
    PEOPLE v DANIELS
    Docket No. 320499.
    Submitted June 2, 2015, at Detroit.
    Decided July 2, 2015, at 9:05 a.m.
    Leave to appeal sought.
    Daniel G. Daniels was convicted following a jury trial in the Macomb Circuit Court, James M. Biernat, Jr., J., of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(l)(a); three counts of second-degree child abuse, MCL 750.136b(3); and one count of second-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520c(l)(a), for abuse perpetrated against two of his children. Defendant appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    1. On the day before trial was scheduled to begin, defendant moved to adjourn the case because his expert witness was not available to testify. The trial court denied the motion. Under MCR 2.503, a request for adjournment because of the absence of a witness must be based on good cause, must be made as soon as possible, and may only be granted if diligent efforts were made to produce the witness. Even if good cause and diligence are established, a trial court’s denial of a request for adjournment does not provide a basis for reversal unless the defendant demonstrates prejudice as a result of the abuse of discretion. In this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or deprive defendant of the opportunity to present a defense by refusing his request for an adjournment. Defendant did not attempt to secure the testimony of an expert until shortly before his trial was scheduled to begin, failed to offer any proof that the expert he intended to call would testify on his behalf in manner that would be helpful to the jury, and had already caused a several-month delay of the trial in order to, among other things, secure the testimony of an expert. Defendant, therefore, failed to establish good cause for further delay and diligence in attempting to secure the testimony of the witness.
    2. Both federal and state law guarantee a defendant the right of self-representation, although this right is subject to the trial court’s discretion. Under MRE 611(a), the trial court may limit the defendant’s cross-examination to protect a witness from harassment or undue embarrassment. MRE 611(a) allows the trial court to prohibit a defendant from personally cross-examining vulnerable witnesses — particularly children who have accused the defendant of committing sexual assault. In this case, the trial court prohibited defendant, who represented himself at trial, from personally cross-examining three of his children. Instead, the court instructed defendant to formulate questions for his children, which his advisory attorney then used to cross-examine them. This process did not interfere with defendant’s right to represent himself. The trial court made its decision to prohibit defendant from personally cross-examining two of the children after a motion hearing at which it heard considerable evidence that defendant’s personal cross-examination would cause them significant trauma and emotional stress. The trial court’s decision to prohibit defendant from personally cross-examining the third child was equally sensible. The court made the decision after it witnessed the testimony of the first two children during the trial, at which time they both expressed great fear of their father. Defendant did not have a constitutional right to personally cross-examine the children, and the court properly prevented defendant from cross-examining them under MRE 611(a) so that they would not suffer harassment or undue embarrassment.
    3. Under MCL 768.27b, generally, in a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving domestic violence, evidence of the defendant’s commission of other acts of domestic violence is admissible for any purpose for which it is relevant, including to prove the character of the accused, if it is not otherwise excluded under MRE 403. Under MRE 403, although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. In this case, defendant argued that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted testimony from defendant’s other children concerning acts of violence that he had committed against them. But MCL 768.27b required the trial court to admit this testimony because (1) it was relevant, (2) it described acts of “domestic violence” under the statute, and (3) its probative value was not outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice under MRE 403.
    Affirmed.
    Criminal Law — Right to Self-Representation — Limitations.
    Both federal and state law guarantee a defendant the right of self-representation, but under MRE 611(a), a trial court may limit the defendant’s cross-examination of a witness to protect the witness from harassment or undue embarrassment; in accordance with MRE 611(a)-, a trial court may prohibit a defendant from personally cross-examining vulnerable witnesses— particularly children who have accused the defendant of committing sexual assault (US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 13).
    
      Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, Eric J. Smith, Prosecuting Attorney, Joshua D. Abbott, Chief Appellate Attorney, and Emil Semaan, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
    State Appellate Defender (by Kristin E. Lavoy and Michael Mittlestat) for defendant.
    Before: SAAD, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SHAPIRO, JJ.
   SAAD, P.J.

Defendant appeals his jury trial convictions of child molestation and abuse. Because defendant’s arguments lack merit, we affirm.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This case stems from defendant’s physical and sexual abuse of two of his daughters, AD and OD. After employees at Care House interviewed AD and OD in July 2012, the prosecution charged defendant with (1) two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(a); (2) three counts of second-degree child abuse, MCL 750.136b(3); and (3) one count of second-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520c(1)(a). The charges related exclusively to defendant’s abuse of AD and OD.

A. DEFENDANT’S REQUEST FOR AN EXPERT WITNESS

Over a year before trial, defendant’s initial trial attorney requested the appointment of an expert witness to testify on forensic interviewing techniques used to interview victims of child molestation. The trial court awarded $1,500 in public funds to defendant for this purpose in April 2013 and suggested that defendant’s trial should be scheduled for June 2013. Defendant requested additional time to locate an expert, which the trial court permitted, and the court rescheduled trial for December 2013.

By October 2013, defendant chose to represent himself, albeit with advisory counsel. At this time, his advisory attorney told the court that defendant was in the process of finding an expert to testify on forensic interviewing techniques. Though defendant and advisory counsel promised to contact two prospective expert witnesses within the week, it is unclear whether they contacted one of the potential witnesses, and the other witness told them that he no longer testified in court. Defendant then attempted to secure Dr. Katherine Okla as his expert witness, and, on the day before trial, moved to adjourn the case until she was available to testify, which would not be until at least January 10, 2014. The prosecution objected to the motion and noted that defendant could cross-examine the forensic interviewer — who had actually interviewed AD and OD — on the subject of proper interviewing techniques.

The trial court concurred with the prosecution and denied defendant’s motion. In so doing, the trial court stated that defendant had (1) delayed trial “for a very long time,” (2) failed to explain how the lack of an expert witness would prejudice him, and (3) failed to provide sufficient information regarding Okla’s testimony— which raised the possibility that Okla would actually “testify against the interest of the defendant.”

During trial, defendant again raised the issue of procuring an expert witness to testify on forensic interviewing, and at defendant’s request, the trial court increased the public allotment for an expert witness to $2,000. Despite the trial court’s extensive accommodation of his demands, defendant failed to call Okla or any other expert in forensic interviewing.

B. TRIAL

At trial, which took place in December 2013, the jury heard testimony from five of defendant’s children, including AD and OD, defendant’s wife, a neighbor, police officers, the Care House employees who had interviewed AD and OD, and defendant himself. The testimony of these witnesses demonstrated that defendant committed multiple acts of child molestation and domestic violence over a period of years.

During the 2000s, defendant and his family lived in a two-bedroom home. Defendant is the father of six children, three daughters and three sons. After his younger son, ND, moved out of the house, defendant stopped sleeping in the marital bedroom and began to sleep on a twin bed in his daughters’ room. Defendant also bathed naked with his children, was often alone with them in the bathroom, and instructed his wife to leave the bathroom if she entered it when he was with the children. In general, defendant’s wife and children testified that defendant’s demeanor was generally unpleasant and abusive — he frequently had outbursts of anger, regularly used expletives to refer to the children in place of their names, and committed other acts of physical and sexual abuse.

OD testified that defendant touched and digitally penetrated her vagina on multiple occasions. Specifically, defendant molested her in two contexts: (1) in her bed, when he would touch her vagina, and (2) while she bathed, when he would touch and digitally penetrate her vagina. Defendant’s abuse of OD was not limited to molestation — he also physically abused her. In an apparent attempt to discipline OD for misbehaving at dinner, defendant grabbed her and threw her across the room. AD testified that defendant “flung [OD] and she landed sprawled out on the floor like maybe three or four feet away from her chair.” When AD looked at defendant “in awe” after he abused OD, defendant told her “don’t look at me like that. [OD] was ruining our dinner.” Defendant’s wife also stated that the girls relayed this incident to her, but defendant assured her that the children were “blowing [the incident] out of proportion.”

Defendant’s sexual abuse of AD was more extensive. According to AD, defendant bathed with her until she was in third grade and continued to “assist” with her baths for a year after. If AD attempted to sit away from defendant in the bathtub, defendant would lift her up and pull her toward his genitalia. In addition to this general abuse, AD told the jury of three specific episodes of molestation. Two of these took place in the bathroom: in one instance, defendant purported to instruct AD on how to properly wash her vagina, by rubbing his hand on her vagina; in the other, he punished her for “sassing back” by locking her in the bathroom and forcing her to put his penis in her mouth and lick it. After the latter molestation, defendant pushed AD out of the bathroom, which caused her to hit her head on the hallway wall.

AD also testified that defendant molested her in a fashion similar to the way in which he molested OD, by digitally penetrating her while she lay undressed in defendant’s bed. AD stated that this penetration physically hurt her and that defendant also rubbed his penis on her unclothed thighs and stomach. When AD confronted defendant about his actions, he replied, “remember daddy loves you.”

In his testimony, defendant stated that he occasionally called his children names, but denied physically or sexually abusing any of his children. Defendant’s stand-by counsel cross-examined AD, OD, and KD because the trial court barred defendant from personally conducting the cross-examination of these three child witnesses. It initially prohibited defendant only from cross-examining AD and OD in an order issued after a motion hearing in July 2013. Considering the testimony of AD, OD, and defendant’s wife, which had been given at defendant’s preliminary examination, the trial court found that permitting defendant to cross-examine the girls would allow him to victimize them yet again. The court also observed that defendant had previously attempted to silence his daughters by badgering them about their interview with Care House in 2010 and making incendiary remarks to his family about Care House employees. The trial court expanded its order to include KD after witnessing AD and OD’s testimony at trial, in which both girls expressed great fear of their father. During trial, defendant confronted the girls, but did not cross-examine them — instead, he wrote questions for the girls and gave the questions to his advisory attorney, who then cross-examined the girls using the questions provided by defendant.

After 10 days of proceedings, the jury convicted defendant as charged. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court violated his constitutional rights to (1) present a defense, when the court denied his request to adjourn the trial so he could secure an expert witness, and (2) represent himself, when the court barred him from personally cross-examining AD, OD, and KD. Defendant also says that the trial court erred when it admitted evidence that he committed other acts of physical abuse separate from the charged crimes. The prosecution asks us to affirm the rulings of the trial court and defendant’s convictions.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The decision whether to allow a party to add an expert witness or grant a motion for an adjournment is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, Tisbury v Armstrong, 194 Mich App 19, 20; 486 NW2d 51 (1992), as is the court’s decision whether to admit or exclude evidence, People v King, 297 Mich App 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of principled outcomes. People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 90; 854 NW2d 531 (2014).

Constitutional questions are matters of law that we review de novo. People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). This Court reviews a trial court’s ultimate decision regarding a limitation on cross-examination for an abuse of discretion. People v Minor, 213 Mich App 682, 684; 541 NW2d 576 (1995). We also review a trial court’s decision on a defendant’s request to represent himself for an abuse of discretion. People v Hicks, 259 Mich App 518, 521; 675 NW2d 599 (2003). Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error. People v Gaines, 306 Mich App 289, 304; 856 NW2d 222 (2014).

III. ANALYSIS

A. PRESENTATION OF A DEFENSE

A criminal defendant has a state and federal constitutional right to present a defense, which includes the right to call witnesses, but this right is not absolute. People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341, 379; 749 NW2d 753 (2008). A defendant must comply with “established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.” Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted).

MCR 2.503 is the established rule of procedure that governs adjournments, particularly to secure the testimony of a witness. In relevant part, it states:

(B) Motion or Stipulation for Adjournment.
(1) Unless the court allows otherwise, a request for an adjournment must be by motion or stipulation made in writing or orally in open court based on good cause.
(C) Absence of Witness or Evidence.
(1) A motion to adjourn a proceeding because of the unavailability of a witness or evidence must be made as soon as possible after ascertaining the facts.
(2) An adjournment may be granted on the ground of unavailability of a witness or evidence only if the court finds that the evidence is material and that diligent efforts have been made to produce the witness or evidence.

Under Michigan law, if a defendant seeks an adjournment based on the absence of an expert witness, he must show both “good cause and diligence” in pursuit of that expert witness. People v Taylor, 159 Mich App 468, 489; 406 NW2d 859 (1987). “ ‘Good cause’ factors include whether defendant (1) asserted a constitutional right, (2) had a legitimate reason for asserting the right, (3) had been negligent, and (4) had requested previous adjournments.” People v Coy, 258 Mich App 1, 18; 669 NW2d 831 (2003) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “Even with good cause and due diligence, the trial court’s denial of a request for an adjournment... is not grounds for reversal unless the defendant demonstrates prejudice as a result of the abuse of discretion.” Id. at 18-19.

Here, defendant unconvincingly claims that the trial court deprived him of his right to present a defense when it denied his request for an adjournment to secure Okla’s testimony on forensic interviewing. Despite the fact that his first attorney raised the issue of hiring an expert witness to testify on forensic interviewing over a year before trial, defendant admits that he did not attempt to locate and secure potential expert witnesses until soon before the trial began. And despite learning that the witnesses he contacted could not testify, he did not move for an adjournment until the day before trial. At that time, Okla had not yet reviewed the record, and defendant failed to offer any proof that (1) she would testify on his behalf or (2) her expertise would be relevant or helpful to the jury. See People v Bynum, 496 Mich 610, 623-624; 852 NW2d 570 (2014).

Moreover, defendant had already caused his trial to be delayed for several months — not only so that he could secure an expert witness, but also so that defendant could file and respond to motions, obtain discovery, and request an evaluation of his competency. The trial court accommodated defendant in each of these prior instances, yet defendant continued to persist in his attempts to delay trial. Therefore, he has failed to show good cause for further delay in pursuit of an expert witness. See Taylor, 159 Mich App at 489. In fact, he was negligent, not diligent, in pursuit of an expert witness and did not make use of the generous time and monetary allotments the trial court gave him so he could secure a witness. The trial court accordingly did not violate his right to present a defense when it denied his request for an adjournment. See Yost, 278 Mich App at 379.

Were we nonetheless to assume that defendant had shown good cause and diligence in pursuit of an expert witness, the trial court’s refusal to adjourn the trial would not warrant reversal because defendant fails to show that the absence of Okla prejudiced him in any significant way. Though defendant describes in his brief on appeal the general subjects to which Okla would have testified, there is no indication that Okla’s testimony would have materially benefited defendant’s case. See Coy, 258 Mich App at 18-19.

B. MRE 611(a)

“Both federal and state law . . . guarantee a defendant the right of self-representation, although this right is subject to the trial court’s discretion.” People v Willing, 267 Mich App 208, 219; 704 NW2d 472 (2005) (citations omitted). For example, the trial court may bar a defendant’s self-representation if it finds that the defendant’s “self-representation will. . . disrupt, unduly inconvenience, and burden the court and the administration of the court’s business.” People v Russell, 471 Mich 182, 190; 684 NW2d 745 (2004).

In its management of the self-representing defendant’s cross-examination of witnesses, the trial court, as in all instances, may limit the defendant’s cross-examination to protect the witness from “harassment or undue embarrassment.” MRE 611(a). This is because “[t]he right of cross-examination ... may bow to accommodate other legitimate interests of the trial process or of society.” People v Adamski, 198 Mich App 133, 138; 497 NW2d 546 (1993). Accordingly, we find persuasive the reasoning oí People v Doolittle, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 8, 2008 (Docket No. 271739), p 1, in which another panel of our Court concluded that “a trial court, in certain circumstances, may prohibit a defendant who is exercising his right to self-representation from personally questioning the victim.”

Stated another way, MRE 611(a) allows the trial court to prohibit a defendant from personally cross-examining vulnerable witnesses — particularly children who have accused the defendant of committing sexual assault. The court must balance the criminal defendant’s right to self-representation with “the State’s important interest in protecting child sexual abuse victims from further trauma.” Fields v Murray, 49 F3d 1024, 1037 (CA 4, 1995).

Here, defendant’s assertions that the trial court violated his right to self-representation are particularly unconvincing. Again, the trial court prohibited defendant, who represented himself, from personally cross-examining AD, OD, and KD. Instead, the court instructed defendant to formulate questions for his daughters, which his advisory attorney then used to cross-examine them. In no way did this decision interfere with defendant’s right to represent himself. At all times in this case, defendant maintained autonomy in presenting his defense, and was able to control the direction of the cross-examination of his daughters by writing the relevant questions for his advisory attorney. The record also demonstrates that advisory counsel conferred with defendant and received assistance from him in coordinating the exhibits during those examinations. See People v Davis, 216 Mich App 47, 56; 549 NW2d 1 (1996).

To repeat, the trial court made its decision to prohibit defendant from personally cross-examining AD and OD (who were, respectively, 12 and 9 years old at the time) after a motion hearing at which it heard considerable evidence that defendant’s personal cross-examination would cause them significant trauma and emotional stress. At defendant’s preliminary examination, AD testified that defendant repeatedly attempted to frighten her. OD broke down in tears on multiple occasions, paused for great lengths, and fell asleep on the witness stand while testifying, indicating great emotional discomfort. Furthermore, as the prosecution argued at the July 2013 motion hearing, defendant succeeded in silencing his daughters after the 2010 interview at Care House, by demanding to know what they had told the social workers and telling his daughters that the Care House employees were “scary people.” The trial court properly inferred that his interrogation during trial could have a similar intimidating effect on his daughters. The trial court’s decision to prohibit defendant from personally cross-examining KD was equally sensible. It did so after it witnessed the testimony of AD and OD at trial, in which both girls expressed great fear of their father.

Therefore, it is clear that the trial court wisely and properly prevented defendant from personally cross-examining AD, OD, and KD to stop the children from suffering “harassment or undue embarrassment.” MRE 611(a); see alsoAdamski, 198 MichApp at 138. In no way did this violate defendant’s right to self-representation because a criminal defendant has “no constitutional right to personally cross-examine the victim of his crimes.” Applegate v Commonwealth, 299 SW3d 266, 273 (Ky, 2009). Defendant’s arguments to the contrary are unsupported and without merit.

C. OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE UNDER MCL 768.27b

A trial court’s decision whether to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v King, 297 Mich App 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012). MCL 768.27b(1) provides:

Except as provided in subsection (4) [concerning acts occurring more than 10 years before the charged offense], in a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving domestic violence, evidence of the defendant’s commission of other acts of domestic violence is admissible for any purpose for which it is relevant, if it is not otherwise excluded under Michigan rule of evidence 403. [Emphasis added.]

In turn, MCL 768.27b(5)(a) defines “domestic violence” and “offense involving domestic violence” to mean

an occurrence of 1 or more of the following acts by a person that is not an act of self-defense:
(i) Causing or attempting to cause physical or mental harm to a family or household member.
(ii) Placing a family or household member in fear of physical or mental harm.
(iii) Causing or attempting to cause a family or household member to engage in involuntary sexual activity by force, threat of force, or duress.
(iv) Engaging in activity toward a family or household member that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested.

“The language of MCL 768.27b clearly indicates that trial courts have discretion ‘to admit relevant evidence of other domestic assaults to prove any issue, even the character of the accused, if the evidence meets the standard of MKE 403.’ ” People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 609; 806 NW2d 371 (2011) (citation omitted; emphasis added). This evidence “can be admitted at trial because ‘a full and complete picture of a defendant’s history. . . tend[s] to shed light on the likelihood that a given crime was committed.’ ” Id. at 610, quoting People v Pattison, 276 Mich App 613, 620; 741 NW2d 558 (2007) (alteration in original).

MRE 403, which is “used sparingly” to exclude evidence, People v Uribe, 310 Mich App 467, 472; 872 NW2d 511 (2015), provides:

Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

When it determines whether the probative value of evidence is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice under MRE 403, a court performs a balancing test that looks to these factors, among others:

[T]he time required to present the evidence and the possibility of delay, whether the evidence is needlessly cumulative, how directly the evidence tends to prove the fact for which it is offered, how essential the fact sought to be proved is to the case, the potential for confusing or misleading the jury, and whether the fact can be proved in another manner without as many harmful collateral effects. [People v Blackston, 481 Mich 451, 462; 751 NW2d 408 (2008).]

Here, defendant wrongly contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it permitted the admission of testimony from KD, CD, and ND, pursuant to MCL 768.27b, that defendant committed other acts of physical violence against them. Again, KD, CD, and ND testified that defendant physically abused them when he (1) pulled KD down the stairs, causing a rug burn, and spanked her hard on the buttocks, (2) spanked and threw CD into a wall, slapped and knocked over CD on a camping trip, and told personnel at a hospital that CD was suicidal when he actually had attempted to run away from home to escape defendant’s abuse, and (3) threw a garbage can and shovel at ND. MCL 768.27b required the trial court to admit this testimony because (1) it is relevant, (2) it describes acts of “domestic violence” under the statute, and (3) its probative value is not outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice under MRE 403.

Each of the acts of physical violence to which KD, CD, and ND testified are relevant because they tend to make “a material fact at issue” — i.e., whether defendant physically abused AD and OD — “more probable or less probable than [the material fact] would be” without the testimony. People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 387; 582 NW2d 785 (1998). The testimony also involves acts of “domestic violence” under MCL 768.27b because the children described instances in which defendant either “caus [ed] or attempt [ed] to cause physical or mental harm to a family or household member” through actual physical abuse. MCL 768.27b(5)(a)(i).

Nor is the probative value of the testimony outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice to defendant under MRE 403. The testimony is highly probative because it demonstrates defendant’s violent and aggressive tendencies, as well as his repeated history of committing physical abuse of all his children — not just AD and OD. In other words, it gave the jury “ ‘a full and complete picture of a defendant’s history [and] tend[s] to shed light on the likelihood that a given crime was committed.’ ” Cameron, 291 Mich App at 610, quoting Pattison, 276 Mich App at 620 (second alteration in original). And none of the factors that would indicate this probative value is outweighed by a danger of “unfair prejudice” — e.g., delay of defendant’s trial, a cumulative nature, a potential to mislead or confuse the jury — is present. See Blackston, 481 Mich at 462.

Accordingly, the trial court ruled properly under MCL 768.27b when it admitted the testimony of KD, CD, and ND regarding the physical violence defendant committed against them.

Affirmed.

M. J. Kelly and Shapiro, JJ., concurred with Saajd, P.J. 
      
       AD and OD were also interviewed at Care House in 2010 after AD made comments that compared male genitalia to female genitalia, and claimed that her brother, ND, had “showed me his.” No charges resulted against ND. At trial, AD told the jury that her statements actually related to defendant’s abuse, but that he effectively convinced her to blame ND for the incident. According to defendant’s wife and the forensic interviewer who spoke with AD and OD in 2012, defendant disparaged Care House employees after the 2010 interview, referring to them as “scary people,” and confronted the girls about what information they had disclosed in their conversations.
     
      
       The trial court permitted the admission of defendant’s other acts of physical and sexual abuse pursuant to, respectively, MCL 768.27b and MCL 768.27a. Three of defendant’s other children, KD, CD, and ND, testified that defendant physically abused them when he (1) pulled KD down the stairs, causing a rug burn, and spanked her hard on the buttocks, (2) spanked and threw CD into a wall, slapped and knocked over CD on a camping trip, and told personnel at a hospital that CD was suicidal when he actually had attempted to run away from home to escape defendant’s abuse, and (3) threw a garbage can and shovel at ND.
      Two of these children, KD and CD, also testified that defendant sexually abused them. KD stated that defendant reached inside her pajama pants and underwear and touched her buttocks cheek. CD testified that, when he was between five and nine years old, defendant would sit behind CD in the bathtub and rub his genitalia against CD’s back. CD reported these allegations to the police in 2010, which did not result in criminal charges. Though the trial court had initially ruled CD could not testify on defendant’s sexual abuse of him, because it had allegedly occurred long before the crimes with which defendant was charged, defendant opened the door to the testimony by questioning a police detective about the nature of the allegations CD made against him in 2010.
     
      
       At the time of trial, AD, OD, and KD were, respectively, 12, 9, and 11 years old. CD and ND were both over 18.
     
      
       Unpublished opinions are not binding, but may be persuasive. Paris Meadows, LLC v City of Kentwood, 287 Mich App 136, 145 n 3; 783 NW2d 133 (2010). See also Fields v Murray, 49 F3d 1024, 1036-1037 (CA 4, 1995) (affirming the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s request to represent himself for the sole purpose of personally cross-examining child witnesses, whom he had molested); Partin v Commonwealth, 168 SW3d 23,27-29 (Ky, 2005) (holding that right of self-representation does not “mean that [the defendant has] a constitutional right to personally cross-examine the victim(s) of his crimes”); Applegate v Commonwealth, 299 SW3d 266, 273 (Ky, 2009) (“Even if a defendant is granted the right to cross-examine witnesses, there is no constitutional right to personally cross-examine the victim of his crimes.”). Cases from foreign jurisdictions are not binding, but may be persuasive. People v Campbell, 289 Mich App 533, 535; 798 NW2d 514 (2010).
     
      
       Defendant conflates the constitutional right to confront witnesses with the right to self-representation. The trial court never prevented defendant from confronting AD, KD, and OD — it merely required defendant’s attorney to perform the cross-examination of these witnesses, as opposed to permitting defendant to question them himself. For this reason, defendant’s extensive citation of Maryland v Craig, 497 US 836; 110 S Ct 3157; 111 L Ed 2d 666 (1990) — a case in which a Maryland court had permitted a 6-year-old victim of sexual abuse to testify out of court, via closed-circuit television — is inapposite and unavailing. In the instant action, the trial court was not required to follow the procedures of Craig because it did not prohibit defendant from confronting the witnesses against him, which is the only circumstance in which Craig’s procedural mandates apply. Instead, the trial court properly managed the presentation of witnesses under MRE 611(a). Adamski, 198 Mich App at 138. Defendant cites no relevant authority to support his claim that the trial court was not permitted to take the actions that it did under this applicable rule of evidence. “An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims ....” Peterson Novelties, Ina v City of Berkley, 259 Mich App 1, 14; 672 NW2d 351 (2003).
      And, in any event, despite defendant’s assertions to the contrary, the trial court, in a surfeit of thoroughness and caution, essentially satisfied Craig’s procedural mandates — which it was not required to do. Again, the trial court made its decision to prohibit defendant from personally cross-examining AD and OD after it heard extensive evidence that allowing defendant to do so would traumatize AD and OD. See Craig, 497 US at 855-856; People v Rose, 289 Mich App 499, 516; 808 NW2d 301 (2010); People v Buie, 285 Mich App 401, 408-410; 775 NW2d 817 (2009).
     
      
       As described in note 2 of this opinion, the court permitted KD and CD to testify that defendant committed other acts of sexual abuse against them. The trial court admitted this evidence pursuant to MCL 768.27a. Defendant does not challenge the admission of this evidence on appeal.
     