
    Baker v. Thomas et al.
    
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department.
    
    July, 1891.)
    1. Mortgages—Release—Recording as against Subsequent Purchasers.
    A release of a mortgage is a “conveyance, ” within 4 Rev. St. N. T. (8th Ed.) p. 3475, § 38, which declares that the term, “conveyance” shall “embrace every instrument in writing by which any estate or interest in real estate is created, aliened, mortgaged or assigned, or by which the title to any real estate may be affected in law or equity;” and, under section 1, p. 3469, which declares that a conveyance shall be void as to subsequent purchasers in good faith and for value, unless recorded, it must be recorded in order to discharge the lien of the mortgage as against a subsequent assignee thereof in good faith and for a valuable consideration.
    3. Vendor and Vendee—Bona Fide Purchaser—Party in Possession.
    Defendant purchased a strip off the farm adjoining his own, and inclosed it by moving the dividing fence. There were no buildings or improvements on the strip so purchased, and defendant used it as a pasture. Selll, that such possession was not sufficient to give notice of defendant’s title to a person who lived about 15 miles distant, and had no knowledge of the situation of the premises, and who acquired an interest in the land before defendant’s deed was recorded.
    Appeal from special term, Oneida county.
    Action by Philip J. Baker against John B. Thomas and Clinton B. Thomas and others to foreclose a mortgage. There was a judgment for plaintiff, and defendants Thomas appeal.
    Argued before Hardin, P. J., and Martin and Merwin, JJ.
    
      Risley & Perry, for appellants. P. C. J. De Angelis, for respondent.
   Martin, J.

On the 1st day of January, 1875, James Mitchell was the owner of about 268 acres of land, being the premises described in the complaint. On that day he executed a mortgage thereon, in which his wife joined, to Samuel Douglas to secure the payment of $4,000, January 1, 1878. with annual interest. The mortgagee having died, the executor of his estate, on June 8, 1876, assigned the mortgage to Emily Douglas, which assignment was recorded on that day. January 1, 1878, Mitchell and wife, by warranty deed, conveyed to the appellants eight acres of the premises mortgaged. On the same day Emily Douglas, who was then the owner of the bond and mortgage, executed and delivered a release of the eight acres thus conveyed from the lien of her moitgage. January 3, 1883, Emily Douglas assigned to the plaintiff a portion of the bond and mortgage, and on February 13th of the same year assigned to him the remainder thereof. The assignments of the bond and mortgage to the plaintiff were recorded on the days on which they were made, while the deed given by the mortgagor to the appellants, and the release of the portion of the premises so conveyed given by the then owner of the bond and moi tgage, were not recorded until February 25, 1886. The eight acres conveyed to the appellants consisted of a strip of land about nine rods in width, extending across the farm from north to south. 1-t was pasture land, upon which there were no buildings, and none were erected thereon by the appellants; but immediately after they purchased they fenced the land, presumably by removing the fence about nine rods from its former location, and used it as a pasture. The plaintiff resided 15 miles distant, and was not shown to have had any knowledge of the situation of the premises, or how they were occupied. The trial court held that the plaintiff purchased the bond and mortgage in good faith and for a valuable consideration; that he thereby became a subsequent purchaser, within the meaning of the recording act, and was entitled to a judgment of foreclosure and sale, and to sell the eight acres purchased by the appellants, if necessary, to pay the mortgage debt and costs. The correctness of this decision is challenged by tlie appellants upon the grounds (1) that the plaintiff took title to the mortgage in suit, subject to all the equities existing against it, and acquired no greater rights than were possessed by his assignor; (2) that the release of a part-of the mortgaged, premises given to the appellants was not a “conveyance,” within the recording act; and (3) that the plaintiff was not a purchaser in good faith, as the appellants were in open and visible possession of the eight acres in question, which was constructive notice to them of the appellants’ title.

The question involved in this case is not, as the appellants’ counsel seems to suppose, what rights the plaintiff acquired by virtue of his assignment, as it is clear that independent of tlie recording act he acquired no greater rights than his assignor possessed. But the question here is, what rights did he acquire, if any, by virtue of the recording act, as a subsequent purchaser whose assignment was recorded prior to the recording of the appellants’ release? In other words, tlie plaintiff’s superior rights, if he has any, were acquired, not under his contract alone, but by virtue of the rights given by the recording act to a subsequent purchaser whose conveyance is first recorded. Indeed, there is no pretense that, independent of the recording act, the plaintiff acquired any right to sell the eight acres in question. Hence the only question in the case relates to the application of that act. Therefore the next question presented is whether a release of a part of mortgaged premises is a conveyance, within the provisions of the recording act. The term “ conveyance” is declared by that statute “to embrace every instrument in writing by which any estate or interest in real estate is created, aliened, mortgaged, or assigned, or by which the title to any real estate may be affected, in law or equity. *=•=*” 4 Rev. St. (8th Ed.) p. 2475, § 38. In Bacon v. Van Schoonhoven, 87 N. Y. 446, it was held that a satisfaction piece of a mortgage was a “conveyance,” within the meaning of the recording act. In delivering the opinion in that case, Rapallo, J., said: “It [a satisfaction piece] is equivalent to a release of the mortgaged premises. Instruments creating liens by way of mortgage being expressly declared to be embraced, for the purposes of this act, in the term conveyance, ’ it is difficult to conceive any reason .why instruments discharging such liens should no't be included in the general definition of ‘instruments by which any estate or interest in land may be affected in law or equity.’” In Brewster v. Carnes, 103 N. Y. 562, 9 N. E. Rep. 323, it was said: “It is a well-established principle of law that the assignment of a mortgage, and the satisfaction of the same, are conveyances, within tlie meaning of the recording act. Van Keuren v. Corkins, 66 N. Y. 77; Westbrook v. Gleason, 79 N. Y. 23, 25; Decker v. Boice, 83 N. Y. 215; Bacon v. Van Schoonhoven, 87 N. Y. 446.” In Insurance Co. v. Wilcox, 55 How. Pr. 43, it was held that a release of a part of mortgaged premises was a “conveyance” within the recording act. See, also, St. John v. Spalding, 1 Thomp. & C. 483, and opinion of Vann, J., in Frear v. Sweet, 118 N. Y. 463, 23 N. E. Rep. 910. The doctrine of the cases cited leads us to the conclusion that the court properly held that the release to the appellants of a part of the mortgaged premises was a “conveyance” within, tlie meaning of the recording act, and that the appellants’ release was void as to the plaintiff’s assignment, which was first recorded, if he was a purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration.

, This leaves for consideration the question whether the plaintiff was a subsequent purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration. It is well settled that, as an assignee of the mortgage, the plaintiff became a purchaser under the recording act; and there is no claim that.such subsequent purchase was not for a valuable consideration, and in good faith, unless the plaintiff had constructive notice of the appellants’ title by reason of their possession of the premises. As we have already seen, the only occupancy of the premises was that the fence was changed and the premises used by the appellants as pasture land, there being no building or other improvements thereon. Whether this was sufiicient notice to impeach the plaintiff’s good faith, and thus relieve the appellants from the operation of the recording act, is the only question we need consider. In Brown v. Volkening, 64 N. Y. 76, 82, Allen, J„ in delivering the opinion of the court said: “The statute makes void a conveyance not recorded only as against a subsequent purchaser in good faitli and for a valuable consideration. Actual notice of a prior unrecorded conveyance, or of any title, legal or equitable, to the premises, or knowledge and notice of any facts which should put a prudent man upon inquiry, impeaches the good faith of the subsequent purchaser. There should be proof of actual notice of prior title, or prior equities, or circumstances tending to prove such prior rights, which affect the conscience of the subsequent purchaser. Actual notice, of itself, impeaches the subsequent conveyance. Proof of circumstances, short of actual notice, which should put a prudent man upon inquiry, authorizes the court or jury to infer and find actual notice. The character of the possession which is sufficient to put a person upon inquiry, and which will be equivalent to actual notice of rights or equities in persons other than those who have a title upon record, is very well established by an unbroken current of authority. The possession and occupation must be actual, open, and visible; it must not be equivocal, occasional, or for a special or temporary purpose; neither must it be consistent with the title of the apparent owner by the record.” After examining several cases, he continues: “I have met with no case in which anything short of actual, visible, and, as it is said in some cases, notorious possession of premises has been held constructive notice of title in a claimant. See Chesterman v. Gardner, 5 Johns. Ch. 29; Grimstone v. Carter, 3 Paige, 421; Cook v. Travis, 20 N. Y. 400; Webster v. Van Steenbergh, 46 Barb. 212. All the cases agree that notice will not be imputed to a purchaser, except where it is a reasonable and just inference from the visible facts. Neither will the principles of constructive notice apply to unimproved lands, nor to cases where the possession is ambiguous or liable to be misunderstood. Patten v. Moore, 32 N. H. 382. It. should not apply within the same principle to an uninhabited and unfinished dwelling-house. There must be a possession, actual and distinct, and manifested by such acts of ownership as would naturally be observed and known by others. The using of lands for pasturage or for cutting of timber is not such an occupancy as will charge a, purchaser or incumbrancer with-notice. Coleman v. Barklew, 27 N. J. Law 357; McMechan v. Griffing, 3 Pick. 149; Holmes v. Stout, 10 N. J. Eq. 419. See, also, Fassett v. Smith, 23 N. Y. 252.” See, also, Page v. Waring, 76 N. Y. 463, and Pope v. Allen, 90 N. Y. 298. In Merritt v. Railroad Co., 12 Barb, 605, it was held that the location and the staking out of a line of a railroad and setting posts for the fence was not such possession as amounted to notice to purchasers of a grant of a right of way to the company. In Trustees v. Wheeler, 59 Barb. 585, 617, it was said by Mulltn, P. J., who delivered the opinion in that case, that “the occupancy that is sufficient to charge a subsequent purchaser or incumbrancer with notice of the occupant’s rights must be open and visible, and he must actually improve the premises. Fencing, pasturing, or cutting timber is not such an occupancy as will charge a purchaser or incumbrancer witli notice. McMechan v. Griffing, 3 Pick. 149, and cases cited; Cook v. Travis, 22 Barb. 338; Troup v. Hurlbut, 10 Barb. 354; 4 Kent, Comm. 179, and notes. ” “The protection furnished by these laws (the recording act) should not be taken away, except on clear proof of a want of good faith in the party claiming their protection, and a clear right in him who seeks to establish notice by means of possession. The circumstances must be such that a prudent man would be put upon inquiry, and would be chargeable with bad faith if he did not inquire.” 1 Jones, Mortg. § 601. We are of the opinion that the possession of the premises by the appellants was not of such a character as to constitute a notice to the plaintiff of the rights of the appellants in the premises, and that the court properly held that the plaintiff was a subsequent purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration. The case of Phelan v. Brady, 119 N. Y. 587, 23 N. E. Rep. 1109, is not in conflict with the authorities cited, but is clearly distinguishable from them, as in that case the possession was actual, open, visible, notorious, unequivocal, and such as manifested acts of ownership that would naturally be observed and known to others. Eor does the case of Frear v. Sweet, 118 N. Y. 454, 23 N. E. Rep. 910, in any way aid the appellants, as it was held in that case that the premises sought to be charged were never included in the mortgage or subjected to the lien thereof, and therefore the recording act did not create a lien, and was in no way involved. It follows that the judgment should be affirmed. Judgment affirmed, with costs. All concur. 
      
       4 Rev. St. N. Y. (8th Ed.) p. 2460, § 1.
     