
    John J. Moran, Appellant, v. Nina E. James, Respondent, Impleaded with Others.
    
      A County Court cannot authorize the exchange of an infant’s real estate for oth&r land — nor can the infant give a bond and mortgage to equalise the values of the exchanged properties —form of the judgment of foreclosure óf a bond and mortgage so attempted to he given hy the infant. .
    
    Under the provisions of section 2348 of the Code of Civil Procedure, enacting that, in the cases therein mentioned, real property, or. an estate therein, belonging to an infant, .“may be sold, conveyed, mortgaged, released or leased,” a County Court has no power, for the purpose of making an exchange of property in which an infant has an undivided interest for other property, to grant leave to the infant to unite, through the instrumentality of a special guardian, with her co-tenants in ,a conveyance of the property, nor to permit the infant, through the medium oí her special guardian, to join in the execution of a bond and a mortgage upon the property acquired in such exchange, given to equalize the difference in the values of the properties.
    Although the conveyance of the infant’s estate and the bond and mortgage are void as to her, yet, inasmuch as if the complaint, in an action brought to foreclose the mortgage, were dismissed as to her, a sale under the judgment would convey only the. interests of those mortgagors who were sui juris, and the interest remaining in the infant would create a cloud upon the title, the complaint should not be dismissed as to the infant, but the judgment should direct that the entire estate conveyed to the mortgagors be sold without prejudice to the right of the infant mortgagor to assert the invalidity of the conveyance made upon her behalf of the real property exchanged therefor; and it should be expressly declared that the bond to which the mortgage is collateral is void as against her.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, John J. Moran, from so much of a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant Nina E. James, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 26th day of June, 1897, upon the decision of the court rendered after a trial at the Kings County Special Term, as dismisses the complaint as to the said defendant.
    
      
      Edward J. Dooley, for the appellant.
    
      E. D. Benedict, for the respondent.
   Bradley, J.:

The action was brought to foreclose a.mortgage made upon certain premises situate in the city.of Brooklyn and here designated as the Degraw street property. The mortgage was made by the defendants Albert E. Janies and Edward R. James, and by Albert E. James as special guardian of the defendant, Nina E. James, an infant, to secure the payment of a bond executed in like manner by. and on behalf of the defendants. This bond and mortgage were so' made to secure the payment of the amount which the defendants undertook to pay to Lester and Alphonse Van'Ness in the exchange with them of certain premises situate in that city and designated as . the Herkimer street property, together with $100 in addition to the amount which the defendants James undertook to pay as the difference in such exchange. The infant defendant, Nina E. James, had title to an undivided third part of the Herkimer street property as tenant in common with the other defendants James. In contemplation of exchanging that property with the Messrs'. Van Ness for the Degraw street property and paying them $1,000 as the difference in the estimated value, proceedings were instituted in the County Court of Kings county by petition'to obtain leave for the infant defendant, Nina E. James, by special guardian to unite with the other defendants James in making the conveyance and exchange of their Herkimer street property for the Degraw. street property, and in the bond secured by mortgage upon the latter for the amount of such difference; also to join with them in the mortgage. The proceeding resulted in such leave and its execution in behalf of the infant defendant by her special guardian appointed by the court. The consummation of the transaction was there confirmed, and was effectual if it was within the power of the County Court-to grant the leave sought and obtained in such proceeding.

. The view of the trial court was that the County Court exceeded its power in granting it. In that conclusion we think the trial court was fight. The County Court had no power in the matter, other than that given by the statute.. (Rogers v. Dill, 6 Hill, 415; Ellwood v. Northrup, 106 N. Y. 172.)

The statute pro vid es that in the cases there mentioned real property or an estate therein belonging to an infant “ may be sold, conveyed, mortgaged, released or leased ” in the manner prescribed. (Code Civ. Proc. § 2348.)

It is true that the statute does not in terms limit the nature of the consideration for which the sale of the real estate of an infant may be made. But while a conveyance made in consideration of the grant-of other property is in the general sense a sale, it is not simply such; it is rather- an exchange of properties, and in common parlance is so understood. Such a disposition of land does not come within a naked power of sale granted to a donee who takes and holds it in the fiduciary relation as such. (2 Perry on Trusts, § 769; Waldron v. McComb, 1 Hill, 111; S. C., 7 id. 335; Russell v. Russell, 36 N. Y. 581; Woerz v. Rademacher, 120 id. 62, 69.) The contemplated ■ execution of such a power is that the sale be made for cash or its equivalent, that the proceeds may be invested. And so strictly is the power so granted construed that no authority to mortgage will be implied in the grant of an unqualified power of sale. (Bloomer v. Waldron, 3 Hill, 361; Coutant v. Servoss, 3 Barb. 128; Albany Fire Ins. Co. v. Bay, 4 N. Y. 9.) This recognized view of the construction and effect of such a power of sale .is founded upon sound reason.. The execution of it required is on a. conservative basis, while a broader construction of a power of sale, permitting an exchange of other property, would be speculative and subject the execution of it to hazards not consistent with its legitimate purpose. - The same reason is applicable to the construction and import of the power to sell the real estate of infants.

Our attention is called to the statute as it existed for sixty-five years prior to 1880, and provided for “the sale or disposition” of the property of infants. (2 R. S. 194, § 170.) And it is urged that no change in the import of the statute by the modified language was contemplated. It is true that a mere change of phraseology in the revision of a statute will not work an alteration in the law as previously declared unless it clearly .appears that such was the legislative intent. (Matter of Brown, 21 Wend. 316; Jenkins v. Fahey, 73 N. Y. 355, 361.)

The application of that rule to the statute in question does not necessarily support the construction contended for. No case is cited or found to the effect that the exchange of the property of an infant for other property came within the provisions of the statute as they were prior to the year 1880. The language used by the reviser, in view of the purpose of the statute, is in terms consistent with the interpretation of the statute as it existed before. The sale was one method of disposition expressly provided for, and the mortgaging, releasing and leasing were others which came within the meaning of the words “ or disposition ” in the prior statute. It is reasonable to assume that the- legislative intent was to express more definitely the object of the statute in the revision than it had been declared in the earlier provisions of the statute. It' seems' quite evident that, as the. term “ sale ” was expressed, the words “ or disposition” were not' intended to include a sale, but something other than such a disposition of property. And, as an exchange necessarily embraced a sale and'conveyance, the same reason existed for the exclusion of exchange of properties from the provision as would have prevailed if the power had been restricted to a sale by the omission of the words “or disposition” in the prior statute. In Hedges v. Riker (5 Johns. Ch. 163) the power given by the will was “to sell and dispose of so'much of the real estate as should be necessary to fulfil the will.” The chancellor there said: “A lease for years is still a disposition of the estate within the terms of the power, and, without resorting to the power, the general jurisdiction of the court over the property of infants is adeqirate to confer the authority.” In the view there taken it seems that the question whether the power to lease came within that given by the will was not treated as important for the purpose of the result to be attained. Leggett v. Perkins (2 N. Y. 297) is the leading case upon the construction of certain provisions of the Statute of Trusts (1 R. S. 728, § 55, subd. 3), in which was judicially settled the question in that respect which had been the subject of litigation for many years. The controverted question disposed of there has no application to the present case. The remark of Mr. Justice Cady in that case, to which attention is called by counsel, that' “ a power to make leases is a power to alienate a part of the estate,” is consistent with the provisions of the will under consideration there, in view of what he added, that “ by the lease in this (that) case a part of the testator’s estate was alienated to the defendant.” In the cited case of Hawley v. James (16 Wend. 61) nothing is found having essentially any bearing upon any question in the present case. The remark is there made by Mr. Justice Bronson that “a mortgage is one mode of alienating the estate or a portion of it equal in value to the mortgage debt.” If this is intended as authority for the proposition that a mere power of sale is power to mortgage real property, it may be observed that it is not consistent with later judicial authority on the subject. (Albany Fire Ins. Co. v. Bay, supra.) But, notwithstanding that the conveyance made of the estate of the infant defendant was void for want of power to authorize or make it, and that the bond and mortgage, so far as they were made in her name and behalf, were likewise ineffectual to charge her, the further question arises, whether the complaint as to her should have been dismissed. The grantors Van Ness conveyed the entire estate in the Degraw street property to the defendants James, one of whom was the infant defendant. They took from their grantees a mortgage in which she was joined as before mentioned. The plaintiff became the owner of the mortgage by assignment derived from these mortgagees. A sale, pursuant to the judgment as entered would apparently include only two undivided third parts of the estate conveyed to the defendants, and that conveyance would remain as a cloud, at least, upon the property as well as the mortgage, to the extent of an undivided third. It would, therefore, seem that such cloud should be removed by the sale on ■ the mortgage foreclosure of the entire estate conveyed, if it can be done without prejudice to the rights of the infant defendant.

I think it can be so done by a modification of the judgment so that,, instead of the dismissal of the complaint as to her, it direct that the entire estate so conveyed by the defendants’ grantors be sold without prejudice to the right of the defendant Nina E. James to assert the invalidity of the conveyance made of her estate in the Herkimer street property, and also expressly declare that the bond mentioned in the complaint, as against her, is void.

And the judgment should be modified accordingly.

All concurred.

Judgment modified as directed in the opinion, and order to be settled.  