, 2017 WL 218910 (Jan. 19, 2017) (" Juancheng Kangtai II "), among others, has rejected this argument, and this court perceives no reason to reach a contrary conclusion here.

Weihai argues the statute's meaning is "plain", as is the meaning of "exportation" in international commerce and U.S. Customs and Border Protection ("Customs") regulations. Weihai Reply at 26. Elaborating, Weihai contends that the statutory phrase "other charge" is circumscribed, ejusdem generis , by "export tax" and "export duty", and that Commerce is only authorized to adjust USP only when there is an "amount" that is "imposed on the exportation of the subject merchandise" and is "included in the export price", id. at 27, and that "the statute specifically requires Commerce to make a finding that a 'tax, duty or other charge' equivalent to a fixed percentage of the FOB value of the exported merchandise was 'imposed by the exporting country ' ", id. at 37 (Weihai's emphasis). Likewise, in its criticism of Juancheng Kangtai Chemical Co., Ltd. v. United States , 39 CIT ----, Slip Op. 15-93, 2015 WL 4999476 (Aug. 21, 2015) (" Juancheng Kangtai I "), Weihei contends Commerce must make a specific finding consistent with China Manufacturers Alliance v. United States , 41 CIT ----, ----, 205 F.Supp.3d 1325, 1346-49 (2017), that "irrecoverable VAT itself was actually imposed by [the PRC] on the export of subject merchandise as required by the statute." Id. at 35 (emphasis omitted).

Weihai's reading of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B) and the record is too narrow. In the first place, the statute broadly asks whether there has been included in USP "any export tax, duty, or other charge imposed by the exporting country on the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States". Commerce's reading of "on" is not "by reason of" exportation, it is essentially, and straightforwardly, whether there is ("exists") "any export tax, duty, or other charge imposed by the exporting country" included in USP at the time of exportation. Cf. Magnesium Corp. , supra. To "impose" means "[t]o charge; impute"; "[t]o subject (one) to a charge, penalty or the like"; "[t]o lay as a charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, penalty, etc." Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged , p. 1251 (2nd ed. 1956) (italics in original). See also , e.g. , Jacobi Carbons , 41 CIT at ----, 222 F.Supp.3d at 1188 (lexicographical definition of "imposed"). The satisfaction of any such imposition is not necessarily concurrent with the act of imposition, which may occur at any time, and the vagueness of the statutory language neither precludes nor requires such interpretation. See , e.g. , Aristocraft , 41 CIT at ----, 269 F.Supp.3d at 1324-25 ; Jacobi Carbons , 41 CIT at ----, 222 F.Supp.3d at 1187-88.

In the second place, it cannot reasonably be argued on this record, notwithstanding China Manufacturers Alliance , that VAT was not "imposed" in contravention not only of Weihai's own statements to that effect, e.g. , with respect to its purchases of inputs for subject merchandise or the subject merchandise itself, but in particular with respect to PRC law, which provides that at the time of export of subject merchandise the VAT rebate is calculated based upon the full export value of the subject merchandise at the time of export.

Commerce interpreted Weihai's submissions of PRC law to the effect, not only, that exportation itself is what gives rise to the irrecoverable VAT "imposed" by the PRC on the process of manufacture and on the sale of subject merchandise, but also, that the "irrecoverable" amount of VAT is to be calculated by reference to the full FOB export value of subject merchandise. That interpretation is not inherently unreasonable, and Weihai's nuanced interpretation does not render it so, i.e. , the implicit argument being that the statute requires some form of explicit "imposition" that must simultaneously coincide with exportation, which, as discussed, is not the only reasonably possible interpretation of the statute. Accordingly, Commerce's interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B) and § 1677(18)(A), in the context of this review, will be, and hereby is, sustained.

B

That does not, however, settle the methodological dispute. In the Final Results , Commerce described its methodology as involving two basic steps: "(1) determining the amount of irrecoverable VAT on subject merchandise, and (2) reducing U.S. price by the amount determined in step one." IDM at 15. Commerce further explained that the definition of irrecoverable VAT is "explicitly defined in [PRC] tax regulations" and amounts to the following: (1) the free-on-board value of the exported good, applied to the difference between; (2) the standard VAT levy rate; and (3) the VAT rebate rate applied to exported goods. Id. at 16. "The first variable, export value, is unique to each respondent[,] while the rates in (2) and (3), as well as the formula for determining irrecoverable VAT, are each explicitly set forth in [PRC] law and regulation." Id. Hence, because Jiangsu Fengtai and Weihai reported the standard VAT levy on the subject merchandise as 17% and the VAT rebate rate for the subject merchandise as 9%, the methodology called for removing from USP an amount calculated from the 8% difference between those rates as "applied to the export sales prices (i.e. , U.S. price net of international movement expenses), consistent with the definition of irrecoverable VAT under [PRC] tax law and regulation." Id. at 15-16.

Bosun argues the method for the deduction is unsupported by substantial evidence on the record. DSMC counters that the deduction was premised "on the information the Jiangsu Fengtai Single Entity and Weihai placed on the record of this review, which provides an independent basis demonstrating that the PRC government imposes taxes that can be identified and measured", echoing the IDM and the defendant's response. DSMC Resp. at 33, quoting IDM at 17. Weihai responds it is "unclear" what that "independent basis" is, but it is not unclear to the court. See supra .

Weihai argues that under PRC regulations the rate of VAT on exported goods is 0%, and that 17% VAT was merely paid on the purchase of "inputs." It contends that a "formulaic rate-based computation resulting in an 8% VAT deduction from [USP]" is unlawful because the statute authorizes deduction for "the amount" of "any export tax, duty or other charge", etc. , that is included in the export price and

it is axiomatic that an adjustment based upon the difference between the VAT rates paid (on purchased inputs) and refunded (on export of finished goods) being applied to a common value base (FOB price of finished goods sold) is not the same as the actual amount paid when the applicable input VAT rate and refund rate are applied to two different value bases, i.e. , the value of inputs (17%) and the value of finished goods (9%), respectively.

Weihai Reply at 29 (emphasis removed). Weihai argues that in the instant case Commerce simply applied the irrecoverable VAT formula provided by PRC law as follows:

Irrecoverable VAT = (FOB export value) multiplied by (standard VAT levy rate minus VAT rebate applicable to exported goods) = (FOB export value) * (17% - 9%) = FOB * 8%.

Id. at 32.

But as the defendant's response points out, "Commerce reasonably determined, based on unambiguous record evidence, that Jiangsu Fengtai and Weihai paid the standard [PRC] VAT rate on [their] purchas[es] of subject merchandise , and then received a rebate of nine percent." Def's Resp. at 39 (italics added). Jiangsu Fengtai's and Weihai's replies do not dispute this point, although Jiangsu Fengtai contends, nonetheless, that the administrative record establishes that no part of the internal VAT, regardless of whether it is the refunded or unrefunded portion, is included in the price paid by the U.S. customer for the subject merchandise. JF Br. at 14, referencing JF's Section A Resp. at Ex. A-14, CDoc 70. Methodological Change indeed indicates that "included in the price" of subject merchandise from the PRC necessitates inquiry into whether the price is reported on a "gross (i.e. inclusive) or net (i.e. exclusive) of tax" basis, 77 Fed. Reg. at 36483, but Commerce implicitly concluded Jiangsu Fengtai's prices were reported on a gross basis, see IDM at 14-17. The court perceives no reason, among the papers submitted, for interfering with that conclusion, as the burden is on the respondent to create clarity for the record. See , e.g., QVD Food Co. v. United States , 658 F.3d 1318, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (" QVD Food ") (holding that "the burden of creating an adequate record lies with [interested parties] and not with Commerce"); NTN Bearing Corp. of Am. v. United States , 997 F.2d 1453, 1458-59 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (same).

The parties try to make further hay over whether Commerce's methodology was based on an "amount" or a "ratio", see Federal Mogul , supra , but the amount of any tax that is expressed by law as a fractional term will necessarily involve application of the relevant ratio (i.e. , by and through calculation) to determine the relevant "amount" of the tax. Indeed, it is difficult to conceive of how one could be expected to arrive at "the amount" of VAT applicable to a particular transaction otherwise than through application of "the formula" that a particular VAT tax would call for. See , e.g. , IDM at 14 ("we continue to apply our preliminary formula to adjust the VAT to deduct from the reported U.S. prices an amount for irrecoverable VAT") (italics added). More to the point: the multiplier effect that would be of concern in a market economy situation, as expressed in Federal-Mogul , normally cannot be concluded relevant to an NME comparison of NV with USP, due to uncertainty over cost or pricing structures within the NME (which uncertainty does not, of course, extend to certainty established by law, e.g. , the rate or amount of taxation on those transactions).

The above "formulaic" expression of PRC law, and its application by Commerce in the context of this proceeding, is in accordance with Weihai's reporting thereof and the PRC's regulation on the subject. It is also in accordance with the agency's methodology, as the defendant and DSMC contend. See Methodological Change. Commerce concluded that the unrefunded amount of VAT that must be, or have been, "imposed" on "the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States" is the amount or value of VAT that the PRC itself has indicated to be the "irrecoverable" amount of its VAT program. And despite Weihai's argument, this is not a presumption, it is a factual inference from the record, and substantial evidence of record supports it. To conclude from the record that the amount of irrecoverable VAT was "something less" and/or "capped" by reference to what had purportedly been paid on inputs earlier in production would be to ignore the actual evidence of record and the apparent manner in which the PRC itself operates its VAT program. See , e.g. , Def's Resp. at 39, supra .

Expanding on that point, several observations are worthwhile. First, as indicated, the PRC formula reveals that the VAT rate in that home market is 17% and for exports of subject merchandise the VAT rebate is 9% of the full export value thereof, an obvious difference of 8%, and Commerce found this "net" remainder to be, or to equate to, the amount of "irrecoverable" VAT that is defined in PRC law. "It is VAT paid on inputs and raw materials (used in the production of exports) that is non-refundable and, therefore, a cost." IDM at 15. Of course, the 8% amount of irrecoverable VAT may seem difficult to square with the "actual" amount of 17% VAT respondents claim as having been paid on "inputs," because the 9% VAT rebate amount is calculated by reference to the full FOB export value of the good, not only (or merely) by reference to the full amount of VAT that purportedly would have been paid on "inputs," but, as mentioned, the defendant has pointed out that in the context of this proceeding "inputs" can mean subject merchandise in any event.

Second, the formula reflects that in the context of export, the internal VAT credit that an exporter or producer paid on inputs, and uses to net the amount owed on a sale of the merchandise, is a separate consideration from the VAT rebate amount that the PRC calculates by reference to the full FOB export price of subject merchandise due to the implicit amount of VAT attributable to that event. In other words, by tethering the rebate to the full export value of the merchandise, the PRC regulation essentially declares that the PRC is foregoing an 8% amount of VAT calculated by reference to the full export value of merchandise, notwithstanding the claim of 0% VAT "imposed" on subject merchandise upon its exportation. If the irrecoverable VAT of 8% of the full FOB export value of the subject merchandise is not the remainder of a 17% VAT that has been, or is, implicitly imposed on such merchandise, then it still bears little relationship, if any, to the 17% VAT imposed on the purchase of inputs used in production, because regardless of any "rolling" basis used to account for VAT paid and VAT rebated, the amount of both rebate and irrecoverable VAT must still be calculated based upon the full export value of the subject merchandise. That irrecoverable VAT, thus, represents an amount that must necessarily be included in the export price, because, as mentioned, it is that differential, between the full amount that the PRC government would otherwise receive, and the amount of VAT that the exporter actually receives in rebate, that the PRC itself deems, as Commerce found, "irrecoverable," and which amount remains, at the time of export, an "imposition" on the value of the subject merchandise, and which therefore requires adjustment to USP. It is the functional equivalent of a cost.

Commerce's methodological resolution of these types of VAT problems has been held to require at least further clarity of late, but as articulated here by the defendant, Commerce's methodological approach is based directly on the PRC's own law and regulation. In this matter, Commerce's application thereof appears reasonable and permissible, it has apparently been applied consistently, it is not unreasonable per se , and it furthers the aim of the antidumping statute. In arguing for this court to conclude otherwise, the respondents are essentially asking for substitution of judgment on a conclusion or finding from the record that is within Commerce's domain, which is outside the standard of judicial review. Commerce requests deference to its reasonable interpretation of the statute and of the record and its methodology, and current law on the subject supports that request. See , e.g. , Jacobi Carbons , 41 CIT at ----, 222 F.Supp.3d at 1186. For the foregoing reasons, this court is unpersuaded by the respondents' challenges on this issue.

III. Reliance Upon Contemporaneous Thai Import Data

Among the FOPs requiring surrogate values ("SVs") during the review were nitrogen and oxygen. For the Final Results Commerce calculated those SVs based on the Global Trade Atlas ("GTA") data for headings 2804.30, and 2804.40 of the Thai Harmonized Tariff Schedule ("HTS") upon determining that those data were contemporaneous with the POR, represented broad-market averages free of taxes and duties, came from the primary surrogate country, and were the best available information. IDM at 49-50. Jiangsu Fengtai agrees with use of GTA statistics for the Thai HTS headings 2804.30 and 2804.40 for valuing nitrogen and oxygen, respectively, but it argues Commerce should use the Thai import statistics from the fourth administrative review because the instant review data are aberrational in comparison therewith insofar as the total quantity of imports in the Thai GTA data are "commercially and statistically insignificant" in comparison with its own consumption of nitrogen and oxygen. Jiangsu Fengtai Br. at 27-28.

The defendant contends that in order to exclude an SV, interested parties must provide specific evidence showing it to be aberrational. Commerce explained in the Final Results that such a determination does not involve comparing the volume of imports in the import data to the volume of the input a respondent purchased or of non-identical inputs but rather comparing the total import volumes of potential surrogate countries to one another. See IDM at 50. The defendant also emphasizes that Commerce need not replicate the respondent's actual experience. Def's Resp. at 43, referencing Nation Ford Chem. Co. v. United States , 166 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

"This court's duty is 'not to evaluate whether the information Commerce used was the best available, but rather whether a reasonable mind could conclude that Commerce chose the best available information.' "

Zhejiang DunAn Hetian Metal Co., Ltd. v. United States , 652 F.3d 1333, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2011), quoting Goldlink Indus. Co. v. United States , 30 CIT 616, 619, 431 F.Supp.2d 1323, 1327 (2006). The appropriate comparison to make would have been to compare the GTA import data with Thai or other surrogate country data in general. See Trust Chemical Co. Ltd. v. United States , 35 CIT ----, ----, 791 F.Supp.2d 1257, 1265 (2011) (argument that total import data were too small held unavailing in absence of evidence that WTA volume data were only a small fraction of India's domestic consumption); see also Shakeproof Assembly Components Div. of Illinois Tool Works, Inc. v. United States , 23 CIT 479, 485, 59 F.Supp.2d 1354, 1360 (1999) (Commerce's "administrative practice with respect to aberrational data is 'to disregard small-quantity import data when the per-unit value is substantially different from the per-unit values of the larger quantity imports of that product from other countries ' ") (citation omitted; italics added). Jiangsu Fengtai did not provide such specific evidence for the record, and, as mentioned, the burden of creating an adequate record, including surrogate value information, lies with the interested parties. See, e.g., QVD Food , supra ; NTN Bearing Corp. , supra .

Jiangsu Fengtai's reliance on Xinjiamei Furniture and Juancheng Kangtai I is similarly unavailing. See Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd. v. United States , 37 CIT ----, Slip Op. 13-30, 2013 WL 920276 (Mar. 11, 2013) ; Juancheng Kangtai I , supra. In Xinjiamei Furniture , the respondent, arguing that the Indian import data were aberrational, placed non-Indian data on the record including Brazilian, Northern European data and world export market "benchmark" prices. The court ordered Commerce to take the Brazilian, Northern European and world export market data into account on remand. 37 CIT at ----, Slip Op. 13-30 at 16. Similarly, in Juancheng Kangtai I , the respondent argued that the Philippine import data was aberrational compared with other surrogate country data, 39 CIT at ----, Slip Op. 15-93 at 51-52. Here, however, Jiangsu Fengtai provided no such comparative data.

Jiangsu Fengtai fights an uphill battle in its reply. It condemns the Final Results as providing no valid reasons for Commerce's current policy and argues that Juancheng Kangtai I found unreasonable the assumption that the small amount of Thai import data in that case could possibly reflect the "commercial reality" of that respondent. Jiangsu Fengtai Reply at 15, quoting Slip Op. 15-93 at 54. Accord , Baoding Mantong Fine Chemistry Co. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, 222 F.Supp.3d 1231, 1254 (2017) (noting 604 metric tons of Indonesian import data for steam coal "was far less than even Baoding Mantong's own consumption of 1,037 metric tons" and remanding for reconsideration). However, the Federal Circuit in Nan Ya Plastics reviewed the legal requirements of "commercial reality" and "accurate" and concluded that "[w]hen Congress directs the agency to measure pricing behavior and otherwise execute its duties in a particular manner, Commerce need not examine the economic or commercial reality of the parties generally, or of the industry more generally, in some broader sense." Nan Ya Plastics Corp. v. United States , 810 F.3d 1333, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2016), referencing United States v. Eurodif S.A. , 555 U.S. 305, 317-18, 129 S.Ct. 878, 172 L.Ed.2d 679 (2009).

"Our case law and the statute thus teach that a Commerce determination (1) is 'accurate' if it is correct as a mathematical and factual matter, thus supported by substantial evidence; and (2) reflects 'commercial reality' if it is consistent with the method provided in the statute, thus in accordance with law." Id. (citations omitted). For its Final Results , Commerce could not determine aberrance with respect to the Thai GTA data for headings 2804.30, and 2804.40 in the absence of other surrogate country data of record against which those data could be examined in relief. Its explanation, that it does not compare the volume of imports in the import data to the volume of the input a respondent purchased or non-identical inputs, and that it need not replicate the respondent's actual experience, comports with Nan Ya's summation, and is thus in accordance with law. Jiangsu Fengtai's arguments do not persuade otherwise.

IV. Valuation of Labor Using NSO 2014 Labor Force Survey

Weihai and Bosun also challenge Commerce's surrogate valuation of labor. Commerce's preferred method of valuing the labor FOPs is to use industry-specific data from the primary surrogate country published in Chapter 6A of the International Labor Organization ("ILO") Yearbook of Labor Statistics when available, and otherwise to use industry-specific labor wage rate data from the primary surrogate country. See , e.g. , Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Committee v. United States , 41 CIT ----, ----, 219 F.Supp.3d 1286, 1291 (2017) ; see also IDM at 47; Antidumping Methodologies in Proceedings Involving Non Market Economies : Valuing the Factor of Production: Labor , 76 Fed. Reg. 36092, 36093 (June 21, 2011) ("Labor Methodologies "). For this administrative review, ILO Chapter 6A data for Thailand were not on the record. IDM at 47.

For valuing labor, Weihai proposed industry-specific labor cost data published in the Industrial Census report (2011) of the National Statistical Office ("NSO") of the Thai government. See Weihai Prelim SVs (July 16, 2015), PDoc 202, at Ex. 6. The petitioners proposed reliance upon general manufacturing labor cost data published quarterly in the NSO Labor Force Survey report (2014). See Pets' 2nd SVs (Nov. 2, 2015), PDoc 307. Commerce preliminarily valued labor using the latter as it is manufacturing-specific data contemporaneous with the POR. PDM at 22-23.

In their administrative case briefs, Weihai and Bosun argued that those NSO data were not specific enough, and that Commerce should instead rely on data from the 2011 Industrial Census of the NSO, as those data were specific to the manufacture of tools/hardware, including circular sawblades, and could be adjusted to reflect inflation. Weihai's Case Br. at 24-38; Bosun's Case Br. at 20-21. Specifically, Weihai argued that the faster-than-inflation rate of increase in Thai wages in general from 2011 to the POR was irrelevant to the DSB industry and accordingly presented no bar to the use of the less-contemporaneous 2011 Industrial Census data, as the agency could simply inflate those data using the Consumer Price Index ("CPI"). Weihai's Case Br. at 30-32, 36-38. Weihai also argued that contrary to the agency's conclusion in a prior review the Industrial Census data comprehensively accounted for indirect labor costs. Id. at 32-36.

In the final determination, Commerce continued to rely on the 2014 Labor Force Survey data. IDM at 46-48. Commerce found those data to satisfy its requirements of being industry specific, publicly available, representative of a broad market average, tax- and duty-exclusive, contemporaneous with the POR, and therefore more compelling than the 2011 data. See id. at 46. Its choice of the 2014 Labor Force Survey data was also the result of comparing the direct and indirect labor cost elements in both the 2011 Industrial Census and the 2014 Labor Force Survey data sets with the same elements described in the ILO Chapter 6A definitions thereof, which led Commerce to determine that the 2011 Industrial Census data were not more detailed than the 2014 Labor Force Survey data in terms of matching categories of labor costs specified in the ILO Chapter 6A labor data. Id. at 47-48.

Commerce explained that the ILO Chapter 6A data were comprised of: (1) compensation of employees, (2) employers' expenditure for vocational training and welfare services (e.g. , training), (3) the cost of recruitment and other miscellaneous items (e.g. , work clothes, food, housing), and (4) taxes. IDM at 47. Commerce found that the 2014 data included cash for average wage, bonus, overtime, and other income, as well as in-kind compensation for food, clothes, housing, and others, and thus included both direct compensation and bonuses as well as indirect compensation (employee pension, benefits, and work training). Id. By contrast, Commerce found that while the 2011 data included wages, salaries, overtime bonus, fringe benefits (medical care, others), and employer's contribution to social security (and thus facially included both direct compensation and indirect compensation, i.e. , fringe benefits), it also determined there was "uncertainty" over the 2011 data concerning whether work clothes, food, and housing were included in fringe benefits because the 2011 data only categorized fringe benefits as "Medical care" and "Others." Id. at 47.

Commerce also concluded that even if the 2011 data were more specific, they were not susceptible to accurate inflation using the standard CPI inflator, because wages in Thailand increased by a far greater percentage from 2011 to the POR than did the CPI. Id. at 48. Commerce thus reiterated that the standard CPI inflator would not lead to accurate results and that the 2011 data were unreliable even if they were arguably more specific. See id. at 46.

A

Here, Bosun and Weihai both contend that Commerce's choice of using the 2014 data is not supported by substantial evidence and that Commerce should have chosen the 2011 data due to its greater specificity. Bosun Br. at 6-9; Weihai Br. at 32-37. Weihai, echoed by Bosun, argues Commerce's "uncertainty" finding concerning the 2011 data was "self-created." E.g. , Weihai Br. at 35. Bosun also contends Commerce persists in "misunderstand[ing]" a material difference in the terms of scope of the 2011 data and the 2014 data. See Def's Resp. at 46-49.

Both argue the 2014 NSO Labor Survey data are too broad in the sense that they cover the entire manufacturing sector, whereas the 2011 NSO Industrial Census data are specific to the manufacture of saws and saw blades, including circular saw blades and chainsaw blades. E.g , Bosun Reply at 2, referencing PDoc 202 at Ex. 6. Relying on cases that have emphasized the importance of product specificity in the determination of best available information, Bosun argues that such importance extends to specificity determinations on the labor FOP, and that Commerce specifically found the same 2011 Industrial Census data superior to the general manufacturing labor rate in Drawn Stainless Steel Sinks From the PRC , 80 Fed. Reg. 69644 (Nov. 20, 2015) (final 2012-14 rev. results; see accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 12), and Drawn Stainless Steel Sinks from the PRC , 81 Fed. Reg. 29528 (May 12, 2016) (inter alia prelim. 2014-15 rev. results).

Regarding Commerce's position that it could not ascertain whether the 2011 Industrial Census category for "fringe benefits" included clothes, food, and housing, see IDM at 48, Bosun emphasizes that the source documentation states that "all payments in addition to wages and salaries" are included in fringe benefits and elaborates "fringe benefits" as "all payments in addition to wages or salaries paid to employees such as food, beverages, lodgings, rent, medical care, transportation recreational and entertainment services, etc. " and also that "[p]ayment might be in cash or in kind." See Weihai Initial SVs (July 16, 2015) at Ex. 6 (Bosun's italics); PDocs 202-03. Id. Bosun points out that the source documentation specifically lists examples of fringe benefits to include food and lodging but also covers all additional payments; therefore, if workers received clothing, food, and housing benefits, then it is included in the 2011 Industrial Census rate and it is "wholly unreasonable" for Commerce to question whether clothing, food, and housing are missing from the 2011 labor rate. Bosun thus argues that Commerce could not reasonably determine the 2011 Industrial Census data did not fully cover all labor expenses as do the 2014 data.

For its part, Weihai contends that it "debunked" Commerce's implication that the 2011 Industrial Census data contained only direct labor costs, and also that it established that the 2014 data contained both direct and indirect costs by demonstrating, viz. , that while the 2011 Industrial Census data encompass all of the elements of direct and indirect labor cost, the 2014 Labor Survey report indisputably does not include the critical indirect labor cost element "employer's contribution to social security." Weihai Br. at 34-35. Weihai argues both the defendant and DSMC implicitly concede that the 2014 data is incomplete and not representative of a fully loaded labor cost even of the generalized manufacturing sector, because given the omission "employer's contribution to social security" they failed to argue or show how the 2014 Labor Force Survey data were "comprehensive." Weihai Reply at 16.

Furthermore, Weihai contends, Commerce erred because a certain letter Weihai obtain from NSO for the record clarified that the 2011 Industrial Census and the 2014 Quarterly Labor Force Survey data were materially different in terms of scope and data collection methodology and, citing to its 2011 Labor Survey report data, NSO "affirmed that the 2011 NSO Industrial Census data, notwithstanding [their] lack of contemporaneity, w[ere] more reliable and accurate for valuing labor cost in the Thai manufacturing sector." Weihai Reply at 18. See Weihai Br. at 46. Weihai and Bosun thus both argue that Commerce's "sole" rationale for preferring the 2014 Labor Survey data is on the basis of contemporaneity. See Bosun Br. at 9; Weihai Br. at 37.

Even if that were the case, the court has previously upheld Commerce's preference for utilizing surrogate values that are contemporaneous with the period of review. See Shakeproof , 30 CIT 1173, 1177-78, 2006 WL 2457626 (2006), aff'd , 228 Fed Appx. 1001 (Fed. Cir. 2007) ("Commerce's reliance on valuation information from within that specific time period is clearly an appropriate means of fulfilling [its] statutory directive."). In any event, Commerce's determination did not rest upon contemporaneity alone, and the defendant agrees as to the "material differences" between the two data sets that Weihai concedes: Commerce "was unable to rely on the NSO clarification letter" because, "although the letter explained the difference between the 2011 Labor Force Survey and the 2011 Industrial Census data, it did not provide an explanation for the difference between the two sets of data that Commerce had on its record-that is, the difference in methodology between the 2011 Industrial Census data and the 2014 Labor Force Survey data." Def's Resp. at 49. The defendant thus contends Weihai's argument is directly contradicted by record evidence.

Weihai's reply, contending that the differences between the two NSO labor cost databases described in the NSO clarification letter are not limited to the 2011 data but are with regard to "all" of the Labor Survey reports including those issued during the POR, does not address the entirety of the defendant's (and Commerce's) point. Be that as it may, the NSO letter is mere opinion, albeit an official one, and it is not dispositive as to which of the two sets of data Commerce could choose as the best information available on the record. Commerce's position is that although the letter explained the difference between the 2011 Labor Force Survey and the 2011 Industrial Census data, it did not provide an explanation for the difference between the two sets of data that Commerce had on its record, i.e. , the difference in methodology between the 2011 Industrial Census data and the 2014 Labor Force Survey data. IDM at 48. Commerce's explanation is not inherently unreasonable.

B

Nonetheless, Weihai argues Commerce's finding that the 2011 Industrial Census data "cannot reasonably reflect the labor cost, even after the adjustment for inflation" is erroneous because Commerce has impermissibly conflated two very different databases. Weihai Br. at 36. DSMC's response is that "the 2011 data could not be accurately inflated using the CPI, because Thai labor costs rose between 2011 and the POR by a far greater rate than the CPI", "[n]or could the agency reasonably have simply assumed that the 2011 data could be accurately inflated using the CPI, particularly given that, as Weihai itself concedes, Thai labor costs grew hugely between 2011-2014." DSMC Br. at 36-37, referencing Weihai's Br. at 36 (stating that the Thai minimum wage grew by 45% between 2011-2014). Weihai contends that it "debunked" these arguments in its opening brief and that DSMC is misconstruing its position, which is that while there was a substantial increase in the average labor cost for manufacturing labor between 2011 and 2014, this was attributable to a 45% enhancement in the Thai minimum wages during this period, and "the enhanced Thai wage of 300 Baht/day (i.e. 37.5 Baht/hr) does not affect the substantially higher labor cost of 61.39 Baht/Hr for the industry-specific Code 25939 in the NSO Industrial Census report." Weihai Reply at 13-14, referencing Weihai Br. at 36.

In other words, Weihai contends, the effect of enhancement in the minimum Thai wage rate was limited to those manufacturing sectors where the prevailing wage or labor rates were below 300 Baht/day or 37.5 Baht/hr. "Given that the average labor rate in the saw blade industry was already significantly higher-61.39 Baht/hr-which is 64% higher than the enhanced minimum wage rate of 37.5 baht/hr., it is axiomatic that this particular manufacturing industry would have remained largely unaffected by this increase." Id. at 14. Weihai's fuller reply is as follows:

... DSMC counters Weihai by raising two arguments. First, DSMC argues that given that "[t]he average labor cost for general manufacturing in 2011 was above the increased minimum wage rate ... under Weihai's logic, the wage for the manufacturing sector generally could not have been affected by the minimum wage increase-a position that is entirely inconsistent with its assertion that the increase in the general manufacturing labor cost is due solely to the minimum wage increase." DSMC Br. at 37 n.8. However, DSMC misses the point that the average labor cost for the general manufacturing sector is based on aggregating the data for 464 distinct and disparate manufacturing sectors. Weihai Br. at 34. Some of these industrial sectors (like saw blades) have higher labor cost (and wage) rates while several others could potentially have had wage rates that were lower than the enhanced Thai minimum wage rate of 300 Baht/day. Consequently, the enhanced Thai minimum wage rate would have affected all those industries wherein the prevailing wage rates were lower than 300 Baht/day. As a result, even though the average labor cost for general manufacturing in 2011 was already above the increased minimum wage rate, it went up further on account of buoyancy experienced by all of those impoverished industrial sectors where the prevailing wage rates were less than 300 Baht/day.
DSMC's second argument is unpersuasively presumptive and results oriented. Based on a hypothetical involving five hand tool workers where the daily wage of some of the workers was less than 300 Baht/day, DSMC conveniently argues that "even though the average rate had been above the post-increase minimum wage, the rise in the minimum wage rate still affected the average rate." DSMC Br., 37. As such, it should be rejected. DSMC also argues that since "the average wage rate under Code 25939, corresponding to hand tools/hardware manufacturing, was 384 Baht per day ... [which] is only 84 Baht per day more than the minimum wage increase in 2014, it is highly unlikely that there were no workers under this code that were affected by the minimum wage increase." DSMC Br., 37 n.9. DSMC misconstrues Weihai's arguments. Weihai never argued that Commerce directly apply the industry specific labor cost rate from 2011; instead, Weihai has consistently argued that the labor cost surrogate value be determined after inflating the 2011 industry-specific labor cost by the applicable CPI index.

Weihai Reply at 14-15 (Weihai's bracketing and ellipses).

If the time-period over which Weihai argues for its preferred methodology were shorter, the argument might have more appeal, but the unevenness of wage rates between manufacturing sectors only serves to underscore the speculative nature of Weihai's argument. Whether it might otherwise be reasonable to infer that the rate of wage inflation over the four-year period from 2011-in an industry sector which already had as its starting point purportedly higher average wages as compared with other sectors-must correspond to "the applicable CPI index" (as opposed to being significantly higher or lower during that period in reality ), Weihai's arguments are no less presumptive than DSMC's, as they do not sufficiently explain the 28.75 percent to 35.71 percent disparity in the cost of labor between the 2014 Labor Force Survey and the 2011 Industrial Census data even if the latter are adjusted for inflation. The arguments therefore do not undermine Commerce's conclusion on Weihai's inflation-adjustment methodology. See IDM at 48.

DSMC argues Hangzhou Spring Washer Co. v. United States, 29 CIT 657, 387 F.Supp.2d 1236 (2005), supports "use of more contemporaneous but less specific data, where Commerce explained why contemporaneity better advanced the goal of accuracy". DSMC Resp. at 37-38. Weihai contends that decision does not provide that support, because, while upholding Commerce's decision, the court cautioned that "Commerce has the statutory discretion to give greater weight to one over the other, provided it offers a reasoned explanation when such a decision deviates from past practice ." Hangzhou Spring , 29 CIT at 672, 387 F.Supp.2d 1236 (this court's italics). Weihai argues that it reminded the agency of its decision to apply 2006 NSO Industrial Census data to value labor costs in the prior review, covering the 2012-13 period, and that for the current review Commerce was presented the newer non-contemporaneous 2011 NSO Industrial Census data. "As such and given its own recent precedent, Commerce was required to provide a reasoned explanation for its reversal in this review." Weihai did not raise this argument in its motion brief and the court concludes it may not do so at this point. In any event, the argument does not satisfy the standard of an "agency practice" that would necessitate remand of this issue to Commerce. See , e.g. , Shandong Huarong Machinery Co., Ltd. v. United States , 30 CIT 1269, 1293 n.23, 435 F.Supp.2d 1261, 1282 n.23 (2006) ; Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Foundation v. United States , 23 CIT 861, 884-85, 74 F.Supp.2d 1353, 1374 (1999).

Commerce considered and responded to all respondent arguments with the following: "While the 2011 Industrial Census data are specific to the relevant industry, they are neither contemporaneous with the POR nor as or more detailed than the 2014 Labor Force Survey in terms of matching categories of labor costs specified in the ILO Chapter 6A labor data." IDM at 47-48. In other words, even if the above plaintiff arguments are correct, and even if the court were able to "credit NSO's unambiguous opinion that 'Quarterly Labor Force Survey reports are only a rough estimate of the prevailing labor cost data' and that for valuing 'individual sub-sectors within the manufacturing sector', 'the 2012 Industrial Census report is a far better source as compared to the Quarterly Labor Force Survey reports' " as argued by Wehai, at best that would merely appear to put the 2011 Industrial Census data on "closer footing" with the 2014 data in a contest of which data set provided the specificity that Commerce required for purposes of this review when contemplating two imperfect sets of data.

In each proceeding, selection of surrogate values is ad hoc , and the contemporaneity of the 2014 data apparently tipped the scales for Commerce's selection for the Final Results . In the final analysis, Weihai and Bosun are essentially asking the court to supplant Commerce's finding on the agency's interpretation of the record, which is beyond the standard of "substantial evidence" review. In other words, even if a different result might be obtained were the court to examine the matter de novo , the current state of the law is such that Commerce's interpretations of and determinations on the record are entitled to deference. See Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB , 340 U.S. 474, 488, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951) ("as to matters ... requiring expertise a court may [not] displace the [agency]'s choice between two fairly conflicting views, even though the court would justifiably have made a different choice had the matter been before it de novo ").

V. Calculation of Surrogate Truck Freight

To calculate the truck freight surrogate value to the port of export, Commerce relied on two factors for determining that distance: the "standardized" company's location from the Thai Doing Business report for 2015, and the destination port. The issue here is Commerce's determination of the "Port of Bangkok" as the destination port, based on the Doing Business report, which provided the destination port per "Port Name: Bangkok". Commerce reasoned as follows:

Unlike the previous versions of Doing Business in the past reviews, Doing Business explicitly identifies Bangkok as the name of the port and the name of the city where the standardized company is located.[ ] Therefore, we do not find that Doing Business made a general reference to ports that serve the Bangkok metropolitan area when it explicitly stated that the name of port used to compile these data is Bangkok. Therefore, even if cruise companies and other companies call both ports Bangkok ports as Weihai claims, they are irrelevant to the fact that the freight transportation data compiled in Doing Business are based on the transportation from Bangkok to the Port of Bangkok. Also, for the same reason, we find that the quantity of freight the Port of Laem Chabang handles compared to the quantity of freight the Port of Bangkok handles is irrelevant in our valuation of truck freight expense.

IDM at 53-54, referencing, inter alia , Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, from the PRC , 81 Fed. Reg. 1396 (Jan. 12, 2016) (final 2013-14 rev. results), and accompanying I & D Memo at cmt 2.

Weihai argues Commerce should have applied a distance factor based on the average of the distances to both the Port of Khlong Toei (i.e. , Bangkok) and the Port of Laem Chabang as it had in the preliminary results, because the Doing Business reference to "Bangkok" as the port is ambiguous and does not specify whether it is the Port of Bangkok or the Port of Laem Chabang, both of which are referred to as Bangkok exit ports in commercial vernacular. See Weihai Br. at 24. Commerce obviously concluded otherwise, and Weihai's "averaging" argument would appear to concede "Port of Bangkok" as proper in the calculation thereof.

Nonetheless, Weihai persuades that this determination requires remand at least for further explanation, or reconsideration if Commerce so chooses, which may involve further development of the record. The conclusion that "Port Name: Bangkok" is an explicit reference to "Port of Bangkok," of course, is the basis upon which Commerce held irrelevant the fact that cruise and other companies call both ports Bangkok as well as the respective quantities of freight handled by the Port of Laem Chabang compared to the Port of Bangkok, but it remains unclear to the court why "Port Name: Bangkok" should be regarded as substantial evidence of record to support the conclusion that this is an explicit reference to "Port of Bangkok" rather than a mere scintilla.

For example, in addition to its evidence that Khlong Toei and Laem Chabang are referred to as Bangkok ports in commercial parlance, Weihai argued that the "Trading Across Borders Survey" questionnaire that was used for the Doing Business report instructs survey participants to respond considering "[t]he seaport most commonly used by traders " and report the "Cost of inland transport (from warehouse in «Survey_City» to seaport ) and handling (loading and unloading)" and also notes that "[t]he main method of transporting the containerized product specified above between the « Survey_City» and the chosen seaport is considered." As such, Weihai argued, the underlying survey "unambiguously" indicates that the expression "Port Name: Bangkok" means a Bangkok seaport , record evidence shows that Laem Chabang is the most widely used commercial seaport servicing Bangkok, handles 4.4 times the volume of containerized cargo than Khlong Toei port (i.e , Port of Bangkok), and shows that the latter is a riverport , not a seaport . Weihai claims that as this latter fact is undisputed, it suggests that the expression "Port Name: Bangkok" actually references the seaport of Laem Chabang, but at a minimum the expression must at least encompass the seaport of Laem Chabang-in other words, Weihai continues, on a conservative basis substantial evidence supports Commerce's preliminary decision to average the distance from Bangkok to Khlong Toei riverport and Laem Chabang seaport. Weihai additionally complains of Commerce's "cursory rejection" of the other corroborative published information that Weihai provided (in particular those relevant to the import/export community and trucking companies in its rebuttal brief, PDoc 384 at 37, which demonstrated that Laem Chabang port is also referred to as Bangkok port) as simply "irrelevant" fails to account for relevant evidence fairly detracting from Commerce's conclusion. Furthermore, Weihai argues, Commerce's decision is inconsistent with its then-recent "precedent" in which it has determined different distance factors when using the Doing Business (2015) Thailand report for valuing truck freight.

"Inconsistent" is the very word, all right, for Commerce's determinations regarding the Bangkok-to-port truck freight distance are, quite literally, all over the map. Notwithstanding the lack of specificity of the distance between a "model" surrogate commercial company in Bangkok and its "model" commercial port of export in the 2015 Doing Business report, one would suppose such a seemingly verifiable fact ought not be a bone of contention, but the parties' arguments reveal wide disparities in Commerce's determinations thereof from review to review. For one review, Commerce used that report to determine the distance from the city of Bangkok to the exit port to be between 93 km and 183 km. Certain Activated Carbon From the PRC , 80 Fed. Reg. 61172 (Oct.9, 2015) (final 2013-14 rev. results), accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 13. For another, using the same report, it determined that distance to be 37.1 km. Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished and Unfinished, from the PRC , 81 Fed. Reg. 1396 (Jan. 12, 2016) (final 2013-14 rev. results), accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 3. For yet another, it determined the distance to be 133 km, Chlorinated Isocyanurates From the PRC , 80 Fed. Reg. 39060 (July 8, 2015) (prelim. 2013-14 rev. results), accompanying Decision Memo at 18-19, unchanged in Chlorinated Isocyanurates From the PRC , 81 Fed. Reg. 1167 (Jan. 11, 2016) (final 2013-24 rev. results) and accompanying I & D Memo. Agency precedent also shows that reliance upon a distance factor that is an average distance to the two ports near Bangkok (the Bangkok Port and the Laem Chabang Port) when determining surrogate value for truck freight based on the Doing Business: Thailand report is not unusual. E.g. , Multilayered Wood Flooring From the PRC , 80 Fed. Reg. 41476 (July 15, 2015) (inter alia , final 2012-13 rev. results), accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 9.

DSMC's and the government's attempted rebuttal(s) of Weihai's contention, by pointing out that the Final Results are consistent with Tapered Roller Bearings above and arguing that Weihai's contention relies on outdated precedent, only underscores the inconsistency among Commerce's various administrative determinations on the freight distance to the Bangkok port of commercial exit. The defendant contends that the Doing Business report for 2015 "explicitly" identified the Port of Bangkok as the destination port. However, Weihai's arguments, recitation of the evidence of record, and the administrative precedents discussed by the parties, persuade that the IDM's reasoning does not evince complete consideration or address of Wehiai's arguments on the record by the agency. Those appear to be of cogent materiality, as more fully described in Weihai's briefing, and thus the determination on the meaning of "Port Name: Bangkok" as stated in the Doing Business report is unclear. See United States v. Nova Scotia Food Prods. Corp. , 568 F.2d 240, 252 (2d Cir. 1977) ("[i]t is not in keeping with the rational [agency] process to leave vital questions, raised by comments which are of cogent materiality, completely unanswered"). In the absence of full consideration and explanation, "Port Name: Bangkok" cannot be concluded to amount to more than a mere scintilla, and as that also appears to be the only buttress upholding the determination of truck freight distance, the derivative conclusions of irrelevancy expressed in the IDM appear to amount to circular reasoning. The defendant also contends the court should decline Weihai's argument for the agency to take administrative notice and for the court to take judicial notice of the Doing Business report for 2016, but that contention is mooted by the foregoing, upon which the issue of the agency's determination of truck freight distance must be, and hereby is, remanded in order to more fully address Weihai's arguments with respect thereto.

VI. Treatment of Graphite Plates as Direct Material

Jiangsu Fengtai also challenges Commerce's accounting of its graphite plates as indirect rather direct materials consumed in production.

Normal accounting practice treats direct materials as raw materials and indirect materials as part of factory overhead. See , e.g. , Polyvinyl Alcohol from the PRC , 68 Fed. Reg. 47538 (Aug. 11, 2003) (final less than fair value ("LTFV") determination) and I & D Memo at cmt. 7. In administering NV in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1), Commerce distinguishes between direct and indirect material cost treatment on a case-by-case basis. See, e.g. , Magnesium Corp. , supra , 166 F.3d at 1372 (the statute "gives Commerce broad discretion in valuing the factors of production on which factory overhead is based").

The defendant explains that Commerce considers various criteria in determining whether to classify a material as direct or indirect, for example whether the material is physically incorporated into the final product, the material's contribution to the production process, the relative cost of the input material, and how the cost of the input is typically treated in the industry. Where a process material must continually be replenished, Commerce has determined that the input should be treated as direct material rather than indirect material that is part of factory overhead. See Silicomanganese from the PRC , 65 Fed. Reg. 31514 (May 18, 2000) (final results admin. review), and accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 1. Conversely, where process materials are not consumed in the production process but are reused and infrequently replaced, Commerce has determined that the input is an indirect input and classified it as part of factory overhead. See Laminated Woven Sacks from the PRC , 73 Fed. Reg. 35646 ( June 24, 2008) (final deter.), and accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 1; see also Bridgestone Americas, Inc. v. United States , 34 CIT 573, 576-77, 710 F.Supp.2d 1359, 1363-64 (2010) (sustaining administrative discretion to consider some or all of these criteria in direct and indirect material analyses).

In the Final Results , Commerce determined that the graphite plates were direct materials because they were replaced "regularly" in the course of production of subject merchandise. IDM at 43-44. The record shows that Jiangsu Fengtai used graphite molds that were replaced every 258 production cycles. See id. ; CDoc 297 at 2. Jiangsu Fengtai agrees with this observation. See Jiangsu Fengtai Br. at 20. Jiangsu Fengtai also agrees as to the certain amounts of graphite molds used each day and the certain amounts of DSBs produced each day. Id. at 22; CDoc 297 at 2. Jiangsu Fengtai argues, however, that Commerce's treatment of the graphite plates as direct rather than indirect materials is not supported by substantial evidence because Commerce's relied upon an incorrect arithmetic formula to calculate the number of day(s) in Jiangsu Fengtai's production process that a graphite plate with a useful life of 258 production cycles would have to have been employed before being replaced, and that Commerce's analysis was based on the false assumption that each graphite plate would be used consecutively in 258 production cycles. See JF Br. at 18-24.

Jiangsu Fengtai argues the record rather shows that graphite plates are, in fact, durable and replaced only infrequently in the production process. Jiangsu Fengtai argues the apparent mathematical analysis employed in the Final Results to substantiate that finding is marred, and "[i]f the final results were based upon an incorrect mathematical calculation, differing in results by a factor of three, by definition, such determination cannot be based upon substantial evidence". See , e.g. , JF Reply at 10. Jiangsu Fengtai further argues that "[s]ince all manufacturing overhead costs were fully accounted for in Commerce's application of surrogate financial ratios, inclusion of graphite plates as a raw material input resulted in a double-counting of the costs attributable to graphite plates." JF Br. at 18 (referencing its administrative case brief at 12-16).

Jiangsu Fengtai failed to raise this latter argument with precision before Commerce and therefore failed to exhaust its administrative remedies on the point. See 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d) ; see , e.g. , Corus Staal BV v. United States , 502 F.3d 1370, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (requiring, subject to certain exceptions not applicable here, the exhaustion of administrative remedies as a prerequisite to judicial review). Cf. JF Admin. Case Br. at 12-16. Even if exhaustion were inapplicable, Jiangsu Fengtai does not explain why indirect materials in the surrogate financial statement would necessarily include "overhead for graphite plates." The argument rather begs the question, i.e., on whether its graphite plates are properly accounted for as direct or indirect materials costs.

Jiangsu Fengtai stresses that Commerce overestimated the number of graphite plates used because the administrative record allegedly shows that graphite plates were only used in the sintering process, which Jiangsu Fengtai alleges takes so much time that a graphite plate could realistically be used only once or twice per day. JF Br. at 22-23. Regardless, the Final Results do not employ particular "mathematical" analysis to determine whether the graphite plates are direct or indirect material but rather appeal to simple logic along a sliding scale of durability. As the defendant argues, whether the proper estimate is lower or higher, Commerce's determination is consistent with past instances where Commerce has considered the frequency with which a part of the production process is replaced and with its practice of treating graphite plates as process materials if they are replaced "regularly" in the course of producing subject merchandise. See Def's Resp. at 61, referencing Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof from the PRC , 71 Fed. Reg. 29303 (May 22, 2006), I & D Memo at cmt. 2 (contrasting respondent's use of steel molds versus graphite molds, both of which are used in the production process, and finding that steel molds have a long usage life and are properly considered overhead, in contrast to graphite molds which are absorbed into the final product and replaced so regularly that they are valued as a direct input). The defendant contends Commerce simply found in this administrative review that the record did not demonstrate that the graphite plates have a sufficiently long usage life to be considered an overhead cost. See IDM at 44; CDoc 297 at 2.

At the end of the day, Jiangsu Fengtai's arguments on this issue do not persuade that its original reporting of its graphite plates as direct material was incorrect.

Jiangsu Fengtai is essentially asking for a ruling on the meanings of "durability" and "regularly" with regard to replacement in production, but those are matters properly within Commerce's reasonable domain.

VII. Selection of Surrogate Financial Statement

Commerce derives financial ratios by selecting one or more surrogate financial statements. In both the preliminary and final results, Commerce selected the financial statements of a Thai company, K.M. & A.A. Co., Ltd. ("KM"), after finding that company's production comparable to the subject merchandise and a subject of the primary surrogate country during the POR and fiscal year 2014. PDM at 23; IDM at 42. Weihai challenges this selection on two grounds.

A

The first of Weihai's challenges on this issue concerns semantics. After issuance of the preliminary results, both Weihai and DSMC submitted comments and evidence concerning the translation of a Thai term in KM's financial statements. IDM at 42 n.151, citing PDocs 331, 354, 355. The translation of the particular term was relevant in determining whether KM was a producer of comparable merchandise. IDM at 42. Weihai argued that the Thai term meant "grinding stone ," submitted a translation supporting its argument, and argued that KM was therefore not a producer of comparable merchandise. IDM at 41; PDoc 354 at Ex. 2. DSMC, in turn, submitted documents indicating that the word at issue translated to "grinding wheel " and thus would support the finding that KM was a producer of comparable merchandise. IDM at 41.

In response to these submissions, Commerce conducted its own research and placed several documents on the record. IDM at 42; PDoc 356. The first document demonstrated that the dictionary definition of the word was "grinding stone." PDoc 356 at 2. The three other documents demonstrated that in the abrasives industry, the same word translated to "grinding wheel." Id. at 3-5. Commerce invited comments from interested parties on the seeming polyseme, and the petitioner (only) submitted comments. See IDM at 42; PDoc 358. Based on such research and commentary, Commerce found KM a producer of comparable merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1).

The issue here is whether, in order to support Commerce's finding that KM was a producer of comparable merchandise, substantial evidence on the record supports Commerce's determination that the translation of the Thai word at issue means "grinding wheel" as opposed to "grinding stone".

Weihai argues that Commerce erred in selecting KM's financial statement. Weihai's argument, that KM is not a producer of comparable merchandise because the record evidence "only" supports finding that the Thai word in dispute means "grinding stone" and not "grinding wheel," is insufficient to overcome Commerce's conclusion from the record that the Thai word at issue as used in the abrasives industry means "grinding wheel." Commerce found that a translation from a third-party translation agency, KM's own website, and websites of other companies in the abrasives industry, taken together, demonstrate that the Thai word at issue means "grinding wheel". IDM at 42. See PDocs 355, 356. Commerce explained that although the dictionary definition of the Thai word at issue means "grinding stone", in the Thai abrasives industry it is used as a hyponym, i.e. , "grinding wheel." See id. Commerce also relied on copies of KM's website, which were contemporaneous with the POR, which demonstrated that KM produced grinding wheels. Id. ; CDoc 263 at Ex. 1C. Notwithstanding Weihai's arguments in this regard (see Weihai Reply at 5-7, quoting, inter alia , Yantai Xinke Steel Structure Co. v. United States , 38 CIT ----, Slip Op. 14-38 at 30-31, 2014 WL 1387529 (Apr. 9, 2014) ), the inferences from that evidence constitute substantial evidence of record that KM did, in fact, produce grinding wheels during the POR. Websites of other companies in the same industry also, apparently, demonstrated that the word is employed to mean "grinding wheel." PDoc 356. In short, Weihai's arguments presented here to the contrary do not persuade that Commerce's conclusion thereon was unreasonable.

B

Weihai argues nonetheless that it was unreasonable for Commerce to select KM's financial statements rather than those of Trigger Co. Philippines, Inc. ("Trigger"), a producer of DSBs and subject to a country not on Commerce's list of surrogate countries prepared for the review ("OP List"). See Weihai Br. at 10-21. On this point, Weihai first contends Commerce's determination in this administrative review differs from its determination in the previous administrative review. But, Commerce's determinations are made on the basis of the administrative record before it, and the fact that Trigger's financial statements were used in the prior administrative reviews does not necessarily inform as to what is the best available information for a subsequent review. See Downhole Pipe & Equipment LP v. United States , 36 CIT ----, ----, 887 F.Supp.2d 1311, 1321 (2012) ( "Commerce has broad discretion to determine the best available information in a reasonable manner on a case-by-case basis") (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In this review, Commerce explained that, unlike the prior administrative review, the record before it contained a usable financial statement from the primary surrogate country. IDM at 43. See also Jacobi Carbons , supra , 41 CIT at ----, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1376 ("Commerce's single surrogate country preference is strong and must be given significant weight.").

Weihai next contests Commerce's non-selection of Trigger's financial statements. Weihai Br. at 17-21. Commerce's decision was not only due to the fact that those statements predated the POR and were therefore not contemporaneous, they were not from the primary surrogate country. IDM at 43. Weihai does not dispute those observations, see Weihai Br. at 27-28, but it argues that the Trigger financial statements fell short of contemporaneity "by two months only" and that "contemporaneity alone is an insufficient justification for dismissing better surrogates." Id. at 17, quoting Blue Field (Sichuan) Food Industry Co. v. United States, 37 CIT ----, ----, 949 F.Supp.2d 1311, 1332 (2013). As stated, however, Commerce did not rely upon contemporaneity alone for the Final Results , Commerce selected KM's financial statements because they pertained to a producer of comparable merchandise from the primary surrogate country in addition to being contemporaneous. See Shakeproof Assembly Components, Div. of Ill. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States , 268 F.3d 1376, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001) ("[i]n determining the valuation of the factors of production, the critical question is whether the methodology used by Commerce is based on the best available information and establishes antidumping margins as accurately as possible.").

Weihai argues, nonetheless, that the fact that Trigger's financial statements are from the Philippines should not be an impediment. See Weihai Br. at 18-20. It argues that KM's financial statements were not as detailed as Trigger's, for example with respect to inventories open and closed and has no specific line item for outward freight and handling, and that Commerce should conduct a "side by side" comparison of KM's and Trigger's financial statements in accordance with CP Kelco US, Inc. v. United States , 40 CIT ----, Slip Op. 16-36, 2016 WL 1403657 (Apr. 8, 2016).

Responding, DSMC contends "neither Weihai nor any other party argued below that KM's statements were flawed by reason of a lack of detail" and therefore Weihai's argument suffers from a failure to exhaust its administrative remedies. See DSMC Br. at 24. Weihai replies that it did exhaust, by alerting Commerce to the fact that "the 2013 Trigger financial is the most detailed statement available on record" and by discussing breakouts of certain specific line items in Trigger's financial statement in its administrative case brief.

That is a weak reed. Arguing in favor of particular financial statements for the purposes of an administrative review does not equate to a reason for impugning the usability of others on the record. The requirement of exhaustion, generally speaking, imposes a more rigorous standard on the precision of argumentation at the administrative level, but even if it could be stated that Weihai did exhaust, the arguments it advances do not suffice to overcome Commerce's regulatory preference to value all factors of production using data from a single surrogate country wherever possible. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(2). That approach has not been held, per se , unreasonable. See , e.g. , Jacobi Carbons , 41 CIT at ----, 992 F.Supp.2d at 1376 ; Camau Frozen Seafood Processing Import Export Corp. v. United States , 37 CIT ----, ----, 929 F.Supp.2d 1352, 1355-56 (2013).

The problems Wehai attempts to overcome are not only that the contested financial statements concern companies from different countries, its preferred financial statements (for Trigger) pertain to a producer subject to a country that is not even on the OP List for this review, which remains the case notwithstanding its arguments that the Philippines should be regarded as economically comparable to the PRC. See , e.g. , Weihai Reply at 11-12. In the final analysis, even if those problems can be surmounted, Weihai's overall contention, once again, is effectively asking the court to supplant Commerce's decision from its consideration of KM's versus Trigger's financial statements. See , e.g. , Weihai Reply at 11 ("the less than ideal albeit reliable Trigger financial statement is preferable to [KM]'s financial statement, which is not only unreliable but is also beset with poor data quality") (court's bracketing). The court's role, however, is not to re-weigh the evidence of record, it is solely to determine whether the evidence of record to support Commerce's determination is "substantial," meaning "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion". E.g. , PAM, S.p.A. v. United States , 582 F.3d 1336, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

Here, neither of the contested financial statements are "perfect" for the purpose of determining surrogate financial ratios for this administrative review, and while one might well conclude that KM's financial statements offer more detail and relate to a producer of DSBs (not merely "comparable" merchandise), the mere fact that the record may support a different choice of financial statement does not mean Commerce's choice is unsupported by substantial evidence. See Universal Camera Corp. , supra , 340 U.S. at 488, 71 S.Ct. 456. Cf. , e.g. , Catfish Farmers of America v. United States , 33 CIT 1258, 1273, 641 F.Supp.2d 1362 (2009) ("[w]here Commerce is faced with the choice of selecting from among imperfect alternatives, it has the discretion to select the best available information for a surrogate value so long as its decision is reasonable"). Given all the variables involved in Commerce's decision-making, the court cannot conclude that the KM and Trigger financial statements are not "fairly conflicting." The record contained detailed and contemporaneous financial statements from a producer of comparable merchandise in the primary surrogate country, and Commerce determined those statements to be the best available evidence on the record for purposes of the review. IDM at 43. Weihai does not persuade that a different result must be obtained.

VIII. Inclusion of Weihai in the Administrative Review

Weihai also challenges Commerce's determination to reject the request from Robert Bosch Tool Corporation ("Bosch") to rescind its request for review of Weihai.

A. Background

Commerce issued its notice of opportunity to request an administrative review on the antidumping order for DSBs from the PRC in November 2014. Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation , 79 Fed. Reg. 65176 (Nov. 3, 2014) (opp. to req. admin. review). DSMC, Weihai, and Bosch timely filed review requests for Weihai. Commerce initiated the administrative review of the POR for DSBs from the PRC the following month. Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews , 79 Fed. Reg. 76956 ( Dec. 23, 2014).

19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1) provides that if a party requesting administrative review withdraws that request within 90 days of publication of the review's initiation notice, Commerce will rescind the review. The regulation also states that the "Secretary may extend this time limit if the Secretary decides that it is reasonable to do so." Under that provision, the parties had until March 23, 2015 to rescind their request for review. DSMC and Weihai submitted timely requests to withdraw their review requests with respect to Weihai. See PDoc 108, 109. Bosch's request for review of Weihai, however, remained on the record. PDoc 133.

On April 7, 2015, Commerce selected Jiangsu Fengtai and Weihai as the mandatory respondents. PDoc 133. On the same day, Commerce issued its questionnaires. Id. On April 8, 2015, sixteen days after the deadline to rescind a request, Bosch attempted to rescind its request to review Weihai. PDoc 119. Bosch's request noted that Commerce has previously interpreted the regulation to allow rescission where it has not committed substantial resources to the review, the review has not progressed to a point where it would be unreasonable to allow withdrawal of requests for review, and withdrawal does not constitute "abuse" of departmental procedures. Id. Bosch argued that the circumstances of the case thus far were in accordance with such conditions. Id.

Weihai then filed its own submission in support of Bosch's request to Commerce to accept Bosch's belated request to withdraw its request for review of Wehai. Bosch's request argued that certain "unexpected events" should excuse its late filing in accordance with Commerce's then-current policy. PDoc 120. See Weihai 56.2 Br. at 46-47. DSMC also supported Weihai's and Bosch's request to accept the latter's withdrawal request. PDoc 121.

Commerce rejected Bosch's request to withdraw its review request of Weihai on May 12, 2015, stating that it did not find that the facts Bosch advanced to explain the late filing constituted "extraordinary circumstances" in accordance with Extension of Time Limits; Final Rules , 78 Fed. Reg. 57790, 57793 (Sep. 20, 2013) ("Final Rules "). PDoc 133.

B. Analysis

Weihai argues Commerce's decision was unlawful because the procedural background of this case resembles that of Glycine & More, Inc. v. United States , 39 CIT ----, 107 F.Supp.3d 1356 (2015), remand results sustained , 40 CIT ----, 181 F.Supp.3d 1360 (2016) (" Glycine & More "), affirmed , 880 F.3d 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2018). The defendant disagrees, arguing that Weihai did not raise the issue of the denial of its request to rescind the review in its administrative case brief and therefore failed to exhaust its administrative remedies.

In the alternative, the defendant argues Commerce acted lawfully by including Weihai in the administrative review, due to the outstanding request by Bosch for review of Weihai.

The defendant's alternative argument is undercut by Glycine & More's holding that a certain 2011 published guidance document ("2011 Notice ), which is also implicated in the matter at bar, was an unlawful interpretation of 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1). In that case, the sole U.S. petitioner submitted a timely request for rescission of the review. "Baoding," a respondent in the proceeding, also desired rescission, but its request therefor was not timely submitted. Baoding thereafter notified Commerce that it would no longer participate in the review. Proceeding nonetheless, Commerce's preliminary results assigned Baoding the PRC entity rate. Thereafter, Glycine & More appeared in the proceeding and filed a case brief objecting to Commerce's rejection of Baoding's request to withdraw the review request and also assignment of the PRC-wide rate. See generally 39 CIT at ----, 107 F.Supp.3d at 1358-59. In the final results thereof, Commerce's refusal to rescind the review was grounded upon the 2011 Notice that, as subsequently observed by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, "dramatically changed [the] meaning" of 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(d)(1) to require a showing of "extraordinary circumstances" which "prevented" the ability to submit a timely request for rescission. 880 F.3d at 1340, quoting 2011 Notice , 76 Fed. Reg. at 45773. The appellate court has decided the 2011 Notice was unambiguous and an "incompatible departure from the clear meaning of the regulation [,] ... not simply an interpretive statement regarding ambiguity in the regulation or a general statement of policy" Id. at 1345. Because the 2011 Notice lacked "the necessary notice-and-comment rulemaking, it has no legal standing, and thus provides no basis upon which the Secretary could make his decision." Id.

Weihai argues in reply to the defendant's points regarding exhaustion that the doctrine should not bar its challenge, that applicable precedent compels rescission, and that it would be inappropriate to preclude judicial recourse because it had vigorously urged Commerce to rescind the review as to it at the very outset of the proceeding, a position with which petitioner itself agreed. At the end of the review, Weihai continues, rearguing for rescission in its case brief, a review during which it had been forced to expend substantial resources participating, would have been "futile." Weihai contends that once Commerce denied its rescission request in May 2016, Commerce rendered an "irreversible" decision to proceed with the review, and as a result Weihai was forced to proceed or suffer the penalty of incurring an adverse facts available result if it did not. Thus, Weihai submits, "the damage was done", and under these circumstances, Weihai complains, it should not have been obligated to brief agency reconsideration of the rescission that had already been denied unequivocally, because by doing so it would in effect be asking Commerce to ignore its participation in the administrative review-as if a subsequent reversal of the earlier rescission denial could undo the prejudicial impact of the initial denial. "Adherence to such an absurd formality would not be 'appropriate.' " Weihai Reply at 40, quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d).

However, the defendant's response correctly points out that the background of the matter at bar differs materially from that of Glycine & More , in which that plaintiff presented in its administrative case brief "all arguments that continue to be relevant to the Secretary's ... final results". 19 C.F.R § 351.309(c)(2). Weihai did not do likewise. Rather, it argues the gesture would have been futile. To persuade on that argument, "a party must demonstrate that it would be required to go through obviously useless motions in order to preserve its rights." Corus Staal BV v. United States , 502 F.3d 1370, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoted decisions omitted). The inability of an agency to provide an adequate or appropriate remedy, for example, would trigger futility. PPG Indus., Inc. v. United States , 14 CIT 522, 542, 746 F.Supp. 119, 137 (1990) (futility applies where "the agency has no power to provide the remedy sought, or where the remedy would be manifestly inadequate" (citations omitted) ). Futility may also be shown where "an agency has articulated a very clear position on the issue which it has demonstrated it would be unwilling to reconsider." Pakfood Pub. Co. v. United States , 34 CIT 1122, 1145, 724 F.Supp.2d 1327, 1351 (2010) ( " Pakfood "), quoting Randolph-Sheppard Vendors of America v. Weinberger , 795 F.2d 90, 105 (D.C. Cir. 1986). Pakfood observed that in the case of the latter, the agency's commitment to its position must be so strong as to render requiring a party to raise the issue with the agency " 'inequitable and an insistence of a useless formality.' " 34 CIT at 1145-46, 724 F.Supp.2d at 1145-46, quoting Luoyang Bearing Factory v. United States , 26 CIT 1156, 1186 n.26, 240 F.Supp.2d 1268 (2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Cf. Itochu Building Prods. v. United States , 733 F.3d 1140, 1147 (Fed. Cir. 2013) ( "there was no reasonable prospect that Commerce would have changed its position").

The court is not persuaded that raising the issue in Weihai's administrative case brief would have been futile. "[T]he mere fact that Commerce rejected an argument at an earlier stage of an administrative proceeding does not, without more, suffice to render a party's continued adherence to such argument an exercise in futility." Pakfood , 34 CIT at 1146, 724 F.Supp.2d at 1351 (citation omitted). "Even where it is likely that Commerce would have rejected a party's arguments without changing course, 'it would still [be] preferable, for purposes of administrative regularity and judicial efficiency, for [the party] to make its arguments in its case brief and for Commerce to give its full and final administrative response in the final results.' " Id. , quoting Corus Staal , 502 F.3d at 1380. Had the Final Results announced a rate that was more favorable to Weihai, it would hardly be here to complain; indeed, Weihai's claim at this point highlights part of the reason for the agency's adoption of the 90-day deadline for withdrawing requests for review in the first place. See Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties , 62 Fed. Reg. 27296, 27317 (May 19, 1997) ("we are concerned with the situation in which a party requests a review, the Department devotes considerable time and resources to the review, and then the party withdraws its request[ ] once it ascertains that the results of the review are not likely to be in its favor").

Nonetheless, it is apparent that Glycine & More has altered the legal status upon which rests the administrative decision not to accept Borsch's belated request to withdraw its request for review. That is a new and authoritative legal decision that appears to impact directly the legal underpinning of the underlying administrative decision, and the doctrine of intervening judicial interpretation applies here. See Sucocitrico Cutrale Ltda. v. United States , 36 CIT ----, ----, Slip Op. 12-71 at 5-7, 2012 WL 2317764 (2012) ; Corus Staal BV v. United States , 30 CIT 1040, 1050 n.11, 2006 WL 2056401 (2006). Cf. SKF USA Inc. v. United States , 254 F.3d 1022, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 2001), referencing, inter alia , Nat'l Fuel Gas Supply Corp. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n, 899 F.2d 1244, 1249 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (granting Commission's request for remand following new legal decision). Remand of the administrative decision not to accept Bosch's 16-day late request to withdraw its review request, which decision was based on the "extraordinary circumstances" standard of the invalidated 2011 Notice , is also consistent with "[t]he general rule ... that an appellate court must apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision." Thorpe v. Housing Authority of City of Durham , 393 U.S. 268, 281, 89 S.Ct. 518, 21 L.Ed.2d 474 (1969).

Conclusion

For the above reasons, the case is hereby remanded to the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The results of remand shall be due July 20, 2018, and by the fifth business day after the filing thereof with the court, the parties shall confer and file a joint status report as to a proposed scheduling of comments, if any, on those results.

So ordered. 
      
      I.e. , with the support of the remaining-named PRC companies counseled above. During the review, Jiangsu Fengtai Diamond Tool Manufacture Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Fengtai Tools Co., Ltd., and Jiangsu Sawging Co., Ltd. were determined to be affiliated and consequently considered as a single entity. See 80 Fed. Reg. at 75854.
     
      
      Initially, Bosun also challenged Commerce's application of its differential pricing analysis, arguing that that analysis and its application were contrary to the statute, improperly disclosed, and reliant upon an allegedly improper statistical method, the Cohen's d test, see Bosun Br.at 13-21, but as its reply brief does not address the defendant's response thereto, that count of Bosun's complaint is therefore deemed abandoned. See , e.g. , United States v. Great American Insurance Co. of New York , 738 F.3d 1320, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2013) ("arguments that are not appropriately developed in a party's briefing may be deemed waived").
     
      
      "FMV", i.e. , "foreign market value," became NV with passage of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act ("URAA"). See Pub L. 103-465 § 224 (Dec. 8, 1994).
     
      
      The observations also seem to conflate an NME's internal NV price with its USP, because if the latter is an agreed-upon, arm's length price, it is therefore a "market" price by definition, apart from the question of whether it is a "fair" price. Cf. 19 U.S.C. § 1677a. In order to assist any post-decisional scrutiny of this opinion, the defendant provides further background as follows:
      Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B), when Commerce calculates export price, it deducts from its calculation any "export tax, duty or other charge imposed by the exporting country on the exportation of the subject merchandise to the United States." Historically, Commerce did not apply section 1677a(c)(2)(B) to proceedings for non-market economies because "pervasive government intervention ... precluded proper valuation" of those charges. Methodological Change .... Thus, previously, for non-market economy countries, Commerce did not deduct export expenses from export price, because "the actual amounts paid are an internal expense within an NME country." Pure Magnesium and Alloy Magnesium from the Russian Federation , 60 Fed. Reg. 16,440 (Dep't of Commerce Mar. 30, 1995) (final results admin. review) ("Russian Magnesium ").
      The Federal Circuit sustained Commerce's practice in Magnesium Corp. ... Specifically, the Federal Circuit sustained Commerce's interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c)(2)(B) as not requiring Commerce, in the non-market economy context, to deduct export duties and costs in an non-market economy, given that "[b]y definition, in a non-market economy, the price of merchandise does not reflect its fair value because the market does not operate on market principles," and "no reliable way exists to determine whether or not an export tax has been included in the price of a product from a non-market economy." Id. at 1370. It further explained that "the nature of the Russian economy does not permit Commerce to determine whether the export taxes imposed on the exported magnesium were actually included in the price of the magnesium as required by subsection 1677a(d)(2)(B) [,]" and thus it was reasonable for Commerce to determine that "[e]xport taxes must be treated as an intra-non-market economy expense under these circumstances , making it impossible to determine whether the actual cost of the export tax was included in the price at which the magnesium was sold in the United States." Id. at 1371 (emphases added).
      After Russian Magnesium , and given the nature of the [evolving PRC] economy, Commerce initially found that it could not determine whether [PRC] export duties and costs were actually included in the price of the merchandise. In 2012, in recognition that the present-day [PRC] economy is sufficiently dissimilar from Soviet-style economies such that taxes paid by companies in [the PRC] can be identified and measured, Commerce changed its methodology for antidumping duty proceedings involving merchandise from [the PRC], and determined to deduct any such charges that were imposed, "including VAT that is not fully refunded upon exportation." Id. at 36,482. Commerce also determined that, "in many instances, the export tax, VAT, duty, or other charge will be a fixed percentage of the price. In such cases, the Department will adjust the export price or constructed export price downward by the same percentage." Id. at 36,483.
      Commerce explained that "[a]lthough [Commerce does] not know how individual companies in [the PRC and Vietnam] set prices, we do know that the government taxes a portion of companies' sales receipts," and Commerce "can measure a transfer of funds between certain [non-market economies] and companies therein, regardless of the direction the money flows." Id. (citation omitted). "Given that, and given that we know how much respondent companies receive for the [United States] sale, we have determined it appropriate to take taxes into account, as directed by the statute." Id.
      Def's Resp. at 31-33 (bracketing added in part; italics in original). See also infra note 5.
     
      
      See Methodological Change , 77 Fed. Reg. at 36483 ("when the Department evaluates whether a tax is included in the price of an NME export sale, it cannot take into consideration the same assumptions as those taken into account when performing a similar type of evaluation for a market economy sale, which does operate in accordance with market principles of cost or pricing structures[;] ... it is not an issue of price formation (i.e. , whether the seller considers tax when forming price) because that is a market economy concept which is inapplicable by the very definition of an NME").
     
      
      This being merely presumptive in an NME situation, since monetary units are fungible.
     
      
      Cf. , e.g. , JF Br. at 14 (the PRC government "in this case is not refunding previously paid internal VAT when the subject merchandise is exported").
     
      
      Cf. e.g. , Aristocraft , supra , Jacobi Carbons , supra , with , e.g. , U.S. Steel Group v. United States , 225 F.3d 1284 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (judicial disagreement over "total expenses" in 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(f)(2)(C) resolved by Chevron deference to agency's reasonable interpretation and computation thereof).
     
      
      See , e.g. , Multilayered Wood Flooring from the PRC , 79 Fed. Reg. 26712 (May 9, 2014) and accompanying I & D Memo at cmt. 3.
     
      
      Def's Resp. at 42, referencing: Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 from the PRC , 75 Fed. Reg. 36630 (June 28, 2010) (final results) and accompanying issues and decision memorandum (all such memoranda except for IDM hereinafter "I & D Memo") cmt. 4; Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From Romania , 70 Fed. Reg. 34448 (June 14, 2005) (final results) and accompanying I & D Memo cmt. 2 ("we reviewed the allegations regarding surrogate values as presented by the interested parties and decided whether the parties had provided sufficient evidence to merit further consideration"); Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags from the PRC , 73 Fed. Reg. 14216 (Mar. 17, 2008) (final results) and accompanying I & D Memo cmt. 6 ("[w]e find that the burden is on the respondents to demonstrate that the Indian import statistics are in fact aberrational").
     
      
      Indirect labor costs are items such as employee pension, benefits, and worker training, as opposed to direct compensation and bonuses. See Labor Methodologies , 76 Fed. Reg. at 36093.
     
      
      More precisely, Commerce explained that although the Appendix B of the 2011 Industrial Census data stated that fringe benefits included "food, beverages, lodgings, rent, medical care, transportation recreational and entertainment services, etc.," the 2011 Industrial Census data categorized fringe benefits only as "Medical care" and "Others," and that the data did not specify whether work clothes, food, and housing were included in the "Others" category of fringe benefits. IDM at 47. Therefore, the defendant elaborates, Commerce could not discern whether these specific types of fringe benefits were in fact included in the "Others" category of fringe benefits, whereas the 2014 Labor Force Survey data better reflected the full spectrum of labor (i.e. , fully loaded, direct and indirect) costs expressed within the ILO Chapter 6A data. Def's Resp at 48, referencing id. at 47.
     
      
      Bosun Reply at 2-3, referencing Qingdao Sea-Line Trading Co. v. United States , 766 F.3d 1378, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2014), Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States , 618 F.3d 1316, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2010), and Taian Ziyang Food Co. v. United States , 35 CIT ----, ----, 783 F.Supp.2d 1292, 1330 (2011).
     
      
      Weihai's letter sought clarification with respect to the 2011 Labor Force surveys and the "2012" Industrial Census data. See Weihai Second SV Submission (Nov. 2, 2015) at Ex. 4B, PDoc 298. The latter are here presumed to equate to references herein to "2011 Industrial Census data".
     
      
      Cf. , e.g. , Respondents' Administrative Case Br. (Aug. 16, 2016) in case no. A-570-898 (clorinated isocyanurates from the PRC), IA ACCESS doc# 3501482-01, at page 19 (arguing as to uneven labor inflation rates among different industrial sectors in Mexico).
     
      
      See id.
     
      
      Weihai Br. at 37 (emphasis omitted).
     
      
      Weihai also argues that Commerce failed to cite to any record evidence that there would have been a change in NSO's methodology between the issuance of the 2011 Industrial Census data and the 2014 Labor Survey report, but that seems to miss the point that these are not the same types of data sets, and the argument also seems to invert the burden on creating an adequate record, including SV information. See, e.g., QVD Food , supra ; NTN Bearing Corp. , supra .
     
      
      I.e. , Khlong Toei port.
     
      
      E.g. , Weihai Br. at 25-26, quoting Pets' 2nd SV Cmts (Nov. 2, 2015), Ex. 4B ("Trading Across Borders Case Study Assumptions"), PDoc 306 (Weihai's emphasis).
     
      
      Id. , referencing Weihai's Redacted Rebuttal Case Brief at 34-42 (Apr. 13, 2006), PDoc 384, and Second SV Submission for Weihai-Ehwa (Nov. 2, 2015) at Ex. 5, PDocs 298-301.
     
      
      See , e.g. , Persulfates from the PRC , 70 Fed. Reg. 6836 (Feb. 9, 2005) (final results of admin. review) and I & D Memo at cmt. 4; Polyvinyl Alcohol from the PRC , 68 Fed. Reg. 47538 (Aug. 11, 2003) (final LTFV determination) and I & D Memo at cmt. 7; Certain New Pneumatic Off-The-Road Tires from the PRC , 73 Fed. Reg. 40485 (July 15, 2008) (final LTFV determination) and I & D Memo at cmt. 27.
     
      
      The defendant also stresses that Jiangsu Fengtai reported graphite plates to Commerce as a direct material, calculated factors of production for them, and did not amend or otherwise update its reporting in subsequent supplemental responses. See , e.g. , JF Br. at 18. The court puts little stock in that contention, as parties, like Commerce, are not "wedded" to particular positions throughout the course of a proceeding but may evolve their thinking and interpretations as new data are placed on the record.
     
      
      I.e., "
      ". See , e.g. , Weihai Br. at 9.
     
      
      Weihai also raises reliability concerns over the translation provided by DSMC, arguing that the translation company's conclusion that the Thai word that was translated to grinding wheel "resulted from a discussion with the Petitioners", Weihai Br. at 13, but that argument is undermined by the apparent fact that the translation that Weihai provided was from the same translation company used by DSMC. Compare PDoc 354 with PDoc 355.
     
      
      Bosun also challenges Commerce's determination with respect this issue. See Bosun Br. at 2-6. In response, the defendant points out that Bosun did not raise this issue in its administrative case brief and therefore it failed to exhaust its administrative remedies. Def's Resp. at 62, referencing Corus Staal BV , 502 F.3d at 1379. By not addressing that point in its reply but arguing only further on the merits, Bosun has apparently conceded the point.
     
      
      See , e.g. , Yama Ribbons and Bows Co., Ltd. v. United States, 36 CIT ----, ----, 865 F.Supp.2d 1294, 1299 (2012) ("Commerce must base its decisions on the record before it in each investigation.").
     
      
      The court has discretion to require exhaustion of administrative remedies "where appropriate", 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d), see , e.g. , Cemex, S.A. v. United States , 133 F.3d 897, 905 (Fed. Cir. 1998), but it tends towards a "strict" requirement of exhaustion in the international trade law context. See , e.g. , Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Ltd. v. United States , 28 CIT 627, 644, 342 F.Supp.2d 1191, 1205 (2004).
     
      
      See , e.g. , Boomerang Tube LLC v. United States , 856 F.3d 908 (Fed. Cir. 2017) ; Stanley Works (Langfang) Fastening Systems Co. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, ----, 279 F.Supp.3d 1172, 1189 (2017) ( "[b]road, generalized challenges to the differential pricing analysis do not incorporate any conceivable challenge to elements of that analysis"); Icdas Celik Enerji Tersane ve Ulasim Sanayi, A.S. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, 277 F.Supp.3d 1346, 1353 (2017) (mere notice fails to accomplish the twin purposes of the exhaustion requirement); Weishan Hongda Aquatic Food Co. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, 273 F.Supp.3d 1279, 1286 (2017) ( "exhaustion generally requires a party to present all arguments in its administrative case and rebuttal briefs before raising those issues before this court") (emphasis in original; citations omitted), appeal filed sub nom. China Kingdom (Beijing) Import v. United States , No. 18-1375 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 3, 2018); Seah Steel Vina Corp. v. United States , 41 CIT ----, ----, 269 F.Supp.3d 1335, 1350 (2017) (failure to exhaust argument that selected financial statements did not represent producer of subject merchandise); Union Steel Manufacturing Co. v. United States , 36 CIT ----, ----, 837 F.Supp.2d 1307, 1332 (2012) ("mere fact that relief was unlikely is insufficient as a ground to waive the exhaustion requirement"). Cf. also , e.g. , Great American Insurance , supra , 738 F.3d at 1328 ("[i]t is well established that arguments that are not appropriately developed in a party's briefing may be deemed waived"); MTZ Polyfilms, Ltd. v. United States , 33 CIT 1575, 1578, 659 F.Supp.2d 1303, 1308 (2009) ("issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived[; i]t is not enough merely to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to do counsel's work, create the ossature for the argument, and put flesh on its bones") (citation omitted).
     
      
      See , e.g. , PDocs 3 (DSMC request for review), 6 (Bosch request for review). DSMC also requested review of other DSB producers. See PDoc 3.
     
      
      Antidumping or Countervailing Duty Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity To Request Administrative Review , 76 Fed. Reg. 45773 (Aug. 1, 2011).
     
      
      Regulatory exhaustion is "explicitly imposed by the agency as a prerequisite to judicial review." Corus Staal BV v. United States , 502 F.3d 1370, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2007).
     
      
      See also , e.g. , PPG Industries , 14 CIT at 543, 746 F.Supp. at 137 ("that a party to an administrative proceeding finds an argument may lack merit, or had failed to prevail in a prior proceeding based on different facts, does not, without more, rise to the level of futility").
     