
    The Onondaga Nation and Others, Appellants, v. John Boyd Thacher, Respondent.
    
      Title to -wampum belts of the Indian confederacy—possession is evidence of ownership — an Indian nation cannot sue to recover personal property.
    
    An Indian nation cannot maintain an action in the courts of the State of New York to recover personal property.
    In an action brought by the Onondaga Nation of Indians to recover possession of four wampum belts, the defendant established his clyim of title back to one Thomas Webster (a member of the Onondaga tribe of Indians), from whom they were purchased by one of the defendant’s predecessors in title in February, 1891. The Onondaga Nation claimed that at the time Webster assumed to sell the belts he had no power to transfer the title thereto, and further that two resolutions were adopted at a meeting of the Onondaga Nation of Indians March 26. 1898, by one of which the University of the State of New York was elected wampum keeper, and byr the other of which all wampums were for a specified sum sold to that university, a bill of sale thereof to it being executed byr all the sachems and chiefs present.
    The trial court found that an Indian confederacy had existed; that it had wampum belts; that their care and custody were intrusted to the Onondaga Nation, which appointed one of its members wampum keeper, and that the belts in question were at one time a portion of the belts belonging to such confederacy; that the confederacy had, many years prior to the date of the transfer by Webster, been dissolved; that the use of the belts had become obsolete; that the office of wampum keeper had been abrogated; that Webster never had been wampum keeper, but became in some way possessed of these wampum belts. Held, that Webster’s possession of the belts was evidence of his ownership;
    That no ownership in the parties making the alleged transfer of 1898 to the University of the State of New York was shown;
    That the University of the State of New York must show a title superior to that shown by the defendant before the court could award the belts to it.
    Appeal by the plaintiffs, The Onondaga Nation and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Onondaga on the 26th day of December, 1899, upon the decision of the court, rendered after a trial at the Onondaga Special Term, dismissing the complaint upon the merits.
    
      Ed-warcL Winslow Podge, for the appellants.
    
      John A. Delahanty, for the respondent.
   Williams, J.:

The action was brought to recover possession of four wampum belts, and for equitable relief in reference thereto. The defendant claimed that he acquired title to the belts from Rev. Dr. Oliver Crane, March 24, 1893; that Dr. Crane acquired title .thereto from Henry B. Carrington of the United States army, in the month of July, 1892, and that Carrington acquired title thereto from Thomas Webster, a member of the Onondaga tribe of Indians living on the Onondaga reservation in the State of New York on the 10th day of February, 1891. The claim made by the plaintiffs was that at the time Webster assumed to sell the belts to Carrington, they were not the property of Webster, and he had no power to sell or transfer title thereto, but that they belonged to a confederacy of Iroquois Indians. The trial court dismissed the complaint, holding that plaintiffs had no right to maintain such an action, and that the defendant had good title to the belts.

As to the right of the plaintiffs to maintain such an action, we must hold, since the decision by the Court of Appeals of Johnson v. Long Island R. R. Co. (162 N. Y. 462), that the Indian plaintiffs cannot maintain the action. That was an action to recover real property (ejectment). This is one to recover personal property, in form, in equity, but the principle is the.,same in both actions. It is said by the appellants that this question was not properly raised as to the Indians brought in by the order of December 20, 1898. It seems to us that the real intention was to make 'the same answer to the additional Indian plaintiffs as was made to the original ones, and the action was apparently tried upon this theory. The bringing in of these parties was a matter of favor to the plaintiffs, and they should not be permitted to take advantage of any technical objection like this one. If necessary to correct the answer or order it should be done by this court, under section 723 of the Code of Civil Procedure. More than this, the plaintiffs have given evidence that all title which the Indians had to these wampum belts has been transferred to the University of the State of New York.

The only plaintiff which can, by any possibility, maintain this action, therefore, is the University of the State of New York. It undoubtedly has power to bring actions generally. It is a corporation having capacity to sue and bo sued. It has a State museum, under chapter 378 of the Laws of 1892, and an Indian section thereof under chapter 586 of the Law's of 1896, and it had powder under the statute to acquire title to such articles as these wampum belts, and to recover possession thereof by actions in the courts like the present one. It seems to us ridiculous, how'ever, to say that it could be constituted a wampum keener of any Indian tribe or confederacy. It was not an Indian, and had no statutory right or power to be constituted an Indian or a wampum keeper, of the kind indicated by the evidence given in the case. This claim is not worthy of any serious consideration. The only question involved in the action is one of title to the wampum belts, which has superior title, the LDiversity of the State of New York or the defendant? The source of the defendant’s title has already been referred to. His chain of title commenced with Thomas Webster, an Onondaga Indian, February 10,1891. The chain from that point is complete to the defendant. The University of the State of New York claims title under a bill of sale made pursuant to a resolution adopted by a meeting of the (so-called) Onondaga nation of Indians, March 26, 1898. Two resolutions were passed at the same meeting, one electing the University of the State of New York wampum keeper, and the other, following the first, that the Onondaga nation sell to the University of the State of New York all wampums for $500, and that the sachems and chiefs present all execute a bill of sale for the nation. Then the transfer was in form that the Onondaga nation sell, assign, transfer and set over to the University of the State of New York all wampum in belts, strings or otherwise, of which it ever had- or was entitled to possession, and all its right, title and interest to any and all wampums anywhere, in consideration of $500, and it made the University of the State of New York attorney of the Onondaga nation and its sachems and chiefs present, at its (the attorney’s) own cost and expense, to recover the possession of the said wampum by suit or otherwise. The question arises as to this transfer, whether the parties assuming to make the same had any title to the wampum belts in question, which they transferred to the University of the State of New York. They had no possession of the belts at the time of making the transfer which could be said to be prvrria facie evidence of title, as1 in the case of the transfer by Webster. He had possession of the belts in 1891, and delivered them with a transfer of such title as he had more-than seven years before the transfer to the University of the State of New York. The trial court, upon evidence apparently satisfactory to itself, found the early existence of the Indian confederacy, that it had wampum belts, that the care and custody thereof were intrusted to the Onondaga nation, which appointed one of its members wampum keeper, and that the belts in question were at one time a portion of the belts belonging to the confederacy, but it found that this confederacy many yeais prior to February 10, 1891 (the date of the transfer by Webster), was dissolved and thereafter had no existence, the use of the belts had become obsolete and they nothing more than curiosities and relics of a time, condition and confederation which had ceaced to exist, and that the office of wampum keeper had been abrogated, that Webster was never a wampum keeper, but in some way became possessed of and the owner of the belts in question long before he made the transfer thereof in 1891. While we should not be prepared to give our assent to all these findings, upon the evidence, as Original propositions, yet we need not go into the details of the conclusions arrived at, inasmuch as the ownership of the belts by Webster is found upon adequate evidence, and that defeats all claim of title thereto by the University of the State of New York under the pretended transfer to it in 1898. There is proof of Webster’s ownership of the belts in the fact of his possession thereof, independent of any proof of his having been a wampum keeper, for years prior to his transfer thereof in 1891. There is no satisfactory proof of any ownership by the parties making the transfer of 1898 or authority to act for the owners of the belts. The defendant has the possession of the belts under the Webster transfer in 1891, and the University of the State of New York must show a better title than defendant’s before the court can award the belts to it. While the proof of any authority to represent the confederacy of Indians or the Onondaga nation as the alleged owners of the belts is unsatisfactory, how can it be said that they had authority to sell and transfer the belts for a money consideration of $500 to the University of the State of New York ?

If there were any good purpose to be served by allowing the Indians themselves to regain possession of the belts, we might struggle to reach such a result, but where the controversy is between other parties, who claim to have purchased the belts and paid their money ■ therefor, then all question of sentiment is gone, and it is a mere question of title, to be determined upon the evidence, and we are unable to see any reason why we should reverse the trial court in its finding that Webster had good title to the belts when he made his transfer in 1891, or why we should not at least conclude ourselves that the University of the State of New York has failed satisfactorily to establish any better title under the transfer of 1898 than the defendant holds under his chain of title which began in the Webster transfer of 1891.

After an extended examination of the record we conclude the judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.

All concurred, except McLennan, J., not voting.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  