
    Durham and Moulthrop, plaintiffs in error, vs. Manrow, defendant in error.
    A negotiable promissory note was transferred by the payee in part payment for a chattel, with a guaranty endorsed thereon, signed by "himself and another, in these words: “ We guaranty the payment of the within note.” The supreme court held that the undertaking was not within the statute of frauds, and was therefore valid, although it expressed no consideration. The decision wat affirmed in this court, four of the judges being for affirmance, three for reversal and one not having heard the argument.
    
    The cases on the subject of guarantees as affected by the statute of frauds reviewed, and the distinction between a promissory note and an absolute guaranty considered. Per Jewett, C. J.
    Manrow v. Durham, 3 Hill 584, affirmed.
    On error from the supreme court. Manrow sued Durham and Moulthrop before a justice, and recovered judgment. ■ The defendant appealed to the common pleas of Oneida county, and on the trial in that court, the plaintiff gave in evidence a promissory note as follows :
    “ Verona, July 1, 1839.
    On the first day of January next, I promise to pay C. P. Durham or bearer, forty dollars, value received, with interest.
    (Signed) Ephraim Durham.” On the back of the note was endorsed a guaranty upon which the suit was brought, as follows :
    “We guaranty the payment of the within note.
    (Signed) C. P. Durham, Durhamville.
    Anson Moulthrop, Durhamville.” The plaintiff also proved that the defendant, C. P. Durham, was the payee of the note, that he purchased a horse of the plaintiff on the day the guaranty was dated, and in part payment therefor, transferred to him the note with the guaranty endorsed thereon—Moulthrop signing the guaranty at the request of and as the surety of Durham. The plaintiff was non-suited on the ground that no consideration was expressed in the guaranty, and that therefore it was void by. tne statute of frauds. The supreme court, on error brought, reversed the judgment of the common pleas, (see 3 Hill, 584,) and the defendants brought error to this court.
    
      H. Denio, for plaintiffs in error.
    I. The guaranty in this case is within the statute of frauds, and is void. (2 R. S. 135 § 2, sub. 2; Smith v. Ives, 15 Wend. 182; Packer v. Wilson id. 343 ; Bennet v. Pratt, 4. Denio, 255; and see cases cited in the opinion of Bronson J. 3 Hill, 584.)
    II. The guarantee not expressing a consideration as required by statute, the defect cannot be supplied by parol evidence of a consideration. (Wain v. Wallers, 5 East, 10 ; Sears v. Brink, 3 John. 210; Bennett v. Pratt, 4 Denio, 275, 285, 6, 7.)
    III. If the facts in this case were conceded to be such as to charge Durham on the guaranty '; it is clear from the evidence that Moulthrop, the other defendant, received in fact no consideration whatever for becoming a party to the guaranty. The guaranty being joint and no case being made out against Moulthrop, the judgment of the sunreme court should be reversed.
    
    
      T. Jenkins for defendant in error.
    . I. 11 The contract sued upon is in substance and legal effect a promissory note. As such it imports a consideration, and is not therefore within the statute of frauds. (2 R. S. 135 §§ 2, 3; id. 2d ed. (Revisers’ notes,) 656, § 2; Manrow v. Durham, 3 Hill, 584; Leonard v Vredenburgh, 8 John. 23, 32, note g.; Baily & Bogert v. Freeman, 11 id. 221; Hough v. Gray, 19 Wend. 202; Kitchell v. Burns, 24 id. 456; Oakley v. Boorman, 21 id. 588; Lequeer v. Prosser, 1 Hill, 256; same case in error, 4 id. 420 ; see 7 id. 418, note (a); Miller v. Gaston, 2 id. 190; Hunt et al. v. Brown, 5 id. 145; Leggett v. Raymond, 6 id. 639; Kimball v. Huntington, 10 Wend. 675, 680. The plaintiffs in error, by endorsing the guaranty upon the note in question, adopted all the material parts of the note applicable to the then relative position of the parties as their own; and those parts of the note embracing the amount and consideration, make part and parcel of the agreement executed by C. P. Durham and Moulthrop to Manrow. The guarantee, therefore, is good upon its face, and the plaintiff was entitled to recover on producing and proving the execution thereof.
    II. The case as disclosed by the whole evidence given upon the trial renders the doctrine of the statute of frauds inapplicable to the transaction in any respect. The undertaking by Cyrus P. Durham and Moulthrop was an original one, and not a “ special promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person.” The guaranty was given in part payment upon the sale of a horse to Cyrus P. Durham, made at the time the guarantee was entered into. The fact that both C. P. Durham and Moulthrop signed the guarantee, and the delivery of the note with the guarantee in payment for the horse, shows that Manrow would not part with his property without the responsibility of Moulthrop as well as C. P. Durham. The guarantee of the note previously made by Ephraim Durham in payment for a horse, then about to be sold to Cyrus P. Durham, is not a promise to answer for the debt of a third person within the meaning of the statute—it is to pay a debt then about to be contracted, not one of prior existence—the object in view was to pay a demand about to be created against Cyrus P. Durham, not the debt of Ephraim Durham. (Dearborn v. Parke, 5 Greenl. 81 ; Johnson v. Gilbert, 4 Hill, 178.) When C. P. Durham and Moulthrop shall have paid the debt which they owe Manrow, and for the recovery of which this action is brought, the debt of Ephriam Durham will not have been paid. If it should be collected out of Moulthrop, he must resort to C. P. Durham upon the implied undertaking to indemnify Moulthrop : if the amount should be collected out of C. P. Durham, he cannot sue Ephraim Durham upon an implied promise; for C. P. Durham did not enter into the guarantee upon the request of Ephraim: but C. P. Durham in that event would be obliged to sue Ephraim Durham upon the note. The consideration for such an undertaking as the guaranty in question may be shown by parol. (Johnson v. Gilbert, 4 Hill, 178, above cited)
    
    The promise contained i.n the guarantee was a joint one, “we guarantee,” dec. Manrow delivered the horse upon the faith of that promise; hence the agreement was an original undertaking both on the part of C. P. Durham and Moulthrop, and the credit was given to both jointly. This is a sufficient consideration for the payment by Moulthrop as well as C. P. Durham, and the statute of frauds has nothing to do with the case. They would both have been liable had the promise been a verbal one. (Conkey v. Hopkins, 17 John. 113; Chase v. Day, id. 114; Olmstead v. Greely, 18 id. 12; Johnson v. Gilbert, 4 Hill, 178; above cited; Violet v. Patton, 5 Cranch, 151; De Wolf v. Rabaud, 1 Peters, 499: Farley v. Cleveland, 4 Cowen, 432; 
      Wheaton’s Selwyn, 860, 861, and notes; Townley’s v. Sumnall, 2 Peters, 182; Leigh’s N. P. 1025.)
    The cases holding the defendant not liable where he has made a conditional promise to pay for property purchased by another, (as that the promiser will pay if the purchaser shall fail to do so,) and the remarks contained in those cases that the whole circuit must be given to the one sought to be charged, do not apply to this case. Moulthrop, by promising jointly with C. P. Durham, made himself one of the principals to the contract of purchase. The breach of the contract in non-payment by C. P. Durham, was a breach of the same contract as to Moulthrop also; hence Moulthrop did not undertake to pay C. P. Durham’s debt, for no such debt ever existed. He undertook to pay the debt contracted by C. P. Durham and Moulthrop jointly, and this being the debt of both, both are liable to pay it. (Leigh’s N. P. 1025.)
    
      
       See Hall v. Farmer, infra, p. 553.
    
   Strong, J.

The defendants by their guaranty engaged that Ephraim Durham, the maker of the note given in evidence in this case, should pay the amount therein specified pursuant to. its terms, to the plaintiff as the bearer. The maker of the note owed the amount, and the defendants, if their guaranty was valid, became in effect answerable for the payment of the debt. So the papers read, and so they must be construed, as they cannot be contradicted by parol evidence. But the guaranty does not say nor necessarily import that H was given specially to secure the payment of the debt of another. To prove that it was not, but that it was mainly designed to fulfil some distinct obligation of the guarantor, would not contradict it, but would apply it to its intended purpose. That such evidence is competent there can be no doubt. In Walrath v. Thompson, (4 Hill, 200,) Judge Cowen said that “ guaranties must, as we have lately held in several cases, be construed by the same rules, and may be explained by the same evidence as other contracts. There is no reason for any distinction.” As a question of fact, the inference from the language of the papers might and probably would be that the engagement of the guarantor was particularly for the payment of the debt of the maker of the note. But an inference, except when it is the presumpiio juris et de jure of the civilians, which this is not, may be rebutted by evidence. The lule is familiar and needs no authority to support it.

The statute does not avoid all contracts for the payment of the debts of another when not made with the prescribed requisites. It declares that every special promise to answer for the debt, &c. of another shall be void, unless the agreement, or some note or memorandum of it, expressing the consideration, is reduced to writing, and signed by the party to be charged. The word “special,” according to Walker, means “denoting a sort or species, particular, peculiar, appropriate, designed for a particular purpose.” The statute was designed to avoid only such promises as are especially and particularly to answer for the debts of others, not those which, while incidentally assuming the responsibility for such debts, are wholly or principally for the purpose of performing some distinct obligation of the promisor. Where the end to be accomplished through the agency of another pursuant to a promise is personal to the individual making it, there is no more necessity or propriety in requiring that such promise, or the consideration for which it is made, should be reduced to writing, than there is where he engages to pay his own debt in person. Hence it has been held repeatedly that the statute does not extend to guaranties of promissory notes where the object of the guarantors is to pay their own debts through the agency of the makers of the notes to which their engagements relate. The reasons are stated very forcibly and clearly by Judge Bronson, in the case of Johnson v. Gilbert (4 Hill, 178), and receive the sanction of this court in the case of Brown v. Curtis, decided at the last May term. In the last case it appeared from the evidence that the guarantor transferred the note and signed the guaranty for the purpose of paying through such note a debt which he had previously incurred, and which was subsisting at the time, for money lent to him by the person to whom the guaranty was made. It was said in one of the opinions given in that case, and which I quote because it received the concurrence of a majority of the judges of this court: “if he” (the guarantor) “intends by the payment of the note which he guarantees to discharge a distinct obligation of his own—one not originally at all connected with, or having reference to the note, then he in effect contracts for himself, his undertaking is original, and not within the statute, and no consideration need be expressed in the guaranty. He engages to discharge his own liability through the agency of another. It matters not if he even transfers the note so as to enable the new holder to maintain a suit upon it in his own name. All that is done as a means of satisfying the debt of the guarantors.” True, another ground for the decision of that case was mentioned in the opinion from which I have quoted, but it was not much discussed, and was not mentioned at all in the only other written opinion which was given by my brother Bronson. He followed the opinion given by him in Johnson v. Gilbert. The question as to the validity of the guaranty was distinctly involved, and was the only one discussed at the bar, and a majority of the judges of this court certainly agreed that the guaranty in that case of Brown v. Curtis was valid, although it expressed no consideration. It appears to me that the decision of this court in that case is directly in point on the question now under consideration, and must conclude us as to that. I am not one of those who think that the solemn adjudications of this, our tribunal of the last resort, should be subject to future discussion, revision and mutation. The evils which would result from such a course, if tolerated, will readily suggest themselves to every intelligent mind. The uncertainty of the law, which is now proverbial, and productive of so much evil to the community, would be greatly increased. The court is not so constituted as to insure a continued coincidence of opinion, and particularly on intricate and doubtful points. Our constitution requires an annual change of half its members. The biennial change owing to the vicissitudes of popular elections (however appropriate they may be in the main) may be still greater. The infusion of new judges might often lead to the adoption of new opinions on open questions, and should former determinations not be held sacred they would frequently be overthrown. As it has been, and I trust will continue to be, men have been influenced and guided in their most solemn acts, in the acquisition of their dearest and most important rights, by the decisions of our highest court, and the conviction that they will be maintained. To allow those rights to be defeated by the tribunal under the sanction of whose adjudication the parties had acted in their efforts to acquire them, would be productive of monstrous injustice. In many, perhaps a majority of the cases argued here, it is far more important that the question involved should be settled, than how it is decided. The interests of the party having the abstract right undoubtedly call for accuracy of judgment, but the interests of the public call more loudly and emphatically for uniformity. That this court has erred and may continue to err occasionally there can be no doubt. Infallibility is not the attribute of any human tribunal. It is of course incumbent upon every judge to do all in his power to arrive at a correct conclusion in every case submitted for his determination; but if after having fully discharged that duty he should still go wrong, the infirmity of the human understanding will excuse the error. It has been urged as a reason for calling on this court to revise and reverse its former decisions, that they are sometimes adopted inconsiderately, and without a full examination of the points of law which they involve. My experience here has been brief, but it has been long enough to satisfy me that the cases discussed in this court are subjected to a thorough investigation by the judges, and their determinations are adopted upon a full discussion during a most anxious consultation. If a decision of this court should recognize, and thereby in effect establish a rule which should be unjust or in any way injurious to the community, it may be modified or abolished by the legislature. The action of the legislative department would be the more appropriate in such cases, as it acts prospectively, and does not impair rights already acquired.

It has been settled, as I conceive, by the decision of this court m Brown v. Curtis, that a guarantee, although not expressing in terms any consideration, when given towards payment of the individual debt of the guarantor is valid. In the case under consideration it appeared from the evidence, to the admission of which no objection was raised, and it seems to have been admitted on the trial, that the note in question was transferred, and the guaranty given, for a part of the purchase money for a horse sold by the plaintiff to Cyrus P. Durham, one of the guarantors. His object was to pay for the horse, and not merely or principally to become responsible for the payment of the debt of another. This undertaking was for the payment of his own debt through the agency of the maker of the note. It was, therefore, original, and not reached by the statute.

Then as to the defendant Moulthrop, the other guarantor. It appears from the testimony that at the time of the sale of the horse by the plaintiff to Cyrus P. Durham, Moulthrop and C. P. Durham gave a note signed by themselves, for a part of the consideration money, and signed the guaranty in question for the residue. The inference is that this method of securing the payment of the purchase money was included in, and a part of the bargain for the horse, and adopted with the consent of Moulthrop. Both C. P. Durham and Moulthrop engaged to pay a part of the money directly through their note, and the residue through the note of E. Durham. By the guaranty, both of the defendants engaged that E. Durham should pay the money due, not primarily from him, but from one of themselves, to the plaintiff. The two engaged for the payment of the debt of one of them in a particular way. The promise of Moulthrop was not especially for the purpose of paying the debt of the maker of the note. He cared nothing about that in itself; his only object and in effect his engagement was to pay the debt of his co-guarantors. The method was incidental. In substance it was a direct original undertaking. The promise by Moulthrop was absolute and unconditional, that the purchase money for the horse should be paid in a particular manner. That he then became responsible for the debt of the maker of the note was merely incidental, and could not defeat a valid engagement, nor qualify one so as to render it invalid. The rule ón this subject is well laid down by Chancellor Walworth in- the case of Rogers v. Kneeland, in the court for the correction of errors, (13 Wend. 122.) He there says that “ when one party makes an absolute and unconditional promise to pay for goods delivered to another, he becomes the principal debtor to the party delivering the goods ; but if he only promises to be answerable that the goods shall be paid for by the person to whom they are to be delivered, such promise is merely collateral to the liability of the other person, and is of course within the statute. Moulthrop in this case subscribed a joint engagement with his co-guarantors. In terms both were equally bound by it as principal, and I can see no reason for separating them in their liability. In my opinion the statute has no application to this joint engagement of the two to pay the original debt of one of them through a third person.

The judgment of the supreme court must therefore be affirmed.

Rugóles, Cady and Shankland, JJ., concurred.

Jewett, C. J.

The single question presented by the case for the consideration of this court is, whether such an engagement,'or promise, is a valid contract between the parties to the record, and as such, capable of being enforced against the promisers. On the other side, it is contended that the writing signed by the defendants, upon which the suit is brought, is in substance and legal effect a promissory note, and as such, it imported, prima facie, to be founded upon a valuable consideration, and so it was held by the court below. On the other side, it is insisted that the writing is not a promissory note, but a mere guaranty of the payment of the note made by Ephraim Durham, upon which it is endorsed, and to be valid, the promise must not only be in writing, but the writing must express the consideration upon which it is made. It therefore becomes necessary, to determine what the legal effect of the writing sued upon is; for if it is a promissory note, there is no error in the judgment of the court below, as the law implies a consideration for such a contract, and therefore it is not necessary to its validity', that it should state it. On the other hand, if it is nothing more than a promise in writing to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another person, to be valid it must express the consideration upon which the promise is made, as well as the promise.

And first, is the writing in question a promissory note? To constitute such a contract, there must be a written promise to pay absolutely and unconditionally a certain sum of money therein named, by one person to another therein mentioned, or his order, or to the order of any other person, or unto the bearer, at a time specified, or on demand or immediately. (Story on Prom. Notes, § 1; 1 R. S. 768, § 1; Goshen Turnpike Co. v. Hurtin, 9 John. 217 ; Byles on Bills of Ex. 3 ; 2 Black. Com. 467; 1 Steph. N. P. 762; Chitty on Bills, ed. 1839, 548.) Certain qualities, therefore, are essential to make a promissory note. The promise must be written, and be "for the payment of money only, by the promiser, and not for the performance of some other act, or in the alternative; the money must be named, certain, and be payable at all events, not depending on any contingency, either as to amount, event, or fund out of which payment is to be made, or the parties by or to whom the payment is-to be made. (Chitty on Bills, ed. 1839, 152, 153; Cook v. Saterlee, 6 Cowen, 108; Leiber v. Goodrich, 5 id. 186; Smith v Nightingale, 2 Stark, R. 375; Barlow v. Broadhurst, 4 Moore, 471 ; Jones v. Simpson, 2 Barn. & Cress. 318; Blankenhagen v. Blundell, 2 Barn. & Ald. 417; Ferris v. Bond, 4 id. 679.)

The written promise of the defendants in this case is not that they will pay a certain sum of money at a specified time absolutely and unconditionally. It is nothing more than a positive engagement mat Ephraim Durham will pay his note according to its terms. The defendants’ promise to pay is upon the contingency, that E. Durham shall fail to pay as he promised; and until he shall make default, they are under no obligation to pay; they undertake to pay only in the event of E. Durham’s not paying. This writing is deficient, at least in one essential quality, to constitute it a promissory note—that is, it does not contain a positive engagement by the promisers that they will pay the money; without such an engagement, no written promise, whatever else it may be, can be a promissory note. Ephraim Durham had made his note, by which he promised to pay C, P. Durham or bearer $40, at a subsequent day named. The defendants, by their writing, in effect promised that he would pay his debt as he had thus promised, and if he failed to do so, they would pay it.

I know that there are many cases in this and other states, which decide that a written promise substantially in the form of the one under consideration, made by a third person upon the back of an existing promissory note, amounts to an absolute and unconditional promise for the payment of money, and is in effect a new’ promissory note. But some of them also decide that the maker of such a promise could not be regarded as a joint or several maker with the maker of the existing note upon the back of which it is written. (Ketchell v Burns, 24 Wend. 456; Miller v. Gaston, 2 Hill, 188.)

There are other cases which hold that when a third person is privy to the original consideration, and at the time of the making of a promissory note makes such a written promise on the back of it, he may be treated as a joint and several promiser with the party who signs on the face of the note, upon the principle that two instruments of the same general nature, both executed at the same time, and relating to the same subject matter, are to be construed together, as forming but one agreement. As he who signs on the face, and he who endorses his name on the back, both promise to do the very same thing, to wit, to pay the money at the specified time, they may, without doing violence to the contract, he deemed as joint makers; and as in point of form, each promises for himself, the undertaking may be treated as several, as well as joint. And in respect to the consideration, it has been thought sufficient that the endorsement purports to be “for value received,” or that the consideration, if not expressed, is established in proof by the contemporaneous facts when the note was made. (Hough v. Gray, 19 Wend. 202; Miller v. Gaston, 2 Hill, 188; Luqueer v. Prosser, 1 id. 256 ; Story on Prom. Notes, § 469.)

To give such a construction to the two instruments, it is necessary to assume the identity of the two contracts—the very point disputed. It is denied that he who endorses and signs upon the back of such note a. written promise to guarantee the payment of it, does thereby promise the same thing which the une promises who signs on the face of the note, to wit, to pay the money at all events nt a specified time; his promise to pay, it is insisted, is only in the event of a failure to pay by the one who signs on the face of the note. It assumes the liability of the other as principal, and for whom he becomes a surety. His engagement being merely in aid of, and collateral to, the liability of the principal debtor or party for whom he makes the promise, it is obvious, as I think, that the two contracts are not identical, hut widely different in their nature and terms. Each not only in point of form promises for himself, but each promises to do a different thing from the other. The one promises absolutely to pay a sum of money at a specified time to a person named—the other that he will pay the same sum of money, not positively, but only in the event that the former fails to pay.

Luqueer v. Prosser went to the court of errors, where the judgment of the supreme court was affirmed. The action was by the plantiffs as bearers of a joint and several promissory note, made by Edson and Arnold, two of the defendants, payable to one Parsons or bearer; the note bore date 10th of April, 1839. At the time it was made, and before it was delivered to Parsons, Prosser, the other defendant, signed upon the back of it, the following : “ For value received I guaranty the payment of the within note, and waive notice of non-payment.” The note thus made and endorsed was delivered to Parsons as security for the price of a pair of horses and a wagon that day sold by him to Edson and Arnold. A condition of the agreement of sale was that Edson and Arnold should give Parsons good endorsed paper, and this note so endorsed was received as a performance of that condition, upon which the property was delivered. In reviewing the decision of the supreme court by the court of errors, the chancellor delivered the only written opinion, so tar as the report of the case shows. He came to the conclusion, that a general guaranty, like the one in question in that case, upon a note payable to bearer, was in law a general endorsement of the note, with a waiver of the condition precedent of a notice of non-payment by the drawers, and that Prosser was therefore liable to the plaintiffs as such endorser, and properly sued as such in a joint suit with the makers, under the provisions of the statute on the subject of joint suits. The chancellor was also of opinion that Prosser could have been sued upon his guaranty, by the bearer of the note, as upon an abso lute promise to pay the amount to the bearer when it became due; constituting Prosser, in effect, the maker of a promissory note, payable to bearer, for the sum and at the time specified in the note upon which the guaranty was written; and this was founded upop the fact that the guaranty contained the words “for value received,” which it was said removed all possible objection that it was a promise to pay the debt of Edson and Arnold, and that the consideration as well as the promise, must be in writing. Upon the authority of this decision, the supreme court, in Leggett v. Raymond, (6 Hill, 639,) decided that Leggett, who had signed a written promise as follows—“ January 29, 1842. I guaranty the payment of this note,” upon the back of a promissory note made by Yiele, on the 15th of January, 1842, payable to Leggett or bearer, six months after date, might be regarded as an endorser of the note of Yiele, and having been properly charged as such, the action might well be maintained. It was there said, “ if we can get rid of the special contract which the defendant actually made, it then stands as the common case of a note endorsed in blank by the payee. Such a contract imports a consideration, and is in its own nature negotiable.” It has been seen by the cases referred to, that the courts not only had before then, got rid of such special contracts; but in what manner, and upon what grounds.

Where the maker of such-a contract had not been properly charged as a general commercial endorser of a promissory note, it was regarded in effect, as a new promissory note, and as such imported a consideration—but that the maker could not be held as a joint or several maker with the maker of the existing note ; if however the third person was privy to the original consideration, and made such a contract at the time of the making of the note upon the back of which it was endorsed, he might be treated as a joint and several promiser with the party who signed the face of the note—and if the maker of such a contract had been properly charged as an endorser, he might be held as such, and his contract construed to be a general contract of endorsement of a promissory note in blank. So that a contract, identical in form as written and signed, has been, first, adjudged to be, and enforced.as, a new and independent "promissory note, of the signer of it; second, as a joint and several promissory note with the maker of the face of the note; and third, as a general commercial contract of endorsement of a promissory note.

In Hall v. Newcomb, (3 Hill, 233; S. C. in error, 7 id. 416,) a strenuous attempt was made to convert a blank endorsement of a promissory note made by a third person for the accommodation of the maker, into a guaranty, in favor of the payee of the note. And I confess that I am not able to see why it might not as well be done, and upon as sound a principle, as was assumed in the cases referred to, to change a special contract of guaranty, into either a promissory note or blank endorsement of such note. But the supreme court held that the rule allowing a blank endorsement of a note to be construed into a guaranty, only applied, when such a construction vras necessary to prevent an entire failure of the contract; and as the plaintiff, the payee of the note, might have put the note in such a form by endorsing it himself, as to charge the defendant in the character of second endorser, the giving it effect in any other would, therefore, be going beyond the principle which makes a contract enure as having a different effect from what its direct words import. But the court of errors held that one who endorsed a negotiable promissory note in blank, merely engages to pay upon the usual conditions of demand and notice, and that parol evidence was not admissible to vary the legal effect of his undertaking. The chancellor delivered the leading opinion, for affirmance of the judgment of the supreme court in that case, and he said that “ the courts have gone far enough in repealing the statute to prevent frauds and perjuries, by introducing parol evidence to charge a mere surety for the principal debtor, by showing that his written agreement means something else than what upon its face it purports to mean.” And he fully concurs in the opinion expressed by Mr. Justice Bronson, in Seabury v. Hungerford, (2 Hill, 8O,) that “ wnen a man-writes his name in blank upon the back of a negotiable promissory note, he only agrees thi.t he will pay the note to the holder, on receiving due notice that the maker, upon demand made at the proper time, has neglected to pay it. Mere proof that he endorsed the paper to enable the maker to raise money on it, does not change the nature of his legal liability as endorser, when the note is in the hands of a bona fide holder for a good consideration. Such was the- whole effect of the parol proof in this case. And for the courts to allow proof by parol to charge a mere surety, beyond the legal effect of his written blank endorsement on such paper, would bring them in direct conflict with the provisions of the statute of frauds. (2 R. S. 135, § 2, sub. 2.)”

I think that the courts have gone too far in repealing the statute to prevent frauds and perjuries in those cases to be found in our reports, which hold, in effect, that a written contract of one kind may be turned into a contract of a different kind, by parol pi'oof concerning the intention of the parties; that the endorser of a promissory note may, under certain circumstance!, be charged as maker or guarantor; and that the guarantor of a promissory note may sometimes be charged as maker or endorser. And I fully agree in the opinion expressed by Judge Bronson in Spies v. Gilmore, (1 Comst. 321,) that such cases stand upon no principle, and that they ought to be regarded as having been entirely overthrown by the decisions in Hall v. Newcomb, and Spies v. Gilmore. It is the duty of courts to give effect to contracts, if legal, as the parties make them; but they have no authority to make contracts for parties, nor substitute one contract for another.

It is entirely plain that the defendants in this case have not contracted as makers or endorsers of a promissory note, but as guarantors, and if they are not liable as such, they are not liable at all. A guaranty in its legal and commercial sense, is defined by Judge Story, to be “ an undertaking by one person to be answerable for the payment of some debt, or the due performance of some contract or duty by another person, who himself remains liable to pay or perform the same.” (Story on From Notes, § 457.) Pitman on Pr. and Sureties,]). 1, says 'hat it is a contract “ whereby one person engages to be answerable for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another.” Mr. Fell in his treatise on the law of mercantile guaranties, page 1, defines a guarantee to be “a promise to answer for the payment. of some debt, or the performance of some duty, in case of the failure of another person, who is in the first instance liable to such payment or performance.” It is not a direct engagement to pay one’s own debt, or perform an obligation resting primarily on the guarantor, for it assumes the liability of another as principal, and for whom the guarantor becomes surety. The undertaking is in aid of, and collateral to, the independent liability of the principal debtor or party for whom the guaranty is made.

The undertaking of the defendants was not to pay their own debt, but that Ephraim Durham should pay his. He was primarily liable to pay the money specified in the note, and the defendants were only liable as guarantors that the note should be paid by him. The terms of the two instruments show this: One is an absolute promise by the maker of a promissory note, to pay a certain named sum of money at a specified time, while the other is but a collateral promise that the maker shall do as he had promised. The defendant’s promise was a “special promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage” of Ephraim Durham; and as the written promise or guaranty does not express any consideration for the promise, the statute (2 R. S. 135, § 2) makes it void. Our former stattite on this subject was taken from the 29 Car. 2, ch. 3, and only required that the agreement should be in writing; nothing, in ternas, was said about the consideration. Yet upon the construction of that statute, it was held both in England and here, that the consideration as well as the promise must be in writing, and that the defect could not. be supplied by parol proof that there was in fact a good consideration. (Wain v. Warlters, 5 East, 10; Saunders v. Wakefield, 4 Barn. & Ald. 595; Jenkins v. Reynolds, 3 Brod. & Bing. 14; Morley v. Bothby, 3 Bing, 107; Newbury v. Armstrong, 6 id. 201; Allnutt v. Ashenden, 5 Mann. & Grang. 392; Sears v. Brink, 3 Johns. 210, Rogers v. Kneeland, 10 Wend. 218, and the cases there cited; Bennett v. Pratt, 4 Denio, 275.) Although under that statute it was held not to be necessary to the validity of the promise, that the consideration should be set forth in terms, in the writing ; yet it was held that the writing must contain enough so that the consideration could be collected by fair inference from it, and could not be supplied by parol proof. (Newbury v. Armstrong, 4 Car. & Payne, 59; S. C. 6 Bing. 201.)

Our present statute, as I think, by requiring the consideration as well as the promise to be expressed in the writing, was pointed against the doctrine which had in some degree obtained under the former statute, of making out a consideration by argument or conjecture, and in that light it was considered in Smith v. Ives, (15 Wend. 182,) and in Parker v. Willson, (15 id. 343.) But without claiming any thing from the change in the language of the statute, the promise under consideration is void, as the writing neither expresses any consideration nor can any be collected by inference from its terms.

There are many cases to show that a guaranty made at the same time with the principal contract, and constituting an essential ground of the credit given to the principal debtor, requires no other consideration than that which upholds the principal contract. It has also been held, that in such cases the consideration need not be expressed in the written guaranty, but may be shown by parol evidence. (Story on Prom. Notes, § 457, citing Leonard v. Vredenburgh, 8 John. 29, and other cases.) This principle need not be denied, for the facts do not admit of its application to the case under consideration. The note and guaranty were not made at the same time. If there fore parol evidence might under any circumstances be received to show a consideration for the guaranty where it formed an essential ground of the credit given to the principal debtor, it would not aid the plaintiff in this case, for no such credit is pretended to have been given.

But if the facts admitted of the application of such a principle, I am free to say that I fully concur in the opinion expressed by Beardsley, Ch. J., in the late case of Sail v. Farmer, which is now before this court for review, that whatever may have been" the true rule under the former statutes of this state, which was in force when Leonard v. Vredenburgh and the other cases, referred to in Story on Promissory Notes, were decided, I am wholly unable to see how any collateral undertaking for the debt, default or miscarriage of another, no matter when made, can be held valid under the present statute. Its language is explicit: “Every special promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another person ”—“ shall be void, unless such agreement, or some note or memorandum thereof, expressing the consideration, be in writing, and subscribed by the party to be charged therewith.” (2 R. S. 185, § 2.) Here is no exception in terms, nor do I find any in the spirit of the enactment. It extends to every collateral undertaking for another person whether made at the time when the debt of the principal was created or at any after period.

The case of Brown v. Curtis, decided by this court at the last May term, (ante, p. 225,) was referred to on the argument; and it was insisted that it held that this contract of guaranty is not within the statute of frauds, not upon the ground that it amounts to a promissory note or general endorsement, but upon the ground that there was a new and distinct consideration independent of the debt of the maker of the note, to sustain it, and one moving between the parties to the guaranty, to wit, the money agreed to be paid for the property purchased by Durham, one of the defendants, of Manrow. It is very clear that the decision referred to, if understood as the counsel who cited it understood it, could not sustain his point; for in that case Brown owed Curtis for borrowed money, for which Curtis held his promissory note, and which Brown desired to take up by giving him a negotiable promissory note which he held as payee against G. F. Brown, the maker, in the room of it, to which Curtis replied, “ I know-nothing of your brother’s circumstances, but if you will guarantee the note I will take if,” upon which Brown made and signed upon the back of his brother’s note the following: “I guarantee the payment of the within,” and delivered it to Curtis, who thev gave up to Brown the note which he held against him. Now conceding that as to Durham there was a new and distinct consideration, independent of the debt of the maker, Ephraim Durham, moving between him and Manrow, Moulthrop was a mere surety even in that view of the case, and a joint action could not be sustained against him and Durham.; for as to Moulthrop' his contract was clearly within the statute. The decision in Brown v. Curtis, in my opinion, is well sustained ; not however upon the ground that Brown was liable, upon his written promise to guarantee the note as an independent contract; for that, as it did not express the consideration upon which it was made, and as that could not be supplied by parol evidence, and as it was not a promissory note or general endorsement, was, as I think, plainly within the statute of frauds, and no action could be sustained upon it. But the evidence was sufficient to authorize a recovery on the money counts. It showed that Brown was indebted to Curtis to the amount of the note for money lent, and that he did not take or-agree to take the note against G. F. Brown in payment or satisfaction of that debt, but that he expressly refused to do so. Brown’s indebtedness for the money lent was not extinguished; it still continued, although the written evidence of it had been given up-to him under the circumstances disclosed. (Arnold v. Crane, 8 John. 79 ; Hughes v. Wheeler, 8 Cowen, 77; Pierce v. Drake; 15 John. 475; Tobey v. Barber, 5 id. 67.) Judge Strong in his opinion in that case, showed that under the circumstances Curtis was not precluded from recovering under the money counts in that declaration for the debt Brown owed him, although the guaranty was invalid as a contract; and upon that ground I then thought and am still of opinion that the judgment of the supreme court ought to have been affirmed.

I think the judgment of the supreme court in this case should be reversed, and that of the common pleas affirmed with costs.

Gardiner, J., concurred in the opinion of Jewett, C. J.

Hoyt, J.,

also concurred in opinion that the guaranty was void by the statute of frauds. He distinguished the case from

Brown v. Curtiss, (ante, p. 225,) by the circumstance that here another party not cpnnected with the consideration signed the guaranty as surety for his co-guarantor, Durham. That, he thought, brought the undertaking within the statute.

Bronson, J.,not having heard the argument, took no part in the decision.

Judgment affirmed. 
      
       Reported ante, p. 225.
     
      
       In Brown v. Curtiss all the judges except Jewett and Gardiner were of opinion that the guaranty was not within the statute of frauds, and put their decision upon that ground. The declaration in that case contained the common counts, and Strong J. in giving his opinion made some remarks to the effect that the judgment of the supreme court might be sustained upon those counts, although the guaranty should be held void. As the judgment of this court, however, was placed upon the Validity of the guaranty, it was not thought worth while to obscure the decision by noticing in the report any other ground.
     