
    OAKLAND-MACOMB INTERCEPTOR DRAIN DRAINAGE DISTRICT v RIC-MAN CONSTRUCTION, INC
    Docket No. 314098.
    Submitted October 8, 2013, at Detroit.
    Decided January 30, 2014, at 9:10 a.m.
    The Oakland-Macomb Interceptor Drain Drainage District (OMIDDD) brought an action for declarative and injunctive relief against Ric-Man Construction, Inc., and the American Arbitration Association (AAA) in the Oakland Circuit Court, seeking to enforce the terms of an arbitration agreement that the OMIDDD entered into with Ric-Man to resolve several multimillion-dollar claims arising from Ric-Man’s contractual agreements with the OMIDDD to repair a portion of the Oakland-Macomb sanitary-sewer system. Specifically, plaintiff sought to enforce the provisions of the arbitration agreement that set forth a detailed procedure for choosing the members of the arbitration panel, which was to include two construction-industry professionals and one attorney with background in construction litigation, after the AAA appointed a member to the attorney position who did not meet the minimum acceptable level of qualifications. The court, Colleen A. O’Brien, J., denied plaintiffs motion for summary disposition and dismissed the case, ruling that there was no basis on which to grant plaintiff declaratory or injunctive relief. Plaintiff appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held-.
    
    Under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 USC 4 and 5, a court may grant a party’s petition for relief before an arbitral award has been made if the arbitration agreement explicitly specifies detailed qualifications that an arbitrator must possess and the third-party administrator fails to appoint an arbitrator that meets these qualifications.
    Reversed and remanded for the trial court to issue an order consistent with this opinion and to award plaintiff costs and attorney fees.
    Jansen, J., dissenting, concluded that the trial court reached the right result, albeit for the wrong reason, because the FAA does not allow courts to review decisions about the qualification of arbitrators before an award is made, regardless of the requirements set forth in the arbitration agreement, absent fraud or other infirmity in the contracting process that would constitute legal or equitable grounds for revoking the agreement.
    Arbitration — Federal Arbitration Act — Provisions Establishing Arbitrator Qualifications — Prearbitration Enforcement.
    A court may grant a party’s petition for relief before an arbitral award has been made if the arbitration agreement explicitly specifies detailed qualifications that an arbitrator must possess and the third-party administrator fails to appoint an arbitrator that meets these qualifications (9 USC 4 and 5).
    
      Kotz Sangster Wysocki PC (by Jeffrey M. Sangster and Barry J. Jensen) for Oakland-Macomb Interceptor Drain Drainage District.
    
      McAlpine PC (by Mark McAlpine, Marcus R. San-born, and David M. Zack) for Ric-Man Construction, Inc.
    Before: SAAD, RJ., and SAWYER and JANSEN, JJ.
   SAAD, PJ.

Plaintiff Oakland-Macomb Interceptor Drain Drainage District (“Drainage District”), a public sector drainage district, seeks to enforce provisions of its agreement to arbitrate with defendant Ric-Man Construction. The American Arbitration Association (AAA) failed to appoint a lawyer-member of the arbitral panel that had the specific, specialized qualifications set forth in the parties’ agreement.

I. NATURE OF THE CASE

Plaintiffs objection to the AAA’s failure to comply with the contractual requirements of a specific, highly specialized arbitral agreement raises an issue of first impression for a Michigan court’s application of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 USC 1 et seq. That is, will our courts enforce the conditions of an arbitral agreement before the arbitral award has been issued when (1) the underlying subject matter of the arbitration involves complex technical and legal issues, (2) the arbitration agreement requires that the arbitrators possess a highly specialized professional background, and (3) the arbitration agreement specifically outlines a precise method to select said arbitrators?

Other courts that have looked at this narrow, but important, issue have made the following distinction, which informs our analysis: Courts will not entertain suits to address preaward general objections to the impartiality or expertise of an arbitrator. But when suit is brought, as here, to enforce the key provisions of the agreement to arbitrate — i.e., when the criteria and method for choosing arbitrators are at the heart of the arbitration agreement — then courts will enforce these contractual mandates. To rule otherwise would essentially rewrite the parties’ contract and rob the objecting party of this key contractual right to have a panel with the specialized qualifications necessary to make an informed arbitral ruling — which goes to the precise purpose and reason to arbitrate such technically and legally complex claims.

With this key distinction in mind and after a careful review of the comprehensive arbitration agreement, we note that this is not the standard, garden-variety, simple arbitration case or arbitration agreement. To the contrary, every provision of this arbitration agreement reveals that this is a complex matter, both technically and legally. Indeed, the agreement was “tailor made” to arbitrate a complex, large, public-sector sewer construction project, and it was entered into only after the parties encountered multimillion-dollar disputes against each other, which they could not resolve. And the agreement provides for extensive discovery; contains unusual provisions for waivers, statute of limitations, res judicata, and recorded proceedings; and mandates detailed findings by the panel in anticipation of potential claims by and against vendors, consultants, and other interested third parties.

In addition, the arbitration agreement expressly modifies the already sophisticated complex construction rules of the AAA by mandating very specific qualifications for the three-member arbitral panel and outlining the precise manner in which the AAA must appoint these panel members. Again, the parties spelled out very particularized qualifications that the panel members must possess. Their specialized experience would make it more likely that the panel would understand the complexity of the technical and legal issues presented, and thus render an informed decision.

Any objective reading of this agreement to arbitrate makes this intention very clear. Neither the parties to the agreement nor the AAA — which agreed to act as the third-party entity to implement this arbitration agreement — could possibly misunderstand or miss the significance of having high-level, quality arbitrators to hear the matters at issue and render an informed arbitral ruling. Therefore, when the AAA blatantly and inexplicably ignored these key provisions, plaintiff had only one course of action to ensure an arbitral hearing with the type of panel envisioned: it brought suit to enforce the contract. Notwithstanding the plain language of the agreement, defendant took the position that these provisions did not clearly call for the qualifications claimed by plaintiff. It also claimed that plaintiffs prearbitration suit to enforce said provisions was premature and contrary to the FAA that, it says, disallows prearbitration litigation regarding the qualifications of an arbitrator.

We disagree with defendant on both points and with the trial court, which ruled for defendant. Instead, we hold that it is abundantly clear that the agreement to arbitrate made the specialized qualifications of the panel central and key to the entire agreement. We also hold that when, as here, a provision to arbitrate is central to the agreement, the FAA provides that it should be enforced by the courts before the arbitral hearing.

The shibboleth that this approach would encourage delays is an artful and convenient dodge. It is quite obvious here that plaintiff strongly desires arbitration and, in fact, insists on an arbitral hearing, but only if it is meaningful, as contemplated by the contract between the parties. We also regard defendant’s contention that the AAA followed the agreement as, at best, disingenuous.

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we reject defendant’s arguments, reverse the trial court’s findings, and remand to the trial court to issue an order to the AAA consistent with this opinion.

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Plaintiff is a special-purpose public corporation established under the Drain Code, MCL 280.1 et seq. It owns the Oakland-Macomb Interceptor (OMI), which is part of an extensive sanitary-sewer system that delivers wastewater from suburban areas to the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department for treatment. Defendant Ric-Man is a construction company that entered into two contracts with plaintiff to build infrastructure needed to perform repairs on the OMI. These construction contracts include a brief dispute-resolution clause, which allowed the parties to agree to submit the claim to another dispute resolution process. Because plaintiff and defendant asserted serious multimillion-dollar claims against each other during the construction project, they implemented their contractual right to amend their initial contract with a much more detailed arbitration agreement. The new arbitration agreement submitted the dispute to binding arbitration, to be administered by the AAA, and it specified in § 1.3 that the arbitration panel had to consist of two construction-industry professionals and one attorney with a “ background in construction litigation” (emphasis added). The agreement also outlined a detailed set of requirements for the AAA to follow in the event that it, and not the parties, selected an arbitrator. In the relevant sections, the agreement states:

§ 1.3.4 Any selected arbitrator will be a member of the AAA Construction Panel. The arbitration panel shall include one construction lawyer and two construction professionals agreed upon by the parties or selected in accordance with the criteria set out below. If any arbitrators are selected by AAA, selection criteria shall be applied in the following order with the next level of criteria applied only if no candidates are available who meet the preceding criteria [emphasis added]:
§ 1.3.4.1 Construction Lawyer (1 member and 1 alternate)
A [m]ember of the Large Complex Construction Dispute (“LCCD”) panel and at least 20 years of experience in construction law with an emphasis in heavy construction. [Emphasis added.]
At least 20 years of experience in construction law with an emphasis in heavy construction.
A member of the LCCD panel and at least 10 years of experience with an emphasis in heavy [c]onstruction.
At least 10 years of experience with an emphasis in heavy [c]onstruction.
A member of the LCCD panel and at least 20 years of experience in construction law with some experience in heavy construction.
At least 20 years of experience in construction law with some experience in heavy construction.
A member of the LCCD panel and at least 10 years of experience with some experience in heavy construction.
At least 10 years of experience with some experience in heavy construction.

Accordingly, the key provisions — and those provisions directly pertinent to this appeal — concern the composition and selection of the arbitral panel. If the parties could, not agree on two construction professionals and one construction lawyer, then the AAA would choose a panel member that met the parties’ stipulated qualifications. And, in order to ensure that the most qualified available lawyer was chosen, the arbitration agreement specifies the declining, but minimal order of qualifications in the event a lawyer with all the desired qualifications is unavailable. Taken together, these provisions obviously attest to the importance and centrality of the qualifications of the arbitrators to the parties’ agreement to arbitrate. The central point of these provisions is that the parties agreed that, if available, the lawyer-member of the three-member arbitral panel must (1) be an attorney with experience in construction litigation, (2) possess 20 years’ experience in construction law with an emphasis in heavy construction, and (3) be a member of the Large Complex Construction Dispute panel.

These portions of the arbitration agreement were triggered in January 2012, when the Drainage District filed its demand with the AAA for arbitration against Ric-Man. Both parties selected the two constractionindustry-professional arbitrators from a list supplied by the AAA. But they could not agree on the construction-litigator arbitrator, thus leaving that position to be filled by the AAA in accordance with the procedures, methodology, and selection criteria specified in the arbitration agreement.

In August 2012, the AAA notified the Drainage District and Ric-Man that it had chosen Michael Hay-slip as the construction-litigator member of the panel. Hayslip unquestionably did not meet the qualification requirements of the contract. Though Hayslip was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1994, and worked in the construction industry throughout his career, he had no background in construction litigation — much less 20 years of experience with an emphasis in heavy construction, which is a key qualification required by the arbitration agreement — nor was he a member of the AAA’s LCCD panel. The Drainage District immediately objected to the AAA’s disregard of the arbitration agreement, but the AAA nonetheless reaffirmed its appointment of Hayslip.

Plaintiff subsequently filed suit against Ric-Man and the AAA in October 2012 to enforce its contractual right to have an attorney with the aforementioned qualifications on the panel. Plaintiff sought (1) a declaration that the AAA was required to appoint a lawyer with a background in construction litigation in compliance with the arbitrator-selection procedures specified in the arbitration agreement, (2) an injunction ordering the AAA to do the same, and (3) a judgment of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), stating that Hay-slip lacked the necessary experience required by the agreement and that any award issued by the current arbitration panel was void.

Plaintiff also alleged that the AAA failed to follow the arbitrator-selection process outlined in the agreement, pointing to Hayslip’s relative lack of experience when compared to the alternate attorney-arbitrator, Weiers. Of course, as noted, in addition to his lack of experience in construction litigation, Hayslip’s professional background did not meet the first two criteria the AAA was supposed to take into account when choosing arbitrators: (1) he was not a Large Complex Construction Dispute panel member with at least 20 years of experience in construction law, and (2) he did not have at least 20 years of experience in construction law with an emphasis in heavy construction. Whereas Hayslip did not satisfy either qualification, Weiers possessed both.

In response, Ric-Man stated that a court cannot second-guess an arbitration decision and that the AAA followed the specified arbitrator-selection process. It contended that the arbitration agreement did not actually require the attorney-arbitrator to have construction-litigation experience, and that plaintiff sued simply because it was unhappy with the selected group of arbitrators.

The trial court rejected plaintiffs arguments, and held, erroneously, that the AAA’s selection of Hayslip complied with the plain language of the arbitration agreement. In so doing, it ruled that there was no language in the arbitration agreement requiring the AAA to appoint a construction lawyer with 10 to 20 years of construction-litigation experience. The trial court denied plaintiffs motion for summary disposition and dismissed the case.

Plaintiff filed an appeal in January 2013, claiming that the trial court erred when it denied the motion for summary disposition and dismissed the complaint. Specifically, plaintiff requests that our Court order the AAA to comply with the arbitration agreement.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition.” Hackel v Macomb Co Comm, 298 Mich App 311, 315; 826 NW2d 753 (2012). “In reviewing a motion under MCR 2.116(0(10), this Court considers the pleadings, admissions, affidavits, and other relevant documentary evidence of record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether any genuine issue of material fact exists to warrant a trial.” Walsh v Taylor, 263 Mich App 618, 621; 689 NW2d 506 (2004). “Summary disposition is appropriate if there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Latham v Barton Malow Co, 480 Mich 105, 111; 746 NW2d 868 (2008). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” West v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 177, 183; 665 NW2d 468 (2003).

The interpretation of a contract presents a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Kloian v Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 273 Mich App 449, 452; 733 NW2d 766 (2006). “Arbitration agreements are generally interpreted in the same manner as ordinary contracts. They must be enforced according to their terms to effectuate the intentions of the parties.” Bayati v Bayati, 264 Mich App 595, 599; 691 NW2d 812 (2004) (citation omitted). See also Equal Employment Opportunity Comm v Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc, 177 F3d 448, 460 (CA 6, 1999) (“Because courts are to treat agreements to arbitrate as all other contracts, they must apply general principles of contract interpretation to the interpretation of an agreement covered by the FAA.”).

IV ANALYSIS

Because both the Drainage District and Ric-Man agree that this case involves materials shipped through interstate commerce and is thus is governed by the FAA, we begin our analysis with the plain language of the applicable statute. Section 5 of the FAA, which governs the appointment of arbitrators, states: “If in the agreement provision be made for a method of naming or appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators or an umpire, such method shall be followed .. . .” 9 USC 5 (emphasis added). Significantly, to implement the mandate of § 5, the use of the term “shall” indicates that compliance with the methods specified in the agreement is mandatory. Further, to give life to this mandate, § 4 of the FAA permits “[a] party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration” to “petition any United States district court... for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.” 9 USC 4.

Therefore, under §§ 4 and 5 of the FAA, courts have a statutory obligation to protect arbitral parties from abuse by the third-party agency conducting the arbitration. See Morrison v Circuit City Stores, Inc, 317 F3d 646, 678 (CA 6, 2003). If courts were to refuse prearbitration relief, arbitration agencies could ignore with impunity the specific terms of the arbitration agreement, thus effectively modifying the agreed-upon terms without eaph party’s consent. See id. at 678-680; Farrell v Subway Int’l, BV, unpublished opinion of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, issued March 23, 2011 (Docket No. 11 Civ 08), pp 10-11 (“[F]ederal law directs that the Court enforce the selection of the arbitrator in accordance with the terms of the [parties’] Agreement. . . .”) citing 9 USC 5; and Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins Co v LeafRe Reinsurance Co, unpublished opinion of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, issued November 20, 2000 (Docket No. 00 C 5257), p 4 (“The [FAA] clearly states that contractual provisions for the appointment of an arbitrator ‘shall be followed.’ ”), quoting 9 USC 5. To prevent such a material alteration of the contract, in cases in which the “parties have agreed to arbitrate, but disagree as to the operation or implementation of that agreement,” a court can remove an arbitrator before an award has been granted. B/E Aerospace, Inc v Jet Aviation St Louis, Inc, unpublished opinion of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, issued July 1, 2011 (Docket No. 11 Civ 4032), p 3 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

Accordingly, a party may petition a court for relief before an arbitral award has been made if (1) the arbitration agreement explicitly specifies detailed qualifications the arbitrator must possess, and (2) the third-party arbitration administrator fails to appoint an arbitrator that meets these specified qualifications. Therefore, a court may issue an “order, pursuant to § 4 of the FAA, requiring that the arbitration proceedings conform to the terms of the arbitration agreement entered into by the parties.” Morrison, 317 F3d at 678.

To hold otherwise under these facts would negate the purpose of arbitration: parties make arbitration agreements with the expectation that the third-party arbitral agency will honor important provisions of the agreements. If that agency disregards the explicit terms of the arbitration agreement — terms that were central to the initial contract between the parties — the disadvantaged party must have some access to judicial relief, and relief can be effective only before the arbitral hearing.

In such cases — as here, and contrary to defendant’s argument and the trial court’s ruling — it is not premature to give the disadvantaged party access to judicial relief before an arbitral award has been made. Essentially, this is the only opportunity the objecting party has to demand an arbitration panel that conforms to the arbitration agreement. If the objecting party waits until the award has been made, it is very improbable that a court will offer relief. See Bell v Seabury, 243 Mich App 413, 421-422; 622 NW2d 347 (2000) (stating that “arbitral awards are given great deference and courts have stated unequivocally that they should not be lightly set aside”); and Dawahare v Spencer, 210 F3d 666, 669 (CA 6, 2000) (holding that “[a]n arbitration decision must fly in the face of established legal precedent for [a court] to find manifest disregard of the law”) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Thus, to prevent the party from receiving prearbitration relief would undermine the very purpose of an arbitration agreement, which is to ensure swift extrajudicial resolution of a dispute under bargained-for terms. See City of Bridgeport v Kasper Group, Inc, 278 Conn 466, 485; 899 A2d 523 (Conn 2006) (stating that “the primary goal of arbitration ... is to provide the efficient, economical and expeditious resolution of private disputes”) (citation and quotation marks omitted). And, here, contrary to the trial court’s ruling, the agreement to arbitrate made it very clear that the lawyer member of the panel must have specific and substantial experience in construction litigation — and yet the AAA chose a lawyer with no such experience.

Accordingly, the AAA obviously ignored the arbitration agreement when it made Hayslip the attorney arbitrator. The AAA could have easily corrected its failure to comply with the arbitration agreement when the Drainage District protested Hayslip’s selection, but it did not. Evidently, there were attorneys available to serve as arbitrators who met all the conditions of plaintiff and defendant’s contract, as demonstrated by the AAA’s decision to make Weiers — a lawyer with a “background in construction litigation” — the alternate attorney-arbitrator. The AAA’s refusal to comply with the arbitration agreement’s stated terms robbed the Drainage District of its bargained-for terms, and AAA’s repudiation of its obligation cannot be sanctioned by this Court.

V CONCLUSION

Pursuant to FAA §§ 4 and 5, plaintiff may enforce the precise language of the arbitration contract relating to the qualifications of the arbitrators and the method of choosing the arbitrators. Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the trial court to issue an order to the AAA requiring it to appoint an arbitral panel member who meets the criteria called for in the arbitration agreement, so that any subsequent arbitration will “proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.” 9 USC 4; see also Morrison, 317 F3d at 678. We also award plaintiff its costs and attorney fees to be assessed by the trial court upon remand, which shall include the costs and attorney fees at both the trial and appellate level.

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

SAWYER, J., concurred with SAAD, RJ.

JANSEN, J.

(dissenting). Because I conclude that the circuit court reached the correct result in this case, albeit for the wrong reason, I must respectfully dissent.

The circuit court dismissed plaintiffs complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief, concluding that defendant American Arbitration Association (AAA) had fully complied with the plain language of the arbitration agreement when it selected Michael Hayslip as the lawyer-member of the arbitral panel. The circuit court ruled that plaintiff was “reading into the arbitration [agreement] a requirement that does not exist.”

The circuit court reached the correct result by dismissing plaintiffs complaint, even though it did so for the wrong reason. For purposes of this appeal, it actually makes no difference whether the arbitration agreement required AAA to appoint a lawyer-member with a particular number of years of construction litigation experience. Irrespective of the exact requirements set forth in the arbitration agreement at issue in this case, it is well settled that “[a]ppellants cannot obtain judicial review of. . . decisions about the qualifications of the arbitrators . . . prior to the making of an award.” Cox v Piper, Jaffray & Hopwood, Inc, 848 F2d 842, 843-844 (CA 8, 1988). The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 USC 1 et seq., “does not provide for pre-award removal of an arbitrator.” Aviall, Inc v Ryder System, Inc, 110 F3d 892, 895 (CA 2, 1997). Indeed, “ ‘it is well established that a . . . court cannot entertain an attack upon the qualifications ... of arbitrators until after the conclusion of the arbitration and the rendition of an award.’ ” Id., quoting Michaels v Mariforum Shipping, SA, 624 F2d 411, 414 n 4 (CA 2,1980). “The [FAA] does not provide for judicial scrutiny of an arbitrator’s qualifications to serve, other than in a proceeding to confirm or vacate an award, which necessarily occurs after the arbitrator has rendered his service.” Florasynth, Inc v Pickholz, 750 F2d 171, 174 (CA 2, 1984); see also Gulf Guaranty Life Ins Co v Connecticut Gen Life Ins Co, 304 F3d 476, 490-491 (CA 5, 2002).

Of course, a court would have the authority to remove a particular arbitrator prior to issuance of the arbitral award if the dispute concerning the arbitrator’s qualifications implicated “grounds ... at law or in equity for the revocation of [the] contract.” 9 USC 2; see also Aviall, 110 F3d at 895. However, it is appropriate for the court to make such a preaward removal “only when there is a claim, for example, that there was ‘fraud in the inducement’ or some other ‘infirmity in the contracting process’ regarding the parties’ establishing arbitral qualifications, which ground would invalidate the agreement to arbitrate.” Gulf Guaranty, 304 F3d at 491, quoting Aviall, 110 F3d at 896. Similarly, preaward removal may be permissible under § 2 of the FAA when “the arbitrator’s relationship to one party was undisclosed, or unanticipated and unintended, thereby invalidating the contract.” Aviall, 110 F3d at 896.

In the present case, there is no claim that AAA’s selection of Hayslip as the lawyer-member of the arbitral panel involved fraud or any other fundamental infirmity in the contracting process that would completely invalidate the arbitration agreement. See 9 USC 2; see also Gulf Guaranty, 304 F3d at 491. Nor is there any claim that Hayslip had an inappropriate relationship with either party. See Aviall, 110 F3d at 896. It may well be that Hayslip did not meet the specific requirements for appointment set forth in the arbitration agreement. But plaintiff was required to wait until after issuance of the arbitral award and raise this matter in a proceeding to vacate. See 9 USC 10; see also Gulf Guaranty, 304 F3d at 490-491; Florasynth, 750 F2d at 174.

Because the dispute over Hayslip’s qualifications to serve as the lawyer-member did not constitute a sufficient ground to warrant revocation of the entire arbitration agreement, the circuit court was without authority to reach the issue at this stage of the proceedings. See 9 USC 2; see also Gulf Guaranty, 304 F3d at 491 (noting that “a court may not entertain disputes over the qualifications of an arbitrator to serve merely because a party claims that enforcement of the contract by its terms is at issue, unless such claim raises concerns rising to the level that the very validity of the agreement be at issue”). The dispute regarding Hay-slip’s qualifications to serve, although framed by plaintiff as a request to enforce the arbitration agreement according to its terms, “is not the type of challenge that the [circuit] court was authorized to adjudicate pursuant to the FAA prior to issuance of an arbitral award.” Id. at 492.

In my opinion, the circuit court reached the correct result, albeit for the wrong reason, when it dismissed plaintiffs complaint. “It is well settled that we will not reverse when the circuit court has reached the correct result, even if it has done so for the wrong reason.” Hare v Starr Commonwealth Corp, 291 Mich App 206, 226; 813 NW2d 752 (2011). I would affirm the circuit court’s dismissal of plaintiffs complaint.

APPENDIX

ALTFRNATTVE'Di.'sFUTE RESOLUTION AGREEMENT

IN COÑS!í)líRA7IOÑ ¿nhejfnuWa) promises etptaated fo thi» Altemthiys 'Disunite Rtisolutfqb Agreement ("Agreement"), .Oakíand'lyíacQmb Jmpr¿t?[Hór .Drain Drainage District-. '(^OMIDDD") and RIc-Mcn CojwtructíoQ, Ijjo. ('Ric-Man’’) agree- -la ¿mend Contract, j mid Contract, p as Identified below by-adding thair 'agreement fop ‘alternate, dispule resolution procedures pursuant to .Section 16.01 of the General conditions as follow?,’ effective ibis t'Z^ day flf Ap-t'rl__.201J;

.1; KFftlTALS

Oil or shorn January 19, 2üíQ QMIDDD and Ríc*Mau ónUaed.into a conti&CLfor thft construction of stiver access «id contrursimetwes designated us Installation ¿f Ploy,* -Control. ■McasuresBdfcop. Corridor.Interceptor,; Mtcomb County .Michigan designated’os Contract .1

Oft tir about iuttunQ*. J9i.2djp, OMIDDD miá Ric-Man entered pito a contract' foi the Installation of Flow Control -Measures Oakland Arm Interceptor Maconih County.Mic/wgiur 'designated as Coní?aeV2 ("Cotflttc* 2"). fU used hereíh, '-'FiOjKtif5 is defined as %. work performed or required to be psrforéncd ucder Couliact'í andCóntrüet.2,

During’construction of tho Projects', Ríc-Man bab'raisbd Various claims for •additional’ iiirie tsnd catfspensatiot* for perform fog the vork'aw) averted s?,lia work, including by example,, claims dleyedty arising under the Spéarin Doctrine asd-for ¿Jteged ciifíVring.site conditions. OM1DDD hc$ also raised claims agalnsf ftic-Map fof credits, reiniburfeíinánrt and other diiTjages allegedly arising from Rie.Miin's work on the Projects. Contract. 1 and 'Contract 2 provide Hint Hu panics.- may resow claTnis- Or’disputes'- thru ugh any Jorra of alternative dispute resolution agreed ypbn by foe-parties.

OMJDDD and Rlo-Man nfaSr-ieei: to amend Contract 1 and Contract. 2. by adding thwr agreemenfforajtemsta.dispmciesolutioft'procedures'pursu'ant.to Sectfon 16.01 oftbe.General, conditions for *he'r«diuiioii of any and' ail claims;.'disputes, or contioveraies 7fc#Jidmg ,the . Projects through bfoding'arbjtrattonfos follows:

If. AOKEEM^TfcjR ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE R^OLtJTION

§1.3 .-ARBITRATION AGREEMENT.

§ -1.1.1 This Agreement defines foe delusive-terms for'binding arbitration for any cjdrns arising ó¿t..of ofrelated-lo the. Pj-ojeci? as provided tiJJOd ngreemem.úf the. purties.m Section 16.01,of the. General .Cohditions of,Cobtraot.l andCamréclá.

i §i.-'l -2 Any claim1 pr díápure.anSirtgOUbOf ar related fo tire Prbjccts; b^ivteen OMJDDD sjid’Rte Man shall Ire ■subject to binding- arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association (!'ÁAArj In occordarce with its Construction'industry -Arínimtícn Riñes which Include Laige, Complex ‘ConsifucUon'Dispute Rides la. effect on the dato of this Agreement. ax' modified by the tenosof this agreement.

In no event símil e demand for arbitration be nitric after the date-when tljo institution of legal or equitable proceedings based on tee claimfs) would bebarred by tee applicable statute of llmttetitms of applicable contractual limitations period. For statute of limitations or contractual limitations purposes, receipt oí,a, written demand for arbitration.by the person or entity administering tee arbitration shall constitute tea institution, of legal or equitable proceedings based on (be claim(s). An arbitration demand shall only address claims arislngteom or related to the Projects. If demands for arbitration are Sled on both Contrae^ I and Contract X the demands wall be asserted in a single demand ter arbitration before a .tingle arbitration panel. Fcr purposes of statute of limitations, each claim from each Contract shall be considered separately and the rime for bringing a ¿kora based on one Contract will riot b® extended by time limits applicable to claims ter the other Contract.

Unless otherwise agreed by tee parties in writing, tee arbitration demand shall Include only claims and disputes between ÜNUD0D and Ric?Man.

§ 13 SELECTION OF ARBITRATORS. Any arbitration conducted pursuant to this agreement ¿ball be decided by a panel of three arbitrators. This panel shall consist, of two construrtion, industry professionals and one attorney with a background in construction litigation. Al! arbitrationlieariQgs shall be conducted at the AAA office in Southfield Michigan, uni css the parties agree to an alternate location in Southeastern Michigan,

Once a demand ter arbitration is filed, the parties shidljointly ark the AAA to distribute a list of at least IS approved construction arbitrators. The parties shfilUequcsi teat AAA provide a list of 25 potential construction arbitrators who best meet tee criteria set forth it? section t.3.4 below and who are closest geographically to tee Southfield office of AAA. Priority shall be given t3 proximity first and to the remaining criteria second without regard to priority of the rcnminmg criteria. The 100 mile limitation set-out ip § 13.3 below shall no! apply to this inltifti selection. Within iliiriy (30) days of tee date of receipt of (he Jist of crbilretora. the parties shall virtually iigrfea.ii'poii tt panel of three arbitrators, who aje imjíifoliy acceptable end two uddfiioml arbitrators designated as altofhvtés (one eorómiérion lawyer «fid oua Industry profession,'ll) In the tvenf that one of dje icbctal arbítralo! s Heines ^available. If íhd -pántes ans.uhabte to ugrpo oii’thB necessary- number «i^ariiiTraliWs ftóm tiia.otiehtfl lity thsvfta panics jointly,the. AAA for. a fiu^hcr li?t of 25-adcfltJÚnáJ. approved construction .arbitrator^ irit'o best meet the criteria sb! foiih below and who, are thts-.ncKt'olcftes-t gcographicallinG the -Sombfidf] office of AAA, .Priority .shail tnj ¿venito pTOximllj' Íira1 ¿ud id tib r?roamipg criteria sccoffdAvifiiQu! rogará 'to pticnSy-ofthe .rtmainmg criteria. ‘the 1.00 briitO'mjleiicm sef out In Section 'U.3 hélóvy shall not apply to-this selection. If the pyrtits.lUil fa select opsnd.oJTbtes.arijitiatáts'and. two altemate.eíijiiratórs wthin thirty days of the date oí scr/‘cc of the second list bf potential erbltrafois. jhvq be.mmriitíngrporirfam\,rill-'b<? fitted byarbiirttors scbcieo íhróugli tilt n'üriiiiti. processor ibe AAA, Construction Indust/y Rules,' subject*;»-the fallowing pnttajiclcrs:

§ 1.3.J (Applicable ónly if the partid!- fgti lo agTcc ort’ácljHr¿¡(or(¿)l. No arbitrator shall bd selected V/bd'tvas'already rejected,by one ‘of the panics, A list of arbitrators thafwcw rejected fa initial díscússkmsi vrill HaprovidaJ byteeeft party vnfafa teri'OO) days cf Vrapiesi by the AAA,

§ 1,3.2 .(Applijrehlcoiitj If ibfpariiej fail to agree on arb¡iratori(j>))Í!i áildrtíon lo any • other gxpuD¿;on \vbzch a prospective- or&lraiw would He disqualifita under the AAA jlulcs to protect against- arbtjrstpr Hies.tJ»:.cotifiW3-of interest, ho erbitictor shall bo BEÍected..\vho''hú3 anycprmcctt'on, relationship id or Interest ip -any bf file parties» nay consultant. nnorqey, employee., subcontractor, or wítoe$s bf th¿ partías, The parties shall, provide c Ifct of all- such persons or «ifititT Y-itlirn tfeo’t \ 0j «toys Qt> request by itit AAA,

I' 2.3,3 '(Applicable oaly rf He parties fail to agre? ott arltitiitoríí]). Nu aiHilrator; will be selected -by the-.rtAA who'fasidy wrthm 100 miles of the offices of,círh¿r;pi?(tyr mclwfai&iield offibei bs well as the Florida office dr cny other subsidiary office o: lúe- Wart, •The parties will provide a list of-all.such addresses within ten fiO) clays of 6 request from the AAÁ.

§ I.3.-4 Arty selected arbitrator will be n'meraber of '.he AAA Constnirtion Pamjl. ThefirHitrólíOH -parid síiaií frtdudc one consti-ucllbn jav»-yct and i\\>o £onstr\ictiofl prófcssíqnids ügibtxT upon by -the parlies or. «-Iccicri in accordaacc wiih the criteria sei out bcloWlf any arHilrators are sejecteií'by AAA» «election criteria shaDbc applied la the following orderwith the pe,\t hysl of criteria applied only if ho candidates are tysjlablr.who the preceding criteria:

1-3AI Ccnalntciíonlawyer (l memberand S alternate)

.A Member of.the Large. Couple* Constnteticn dispute {"LCCDTpanei olid el Jsasi:20 years of experience i« construction law with in Cmphatis In hs&V/ co.iisiiuciiou,
At- least 20 years -of experience In construction lav?-with an emphasis xn-hsavy ccustwcticn,
A inemher- of the. LCCD panel ’and at 'least lO-years ol* BxpcrJestce wiih an empluisis InlieoVy Conalmction. ' ’ ’
At Jeu.vt Í 0 years árexperiente with an emphasáa in Heavy Construction,.
A member of the LCCD' panel and at least 20 years of experience in construction law with some experience in heavy construction.
A member of the LCCD pace! and at least 10'yeflrs of experience with some ftxjimenfirs in hynvy r.-msitvftdnn
At least 10 years of experience with some experience ih heavy construction.

1.3.4,2 Construction industry Professionals (2 members and 1 alternate).

A- member efthe LCCD panel and an advanced Civil Engineering Degree, with nt least 20 years of geotechnical experience emphasizing soils» soil loadings, dewatering, and structural steel design and leading.
An advanced Civil Engineering Degree with at least 20 years of geotechnical experience emphasizing soils, soil loadings» dewatering- end sLodural sled design mid 1 ceding.
A member of die LCCD panel and aa advanced Civil Engineering Degree with at least 10 years of geotechnical experience emphasizing soils, soil loadings, dasvaiering. and structural steel design, and loading.
An advanced Civil Engineering Degree with, at least 10. years of geotechnical experience emphasizing .soils, soil loadings, dewatering, and structural steel design «id loading,
A member of the LCCD panel and a Civil Engineering degree with, at least 20 years of geotechnical experience Emphasizing soils, soil loading, dewatering, end structural steel design and/or loading.
A CM) Engineering degree with at least 20 years of geotechnical experience emphasizing soils, soil loading, dewatering, and structural steel design and/or loading.
A member ofthe LCCD panel nod a Civil Engineering degree with st least 10 years of geotechnical experience emphasizing soils, soil loading, tltwittering» und slruuluruí meet dmatni and/or loiulln^.
A Civil Enginewing degree with at least 10 years of geotechnical experience emphástzi ng soils, soil loading, dewatering, and structural steel design and% loading.
A .member of thq.DCCOpsnei and‘any Engineering degree wijii'ni leo&lD yi'?rs of- -geotechnical «penence ewpbastelua soils. soil loading.. dc«y{crlug.*íid jitmelural sic*} <14sign ind/or loading.
Any Eppirfcermg degree with at least 20 yeans ofgeQtwnnicaUxpsrifince empuasizing 'soil's.. sGj I loading; déWattring. apd structural. s?.«l design! chdVIoading,, ' *
An>emb$rcftheL£C¿'ponslnndanyEnginítnogdftgrtttwithaileast ID •yea# of goot^hvñc&l experience .empfeorisjwg soils, -soil loading* deivateiinp» and airwcturft) steel ¿«rigu w«d?o¿ typing;
Mtf Emjjmieripg.degToe with Gtj«¿Uüy«aS cfgíratóaltnichl expfcricnic Chipiw.sl'ZJti&soils, Kill hiding, dewTuering. wv! structural stwi design eodfpr loading.
A member of thq LCCD panel fiad áricasl 20 years ofVüióbtótl. c>¿eoí‘éch¡n«ii cxpenepcc in cpnsinjci|aa matiagcmcnl. or.’ design ¿ntyh¿3rafií* soils» sófi.ioadiags. d^alcmg,. and styusAwai design andi’or’loading;
At least20 yean oCgcdogicai cr-geoxechmea] eNperiencé Tuciinstrudkni oiflaastmaif or design implasiapngaoils, soil loading dewatering. t\hd Structural sled dcrigriímd/orjcading,
A .tocmbcr.’.of the LCCD-panel mid ot least 10 years of-gaolngkaf oi geóteáiinteai -experlcncd. -lit -epasimetion tHanagcnicrii ct design ¿mpbasiwng soiis»:?oii loadings,, dewatering; and structural steel design o»<tforJosdifi£.
AtJebst 1Ü years ofgeological cr gcatechaiccd eKpcriciictinconslniutjon incnnpviénl oí ¿taiga «njáiaslílng; soils* soil loadings, dewatering,-and 5 trasfitre! etefcl design ond/of.Ioading..

§ Í.’J DfSCOVF’.RY. Alb'díscovciypenmííed by the Mlthigan Siare. Ruit^of Court sViHU afeo luipínuiUrd in this arbitration places*» irpdw; ibis ^gra$me«»eúbjf5ci to-each party’s right Jo -iccj» y protccifyc* order if discovery becomes- harassing, pr cbu^yB, TJjcr &&/*, Construction Industry-ttuta* limitation on dfecnoíay. <dis1l -nnr; »pply: ■ Tbn«rhiiratioo paod E* hereby authorized tú decido.any olid all discovery ‘disputes pód issue appropriate sanctions Yfhfcw xvanaotid* The acburatfbn panel inéy'n-sotvé ‘disuovery disputa-tbrcugli any procedure •deemed prúdeñt b^.th’éarbitratqrs. iiicliidiiig Through', a c.cntarince.caU orij formal mo don. sad hearing.

.Notwilbwhdmg die tbrigolng. the- arbitration panel n^y liryifl discovery wh&e tfyj pend finds •tfssf ti)Bdr«pvi*ry rougbi slaVefno pcrjióít» oilier than io juoküco tbc'eHpcjioo.'cfTbe wbftrArion or lo Jvoss.ihe other party.

§RS VACAN'CtgSAbtn RP.yUAnEitTKKTOr AlHHTRATQRd’

In ihe-evcni that nn arbitrator "on the panol becomes unable io continue to serve as an irhitrator'white hrbítraiícn is pending th&rarbiirajion hqaring5.shali.be temporarily‘suspended [until tris aUcrnaiWrepUe¿i!)cnl arbi(rafóní5 prepared toiprOcC'td.ivUh the. bean rrgj. Thi dlctfiMc arhUr^ións) íh¿l ipview the trmtscrip'is and evidence front hcarmgSbKnjkmsly.inducted In Hit matter-i!>d ihall thro replace the absenhiuticraior cri th&'pnih If additiór.aí értlÚMOrs'bcconta uníibie to continue lo .suyo. if arfci tritón»-im tty? .pauc]„ thin the parsesagree lipón [> rdphicMcnl arbitrator within ie,ir days, of the'date, that the tarings are 'suspended or If the pruiles are- unable to agrep. •the’ faÁÁ shall -select'a replacement •amittator, subject to the p?rapteier¿ sel tfutíitave, Tnc mahflup of the artytratlon paqrl (c»ng cpaRteOMkm ía<vye¿uptí W¿ Htltóstiy professionals) sball.be tMtttolned. .

9 i.b EPILM-aNd FtHMjrv oy Avt^Ttn. The .arbitration award ahfilf ba a,stWdard tiwardg l-Smvcvcr. the ^tíü-.s atso-dcstró a .éetemii/ialiüu of iIjk gwiund bastó .vf'lhp award, and •diitribuUón oj.’áñimmís awarded arid pflscl or deducted boaul oatli'a general Issues, lo'.allow -.assessment. of'the potential Culpability of Of rtóaYery .by (hJrd'panie? including sqbconlractQrn, coruAiitantS. .pfc suppliers. ''Chétcfíihs the patfi&s rcquÜsí tbirf. panel profile a breakdown o'fjhu Mount ofatif.firifil award tha't-idwtiílcs'tbó basis’íói thfl[aüi3UntViid sets’ ouí l he aciicial.Sssnea. ilr?t constitute ibfc.basis for caen donar amount added to qt deducted from ihe Qmount;of the itWüVd. Siidf determination shall nof be considered for -purposés of appeal oc.reviow oíftht •awarj.. tn tbaevent oi'sücíi araytetf Pn appeal* Uto special detemúu&skm shall nót beadmlssibfe rjitt; prtn^derediby the reviewing entity»* The.aifciuattoa proceedings.shah be recorded by a certified Court tcgorteriictecjM by agre'cmsnl of the patties afcd. if jhbyore unable'íó agree.'then by the AAA. TJ>e parties 3hall aluno the cCsl ¿filié rcpüricr«^u<illy. Tbs avvárd Tiaide^^ by die srbifraÍKMJ pane] shall be finid. binding, and jUdgttxijl.inay.br:'entered upon It tn ?<ccó«lú[icc wifi.; applicable id guy court having .competent jurisdiction thereof

F.yF.rÍTTiok\Pyvn^s^rÁTiQ'ÑsÁNtt W'/uRAN-riEg.

§ 1A Tills Agieroiem.shajj bind the parlies hereto-ar.ctbei'r. Jteiis, assigns, suqsidiitnes. pfltvnl compontes. crcdhuiá. reipisenlaitvek'cir heneijcbyW

:§1.1 Tito individuals ésecuitng this Agreement h?teby: warrant rhey ha\e qmhoriiy to sign.lilts Agrément oubahajíiof íbrlr respective enthy and,to bind ibn! entity to thV terms uftbls ^¿?e<yue¡n,

§23 Thiii Agreement shall amend! rod to the extent of any.ccnfliéf, sujjwswlu the terms and conditions ol Contract 1 and 'Contract 2 defined above. 
      
       The agreement is attached as an appendix.
     
      
       “We read contracts as a whole, giving harmonious effect, if possible, to each word and phrase.” Wilkie v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 469 Mich 41, 50 n 11; 664 NW2d 776 (2003).
     
      
       After plaintiff brought suit, the AAA also chose Thomas Weiers as an alternate attorney-arbitrator. At the time of his appointment, Weiers had 25 years’ experience as a construction-industry attorney, with knowledge of both heavy construction and construction litigation, and was a member of the AAA’s LCCD panel.
     
      
       See Burns v Olde Discount Corp, 212 Mich App 576, 580; 538 NW2d 686 (1995) (stating that “[t]he [PAA] governs actions in both federal and state courts arising out of contracts involving interstate commerce”). “State courts are hound under the Supremacy Clause, US Const, art VI, § 2, to enforce the substantive provisions of the federal act.” Id.
      
     
      
      
         “The word ‘shall’ is generally used to designate a mandatory provision . ...” Old Kent Bank v Kal Kustom Enterprises, 255 Mich App 524, 532; 660 NW2d 384 (2003).
     
      
       Our ruling conflicts with a decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which held that parties generally may not challenge the appointment of an arbitrator before an arbitral award is issued. Gulf Guaranty Life Ins Co v Conn Gen Life Ins Co, 304 F3d 476, 489-490 (CA 5, 2002) (holding that “the FAA does not expressly provide for court authority to remove an arbitrator prior to the issuance of an arbitral award” and “does not expressly endorse court inquiry into the capacity of any arbitrator to serve prior to issuance of an arbitral award”) (emphasis omitted). As the Fifth Circuit explained, this narrow interpretation of a court’s authority in the preaward stages of an FAA dispute prevents “endless applications [to the courts] and infinite delay” and also stops overly litigious parties from bringing lawsuit after lawsuit to delay arbitration. Id. at 492 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
      As noted, we do not find this analysis applicable to or persuasive under the specific circumstances of our case. See Truel v City of Dearborn, 291 Mich App 125, 136 n 3; 804 NW2d 744 (2010) (noting that “[d]ecisions from lower federal courts are not binding but may be considered persuasive”). As noted, requiring an objecting party to wait until an arbitral award has been issued before bringing a claim related to the composition of the arbitral panel, when said expertise is critical to a fully informed arbitral hearing, essentially robs the party of any opportunity to receive judicial relief. Guaranty also evinces an unwarranted lack of faith in the competence of our judiciary to distinguish between real and serious objections, as here, and frivolous developing tactics. We trust that in most cases, as here, the distinction is clear and obvious, and that courts should provide relief under the FAA.
     
      
       As noted, Weiers was appointed as an alternate attorney-arbitrator after this litigation began. Our analysis might have been different if, on appointing Hayslip, the AAA had told plaintiff and defendant Ric-Man that it was unable to find any arbitrators that satisfied the contract terms. The AAA did not do so, however, and Ric-Man does not make this allegation on appeal — in fact, Ric-Man continues to maintain that Hay-slip was qualified to serve as an arbitrator under the terms of the arbitration agreement, which he clearly is not.
     
      
       It is undisputed that the FAA applies in this case.
     
      
       As the majority opinion correctly observes, “[djecisions from lower federal courts are not binding but may be considered persuasive.” Truel v City of Dearborn, 291 Mich App 125, 136 n 3; 804 NW2d 744 (2010). At the same time, however, the Supremacy Clause precludes this Court from applying any state law or policy that is inconsistent with the FAA. See Abela v Gen Motors Corp, 257 Mich App 513, 524-525; 669 NW2d 271 (2003), aff'd 469 Mich 603 (2004). Both our Supreme Court and this Court have looked to the decisions of lower federal courts when interpreting and applying the FAA. See, e.g., Abela v Gen Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 607; 677 NW2d 325 (2004); Scanlon v P&J Enterprises, Inc, 182 Mich App 347, 351; 451 NW2d 616 (1990).
     