
    Frederick Komp, Respondent, v. James I. Raymond, as President of A. A. Vantine & Company, Appellant.
    
      Accord and satisfaction — receipt in “fullpayment of Ms contract” signed by an employee upon receiving from Ms employer a less sum than he claimed for his services—parol evidence is incompetent to vary it.
    
    Where an honest dispute' arises between: an employer and an employee as to whether, under the contract of employment, the employee was, as contended by the employer, to be paid in Japanese currency, in which event $1,250 were due him, or whether, as contended by the employee, he was ’entitled to payment in United States currency, in which event over §6,000 were due him, and the employee accepts a check for §1,250, and signs a receipt in the following terms: “Rec’d payment, Mch. 3d, 1896, twelve hundred and fifty dollars, . being full payment of his contract expiring Jany. 1st, 1896, with salary, int. and allowance, besides closing his acct, to Mch. 1st, 1896,” the transaction amounts to an accord and satisfaction and the employee is not entitled, after-using the check, to bring an action against the employer to recover the bal? anee of the amount which lie claimed toi be due him.
    In the absence of proof that the employee was induced to sign the receipt by fraud or misrepresentation, testimony, tending to show that at the time the receipt was signed it was agreed between the parties that it should not affect the employee’s right to sue for the balance claimed to be due him, is inadmissible, and is not competent to modify or vary the terms of the written instrument. Rumsey, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendant, James; I. Raymond, as President of A. A. Vantine & Co., from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the offiep of the clerk of the county of New York oil the 28tli day of November, 1898, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 28th day of November. 1898, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      John L. Mill, for the appellant.
    
      Jesse B. Epstein, for the respondent.
   McLaughlim, J.:

This action was brought to recover a balance alleged to be due the plaintiff for services performed for the defendant under a written contract. The answer, among other things, alleged an accord and satisfaction of the plaintiff’s claim. The principal question litigated upon the trial was whether there had been an accord and satisfaction, and this is the only question which we deem it necessary to consider upon this appeal. It appears that in December, 1890, the parties entered into a written contract by which the plaintiff agreed to render services in the empire of Japan for the defendant for the period of five years at a specified yearly salary, á portion of which was to be paid monthly to him in Japan, and the balance when he had completed the contract. The services were performed as agreed and upon a final settlement a dispute arose between the parties as to the balance due, which depended upon the construction to be given to the contract, as to whether the plaintiff was to be paid in Japanese money, called yens, or the money of the United States. If the former, then the defendant was correct in its claim that only $1,250 were due, and if the latter the plaintiff was correct that there were over $6,000 due. That there was an honest dispute between the parties as to the amount actually due the plaintiff, cannot upon the facts presented be seriously doubted. The plaintiff testified that, at the conclusion of an interview in which each sought to impress his views upon the other, he said to defendant’s manager : “ I cannot agree to your account of the thing at all,” to which the manager replied : “You must agree to it; that is what I intended the thing to be; it was the intention to pay you that way (in yens) and that is what you have got to accept.” He further testified that they became angry over the matter and he finally declined to accept $1,250 in settlement; that the manager thereupon said: “ Now, Komp, I am not going to argue this thing; I have nothing to argue at all; * * * now that is final; I meant this thing to be paid to you in yens and you have got to accept the yens, * * * you have got to take that check or you get nothing,” and thereupon the parties separated. A few days later another interview was had in which the manager said to the plaintiff, “ Have you decided to take that check yet?” and plaintiff replied, “ Hot exactly the way that you want me to take it.” The manager responded, “ Well,, that is the way you have got to take it; * * * you must either take that check now or you get nothing; that settles it,” and the plaintiff said, “ You insist that. I give this receipt in full for the $1,250 ; now I will tell you what I will do * * * I will sign your receipt in full if you will agree * * * that if I can show you * * * that you were wrong about this thing, that it should be dollars instead of yens, will you pay me that balance later on ? * * * If you don’t pay me that balance * * * I shall take the thing to court for settlement,” and the manager replied, “ All right.” Plaintiff then accepted the check for $1,250 and signed the following instrument, which was indorsed upon the back of the contract referred to :

“ Rec’d payment, Mch. 3d, 1896, twelve hundred and fifty dollars, being full payment of his contract expiring Jany. 1st, 1896, with salary, int. and allowance besides closing his acct. to Mch. 1st, 1896.

“FREDERICK KOMP.”

The plaintiff used the check and applied the proceeds toward the reduction of the amount claimed by him. under the contract, and then brought this action to recover the balance. He had a verdict for the full amount claimed, and from the judgment entered thereon the defendant has appealed. :

' We are of the opinion that, according to the plaintiff’s own testimony, an accord and satisfaction Was so conclusively established as to leave no question of fact for the; jury. The plaintiff’s claim was unliquidated. A demand is not liquidated even if it appears that something is due unless it appears how much is due, and when it is admitted that one of two specified sums is due, but there is a genuine dispute as to which is the proper amount, the demand is regarded as unliquidated as applied to the subject of accord and satisfaction. (Nassoiy v. Tomlinson, 148 N. Y. 326.) Here the plaintiff claimed, as we have already seen, that the defendant owed him something over $6,000, while the defendant claimed that it owed him but $1,250, and which one was correct depended upon the kind of money that the plaintiff was entitled to receive under the contract. Did then the acceptance by the plaintiff of the offer to pay a sum conceded to be due satisfy and discharge that claim ? We think it did. And that an accord and satisfaction is evidenced by the statement signed by the plaintiff, which statement cannot be contradicted by parol evidence. This statement is something more than a mere receipt showing the payment of money. It is a contract by which the plaintiff agreed to accept the sum paid to him in full satisfaction and payment of the salary and allowances due him, besides closing his account to the day the writing was signed. There is no doubt about the general rule that a receipt given for the payment of money may be explained by showing by parol that the money was not paid or that certain items were not intended to be included in it, and many authorities could be cited to this effect; but it is believed that no authority can be produced which goes so far as to hold, where the statement signed partakes of the nature of an agreement as this one does, that it can be modified, varied or contradicted, except for fraud or mistake, by parol evidence of what transpired at or prior to the time when the same was signed. On the contrary, the authorities all agree, so far as we have been able to discover, that where a receipt contains anything in the nature of an agreement upon the compromise or settlement of disputed claims that one of the parties shall accept and receive from the other a certain sum in satisfaction and discharge of a claim, then the paper signed becomes and is a contract between them and must be treated as such; that it cannot be varied or contradicted by parol, but is binding and conclusive upon the parties in the absence of fraud or mistake. (Coon v. Knap, 8 N. Y. 402; Egleston v. Knickerbacker, 6 Barb. 458.) As was said by Judge Earl. in Ryan v. Ward (48 N. Y. 204): This grows out of the fact that a receipt is not a contract. It is a mere declaration or admission in writing. Where a contract is embodied in the receipt * * * it cannot be controverted or explained by parol.”

In Coon v. Knap (supra) the plaintiff received personal injuries by the overturning of a stage coach, and the defendant inquired if she would settle for forty dollars, to which the plaintiff replied that if she got well so she could walk in three months from the time she was hurt she would be satisfied with that sum, otherwise not. The defendant paid her forty dollars and took the following receipt: “Rec’d * * * of Wm. D. Knap $40 in full for damages done to us by the stage accident of the 13th of J une last.” The injury proved to be more serious than it was supposed to be at the time the receipt was signed and the action was thereafter brought to recover damages for the injuries. The court'held that it could not be maintained ; that the instrument was in the nature of a release, constituted an accord and satisfaction, and that the same could not be explained or varied by parol unless first -shown to have been obtained by fraud or misrepresentation.

• In the case before us it is not suggested that any fraud or misrepresentation was practised upon the plaintiff to induce him to sign the statement, or that he did not fully understand and comprehend its object when he signed it. The evidence conclusively shows that he knew that he was required to settle all his demands for $1,250, and that he was to take that sum as an accord and satisfaction or he could not have it at all. The check and the receipt were drawn for this express purpose and he knew.it. Having this knowledge, he accepted and used the check and signed the statement, and under such circumstances it was an accord and satisfaction of his claim (Fuller v. Kemp, 138 N. Y. 231; Nassoiy v. Tomlinson, 148 id. 326; Preston v. Grant, 34 Vt. 201), and the trial court should have so held.

The defendant’s objections to ¡the admission of the plaintiff’s testimony tending to destroy the force and effect of the statement signed by him were well taken and should have been sustained by the trial court; and the defendant’s motion to dismiss the complaint made when the plaintiff rested and at the close of the case should have been granted. •

Exceptions were taken to all these rulings, and for thé errors thus committed the judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.

Barrett and Ingraham, JJ., concurred; Rumsey, J., dissented.

Judgment reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event. ;  