
    M‘KEEN v. DELANCY’S LESSEE.
    TJiuTer the act ot Ucmisvlvania of ins, v/luoh requires acknowledged0 before a jvset\}{c cooniy where the loen thé’imv' established practice before toaeknowledge ■as7¡cc'Jof0t¡.° ° supreme court of theprovince »L A^undtho’ the act nf iris tborize^sueb'a practice; yet as rt has prevailed sidered os a correct expositute.” 1IC sta' Under the ^e“: veyed lands iu Ues6'and^as recorded in me of those coimpUfica'tkm^ont was good deuce as to the Sands in the .counties.
    ERROR to the circuit court for the district of t>„ ... . • ~ . Pennsylvania, m an action of ejectment.,
    The only question was, whether the exemplification of a deed from Allen to Delaney, could be lawfully rea(l in evidence at the trial.
    This question arose upon the following case :
    William Allen, on the 27th of December, 1771, being seised in fee of the land in controversy, lying *n Northampton county, by deed of bargain and sale of that date, conveyed the same to James Delaney and Margaret his wife, in fee. The deed also conveyed real estate in the counties of Philadelphia and Bucks, and was acknowledged by the bargainor *n t^e °f Philadelphia, on the 7th of December, 1772, before John Lawrence, one of the justices of the supreme court of the province of Pennsylvania, and recorded on the 11th of May, 1773, m the office 0f the recorder of deeds for the city and county of Philadelphia; but not recorded in the county of Northampton, nor in the county of Bucks, nor in any other county in Pennsylvania; offices for recording deeds being established in the said counties Northampton and Bucks, according' to law, from the date of the said deed to the present time. ■
    ' The circuit court admitted the exemplification to read" in evidence; and the verdict and judgment r 1 • 1/ were for the plaintiff below.
    
      Rodney, Attorney-General, for the plaintiff j.n error.
    By-the láws originally agreed upon and adopted by William Penn and his followers, before they-left England, in May, 1682, section 20. (Appendix to Laws of Pennsylvania, p. 4.) it was declared, that “ to prevent frauds and vexations within the said province,” “ all conveyances of. land made in the said province” “ shall be enrolled or registered in the public enrolment-office of the said province, within the space of two months next after" the making thereof, else to be void in law.” Deeds made out of the province were to be enrolled* in like manner within six months.
    This shows that it was the prevailing sentiment among them that means should be taken to prevent clandestine conveyances ; and from'thence'it may be inferred that such was the intention and end of all their laws requiring the enrolment of- deeds.
    By the act of 1683, c. 79. (.Appendix, p. 9.) it is enacted, “ that all deeds of sale, mortgages, settlements, conveyances, (except leases for a year,) shall be declared and acknowledged in open court.”
    In 1688, a temporary law, to continue one year only, confirmed deeds theretofore . made and not properly recorded, and allowed twelve months for recording deeds made out of the province, and six months for those made in the province; otherwise they were to be void. The same act permits the recording-of bills, bonds and specialties, for safe keeping, but expressly declares that such recording is not necessary as to those writings,.
    In 1693 it was ■ enacted that deeds-wére good and valid, although never recorded; and it Ivas declared that no deeds, or other writings shall be required to be recorded; but that such deeds and writings as shall be enrolled, or registered in the Roll's Office, and the exemplification of the records of the same. in all Courts of judicature, shall be allowed" and judged "as valid as the original.
    Then came the act. Of 1715, c. 9. (Laws of. Pennsylvania, p. 78.) the, 1st section of which enacts, “ that there shall be an office of record ii\ each ..county in this province, which shall be called and styled the office for recording-of deeds f and that the recorder “ shall record, in a fair and legible hand, all deeds • and conveyances that shall be brought to him for thaf purpose, according to the true intent and meaning of this act.” The 2d and 3d sections provide that all conveyances of"land in the province '■'■indy be recorded in the said office,” but before the same could be recorded they were to be acknowledged or proved “ before one of the justices of the peace of the proper county or city where the lands lie.”
    
    The 4th section enacts, u that all deeds' and con- ■ veyances made and granted out of this province, and brought hither and recorded in the county where the lands lie, (the execution thereof being’first proved by the oath or affirmation of one or more of the. witnesses thereunto, before one or more of the justices of the -peace of this province,” or before any mayor, &c. of the place where executed, certified, &c.) “ shall be as valid as. if the same had been made, acknowledged or proved in the proper county where the lands lie in this province.”
    1’he 5th section enacts,that all deeds made, or to be made, and proved or ..acknowledged and recorded as aforesaid, which shall appear so to be, by endorsement- made theréon, according to the true intent and- meaning of this act, shall be of the same force and e.ffecthere, for the giving possession .and seisin, and msc|ÍBg good the title and assurance of the said lands, tenements-and hereditaments, as deeds of feoffment -with livery and seisin¿ or deeds • enrolled in any of 'the-king’s courts of record at Westminster, are or shall be ’ in the kingdom of. Great Britain,: and the' copies -or exemplifications of all .deeds so enrolled, being examined' by the recorder, and cer"tifi'ed.. under the seal of the proper office, (which the recorder' or keeper thereof is hereby required to affix thereto;) shall be allówed hi all courts where produced, and are hereby.declared and enacted to be as good evidence, and as valid and effectual in law, as the original deeds'themselves, or ás'bftrgamsr and 3ales enrolled in the said cburtá at Westminster, and copies thereof, can be, and that the same may be showed, pleaded and made Use of accordingly
    The 6th section declares the force and effect of the words- “ grant, bargain and sell ”
    
    The 7th section declares the punishment for forging certificates of acknowledging and recording.
    The 8th section enacts, “ that no deed or mart-: gage, or defeasible deed in the nature of mortgages, hereafter to be made, shall be good or sufficient to convey or pass, any freehold or inheritance, or to grant any estate therein, for life, or years, unless such deed be acknowledged or proved* and recorded Within six months after the date thereof, where such lands lie as herein before directed for. other deeds”
    
    The 9th and 10th sections prescribe' the,mode of acknowledging satisfaction of mortgages.
    The 11th section appoints recorders lor the respective counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester, which were then the only counties in the province.
    . By this act no power was given to a judge -of the supreme court. Indeed, no such court then existed-. The. supreme court was established by the act of May 22, 1722, section 11. but no such power is given thereby to the justices of that court.
    ' - The act ot 1775 expressly gives the power to the justices of .that court, from whence a strong inference is drawn that they had not the power before» The expressions of the second section of that act are, “that all such deeds and conveyances, which shall be made and executed out of this province, after the publication of this act, and acknowledged or proved in manner as directed by the laws heretofore for that ■ purpose made, or proved by one or more of the subscribing witnesses before any supreme judge of this province, shall be recorded,” &C»-1 Tt js clear from this mode of expression, that a deed acknowledged or proved before a supreme judge, was not acknowledged or proved in manner as directed by the laws theretofore for that purpose made. Such an acknowledgment, therefore, prior to the year 1775, was not legal, and did not, under any existing law, authorize the recording of the deed; and the exemplification of a deed from the records, not legally recorded-, cannot be evidence.
    ' This deed was acknowledged before a supreme judge prior to- the year 1775, and not before any justice of peace of the province.
    Again, it is clear from the purview of the aet of 1715, that the proper office for recording deeds of lands, was the office in the county where tl. e lands lie.
    These lauds,lie in Northampton county, l at the deed was recorded only in the office of the county ' of Philadelphia. This objection is as fatal as that respecting the acknowledgment.
    JLervis, contra.
    There was a supreme court in Pennsylvania long before the act of 1715. It is mentioned in the 9th section of the act of March 27, 1713-, c. 3. wh re an appeal from the séntehce of the orphans’ cour ■ is given-to the supreme court.
    1. As to the place of record.
    Part of the lands conveyed by this deed lie in the county of Pennsylvania, in. which county the deed was recorded. • It-was therefore within the strict letter of the law recorded in the county where the lands lie. ,It was not necessary by the act that the deed should be recorded in every county • in which any part of the lands. should lie. It was sufficient if recorded in the county where any part of the lands lie.
    Rut it was not necessary that it should be record* ed in the county where the lands or any' part of tlyem lie.
    . The object of ttieaGt was not nótice but safe keeping of the deeds. It does not require that any deed should be recorded. It was intended merely for the benefit of the grantee, and for that purpose it was immaterial in what public office the deed was recorded. Before the act of 1715, the Roll’s Office in Philadelphia was the only place of record. That act simply provided that there should, be such an office in every county, to which people might with fconvenience resort to put their deeds on record for safe keeping.
    By the 1st section of the law, the recorder in eách county is bound to record all deeds which shall be brought to-him for that purpose, whether, the lands lie within or without the county. “ The said office,” 'in the 2d section, means either of the said offices.' No time is limited within which the deed must' be recorded.
    The whole tenor of the act shows that the purpose of recording was merelv for safe keeping.
    Thus stood the law till the act of 1775 declared, that unless deeds and mortgages should be acknowledged, or proved and recorded, within a certain time, in the counties wher-e the lands lie, such deeds or mortgages should be void as to creditors and subsequent purchasers.
    The provisions of this act show that no such provisions existed before. The evil complained of in the preamble of the act, was the frauds upon creditors and subsequent purchasers by means of secret deeds and mortgages. This evil could not have existed if the object of the act of 1715 was to give notice.
    The object of that' act, therefore, was safe keeping. The recording or the omission to recórd the deed did not affect the title.. It was therefore perfectly immaterial in which of the offices the deed..should be recorded. It was perfectly optional with the grantee whether he would have his deed recorded at all; and if he did choose to have it recorded, it was equally optional with him in which of the offices it should be recorded.
    ¡id. As to the acknowledgment.
    It had .been the cptemporaneous and. uniform practice from the year 1715 to the date of this deed, to acknowledge deeds before a judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. ■ .That practice had never been questioned»- The grantor in the presgnt deed was the chief justice of that court and had been so for 40 years ’before. He 'and the judge who received the acknowledgment must have been perfectly satisfied of the practice, and that it had been unquestioned. Judge Peters, who sat in the trial of this cause in-the. court below, stated, and the whole bar admitted, the-'practice- to be '.so.. No person-could be better acquainted with" this practice - than Judge Peters, whose father was secretary of the. land-office, and who was himself a large landholder.
    There never was a -doubt suggested upon this subject until the present case. If the practice be now decided to be incorrect, it will cut deep into the titles of Pennsylvania.
    Livingston, J. I doubt whether this court can take notice of-such a practice unless it 'be spread upon the record by a bill of exceptions, or found by a special verdict. If we can, and if the practice be so, I think it puts an end to the question.
    
      Lewis. The-evidence of the practice was offered^ not to the' jury as a fact, but to the judge, tó inform him what had been the construction uniformly put upon the law by courts, judges and legislators, and by the whole people of the state.
    Marshall, Ch. J. J. do not know how this1 court can take notice, of it as a practice or custom, without the consent of the parties; but I consider it as an exposition or construction of the law. If decisions of the courts of Pennsylvania had béen made upon the question,'they might be produced. ' If no cases are reported, the court will take other information as to the construction given tQ the law by the courts of. Pennsylvania.
    If such have‘'been the uniform decisions of their courts at the time, as there are no reports of cases, if-the counsel agree as to the construction given by the courts, this court can receive it .as evidence of those decisions. . But if gfentlemen differ in their statements, the court would not be willing to decide as to the credit to be given to the one statement or the other.
    
      Ingersoll, for the plaintiff in error, said he could; not admit any statement’ admitting ‘that it had been’ the practice to admit in. evidence exemplifications of deeds not recorded in the county where the lands lie..
    . Lewis named 27 cases in which, he had been concerned as counsel, and in which such exemplifications' had been used in eviden.ee, and no objection evef taken.
    Marshall,. Ch. J.. That- part • of the' argument may be . omitted for the present, and if the court should not be able to decide the cáse without evidence of. the, practice, we will decide whether we will hear the statements on that subject.
    
      Lewis.' Part of the lands lie iii Philadelphia coun‘ty, where the deed was recorded. An exemplification would be good evidence in a contest respecting those lairds, and if good evidence for one purpose^ it will be good as to'the other.
    
      If the law authorizes a deed to be recorded in a particular office, an exemplification from that office * is good evidence in all cases. It would have been good evidence in an action of covenant upon the deed ; and there can be no difference -in an action of ejectment; Gilb. Ev. 97. 99, 100. 2 Vin. Abr. 598. 12 Fin. 105. 107. 2 Eg. Cas. Abr. 413.
    Ingersoll, in reply.
    The common law did not require any deed to be recorded.- Before the act of 1715, the English register acts, and the acts for enrolment of deeds, were well known in Pennsylvania : and they were for the purpose, of notice. The evil to be remedied was the frequency of clandestine conveyances.
    The 1st section of the act does .not require the recorder to record “ all deeds and conveyances . which shall be'brought to him for that purpose,” but “ aH deeds and ponveyances which shkll be brought to him for' that purpose according to .the true intent and meaning of this actf that is, all deeds and conveyances of land lying in'his county.
    
    The 2d and 3d sections require the acknowledgment or proof to be before one of the justices of the . peace of the proper county 'ór city xoher.e the lands lie. The power to certify acknowledgments was not given to a judge of the supreme court until 1775, when , the express grant of the power was strong evidence that they did not already possess it.
    There is no more reason that a foreign deed should be proved and recorded in the County where the lands lie, than that a domestic deed should be sd proved and. recorded. Yet the 4th section of the act is,explicit with regard-to foreign deeds, that they shall be so proved and recorded; and in order to' show that they meant the same thing in the case of domestic deeds, the legislature say that a foreign deed, so proved and recorded, shall be as valid “ as if the same had been made, acknowledged, or proved, in the proper county where the lands lief thereby intimating, that the acknowledgment or proof in the county where the lands lie, was the proper mode in all other cases.
    The 5th section immediately follows, and declares that all deeds u proved or acknowledged and recorded as aforesaid,” shall transfer the possession, and that exemplifications thereof, shall be evidence.
    Here the words “ as aforesaid” refer to the description last.ahtecedent, that is, in the county where the lands He. Again in the 8th section it is declared, that no mortgage shall be good unless acknowledged or proved and recorded where the lands lie 4< as herein before directed for other deeds.” This expression clearly shows that the, legislature had before directed that other deeds should' be recorded where the lands lie.
    
    They had mentioned before but two other kinds of deeds, viz. foreign and domestic. With regard to foreign deeds they had been as explicit as in- the cáse of mortgages; and if any doubt could be raised as to their expressions relative to domestic deeds, that doubt must be removed by the expressions in the 4th and 8th sections.
   March IT.

Marshall, Ch. J.

delivered the opinion of the court as follows, viz.

This case depends entirely on the acts of the legislature of Pennsylvania, respecting the registering of deeds.

The law -of -Pennsylvania, on this subject, had varied at different times; but as it stood in 1715, when the act passed which must decide this controversy, the recording of a deed was not necessary to its validity; but deeds might be enrolled, and an exemplification was testimony, in all courts.

The act of 1715 established an office of record in each county in ¡(rhích. deeds Were to be recorded, atid disclaréd an exemplification from the, record.to be as good evidence as the original. This act, however, does not make the recording, of a deed essential to. its validitv.

To entitle a deed to be recorded, the act requires that shall be acknowledged' or proved “ before one of the justices of .the peace of the proper county of city where the lands lie.”

In this case the lands lie in different counties ; and the deed was acknowledged before1 John Lawrence, one of the justices of the supreme court of Peunsyl- - vania; and wag recorded in the office for the city and county of Philadelphia,an which a part of the lands lié. The land,/however, for which this suit was brought, lies in.a different county. .

The first ’ question which presents itself in this cause is, was this deed properly proved ?

• 'VVere. this act >of 1715 now, for the first time, to be construed, the opinion of this court would certainly be, that the deed was not regularly proved. A justiée of-the supreme cóürt would not be deemed a justice of the county, and the decision would be, that the . deed was not pioperly proved, and there - fore not legally recorded.

But, in cohstruing the statutes of a átate'on which land titles depend, .infinite mischief would ensue, should this court observe a' different rule from .that which has been long established in the state ; and ifi this casé, the court cannot doubt that the courts o£ Pennsylvania consider, a justice' of the supreme eourt as within ther description of the act.

'It is of some-weight that .this deed was acknowledged by the chief justice, who certainly must have been acquainted • with the construction given to the act, a rid that the acknowledgment was taken before another'judge of the. supreme" court. ■ It is also re-. collected thát the gentlemen of the bar,_ who supported the conveyance, spoke positively' as to the universal understanding of the state, on .this .point, and that those who controverted- the usage ón other points, did not controvert it on this. But what is-decisive with the court is, that the judge who presides in the circuit court for the. district qf Pennsylvania, reports to us that this construction was hniversally received.

On this evidence the court yields, the construction, whidh would be put on the words of the act, to that which the Courts of the state have put on it, and on which many titles may probably depend.

The next question is, was this deed recorded in such ah office as to make the exemplification evidence ?

. Without, reviewing all the arguments which have-been Urged from the bar, of all the sections of the act, it may be sufficient to observe, that this court is satisfied , that, where a single tract .of land is conveyed, the- law requires the deed to be recorded iri the office of the county in which the land lies;. but if several tracts be conveyed, it. appears to this court that neither the letter nor .the spirit of the act requires that the deed should be recorded in each county.

It is material in the construction of this act, that the validity of .the deed is not affected by omitting to record it. Though not recorded, it is still binding to every intent and purpose whatsoever. The only legat effect produced by recording it is its preservation, by making a copy equal to the original.. The principal motive, then, for requiring, that it should., be proved before a justice of the particular county in which the lárfd lies, and recorded in that county, is that which has been assigned at the bar. " It is the additional security given by those provisions, that a deed, never executed, might not .be imposed oh the recorder. This object is as completely obtained by placing the deed on the records of that county iff' which ,c?he of the tracts of land lies, as it could.be if the deed conveyed no. other tract. The verity of the deed is-as completely secured in the one case as in the other.

It appears to the court also to be within the letter of the law. This deed was unquestionably properly admitted fo record in the office of the city and county of Philadelphia. It conveyed lands lying within that city, and county, and, on any construction of the act, might be there recorded. The'act then proceeds to.sáy,‘‘that the copies of all deeds, so enrolled, shall be allowed in all courts where produced,, and are hereby declared and enacted to be as good evidence, and as valid and effectual inlaw, as the original deeds themselves.”

The whole deed, then, is evidence by the letter of the act. The whole is a copy from'the record. If the validity of the conveyance depended on its being recorded in the county where the .land-lies, then a deed might be good as to one tract, and bad as to another. >But the deed is valid, though not recorded;. and the question is, whether the copy is evidence as to every thing it contains. The execution of' the • deed is one entire thing, and is proved so as to admit the instrument to record. The copy, if true in part, is true in the whole ; and if evidence in part,, must, under thekact, and on the general principle that it is the copy of a record, be evidence in the whole.

There is no error in the judgment of the circuit court ¿’and it is affirmed -with costs.-  