
    Before State Workmen’s Compensation Commission, Respondent. In the Matter of the Claim of Foster Parsons, Claimant, Respondent, for Compensation under the Workmen’s Compensation Law, v. The Delaware and Hudson Company, Employer, Appellant.
    Third Department,
    May 5, 1915.
    Workmen’s compensation — railroads — personal injury received during repairs to ear of foreign railroad — when railroad not engaged in interstate commerce — conflict between State and Federal legislation.
    As by the custom of railroad companies a company receiving and transporting freight cars of other companies operating under foreign charters may use any empty car received by it either for local or interstate shipments in its discretion, a State railroad which has possession of an empty car of a foreign company is not engaged in interstate commerce while making repairs thereto in its own shops. And this is true although after the repairs the car was actually used for interstate rather than for domestic commerce. Hence, where an employee was injured during such repairs an award may be made to him under the ' State Workmen’s Compensation Law.
    The State Workmen’s Compensation Law and Federal Employers’ Liability Act should be given a reasonable construction and harmonized when possible, although the State law must give way to the Federal law where they are antagonistic.
    The nature of work being done is a test as to whether a railroad is engaged in interstate or domestic commerce.
    Appeal by The Delaware and Hudson Company, employer and self-insurer, from an award of the Workmen’s Compensation Commission, bearing date the 21st day of November, 1914, awarding compensation for injury to the claimant’s eye.
    The employment in which claimant was engaged is included in group 3 of section 2 of the Workmen’s Compensation Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 67; Laws of 1914, chap. 41).
    
      W. D. Waldron, for the appellant.
    
      Egburt E. Woodbury, Attorney-General [E. C. Aiken, Deputy Attorney-General, of counsel], representing the Commission.
    
      Jeremiah F. Connor, for the Commission.
    
      John F. & William H. Murray [ William H. Murray of counsel], for the claimant, respondent.
   Kellogg, J.:

The claimant sustained his injury while at work in the car repair shops of the appellant at Colonie, N. Y. An empty car was brought into the shops to have its safety appliances repaired and for a new roof. The claimant removed some roof boards from the car, and while drawing the nails from them the head of a nail flew off and hit him in the eye. The boards were to be replaced on the car and the roof tinned. The car was in the shops from June seventeenth to July seventeenth. It was the property of the Quebec, Montreal and Southern Railway Company, and its home was in Canada. It does not appear when it came to the Delaware and Hudson Company’s road. It left Hudson, Penn., May twelfth, with a load of anthracite coal for Brunswick, Me., passing through Mechanicville, N. Y., May thirteenth. By way of the Boston and Maine railroad it came to Eagle Bridge, N. Y., June sixteenth, empty, and from there was taken to the shops at Colonie ■ for a new roof and repairs. It left the shops July seventeenth and went to Corinth, N. Y., empty; was there loaded with paper for Cleveland, 0., returned to Rouse’s Point and delivered to the Rutland Railroad Company July twenty-seventh, continuing an interstate trip.

The appellant contends that at the time of the accident the claimant was engaged in interstate commerce and that if he has any remedy he must look to the Federal Employers’ Liability Act.

In Illinois Central Railroad v. Behrens (233 U. S. 473) the intestate was one of the crew attached to a switch engine operated exclusively in New Orleans. The crew handled interstate and intrastate traffic indiscriminately, frequently moving both at once, and at times turning directly from one to the other. At the time of the injury they were drawing intrastate cars; the next movement of cars was to be interstate cars. It was held that the intestate was not at the time engaged in interstate commerce and the fact that the next cars to he moved were interstate cars was not material, the court saying the true test is the nature of the work being done at the time of the injury.

In Barlow v. Lehigh Valley R. R. Co. (214 N. Y. 116, 121) the court says: “It is an anomalous situation, and one to be remedied as far as possible by legislation, that an employer’s liability to his employee 'may be governed by one rule at one moment and by an entirely different rule at the next, though the employee is all the time engaged in precisely the same kind of work. We are not disposed to increase the difficulty by drawing nice distinctions.”

In that case cars loaded with coal came from Sayre, Penn., to the defendant’s yard in Cortland. The coal was for the defendant’s use at that station, for its engines used on intrastate or interstate commerce. Upon arriving the cars were placed upon a side track. The switching crew were about to place the cars upon the trestle for unloading, and the plaintiff, one of the crew, reached under the engine to examine a brake beam when the engineer suddenly backed the engine, causing the plaintiff’s injury. The plaintiff was allowed to recover under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, the court remarking (at p. 119): The transportation was not completed until the cars reached their destination, the trestle where they were to be unloaded. The interstate transportation was interrupted, but not terminated, when the cars were put on the siding in the Cortland yards.”

In Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway v. Iowa (233 U. S. 334) it was held that where a car of coal was shipped from Illinois to Davenport, Iowa, and after it arrived at Davenport the loaded car was transhipped to other places in Iowa, the shipment to Davenport was interstate commerce but the shipment from Davenport was a reshipment, a separate transaction, and intrastate commerce, subject to a State regulation which did not violate any Federal law.

These cases show that we are not to be governed by technicalities; that the Federal and State statutes are each to have a reasonable construction and may be harmonized. The actual work being performed at the time of the injury determines its character and is the real test whether it is interstate or intrastate work. The State law must give way to the Federal statutes, but they are not necessarily antagonistic. It is a well-known custom that a railroad company at its pleasure uses foreign cars found upon its road, making compensation therefor, and that it is not required promptly to return home a car if it has use for it. For all practical purposes we may treat this car as that of the appellant company. It was in its possession, subject to its control and use at its will in its business, with no recognized obligation to send it home while it had use for it. We may assume that if the empty car was to go home at once it would not have been placed in the repair shop for the extensive repairs contemplated. It is true that after the car left the shop it was taken to Corinth and there loaded with paper for Cleveland. If the appellant had desired it might as well have been loaded with freight for Albany, Buffalo or any other intrastate point. There is nothing to indicate that at the time the car was taken to the shop there was an intention that its next trip should be an interstate one. Evidently there was no intention upon the subject. It was not known just when the repairs would be finished or what use the appellant would make of the car when it left the shop. The movement of the empty car from Eagle Bridge to Colonie and. from Colonie to Corinth was not interstate commerce. The interstate trip from Pennsylvania to Maine and from Maine to Eagle Bridge had been finished; the interstate trip from Corinth to Cleveland had not been entered upon. We may assume that cars are loaded at Corinth mills daily for different destinations. The load for this car happened to be interstate freight. Apparently the loading was the first indication of an interstate trip. We need not consider what would he the result if this car, en route from Maine to Canada, had been stopped off at Colonie for repairs necessary to be made to enable it to get home.

This case is unlike Pedersen v. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (229 U. S. 146). There the work was being performed upon a bridge which was used for interstate and intrastate commerce. Here the work was being performed in the appellant company’s shop, where the employee is called upon to perform any work required. The mere fact that he was engaged upon an empty foreign car partly dismantled (used indiscriminately for intrastate and interstate, commerce as occasion required) does not deprive him of the benefit of the laws his State has made for his protection. The shops and the tracks leading into them were not used at any time as an agency in interstate commerce as such. We need not inquire what rule would apply if the car had contained interstate freight in transit. If a home car of the appellant company, at the end of an interstate trip, in need of repair before again entering service, had been brought into the shops for repair, the repair would not be an act of interstate commerce merely because the first trip after the repairs happened to be an interstate service. The after service is immaterial; the question is as to the character of the car as it stood in the shop. We conclude that the determination of the- Workmen’s Compensation Commission should be affirmed.

All concurred.

Award affirmed.  