
    WHITE v. STATE.
    (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Nov. 23, 1910.
    Rehearing Denied Dec. 21, 1910.)
    1. Criminal Law (§ 596) — Continuance-Absent Witnesses — Cumulative Testimony.
    Where, in a prosecution for assault with intent to rape, it appeared that the absent witness, to procure whose testimony accused asked a continuance, and by whom he expected to show that the absent witness was within a short distance of the place of the alleged assault and heard no outcry, etc., spent the night, on which the assault was committed, with another witness who did testify without contradiction for the state, the continuance was properly refused, as the testimony of such absent witness would have been merely cumulative of an un-contradicted fact.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1328-1330; Dec. Dig. § 596.]
    2. Rape (§ 19) — Assault to Rape — Parties —Principals.
    Three persons who were present and co-operated in assaulting a girl with intent to rape her were guilty as principals.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Rape, Cent. Dig. § 22; Dec. Dig. § 19.]
    3. Rape (§ 53) — Sufficiency op Evidence.
    Evidence, in a prosecution for assault with intent to rape, held to show that accused and his companions were at the place where the assault was committed by a common design for the purpose of assaulting prosecutrix.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Rape, Dec. Dig. § 53.]
    4. Criminal Law (§ 422) — Evidence—Declarations OP Co DEPENDANTS — “PRINCIPALS.”
    Pen. Code 1895, art. 74, makes all persons “principals” who are guilty of acting together in the commission of an offense. Article 75 provides that when an offense is actually committed by one or more, but others are present, and knowing the unlawful intent, aid by acts, or encourage by words or gestures, those actually engaged in the commission of the unlawful act, or who, not being actually present, keep watch so as to prevent the interruption of those committing the offense, the persons aiding, encouraging or keeping watch, are “principals.” Held, that two or more who act together with an unlawful intent and common design in committing an offense are each guilty as principals, and the previous acts and declarations of either tending to show their motive in committing the offense are admissible against the others, whether they are prosecuted jointly or separately, so that where several acted together with a common design, in committing an assault with intent to rape, the prior acts and declarations of either were admissible in evidence in a prosecution of any of the others.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 988; Dec. Dig. § 422.
    
    For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, vol. 6, pp. 5552-5557; vol. 8, p. 7763.]
    5. Criminal Law (§ 1170) — Appeal-Harmless Error — Exclusion of Testimony.
    In a prosecution for assault with intent to rape, a witness testified that prosecutrix’s reputation for veracity was bad, and testified, on cross-examination by the state, that she heard the mother and sister of accused speak of pros-ecutrix’s reputation for veracity, whereupon accused asked witness whether she had ever heard other people speak of prosecutrix’s reputation, expecting to show that she had heard others speak thereof and that it was bad, which question was excluded. A number of other witnesses testified that prosecutrix’s reputation for veracity was bad, some of them stating that they had heard accused’s mother and sister make statements regarding her veracity, and others stating that they had not heard them make such statements. Si eld that, while it would have been better to have admitted the testimony sought to be elicited by the question, its exclusion was not of sufficient importance to require the reversal of a conviction.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 3145-3153; Dec. Dig. § 1170.]
    Appeal from District Court, Comanche County; J. H. Arnold, Judge.
    Aaron White was convicted of assault with intent to rape, and he appeals.
    Affirmed.
    L. V. Reid and G. E. Smith, for appellant. John A. Mobley, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
    
      
      For other oases see same topic and section NUMBER in Deo. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
    
      
      For other oases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
   DAVIDSON, P. J.

Appellant was convicted of assault with intent to rape Meda McDonald, and his punishment assessed at five years’ confinement in the penitentiary. This is a companion case to Ross v. State (this day decided) 132 S. W. 793. Judge McCord, in the opinion in that case, has made rather an extended statement of the facts. Appellant was indicted for participating in the same assault upon Miss McDonald for which Ross was convicted, and the facts are, in substance, if not identically, the same in both records.

1. Appellant filed an application for continuance on account of the absence of Charles Stewart and Claude Wells. The opinion in the Ross Case sufficiently disposes of the application in regard to the witness Stewart. By Wells it was expected to be shown that he was within 150 or 200 yards of the place where the prosecutrix will testify she was assaulted and at the time this is said to have occurred; that he was near enough and in such proximity that he was in sight of prosecuting witness during a part of the time, she will testify that she was being assaulted as stated, and that he heard no outcry by prosecuting witness, or any unusual noise, or sounds of distress at said time and place; that said prosecuting witness will testify that she holloed on said occasion. The court qualifies the bill of exceptions as to this witness, as follows; “As to Wells’ evidence he was in company with Orville Cox, the witness introduced by the state, on the night of the assault, and was with Cox during all the time the things occurred about which Cox testified. Cox spent the night with Wells on the night in question and they slept together. Cox swore he did not on said occasion hear any outcry from prosecutrix, nor any noise, unusual or otherwise, from the parties where the assault was committed, and at the instance of the state swore to the same facts defendant proposed to prove by Wells. The state accepted as true what Cox swore, and no one contradicted same. Wells’ testimony would have only been cumulative as to facts not denied, but admitted, by the state. In such state of the record I did not feel a new trial should be granted on this point. The state admitted that the noise of the assault and outcry of prosecutrix was not heard at Wells’ house, on account, as I understand, of the high wind from the south, the scene of the crime being north of the house, the house being closed, that is, its doors and windows, and of the intervening trees and timber and the distance. The state having introduced in evidence the same facts defendant wanted to prove on this phase of the case, there being no conflict on the point in issue, but perfect agreement on the same, I could see no error in overruling motion for new trial on this point.” The testimony of Cox does show that he was with the witness Wells and spent the night with him, and that the distance was about as stated above between where they slept and the scene of the assault. Cox was not contradicted. The state proved these facts by Cox, and whatever the reason may have been actuating the state in proving those facts, they went before the jury uncontradicted. It occurs to us, under the record, viewed from the standpoint of the motion for a new trial, that this testimony would have been only cumulative of an uncontradicted fact. A conceded or admitted fact does not need corroboration. We are therefore of opinion, as explained by the court and as shown by the record, there was no error in refusing the application for continuance, in the first instance, and, viewed in the light of the entire record, there was no legitimate reason for refusing the motion for a new trial on this ground.

2. There was an objection raised to the introduction of certain statements made by the parties to the transaction in the absence of each other as well as to the charge of the court with reference to the law of principals. The court charged the jury in regard to this subject as follows; “All persons are principals who are guilty of acting together in the commission of an offense. When an offense has been actually committed by one or more persons, the true criterion for determining who are principals is, Did the parties act together in the commission of the offense? Was the act done in pursuance of a common intent and in pursuance of a previously formed design in which the minds of all united and concurred? If so, then the law is that all are alike guilty, provided the offense was actually committed during the existence and in the execution of the common design and intent of all.” It is contended this charge is unauthorized, especially because there was no evidence ’that the assault charged was done in pursuance of a common intent or a previously formed design in which the minds of all the parties united and concurred, or that it was committed, if at all, during the existence and in the execution of a common design and intent of all. The evidence is uncontradicted that Ross, Stewart, and appellant and the assaulted girl were at a party; that Ross took her there at the request of Nowlin; that she declined to go with him because her parents interdicted her associating with him. However, she did go because he informed her that Mr. Nowlin had sent him for the purpose of escorting her to the party; that he (Nowlin) was too busy to .come, but that! he (Nowlin) would return home with her. While at the party Ross made use of some insulting language towards her which she repelled. Ross wanted to return home with her, but she declined to go with him, whereupon Nowlin took her home. On leaving the party the three defendant parties got together somewhere; whether at the place of the assault or before reaching that point, it is left somewhat in doubt, hut they were together and made a combined assault upon her at the place where she testifies it occurred. This record is unincumbered with any question that either of the parties was an accomplice • — that is, that they were absent from the place of assault. They were all present and participating more or less in the matter. The details of this have been set forth, as before stated, in the case of Ross v. State, and are unnecessary here to be repeated. The record then unquestionably shows the presence and co-operation of the three parties in the assault upon this girl. .This made them principals, and being principals, under the rule laid down in the ease of Cox v. State, 8 Tex. App. 204, 34 Am. Rep. 746, their prior acts and declarations became admissible against each one of the parties, provided that their meeting at this particular point, under the circumstances, showed a common intent and purpose and an acting together. They did not live in that direction, but lived in different directions. It would he a remarkable statement to say that three named parties would have gotten together at a common point, unite in the execution of a common design, and yet not be there in pursuance to an understanding. If .this record demonstrates anything at all, it is that these parties were together by common design, and united in the common purpose in an assault upon the prosecutrix. The statute (Pen. Code 1895, arts. 74, 75) provides that all persons are principals who are guilty of acting together in the commission of an offense, and where an offense is actually committed by one or more persons, but others are present, and, knowing the unlawful intent, aid by acts, or encourage by words or gestures, those actually engaged in the commission of the unlawful act; or who, not being actually present, keep watch so as to prevent the interruption of those engaged in committing the offense, such persons so aiding, encouraging, or keeping watch are principal offenders, and may be prosecuted and convicted as such. In the case of Cox v. State, supra, Judge White, speaking for the court, said: “To our minds, a great deal of the trouble, confusion, and discussion with regard to conspiracy, where two or more are charged with the commission of crime, might and can be obviated by keeping in mind these statutory provisions. If the parties can be identified at the time and place as joint participants in the commission of the crime, why the necessity of going behind that fact to establish a conspiracy to do the act already accomplished, and for which the law denounces them as principal offenders and liable to punishment as such? Why want a better predicate, or any further evidence even of a conspiracy, if their presence and guilty participation is already established? To us it seems too plain to admit of argument that, when two or more are found acting together with an unlawful intent in the commission of an offense, the common design and acting together makes them ipso facto conspirators — endows them as a body with the attribute of individuality; merges the conspiracy to do the act in the act itself — and that the previous acts and declarations of each or any such principal offenders in pursuance of the agreed plan, and tending to throw light upon it or the motive or intent with which it was committed, is and should be received as legal and- admissible evidence against each and all, whether indicted, prosecuted, and tried jointly or separately.” This seems to be a just, fair, and correct rule, and ought not to admit of serious controversy. If this is the law, and we think it is, then the previous acts and declarations of each of the parties to this transaction were admissible against the others, and the court in giving the law with reference to principals was justified. See Loggins v. State, 12 Tex. 75; Cook v. State, 22 Tex. 526, 3 S. W. 749; Clark v. State, 28 Tex. 198, 12 S. W. 729, 19 Am. St. Rep. 817; Simms v. State, 10 Tex. 160; Avery v. State, 10 Tex. 212; Kennedy v. State, 19 Tex. 633; Smith v. State, 21 Tex. 120, 17 S. W. 552.

3. Bill of exceptions No. 10 recites that Mabel Turner, a witness for the appellant, testified that she was acquainted with prose-cutrix’s general reputation for truthfulness, and that it was bad. The state upon cross-examination having elicited from her the fact that she had heard Mrs. R'oss, mother, and Mrs. Bell, sister, of Sam Ross, one of the alleged principals in the transaction, speak about the reputation of prosecutrix for veracity, counsel for appellant then asked the witness to state whether or not she had ever heard other people speak about said reputation, and what they said about it. He expected to prove by her that she had heard many other people speak about prosecuting witness’ standing and reputation for truthfulness, and that such reputation among such other persons was bad. Various objections were urged to the refusal of the court to permit the answer to the question asked by appellant.' The bill summarized shows that Miss Turner testified positively to the general bad reputation of Meda McDonald for truthfulness, and that she had heard Mrs. Ross and Mrs. Bell state such reputation was bad. We are of opinion there is no such error in this matter as would require a reversal of the j'udgment. The record shows quite a number of witnesses testified' to the fact that such reputation of the prosecutrix was bad. Some of them state they had heard Mrs. Ross and Mrs. Bell make statements, and some that they had not heard those ladies make such statements. It will be ■borne in mind that the reputation sought to be proved here was not contradictory statements, but the subj'ect of inquiry was the general reputation, and upon cross-examination by the state the witness named these two ladies, and the inquiry was confined to the fact that these two ladies had made such statements. Ordinarily this investigation should have been permitted, but the refusal of the court to permit this inquiry as to this witness alone, the other witnesses having testified to her general reputation, cannot be regarded as error of such gravity as would either j'ustify or require a reversal of the j'udgment. As a general rule, the knowledge of a witness testifying may be tested in regard to general statements, and as to how far that general reputation was known, but if it is general it was of no great importance as to who were the particular parties who discussed it. It is also another general rule that wherever one party investigates a question or introduces evidence, that the party upon the other side may also introduce evidence to explain, ameliorate or extend and intensify the question as to them or him it may seem beneficial. But it will be observed here that the state did not ask if these were the only witnesses Miss Turner had heard. The question was confined to the fact that she heard them say the reputation was bad, and there the state ceased its inquiry. Had the question extended over a wider scope so it might have included others, we would have had a more serious question, but the inquiry was only as to the statements of the two parties, and did not include others. It would have been safer and more advisable for the court to have admitted the testimony. But, as presented, we are of opinion that it is not of sufficient importance to require a reversal on this question alone.

For a discussion of the other questions arising on the record we refer to the opinion in the case of Ross v. State.

The j'udgment is affirmed.  