
    The WAVE STUDIO, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GENERAL HOTEL MANAGEMENT LTD., Defendant-Appellee.
    
    17-1018-cv
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    February 26, 2018
    Appearing for Appellant: Vijay K Toke, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, San Francisco, CA, Nate Garhart, Cobalt LLP, Berkeley, CA (on the brief)
    Appearing for Appellee: Daniel D. Barnes, Chiesa Shahinian & Giantomasi PC (Abigail Jean Remore, Ronald L. Israel, on the brief), West Orange, N.J.
    Present: ROSEMARY S. POOLER, ROBERT D. SACK, SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
    
      
      , The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as above.
    
   SUMMARY ORDER

Appellant The Wave Studio, LLC (“Wave Studio”) appeals from the March 10, 2017 order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Seibel, J.), granting appellee General Hotel ' Management Ltd.’s (“GHM”) motion for summary judgment, dismissing Wave Studio’s claim on forum non conveniens grounds, and severing Wave Studio’s claims against GHM. The Wave Studio, LLC v. General Hotel Management Ltd., No. 13-cv-9239, 2017 WL 972117 (S.D.N.Y. March 10, 2017). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for review.

Because the doctrine of forum non con-veniens regards a trial court’s discretionary determination of whether it is an appropriate forum in which to adjudicate any given case, we give “substantial deference” to the district court’s decision to dismiss a case on forum non conveniens grounds. Pollux Holding Ltd. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 329 F.3d 64, 70 (2d Cir 2003). Accordingly, we will reverse a dismissal on forum non conveniens.grounds only when a trial court has clearly abused its discretion. Id.

In this Circuit, a district court must proceed through a three-step process in making forum non conveniens determinations. First, the court must determine the level of deference due to the plaintiffs choice of forum. Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp., 274 F.3d 65, 69-73 (2d Cir. 2001). Second, the court must establish that an adequate alternative forum exists. Id. at 73. If one does, the trial court must balance the public and private factors articulated by the Supreme Court in Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508-09, 67 S.Ct. 839, 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947), Koster v. (Am.) Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 330 U.S. 518, 524-27, 67 S.Ct. 828, 91 L.Ed. 1067 (1947), and Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 257-60, 102 S.Ct. 252, 70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981) to determine whether dismissal is appropriate. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 73-74.

In Iragorri, we explained that while a-plaintiffs home forum is “presumed to be convenient” and thus entitled to much deference, id. at 71, a reviewing, court must consider whether the plaintiffs choice of forum was motivated by convenience or by a “desire to impose tactical disadvantage on the defendant” in light of all the relevant facts, id. at 73. In other words,

the greatér the plaintiffs or the lawsuit’s bona fide connection to the United States and to the forum of choice and the more it appears that considerations of convenience favor the conduct of the lawsuit in the United States, the more difficult it will be for the defendant to gain dismissal for forum non conve-niens.

Id. at 72 (footnote omitted). Wave Studio argues that the trial court erred in not according its choice of forum a high level of deference because the Southern District of New York is its home forum. GHM argues that Wave Studio!s choice of forum is entitled to no deference because it is a domestic plaintiff on paper only.

The district court summarizéd its assessment of the deference due to the plaintiffs choice of forum in a manner that has implications for the entire forum non con-veniens analysis:

Plaintiffs principal, Ms. Lee, is a Malaysian citizen domiciled in Singapore, the Wave Entities [with whom GHM contracted] are or were organized under the laws of Singapore, GHM has its principal place of business in Singapore, and the arrangements among them were no doubt centered there. Plaintiff has never had any employees that reside in the United States or leased or owned any office space here. Mr. Kawana, who worked for the Wave Entities in connection with the photographs created for GHM, is; a citizen of Japan apparently based in Singapore. None of the photographs that Plaintiff asserts have been infringed in this action were taken in New York, and they were all first published in Singapore. Plaintiffs only connection to New York is that it is organized under New York law, and it is obvious that is the case only because the American attorney Ms. Lee originally hired to form Plaintiff and bring these lawsuits happened to have his office in White Plains.

The Wave Studio, LLC, 2017 WL 972117, at *6. The district court evaluated the facts of the litigation in the kind of holistic manner demanded by relevant precedents. In doing so, it appropriately embraced the Piper Court’s emphasis on reasonableness and convenience, as well as its preference for a doctrine that is flexibly applied to the specific facts of any given case. See Piper, 454 U.S. at 249-50, 255-56, 102 S.Ct. 252. Piper and Iragorri make clear that a plaintiffs status as a “foreign” or “domestic” entity or individual is not dispositive of a proper forum non conveniens analysis. Accordingly, a paper plaintiff like the one in this case should not be afforded great deference regarding its choice of forum simply because it was organized under the laws of New York. Instead, the district court was tasked with assessing the “bona fide connection” of the plaintiff and the lawsuit to the United States and the Southern District of New York to determine whether deference is warranted. Iragorri, 274 F.3d at 72. The district court’s determination that plaintiffs choice of forum is “entitled to little deference” due to the “absence of meaningful connections between Plaintiff and the Southern District of New York, and the evidence suggesting forum shopping” (including some admissions on that score by Wave Studio) was. not an abuse of discretion. The Wave Studio, LLC, 2017 WL 972117, at *6.

On appeal, Wave Studio argues that the district court erred in not considering Singapore courts’ ability to adjudicate its infringement (as opposed to its copyright ownership) claims. But Wave Studio did not raise this argument before the district court, and “[i]n general we refrain from passing on issues not raised below.” Virgilio v. City of New York, 407 F.3d 105, 116 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Even if this issue had been raised below, however, as the mere existence of the Singapore Copyright Act illustrates, Singapore law includes copyright principles. The record contains no reason to conclude that Singapore courts are not entirely capable of properly adjudicating copyright ownership and infringement claims. See Creative Tech., Ltd. v. Aztech Sys. Pte., Ltd., 61 F.3d 696, 701-03 (9th Cir. 1995).

Additionally, the district court properly balanced the public and private interests at stake in the litigation. On all prongs of the analysis, the district court determined that Singapore was a preferable forum. The district court did not abuse its discretion in making those determinations.

We have considered the remainder of appellant’s arguments and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, the order of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED. Each side to bear its own costs. 
      
      . The district court severed Wave Studio’s claim against GHM from its claims against GHM’s co-defendants before granting dismissal against GHM for forum non conve-niens reasons. Wave Studio, LLC, 2017 WL 972117, at *9-10; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 21. GHM’s argument that we lack jurisdiction to hear this appeal is therefore meritless. Spencer, White and Prentis Inc. of Conn. v. Pfizer Inc., 498 F.2d 358, 361 (2d Cir. 1974) ("[A]p-peal from a judgment on a validly severed single claim may be timely taken as of right notwithstanding the pendency of the remaining claims.... ”).
     