
    Irving National Bank, New York, and Others, Appellants, v. Lydia B. Gray and Others, Respondents.
    First Department,
    July 10, 1916.
    Real property—action to impress trust upon property conveyed to wife where consideration is paid by husband —pleading — complaint — allegations constituting conclusions of law—effect of Real Property Law, section 94, upon common-law rule.
    A complaint in an action by judgment creditors of defendant to impress a trust upon certain real property standing in the name of the defendant’s wife and a corporation, which, in effect, alleged that the judgment debtor paid for the property, and with intent to hinder and delay his creditors had title placed in the names of his wife or the corporation, does not state a cause of action under section 94 of the Real Property Law, in the absence of an allegation that at the time title was taken the plaintiffs were creditors of the defendant.
    Such a complaint is also insufficient in a judgment creditor’s action. Section 94 of the Real Property Law and the provisions of the Revised Statutes from which it is derived, change the common-law rule so as to prevent a trust resulting in favor of the person paying the consideration. Such a trust now results in favor of existing creditors only.
    Allegations in such an action that certain acts lawful in themselves were performed with intent to hinder and delay creditors are merely conclusions of law.
    So also allegations that the defendant is the sole and beneficial owner of the property, record title to which is in his wife and the corporation, all of which was acquired with moneys of the defendant directly or indirectly, state legal conclusions only, from which no inference can be drawn that there existed any mutual secret agreement between the judgment debtor and his wife.
    Appeal by the plaintiffs, Irving National Bank, New York, and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendants, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 1st day of February, 1916, upon the decision of the court dismissing the complaint after a trial at the New York Special Term. An appeal is also taken, as stated in the notice of appeal, from the decision of the court pursuant to which the judgment was entered.
    
      I. Qainsburg, for the appellants.
    
      William, W. Pellet, for the respondents.
   Davis, J.:

Plaintiffs bring this action as judgment creditors of defendant Olin D. Gray against him, his wife and the Gray Eealty and Development Company to impress a trust upon certain real property standing in the name of Gray’s wife and the realty company for which it is alleged the judgment debtor furnished the consideration and purchase money. So far as it can be gathered from the complaint this consideration and purchase money were furnished by Gray prior to the time when the plaintiffs became creditors of Gray.

At the opening of the trial the court granted the motion to dismiss the complaint on the ground that it failed to state facts constituting a cause of action. The complaint takes up thirty-eight pages of the printed record. The first twenty-two paragraphs relate to the corporate character of the plaintiffs, and the defendant company, the recovery of various judgments against defendant Olin D. Gray, and the issuance and return of executions on said judgments. There are no allegations as to when the causes of action upon which these judgments were rendered arose; but it does appear that the earliest judgment was rendered July 29, 1914, and that the other judgments referred to were entered after that date. Thus, at the time the various conveyances were made and the consideration therefor furnished by Gray, the plaintiffs were not creditors of the defendant Olin D. Gray, nor does it appear that at that time there were any other creditors of Gray. The next ten paragraphs are to the effect that from a period antedating 1900 and up to June, 1910, Gray controlled the Gray Lithograph Company; that its business was very profitable; that he drew large sums from it for his own use; that he sold the business in 1910 for a large sum; that since the establishment of the company Gray had given his wife large sums of money from his income and from his sales of real estate which she deposited in banks in her name, but for the use and benefit of Gray; that Gray deposited part of his income in his own name and that both Gray and his wife deposited large sums of money from Gray’s income to the credit of the defendant company. Paragraphs 33 to 54 are to the effect that from 1900 to 1914 Gray invested the money so deposited in real estate, placing the title as a rule either in the name of his wife or in the name of the company, which company he had organized in 1908 to facilitate his operations in real estate; that some of the shares of this company were issued to his wife for the pretended consideration from her of premises 40 East Eightieth street which had been bought with Gray’s money, although title was placed in his wife’s name; that sixty-five shares of the stock of this company were issued to Gray in consideration of his transfer to it of premises 1045 Madison avenue, and that without consideration these shares were transferred to his wife to be held for his use, although there is no allegation that she agreed to hold them for his use.

It also appears from the complaint that all of the foregoing transactions took place before the plaintiffs had any business transactions with the defendants whatever, and there is no allegation that Gray had any creditors or was in failing circumstances at that time. Then follow other allegations to the effect that certain other pieces of real estate were conveyed to Mrs. Gray, her husband paying the consideration therefor, among which was No. 133 West Forty-second street, which she afterwards sold, receiving therefor large mortgages and $35,000 cash; that she afterwards sold these mortgages and that Gray invested $30,000 of the proceeds of these mortgages in the John J. Mitchell Company, Incorporated, and that in 1914 this company, by reason of the fact that Gray was well and favorably known, obtained large discounts from the plaintiffs upon the security and indorsement of Gray upon the negotiable paper of the Mitchell Company, .and that thereafter the Mitchell Company became insolvent.

There is no allegation that the plaintiffs relied on the credit thus established by Gray or that he made any representations regarding his credit, or that at the time he became indorser the Mitchell Company was insolvent, or that any representation as to its solvency was made by anybody.

Then there is an allegation that the judgment debtor Gray is the sole and beneficial owner of the real estate described, title to which is either in Mrs. Gray or in the realty company; that it was all acquired with Gray’s money, and that the other defendants allowed him to deal with it as his own, as a result of which he established a large credit.

Briefly this complaint alleges that Gray transferred certain property to his wife and to the Gray Realty Company without any consideration and that certain other property was paid for by Gray, but that title thereto was taken in the name of his wife or in the name of the company; that these transfers stand in the way of a seizure of said property by the plaintiffs, and that Gray, with intent to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors, conceals and denies the ownership” of said property; that by reason of the fact that title is not in him the judgments of the plaintiffs are prevented from becoming liens thereon; that the property was held by Mrs. Gray and the realty company for the use and benefit of the defendant Gray, and that all of the defendants withhold the property with intent to hinder and delay the collection of the judgments of plaintiffs and that the acts of the defendants are for the purpose and with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud plaintiffs, and that Gray has no other property.

The prayer for judgment asks, among other things, that all of said property be decreed to be held in trust for the plaintiffs and that defendants account therefor, etc.

The question which is raised here is whether plaintiffs have the right to impress a trust upon this real estate held by Mrs. Gray and the realty company upon the mere allegation that the judgment debtor paid for the property, and with intent to hinder and delay his creditors had title placed in the names of his wife or the realty company without any allegation that at the time title was taken the plaintiffs were creditors of the defendant Clin D. Gray. The court below dismissed the complaint on the ground that the plaintiffs do not allege that at the time of the acts complained of they were existing creditors, or that the transfers were made with intent to defraud subsequent creditors. In coming to this decision the court relied upon section 94 of the Real Property Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 50; Laws of 1909, chap. 52), which reads as follows: “A grant of real property fora valuable consideration, to one person, the consideration being paid by another, is presumed fraudulent as against the creditors, at that time, of the person paying the consideration, and, unless a fraudulent intent is disproved, a trust results in favor of such creditors, to an extent necessary to satisfy their just demands; but the title vests in the grantee, and no use or trust results from the payment to the person paying the consideration, or in his favor, unless the grantee either, 1. Takes the same as an absolute conveyance, in his own name, without the consent or knowledge of the person paying the consideration; or, 2. In violation of some trust, purchases the property so conveyed with money or property belonging to another.” Under this section a trust results only in favor of creditors existing at the time of the transfers, not subsequent creditors as these plaintiffs were. Therefore, the failure to allege that plaintiffs were creditors at the time of the transfers prevents the plaintiffs from recovering on the theory of a trust resulting in favor of the plaintiffs under this section.

Under the common law the facts alleged in this complaint would make out a trust in favor of the person paying the consideration for the conveyance, and his interest under this trust could be seized and sold under execution for the benefit of existing or subsequent creditors. But since the adoption of the Revised Statutes (1 R. S. 728, §§ 51-53), of which section 94 of the Real Property Law is a re-enactment through section 74 of the former Real Property Law (Gen. Laws, chap. 46; Laws of 1896, chap. 547), the common-law rule has been changed so as to prevent a trust under such circumstances resulting in favor of the person paying the consideration. Such a trust now results only in favor of existing creditors. It was so held in the case of Garfield v. Hatmaker (15 N. Y. 475), where the court say: ‘ The resulting trust of the common law is abrogated in the most explicit terms. The person paying the consideration money must take the conveyance to himself, or he can have no legal or equitable interest in the land. * * * There is no interest, legal or equitable, in the debtor, and therefore nothing to which a judgment and execution can attach; but instead of this there is a pure trust in favor of the creditor, which the statute impresses upon the legal estate in the hands of the grantee in the conveyance, and which can be enforced in equity only.” (See, also, McCartney v. Bostwick, 32 N. Y. 53; Fagan v. McDonnell, No. 1,115 App. Div. 89; Binkowski v. Moskie witz, 144 id. 161; London v. Epstein, No. 1, 138 id. 513, 516.)

Nor can the complaint be sustained as a complaint in a judgment creditor’s action. Under the facts as pleaded here the judgment debtor had no interest of any kind in the property described .in the complaint which could be reached in a judgment creditor’s action. The object of a judgment creditor’s action is to reach some interest of the judgment debtor in the property. Here the judgment debtor by virtue of section 94 of the Real Property Law retained no interest therein, and, as stated above, no trust can be impressed upon the property, because it does not appear that plaintiffs were existing creditors. (Niver v. Crane, 98 N. Y. 40.) As to the property conveyed by Gray directly, and, as alleged, without consideration to his wife or to the company, there can be no doubt that they were quite legal so long as he had no creditors at the time and so long as these transfers were not made to defraud subsequent creditors. The complaint contains no allegations of fact tending to support such a claim of fraud. There are allegations that certain acts (lawful in themselves) were performed with intent to hinder and delay creditors, but these are conclusions of law only and cannot make unlawful acts that are perfectly lawful in themselves.

The case at bar in principle is quite like the case of Binkowski v. Moskiewitz (supra). In that case Mr. Justice Miller said (at p. 163): “We have then the bare fact that the said defendant’s husband, with her knowledge and consent, paid the consideration and procured the title to be taken in her name, for the purpose of placing the property beyond the reach of future creditors. No trust results from such a transaction and certainly equity will not construct one.”

In one part of the complaint we find the following allegation: “That the defendant Olin D. Gray is the sole and beneficial owner of the above described real and personal property, record title to which is in the said Lydia B. Gray and the Gray Realty and Development Co., all of which was acquired with the moneys, incomes and profits of the defendant Olin D. Gray directly or indirectly,” and further on: “ That such of the personal and real property as are now in possession of said defendants Lydia B. Gray and Gray Realty and Development Company are held by the said defendant for the use and benefit of the defendant, Clin D. Gray, and subject to his control and disposal.”

It has been shown that these allegations will not warrant the finding of a resultant trust under section 94 of the Real Property Law. The suggestion contained in these allegations is, that of a secret agreement between defendant Gray and his wife to hold the property for his use and benefit for the purpose of defrauding creditors, present and future; but there is no allegation of such an agreement. As they stand, they are statements of legal conclusions only, from which no inference can be drawn properly that there existed any mutual, secret agreement between the husband and wife.

In the Binkowski Case (supra) the allegation was: “ That the defendant Regina Moskiewitz had full knowledge of all of the facts connected with the purchase of the said property, and consented and did receive the title thereto, and held the same in trust for the said Max Moskiewitz, deceased.”

Referring to the above allegation, the court say: From that it is to be inferred that the said defendant had knowledge of her husband’s purpose in taking the conveyance in her name, and that she consented to and did receive the legal title with that knowledge. It does not follow from that that she agreed to hold the legal title in trust for her husband. The statement that she ‘ held the same in trust for the said Max Moskiewitz, deceased,’ is but the statement of a legal conclusion and does not justify the inference that she agreed thus to hold the legal title.”

The judgment is affirmed, with costs.

Clarke, P. J., Laughlin, Dowling and Page, JJ., concurred.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  