
    John Dominges vs. The State.
    The substitution of depositions for oral testimony belongs to civil trials ; in no state of circumstances, under our constitution can a deposition of a witness be used against the accused in a criminal prosecution; and a similar rule seems to hold as to depositions of witnesses in his favor, unless by his consent ; therefore where a prisoner makes an affidavit for a continuance, the state cannot force him into a trial by admitting the truth of what the alleged absent witness would depose to.
    It seems that in criminal cases it should not be allowed or encouraged except in very extreme cases, to admit what the prisoner in his application for a . continuance stated that he expected to be proved by absent witnesses; but when such an admission has been once made, it constitutes an admission not merely that the absent witnesses would have sworn to certain alleged facts, but also that the facts alleged are absolutely true.
    In error, from the Wilkinson circuit court; Hon. Thomas A. Willis, judge.
    John Dominges having been indicted for the murder of James H. Holmes, was tried and found guilty, at the April term, 1845, of the court.
    On the trial, the defendant filed an affidavit for a continuance, in which he stated that Terry Haley, Benjamin L. Hodge and Alanson Ferguson were important witnesses, and absent; that by Haley he would prove that he acted in self-defence in killing Holmes, and by the other witnesses, that the deceased had threatened his life, and went armed for the purpose of taking it. The district attorney stated that he would admit that if the witnesses named in the affidavit were present, they would swear to the truth of the facts deposed to therein; upon which the circuit court compelled the prisoner to go into a trial, and he excepted.
    After the evidence for the state was closed, and also that for the prisoner, which it is not deemed necessary to notice further, the state introduced witnesses who testified that they knew Haley’s general character for truth and veracity in the community in which he lived, and they would not believe him on oath.
    When the testimony was closed, the prisoner’s counsel asked the court to instruct the jury, “ that the admissions of the counsel for the state, that the facts contained in the prisoner’s affidavit for a continuance should be considered as sworn to by the witnesses therein named, was an admission of the truth of those facts, and that unless the jury can convict the prisoner of the charge in the indictment consistently with the admitted truth of those facts, they must find for the prisoner; ” the prisoner also asked other instructions to the like effect, all of which were refused, when he prosecuted this writ of error.
    Fai'ish, for the prisoner,
    contended,
    1. That the practice of allowing concessions in cases like the present, was novel, and not calculated to advance justice; but if encouraged, the prosecutor was bound to admit the truth of the facts proposed to be proved. He cited The People v. Ver-milyea, 7 Gow. 388 ; Brill v. Lord, 14 Johns. 341; 7 Cow. 390; Grah. Pr. (2d ed.) 285, and authorities cited.
    2. That the admission of the truth of what the witnesses would swear to, was also an admission of all that might fairly be deduced therefrom.
    3. That even if Haley be impeached, yet what he deposed to, taken in connection with the testimony of Hodge and Ferguson as corroborating it, was entitled to be weighed by the jury. People v. Vane, 12 Wend. 78; 2 Phil. Ev. (Cow. & Hill Notes) 779.
    
      John D. Freeman, attorney-general, contra.
   Mr. Justice Thachee.

delivered the opinion of the court.

The plaintiff in error was indicted in the Wilkinson county circuit court, for the murder of one Holmes. Upon his being •called to the bar for trial, he filed his affidavit for a continuance of the cause on the ground of the absence of material witnesses in his behalf. This affidavit was in legal form, and set out that an absent witness, Haley, would prove that the accused acted in self-defence in the matter with which he was charged, and that absent witnesses, Hodge and Ferguson, would prove that the deceased, alleged to have been murdered by the accused, threatened to take the life of the accused, and went armed for that purpose. At the filing of this motion for a continuance, supported by an affidavit of the foregoing character, the state, by the district attorney, agreed to admit upon the trial, that if the witnesses named in the affidavit were present, they would swear to the truth of the facts deposed to therein. The motion for a continuance was overruled below, and an exception to that judgment taken by the accused. On the trial, the affidavit for the continuance was read to the jury, and it was admitted that if the witnesses named therein had then been present they would have sworn to the truth of the facts therein set forth. The state thereupon introduced witnesses to impeach the credibility of the said Haley, one of the witnesses named in the affidavit for a continuance. A number of instructions to the jury were requested upon the behalf of the accused, to the effect that the foregoing admission by the state, in reference to the testimony of the witnesses described in the affidavit for a continuance, was an admission of the truth of the facts therein set out, and that full weight to that extent should be given to them by the jury in weighing the evidence of the case. These instructions were refused by the court, and a verdict and judgment of guilty according to the indictment, were rendered against the accused.

The substitution of depositions for oral testimony belongs to civil trials. In no state of circumstances, under our constitution, can a deposition of a witness be used against the accused in a criminal prosecution, and a similar rule seems to hold as to depositions of witnesses in his favor, unless by his consent. The system of criminal jurisprudence appears to require the presence of the witnesses, both for and against the accused. Very often, in such prosecutions, much depends upon the appearance, manner and mode of testifying of a witness, and it is this that adds the superior character and importance to oral testimony. •

The practice in criminal cases of proposing to admit what was expected to be proved by absent witnesses, is not calculated to advance the ends of public justice; and if indeed regular and competent, should not be allowed or encouraged except in very extreme cases. But when such an admission has been once made, it constitutes an admission not merely that the absent witnesses would have sworn to certain alleged facts, but also that the facts alleged are absolutely true. Such an admission is an absolute concession of the facts stated by the accused upon his part, because that alone would be a fair substitute for what might have been the result of the evidence upon an oral examination of the witnesses whose actual presence was sought to be obtained.

Judgment reversed, and a new trial directed to be allowed by the court below.  