
    MICHAEL DUBINA et al., Plaintiffs, v. MESIROW REALTY DEVELOPMENT, INC., et al., Defendants and Counterdefendants and Plaintiffs’ Assignees-Appellees (Superior Atruim Partnership et al., Plaintiffs Assignees-Appellees; Litgen Concrete Cutting and Coring Company, Defendant and Counterplaintiff-Appellant).
    First District (3rd Division)
    No. 1 — 94—3118
    Opinion filed September 22, 1999.
    Rehearings denied October 21, 1999, and November 16, 1999.
    
      Kralovec, Marquard, Doyle & Gibbons, Chartered, of Chicago (Nancy J. Arnold, John C. Doyle, William E. Spizzirri, and Daniel J. Donnelly, of counsel), and Herbolsheimer, Lannon, Henson, Duncan & Reagan, EC., of Ottawa (Michael T. Reagan, of counsel), for appellant.
    Pretzel & Stouffer, Chartered, of Chicago (Robert Marc Chemers, Edward B. Ruff III, and Mark D. Roth, of counsel), for appellees Mesirow Realty Development, Inc., Mesirow Realty Management, Inc., American National Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago, Superior Street Redevelopment Limited Partnership, CCL of Chicago, Inc., Creative Construction, Ltd., and Fireman’s Fund Insurance Companies.
    Stephen A. Rehfeldt and James M. Roche, both of Wylie, Mulherin, Reh-feldt & Varchetto, PC., of Wheaton, for appellee K&S Automatic Sprinklers, Inc.
    
      Sandra Young and Wayne A. Bolgla, both of Purcell & War drope, Chartered, of Chicago, for appellee Economy Mechanical Industries, Inc.
   JUSTICE CAHILL

delivered the opinion of the court:

We are asked to decide whether the settlement of a property damage lawsuit can pass the good-faith test under the Contribution Act (the Act) (740 ILCS 100/2(c) (West 1996)) when the plaintiff, as a condition of the settlement agreement, assigns his cause of action to the defendant. We conclude that this kind of settlement undermines the policy of the Act and reverse.

In an earlier review of this case, we dismissed the appeal of defendant Litgen Concrete Cutting and Coring Company (Litgen) for lack of jurisdiction. See Dubina v. Mesirow Realty Development, Inc., 283 Ill. App. 3d 36, 669 N.E.2d 694 (1996). Our supreme court reversed, holding that the filing of a new action after a voluntary dismissal did not deprive the appellate court of jurisdiction to review good-faith findings of settlement agreements arising out of the earlier action. The supreme court then remanded this case to this court for consideration of the merits. Dubina v. Mesirow Realty Development, Inc., 178 Ill. 2d 496, 687 N.E.2d 871 (1997). We now do so.

Over 30 plaintiffs sued defendants for property damage caused by a fire on April 15, 1989, in a building that housed several art galleries. Plaintiffs are, variously, the owners of the art galleries who leased . space in the building, artists who exhibited work in the galleries, and their insurers. Defendants are owners and managers of the building, general contractors hired for renovation, and their subcontractors.

Plaintiffs over time settled with all defendants except Litgen and Gelick Foran Associates, Inc. (Gelick). The settlement agreements included assignments to certain settling defendants and their insurers of plaintiffs’ causes of action against defendant Litgen.

The record shows that the settling defendants, as well as their insurers and several nonparties, created a settlement fund of $16 million. As part of the fund agreement, the settling defendants waived all causes of action against each other except for those that were not settled. The settlement fund agreement reads in part:

“All Defendants and Insurers retain the power to veto any proposed settlement offer to any individual claimant. All settlement offers under this Agreement must be made with the unanimous agreement of all Defendants and Insurers. *** A good faith finding by the court is required on each settling claim.
* * *
Settlement with any claimant will require that claimant [to] *** assign any rights the claimant may have against Litgen Concrete Cutting & Coring Co. and Gelick Foran to the parties hereto, other than Economy and National Union. Economy Mechanical Industries, Inc. and National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA expressly waive any rights they may have to any such assignments.” (Emphasis added.)

The fund agreement also directed the following distribution of any recovery from Litgen: 20% to Westchester Insurance Company, and 80% to Mesirow, CCL-Creative and Fireman’s Fund Insurance Companies.

The settling defendants subsequently entered into 29 separate settlement agreements with plaintiffs. Each agreement included an amount to be paid in settlement and an equal amount to be paid in exchange for an assignment of each plaintiffs cause of action against Litgen and Gelick. As a result, the settling defendants paid almost $9 million to plaintiffs, half of which was designated as payment for the assignments. The list of assignees varied from agreement to agreement. The defendants named as assignees under the agreements were American National Bank and Trust, Superior Street Redevelopment Limited Partnership, Mesirow Realty Development, Mesirow Realty Management, CCL of Chicago, and Creative Construction, Ltd. Several insurance companies and other nonparties — who Litgen alleges are “related to the Mesirow group of defendants” — were also named as assignees in some agreements. Plaintiffs agreed to continue their suits against Litgen until the assignees executed a substitution of attorneys. Plaintiffs also agreed to cooperate with the assignees in their suit against Litgen, and the assignees agreed to reimburse plaintiffs for the cost of plaintiffs’ cooperation.

Over the course of three separate hearings, the trial court found that each settlement agreement had been made in good faith as required under the Act (740 ILCS 100/2(c) (West 1996)). The court then dismissed plaintiffs’ claims against the settling defendants, as well as the settling defendants’ claims against Litgen. The court also dismissed all the defendants’ actions for contribution, including Lit-gen’s actions against the settling defendants. Only plaintiffs’ suits against Litgen and Gelick remained. The settling defendants substituted their attorneys for plaintiffs’ attorneys and moved for voluntary dismissal of the suits against Litgen and Gelick. On July 28, 1994, the trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion for a voluntary dismissal. This appeal followed.

Defendant Litgen maintains that the trial court erred in finding that the settlement agreements were made in good faith. Litgen’s argument is threefold: (1) that the agreements violate the Contribution Act by allowing settling defendants to seek indirectly a remedy they could not seek directly — contribution; (2) that the designation of some settlement money for the assignments deprives Litgen of a setoff of those amounts; and (3) that the agreements contravene the policy of the Act: to encourage settlement and the equitable sharing of damages.

The Contribution Act codifies and expands upon our supreme court’s holding in Skinner v. Reed-Prentice Division Package Machinery Co., 70 Ill. 2d 1, 374 N.E.2d 437 (1977). Skinner created a right of contribution for joint tortfeasors who satisfy a claim in excess of their pro rata share of liability. Skinner, 70 Ill. 2d at 12-14. The subsequently enacted Contribution Act provides:

“(c) When a release or covenant not to sue or not to enforce judgment is given in good faith to one or more persons liable in tort arising out of the same injury or the same wrongful death, it does not discharge any of the other tortfeasors from liability for the injury or wrongful death unless its terms so provide but it reduces the recovery on any claim against the others to the extent of any amount stated in the release or the covenant, or in the amount of the consideration actually paid, for it, whichever is greater.
(d) The tortfeasor who settles with a claimant pursuant to paragraph (c) is discharged from all liability for any contribution to any other tortfeasor.
(e) A tortfeasor who settles with a claimant pursuant to paragraph (c) is not entitled to recover contribution from another tortfeasor whose liability is not extinguished by the settlement.” 740 ILCS 100/2 (c), (d), (e) (West 1996).

A joint tortfeasor’s right to settle is limited only by the requirement that the settlement be made “in good faith.” 740 ILCS 100/2(c) (West 1992). Whether a settlement has been made in good faith is a matter within the discretion of the trial court, and we will not reverse that finding absent an abuse of discretion. In re Guardianship of Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153, 162, 642 N.E.2d 1195 (1994). To decide whether a settlement has been made in good faith, the trial court must consider all the circumstances surrounding the settlement, keeping in mind “the strong public policy favoring the peaceful settlement of claims *** [while allowing] trial courts to be on guard for any type of evidence of collusion, unfair dealing or wrongful conduct by the settling parties.” Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 162, citing Ballweg v. City of Springfield, 114 Ill. 2d 107, 122-23, 499 N.E.2d 1373 (1986), and Blagg v. Illinois F.W.D. Truck & Equipment Co., 143 Ill. 2d 188, 572 N.E.2d 920 (1991). “An agreement that conflicts with the terms of and/or the policies underlying the Contribution Act does not satisfy the good-faith requirement and cannot discharge the settling tortfeasor from contribution liability.” Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 170.

Here, the settling defendants point out, as did the trial court, that causes of action for damage to property are generally assignable in Illinois. North Chicago Street R.R. Co. v. Ackley, 171 Ill. 100, 49 N.E. 222 (1897). But we must decide a narrower issue: whether an assignment to defendants who have received the benefits of the Contribution Act undermines the policy of the Act. Ackley, which predates the Contribution Act by 93 years, provides no guidance on this issue.

Litgen draws our attention to our supreme court’s analysis of the Contribution Act’s good-faith requirement in Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153, 642 N.E.2d 1195. Litgen maintains that the reasoning and result in Babb compel a rejection of the settlement agreements in this case. We agree.

At issue in Babb was the propriety of a “loan receipt” settlement agreement. Under a “loan receipt” agreement, a plaintiff receives an “interest free loan” (the settlement money) from the settling tortfeasor, who is then dismissed from the action. The plaintiff, however, must repay the “loan” out of proceeds from judgments against or settlements with other tortfeasors. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 168.

Loan receipt agreements evolved as a response to the often harsh results under the “no contribution” rule at common law. Before Skinner, a tortfeasor who was sued and settled, or paid a judgment, had no right to contribution from others who may have been at fault. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 168. The loan receipt agreement in Babb contained a $50,000 settlement payment and a $350,000 loan. Although the settling defendant paid $400,000 to settle, the nonsettling tortfeasors would only be entitled to a $50,000 setoff. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 173. The agreement also required the plaintiff to obtain the settling defendants’ consent before settling with other tortfeasors.

The Babb court acknowledged that an earlier supreme court decision approved a loan receipt agreement: Reese v. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R.R. Co., 55 Ill. 2d 356, 303 N.E.2d 382 (1973). But Skinner, 70 Ill. 2d 1, 374 N.E.2d 437, and the Contribution Act changed Illinois law. Now, the loan receipt device is no longer necessary to guard against an unjust result. In Babb, the court noted that when Skinner created the right to contribution, the Skinner court “criticized both the common law rule barring contribution and the various devices created to mitigate the harsh consequences of that rule (i.e., loan-receipt agreements).” (Emphasis in original.) Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 169. Against this background, Babb examined: first, whether loan receipt agreements are consistent with the language of the Act; and second, whether the agreement is consistent with the underlying policies of the Act — the equitable sharing of damages and the encouragement of settlement. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 170. Babb held that loan receipt agreements violate the Contribution Act in two ways: (1) they allow a settling tortfeasor to indirectly seek contribution where contribution is directly prohibited; and (2) they manipulate settlement funds to deprive nonsettling tortfeasors of their right to a fair setoff under the Act.

Babb also held that loan receipt agreements disrupt the policy goals of the Contribution Act. The court noted that since the settling defendant is paid back, the loan receipt agreement simply shifts the settling defendant’s liability to the nonsettling tortfeasors. The non-settling tortfeasors are confronted with the possibility that they will pay more than their pro rata share of liability, yet they cannot seek contribution from the settling defendant. As a result, the loan receipt agreement allows the settling tortfeasor a chance to avoid paying an equitable share of damages. Further, the loan receipt agreement does not encourage settlement because the settling defendant retains the right to block settlement with others. The court acknowledged that loan receipt agreements might encourage early settlement with “a single tortfeasor,” but the court was unpersuaded that loan receipt agreements encourage settlement of the entire litigation. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 178. The court reasoned that the more “blameworthy” tortfeasor is most likely to enter into a loan receipt agreement to limit liability at trial. Settlement with the remaining tortfeasors would be less likely since higher settlement figures must be demanded by plaintiffs to repay the loan. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 178-79.

The settling defendants, appellees here, do not quarrel with the reasoning or the result in Babb, but they argue that the assignments as components of the settlement agreements in this case may still survive. Each, however, offers a different rationale.

Defendant K&S Automatic Sprinklers, Inc., argues that the settlement agreements in this case are, in effect, loan receipt agreements but predate the holding in Babb and were valid when made. The other settling defendants argue that they are not loan receipt agreements.

K&S admits that Babb “adopted most, if not all of the points asserted by Litgen in the case at bar.” But if the settlement agreements here are nothing more than loan receipt agreements in disguise, K&S suggests they are grandfathered under the holding in Babb. Before Babb, our supreme court approved of such agreements. See Reese, 55 Ill. 2d 356, 303 N.E.2d 382. Recognizing that some litigants may have relied on Reese, our supreme court in Babb directed prospective application of its ruling. Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 179. The settlement agreements here were signed before Babb was decided.

We disagree with the K&S analysis. The assignments here do not fit the definition of loan receipt agreements used by our supreme court in Babb (Babb, 162 Ill. 2d at 168). Defendant Litgen points out the most obvious difference: there was no loan with a requirement of repayment upon recovery. The money paid to plaintiffs here was contingent on nothing other than the trial court’s finding of good faith. Under loan receipt agreements, a plaintiff remains a party to the case. Under the assignments here, plaintiffs dropped out of the litigation and surrendered their right to recover from Litgen (except for one plaintiff who reserved a 10% share of all recovery on its claim). The assignees stepped into the shoes of plaintiffs. The assignee defendants may not only recoup money paid to settle claims against them but, with the purchased claims against defendant Litgen in hand, may realize a profit.

We do not read the Reese toleration of loan receipt agreements as broad enough to permit the outright assignments in this case. How the Reese court, writing before the Contribution Act, would have viewed the assignments in this case as nothing more than speculation.

The other settling defendants take a different approach. They stress the differences between the assignments here and the loan receipt agreement in Babb. They urge us to view assignee defendants as “plaintiffs” rather than “tortfeasors” or “settling defendants.” They argue that, “[w]hen the [sjettling [defendants’ liability was extinguished, and they obtained an assignment of the [plaintiffs’ claims, they stepped into the [pjlaintiffs’ shoes for purposes of the lawsuit.” They point out that the Contribution Act allows a “plaintiff’ to pursue a cause of action against nonsettling tortfeasors. See 740 ILCS 100/2(d) (West 1996). They suggest that the equitable sharing of damages is not upset because a recovery from Litgen will be paid to them in their new role as “plaintiffs,” not as joint tortfeasors. And they further urge us to consider the assignments as a separate agreement apart from the settlement agreements. They emphasize, as did the trial judge, that causes of action for damage to property are generally assignable. See Ackley, 171 Ill. 100, 49 N.E. 222. They conclude that they, like anyone else, should be free to buy assignments.

The argument is not without a certain laissez-faire appeal. But the Contribution Act, embodying the will of the legislature and the public policy of Illinois, is not a laissez-faire statute. The Act departs from the common law and awards settling defendants an incentive to resolve the issue of their liability without litigation by shielding them from further exposure. Having taken advantage of the shield afforded by the Act, defendants now wish to buy the sword of the original plaintiff.

The assignments in this case were included in the documents that set out the terms of settlement. The fund agreement among the settling defendants prohibited them from settling with plaintiffs without first obtaining assignments of the claimants’ cause of action. Since the assignments are a condition precedent to the settlement agreements, they must be viewed as a part of the totality of circumstances considered in a good-faith finding. The argument that assignee defendants would only receive a recovery as “plaintiffs” ignores the thrust of Litgen’s argument: allowing settling defendants to shed their role as tortfeasor for that of unfettered plaintiff allows them to seek a recovery that the Contribution Act prohibits to one who has accepted the benefits of the Act.

We agree with the settling defendants that the agreements here encouraged more settlements than they discouraged. But the Contribution Act also encourages settlements that apportion damages equitably, according to the tortfeasor’s relative fault. See Ziarko v. Soo Line R.R. Co., 161 Ill. 2d 267, 283, 641 N.E.2d 402 (1994). Our supreme court has never held that the goal of encouraging settlements outweighs the goal of equitable apportionment of damages. These assignments clearly undermine equitable apportionment.

We have found no case upholding an assignment of a cause of action from a settling plaintiff to a joint tortfeasor in a jurisdiction that has similar laws governing contribution. Litgen directs our attention to two cases that have found similar assignments to be against public policy. See DeJong v. B.F. Goodrich, Inc., 96 Mich. App. 36, 292 N.W2d 157 (1980); Alder v. Garcia;, 324 F.2d 483 (10th Cir. 1963). In DeJong, the plaintiff sued a tire manufacturer, tire seller, and the owner of another vehicle involved in an accident that killed her husband. Plaintiff later released the owner of the other vehicle and assigned her remaining claims to the owner’s insurer. In reviewing the assignment, the DeJong court relied on an early Michigan Supreme Court case, holding that the assignment of a plaintiff’s cause of action to a joint tort-feasor was against public policy. See Upham v. Dickinson, 38 Mich. 338 (1878). The court held that there was no meaningful distinction between an assignment to a joint tortfeasor and an assignment to the joint tortfeasor’s insurer: both assignments represented “an attempt by the assignee to improve its position from that of a potentially liable defendant insurer to that of a potentially profit-making plaintiff.” De-Jong, 96 Mich. App. at 41, 292 N.W.2d at 160. The assignment represented an attempt to seek contribution, indemnity or profit in circumstances where the statutory prerequisites for contribution had not been met. The court affirmed the dismissal of the assignee’s complaint. DeJong, 96 Mich. App. at 42, 292 N.W2d at 160.

In Alder, the settling defendant, an insurer, took an assignment of one-half of any recovery from the nonsettling codefendant. The court held that the assignment violated the public policy of New Mexico’s statutes governing release of joint tortfeasors. Like the Illinois Contribution Act, New Mexico’s contribution statute did not allow a settling joint tortfeasor to recover contribution from another joint tortfeasor whose liability had not been extinguished. The court concluded that the agreement would allow a joint tortfeasor to “benefit[ ] in a manner contrary to the public policy of the state as expressed in the [Contribution Act].” Alder, 324 F.2d at 485.

We believe DeJong and Alder are soundly reasoned. Like the agreements in DeJong and Alder, the settlement agreements here allow settling defendants to recoup their share of damages, perhaps make a profit, and yet be shielded from contribution under the Contribution Act. The result is antithetical to the Contribution Act, whether it is achieved by “assignment” or “contribution,” and whether the settling defendants are labeled “plaintiffs” or “joint tortfeasors.” The assignments allow the settling defendants to seek indirectly a reimbursement the Contribution Act prohibits and undermine the equitable sharing of damages.

Finally, the settling defendants suggest that Litgen is not prejudiced by the assignments because Litgen’s liability and setoff will be the same whether plaintiffs or settling defendants are the ones collecting. The settling defendants cite the appellate court decision in Claudy v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 255 Ill. App. 3d 714, 626 N.E.2d 1088 (1993), rev’d on other grounds, 169 Ill. 2d 39, 660 N.E.2d 895 (1995). There we upheld an assignment of a contribution cause of action from a joint tortfeasor to the plaintiff. We reasoned that the non-settling defendant would only be liable for damages that the settling defendant paid in excess of its pro rata share. So the nonsettling defendant would find himself in the same position he would be in if the settling defendant did not assign the contribution right. But we noted that “the assignment at issue *** promoted a settlement without inhibiting an equitable sharing of damages.” Claudy, 255 Ill. App. 3d at 725. We also stressed that the settlement extinguished all the defendants’ tort liability, leaving only the contribution claim to be litigated. We recently revisited the issue and reached the same conclusion in Block v. Pepper Construction Co., 304 Ill. App. 3d 809, 710 N.E.2d 85 (1999). Claudy and Block noted the lack of prejudice to the defendant, but recognized, as Babb recognized, that the promotion of settlement without disrupting the equitable sharing of damages among defendants was at the heart of the issue.

Defendant Economy Mechanical Industries, Inc., in a separate brief, points out that, among the defendants, it holds a unique position under the terms of the settlement agreements: Economy waived the right to an assignment. Economy argues that if the assignments are the only reason the settlement agreements are not in good faith, then the finding that its settlement was in good faith must be affirmed. But Economy was a party to the settlement agreements and to the fund agreement that prohibited settlement without tender of the assignments. Most importantly, Economy’s insurer also contributed $4 million to the fund that .was used, in part, to buy the assignments. Whatever agreement there may have been among the defendants about allocation of their individual contributions to settlement and purchase agreements, it does not appear of record. The defendants settled as a group and unanimous consent was required. Economy may have waived its right to assignment, but the monetary participation was necessary to make the settlement possible. Under these circumstances, on this record, we cannot find that Economy is entitled to a good-faith finding.

Defendant Litgen also challenges the trial court’s initial denial of its motion to dismiss defendant Mesirow’s contribution claims and the trial court’s refusal to bifurcate the trial. As Litgen acknowledges, these issues need not be addressed in light of our holding. We note in passing that the refusal to bifurcate a trial is not a final and appeal-able order.

We reverse the trial court’s finding that the settlement agreements were made in good faith and its subsequent dismissal of Lit-gen’s contribution claims. We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.

HOFFMAN and McBRIDE, JJ., concur.  