
    Charles Bidelman, Supervisor of the Town of Gaines, etc., App’lt, v. The State of New York, Resp’t.
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed October 2, 1888.)
    
    1. Action—Supervisor can maintain action against the state for damages to bridges, etc., caused by the negligence of officers OF THE STATE.
    By a breach in the Erie canal, in the town of Gaines, by the negligence of the agents and officers of the state, three public bridges and a culvert in that town were injured to the extent of $1,200. Held, that the supervisor of said town could maintain in the court of claims an action against the state to recover the necessary expense of reparation. Cornell and Ciarle v. Turnpike Co., 28 Wend,, 365, and other cases distinguished.
    2. Same — Code Civ. Pro,, § 1926, prescribes mode of enforcing claim.
    Code Civil Procedure, section 1926, merely prescribes the mode of enforcing such rights and claims as belong to the supervisor of the town without defining them or declaring their nature or extent.
    3. Same—Town can maintain action for injury to its bridges.
    A town being charged, by statute, with the duly of maintaining and repairing the highways and bridges therein, and liable for all damages to persons or property by reason of defective highways or bridges in such town, it follows that the town has a right of action and a remedy over against any person who intentionally or by negligence makes repair or rebuilding of either necessary.
    Appeal from an award by the court of claims denying the claim for compensation for damages done to the bridges and culverts in the town of Gaines through the negligence of the officers of the state. The denial being upon the sole ground that “ the bridges and culverts ” in question were not the property of the town of Gaines, and that, therefore, the supervisor could not maintain it. The facts are stated in the opinion.
    
      Edwin L. Wage, for appl’t; Chas. F. Tabor, Att’y-Gen., for resp’t.
   Danforth, J.

Every fact essential to a just cause of action for damages incurred through the negligence of another, was found to exist, but the claim for compensation denied upon the sole ground that “the bridges and culverts” in question were not the property of the town of Gaines; and hence that an action could not be maintained if the claim were against an individual or a corporation, and consequently could not be properly presented against the state. It is, among other things, provided by the Code (sec. 1926), that an action or special proceeding may be maintained by the supervisor of a town, to recover damages for an injury to the property or rights of that officer or the body represented by him. The supervisor represents the town. The section quoted is substantially a re-enactment of the provision of the Revised Statutes (2 R. S., 473, secs. 92, 93), and in like manner merely prescribes the mode of enforcing such rights and claims as belong to the supervisor of the town, without defining them or declaring their nature or extent.

But the facts presented by the appellant bring the case within other statutes, devolving a duty on the town, which, being performed at an expense, entitles it to reimbursement at the hands of the wrong doer who occasioned it. The facts found are, that by a break in the Erie canal in the town of Gaines, caused by the negligence of the agents and officers of the state, “three public bridges and a culvert in that town were injured to the extent of $1,200.” By statute the primary responsibility for the maintenance and repair of highways and bridges is cast upon the several towns of the state. It is true that the duty of care and superintendence over them is imposed upon the commissioners of highways, and they are to cause highways and bridges over streams intersecting highways, to be kept in repair (1 R. 8., chap. XVI, title I, art. I). Their action, however, whether in ordinary (1 R. S., supra, secs. 8, 4), or extraordinary cases (Laws of 1832, chap. 274: Laws of 1857, chap. 615; Laws of 1858, chap. 103), is at the expense of the town, and to be met by assessment in the same manner as other town charges (1 R. 8., supra, secs. 3,4). So the statute (Laws of_ 1881, chap. 700), entitled “An act to provide for the liability of towns and commissioners of highways in certain cases,” lays upon the town a liability for all damages to persons or property by reason of “defective highways or bridges in such town.” Being charged with these various duties, and made subject to liability, it would seem to follow that the town had such an interest in the preservation of its bridges as would give a right of action and a remedy over against any person who intentionally, or by negligence, made repair or rebuilding necessary.

The statute last cited (Laws of 1881, supra) expressly gives an action to the town against its commissioner of highways, if the defect complained of occurred by his misconduct or neglect, thus extending to the officer a principle well settled in relation to others, viz., that where it appears that an obstruction or defect in a highway, which occasioned an injury, was caused by a third person, the corporation may have a remedy over against him. The same principle makes one causing injury to a bridge which it is the duty of the town to repair and keep in order, liable to the town for the necessary expense of reparation. In the case now before us the state occupies that position. The negligence of its agents caused injury to the bridges of the town, and the "damages claimed are such only as will restore money actually expended by it. We think, therefore, the claim should have been allowed as one prosecuted by a proper party. We are referred to no reported decision, nor indeed to the decision of any court, that there may not be in the town such property, or at least such incident of property, but only to an unreported decision wherein the ■canal appraisers held that the highway was not the property of the town, and so the town not entitled to recover. The decisions of the courts, cited by the attorney-general in behalf of the respondent, do not require us to adopt that conclusion. The reason on which the judgments in those cases rested, cannot apply here, for the facts are different. Those cases are the following: Cornell & Clarke v. Butternuts and Oxford Turnpike Co. (25 Wend., 365), in which the plaintiffs as commissioners of highways of the town of Guilford sued the turnpike company for taking possession of a highway and appropriating it to their purposes previous to the appraisal of damages and payment of the same. It was a case of interruption, and the remedy of the plaintiffs was said to be by “indictment, summary abatement or penalty,” or that prescribed by the statute relating to turnpike companies (1 R. S., 583, § 29), upon which the right to compensation was founded, and that private remedies were confined to the owner of the soil “or persons who had sustained a particular injury.” If I am right in the views already stated, the claimant is in the latter class. Morey v. Town of Newfane (8 Barb., 645), was an action, for damages for injury to horses by defect in the highway. It was held that under no circumstances would the action, lie. But however it might be as the law then (1850) was, it is clear that the law of 1881 (supra) gives in certain cases such remedy. Monk v. New Utrecht, 104 N.Y., 557; 6 N.Y. State Rep., 484.

The same remark applies to the People v. Auditors of Little Valley (75 N. Y., 316). The Town of Fishkill v. Plank-Road Co. (22 Barb., 647) and Town of Galen v. Plank-Road Co. (27 id., 543) were actions upon agreements to which the town was not a party The People v Pennock (60 N. Y., 421) involved nothing else than the destruction •of a bond- given by a supervision Hone of these cases, nor the principle on which they rest, touches the question presented upon this appeal. On the other hand, it is within the reason which led to the decision in Bridges v. The Supervisors (92 N. Y., 570). It should be answered in favor of the appellant and a remedy allowed to it, because the town was under an obligation to keep in repair its bridges and make them suitable for public travel, so that it .shall incur no liability from their defects, and it may have •compensation from one who wrongfully, by negligence or •otherwise, makés such repair necessary, and so exposes it to the expenditure of money. And since no other objection to the claim is made, we think the award should be reversed and the claimant allowed the sum demanded, with interest from the commencement of the proceedings, viz.., the 24th of August, 1881, and costs.

All concur.  