
    In the Matter of application for the Probate of the Will of Julia Ann Spratt, Deceased.
    
      (Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department,
    
    
      Filed April 10, 1896.)
    
    1. Appeal—Question of fact.
    Where a notice of appeal has been taken from every part of a decree of the surrogate, the facts are before the appellate court for review, though .no exception to the surrogate’s decision has been filed; upon the hearing of the appeal, the court may' reverse it upon the facts, if the case is one which requires such action.
    2. Same—Questions of law.
    But no questions of law can be reviewed upon such an appeal, unless exceptions have been taken as provided by section 2545 of the Code.
    3. Wills—Undue influence.
    The natural influence of a parent or guardian over the children, or the husband over the wife, or the attorney over the client, may lawfully be exerted to obtain a will or legacy, so long as the testator thoroughly understands what he is doing and is a free agent'. .
    4. Same—Burden of proof.
    The person who alleges that the will was obtained by undue influence is bound to prove, not only that there was an opportunity to exercise undue influence, but that it was actually exerted, and that the effect of it .was to overpower the. will of the testator, and procure him to make a disposition of his property other than that which he would have made if no influence was exerted and which he would not have made if no such influence had been practiced upon him.
    
      ;g. Witness—Section 829 of the Code.
    Where the only evidence as to the relations between the testatrix and her residuary legatee, who is alleged to have exercised undue influence over her, is that elicited on the cross examination of such legatee, the witness is not precluded by section 829 of the Code front the fullest opportunity to explain all the transactions as to which he is interrogated, and to give not only the facts, but the circumstances, when material.
    Appeal from a decree of the surrogate admitting to probate a -will dated April 24, 1893, and refusing probate to an instrument ■■dated May 25, 1893.
    Francis Forbes and Chas. T. Haviland, for app’lts; Chas. H. .Beckett, for resp’ts.
   RUMSEY, J.

The respondents object to the consideration of ■this appeal for the reason that no exception to the decision of the •surrogate were filed by the appellants. Section 2545 of the Code •of Civil Procedure provides for the taking of exceptions to a ruling made by the surrogate upon the trial. It also provides that the surrogate must file his decision in each case, which must state separately the facts found and the conclusion of law, -and that ■either party may, upon the settlement of the case, request a •■finding upon any question of law, and an exception may be taken to such finding or ruling, or to the refusal to so find ■or rule. It is further provided that the appeal from a decree ■of the surrogate’s court brings up for review each decision to ■which an exceptión is taken by the appellant. Under the provision of that section, it was held in the case of Angevine v. Jackson, 103 N. Y. 470; 3 St. Rep. 463, where no exception was taken to the findings, that the general term was powerless to reverse the decree of the surrogate. But upon further consideration, in the case of Burger v. Burger, 111 N. Y. 524; 20 St. Rep. 105, and the ruling in the Angevine Case was to some extent changed. In the Case of Burger an exception had been taken to the •decision of the surrogate, but the court held that that exception, for reasons there stated, was of no avail. It further held, however, that, although the exception was not available to raise any question, yet that an appeal from the decision of the surrogate on the ■facts as well as on the law, was sufficient to give the appellate •court jurisdiction to review the facts, if a case containing evidence had been made, and that an exception to a finding of fact was neither necessary nor proper. It is provided by section 2576 of the. Code-of Civil Procedure that an appeal may be taken upon questions of law, or upon the facts, or both. The appeal is to be taken by serving a notice referring to the decree, and stating that the appellant appears from the same, or from a specified part thereof. It was held in Re Stewart, 135 N. Y. 413; 48 St. Rep. 434, that- where the notice of appeal stated that the appeal was taken from the decree of the surrogate, and from every part thereof, it was sufficient to bring up for review, not only the law, but the facts. Considering the last two cases together, the rule is, as we think, that, where a notice of appeal has been taken from every part of the decree, t)ie facts are before the appellate court;, for review, although bo exception to the surrogate’s decision has, been filed, and that, upon the hearing of the appeal, the court! may reverse it upon the facts, if the case is one which requires-such action. But no questions of law can be reviewed upon such an appeal unless exceptions have been taken as provided by section 2545 of the Code. The case presented here., therefore, is sufficient to require us to review the facts, and also such questions-of law as were raised by exceptions taken to the rulings of the-surrogate upon the trial.

The testatrix, Julia Ann Spratt, was a widow, aged from 70 te74 years, who had lived for many years in the .city of New York. She had no children or descendants of any children, her sole relatives being nephews and; nieces. .On tjre 24th :of April, 1893, she executed a will; and in'about a month from that time, and on the 25th of M.ay, 1893, she executed another one. She died in October of the same .year. Each will was presented for probate-by the proper person, and the usual allegations in opposition to-the probate of each one were presented by those persons who desired to,contest them. Affcer the contestants! answers had been filed in each case, the surrogate made an .order, upon-consent, consolidating the two. proceedings, which were carried pn together, from that time. .As the result oi; the tidal had .upon those proceedings, the decree .from which this appeal, was taken was entered, denying probate to the will of Mhy 25, 1893, and admitting to-probate of April 24, Í893. It was conceded, .on all .hands that-the testatrix was of sound .mind, and., competent to make a will, and, so far as mere formal masters were concerned, each will was:properly executed,, The, only, q.uestio.n presented, to the surrogate, and upon which, he decided, was,whether, the will of May 24, 1893, was procured by undue, influence practiced, upon Mrs. Spratt by William Nelson ¡fie Page, the residuary.legatee in. that-will. Le Page was the nephew of Mrs. Spratt’s husband, who, it. appeared, had died .marry years before, leaving ,a considerable-estate in China. After the death of the husband, it seems that Le Page had been consulted by íírs. Spratt with_reference to the collection or settlement of her husband’s matters in the, foreign country, and had,taken, general charge of it for .her, under an agreement that he was to receive a certain portion of what was collected as compensation for’his services. Whi)e the testimony upon this-subject is somewhat vague, it is fair to infer that he brought about a settlement of the matter, and, received, in, one form or another,, the agreed compensation for his work. Aiter that time it would seem that Le Page was trusted by Mrs. Spraft to a very consider-, able extent;, that he was her adviser somewhat; and that he -had considerable to do with her financial affairs. •

The surrogate, in deciding the. case, assumed, as the result of the evidencé, that Le Page occupied a confidential relation towards-Mrs. Spratt. Were it necessary to pass upon that point, we would have great difficulty in reaching the conclusion which the surrogate arrived at. But, without considering that question further, and assuming, upon the decision of this appeal, that the surrogate-was correct in his conclusion in that regard, it remains to be seen whether the facts warranted a finding that the will was procured by undue influence practiced by Le Page, as was found by the surrogate.

What constitutes undue influence which would avoid a will has been so frequently the subject of decision that no examination of authorities with regard to it is necessary. The rule as we adopt it is laid down in Re Seagrist’s Will, recently decided by this court, and reported in — St. Rep.-, and the cases therein cited..

The surrogate, assuming that Le Page occupied towards the testator a confidential relation, held that there arose from that fact alone a presumption that the will had been procured by his undue influence practiced upon her, and that the burden was put upon him of rebutting this presumption, and establishing that in making this will the testator acted without restraint or undue influence and that it was the production of her own free will, without any undue pressure of the beneficiary. In this conclusion the surrogate erred. Where contracts are made inter vivos which take-effect presently, it is well established that, if the party benefited be such contracts occupies towards the other party a confidential relation, the court will presume that the contract was obtained through his fraud, and will put upon him the burden of proof,, when it is attacked, that it was fair in all its' parts, and was obtained by the exercise of no improper. influence upon the other party to the contract. But in the case of wills no such rule exists. In such cases the natural influence of the parent or guardian over the children, or the husband over the wife, or the attorney over the client, may lawfully be exerted to obtain a will or legacy, so long as the testator thoroughly understands what he is-doing, and is a free agent. This distinction is so thoroughly established that it is only necessary to cite authorities in support of it. Parfitt v. Lawless, L. R. 2 Prob. & Div. 462; Brick v. Brick, 66 N. Y. 144; In re Lyddy’s Will, 24 St. Rep. 607; In re Bedlow, 67 Hun, 408; 51 St. Rep. 782; Bancroft v. Otis (Ala.) 8 South. 286. Heither is it sufficient to establish that a will was obtained by undue influence that the person accused of practicing it had an opportunity so to do, because the fact that such an opportunity existed does not raise the presumption that advantage was taken of it. In re Bedlow, 67 Hun, 408; 51 St. Rep. 782; Cudney v. Cudney, 68 N. Y. 148. The person who alleges that the will was obtained in that way is bound to prove, not only that there was an opportunity to exercise undue influence, but that it was actually exerted, and that the effect of it was to overpower the will of the testator, and procure him to make a disposition of his property other than-that which he would have made if no influence was exerted, and which he would not have made if no such influence had been practiced upon him. It will be necessary to examine the evidence-in this case to see whether, within these well settled rules, the contestants established that the will was procured by undue influence of Le Page, as the surrogate found.

It appears from the testimony that, in 1881, Mrs. Spratt'made a will, in which Le Page was named as residuary legatee. This will -continued in existence until April 24, 1893. Theré is nothing to show that during all that time there was any ground of difference between Le Page and Mrs. Spratt, or that up to that time she had' .any reason to complain of his conduct towards her. It is quite true that there were financial transactions between them, and it may be that, as the result of these transactions, Le Page did not -appear in an enviable situation, but with regard to that more will ■be said hereafter. It was made to appear that on the 24th of April, 1893, Mrs. Spratt made a new will, from the provisions of which Le Page was excluded, and another person named as residuary legatee. Why this viras done nowhere appeared. Where Le-Page was at that time is not shown by the evidence. It does appear, however, that, soon after that time, he came to the city of New York, with his wife. He did not stay at Mrs. Pratt’s house, but he and his wife stayed at the Sinclair House.. There is no •evidence to show that from the 24th of April, 1893, to the 25th •of May, 1893, he saw Mrs. Spratt more than twice. One of those times was when the second will was made, and the other a few ■days before it. The person .who saw him with Mrs. Spratt at that time did not undertake to say that he had one word of conversation with her. The case is entirely barren, therefore, of any proof that, by word or act between the 24th of April and the 25th of May, Le Page communicated with Mrs. Spratt on the subject of a will, or conveyed to her any intimation or request that she should 'make any change in the will which she had previously made. Indeed, there is no evidence in the case that he knew what were'the -terms of the will of April 24th. Mrs. LePage said that she heard that Mrs. Spratt had made a will, and that she told her husband -of it, but that she never saw it, and did not know what was in it . There is no evidence to contradict this except the testimony of Mrs. Carrie'Spratt, who says that one time, in the month of May, 1893, she saw Mrs. Le Pagein the laundry, showing her husband -a folded light brown paper; and that immediately afterwards Le Page said that he had to go down town, and that he would be "back; and that he was very much excited. It does not appear that Le Page or his wife looked at the paper, or that they knew •the contents of it, nor that it was the will of April 24, 1893. But it was possibly fair .to infer, although there was no direct proof upon the subject, that Le Page did have some conversation with Mrs. Spratt during the month of May, 1893, because in some way he became possessed of her desire to have another will made, and' procured Harrison & Byrd to' go to her house to make it. Even that inference, however, leaves us a long way from any proof that he exercised any undue influence, or any influence whatever, upon Mrs. Spratt to get her to make the will she did make in May. "The only evidence as to the relations between these parties is that ■derived from Le Page’s cross-examination when he was sworn and examined as a surrogate’s witness. .Care must be taken rot to draw from that examination too severe inferences against the witness. He was required to answer explicitly whatever question was put to him, however harsh might be the inferences to be drawn from his answer. He was not permitted to explain his ■answers, although he made many efforts to do so; nor was he permitted to tell fully any of his business transactions with Mrs. Spratt, from which these inferences were drawn, which, as the surrogate says, show him in an unenviable light. Neither was he permitted, by independént evidence, to explain any of these transactions. For these reasons, it is necessary to be careful, and not lay too much stress upon this cross-examination of Le Page, either as showing that he was a "bad man, or that his relations with Mrs. Spratt were such that he could have practiced undue influence upon her if he had seen fit. When the conduct of a witness is attacked in such a case, he should have given to him the very fullest opportunity to explain all the transactions as to which he is inquired of, not only giving the facts, but, where the surroundings are material, giving the circumstances of the transaction in full. In this case, although Le Page was permitted to go into his business affairs with Mrs. Spratt, frequently when he attempted to give testimony on his own account with regard to some transaction, he was met by the objection that it was not admissible, under section 829 of the Code, and his version of the transaction was excluded. Not only was this done in his own case, but it was done in the case of the witness Cole, when he was sworn to testify as to the payments made by him to Mrs. Spratt. But, giving this testimony its utmost ■weight against Le Page," it proves only that he had used his friendship with Mrs. Spratt to borrow money of her, part of which he had paid; but it does not show that he had gained any great ■control or influence over her, much less that he exercised any at this time. Besides the testimony of Le Page, there was evidence ■given from Mrs. Sellon and from one Eodenberger, bearing upon the feeling of Mrs. Spratt towards Le Page, Of this evidence it may be said that it showed that Mrs. Spratt found fault with Le Page at the time of which the witnesses spoke, because he had borrowed money of her. Except for that testimony, there is no evidence in the case to show any undue influence on the part of Le Page in the making of the will of May 25th. On the contrary, it appears from the testimony of Mr. Harrison that Mrs. Spratt told him what legacies she desired to leave by that will, that Le Page said nothing on the subject, and she communicated with nobody in his presence with regard to them, except with Toner, about the carriage and horse. A comparison of that will with the will of April 24th shows that there is little material difference between them, except with regard to the residuary legatee. In the will of May 25th she had reinserted Le Page as residuary legatee, which position he had occupied towards her ever since 1881, except one month. The other provisions of the will are substantially like the will which was made on the 24t-h of April.

We have thus gone over in a general way all the testimony, which is relied upon as showing that the will was obtained by undue influence practiced by Le Page upon Mrs. Spratt, and we have reached the conclusion that the surrogate erred in his decision on that point.

We have examined the various exceptions taken to the ruling of the surrogate; but, as the conclusion reached above will require a new'trial of the issue of undue influence, it is unnecessary to say more with regard to it than that many óf them proceeded upon an erroneous principle. The evidence of Cole, which was-objected to imd excluded as incompetent, under section 829 of the Code was plainly competent. So", was the evidence of Mrs. Le Page. She had been examined fully as to the transactions-with Mrs. Spratt, and as to the time when she became acquainted with her; and, by that course of examination, the contestants-had opened the whole subject, so that she was .competent to testify upon it; and it was error to exclude her testimony upon the grounds to which objection was made. But it is unnecessary to-pursue the investigation óf these exceptions further. The conclusion of our examination is that the decree of the surrogate-must be reversed, and the case must be sent for trial by jury in. the supreme podrí upon two questions: First. Was. the paper writing dated on the 25th of May, 1893, the last will and testament óf Julia Ann Spratt? And, second, was such paper writing procured by fraud and undue influence óf Robert ¡Nelson Le-Page?

The costs óf this appeal are to abide íbé event, of the final ,determination of the case, after the new trial shall have'been had.

All concur.  