
    Oliver O’Hara and others, Appellants, v. The United States, Appellees.
    A claim for land in East Florida, granted by Governor White to Daniel O’Hara, rejected by the Superior Court of East Florida, and the decree of that Court affirmed.
    Governor White, on the petition of Daniel O’Hara, soliciting a grant of fifteen thousand acres, made a decree granting “ the lands solicited” “ at the place indicated,” “in conformity with the number of workers which he may have to cultivate them, the corresponding number of acres may be surveyed it) him,” “ and that he will take possession of said land in six months from the date of the grant.” ' Held, that this is a decree not granting fifteen thousand aces as asked for; but so much at the place where it is asked for as shall be surveyed in conformity with the number of workers the grantee may have to cultivate the land; the quantity could be determined by the regulation of the Governor, made .the month after the grant, and determining the quantity of land to be surveyed accerding to the number of persons in the family of the grantee, slaves included. That the grant was made before the date of the regulation, makes no difference.
    No settlement was made on the lands claimed under the grant. The building of a house on the land, is but evidence of an intention to. make a settlement, but was not p settlement; which required the removal of persons or workers to the land, and cultivating it.
    No claim for the land can be sustained under a grant, or confirmation of a prior grant, made by e decree of Governor Coppinger in 1819, as the same was substantially a violation of the treaty with Spain, which confirms only grants made before the 34th January, 1819. The prior grant to O’Hara having become void by the nonperformance of the conditions annexed to it, the decree of Governor Coppinger in 1818, was an attempt to make a new grant.
    If the grant were not void from the non-performance of the conditions..of settlement annexed to it, the omission to have the land surveyed and returned to the proper office, would make it void, unless the grantee had made a settlement; in which event, a survey would be presumed. The grant was made in the “ district of Nassau,” &c.; this was an indefinite description of the land ; as was held in Buyck v. The United States, decided at this term.
    ON appeal from the Superior Court of East Florida.
    In the Superior Court of East Florida, Oliver O’Hara, for himself and for the other heirs of Daniel O’Hara, presented a petition praying for the confirmation of a grant of fifteen thousand acres of land made by Henry White, then the Spanish Governor of East Florida, on the 5th of September, 1803, to Daniel O’Hara, the father of, the petitioners; and which was alleged to have been confirmed on the 3d of September, 1818, by the Spanish Governor Coppinger.
    The grant; and the proceedings on the same are fully stated in the opinion of the Court.
    Mr. Downing appeared as counsel for the appellants.
    Mr. Gilpin, for the United States,
    contended :
    The evidence of this grant isi a certificate of Tomas de Aguilar, in the form of that commented upon in the case of The United States v.. Wiggins, 14 Peters, 345. If this document be regarded as sufficient to establish the fact, that such a concession was actually made by Governor White;' still there is no proof either of possession, or survey, or citizenship of the claimant; all of which were necessary to perfect a grant in Florida, to any quantity, of land whatever.
    The memorial of the claimant to Governor White, is dated the 3d September, 1803. He says that he has but lately become an inhabitant of the province, 'and that he “ intends to settle” there. Two days afterwards he receives this grant, and on the samé day leaves the province, to which, so far as the record shows, he never ¡returned. Early in June, 1804, -nine months subsequent to the concession, an agent at' St. Augustine writes to him, ás the record shows, urging him.to “take p'ssession of his lands” which he had not then done. On the 20th of June, in the same year, we have the decree of the District Court of the United States at Savannah, in an admiralty proceeding, where the claimant is a party. This shows that the brig Chance, being bound a regular voyage from Jamaica to South Carolina with some negroes on board, had been captured by a French privateer and recaptured by a British cruiser, and subsequently ransomed by the claimant. It is alleged that these negroes were the property of the claimant, who intended to place them on the tract lately granted to him in Florida; but no evidence of such intention is given; and if it existed it never was carried into effect, although the decree of the Court of Admiralty was.in his favour A witness, Francis Marien, was produced to prove that, soon after the grant, the claimant attempted a settlement; but it appears from his cross examination, that he knew only,“ from general information, that lands were granted to the claimant in Ea§t Florida; that the claimant informed him he had engaged a carpenter; and that the carpenter told him he was employed for the purpose of building a house;” there is no evidence whatever of such a house being commenced or built. From this time, until August, 1821, after the actual cession of the Floridas, :thére. is no evidence of an attempt by the claimant at settlement and possession; in a letter then written to him from St. Augustine it is said that “ endeavours will be used to put a family on hjs lands at Nassau, to begin a settlement and take possession, which is very necessary should be done.” That it was done,, then, or subsequently; is neither asserted nor proved. It is clear, therefore, that át"no time did the" claimant occupy or settle <m the land alleged to be granted to him.
    . Nor ,wa's it ever surveyed so as to perfect the grant. The survey, by the, authorized public surveyor, wa.s an essential requisite to every grant under the Spanish land laws.-2,White’s New Réc. 230. 238,. 278. ' The order of survey accompanied or shortly followed the concession. None such is produced with this grant. Parol testimony, taken after this suit began, was introduced to establish, if possible, a survey in 1811; but the survey, if made, is not produced, nor is there any evidence that it was so made by the direction of any competent authority. In March ,1819, after the date of the treaty ceding the Floridas to the United States, a survey was made. It is that now relied on by the claimant. It was not only made without any authority, but when an order for a survey was solicited from Governor Coppinger, it was refused. Had the order been then granted, the survey would have been illegal, as was ruled by this Court, in the case of The United States v. Clarke, 8 Peters, 468; but, só fax' from being granted, it. was explicitly refused.'
    Spanish citizenship was an indispensable requisite to the validity of.a grant. The oath of allegiance was required as a primary condition. 2 White’s New Rec. 232.277. In a despatch of Governor White" to the Marquis of Someruelos, 2 White’s. New Rec'. 258. 250, he comments, in strong language, oh the course pursited by persons who came into the province, hastily took the oath of allegiance, and immediately left it.. He declares such a proceeding to be an abandonment of the land granted to them. The evidence in this case shows. such a proceeding on the part of the claimant. In the admiralty suit at Savannah, he declared himself to be, in June, 1804, a citizen of the United States. He always resided there; never in Florida. Was not this clearly an abandonment of any privileges he might have obtained by a short and temporary residence in Florida in 1803?
    But if the grant had béeri perfected by survey and possession, what was its character ? The claimant urges that it wus a grant to him of fifteen thousand acres of land, .and he asks to be confirmed in' such a grant. But what says the .concession of Governor White, on which he relies ? It permits him to occupy lands, at the place indicated, “until the time when, in conformity, to the number of workmen whom he may have to cultivate them, the corresponding number of acres may be surveyed to him;” and it requires that he shall “ take possession of the said land within 'the term of six months from the date” of the concession. The grant was thus conditional, altogether, on the fact of possession within six months; the evidence is clear ihat there was' no possession whatever, at any time. But had he taken possession, the quantity granted still remained conditional; it depended on the number of workers, áccording to the regulations which'were ' freely' discussed and passed upon by this Court, in the case of The .United States v. Wiggins, 14 Peters; 341.351. Where thére were' no workers, there could not be “ a corresponding number of acres surveyed” to the grantee. By his failure'to introduce them, he abandoned his grant; it became “of no value or effect, and should be considered as not made,” 2 White’s New Rec. 284. The argument, that it was revived by Governor Coppinger, in 1819, cannot be maintained. If it had been so revived, it would be subject to the original terms of settlement and cultivation by a proportionate number of workers, which have, never been complied with to this day. But it was not so revived, and could not be. When the’ claimant applied to Governor Coppinger for an order of survey under the original grant, the endorsement of the Governor was, “ not .admitted.” Had it been admitted, it would have been a violation,of the eighth article of the treaty, 6 Laws of United States, 618; 2 White’s New Rec. 210, which declared all grants made since the 24th January, 1818, void; for such an act of Governor Coppinger would have been clearly a new grant, subsequent to that day, the former one, of .1803,. having become totally void by the conduct of the grantee himself.
   Mr. Justice Wayne

delivered the opinion of the Court.

Appeal from the Superior Court of East Florida.

The appellants are the heirs of Daniel O’Hara, and they claim the lánd in controversy, in virtue of an alleged grant, dated the 5th of September, 1803.

The grant was adjudged in the Court below, not valid.

The memorial for the grant; order of Governor White, to the commandant of engineers, to report upon it; the report of that oSicer; and the decree of the Governor; are as follow:

His Excellency the Governor:

...Don Daniel O’Hara, lately admitted, an inhabitant of this province, under the protection of his Catholic Majesty, with due respect, represents. to your excellency, that intending to settle in this province with a considerable property and his large family, after having ascertained that all, or the greatest-number of all those who had petitioned for lands, have solicited to have, them located in the southern district, in the vicinity of Musquito river, and. after haying consulted many neighbours in reference to vacant lands, as has no wish to enter into disagreeable litigation with.other petitioners, or to injure them in any way, he begs of your excellency, be pleased'to grant him fifteen thousand acres of land out of those lands which are vacant between the' rivers ■St. John and St. Marys, in the place called Nassau, and in case the .said vacant lands do not comprehend the number of acres he solicits, he begs your excellency to have the goodness, when the survey will take place, to grant him the deficiency on the river St. Marys, and he obligates himself .to take possession of the said lands within the term of six months; which favour, he doubts not, he will receive from the noble munificence of your excellency'

Daniel O’Hara.

Si. Augustine of Florida, third of September, one thousand •eight hundred and three.

DECREE.

St. Jlugustine, 3d September, 1803. Let the commandant engineer inform on the subject. . White.

Having taken cognisance of the petition, and in obedience to ■the preceding decree, I represent to your excellency, that the culture of the lands solicited by the petitioner'does not interfere with the defence of the province, therefore, as far as the department of fortifications is concerned, your excellency- may grant to him the number of acres you see fit. This is all I have to represent to your excellency, who will determine according to your pleasure. Nicolas Barcelo.

St. Jlugustine of Florida, 5th September, 1803.

DECREE.

St. Jlugustine, of Florida, 5th September, one thousand eight hundred and three.

The lands solicited by the petitioner are hereby, granted to him in the place indicated, without prejudice to a third party, and until the time whey, in conformity to the number-¿f workers whom he may have to cultivate. them, the corresponding number of acres may be surveyed to him; it being well understood that he shall not claim indemnity for damages or losses in the case; that under the apprehension of an invasion, or other motives relating to the royal service, he be ordered to retire in the interior of the province; and that he will take posséssion of the said land within the term of six months from this date. White.

It will be perceived that the memorialist asks for fifteen thousand acres, as it-is his intention, with his vast property and numerous family, to settlé in the province. He asks'for it at the place called Nassau, and if it cannot be found vacant there, when, the survey is made, tha.t the. deficiency may be granted on the river St. Marys; and he obliges himself to take possession within six months. The decree of the Governor is, the lands “ solicited by the petitioner, are hereby granted to him in the place indicated “ in conformity to the number of workers which he may have to cultivate them, the corresponding number of acres may ' be surveyed to him;” “ and that he will take possession of said land within the .term of six months from this date.”

It is á decree,'then, not gránting fifteen thousand acres as asked for, but so much in the place where it is asked for, as-shall be surveyed, in conformity to the number of workers he may have to cultivate the land; and as to what that quantity should be,there is no úncertainty, for we have the regulation of ^Governor 'White, promulgated by him, the month after the dáte of the’ decree; which states, to each head, of a family of a new settler, there shall be granted fifty acres of land, and an equal quantity to a single person, widow or widower, and to. the children or slaves of sixteen years of age,, twenty-five acres each. This regulation, then, determines, in that respect, what the Governor intended to grant; and the conclusion that thé grant was to be in conformity with the regulation, cannot • be ■ shaken by the suggestion that the decree-was made before the date of the regulation, as it might be, if the grarit had been for fifteen thousand acres in terms. There is no grant for any quantity; when it is found that the decree is restrained to' a right to be determined by the number of workers which the memorialist shall have, that the Governor had ’the" -power to. make a grant with siich a restriction, and that so shortly after the decree-was made, as the folio wingmonth, he promulgated a general rulé for grants to-hew settlers; the inference is good, until it is contradicted by some other fact, or other regulation applying to new settlers, that the memorialist was to take under the decree in his favour, as contemporary new settlers would have to take. The mernorialist never made a settlement. The witness, Marien, says, he did attempt-8 settlement; that, a house was 'bui}t; an'd that O’Hara informed him hé had employed a carpenter to build it; but the memorialist never took his family, nor negroes to the land. The construction of á house was no compliance with the condition of tire grant. That act itself,- could not, under the regulation, give á right to any number of acres. The right vested -upon thé persons, black and white, who might be carried to make a settlement. The house is good evidence of an intention to settle with persons; hijt if the evidence discloses the fact, that no persons or workers were ever taken to it; that cultivation was not begun, the inference is made the stronger, that the rights of the memorialist under the decree were abandoned.

•The record discloses an attempt by the memorialist, immediately after the decree of the Governor, to get negroes from Tamaica for a settlement; and that the vessel in which they were embarked, was taken into Savannah and libelled in admiralty: but the proceedings in admiralty dó not show that the memorialist .was deprived j ultimately, of the negroes; and if he was not, and the negroes were restored, ño cause is shown why they were not taken to Florida. But if they were not restored, it will scarcely be contended that an unfortunate attempt to carry negroes to take possession of the land, fulfils the intention of a grant, the quantity of which is to depend upon the number .of workers actually employed in cultivation. But there was not only a failure to settle in this case, there was an actuar abandonment. We hear nothing of the memorialist, or of any attempt to settle the land, from the spring of 1804 until 1819. There never was a survey of any land* by authority, though one is alluded to; until March, 1819; and that was made without the order of the .Spanish authorities in Florida. ■ Indeed, it was done against authority; for we find from the testimony in the cause, that O’Hara petitioned Governor Coppinger,-on the 30th April> J819, within.a few months of sixteen years after Governor White’s decree had been given upon his memorial, for an order of survey upon the decree, and that it was refused. We have, then, in this fact, a denial of the memorialist’s right to the land by a Governor .of Florida. There can be no doubt it was looked upon by Governor Coppinger as abandoned; and that the right, to the same was lost under the 9th article of Governor White’s regulations, already spoken of as contemporary with the decree upon' the memorial of O’Hara. 2 White’s New Rec. 278. It is not necessary for us to speak of a subsequent attempt, by O’Hara, to introduce negroes into Florida, in 1819, and its failure. This right to the land originally asked for, had ceaséd; he could make no claim under the decree of September, 1803 :and a revival of the old grant by the Spanish authorities would have been substantially a violation of the treaty with Spain, which only confirms grants made before the 24th January, 181.8.

With this view of the. case, we think the decree of the Court below should be affirmed..

But, if the right of the appellants had not been lost, by their neglect to settle the land with workers, we should say, the grant. itself was too indefinite to convey any land, unless a; survey had been made, and had been recognised by the Spanish authorities; or unless the grantee had settled and occupied land under that decree, in which event a survey might be presumed. The memorialist asks for .lands in. the place called Nassau; and 'in the event of the whole quantity not being got there,, for. the deficiency to be made up on the river St.. Marys. Such a place as the place called Nassau is not known, unless is meant by it all the land between-Nassau river and the St. Johns and St. Marys. It is equidistant, or nearly so, from those- rivers, and wénds its way to the Atlantic, in. a course ot fifty or sixty miles. If the land is to be taken on • the Nassau, where shall a survey be begun, and on what part of the St. Marys shall the deficiency in quantity be taken, supposing that a part can be found in the place called Nassau.” The St. Marys -is known as the boundary between Florida and Georgia; and that its head; or source, is on the Oquafanoche swamp. It is navigable for a hundred miles from its mouth to the Atlantic, between Cumberland • and Amelia islands. Where, then, shall a survey begin in this range, under this decree. It is no answer to say, the decree is for vacant land; and if there is vacant land there now, a survey could be made; for the place where the survey is to be made, must first be made certain, if not as to-fixed boundaries, at least so certain, by evidence of general or popular apprehension, as to show what was the grantor’s notion of the limits of country within which he intended to grant. Unless, then, a survey can be madé of the original grant, in the place .called Nassau, the, alternative for any deficiency bn the St. Marys river cannot be shown ; which alone would entitle the memorialist to land there. This grant is therefore void, on account of uncertainty. It is not made, as the Court said in the - case of Buyck v. United States, decided at this term, in such a way as to distinguish it from things of a like kind; nor has the identity of the grant been shown by extraneous evidence.

The judgment of the Court is affirmed.  