
    Francis C. Neale, Incorporated, Respondent, v. New York Steam Company, Defendant, Impleaded with Hudson Companies and Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company, Appellants.
    First Department,
    December 1, 1911.
    Railroad—negligence — construction of terminal building for subway — injury to goods in cellar—proximate cause — certificate to do work — conditions — liability of company — right of one not party to contract to enforce obligations of certificate — pleading — saving objection for appeal:
    Where a corporation acting as the construction company for a railroad let contracts for the erection of a terminal building partly under ground, and it appears that the necessary excavation for the building, the sinking of caissons and the construction of a sewer which was a necessary part of the work, caused the soil in an intersecting street to subside, that this in turn caused the pipes of a steam heating company, which were lawfully in the street, to break so as to permit the steam to escape and that the escaping steam overheated the cellar and basement of a building used for the storage of wines and liquors thereby injuring the goods, there is an unbroken chain of cause and effect connecting the work and the damage.
    Although the court found on the trial of an action to recover for the injuries that there was no evidence of negligence in the construction of the sewer and the jury found that the other work was negligently done, still all the building operations were so inseparably connected as to constitute but a single piece of work.
    As the work complained of was all done in a public street it must be regarded as having been done pursuant to the authority of a certificate granted by the board of rapid transit railroad commissioners.
    Where such certificate provided that the tunnel company should maintain and care for all underground structures during the progress of the work and should make good to all property owners any damage caused by the fault or negligence of the company or of any contractor or sub-contractor doing any of the work, both the construction company ■ which did the work and the railroad company which authorized it are liable for any injury caused thereby whether it was the result of negligence or was a necessary consequence of the work done under the authority of the certificate.
    "Neither company can escape liability on the claim that part of the work was done by Independent contractors, or because the plaintiff did not separate the damage done by the construction of the building from that done in the construction of the railroad, hor that resulting from negligence from that occurring as a necessary consequence of the work.
    As the railroad company and the construction company by accepting and doing work under the certificate assumed the absolute duty safely to maintain the sub-surf ace structures, any one injured by a breach of that duty has a right of action whether or no he was a party to the contract.
    Although the work of constructing the railroad was for a public purpose the right to undertake it was conditioned upon the assumption of the duty imposed by the certificate, and it is immaterial whether the failure to discharge that duty was due to negligence.
    Where the complaint made no reference to the franchise or certificate pursuant to which the work was done, merely alleging that it was the duty of the defendants to perform the work so as not to injure plaintiff, but on the trial the certificate was introduced in evidence without objection, it is too late on appeal for the defendants to contend that the contract for breach of which the action was brought was not sufficiently pleaded.
    Appeal by the defendants, Hudson Companies and another, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff and against said defendants, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 1st day of November, 1910, upon the verdict of a jury for $4,349.97, and dismissing the complaint as to the defendant New York Steam Company, and also from an order' entered in said clerk’s office on the 11th day of November, 1910, as amended by an order entered on the 23d day of November, 1910, denying the appellants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    The plaintiff, as lessee for a term of years, was in possession of premises on the northeast corner of Dey and Church streets in the borough of Manhattan. It brought this action to recover damages for injuries to wines and liquors stored by it in the cellar and basement of said premises during the years 1906 and 1907, caused by the overheating of the basement and cellar .by steam which either escaped from the steam pipes of the defendant New York Steam Company, or was generated from water escaping from the Croton water mams and coming in contact with the heated steam pipes. It is claimed that the leaks in the steam and water pipes were caused by the work done in the vicinity in connection with the construction of the Hudson Terminal Building and the railroad of the appellant the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company. On the 28th of November, 1903, the latter company received a franchise in the form of a certificate of the board of rapid transit railroad commissioners of the city of New York, to construct and operate a tunnel railroad from the middle of the Hudson river easterly under Cortlandt street to Church street, thence northerly just west of Church street under private property, crossing under Dey street, thence again under private property to Fulton street at or near the westerly line of Church street, thence again westwardly to the middle of the river. The appellant Hudson Companies owned the premises west of Church street between Cortlandt and Dey streets, and between Dey and Fulton streets. At some time prior to 1906 it entered into a contract with the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company for the construction of its railroad and of the Hudson Terminal Building in connection with it, which latter was to be built upon and under private property and in part under Dey street, and upon completion was to be conveyed by the said Hudson Companies to the railroad company. On the 24th of April, 1906, the Hudson Companies entered into a contract with the James Pilkington Construction Company for the construction of a sewer on the east side of Church street, running north from Dey street. The work under that contract began in May, 1906, and was completed in the fall of 1906. On the 10th of May, 1906, the Hudson Companies entered into a contract with. the O’Rourke Engineering Construction Company for the sinking of fourteen caissons on the west side of Church street from Cortlandt to Fulton street, just outside of the building line. The work under that contract was begun on the 31st of July, 1906, and was completed in February or March, 1907. In November, 1906, the Hudson Companies, claiming that there had been unnecessary delay in the prose- ■ cution of' the work, took charge óf and completed it. Before the work of sinking the caissons was begun, but precisely when does not appear, the Hudson Companies excavated Dey street immediately west of its intersection with Church street, constructing a bridge over the street for traffic. There was some evidence tending to show that Church street at that point was not properly supported by sheet piling, and that the soil of the street slipped down into the excavation of Dey street. It does hot appear, except by inference, for what purpose the sewer was constructed. It does appear that there had been an old sewer in the middle of Church street, and the court charged the jury without exception that the sewer was constructed, as a part of the building operations of the Hudson Companies, acting as the construction company for the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company. In May, 1906, the plaintiff first discovered that its cellar and basement were overheated, and upon complaint being made to the New York Steam Company, the latter opened the street at the intersection of Church and Dey streets, and found a leak in a joint of the steam pipes and repaired it. The plaintiff’s cellar and basement do not appear to have become overheated again until September, 1906. The steam pipe was seven feót below the surface of the street, and within a few inches of the westerly wall of the plaintiff’s basement and cellar. The water pipe in Church street was about four and one-half feet below the surface of the street and three feet west of the steam pipe. ■ The bottom of the sewer, constructed as aforesaid, was fifteen feet, and its top eight or ten feet, below the surface of the street. It was constructed by excavating alongside of the steam and water pipes and then by tunneling underneath. The joints of the steam pipe were supported by saddles, resting upon a brick or cement base which in turn was supported by the soil. During the construction of the sewer underneath the steam pipe the lattér was supported by planking. There is no evidence to show what caused the break in the joint of the steam pipes in May, 1906, except it be inferred from the fact that the work of constructing the sewer was being prosecuted at the time. After the work of sinking the caissons began, the soil in Church street commenced to subside and there is evidence tending to show that, during the prosecution of that work, an extreme subsidence of soil of eight inches on the west side of the street and of four inches on the east side was reached and, when openings were made in the street to discover the .condition of the steam pipes, it was found that the soil had settled away from the supports of the joints.
    The complaint in form purports to state two causes of action, one for negligence, and one for breach by the appellants of their duty to support the steam and water pipes and to so prosecute their work as not to cause injury. At the close of the evidence the trial court required the plaintiff, against its protest, to elect on which theory to go to the jury, and it elected to have the case submitted to the jury on the theory of negligence. The court, however, charged the jury at the request of the defendants, that there was no evidence of any negligence in the construction of the sewer. The jury were directed to render a general verdict and, at the request of the plaintiff, to answer specific questions, among others the following: (1) Were the injuries complained of by the plaintiff caused by the subsidence of the soil in front of its premises and the escaping of steam from the defendant the New York Steam Company’s main; (2) if so, was the subsidence of the soil solely due to the building operations of the defendants, the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company and the Hudson Companies ? The jury rendered a general verdict against the said defendants and answered each of said questions, “Yes.”
    
      Graham Sumner, for the appellants.
    
      Julius Henry Cohen, for the respondent.
   Miller, J.:

It would unduly extend this opinion to state more than our conclusions with respect to some of the questions urged by the learned counsel for the appellants. We think the evidence of damage sufficient to sustain the verdict, though much of it was admissible only by consent of counsel. It satisfactorily appears that the damage was caused by the overheating of the plaintiff’s cellar and basement, which in turn was caused by the escaping steam from the breaks in the pipes, which in turn were caused by the subsidence of the soil of Church street, due to the construction of .the sewer, the excavation of Dey street and the sinking of the caissons. The plaintiff was not obliged to vacate its premises, and it was not shown that it omitted any precaution to reduce or minimize the damage which might reasonably have been expected of it.

Before considering the appellants’ responsibility for the result of the work being prosecuted by or for them, I shall examine their contention that that was not the proximate cause of the damages. It would seem that there was "an unbroken chain of cause and effect, connecting the work and the damage, but it must be conceded that the case is perilously near the line of fire cases in this State, beginning with Ryan v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co. (35 N. Y. 210) and ending with Hoffman v. King (160 id. 618). Those cases turned on the' peculiar facts involved in each, and it seems to me that this case is more nearly analogous to the cases, wherein the Ryan case Was distinguished, referred to in the opinions in the Hoffman case. In this case there was no intervening cause to break the causal connection between the first cause and the final result, the injury to the plaintiff, and it seems to me- that the injury was the direct and natural result of the work done in connection with the defendants’ building operations, which any one, knowing the conditions, would have foreseen. If the plaintiff’s cellar had been flooded by water from the broken water main, we should have no hesitation in saying that it was the direct, natural and proximate result of the acts for which the appellants are sought to be charged, and it seems to me that the case is no different from the fact that, instead of actually entering the cellar, the escaping steam, coming in contact with the walls, overheated it.

The important question in the case is whether the appellants are legally responsible for the damage caused. The certificate, granted by the board of rapid transit railroad commissioners, expressly provided that its authorization, and the rights and privileges granted, were subject to certain limitations, terms, conditions and requirements, among others the following:

“ Provided, however, and it is expressly stipulated that the Tunnel Company shall in the course of construction and at its own expense maintain and care for all underground structures; and any necessary interference with underground structures shall be subject to reasonable regulation by the department of the government of the City in control or charge thereof.
The Tunnel Company shall at all times, by suitable bridging or other supports, maintain and support in an entirely safe condition for their usual service and to the reasonable satisfaction of the owners, all elevated railroad structures, street tramways of whatever character, water and gas mains, steam pipes, pneumatic tubes, electric subways, sewers, drains, and all other surface or subsurface structures encountered during the progress of the work. * * *
The Tunnel Company shall make good to the City all damage which shall be done to the property of the City by the construction or operation of the Railroad and shall make good to every owner of property abutting upon the Railroad, or which shall be injured by the work of construction or by operation thereof, all damage which shall be done to such abutting or injured property through any fault or negligence of the Tunnel Company, or successor thereof, or of any contractor, subcontractor or other person in the course of any employment upon the construction or operation of the Railroad or any part thereof. ”

The case is complicated by the difficulty of referring a particular injury to a particular piece of work, and by the fact that the court ruled as a matter of law that there was no evidence of negligence in the construction of the sewer, and that the jury have found that the other work was negligently done. I think that all of the building operations were so inseparably connected that they may be considered as one piece of work. The Terminal Building was to be used in part at least as a terminal station. It was constructed partly under a public street. The said certificate refers to the terminal station as a part of the structure of the railroad. The railroad itself was constructed along the west side of Church street, partly under private property and partly under Dey street. The sewer was doubtless constructed on the east side of Church street because, of the work to be undertaken for the construction both of the railroad and of the Terminal Building. The caissons were sunk and a cofferdam was constructed to prevent sand and water from coming in on the interior excavation when that should he made. The work within the building line involved both the construction of the railroad and the Terminal Building, and Dey street was excavated both for the railroad and for the Terminal Building. The work complained of was all done in the public street, and I think it must be regarded under the evidence in this case as having been done pursuant to the authority of the certificate, granted by the board of rapid transit railroad commissioners. Certainly, no other authority was shown. Both appellants, then, are in the position of having done, or authorized the doing of, work in a public street under the authority of the said certificate, which, either as a result of negligence in the doing of it or as a necessary consequence, broke the steam pipes of a public service corporation, having prior rights in the street, thereby causing injury to the plaintiff. I think that neither can escape liability on the' claim that the work was done by an independent contractor, and that the impossible burden was not imposed Upon the plaintiff of separating the damage done in the construction of the railroad from that done in the construction of the building, that done by the appellant, the Hudson Companies, from that done by the O’Rourke Construction Company and the Pilkington Construction Company, respectively, that resulting from negligence from that occurring as a necessary consequence of the doing of the work. The work was authorized and undertaken on the express condition that all underground structures be safely maintained and cared for, and that any injury done “through any fault or negligence of the Tunnel Company, or successor thereof, or of any contractor, sub-contractor, or other person in the course of any employment Upon the construction or operation of the Railroad or any part thereof ” be made good. The appellants assumed the absolute duty safely to maintain the sub-surface structures, and they or their sub-contractors were at “fault” in failing to discharge it. It is now settled that a person injured by a breach of that duty, though not a party to the contract, has a right of action. (Continental Asphalt Paving Co. v. Hudson & Manhattan R. R. Co.., 143 App. Div. 338; Smyth v. City of New York, 203 N. Y. 106.) Although the work of constructing the railroad was for a public purpose, the right to undertake it was conditioned upon the assumption of the said absolute duty, and it is, therefore, immaterial whether the failure to discharge it was due to negligence.

The complaint made no reference to the franchise pursuant to which the work was done, the plaintiff merely alleging its conclusion that it was the duty of the appellants so to perform the work as not to injure the plaintiff or cause the steam pipe or water main to leak and to compensate the plaintiff for any damage sustained. Obviously, that averment referred to the duty imposed by the certificate granted the railroad company, which was received in evidence without objection. We think it is now too late for the appellants to raise the point that the contract, for breach of which the action was brought, was not sufficiently pleaded, and that the specific findings of the jury entitle the plaintiff to an affirmance of the judgment.

The judgment and order should be affirmed with costs.

Ingraham, P. J., Laughlin, Clarke and Scott, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.  