
    STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, NATHAN O’BERRY, Treasurer, and BAXTER DURHAM, State Auditor, v. M. W. GANT and ÆTNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY.
    (Filed 27 June, 1931.)
    1. Principal and Surety B c — Where clerk has embezzled funds either summary proceedings or civil action may he instituted.
    In this proceeding by the State, the State Auditor and the State Treasurer against a clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his bond to recover sums embezzled by the clerk by forging the names of Confederate pensioners to warrants issued by the Auditor and paid by the Treasurer, and converting the funds to his own use: Held, the plaintiffs had the right to pursue the summary remedy under C. S., 356, upon their motion after due notice, and demand upon the clerk was not necessary, or the plaintiffs could have brought a civil suit under C. S., 475, in their option.
    S. Same — Right of surety to object to plaintiff’s proceeding under C. S., 356 held waived by general appearance.
    Where a summary proceeding under C. S., 356, has been instituted against a clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his bonds to recover sums embezzled by the clerk, and the surety has entered a general appearance and filed answer, demanding a jury trial, requested special instructions and argued the case to the jury: Held, the surety has waived its rights, if any it had, under C. S., 353, 354, 355, to object that the plaintiffs could not maintain a summary proceeding under C. S., 356.
    3. Same — Warrants received by a Superior Court clerk for Confederate pensioners are sums coming into his hands under color of his office.
    Where á clerk of the Superior Court has forged the signatures of Confederate pensioners to warrants issued by the State Auditor and sent to him for payment to the persons entitled, and has witnessed such signatures, cashed the warrants, and converted the funds to his own use, such sums are received by him by virtue of and under color of his office, and come within the terms of his bonds given under the provisions of C. S., 927, and the surety thereon is liable within the penalty of the bonds for the amount so embezzled. N. C. Code, 1927 (Michie), secs. 5168 n, o, q, r, s.
    4. Same — Refusal of motion to dismiss for that plaintiffs sought to recover on successive bonds in one action held not error.
    Where a defaulting clerk of the Superior Court gives successive bonds for succeeding terms of office with the same surety, and continues his defalcations, the surety is liable only to the amount of the bond for each term, but where the court so instructs the jury and specifically charges them as to the limitations of the bonds, the refusal of the surety’s motion to dismiss because the plaintiff undertakes to recover on the successive bonds in one cause of action, is not error.
    5. Limitation of Actions C b — Action for fraud of clerk in embezzlement of funds held not barred, fraud not being discovered by due diligence.
    Where a clerk of the Superior Court forges the names of Confederate pensioners to warrants issued by the State Auditor, and embezzles the proceeds, and such fraud is not discovered until about 90 days prior to the institution of proceedings against the clerk and the surety on his bonds, and such fraud could not have been discovered earlier by reasonable diligence, O. S., 441(9) applies, and the cause of action on the bonds will not be held to have accrued until the discovery of the fraud, and O. S., 439, providing that actions on bonds of public officers must be brought within six years, will not operate to bar an action to recover the sums embezzled.
    6. Limitation of Actions E c — Defendant held not prejudiced by failure of reply to refer to O. S., 441(9).
    
    Where, in a proceeding against a clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his bonds to recover for moneys embezzled by the clerk, the surety pleads the statute of limitations, and the reply fully sets forth the facts in regard to the concealment of the fraud by the clerk, and the trial court fully and correctly instructs the jury that the cause of action would not accrue until the discovery of the fraud or until the fraud should have been discovered by due diligence, and the issues submitted specifically present the question to the jury: Held, the surety was not prejudiced by the failure of the reply to specifically refer to the statute, C. S., 441(9), and its contention that the plaintiffs had not pleaded the statute will not be sustained.
    7. Pleadings B f — Failure to make motions for consolidation or to plead pendency of another action held to waive all rights in respect thereto.
    Where an action against a clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his official bonds is instituted by the State, the State Auditor, and the State Treasurer, and thereafter another action against the clerk is instituted by his successor in office to recover funds belonging to the office, and neither the clerk’s successor in office, nor the defendant clerk, nor the surety makes motion for consolidation of the actions, and the surety does not plead by way of answer the pendency of the second suit: Held, the surety has waived any rights it had in this respect, and the refusal of the trial court to dismiss the action or order it to be consolidated with the subsequent action is not error. C. S., 511(3), 517, 518.
    8. Principal and Surety B c — In proceedings under O. S., 356 the ruling of defendants into trial immediately after issues joined is not error.
    Where a summary proceeding against a clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his bonds is instituted under C. S., 356, the ruling of the defendants into trial immediately after issues joined does not deny the defendants any legal right under C. S., 557.
    9. Trial O b — Trial court held not to have abused discretion in ruling defendants into trial in this case.
    In this summary proceeding against the clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his official bonds under C. S., 356, there was no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court in ruling the defendants into trial immediately after issues joined under the facts and circumstances then existing.
    10. Appeal and Error .1 e — Instructions in this case held not to contain prejudicial or reversible error.
    Where the answers to the issues as to the amounts recoverable, in case the defendants were found liable to the plaintiffs, is merely a matter of mathematical calculation, peremptory instructions in regard thereto do not constitute prejudicial or reversible error. C. S., 564.
    
      11. Principal and Surety B c — Interest recoverable on amounts embezzled by public officers.
    Under the provisions of G. S., 357, the plaintiff in an action to recover for moneys unlawfully detained by a public officer is entitled to recover, besides the amounts detained, damages at the rate of 12 per cent from the time of wrongful detention until payment, within the penalty of the bond, and where, in an action against a clerk of the Superior Court and the surety on his bonds to recover sums embezzled by the clerk, the State waives the interest from the date of the actual defalcations, but does demand the 12 per cent from the date of the expiration of each term of office: H&ld, judgment awarding damages at 12 per ceut on the sums defaulted from the expiration of each term is not error, the amount being within the penalty of the bond.
    12. Same — Surety held estopped from setting up statutory limitation on amount of bond of clerk.
    Although O. S., 927, is directory and prescribes the penalty on the bond of a clerk of the Superior Court of not less than $10,000, and not more than $15,000, both the clerk and his surety are presumed to know the provisions of the statute, and where the clerk has voluntarily executed a bond in the penal sum of $25,000, and the surety has accepted premiums based on a bond in this amount, the surety is estopped to deny the validity of the bond, and the plaintiff may recover of the surety, upon a proper showing, to the full amount of the penalty of the bond.
    13. Same — The surety on the bond of a public officer is an insurer.
    The surety on the bond of a public officer is an insurer, and its liability is to be measured by the liability of the principal on the bond.
    Appeal by defendant, .¡Etna Casualty and Surety Company, from Schenck, J., and a jury, at November Term, 1930, of Guilfokd.
    No error.
    Tbis is a summary remedy on official bonds, instituted by plaintiffs against M. W. Gant, clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, N. O., and bis bondsmen, .Etna Casualty and Surety Company, defendants, under C. S., 356.
    Notice was duly given defendants, in accordance with the statute, and complaint filed against them alleging that M. W. Gant, on 22 March, 1913, was duly appointed clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, N. C., and on assuming the duties of the office (1) executed a bond on 22 March, 1913, in the sum- of $12,500 with a bonding company as surety, known as the Etna Accident and Liability Company, liability to begin from the date of the bond and continue until his successor is elected and qualified. (2) In the fall of 1914 the defendant Gant was duly elected clerk for the term of four years, and executed another bond in the sum of $12,500, with the same surety bonding company, liability for the term of four years beginning with the first Monday in December, 1914. The defendant Etna Casualty and Surety Company acquired tbe assets of tbe iEtna Accident and Liability Company, and assumed tbe obligation on these bonds. (3) In tbe fall of 1918 tbe defendant Gant was duly elected clerk for tbe term of four years, executed a bond in tbe sum of $15,000 with iEtna Casualty and Surety Company, defendant, as surety, liability for tbe term of four years beginning with tbe first Monday in December, 1918. (4) In tbe fall of 1922 tbe defendant Gant was duly elected clerk for tbe term of four years, executed a bond in tbe sum of $15,000 witb iEtna Casualty and Surety Company, defendant, as surety, liability for tbe term of four years beginning tbe first Monday in December, 1922. (5) In tbe fall of 1926 tbe defendant Gant was duly elected clerk for tbe term of four years, executed a bond in tbe sum of $25,000 witb iEtna Casualty and Surety Company, defendant, as surety, liability for tbe term of four years beginning tbe first Monday in December, 1926. All tbe bonds bad tbe following provision in them:
    “Now, if tbe said Mason W. Gant shall account for and pay over according to law all moneys and effects which have come or may come into bis bands by virtue or color of bis office or under an order or decree of a judge, even though such order or decree be void for want of jurisdiction or other irregularities, and shall diligently preserve and take care of all books, records, papers and property which have or may come into' bis bands, by virtue or color of bis office and shall in all things faithfully perform the duties of bis office as they are, or hereafter shall be prescribed by law, for tbe term above mentioned, or until bis successor be duly elected or appointed and qualifies, then this obligation is to be void; otherwise, to> remain in full force and effect.” Tbe bonds were given in accordance witb C. S., 927.
    Tbe complaint, among other things, alleges: “That a list of all warrants and vouchers witb their several dates, name of payees and amount, sent by tbe plaintiff auditor and received by tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, as clerk of tbe Superior Court for each six months in each year from 1913 to 1930, both inclusive, which were made payable to pensioners then and there dead and which were wrongfully embezzled, abstracted, misapplied and not delivered to tbe parties entitled to receive same, is tabulated and set out in an attached exhibit, marked ‘A,’ and asked to be taken as a part of this allegation as fully and as completely as if herein set out in detail, all of which said warrants and vouchers were duly and regularly paid by tbe plaintiff treasurer upon tbe forged endorsement of tbe said M. W. Gant, clerk of tbe Superior Court. That tbe total amount so received and misappropriated by tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, as shown by tbe attached Exhibit “A/ aggregates tbe sum of $59,340, and that tbe plaintiffs aver that they are entitled to judgment against tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, and tbe defendant IEtna Casualty and Surety Company, as surety, to cover said sum, and with interest tbereon as a penalty, as prescribed by statute, of twelve per cent (12%) from tbe time of tbe receipt of eacb of said warrants above mentioned, calculated up to and including tbe date of tbe rendition of tbe judgment herein asked for.”
    Exbibit “A” shows one hundred and fifty-five pensioners’ names and tbe amount due eacb, all being dead except two, who are living but did not receive tbe proceeds of tbe warrants. The evidence on tbe trial showed more than 950 warrants and vouchers drawn in favor of Confederate pensioners and collected by defendant Gant, clerk, extending over a period of seventeen years.
    After tbe trial bad proceeded about a week, tbe following occurred: Mr. E. D. Broadburst, one of tbe attorneys for M. W. Gant, stated in open court: “May it please your Honor, tbe defendant Gant, in view of his physical condition and tbe testimony that has been adduced here, desires to say that tbe defendant Gant will not resist a judgment' — such judgment as may be rendered under your Honor’s instructions.”
    Tbe defendant .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, moved that tbe action should be dismissed (1) That this action was not commenced by summons as required in civil actions, C. S., 475. (2) That it does not appear by tbe complaint that Gant as clerk has admitted that the money sought to be recovered in this proceeding that be has or ever bad same in bis bands, such admission being a condition precedent to tbe remedy under C. S., 356. (3) That it appears affirmatively that tbe funds were never held under order of this court, or subject to control or direction of tbe court. (4) That it appears affirmatively that tbe allegations of tbe complaint does not come within tbe provisions of C. S., 356, therefore tbe remedy is by civil action commenced by summons. “For that tbe funds sought to be recovered in this action, if in fact they did come into tbe defendant Gant’s bands, did not come into bis bands by virtue or color of bis office, or under an order or a decree of tbe judge, and even if tbe defendant Gant is guilty of tbe matters and things alleged in tbe complaint this defendant is in no way liable or responsible therefor, as tbe matters and things alleged are not within tbe provisions of tbe bonds alleged and not being within tbe terms and provisions alleged there has been no breach thereof, and this defendant is in no way liable to tbe plaintiffs.” Other reasons are set forth why tbe proceeding should be dismissed. Tbe defendant Surety Company then answered, not waiving any rights to have tbe action dismissed. Tbe defendant company denied all liability, and in tbe answer avers that tbe bonds are liable only for such defalcations as are covered “by tbe terms, stipulations and conditions of said bond, if any, occurring during tbe term for which said bond was given.”
    
      “The defendant avers that even if the roll of names furnished the State Auditor, as alleged in the complaint, was continually since 1913 false, in that it contained the names of pensioners who were dead and the names of other persons not entitled to receive pensions, the defendant avers that this was not an act of M. W. Grant, as clerk of the Superior Court, but was such as a member of the county board of pensions, and that it was the duty of the State Board to examine each application for a pension. And defendant avers that it is in no' way liable therefor or in any way responsible therefor by reason of being surety for the said M. W. Grant or issuing the bonds sued on. For that it appears upon plaintiff’s complaint that plaintiffs have joined together as one cause of action five separate and distinct causes of action, and are undertaking to recover as if the five bonds alleged constitute one entire transaction, when in fact and in law each bond of the defendant, M. W. Gant, as clerk, is liable only for defalcations occurring during the term for which the bond is given. For that plaintiffs are undertaking by said proceeding to deny this defendant right of trial by jury, in violation of the guarantees of the _ Constitution of the State of North Carolina, Article I, section 19, and to deprive this defendant of its property without any process of law, in violation of Article I, section 17, of the Constitution of the State of North Carolina, and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.”
    The defendant Surety Company further sets up the plea of the statute of limitations. In conclusion, “This defendant now, this being its first appearance in court in this cause, demands a trial by a jury in a properly constituted civil action, and that this defendant be allowed the legal right to put at issue all matters of fact and have the same passed upon by a jury as guaranteed to it under the provisions of Article I, sections 17 and 19 of the Constitution of the State of North Carolina, and of tho Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Wherefore, this defendant having answered plaintiffs’ complaint as fully as it is advised it is its duty to do, prays that this cause be dismissed as to it; that it recover its costs to be taxed by the clerk, and for such other and further relief as to the court may seem meet and just.” Other contentions were made, but they will be considered in the opinion.
    The plaintiffs replied and denied the allegations of the answer inconsistent with the facts alleged in the complaint. “Plaintiffs say that the first knowledge or information that they had that the defendant Gant had wrongfully misapplied and appropriated the pension checks set out in the complaint and had not delivered them to the payees therein named or returned them to the plaintiffs, as the law required, was about ninety days prior to the institution of this summary proceeding, and that upon acquiring such information and being advised that there were other shortages and misapplications by the defendant Gant of moneys coming into his office as clerk, otherwise, plaintiffs offered to institute a suit for a receivership of all the properties of said Gant in order to protect the entire fund for the benefit of all parties in interest, and invited the county commissioners to join in said proceeding. This they declined to do. That thereafter, as shortages were discovered by an auditor employed to investigate the office, the defendant Gant paid into the office from time to time an amount in cash, as plaintiffs are advised and believe, of about $60,000 to cover such shortages, none of which was applicable to the claims of the plaintiffs. That plaintiffs were further advised that there were other shortages connected with the office of the defendant Gant which might total an amount in excess of his official bonds and leave these plaintiffs without any remedy or protection for the repayment of these pension funds so misappropriated. That plaintiffs finally, in order to protect this fund, instituted this summary proceeding. That all of the amounts sued upon were admitted by the defendant Gant in writing to have been received in his office, and all of the payees therein named, except two, were dead at the time said warrants were received, and the same could not have been delivered and were not delivered to the said payees or to any one else entitled thereto, or returned to the plaintiffs, as required by law.”
    The plaintiffs further set forth in detail the method the law prescribed which the plaintiffs should and did pursue with respect to payment of Confederate pensions. That not until about 90 days prior to the institution of this summary proceeding did any of the plaintiffs have any knowledge of the defendant Gant, clerk, forging the names of the payees in the warrants and his appropriating the funds.
    “The plaintiffs further aver that they did not have any direct knowledge, or any intimation of any of the frauds alleged in the complaint as committed by the said M. W. Gant, clerk of the Superior Court, in connection with said pension warrants prior to the time above stated, and they further aver that they could not, with the exercise of due diligence and reasonable business prudence, have discovered such fraudulent acts on the part of said M. ~W. Gant, and that the defendant, M. W. Gant, by means of such fraudulent acts in connection with making up, revising and correcting the lists under which said warrants were issued; in forging the names of payees thereon, and officially attesting said signatures ; by cashing and procuring the funds called for by said warrants, by fraudulently and deceitfully keeping false records; by fraudulently and deceitfully failing to keep records, and by fraudulently and deceitfully making false reports, all acts being contrary to law; intentionally and fraudulently concealed the existence of the facts which would have, or could have, put these plaintiffs on. notice, and by such fraudulent concealment kept these plaintiffs in ignorance of each and every one of the misappropriations and conversions referred to and alleged in the original complaint.”
    The judgment of the court below is as follows:
    “The above-entitled proceedings coming on to be heard before his Honor, Michael Schenck, Judge of the Superior Court of the State of North Carolina, regularly holding the courts of the Twelfth Judicial District, and a jury, and being heard upon issues submitted to the jury, which the jury answered as follows, to wit:
    1. (a) Did defendant, M. W. Gant, clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, North Carolina, receive the State pension warrants by virtue or color of his office during the term of said office ending 7 December, 1914, and misapply and fail to deliver the same, or the proceeds therefrom, to the persons or parties entitled thereto, as alleged in the complaint? Answer: Yes.
    (b) If SO', what was the amount so misapplied? Answer: $416.
    (c) What amount of damages, if any, are plaintiffs entitled to recover for the misapplication of said funds by the defendant, M. W. Gant, as alleged in the complaint? Answer: $798.72.
    (d) Are said amounts, or any part thereof, barred by the statute of limitations, as alleged in the answer of the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company? Answer : No.
    2. (a) Did the defendant, M. W. Gant, clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, North Carolina, receive the State pension warrants by virtue oiycolor of his office during 'the term of said office ending on the first Monday in December, 1918, and misapply and fail to deliver the same, or the proceeds therefrom, to the persons or parties entitled thereto, as alleged in the complaint ? Answer: Yes.
    (b) If so, what was the amount so misapplied? Answer: $5,423.
    (c) What amount of damages, if any, are plaintiffs entitled to recover for the misapplication of said funds by the defendant, M. W. Gant, as alleged in the complaint? Answer: $7,809.12.
    (d) Are said amounts, or any part thereof, barred by the statute of limitations, as alleged in the answer of the defendant, .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company? Answer: No.
    3. (a) Did the defendant, M. W. Gant, clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, North Carolina, receive the State pension warrants by virtue or color of his office during the term of said office ending on the first Monday in December, 1922, and misapply and fail to deliver the same, or the proceeds therefrom, to the persons or parties entitled thereto, as alleged in the complaint? Answer: Yes.
    (b) If so, what was the amount so misapplied? Answer: $13,865.
    
      (c) "What amount of damages, if any, are plaintiffs entitled to recover for tbe misapplication of said funds by tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, as alleged in tbe complaint? Answer: $13,310.40.
    (d) Are said amounts, or any part tbereof, barred by tbe statute of limitations, as alleged in tbe answer of tbe defendant, .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company? Answer: No.
    4. (a) Did tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, clerk of tbe Superior Court ■of Guilford County, North Carolina, receive tbe State pension warrants by virtue or color of bis office during tbe term of said office ending on tbe first Monday in December, 1926, and misapply and fail to deliver tbe same, or tbe proceeds therefrom, to tbe persons or parties entitled thereto, as alleged in tbe complaint? Answer: Yes.
    (b)If so, what was tbe amount so misapplied? Answer: $10,115.
    (e) What amount of damages, if any, are plaintiffs entitled to recover for tbe misapplication of said funds by tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, as alleged in tbe complaint? .Answer: $4,855.20.
    (d) Are said amounts, or any part tbereof, barred by tbe statute of limitations, as alleged in the answer of tbe defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company? Answer : No.
    5. (a) Did tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, clerk of tbe Superior Court of Guilford County, North Carolina, receive tbe State pension warrants by virtue or color of bis office during tbe term of said office ending on tbe date of bis resignation from office on 9 October, 1930, and misapply and fail to deliver tbe same, or tbe proceeds therefrom, to tbe persons or parties entitled thereto, as alleged in tbe complaint? Answer: Yes.
    (b) If SO', what was tbe amount so misapplied? Answer : $21,180.
    (c) What amount of damages, if any, are plaintiffs entitled to recover for tbe misapplication of said funds by tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, as alleged in tbe complaint ? Answer : $6,207.
    (d) Are said amounts, or any part tbereof, barred by tbe statute of limitations, as alleged in tbe answer of tbe defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company? Answer: No.
    6. What amount, if any, are tbe plaintiffs entitled to recover of tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, in this proceedings? Answer: $90,519.44.
    7. What amount, if any, are tbe plaintiffs entitled to recover of tbe defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, in this proceeding? Answer: $66,184.92.
    It is now upon motion of Brooks, Parker, Smith & Wharton, attorneys for tbe plaintiffs, ordered, adjudged and decreed that tbe plaintiffs have and recover of tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, tbe sum of $90,519.44, with interest as allowed by law until paid, at tbe rate of six (6) per cent per annum.
    That tbe plaintiffs have and recover of tbe defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, tbe sum of $12,500 upon tbe bond given by M. W. Gant, for his term of office ending the first Monday in December, 1914, to be discharged upon the payment of $1,214.12, with interest thereon as allowed by law.
    That the plaintiffs have and recover of the defendant, .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, the sum of $12,500, upon the bond given by M. W. Gant, for his term of office ending the first Monday in December, 1918, to be discharged upon the payment of $12,500, with interest thereon as allowed by law.
    That the plaintiffs have and recover of the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, the sum of $12,500, upon the bond given by M. W. Gant, for his term of office ending the first Monday in December, 1922, to be discharged upon the payment of $12,500, with interest thereon as allowed by law.
    That the plaintiffs have and recover of the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, the sum of $15,000 upon the bond given by M. W. Gant, for his term of office ending the first Monday in December, 1926, to be discharged upon the payment of $14,970.20, with interest thereon as allowed by law.
    That the plaintiffs have and recover of the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, the sum of $25,000, upon the bond given by M. W. Gant, for his term of office ending the 9th day of October, 1930, to be discharged upon the payment of $25,000, with interest thereon as allowed by law.
    That the plaintiffs have and recover of the defendants all the costs of this cause to be taxed by the clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, and there shall he taxed as a part of the costs of this cause an allowance to B. C. Carter, as an expert witness and a certified public accountant, the sum of $250; and O. W. Cloninger, as a handwriting expert witness, an allowance, in addition to his regular witness fees, the sum of $50.
    All payments made by the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, upon the judgment rendered against it hereunder, shall be entered as credits upon the judgment rendered against the defendant, M. W. Gant, hereunder.”
    The defendant M. ~W. Gant did not appeal from the above judgment rendered against him. The defendant Surety Company made numerous exceptions and assignments of error, and appealed to the Supreme Court. The material ones and necessary facts will be set forth in the opinion.
    
      Attorney-General Brummitt and Assistant-Attorney General Nashj Brooks, Parker, Smith and Wharton for plaintiffs.
    
    
      Xing, Sapp & Xing for defendant AEbna Casualty and Surety Company.
    
   ClaRxsoN, J.

The questions involved, as contended by defendant Surety Company, will be considered seriatim.

(1) Is this a summary proceeding such as is provided for by C. S., 356, or is it a civil action and should it have been commenced by summons, as directed by C. S., 475, and subject to the statutes otherwise controlling civil actions? We think this is a summary proceeding as is provided for by 0. S., 356.

C. S., 475, provides for civil actions which shall be commenced by summons. We see no reason, from the facts in this case, why plaintiffs could not pursue the summary remedy under 0. S., 356 or bring a civil action under 0. S., 475. It was optional with plaintiffs.

The statute, C. S., 356, is as follows: “When a sheriff, coroner, constable, clerk, county or town treasurer, or other officer, collects or receives any money by virtue or under color of his office, and on demand fails to pay the same to the person entitled to require the payment thereof, the person thereby aggrieved may move for judgment in the Superior Court against such officer and his sureties for any sum demanded; and the court shall try the same and render judgment at the term when the motion shall be made, but ten days notice in writing of the motion must have been previously given.”

The summary remedy against certain public officials has been provided for by statute practically ever since this has been a commonwealth, and held to be constitutional. Anonymous case, 2 N. C., 29; Oats v. Darden, 5 N. C., 500; Broughton v. Haywood, 61 N. C., 380.

In Worth v. Cox, 89 N. C., at p. 49, it is said: “The office is accepted and the bond given under the known conditions of the law that permits this direct and expeditious remedy in case of default, and these may be said to enter as elements into'the contract itself. But it is enough to say that if any law can be deemed settled and not longer to admit of controversy, the practice under this, or a similar enactment for near a century past, has established its validity.”

In Lackey v. Pearson, 101 N. C., at p. 654, we find: “The reasoning is not satisfactory to us, because it does not follow, when a choice of two modes of redress is given, that both may be used at the same time, but rather that an election of the one precludes a resort to the other. A familiar illustration is furnished in the statute which gives the summary remedy by a motion, after notice, against a sheriff, coroner, constable, clerk, county or town treasurer, or other officer, who receives money by virtue or color of office, and on demand fails to pay the same to the person entitled, and not only against him, but the sureties to- his official bond — The Code, sec. 1889 (O. S., 356) — and it has never been understood that this cumulative and optional remedy obstructed the bringing a regular action on the bond, when the injured party preferred to have recourse to it.” Lyman v. Coal Co., 183 N. C., 581.

The defendant Surety Company in its answer set up certain reasons, and renews them by proper exceptions and assignments of error, why this proceeding should be dismissed, but if tenable we think they have been waived by the answer of defendant Surety Company setting up the plea of the statute of limitations and other defenses and demanding a jury trial. The record shows “The defendant, .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, in apt time asked the court to instruct the jury as follows,” etc. The defendant Surety Company requested twenty-two prayers for instructions. The case was argued by defendants’ counsel to the jury.

In Motor Co. v. Reaves, 184 N. C., at p. 263, we find: “We must hold upon principle and authority, that the defendants have made a full appearance in the case, and will be bound in all respects by the orders and decrees of the court. This result follows because they have not confined themselves to a special appearance for the purpose of raising the question of jurisdiction of the person, but have gone beyond that and asked for a hearing upon matters not relating solely thereto, but including other matters, as to the plaintiffs’ legal rights and their own in regard to the policy of insurance, and still further, they have challenged the jurisdiction of the court as to the subject-matter of the action, and thereby waived any defect as to the jurisdiction of the person, the appearance being considered by all the authorities as a general one.” Scott v. Life Asso., 131 N. C., at p. 518-19; School v. Peirce, 163 N. C., at p. 429; Hatch v. R. R., 183 N. C., at p. 628; In re Rockford Produce Co., 275 Fed., 813; Livingston v. Becker, 40 Fed. (2d), 675; Babbitt v. Dutcher, 216 U. S., 102.

The defendant Gant is out of the picture. His attorney, speaking for him, said: “The defendant Gant will not resist a judgment — such judgment as may be rendered under your Honor’s instructions.” The jury rendered a verdict against him for $90,519.44. Defendant Surety Company contends no demand was made before issuing the notice and for this reason the action should have been dismissed. The clerk does not make this contention, he did not resist the judgment and has not appealed from it.

In Furman v. Timberlake, 93 N. C., at p. 67, we find: “The case of S. v. McIntosh (31 N. C., 307), was the first case in this State where the point was decided, and it was there expressly held that no demand was necessary, before bringing an action against the sheriff for money collected by him because as Nash said, 'The money here collected is public money, and for it no demand was necessary.’ ”

C. S., 956, in reference to public funds reported by tbe clerk to county commissioners, if required by order of tbe board of commissioners, bas no application bere.

Tbe evidence was so overwhelming against tbe clerk tbat be waived everything and submitted to tbe judgment. Defendant Surety Company, surety for tbe clerk, now alone contests plaintiffs’ right to recover this money admittedly misappropriated by tbe clerk.

Tbe Surety Company contends tbat C. S., 356, contemplates only a notice and motion. “O. S., 353, 354 and 355, contains tbe provisions authorizing tbe plaintiff to bring a civil action. These, of course, require tbe issuance of a summons, tbe filing of a complaint, and tbe right to tbe defendants to file their pleadings and to have tbe issues made up and to be beard and determined by a jury. Under tbe authorities hereinbefore cited and tbe very wording of tbe statute itself, tbe record shows tbat tbe plaintiffs should have brought a civil action and tbat there was error in bolding tbat plaintiff could maintain a summary proceeding under 0. S., 356.”

Tbe theory upon which this case was tried, tbe Surety Company’s general appearance and pleading, demand for jury trial, prayers for instructions, and argument by defendant’s counsel to jury, waives any rights, if it bad any, under tbe above sections of tbe Consolidated Statutes it now attempts to invoke.

(2) Were tbe moneys and effects sued for received by tbe defendant, M. W. Gant, either by virtue or by color of bis office for and on behalf of tbe plaintiffs herein, and are bis alleged defalcations within tbe terms of tbe bonds executed by appellant? ¥e think so.

Tbe statute, C. S., 356, under which this summary proceeding was instituted, expressly provides tbat tbe clerk shall be responsible when be “collects or receives any money by virtue or under color of bis office.”

Tbe several bonds executed by tbe defendant and upon which judgment was rendered, each contains tbe following provision: “Tbe said M. W. Gant shall account for and pay over, according to law, all moneys and effects which have come or may come into bis bands by virtue or color of bis office.”

Tbe defendant Gant, as clerk, made up and certified tbe lists of pensioners to tbe State Auditor. This is not denied. He did it continuously for seventeen years. Warrants were sent by tbe State Auditor in accordance with this list, and semiannually each year, tbe defendant Gant, as clerk of tbe court, receipted for them and assumed tbe responsibility of paying them out to tbe parties entitled thereto, or of returning them as tbe State Auditor directed, within sixty days, if not called for. During tbis time be received more tban 950 sucb warrants for pensioners wbo were already dead (except two wbo were living), receipted for tbem, kept tbem, collected tbem, and misapplied tbem to bis own use. He witnessed tbe forged signature of tbe payee on eacb warrant, as clerk of tbe Superior Court, as tbis was tbe only way, under tbe law, be could collect tbem. Plaintiffs contend tbat by virtue of bis office be came into possession of these vouchers, and under color of bis office be misappropriated and embezzled tbis fund. "We think tbe plaintiffs’ contentions correct. See chapter 92 “Confederate Homes and Pensions,” N. C. Code, 1927, Anno. (Michie), C. S., 5168, n, o, q, r, s.

C. S., 5168 (n) expressly provides tbat before any petitioner can receive a pension, be must file with tbe clerk of the Superior Court where be resides an application. O. S., 5168(o), provides it shall be tbe duty of tbe clerk to forward tbis application to tbe State Auditor; and C. S., 5168 (q) definitely fixes tbe clerk of tbe court with tbe responsibility as follows:

“Pensions are payable in advance, and tbe State Auditor shall transmit to tbe clerks of tbe Superior Courts of tbe various counties warrants for pensioners for one-half of tbe yearly pensions between tbe first and fifteenth of December and for one-half of the yearly pensions between the 1st and 15th of June of eacb year. ' It shall be tbe duty of tbe clerk of tbe Superior Court to acknowledge to tbe Auditor tbe receipt of sucb warrants by tbe next mail after their receipt, to deliver or mail forthwith to eacb pensioner in bis county bis warrant, and to post in tbe courthouse a list of tbe pensioners to whom be has mailed or delivered warrants.”

0. S., 5168(r) directs tbat tbe clerk of tbe court shall attest by bis official signature tbe endorsement of tbe payee. C. S., 5168 (s) designates further what tbe clerk shall do with pension warrants after tbe death of tbe pensioner.

Tbe State Auditor testified tbat accompanying tbis list was a letter addressed to tbe clerk of tbe Superior Court in which it was said: “These warrants will not be paid by tbe State Treasurer unless presented within sixty days from their date. . . . Please return to us all warrants on band undelivered and also return printed lists sent, indicating on these lists sucb changes as have occurred among tbe pensioners by death, removal or any other causes.” Tbe State Auditor further testified, “Tbe form which I have in my band has been used for thirty years.”

C. S., 927, is as follows: “At tbe first meeting of tbe board of commissioners of eacb county after the election or appointment of any clerk of a Superior Court it is tbe duty of tbe clerk to deliver to such commissioners a bond with sufficient sureties, to be approved by tbem, in a penalty of not less tban ten thousand dollars,1'and not more tban fifteen thousand dollars, payable to the State of North Carolina, and with a condition to be void if he shall account for and pay over, according to law, all moneys and effects which have come or may come into his hands, by virtue or color of his office, or under an order or decree of a judge, even though such order or decree be void for want of jurisdiction or other irregularities and shall diligently preserve and take care of all books, records, papers and property which have come or may come into his possession, by virtue or color of his office, and shall in all things faithfully perform the duties of his office as they are or thereafter shall be prescribed by law.”

In Thomas v. Connelly, 104 N. C., at p. 346-7, construing this section, we find: “Such clerk is an important and responsible public officer, his duties are varied and serious, affecting the public and individuals. In a variety of ways moneys, rights, credits, securities and other .things of value belonging to others go into his hands, and the law charges him with the same for such persons or for their benefit. The statute is careful to make the bond extend to and embrace within its scope and purpose, not only such' ‘moneys and effects’ as may come into his hands by 'virtuef of his office, but as well, and as certainly, to such as may so come by ‘coloP thereof, and, likewise, to such additional 'duties of his office as may be prescribed by law after the execution of the bond. There seems to be a studied purpose to make the bond embrace and to create liability of the sureties thereto on account of all ‘moneys and effects’ that come into the hands of the clerk as such, whether they so come strictly according to law or not.”

“Color of his office” has been construed to embrace all cases where the officer receives the money in his official capacity, when he is not authorized or required to receive the same. Thomas v. Connelly, supra; Sharpe v. Connelly, 105 N. C., 87; Presson v. Boone, 108 N. C., 78; Smith v. Patton, 131 N. C., 396; Hannah v. Hyatt, 170 N. C., at p. 638; State ex rel. Gilmore v. Walker, 195 N. C., 460; 59 A. L. R., 53 Anno. “Rule in N. C.,” p. 73.

The statute is broad and comprehensive “if he shall account for and pay over, according to law, all moneys and effects which have come into his hands by virtue or color of his office ” etc. The surety bond of defendant surety company is in the language of the statute. The pension warrants came into the clerk’s hands by virtue or under color of his office. They were things of value belonging to others. As clerk, by express statutory authority, he had these warrants and was a trustee to perform a solemn duty. The possession enabled him to betray this trust by forging the warrants and misappropriate and embezzle the funds. We think the Surety Company is liable under the -facts and circumstances of this case, and the statute applicable. The plaintiffs were entitled to require tbe payment of tbe warrants sent tbe clerk. Tbis trust was betrayed by tbe clerk, and plaintiffs were aggrieved by tbe nonpayment and are entitled to bring tbis action, as they were entitled to bave these warrants of tbe dead soldiers returned to them and responsible to tbe two who- were alive and whose names were forged and funds misappropriated and embezzled. We think all tbis was done by virtue or color of bis office.

(3) Did plaintiff undertake to join as one cause of action five separate and distinct causes of action, and undertake to recover as if tbe five bonds alleged constitute one entire transaction, and should said action bave been dismissed? We think not.

It is well settled that where a defaulting- clerk succeeds himself, and has given tbe required bond for each term, with tbe same surety, and continues bis defalcation, tbe surety is liable only to tbe amount of tbe bond for each term. S. v. Martin,, 188 N. C., 119.

In Smith v. Patton, 131 N. C., at p. 397, we find: “It is settled in tbis State that tbe bond of a public officer is liable for money that comes into bis bands as an insurer, and not merely for tbe exercise of good faith . . . (citing authorities). Bonds of administrators, executors, guardians, etc., only guarantee good faith,” citing authorities. Marshall v. Kemp, 190 N. C., at p. 493; Gilmore v. Walker, supra, at p. 4-64; Indemnity Co. v. Corp. Com., 197 N. C., 562.

Tbe court below clearly charged that tbe Surety Company is liable only to tbe amount of tbe bond for each term, and further charged: “It is admitted, in tbis connection, gentlemen of tbe jury, that there ’were five bonds executed, and that those bonds bave a limitation,- and in no event can tbe plaintiffs recover more than tbe limitation fixed in tbe bond. In some of these instances tbe principal and damage demanded, or contended for by tbe plaintiffs, exceed tbe amound of tbe bond. Although tbe plaintiffs may establish that much indebtedness by Gant, they cannot recover of tbe bondsmen more than tbe face of tbe bond.” Supply Co. v. Plumbing Co., 195 N. C., 629.

(4) Are tbe different amounts which were received by tbe defendant Gant six years prior to tbe commencement of tbis action barred by tbe statute of limitations, as a matter of law, upon these allegations and evidence, and should tbe trial judge bave instructed tbe jury to that effect? We think not.

Tbe facts as disclosed in tbe record -establish one of tbe most flagrant cases of official misconduct and successful fraudulent concealment of tbe facts that has occurred in tbe annals of our Court. Tbe defendant Gant, first appointed clerk by a judge of tbe Superior Court in 1913, on account of bis high standing and reputed character, was continually renominated and reelected every four years, and was still in office in 1930. There is no evidence in the record to disclose that any one ever questioned his integrity or suspected his honesty, and even at the trial he filed an answer signed by a number of reputable lawyers in which it was avowed that he had been guilty of no wrongdoing or fraudulent act in connection with these matters. Even the banks cashed more than 950 warrants, extending over a period of seventeen years, upon his certificate of forged endorsement, without even suspecting a fraud. He kept all the records. The local pension board trusted him to make up the rosters; he certified semiannually, under the seal of his office, to their correctness to the State Auditor, and the warrants were presented for payment to the State Treasurer, who, seeing that they appeared to be regular and that the endorsements were witnessed by the clerk, as provided by law, paid them without question. The evidence in this case was all to the effect that prior to about ninety days before the summary remedy was resorted to by plaintiffs against Gant and the Surety Company, that no suspicion of wrongdoing was ever thought of against Gant.

The periods prescribed for the commencement of actions in matters of this kind: O. S., 439. “"Within six years — (1) Upon the official bond of a public officer.”

O. S., 441: “Within three years an action — (1) Upon a contract obligation or liability arising out of a contract, express or implied, except those mentioned in the preceding sections. (9) For relief on the ground of fraud or mistake; the cause of action shall not be deemed to have accrued until the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts constituting the fraud or mistake.”

Mr. McIntosh in N. C. Practice and Procedure, speaking to the subject, at p. 167-8, sec. 183, says: “An action for relief on the ground of fraud or mistake must be brought within three years after the cause of action accrues; but the cause of action shall not be deemed to have accrued until the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts constituting the fraud or mistake. . . . The cause of action is deemed to have accrued from the discovery by the injured party of the facts constituting fraud or mistake, and not from the date of the fraud or mistake. Following the rule formerly applied in equity, knowledge is a fact to be determined by the circumstances of each case, and the statute runs from the time the injured party knows of the fraud or mistake, or could by reasonable diligence have discovered it.” R. R. v. Hegwood, 198 N. C., at p. 317.

It is contended by defendant Surety Company that O. S., 441(9) was not pleaded. The statute was not referred to in the pleading, but the facts set forth and the court in its charge fully explained the statute to the jury and no exception was taken by the Surety Company. The court charged: “It also provides, gentlemen of the jury, that an action brought based on fraud shall be brought within three years of the perpetration of the fraud, or within three years after the discovery of the fraud, provided due diligence has been exercised. . . . The court charges you that if in this case you gentlemen of the jury shall find from the evidence and by its greater weight that the said M. W. Gant received and misapplied pension checks and warrants and fraudulently concealed the facts of such misapplication of such warrants, and if you shall further find from the evidence and by its greater weight that the plaintiffs did not and could not, in the exercise of proper diligence or reasonable business prudence have discovered such fraud, that then the statute of limitations did not begin to run in favor of the defendant, .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, in this case until such fraud was actually discovered, and if you shall further find from the evidence and by its greater weight that the plaintiffs did not discover such fraud and could not by the exercise of proper diligence or reasonable business prudence have discovered such fraud until within about ninety days before the institution of this proceeding, then the plea of the statute of limitations by the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company, does not avail it, and the court charges you to answer the issues No’ (referring to them seriatim).” The issues on this aspect were as follows: “Are said amounts, or any part thereof, barred by the statute of limitations, as alleged in the answer of the defendant, ¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company ?”

From the issues submitted, the charge of the court in reference to this matter, we think defendant Surety Company was not prejudiced.

In 1Y R. O. L., sec. 223, at p. 866, speaking to the subject: “A surety’s liability is measured by that of his principal and where, owing to the concealed fraud of the latter, the statute has not commenced to run, the surety will not be permitted to invoke the protection of the statute on the ground that he was innocent of the fraud. Therefore, where, because of fraud of a principal in the concealing and misappropriation of money, the statute does not run against him, it does not run against the sureties on his bond. The reason in such eases seems to be that the sureties guarantee the good conduct and faithfulness of the principal in the discharge of the duties of his office, and that in equity and good conscience they should not be exempt from liability for his misconduct and peculations, when by fraudulent concealment he has prevented discovery until the time limited by the statute to bring action has expired. Any other construction would make the very frauds against which the sureties covenanted the means of relief from liability. The bond in such case, instead of securing the faithfulness of the officer, would tend to promote on his part skillfully and fraudulently concealed peculations, and would be an inducement to fraud.” Jones’ Commentaries on Evidence, Vol. II, p. 1027; Waugh v. Guthrie Gas, etc., Co., 131 Pac., 174, L. R. A., 1917-B, 1253; Bailey v. Glover, 21 Wall., 342, 22 L. Ed., 636; Reynolds v. Hennessy, 17 R. I., 169, 23 Atl., 639.

(5) Should tbe trial judge, before whom tbe motion herein was made, either have dismissed this action or made an order consolidating it with the action then pending in the same court entitled, “State of North Carolina, on relation of A. "Wayland Cooke, clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, suing in behalf of itself and all persons having claims against Mason W. Gant, on account of moneys, funds and securities received by him during his tenure of the office of clerk of the Superior Court of Guilford County, by virtue or under color of his office as such deck, v. Mason W. Gant and his wife, Minnie D. Gant, and .¿Etna Casualty and Surety Company?”

(6) Can plaintiffs maintain this alleged summary proceeding in the same court and at the same time the creditors’ bill aforesaid was pending, thereby appropriating to the payment of its indebtedness the greater part of the penalty of the bonds executed by appellant, the effect of which is to have itself adjudicated a preferred creditor and to deprive all other creditors in the same class from benefiting pro tanto in the bonds given as much for their protection as for that of plaintiffs?

The contention of the Surety Company is that an action subsequently instituted by A. Wayland Cooke, as clerk of the Superior Court, against Gant, for moneys received by him to which the present clerk was entitled should have been consolidated with this summary proceeding. From the record, it does not appear that Cooke made any motion asking that the two actions be consolidated, although he was present in court during the progress of this trial. Neither did the defendant Gant make any such motion, nor the defendant Surety Company. It was a ground of defendant Surety Company on its motion to dismiss, but it made no motion to consolidate, nor did it set up in its answer another action pending between the same parties. If the Surety Company ever had any rights on this aspect, we think the matter has been waived.

C. S., 511: “The defendant may demur to the complaint when it appears upon the face thereof, either that: (3) There is another action pending between the same parties for the same cause.”

C. S., 517: “When any of the matters -enumerated as grounds of demurrer do not appear on the face of the complaint, the objection may be taken by answer.” Where any action is pending for the same cause and between the same parties, which fact does not appear on the face of the complaint, the objection may be taken by answer. Cook v. Cook, 159 N. C., 47; Allen v. Salley, 179 N. C., 147. It is a ground of demurrer, if it appears on the face of the complaint. C. S., 511(3), supra. Defect of parties which does not appear on the face of the complaint must be taken advantage of by answer, otherwise it will be deemed as waived. Lunn v. Shermer, 93 N. C., 164, 167.

O. S., 518: “If objection is not taken either by demurrer or answer the defendant waives the same, except the objection to the jurisdiction of the court, and that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”

The Governor of the State, the Attorney-General and the Auditor, who compose the Pension Board, were diligent and vigilant, as it was their duty to be in the matter, and entitled to commendation.

A case involving very similar facts to this was approved by the Supreme Court of the United States in Secretary et al. v. Chaloner's Executors, 1st Law Ed., 696. The Chief Justice, speaking for the Court in this case, said: “It is an established principle, that the person who first sues and obtains judgment on an official bond is entitled to take the whole of the penalty, if his demand amounts to so much, in exclusion of every other claimant.” And further: “It is a plain principle in equity that whenever a man who had originally a legal remedy impairs it by his own neglect or omission, he shall be postponed to another more vigilant claimant; and that the Legislature entertained the same equitable sentiment may be collected from the relief which they afforded to the sureties of an auctioneer under similar circumstances.” In this case a public auctioneer was indebted to 'various people, including the State, and the Attorney-General instituted a peremptory action in the name of the State and recovered judgment while other creditors waited. This case is quoted with approval and the principle elaborated upon in 260 Pac., 152.

(7) Did the trial judge, in ruling the defendants into trial immediately after issues joined, deny appellant a legal right given it by C. S., 557, amended by chapter 54, Public Laws of 1923, and so declared in Cahoon v. Everton, 187 N. C., 369? Ve think not. This is a summary remedy under C. S., 356. Notice and complaint were filed on defendant, as required by the statute. The statute plainly says, “And the court shall try the same and render judgment at the term when the motion shall be made, but ten days notice in writing of the motion must have been previously given.”

(8) Was there an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial judge in ruling the defendants into trial at the time and under the facts and circumstances then existing? We think not.

The principle is set forth in S. v. Sauls, 190 N. C., at p. 814: “The modern application of the rule has thus been summarized: When the discretion of the trial judge is exercised with a reasonable degree of judicial acumen and fairness, it is one which the higher courts are loath to review or disturb. The mere fact that the case was disposed of with unusual dispatch is not an ear mark of error. The presiding judge must be to a certain extent free to secure a speedy and expeditious trial, when such speed and expedition are not inconsistent with fairness. While it is not necessary, to constitute abuse, that the court shall act wickedly or with intentional unfairness, it is essential to show the commission of a clear or palpable error, without the correction of which manifest injustice will be done. Familiar with all the attendant circumstances, the judge has the best opportunity of forming a correct opinion upon the case presented and has the benefit of a presumption in favor of his action. 16 C. J., 452, sec. 822(2).” Wolf v. Goldstein, 192 N. C., 818.

(9) Did his Honor violate 0. S., 564, and was there error in the evidence admitted and the peremptory instructions given to the jury as to the different amounts recovered under the different surety bonds executed by appellant? We think not.

0. S., 564, is as follows: “No judge, in giving a charge to the petit jury, either in a civil or a criminal action, shall give an opinion whether a fact is fully or sufficiently proven, that being the true office and province of the jury; but he shall state in a plain and correct manner the -evidence given in the case and declare and explain the law arising thereon.”

The matter complained of was a matter of mathematical calculation. There could be no dispute about the amounts. In the court below stating the undisputed amounts, we can see no harm done or prejudicial or reversible error.

In Williams v. Lumber Co., 118 N. C., at p. 935, is the following: “The next exception was that the judge made a calculation ‘as per alleged contract price and handed it to the jury,’ telling them to make their own calculation, that they were not bound by his, that they must find the amount from the evidence, etc., as we have already stated. This seems harmless, and we understand it is frequently done by the judge without prejudice to any one.”

(10) Is appellant liable for twelve per cent interest from the date of the different defalcations on the part of M. W. Gant, or from the time plaintiff demanded payment from the defendant, or from the said M. W. Gant, and refusal to pay on the part of said defendants, or either of them?

The appellees waived the recovery of this 12 per cent from the actual date of each defalcation, and his Honor stated to the jury that “the court is authorized to state that the State in this instance, however, does not demand the 12 per cent from the date of the misapplication, but does demand it from the date of the expiration of each term of office.” This was a concession against the interests of the State and in favor of the defendant bonding company. If the 12 per cent-had been actually calculated upon each voucher as when misapplied, the amount recoverable against the bonding company would have been increased over $5,000.

O. S., 357, immediately following O. S., 356, authorizing this summary remedy on official bonds, declares: “When money received as aforesaid is unlawfully detained by any of said officers, and the same is sued for in any mode whatever, • the plaintiff is entitled to recover, besides the sum detained, damages at the rate of 12 per centum per annum from the time of detention until payment.”

The present Chief Justice, in S. v. Martin, 188 N. C., at p. 122, in a well considered opinion, conclusively settles this question against the contentions of appellant. It is there said: “As against the principal, E. E. Martin, the plaintiffs or relators are entitled to recover, in addition to the several sums found to be detained by him, damages at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from the time of detention until paid. (O. S., 357). . . . If the judgments against the principal for defalcations or misappropriations during any one term, plus damages at the rate of 12 per cent per annum, do not exceed the penalty of the bond given for that term, the relators would be entitled to- collect out of the surety the full amount of their judgments against the principal. But if the bond given for any one term be not sufficient to pay such judgments in full, the pro rata interest of each relator would be determined on the basis of the principal amount recovered plus damages at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from the time of detention by the officer up to date of settlement.”

(11) Can the plaintiff recover of the defendant the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) upon the bond executed by it covering the term of M. W. Gant, which ended 9 October, 1930? We think so.

O. S., 927, supra, is directory and prescribes the penalty of the clerk’s bond of not less than $10,000 and not more than $15,000. The bond given was $25,000. The Surety Company received the premium on the $25,000 bond and is estopped to deny its validity. S. v. Taylor, 72 N. W., 409; U. S. v. Hodson, 10 Wall., 395; 21 R. C. L., sec. 200, p. 1160. C. S., 324 and 327 do not militate against the position here takén. Commissioners v. Magnin, 86 N. C., 286.

“No officer of the government has a right by color of his office to require from any subordinate officer as the condition of his holding his office that he should execute a bond with a condition different from that prescribed by law. That would be not to execute it, but to supersede the requisites of the law.” U. S. v. Tingey, 8 L. Ed., 66.

Gant, tbe clerk, gave tbe bond voluntarily, tbe defendant Surety Company signed it as surety voluntarily. Botb are presumed to know tbe statutes on tbe subject. After receiving these premiums for years, tbe Surety Company cannot now repudiate its solemn obligation and shirk its responsibility.

We see no error in tbe issues submitted by tbe court below. Erskine v. Motor Co., 187 N. C., 826; Greens v. Bechtel, 193 N. C., 94.

Tbe arguments and briefs by tbe able and learned counsel on both sides in this case were elaborate, well prepared and helpful. Tbe case involving so important a matter was thoroughly presented by counsel on botb sides. In going over tbe long record, we find that tbe court below tried tbe case with unusual patience, care and ability. Tbe Surety Company is an insurer in a matter of this kind. It received tbe premiums on these bonds for long years to protect tbe plaintiffs. Tbe Surety Company was paid for tbe liability it assumed, and now must make good tbe breach made by its principal, who has admitted bis liability in tbe sum of $90,519.44. Tbe appeal to this Court is by tbe Surety Company alone. We see nothing in this record which tbe Surety Company can complain of. It has bad its day in court. It demanded a jury trial, they beard tbe defendant's arguments, a fair and impartial charge was given by tbe court below to tbe jury, they have found all tbe issues against tbe Surety Company and in favor of plaintiffs, and rendered a verdict against tbe Surety Company for $66,184.92.

From tbe record we can see no- error in law. Tbe judgment of tbe court below is

Affirmed.  