
    Rosanna Hawkins, Appellant, v. The Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York, Respondent.
    
      Municipal corporation — lapse of time insufficient to create constructive notice to it-that snow has not been removed from a sidewalh.
    
    A municipal corporation is entitled to wait a reasonable time for abutting owners-to remove snow from the sidewalks in front of their houses, and the lapse of less than forty-eight hours, after an intermittent snow storm has ended, is not-sufficient as matter of law to establish constructive notice to the municipal authorities of the dangerous condition of a sidewalk resulting from a failure-by the owner of the abutting property to remove the fallen snow therefrom.
    In .an action against the city of New York to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff in consequence of her slipping upon an. accumulation of frozen snow on one of its streets it appeared that a snow storm, began at about five o’clock in the afternoon of December 22, 1896, and continued until half-past ten in the morning of the twenty-third; that at half-past two in the afternoon of the twenty-third it again commenced snowing, and continued until half-past seven in the evening of that day; from which time, until the accident occurred at about eleven o’clock on the morning of December twenty-fifth, the thermometer was below the freezing point.
    
      Meld, .that the complaint was properly dismissed.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, Rosanna Hawkins, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 3d day of March, 1900, upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court after a trial before the court and a jury at the New York Trial Term, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 11th day of April, 1900, dismissing the complaint.
    
      David Levy, for the appellant.
    
      Terence Farley, for the respondent.
   Patterson, J.:

The plaintiff sued to recover damages for personal injuries sustained under the following circumstances: On the 25th of December, 1896, she was walking on the sidewalk on Columbus avenue, between Seventieth and Seventy-first streets in the city'of New York. She slipped upon frozen snow which had accumulated on the sidewalk; and she alleged in her complaint that the accident was caused by reason of “ the carelessness, negligence and wrongful omission of the defendant, its agents and servants, and by reason of its and their carelessly and negligently permitting and suffering the said highway or street- and sidewalk to become and be and remain in an unsafe, insecure and dangerous condition — which condition existed to the defendants’ knowledge for a considerable time immediately prior to the occurrence.”

It appeared in evidence that a snow storm began on December 22, 1896, at about five o’clock in the afternoon, and that the fall of snow continued until December twenty-third at half-past ten in the morning; that it again snowed on the twenty-third from half-past two in the afternoon until half-past seven in the evening. The accident to the plaintiff happened a few minutes before eleven o’clock on the morning of the twenty-fifth. During the whole interval between the cessation of the snow storm on the twenty-third and at the time at which the plaintiff fell on the sidewalk on the twenty-fifth, the thermometer was below the freezing point. On those material and undisputed facts the complaint was dismissed, and the question now is, whether that was a correct disposition of the case.

There are very many reported eases in the books relating to the liability of niunicipalities to pedestrians for injuries sustained by slipping on sidewalks on which snow or ice has accumulated. To refer to them all would be a profitless task, for there are certain leading and authoritative cases which succinctly state the principle of liability and certain others applying that principle and from which it is quite clear that the dismissal of the complaint in this action was correct. The general rule of the duty of a municipality and the ground of its liability for neglect to perform that duty is stated in the opinion of the court by Ruger, Ch. J., in Harrington v. City of Buffalo (121 N. Y. 151), as follows: “ The' duty resting upon municipal corporations to remove accumulations of ice and snow as it falls from time to time upon their streets is a qualified one, and becomes imperative only when dangerous formations or obstacles have been created and notice of their existence has been received by the corporation. (Hunt v. Mayor, etc., 109 N. Y. 134.) Actual notice to the public authorities is not, in all cases, required, and it has been held that negligence may be inferred from the omission by the corporation to cause dangerous obstructions to be removed from the streets after sufficient time has elapsed to afford a presumption of knowledge of their existence and an opportunity to effect their removal. If ‘ there has elapsed such length of time as that the defect has become known and notorious and there has been full' opportunity for the municipality, through its agents charged with that duty, to learn the existence of the defect,’ an omission to remove it within a reasonable time has been held to be sufficient to authorize a finding of negligence against the corporation. (Requa v. City of Rochester, 45 N. Y. 136.)”

This rule of municipal responsibility as to streets and sidewalks is declared to be equally applicable to all municipal corporations. (Pomfrey v. Village of Saratoga Springs, 104 N. Y. 465.) There is. nothing in this record to indicate that the city authorities had actual notice of the condition of the sidewalk at the point at which the'plaintiff fell. If there be any liability, it must be founded upon a claim of constructive notice which would result only from a reasonable time having elapsed sufficient to give rise to a presumption of knowledge.- The city may require the occupants of houses abutting on the sidewalk in front of which the snow has .fallen to remove it within a reasonable time and is not guilty of negligence if, observing that the work is being generally done, it waits for a reasonable period the action of the citizens. (Taylor v. City of Yonkers, 105 N. Y. 206.) In Kaveny v. City of Troy (108 N. Y. 575) it was said that “ Something more than the presence of ice due to the results of a low winter temperature must be shown to make the city. chargeable with negligence.. The fact that for more than ten days preceding the accident to plaintiff the mercury had been below the freezing point was established without contradiction;, and that the city did not accomplish impossibilities or display unreasonable and extraordinary diligence furnishes no ground of liability.”

Most of the so-called snow and ice cases reported in the books turn upon the fact that the slippery condition of the sidewalk was caused by changes of temperature resulting in alternate melting and freezing of fallen snow, or the formation of ice upon the sidewalk from the dripping or draining of water from, buildings abutting upon the sidewalk. The case.at bar presents the simple feature of a condition of the sidewalk covered with snow which may have been trodden under foot in a populous part of the city and which was not subjected to a change of temperature rising above the freezing point. Therefore, the only question is whether, on the admitted facts, it can be said that in such a municipality as the city of New York, with its thousand miles of streets, it can be held that there is any indication of negligence on the part of the city in failing to remove from in front of any one particular house a formation of frozen snow on the sidewalk within less than forty-eight hours after a snow storm had ceased. We do not think this is a case in which it can be said that there were two separate and distinct snow falls, but rather it is to be regarded from .the facts as an accumulation from an intermittent storm. On the conceded facts, when we consider the nature of the duty and liability of the city and that it is entitled to wait a reasonable time for abutting owners to remove the snow from the sidewalk in front of their houses, we conclude that a lapse of less than forty-eight hours is not sufficient as matter of law to establish constructive notice to the city authorities of a dangerous condition of a sidewalk resulting from a deposit of fallen and unremoved snow.

It was held in O'Connor v. Mayor (16 Daly, 58), that a period of less than forty-eight hours between a snow fall and an accident due to a slippery street was not sufficient to charge the city with negligence in not causing the street to be cleared. We prefer to say that we are of opinion that it is not sufficient to constitute constructive notice of the dangerous condition of the street.

It was shown on the trial of this cause that the sidewalk in front of premises adjoining the place at which the plaintiff fell was cleared of snow at the time of the accident, but that testimony was stricken out under the plaintiff’s exception. We do not regard the ruling as one sufficient to reverse this judgment in view of the specific ground upon which we have put this affirmance.

The judgment appealed from must be affirmed, with costs.

Rumsey, O’Brien and McLaughlin, JJ., concurred; Van Brunt, P. J., concurred in result.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  