
    STAHL v. WILLIAMS.
    (Circuit Court, D. Connecticut.
    November 2, 1894.)
    No. 708.
    1. Patents — Invention—-Sales as Evidence oe Utility.
    The fact of extensive sales is entitled to greater weight as evidence of utility and invention when the article is of a hind (in this instance, an egg incubator) which purchasers are not likely to be induced to buy by reason of alluring trade-marks, attractive finish, or the energy of traveling salesmen.
    
      2, Same — Construction oe Patent.
    That a device shows a marked advance in utility over all previous devices, and goes at once into extensive use, is sufficient to bring it within the rule that where a number of persons have been engaged in repeated, but unsuccessful, efforts to accomplish a certain result, and one of them finally succeeds in devising the necessary means, the courts will not he inclined to adopt such a narrow construction of his patent as would be fatal to the validity thereof.
    8. Same — Infringement—Equivalents—Incubators.
    Where ilie object was to cause the water entering the heating tank of an incubator to flow along the sides thereof, when first entering, and while at its highest temperature, thus causing an equal distribution of heat, held, that rhe use of pipes to conduct the water along the sides was the equivalent of partitions running through the tank, and accomplishing the same purpose.
    4. Same.
    The Stahl patent, No. 368,249, for improvements in incubators, construed as to the third claim, and the same held valid and infringed,
    b. Same.
    The Halstead patent, No. 258,295, for improvements in incubators, construed, and held not infringed as lo claims 6 and 7.
    Tins was a suit by George II. Stahl against Albert F. Williams for infringement of certain patents for improvements in incubators. A preliminary injunction was heretofore denied. 52 Fed. 618.
    John J. Jennings, for complainant.
    Mitchell, Hungerford & Bartlett, for defendant.
   TOWNSEND, District Judge.

In the hearing on this bill in equity for alleged infringement of various patents, complainant relied upon the third claim of letters patent No. 368,249, granted to him August 16, 1887, and upon the sixth and seventh claims of letters patent No. 258,295 granted May 23, 1882, to Augustus M. Halstead, and assigned to him; both of said patents being for improvements in incubators. The defendant contends, as to each of the patents in suit, that the state of the art requires such a limited construction that it does not include the form of incubator manufactured by him. A motion for a preliminary injunction was heard, and was denied. 52 Fed. 648.

The object sought to be attained, as stated by 'the patentee, was the provision of a greater amount of heat at the sides of the interior of the incubator. This was accomplished by the use of two vertical partitions extending inwardly from one end almost to the other of said hot-water tank near its opposite sides, so arranged that the water, when at its highest temperature, entering the tank near the outer walls of the apparatus, would flow longitudinally along the outer sides of the tank, and return through its middle to the heater, thus equalizing the temperature. Said third claim is as follows:

“In an incubator, as a means of uniformly beating its interior chamber, tlie flat tank overlying said chamber, and provided with the two partitions extending from one end nearly to the other on opposite sides of its middle, in combination with the external heating vessel, the two xjipes, as, leading from its top into opposite sides of the tank outside of the partitions, and the return pipe, a*, located at the same end of the tank, and extending from a point between the partitions to the base of the heater, whereby the hot water is delivered in two currents along the sides of the tank, and returned through its middle to the heater.”

In order to determine the construction to be put upon this claim, it will he necessary to examine the state of the prior art. Patent No. 245,121, granted to Edward E. Bishop, August 2,1881, shows partitions. The patentee states that they are designed to make the water flow evenly over the entire surface of the tank. The main partition extends from one end along the center of the tank, and has a branch running at right angles on one side. The heated water is not thereby first conducted to the sides of the tank, but it enters by a pipe at one end of the tank, near its center, and passes around the other end, and back to a discharge pipe, its flow being directed towards the outer side and portion of the end near said discharge pipe by said branch partition. It also shows a hot-water pipe extending outside and around the tank for the purpose of keeping the air space around said tank and the egg chamber at a suitable temperature. Patent No. 296,413, granted April 8,1884, to Frank Humphreville, shows no heating pipes, but various partitions, which are designed to cause the water to circulate- from the center of one end of the tank along said end, the two sides, the further end, and then over the remaining surface of the tank to a discharge pipe at said further end. There is no proof that this apparatus was capable of successful operation. Patent No. 349,749, granted September 28,1886, to Frank Bosebrook, shows partitions similar to those shown in the Humphreville patent, but less complex in construction. It also shows hot-water pipes outside of said lank. Tlie.se three patents were cited by the patent office as anticipations of the third claim as originally made. Thereupon the patentee inserted the following disclaimer:

“I am aware that heating pipes have been variously arranged to main-lain a uniform temperature in an incubator; but a flat tank with partitions, such as herein shown and described, has been found to give the; result desired in a more satisfactory maimer, and at a loss cost.”

Much reliance is placed by defendant upon the language of this disclaimer. I think, however, in view of the Bishop and Kosebrook patents, that it should not be construed as an admission that pipes extending through the tank for maintaining a uniform temperature are old, hut may fairly be limited to the class of pipes referred to in said patents, namely, those located outside the hot-water tank. The other patents retied on to show that: heating pipes have been used in the tank itself were not referred to as anticipations. The applicant, therefore, had no occasion, on that account, to insert a disclaimer as to them.

Batenl Xo. 193,490, granted July 24, 1877, to Thomas M. Davis, shows three curved delivery pipes extending into the tank from the end nearest the heater towards the opposite sides.

It is contended in support of the validity of the patent in suit that the prior patents herein before considered and claimed as anticipations were mere paper patents, and that it does not appear that any of them were capable of practical successful operation. Raid prior patents are also the property of the complainant, and are included in the bill. That the device of the patent in suit marked an advance beyond a!!, pievious devices is evident. Its utility is established by undisputed testimony. The sales of complainant’s incubators, since the adoption of the improvement herein claimed, have increased from 309 to 10,000 or 12,000 per annum. It is claimed that the number of incubators containing this heater is greater than that of all the other makes combined. X «un inclined to give greater weight to (he evidence of utility, because it is not open to the objection suggested in Duer v. Lock Co., 149 U. S. 216, 223, 13 Sup. Ct. 850. The class of persons who use incubators are not likely to be induced to buy by reason of an alluring trade-mark, attractive' finish, or the energy of the traveling salesman. The rival incubators are operated sub1 by side at the country fair, and the practical farmer may count the eggs and hatching chickens, and reduce the question of comparative utility to a mere mathematical exercise.

Again, the question of utility is one not of a theory, but of a condition. Theoretically it might seem as though the partitions of iiosebrook or the pipes of Davis must produce equally perfect distribution of heat, throughout the chamber, but the complainant, responding to the public demand for the better results accomplished by the device of the patent in suit, is forced to discard the other partitions and pipes; and (he defendant has not seen fit to imitate them in his device. This patent seems to fall within the settled rule that where a number of persons have all been engaged in repeated, but unsuccessful, efforts to accomplish a certain result, and one of them finally succeeds In devising the necessary means, and secures a patent therefor, the courts will not he inclined to adopt such a narrow construction as would be fatal to the validity of such patent. Manufacturing Co. v. Adams, 151 U. S. 139, 145, 14 Sup. Ct. 295; The Barbed-Wire Patent, 143 U. S. 275, 283, 12 Sup. Ct. 443, 450. The defendant’s incubator shows the two delivery pipes extending into the tank from the end nearest the heater, parallel to the sides of the tank, and nearly to the further end, and a discharge pipe at the end nearest the heater. The question presented is whether this construction is equivalent to that embraced within the third claim of the patent. It is urged that the pipes in defendant’s device do not extend from the top to the bottom of the tank, so as to divide the water on their opposite sides; that they do not deliver the water, when at its highest temperature^ along the opposite sides of the tank; and that they do not operate to cause currents of water to flow along the opposite sides of the tank and to return through the middle. But assuming that these statements are correct, it does not necessarily follow that the pipes of defendant’s device are not the mechanical equivalents of complainant’s partitions. The question is whether they perform the functions covered by the patent in suit in substantially the same way to obtain the same result. If the pipes cannot be considered as partitions, within the meaning of the claim, yet they serve to divide and confine such water as is received within the tank, and to cause it to flow, when at its highest temperature, parallel to the opposite sides of the tank. That some of the water flowing from the heater may not pass through the middle of the tank, seems immaterial. In each the outlet is so located that the main current must flow substantially through the center of the tank. The difference in flow of the water is only trifling and incidental. Each device secures the same result by the same operation. In each the current of hot water is, by means of conduits which serve to partition off or keep apart said current from the main body of water, introduced or delivered, as stated in the specification, "when at its highest temperature, near the outer wall® of the body, so that the heat is distributed and the temperature equalized within the apparatus in a satisfactory manner.” The patentee says he describes the invention “without limiting myself to the precise construction and arrangement of parts shown.” It is evident from the language used by the patentee that the function to be accomplished by the channels or partitions of the patent in suit was not necessarily to heat the sides of the tank, but, as is clearly stated by the expert for complainant, "to distribute the heat within the incubating chamber of the apparatus in such a manner as to equalize the same therein; and this is accomplished by warming the sides of the interior of the incubating chamber, where the heat is more quickly absorbed than at the center, to a greater degree than at the center.” Inasmuch as this function is accomplished by the device of defendant in substantially the same way, I think it infringes the third claim of said patent.

After an examination and independent consideration of the case presented under the sixth and seventh claims of letters patent Eo. 238,295, granted May 23, 1882, to Augustus M. Halstead, I see no reason to modify the views expressed at the hearing on the motion for a preliminary injunction. Said claims are as follows: ,

“6. In an egg-holding tray, the combination, with the wires or cross bars, of a web of muslin or similar material on which the eggs rest, and which is movable, so- as to turn the eggs, substantially as set forth.
‘•(7.) The combination, in an egg holding and turning tray, of cross wires or bars, a web, and a roller upon which the web may be wound, substantially as set forth."

The specification and drawings are limited to a construction in which the eggs lie between cross wires and are supported by a netting. Where the web covered by the claims in suit is employed, it is described and shown as passing around the netting and below the cross wires. Rollers on which the eggs rest are disclaimed. In the defendant’s device there is no netting: the web passes around and above the rollers; the eggs are supported by the rollers, and the web is used to turn the eggs. The defendant’s construction, therefore, does not infringe said claim. The prior art shows several constructions embodying the principles involved in the operation of defendant’s device. Let a decree be entered for an injunction and an accounting upon the third claim of patent No. 368,249.  