
    LUMBERMAN’S RECIPROCAL ASS’N v. BEHNKEN et al.
    (No. 3562.)
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    Nov. 29, 1922.)
    1. Master and servant ©=3371 — Injury <‘in course of employment” defined.
    An injury has to do with and arises out of the work or business of the employer so as to be an “injury sustained in the course of employment” within the Workmen’s Compensation Act (Vernon’s Ann. Civ. St. Supp. 1918, arts. 5246 — 5, 5246 — 82), when it results from a risk or hazard which is necessarily or ordinarily or reasonably inherent in, or incidental to, the conduct of such work or business; and, in every case where injury occurs at a place furnished by the employer in the interest of his business as a necessary and immediate means of access to whore the employee is required to labor, £rom a danger caused by the permanent_ condition of such place and at a time when the employee is expected or required to enter the plant, the injury is as truly the result of a risk incident to the employment as though happening within the plant.
    [Ed. Note. — For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Course of Employment.]
    2. Master and servant ©=3371 — injury to employee at railroad crossing, used on way to work, held compensable.
    Where a lumber company owned a whole town wherein the residences of its* employees were separated from the boarding house, store, and main works by a railroad track, over which there was but one well-defined dirt road crossing, which was necessarily used by all em-" ployee^ in going to and coming from work, held that an injury to an employee at such crossing while returning to his work after his noonday' meal, by a train not under the control of the company, occurred in the course of his employment, and had to do with and arose out of the business of the employer within the Workmen’s Compensation. Act (Vernon’s Ann. Civ. St. Supp. 1918, -arts. 5246 — 5, 5246 — 82).
    3. Master and servant ©=3348 — Compensation Act liberally construed.
    Workmen’s Compensation Act (Vernon’s Ann. Civ. St. Supp. 1918, arts. 5246 — 1, to 5246 — 91) should be liberally construed to effect its remedial purpose and justice.
    4. Master and servant ©=3417(4) — Award, o.f lump compensation by district court authorized. *
    After a claim has been rejected by the Industrial Accident Board, the detract court has jurisdiction to determine all issues between the parties,' and may award a lump sum compensation, though the right thereto has not been asserted before the board.
    Appeal from Court of Civil Appeals of First Supreme Judicial District.
    Action by Mrs. Josie Behnken and' others against the Lumberman’s Reciprocal Association, to set aside a final ruling and decision of the Industrial Accident Board. From a judgment of the Court of Civil-Appeals (226 S.W. 154), affirming a judgment of the dis- - trict court, the defendants appeal.
    Affirmed.
    E. J. Fountain, Jr., and Andrews, Street-man, Logue & Mobley, all of Houston, for appellants.
    Jas. A. Harrison, of Beaument, for appellee.
   GREENWOOD, J.

This case was tried on an agreed statement of fácts, which may be summarized, for the purpose of this opinion, as follows:

The Hartburg Lumber Company, on June 5, 1919, operated a sawmill at Hartburg, Tex., employing about 75 men, including L. Behnken, and carried an insurance policy, obligating plaintiff in error to pay the compensation provided by the Texas Workmen’s Compensation Act (Vernon’s Ann. Civ. St. Supp. 1918, arts. 5246—1 to 5246—91) for the death of any employee of the company.

The town consisted: entirely of the Hart-burg Lumber Company’s plant, including its mill, planer, storehouse, office, and the boarding house and residences for its employees. The railroad track of the Kansas City Southern Railway Company ran through Hartburg, so that the mill, planer, storehouse, boarding house, and some residences for negro and Mexican employees were on the north side of the track, while the residences for the white employees were on the south side. A public road, running from the town of Lemonville to the town of Ruliff, was on the south side of .the railroad track, in front'of the residences for white employees. These residences belonged to the company, and were rented for cash by the month.

There is a crossing from the public road over the'railroad track, leading to the various buildings north of the track on the property of the Hartburg Lumber Company. The railroad track is not fenced. The crossing abovei mentioned is the only well-defined crossing over the railroad track. It was used by any member of the public desiring to go to any part of the company’s mill, store, or boarding house.

The employees of the Hartburg' Lumber 'Company customarily went for meals to their rented homes or to the boarding house. The white employees, who occupied the residences south of the railroad, including L.- Behnken, went for their meals, at noon, to their respective residences, and in so doing necessarily -crossed the railroad track.

The lumber company’s buildings, the railroad track, the public road,' and the railroad crossing are accurately delineated on the following map, viz:

On June 5, 1919,. L. Behnken quit work at noon, went home and ate dinner, and started back at the usual time to his work, where he was due at 1 o’clock. "While on the crossing, he was accidentally struck and killed by a train operated over the Kansas City Southern Railway Company’s track. .The train did not stop at Hartburg, and had nothing to do with the’ business of the Hartburg Lumber Company.

The wages which Behnken was earning were agreed to, as was the status of defendants in error as his dependent widow and children.

Immediate notice was given of Behnken’s injury and death, and the claim of defendants in error "fop compensation was filed within the statutory time. The Industrial Accident Board rejected the claim, concluding that the injuries which caused the death of the deceased were not sustained in the course of his employment with the Hartburg Lumber Company.

This suit was brought by defendants in error against plaintiff in error to set aside the final ruling and decision of’the board, and to recover compensation for Behnken’s death. It resulted in a judgment for defendants in error in the,.lump sum of $3,822, which was affirmed by the Galveston Court of Civil Appeals, 226 S. W. 154.

The Workman Compensation Law provides for compensation for the death of an ' employee from “an injury sustained in the course of his.employment,” and declares that “all other injuries of every kind and character,” except certain enumerated injuries from causes or under conditions quite different from any attending the injury to Behnken, shall be included within the term “injury sustained in the course of employment,” when “having to do with and originating in the work, business, trade or profession of the employer, received by an employee while engaged in or about the furtherance of the affairs or business of the employer whether upon the employer’s premises or elsewhere.” Articles 5246 — 5, 5246 — 82, Vernon’s Sayles’ Texas Civil Statutes, 1918 Supplement.

The principal contention of plaintiff in error is that Behnken’s injury did not have to do with and originate in the work or business of his employer, and that Behnken was not engaged at the time of injury in or about the furtherance of the affairs or business of his employer, and that hence the injury was not received in the course of Behnken’s employment.

An injury has to do with, and arises out of, the work or business of the employer, when it results from a risk or hazard which is necessarily or ordinarily or reasonably inherent in -or incident to the conduct of such work or business. As tersely put by the Supreme Court of Iowa:

“What the law intends is to protect the employee against the risk or hazard taken in order to perform the master’s task.”—Pace v. Appanoose County, 184 Iowa, 498, 168 N. W. 918.

Though injuries arising from risks incidental to employment most frequently occur during hours of active labor and on premises within the control of the employer, yet they are not always so circumscribed either as to time or place. I. & G. N. Ry. Co. v. Ryan, 82 Tex. 571, 18 S. W. 219; H. E. & W. T. Ry. Co. v. McHale, 47 Tex. Civ. App. 360, 105 S. W. 1151; Latter’s Case, 238 Mass. 326, 130 N. E. 638. Our statute declares that it is not necessary to fix liability that the injury be sustained on the employer’s premises.

In Latter’s Case, supra, the injury occured shortly before the time to begin the employee’s labor. The injury was not sustained on the employer’s premises, but in an elevator controlled and operated by his landlord. By permission of both the landlord and the employer the elevator was used as a customary means of access to the employer’s premises. It was rightly determined that the employee’s right to use the elevator was derived from his employment, and that the risk arising from such use was incident to the emi-ployment.

So, in every case, where injury occurs at a place furnished by the employer, in the interest of his business, as the necessary and immediate means of access to where the employee is required to labor, from a danger caused by the permanent condition of such place, and at a time when the employee is expected or required to enter the plant, the injury is as truly the result of a risk incident to the employment as though happening within the plant where the employee does his regular work, and during the hours for such work.

Honnold states in his work on Workmans Compensation, vol. 1, § 122, p. 453:

“Where the injury has arisen through the workmen using special inodes of access provided by their employers to enable them to go to or come from the actual place of employment, the courts havq uniformly held that it arose out of the employment.”

The rule is well illustrated by the case of one Zabriskie, who was struck by an automobile on a principal street in the city of Paterson' and thrown on a railroad track, where he was again struck by a railroad train. He was going from where he was employed to a toilet, intending to return from the toilet to resume his work. The toilet was habitually used by employees with the employer’s acquiescence. In holding that Zabriskie’s injury arose out of his employment, the New Jersey Court of Appeals and Errors, referring to the danger to Zabriskie in the use of the street, said:

“It was not the danger of an ordinary member of the public crossing a street on his own business, but was the subjection of the employee to that danger by the conditions of his employment. The fact that the accident may have been and probably was due to the negligence of the driver of the automobile, and perhaps also to the contributory negligence of the deceased, tends to cloud the issue, but does not differentiate the situation from that of any workman who is required in the performance of his work to go into a dangerous place and incur the dangers connected with that place.” Zabriskie v. Erie Railroad Co., 86 N. J. Law, 266, 92 Atl. 385, L. R. A. 1916A, 317.

The crossing in this case bore so intimate a relation to the lumber company’s premises that it can hardly be treated otherwise than as a part of the premises. The lumber company had rights in and to the crossing. It seems to have had no other purpose than to further the company’s' business. It appears to have been used only in connection with that business, whether by employees or other persons. Hence the risk incurred by Behnken was one entirely foreign to all that portion of the public having! no business on' or about the lumber company’s premises. Under these facts, it is plain that Behnken’s injury had to do with, and originated in, the business of his employer, since the conditions of the employment necessarily and constantly subjected him to special danger inseparable from the regular movement over the crossing of railroad engines and cars,'regardless of whether" operated by his employer or by another. Larke v. John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co., 90 Conn. 303, 97 Atl. 322, L. R. A. 1916E, 584; Myers v. La. Ry. & Nav. Co., 140 La. 937, 74 South. 259; In re Stacy, 225 Mass. 174, 114 N. E. 207, 25 Harvard Law Review, 412.

Was Behnken engaged in or about the furtherance of the affairs or business of his employer when he received the injury causing his death? He was upon the crossing provided as the means of access to his work solely because he was an employee. He encountered the dangers incident to use of the crossing in order that he might perform the duties imposed by his contract of service. Without subjecting himself to such dangers he could not do what was required of him in the conduct of the lumber company’s business. He had reached -a place provided and used only as an adjunct to that business, and was injured from a risk created by the conditions under which the business was carried on. To hold that he was not acting in furtherance of the affairs or business of the lumber company would be to give a strict interpretation to this remedial statute, which should be liberally construed with a view to accomplish its purpose and to promote justice. .

The injury to Behnken comes within recognized exceptions to the general rule, refusing compensation to employees for injuries sustained on the way to or from work, under acts providing compensation for injuries received in the .course of employment.

The Corpus Juris Treatise on Workman’s Compensation Acts, at page 84, section 75d, says:

“As a general rule accidents which happen to an employee on Ms way to and from work are not regarded as in the course of his employment, except while he is at or so near the place of employment as reasonably to be regarded as in effect at the place, or where, if not on the employer’s premises, he is at or near the place of work and on a road or other way intended by the contract of employment as being the means of access, to the work.”

The facts of this case are similar in all material respects to the facts in the case of Judson Mfg. Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 181 Cal. 300, 184 Pac. 1. There one Gallia was struck and killed by an engine operated by the Southern Pacific Company on a crossing over that company’s tracks in San Francisco, which crossing was the authorized .means of access to the factory of Gallia’s employer, the Judson. Manufacturing Company. Gallia was on the way to his work. He was injured about 20 feet outside the factory gate, and about five' minutes before the time for him to begin active work. It was est-sential to liability under the California act that Gallia, when injured, was “performing service 'growing out of and incidental to his employment,” and was “acting within the course of his employment.” In declaring that compensation should be made under the act for Gallia’s death, the Supreme Court of California said:

“It seems to us, however, that when an employee has arrived at the premises of his employer, and is thereon for the purpose of immediately commencing his actual work, he is performing service incidental to his employment. The facts stated above show that as between the employer and his employees the path across the Southern Pacific Company’s right of way-was in fact a part of the employer’s plant, and that at the time of his -death Gallia was there solely in the line of his duty as an employee. It would be a harsh and indefensible rule that would withhold compensation from an employee engaged in traversing a dangerous pathway in his employer’s building on his way to his own particular place of work therein, on the ground that he .had not yet entered upon the real work of his employment. We can perceive no difference in principle between such a case and the case at bar.”

The holding of the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut, in the case of Procaccino v. E. Horton & Sons, 95 Conn. 408, 111 Atl. 595, 596; applies with full force to this case. In the opinion in Procaccino’s Case, the court said:

“We hold that the decedent at the time of his injury was using a way of-approach over private property from a highway to the defendant’s plant, which way of approach the defendants, in their employment of the decedent, contemplated that he should use, and that the decedent in such use of the way was, after he left the highway, in the course of Ms employment, and that the injury arose out of a danger incident to his employment.”

The court had previously said:

“When this employee, under the facts found, entered upon the private property lying between Main street and the defendants’ plant, he came within the zone of his employment, and all dangers and perils incident to the use of this method of approach were perils incident to and arising out of his employment.”

There is no conflict between this opinion and our action in refusing a writ of error in the case of American Indemnity Co. v. Dinkins (Tex. Civ. App.) 211 S. W. 954.

The Court of Civil Appeals, in announcing its decision in the Dinkins Case, quoted a declaration from the opinion of the Supreme Court of California, in Ocean Accident & Guaranty Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 173 Cal. 317, 159 Pac. 1042; L. R. A. 1917B, 336, to the effect that all accidental injuries were excluded from the benefits of the Compensation Act of California where such injuries occured while the employees were going to or returning from their work over public roads or private ways. It is to be noted, however, that the Court of Civil Appeals was careful to say that the quotation was used merely by way of argument as to the probable intent of workman’s compensation acts of other states. The quoted declaration was criticized by the Supreme Court of California in Judson Mfg. Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, supra, in the following language:

“This sweeping dictum was not necessary to the decision of the case. The accident there considered occurred, it is true, while the deceased was attempting to reach his place of employment; but the mode of ingress which he undertook to use was not one provided and required by his employer, it was in no sense a part of the premises where his work was to be performed, and, finally, it was not in fact a mode of ingress to his work at all.”

Dinkins received his injury in a collision with an automobile. He was returning from work. The automobile was driven by a coem-ployee returning to work. The collision occurred on one of the public streets of Beaumont, three-fourths of a mile from the employer’s plant. This court, by refusing the writ of error, approved the conclusion that the injury to Dinkins was not sustained in the course of his employment Tested by the rules herein announced, the same result would be reached. Dinkins’ right to use the street was not derived from his employment The injury oecured at a place provided by the city for public use, and not at a place furnished by Dinkins’ employer, as a special mode of access to his work. The danger to Dinkins was one to which each member of the public was alike exposed. He was himself as much exposed to the danger when traversing the street on purely private business as when hurt. Dinkins’ injury did not result from risk or hazard incident to the conduct of his employer’s business. His injury did not arise out of the business. That conclusion accords with the weight of authority, American and British, as do our conclusions herein. Corpus Juris Treatise on Workmen’s Compensation Acts, p. 78, § 68e; Starr Piano Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 181 Cal. 433, 184 Pac. 860; In re Sundine, 218 Mass. 1, 105 N. E. 435, L. R. A. 1916A, 318; Fumiciello’s Case, 219 Mass. 488, 107 N. E. 349; Edwards v. Wingham, 3 K. B. (Eng.) 596; 109 L. T. N. S. 50, 6 B. W. C. A. 511; Amys v. Barton (1912). 1 K. B. (Eng.) 41.

After the claim of defendants in error was denied by the Industrial Accident Board, the district court had jurisdiction to determine all issues between the parties regardless of whether defendants in error’s right to lump sum compensation had been asserted before the board. In so holding, the Court of Civil Appeals followed the plain letter and intent of the statute. '

In the absence of evidence, we will not undertake to review the rate of discount from the aggregate of the weekly payments, which was allowed) in arriving at the lump sum awarded defendants in error. The statute contemplated that the court fix the present value ‘ of the weekly installments prer scribed by the act. It will be presumed that the evidence warranted the trial court’s judgment.

Finding no error, it is ordered that the judgments of the district court and of the Court of Civil Appeals be affirmed. 
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