
    RENAUD v. ABBOTT.
    ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
    Argued April 7, 8, 1885.
    Decided January 4, 1886.
    A service of citation of a writ of error to a court of a State, made upon the defendant in error in another State by the marshal of the latter State, is an irregularity which can only be taken advantage of by motion to dismiss made promptly, on an appearance limited to that special purpose.
    Upon a writ of error to a State court, the question whether on the death of a party after judgment another party was properly substituted in that court, before the suing out of the writ of error, is a question of practice which the State court has exclusive right to determine, and is not reviewable here.
    This court, upon writ of error to the highest court of a State, takes judicial notice of the law of another State, where by -the local law that court takes judicial notice of it.
    Under Art. IV. section 1 of the Constitution, and § 905 of the Revised Statutes, a judgment recovered in one State against two joint defendants, one of whom has been duly summoned and the other has not, and which is valid and enforceable by the law of that State against the former alone, will support an action against him in another State.
    
      This was an action of debt in the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, on a judgment recovered in a court of Louisiana in •favor of one Wilbur, as syndic for his creditors, on a joint cause of action against Joseph S. Abbott and Edward A. Abbott as copartners. The record in Louisiana showed' that service was made against Joseph S. Abbott alone, and that judgment was entered against, both. The atetion in New Hampshire was •brought against the administrator of Joseph S. Abbott, (who had died), without joining Edward A. Abbott. The plea was mud tied record. Other facts in the case are stated in the opinion of the court, to which reference is made. The case was referred to a referee, whose report of the facts was “reserved and assigned for the consideration of the whole court.”. The whole court held that though the judgment was valid in Louisiana, it was invalid in New Hampshire as “ the record showed in the joint judgment the fatal defect of notice to one only of the defendants,” and gave judgment fo.r defendant. After the entry of judgment, Renaud appeared and by petition informed the Supreme Court of New Hampshire of the decease of Wilbur, and of his own election as syndic in Wilbur’s place, and prayed to be substituted as plaintiff "in Wilbur’s place for the purpose of removing the cause into this court by writ of error, and the writ was allowed in Renaud’s name.
    
      Mr. Assistant Attorney-General Maury for plaintiff in error. Mr. Thomas J. Semmes and Mr. Robert Mott filed a brief for same.
    
      Mr. Samuel C. Eastman for defendant in error. —
    I. There is no Federal question before the court, a. It is true that the Supreme Court of New Hampshire considered and passed upon the effect of a certain judgment of the Fifth District Court of New Orleans, and decided that for want of jurisdiction it was an invalid judgment. Whether the State court made or did not make a mistake as to the particular reason for want of jurisdiction, still if the want of jurisdiction plainly appears from the record there is no Federal question, for the State court could and properly-should have decided as it did. Murdock 
      v. Memphis, 20 Wall. 590; Brown v. Atwell, 92 U. S. 327, 329; Citizens’ Bank v. Board of Liquidation, 98 U. S. 140. b. Plaintiff declare? on a joint judgment against J. S. and E. A. Abbott. No reason is'given for not joining the latter, while it appears that he could have been joined. This could have been taken advantage of by motion in arrest of judgment if judgment had been against defendant. Gilman v. Rives, 10 Pet. 298. Therefore the State judgment should stand, Whether right or wrong.
    II. The Supreme Court of New Hampshire held that a general joint judgment against two non-residents upon default, on service on one only, is void as to both. In this there is no error. To maintain a suit on a judgment in any other State than that where rendered, when there was no appearance, the record must show service on the defendants within the limits of the State whose court is claiming the jurisdiction. Harris v. Hardeman, 14 How. 334; Hart v. Sansom, 110 U. S. 151. There was no service on E. A. Abbott. The judgment as to him is therefore a nullity. D'Arcy v. Ketchum, 11 How. 165 ; Board of Public Works v. Columbia College, 17 Wall. 521; Hall v. Lanning, 91 U. S. 160, 167. The judgment declared oh, being void as to one of the defendants, is void as to both, and cannot be the foundation of an action in any other State. Hall v. Williams, 6 Pick. 232; Holbrook v. Murray, 5 Wend. 161; Richards v. Walters, 12 Johns. 434; Rangely v. Webster, 11 N. H. 299 ; Steel v. Smith, 7 W. & S. 447; Smith v. Smith, 17 Ill. 482; Buffum v. Ramsdell, 55 Maine, 252; Knapp v. Abell, 10 Allen, 485 ; Mackay v. Gordon, 34 N. J. 286; Hanley v. Donoghue, 59 Maryland, 239. These cases are all in State courts. But this court has impliedly adopted the principle. Gilman v. Rives, above cited; Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457. Mere error makes a judgment voidable; want of jurisdiction makes it void, and unavailable for any purpose. Eaton v. Badger, 33 N. H. 228, 237; Carleton v. Washington Ins. Co., 35 N. H. 162; Judkins v. Union Ins. Co., 37 N. H. 470; Conery v. Rotchford, 34 La. Ann. 520; Boswell's Lessee v. Otis, 9 How. 336; Bischoff v. Wethered, 9 Wall. 812; Laurent v. Beelman, 30 La. Ann. 363. This justifies the conclusion of the New Hampshire court. This court has uniformly held that a writ of error, sued out by one of two persons, against whom a joint judgment is rendered, without a summons and severance or equivalent proceeding, must be dismissed. Feibelman v. Packard, 108 U. S. 14. This is the rule of common law. Comyn’s Dig., Pl. 3, B. 9.
    III. A judgment may be valid by the law of a State, and yet the courts of other States are not estopped to examine it as to jurisdictional facts. See Hall v. Lanning, above cited; Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714; Ins. Co. v. Bangs, 103 U. S. 435; St. Clair v. Cox, 106 U. S. 350, 353; Pana v. Bowler, 107 U. S. 529, 545. No court, deriving its authority from another government, will recognize a merely constructive service as bringing a person within the jurisdiction of the court. Hart v. Sansom, cited above.
    IV. The judgment in No. 17,608, called the nullity suit, was only that the record in No. 16,987 as to service could not be contradicted. The Supreme Court of New Hampshire did not contradict this fact by its findings. The only judgment pronounced in the nullity suit was on jurisdictional facts, which can always be examined into. No suit is brought on that judgment. Its validity and effect are therefore not in controversy, and the court might have passed it by without a word. If the first judgment is valid, there is no need of resorting to this to support it. If the first judgment is a nullity, nothing which occurs afterwards will give it vitality. “ The validity of every judgment depends upon the jurisdiction of the court before it is rendered, not upon what may occur subsequently.” Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S., above cited.
   Mr. Justice Matthews

delivered the opinion of the court.

The writ of error in this case was sued out and allowed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, on June 13, 1882, returnable to October Term, 1882, of this court. The transcript of the record was filed here July 14, 1882, and the defendant in error entered his appearance, through counsel, on July 28, 1882, which, though special in terms, was not limited to any particular purpose.

At October Term, 1883, a motion was filed to dismiss the cause on two grounds1,-because the .citation had been served on the defendant in error in Massachusetts by the marshal of that district; and, 2, because the present plaintiff in error,had been improperly substituted as successor to the plaintiff in the judgment sought to be reviewed. This motion to dismiss, although submitted to the court at that term, was postponed until the hearing on the merits. So far as the first ground is involved it comes too late. The alleged irregularity in the ser- • vice of the citation could, at any rate, only have been taken advantage of by a motion to dismiss, made promptly ,on an appearance limited to that special purpose, and was cured by such an appearance as was entered in this case. United States v. Yates, 6 How. 606, 608; Buckingham v. McLean, 13 How. 150.

The judgment sought to be reviewed was rendered in favor of the defendant, in a suit brought by Isaac L. Wilbur upon a judgment rendered in his favor, as syndic of his creditors under the laws of Louisiana, in the Fifth District Court of New Orleans, in that State. Wilbur having died in July, 1881, after the judgment against him in the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, William H. Henaud thereupon, on June 12, 1882, on his petition, showing that he had been appointed under the laws of Louisiana to succeed Wilbur as syndic of his creditors, was substituted as plaintiff in the judgment, and allowed to prosecute a writ of error to this court. It was the province of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire to permit this substitution, and its action in doing so is not open to objection by the defendant in error in this court. We receive the transcript of the record in the cause as it is certified to us by that court, in answer to the precept of the writ of error allowed and issued to that end. When brought here it is open to examination only for the purpose of deciding whether it contains a Federal question within our jurisdiction, and .if so, whether there is , error in the decision of that question by the Supreme Court of the State. Whether the present plaintiff in error ought to have been substituted for the deceased plaintiff in the judgment to be reviewed was a question of practice under the laws of New Hampshire, which the Supreme Court of that State had. the exclusive right to determine. It is not open to any inquiry on our part under the present writ.

The action was in debt brought by Wilbur upon a judgment alleged to have .been recovered by him in the Fifth District Court of the City of New Orleans, in the State of Louisiana, against Joseph S. Abbott, then in full life, and one Edward A, Abbott, for the sum of $23,383.69, with interest thereon from November 1,1862, as damages in a certain cause then pending in said court between the said plaintiff and the said Joseph S. Abbott and Edward A. Abbott, as copartners under the name of J. S. & E. A. Abbott, and for costs of suit. . Edward A. Abbott, as administrator-of Joseph S. Abbott, alone was sued. The plea was nul Uel record.

The plaintiff offered in evidence á duly certified transcript of the record of the judgment sued on. From that it appeared that the citation and copy of the petition were returned by the sheriff, served on J. S. Abbott, one of the defendants, personally, on December 28, 1866. No service on the other defendant appears to have been made. Judgment was afterwards entered therein as follows :

"I. L. Wilbur, Syndic, &c., vs. J. L. & E. A. Abbott. No.
“ On motion of E. C. Mix, of counsel for plaintiff, and on introducing due proof of the claim of said plaintiff—
“ It is ordered and adjudged that the default herein entered •on the eleventh of January, 1867, be now confirmed and made final, and that plaintiff, I. L. Wilbur, in his capacity as syndic of his creditors and of the creditors of Wilbur and Borge, recover of the defendants, Joseph S. and .Edward" A. Abbott, who reside in Concord, in the State of New Hampshire, are commercial partners there doing business under the style and firm of J. S. & E. A. Abbott, in solido, the sum of twenty-three thousand three hundred and eighty-three TVT dollars, with legal interest from the first of November, 1862, until paid, and costs of suit.
“Judgment rendered 19th January, 1867. Signed 24th January, 1867.
(Signed) Chas. Beaumont, Judge."

The defendant objected'to this transcript as evidence on the ground that the record disclosed a judgment that was void, because it was a joint judgment against two with service [of] process upon one only.

But the plaintiff supplemented the.proof by offering in. evidence the transcript of another judgment rendered in the same court, in a proceeding numbered 17,608, in which Joseph S. Abbott and Edward A. Abbott were plaintiffs and the said Isaac L. Wilbur was defendant, being a suit in which the plaintiffs sought to obtain a decree of nullity of the judgment against them in the former action numbered 16,987.

The petition in this suit of nullity set forth the judgment it sought to annul, recited the proceedings in which it was rendered, and averred “ that no service of a copy of the petition or citation in said suit was ever made on them, either individually or collectively, personally or otherwise,” and “ that the return of the sheriff that personal service of a copy of the petition and citation was made on J. 8. Abbott, one of your petitioners-and defendant in said suit, is not true.” The prayer was that, for this reason, the said judgment be declared to be absolutely null and void and of no effect.

To this petition Wilbur, the defendant-therein, answered.as follows:

“ Now comes the defendant, I. L. Wilbur, syndic, &c., of his creditors and the creditors of Wilbur & Oo., Wilbur & Arnot, and Wilbur ■ & Borge, and for answer to the petition of the plaintiffs denies all and singular the allegations therein contained, and avers that the judgment in suit No. 16,987 on the docket of this court, sought to be annulled, is a valid judgment rendered on citation of proper parties, and cannot be impeached.
“This respondent further pleads that the plaintiffs have .judicially admitted that they were properly cited in said suit No. 16,987, and are estopped to deny citation in said suit for this: That said plaintiffs after the institution of said suit against them in this court, and after judgment rendered in • said suit No. 16,987, did institute a suit in the Third District Court of New Orleans against Frank Borge, as a partner of •the firm of Wilbur & Borge, said suit being entitled J. S. & E. A. Abbott vs. Frank' Borge, and numbered 21,376 on the , docket of said Third District Court, and the said Frank Borge, to protect himself as a partner, as aforesaid, from • the unjust demand of the plaintiffs, set up and made in said suit in the Third District Court a reconventional claim or demand against the plaintiffs for the matters and things, and for the same, cause '•of action which'constituted the basis of the judgment now sought to be annulled, and this respondent intervened and made himself, as syndic, a party to said reconventional demand, and the said plaintiffs in this suit and the plaintiffs in said suit No. 21,376, in the Third District Court aforesaid, being the same parties, did, for the purpose of defeating and causing the dismissal of ¿aid reconventional demand in the ' Third District Court aforesaid, plead to the same the judgment aforesaid rendered against them by this court in said suit No.' 16,987, now sought to ,be annulled, and set the same up and made use thereof as a defence to said reconventional demand, as in the nature of a plea of lis pendens, and the said Third District Court recognized said plea of lis pendens, and refused to hear any evidence as to the reconventional demand of said Borge as partner, as aforesaid, and dismissed the same, and gave judgment in favor of plaintiffs for their original demand.
“ Wherefore this respondent avers that plaintiffs, having used the said suit No. 16,987 and the judgment therein rendered in manner aforesaid, are precluded from alleging/that no such suit was pending and no such judgment was "rendered, as in point of law there is no suit and no judgment without citation, and hence respondent avers that plaintiffs have judicially confessed they were parties defendants to said suit No. 16,987, and to the judgment therein rendered, and that said suit and judgment were valid.”

This action of nullity resulted in a judgment, signed May 7, 1868, as follows : “ This cause came on to-day for trial, when, after hearing pleadings, evidence, and counsel, and for the reasons orally assigned, it is adjudged , and decreed that this suit be dismissed, with judgment in favor of defendant, I. L. Wilbur.” From this judgment a devolutive appeal was granted ■ and taken to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, by which court it was affirmed for reasons set out in an opinion forming part of the record put in evidence in the present case, and thus embodied in the record before us. The 'following extract from that opinion sufficiently shows the ground of the judgment:

“ Returning to the facts of this case, we find the plaintiffs in the Third District Court defeating a large demand of defendant by the plea that there was then pending in the Fifth _ District Court a suit against them for the same demand by the' same party. They thus declared judicially that they had been cited in the Fifth District Court, and they madé this assertion to their own benefit and to the injury of the opposite party, and they cannot be heard now to say that their assertion was false, and that the person on whom service of citation was made was not of the commercial firm.” Abbott v. Wilbur, 22 La. Ann. 368.

There was no evidence in the present case, except the foregoing two transcripts, and it is upon them that the questions of law, decided by the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, have arisen.

That court, whose opinion is certified to.us in the record, in affirming the judgment of the court of original jurisdiction in New Hampshire in favor of the defendant, proceeded on the ground that, by the common law in force in New Hampshire, a joint judgment against two defendants is void as. to both where only one is served with process, and, although valid by the law of Louisiana where it was rendered, can have no other effect when sued on in New Hampshire than if it had been rendered in the latter State. This court, upon writ of error to the highest court of a State, does not take judicial notice of the law of another State, not proved in that court and made part of the record sent up, unless by the local law that court takes judicial notice of it. Hanley v. Donoghue, ante, 1. But the Supreme Court of New Hampshire took judicial notice, and rightfully, we are bound to assume, under the law and practice of that State, of the law of Louisiana on the point, citing Article 182 of the Code of Practice of 1853, as follows: “ Nevertheless, if the defendants are husband and wife, or ■minors interdicted, or absent persons having the same curator, or persons " represented by the same attorney in fact, or' partners of the same firm or members of the same corporation, it will be sufficient to deliver one citation and one single copy of the petition to the person representing such defendants.” It thereupon says: “This statute sustains the plaintiffs’ contention on-this point, and shows that the judgment on which thfe suit is brought is valid in Louisiana. But it is nevertheless invalid in New Hampshire because it is invalid by New Hampshire law ; would be invalid if it had been rendered in New Hampshire, and because the Constitution and laws gave it no more force or effect than it would have if it had been rendered here.”

So the judgment' in the action of nullity, in which both the Abbotts were actors and by which they were both bound, is a direct adjudication by the Supreme Court of Louisiana that the original judgment now sued on, although process was served upon one defendant only, was a valid judgment by the laws of that State. And on the point of the estoppel, based on the judgment in the action of nullity, the Supreme Court of New Hampshire said : “ The res adjudieata ir the Louisiana decision that these defendants asserted that the first judgment was valid in Louisiana by the law of that State, and were by Louisiana law estopped to assert the contrary. The defendants do not now assert the contrary. They assert that if in Louisiana, by the law of that State, the first judgment is valid, with notice given to one of the defendants, it is not valid here, and that if they are estopped to assert that it is invalid in Louisiana upon the law of Louisiana, they are not estopped to assert that it is invalid in New Hampshire by the law of New Hampshire.”

But the act of Congress, of May 26, 1790, ch. 11, 1 Stat. 122, now § 905 of the Revised Statutes, passed in pursuance of the express authority of the first section of the fourth article of the Constitution of the United States, prescribes the manner in which the records and judicial proceedings of the courts of any State , shall be authenticated and proved, and enacts that “the said records and judicial proceedings so authenticated shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court witliin the United States as they have by law or usage in the • courts of the State from which they are taken.” In Hanley v. Donoghue, ubi supra, it was said: “ By the settled construction of these provisions of the Constitution and statutes of the United States a judgment of a State court, in a cause within its jurisdiction and against a defendant lawfully summoned, or against-lawfully attached property of an absent defendant, is entitled to as much force and effect against the person summoned or the property attached, when the question is presented for decision in a court of another State, as it has in the State in which it was rendered.”

The act of Congress has been restricted in its application by a series of decisions of-this court to judgments of State courts, when they had jurisdiction .of the cause and of the parties; and in actions brought, on such judgments in other States, it has always been held that it .was open to a defendant, whether sued alone or jointly with others, to show by jalea and proof that he had not been served with process or had not voluntarily appeared. D'Arcy v. Ketchum, 11 How. 165 ; Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457; Knowles v. Gas-light and Coke Co., 19 Wall. 58; Hall v. Lanning, 91 U. S. 160. On the other hand, it has never been denied, that, as was said in Hanley v. Donoghue, ubi supra, “ It is within the power of the legislature of a State to enact that judgments which shall be rendered in its courts in actions against joint defendants, one of whom has not been duly served with process,, shall be valid as to those who have been so served, or who have appeared in the action.” In Hall v. Lanning, ubi supra, it was said: “Yarious effects and consequences are attributed to such judgments in the States in which they are rendered. They are generally held to bind the common property of the joint debtors, as well as the sepa ate property of those served with process, when such property is situated in the State, but not the separate property of those not served; and whilst they are binding personally on the former, they are regardéd as either not personally binding at all, or only prima, facie binding on the latter.”

It is not material in the present case to inquire into or to know what effect the laws of Louisiana purport to give to the judgment sued on in respect to Edward A, Abbott, one of the defendants not served with process and who did not appear in the action, because he is not sued in the present action. If he had been joined in this action, the record itself showing that he was not subject to the jurisdiction of the court rendering . the judgment, his defence would have been apparent and perfect ; and the judgment in the action of nullity might perhaps be restrained as an estoppel, to prevent him only from asserting the invalidity of the judgment, to the extent and for the purposes merely for which he had used and .enforced it judicially in Louisiana. However that may be, it is not and cannot be denied that the judgment in Louisiana here sued on is effective and conclusive as a personal obligation against Joseph S. Abbott, who was within the jurisdiction of the court by personal service of process, and enforceable within that State against him severally, notwithstanding it was a joint judgment against two, of whom he alone was served. The same effect should have been given to it when the administrator of Joseph S. Abbott was sued upon it in New Hampshire, for such is the requirement of the act of Congress. The principle which protects a person against the operation of 'judicial proceedings to which he is not a party is one of universal jurisprudence, because it is the dictate of common justice. Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714. But the rule that exonerates .a defendant actually served with process from the obligation of a judgment, because rendered also against another who has not been served, and therefore is not' bound, is purely technical, and when by the local law, according to which such a judgment has been rendered, a different rule has been established, which enforces the personal obligation of the defendant who has been served or who has áppeared in the action, the act of Congress requires that the same effect shall be given to it in every other State in which it may be sued on, whatever' may be the rule that there prevails in respect to its domestic judgments. .Such was the ground of decision in Burt v. Delano, 4 Cliff. 611, 618, and in Stockwell v. McCracken, 109 Mass. 84, as well as in the case of Hanley v. Donoghue, already referred to.

The judgment of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire is reversed, and the cause is remanded, with instructions to to take such further proceedings therein as are not mcon~ sistent with this opinion.  