
    The People ex rel. Gemmili agt. Eldridge, County Judge, and Lansing.
    On appeal from a justice of the peace to the County Court, the Code, § 354, provides that “ the affidavit and notice of appeal must within the like time (20 days); be served on the justice, and a notice of the appeal on the respondent personally, or by leaving it at his residence with some person of suitable age and discretion.”
    
    The question is this, whether the affidavit and notice of appeal being served on the justice within the twenty days, but not on the respondent until after the twenty days has expired, the appeal is perfected so as to give the County Court jurisdiction? Held not.
    The service of the notice of appeal on the respondent within the time, is not merely a directory statute, it is imperative. The section requires that certain things shall be done within twenty days, and if they are not all done, there is no appeal.
    
    This is a jurisdictional question which cah be taken advantage of at any time where there is no positive act of submission to the tribunal whose jurisdiction is questioned,
    A verba l notice of appeal given to the respondent within the time amounts to nothing. It must be a notice in writing.
    Where there is a failure to serve such notice as required by the statute, there can be no amendment allowed. There is nothing to amend, or amend by. The court has no authority to allow an appeal to be brought after the time limited by statute has expired. (This agrees with Tiipp agt. He Bow, 5 How. Pr. R. 114, and Enos agt. Hunter, id. 361, and is adverse to Crittenden agt. Mams, id. 310; see 6 How. Pr. R, 281.)
    
      Dutchess Special Term, September 1852.
    
      Application for a writ of prohibition. Gemmili sued Lansing before a justice of the peace in Poughkeepsie, where plaintiff resides, and recovered judgment March 1st, 1852. The defendant prepared an affidavit and served it upon the justice with notice of appeal within twenty days, and also served notice upon the attorney who appeared for plaintiff before the justice; but did not serve any written notice on the plaintiff himself until April 19. The plaintiff moved be- • fore the County Court to dismiss the appeal, on the ground that no notice had been served on him within twenty days, as required by the Code; which motion was denied upon the ground (hat “ the irregularity complained of should have been taken advantage of at the first opportunity,” and that “ by allowing a special term to go by without moving to dismiss the appeal,’’ the plaintiff “has waived his right to take advantage of the irregularity.” The cause was thereupon directed to be heard upon the return at the next general term of the County Court. The plaintiff now applies for a writ of prohibition requiring the County Court to refrain from further proceedings in said cause.
    H. A. Nelson, for Relator.
    
    R. N. Palmer, for Defendants.
    
   Barculo, Justice.

The question is whether service of the affidavit and notice of appeal upon the justice, perfected the appeal so as to give the County Court jurisdiction of the cause. The Code, § 354, provides that “ the affidavit and notice of appeal must within the like time (20 days), be served on the justice and a notice of the appeal on the respondent personally, or by leaving it at his residence with some person of suitable age and discretion.” This constitutes, as I understand it, the appeal. I can not concur with the counsel for the defence in assuming that the service of notice is merely directory, and may be dispensed with; or that its absence may be supplied by other proof of information conveyed to the respondent. The section requires that certain things shall be done within the twenty days; and if they are not all done, there is no appeal. This is obvious from the context as well as the rule of construction which has been applied to superior courts. Thus section 359 declares that “ when the affidavit and notices of appeal shall' have been served, the respondent may supply or correct material omissions or misstatements therein, by an affidavit on his part, a copy of which shall be served on the justice, and also on the attorney, if any, who prosecutes the appeal, or if there be none, on the appellant, within ten days after receiving notice of the appeal.” “ The court (§ 360) shall thereupon, after ten days, and within thirty days after the service of the notice of appeal, make a return,” See. From these provisions it appears that the notice of appeal must be served on the respondent within the twenty days, to authorize him to supply or correct the affidavit of the appellant within the thirty days given to the justice to make the return. Otherwise the respondent loses the opportunity of furnishing an affidavit on his part, as the justice, in making his return, must be governed by the notice served on him. The case before us illustrates this matter. The affidavit and notice of appeal were served on the justice on the 4th of March, he makes his return the fore part of April, as he is required; and on the 19th April the appellant first serves notice of the appeal upon the respondent, so that the latter is cut off from his right to correct the affidavits of the appellant. It is not intended to be said that the County Court could not relieve a party under such circumstances, who should come in and submit to the jurisdiction and ask for an amended return; but these sections show that the notice to the respondent is a part of the appeal, without which it is imperfect.

2. We will now look at the analagous case of appeals in superior courts. Section 327 provides that “ an appeal must be made by the service of a notice in writing, on the adverse party, and on the clerk,” &c. In the case of Tripp agt. De Bow (5 Pr. R. 144), the notice of appeal from a judgment of the County Court to this court was served upon the party instead of his attorney. On a motion to dismiss the appeal made at the Ontario special term, the justice held that the notice should have been served on the attorney, and that the statute not having been complied with, nor the error waived by an appearance, the court had acquired no jurisdiction, and the appeal sought to be taken was a nullity. This decision was affirmed at the general term; the court declaring it to be a “jurisdictional question,” which “ the party has a right, to take advantage of at anytime, provided he has not appeared or answered, or proceeded in such a manner as to give the court thereby jurisdiction in the case.”

Now the essential difference between the two provisions of the statute is, that in regard to appeals in the superior courts, the notice must be served on the attorney, and in appeals from a justice of the peace, the notice must be served on the party personally, or by leaving it at his residence with some person of suitable age and discretion. If then it was correctly held, of which I have no doubt, in Tripp agt. De Bow, that a notice served on the party and not on the attorney in an appeal to the Supreme Court was a nullity, the converse, as applied to the present case, must also be true that the notice being served on the attorney and not on the party, as required by the statute, is a nullity, and consequently that there was no appeal by which the County Court could obtain jurisdiction. The county judge, therefore, in holding this to be a case of mere irregularity overlooked the broad distinction between a question of practice and a question of jurisdiction. The former may be waived by delay; but the latter can never be waived by mere lapse of time, but only by some positive act of submission to the tribunal whose jurisdiction is questioned.

3. But it is claimed that the affidavits show that the respondent had verbal notice of the appeal, or, in other words, that he admitted and stated in conversation, the judgment had been appealed- This, however, can not affect the question unless it can be shown that a written notice is unnecessary. But the section itself negatives the idea, by providing as an alternative, that it may be served by leaving it at his residence.”

Again, section 408 defines what is meant by a notice, by declaring that “ all notices shall be in writing,” and although that chapter may not be intended particularly to apply to these appeals, it furnishes a strong presumption that the Code makers intended by the term notice,” whenever used generally, to designate a written, and not an oral communication.

4. But it is contended that the defect is amendable. To this two answers may be given. First, the appellant has not applied to the County Court to amend, nor has any amendment been ordered. Secondly, there is nothing to amend, nor to amend by. If the notice had been served, and had been defective in some matter of form, or perhaps, of substance, I could understand what is meant by amending.” But here is no notice, and the party, under the head of amendments, asks to bring an appeal' after the time limited by statute has expired. This no court has the authority to do in my judgment. We may just as well extend the time for bringing an action beyond the period fixed by the statute of limitations, or order an execution to run beyond the time fixed for the lien of a judgment.

It is true that section 327 allows amendments in cases of appeal, but it provides as a sine qua non, that the party shall have given, in good faith, “ notice of appeal.”

I am also aware that in the case of Crittenden agt. Adams (5 How. Pr. R. 310), Justice Mason held that the court had the .. power to authorize an appeal to be taken after the expiration of the time limited by the Code. But that decision is in direct conflict with that of Tripp agt. De Bow, and also with Enos agt. Thomas and Hunter (5 How. Pr. R. 361), decided by the general term in the third district, and I can not follow it.

The right of appeal is a restricted right. The legislature regulate and control it as they please. The presumption is that the first tribunal is competent to dispose properly of the matters submitted to it, and that its decisions are correct. The law, however, gives an opportunity to review the first adjudication, upon a compliance with certain conditions on the part of the party feeling aggrieved. Among those conditions is found a limitation as to time, which, while it gives a full opportunity to appeal, is designed to cut off that right forever if the parties do not avail themselves of it in season. The party who loses the privilege by his delay or negligence, has no one to blame but himself. The courts can not help him without abolishing the law and substituting themselves in the place of the legislature.

In the present case the County Court, unless restrained, will proceed to judgment on the return. In that event it is difficult to see how the relator can avail himself of this defect of jurisdiction. I am inclined to think he has no remedy if the application is denied. I shall, therefore, direct an alternative writ to be issued, that the question may be examined at the general term.

Writ of prohibition granted.  