
    UNIVERSAL WINDING CO. v. WILLIMANTIC LINEN CO.
    (Circuit Court, D. Connecticut.
    July 27, 1897.)
    1. Patents — Presumptions from Grant — Anticipation.
    Tbe grant of a patent raises a presumption of operativeness and of some utility, and, if prior, though it be a mere paper patent, it may anticipate, if it sufficiently discloses the principle of the alleged invention. Such a patent may also be relevant, to show that another device does not infringe sneh an invention, but is merely an improvement on tbe prior patent, or an application thereof to a new purpose.
    2.-Same — Construction of Claims — Infringement—Machine for Winding Cops.
    The Wardwell patent, No. 480,157, for a machine for winding cops, construed, and 'held not infringed as to claims I, 2, 3, and 4; and held, also, that claim 4 cannot be sustained in view of the prior state of the art, if so construed as to embrace unequal cone-pulleys as an equivalent of tbe means therein claimed.
    3. Same — Anticipation—Museum Exhibits.
    Proof that long prior to the granting of a patent for a cop wound in a particular way several specimens of cops wound, so far as can be seen from their exterior layers, in exactly the same way, had been imported from the Fiji Islands, and kept on exhibition in tbe National Museum at Washington, and were known to many persons prior to the date of the alleged invention, is sufficient evidence of anticipation.
    4. Same — Process and Product Patent Cops.
    The Wardwell patents, Nos. 480,15S and 486,745, for a method of winding cops, and for a cop, respectively, are void for want of patentable novelty.
    
      This was a suit in equity by the Universal Winding Company against the Willimantic Linen Company for alleged infringement of three patents covering, respectively, a machine for winding cops, a method of winding cops, and a cop wound according to such method. On final hearing.
    Dickerson & Brown, for complainant.
    Mitchell, Bartlett & Brownell, for defendant.
   TOWNSEND, District Judge.

Complainant herein, at final hearing on the usual bill and answer, prays for an injunction and accounting by reason of the alleged infringement of patents No. 480,157, for an apparatus for winding cops, No. 480,158, for a method of winding cops, both dated August 2, 1892, and of No. 486,745, for a cop, dated November 22, 1892, all of said patents having been issued to Joseph It. Leeson as assignee of Simon W. Wardwell, Jr., and duly assigned to this complainant. A cop — the subject-matter to which these patents relate — consists generally of a ball or roll of thread or rope wound in helixes or spirals on a spindle. Tn most of the ordinary and earlier cops the successive coils of thread were irregularly ivound upon the spindle, without any attempt to arrange the threads parallel to each other. The alleged invention of the cop patent No. 486,745 is therein stated by the patentee to consist in a “cop wound ® * * so as to have greater uniformity, density, and compactness, and so as to facilitate the unwinding, and prevent tangling, and insuring other advantages.” Before discussing the patents in suit, it will be necessary to make some general statements concerning the art. Irrespective of certain alleged anticipations, to be Hereafter considered, there were found in the prior art various forms of cops, distinguished by differences in pitch or angle of the thread and the relations of the threads to each other. 'Certain of these winds are designated ball wind, cross wind, surface wind, Z wind, spool wind, Spacii wind, etc. It is unnecessary to state their distinguishing characteristics. A special form of wind of the prior art is known as the half wind or crescent wind. The wind of the patents in suit is known as the V wind or Wardwell wind. In each of these two winds the thread is ordinarily wound on a core, without any head at the ends, from one end of the core to the other in the direction of a helix or spiral, and is then so reversed as to form a knuckle or abrupt bend, and wound in a reverse helix or spiral to that end of the core where the winding was started. In each the thread is again reversed to form another such knuckle, and, passing across the first helix, is wound in a: second helix, parallel and generally close to the first. In each, complete parallel layers will thus he laid one above the other, forming a solid cylindrical cop alike throughout. The complainant differentiates the crescent wind as follows: fl) It is a modified form of ball wind. (2) It is not wound in spirals, but in the form of a semicircle or semiellipse, and will therefore in its first courses slip towards the middle of the core, and therefore the successive threads may not lie parallel to each other. (3) The threads will never cross each other intermediate of the ends of the core, and hence do not in- perlock, and therefore the cop will not be cylindrical in form, and will easily lose its shape. (4) This wind is adapted only for winding extremely small cops. Whether the crescent wind is a modified ball wind is immaterial except in so far as under such designation complainant's expert includes it in the foregoing criticisms of ball winds in general. The criticisms of ball winds generally do not necessarily apply to the crescent wind. The essential feature of the Wardwell wind, as claimed by complainant, is that the wind is spiral in the sense that “the thread turns more than half a revolution in extending from one end of the cop to the other” at such an angle “that when the complete spiral is laid — that is, when the thread has been wound to the end of the cop and has returned — the angle of delivery and return shall be such that the thread will remain where it is put.” The distinguishing feature of the crescent wind, as claimed by complainant, is that the thread, although wound in substantially the same direction as in the ’Wardwell wind, is not spirally wound, because the angle is such that the thread turns only one-half a revolution in extending from one end of the cop to the other, and therefore “the turns of the thread constitute substantially circles or rings at an angle to the-axis of the holder or tube.” This difference of angle is claimed as Wardwell's invention and as the basis of the alleged differences in results. The line between what is thus included within and excluded from the Wardwell invention may be shown by the following statements:

Complainants expert Foster first says:

“I was wrong in stating that a complete revolution was necessary to lay such a spiral or helix as is required hy the patent.”

Later he says:

“Q. Then, if I understand you, everything else being alike in machine, in wind and in cop, a spiral crossing in five-eighths of a turn would not exclude the Leeson invention, a spiral crossing in four-eighths of a turn would exclude the Leeson invention, and as to a spiral crossing in nine-sixteenths of a turn you are somewhat in doubt? A. So far as X can tell without seeing the cop, a spiral crossing in five-eighths would have reverse spirals interlocking between the ends, and would embody this feature of the Wardwell invention. I do not recognize that there would he a spiral at all at four-eighths of a turn, because that would he a one-half turn, winding what I have pointed out as a hall-wind cop. As regards a spiral of nine-sixteenths, if the thread was fine, and the cop relatively long, this would embody this feature of the Wardwell wind if it caused the reverse spirals to he interlocked between their ends.”

Wardwell himself, in the patents in suit, does not claim that any exact pitch or number of turns in the spiral constitutes his invention. On the contrary, he says, in 3STo. 486,745:

“X make use of a tube of any suitable character, and I wind the thread, X, thereon, with any suitable number of turns or colls to tbe length of the tube.”

In No. 480,157 he says :

“As a result of this operation, the reversal of the movement of the guide takes place, not upon the completion of a rotation (or fraction or multiple of a rotation) of the holder, hut after, and only after, the holder has reached the point in its revolution beyond that necessary to complete such movement, and beyond that point which it occupied at the time the guide was reversed upon its preceding reversal of movement, so that the thread held hy the guide is not started on its return winding until it has been laid over onto the outer side of the previous coil.”

The crescent cops do not necessarily slip towards the middle of the core. Whether such a wind thus slips depends upon the angle at which it is wound, and the abruptness of the reversal, and may also depend upon whether the core is rough or smooth. The crescent cops, as originally wound, were small sewing-machine cops, and in them the thread did not cross intermediate the end of the core. This point will be discussed hereafter. Wardwell created the cop in the method and by the machine which are the subjects of the three patents in suit. Complainant claims that therein he first disclosed the angle at which threads could be so laid on a cylinder that they would lie parallel to, and generally in contact with, each other, without slipping, and would cross each other and interlock intermediate the ends, and the method and means for accomplishing said result, and that he was the first inventor thereof. Patent No. 480,-157 covers Wardwell’s machine for winding the cops of No. 486,745 by the method of No. 480,158. The claims alleged to be infringed are the following:

“(1) In a cop-winding machine, the combination, with a revolving holder for supporting the cop, and with a reciprocating thread guide supported to move in a course parallel to the axis of the cop, of mechanisms adapted to give the holder an Increment of movement at eacli rotation, for the purposes set forth. (2> A machine for winding cops, provided with a holder for the cop, and a reciprocating guide for the thread supported to move parallel to the axis of the cop and outward as the cop increases in diameter, and means for turning the holder and for reciprocating the guide, and mechanisms for varying the relative movements of the holder and guide to insure an increment of movement to tin; holder at each rotation, whereby each reversal • of the movement of the guide takes place after the holder has turned beyond the point of its revolution occupied at the moment of the preceding reversal of the movement of the guide, substantially as set forth. (H) A machine for winding cops, provided with a revolving holder for supporting the cops, and with a reciprocating thread-guide and means for varying the relative movements of the thread-holder and guide, constructed substantially as described, vo secure each successive reversal of the movement of the guide at the outer end of the holder after, and only after, the holder in its rotation has reached a point beyond the point reached at the moment of the preceding reversal of the movement of the guide at such end substantially as set forth. (4) In a cop-winding machine, the combination of a guide and means for imparting to the same a regular reciprocating movement parallel to the cop, and a holder for supporting the cop, and means for imparting to the same a progressive rotary movement at each rotation, substantially as set forth.”

The patented machine comprises a cop holder in the form of a cylinder, and a thread-guide operating close to said cylinder, and so arranged that as the cylinder rotates the thread-guide reciprocates in a line parallel to the axis of the cylinder, and so that, as the thread is brought to either end of the cop thus formed, each succeeding coil shall be abruptly bent at a point just beyond the bend in the last preceding coil, and shall form such a bend or knuckle beyond the preceding one that the thread shall thereafter lie parallel to the thread of the preceding coil, and preferably in direct contact therewith. The patentee does not limit himself to any precise means for accomplishing this result. He describes and illustrates, however, a machine mounted on a frame provided with a cylinder supported be tween two disks on conical hubs, wbicb turn loosely on a shaft driven at a uniform speed by suitable gear and pinion devices.

In view of the conclusion reached that the Wardwell machine involved invention, it is unnecessary to describe the mechanical details, fully stated in said specification, whereby the desired result may be accomplished. For the purposes of this case it suffices to say that by means of a cross-arm carrying a lever attached to a pivoted spring pawl and a rock shaft carrying arms, one of which is connected with said lever, while the other extends over a cam upon a sleeve turning on said driven shaft, not only do one of said disks and said pawl revolve with said shaft, but the revolution of said sleeve is retarded, and one of the arms is released, and throws said pawl forward. The patentee says:

“The pawl therefore derives its motion from two sources: First, from the rotation of the shaft and the cross-arm carried hy the shaft, which would give to the pawl and to the disk the same rate of rotation as the shaft; second, from the cam which imparts to the pawl a progressive or forward traveling movement in excess of that derived from the shaft, so that at the completion of each revolution of the shaft, or upon each, successive reversal of the movement of the guide, the pawl and the disk will have traveled not only the extent of a complete revolution (or a complete fraction or multiplication of a revolution), hut will also have moved an additional extent corresponding to the movement imparted to the pawl hy the cam.”

The patentee also suggests that provision might be made for a momentary action of the cam, instead of the described gradual and constant movement, by the substitution of a radial pin for said cam.

The features claimed as distinctive of the Wardwell machine are: (1) The rotatable cop holder; (2) the reciprocating thread-guide, so operated as to be constantly close to the cop; (3) the means for so rotating tfie cop holder relatively to the thread-guide that the- thread will be deposited in helixes or spirals of such a pitch that they will not slip on the cop holder; “(4) a cam, or equivalent device*. reciprocating the thread-guide, and so constructed that it will, at xhe ends of the reciprocations of the thread-guide, reverse it with that celerity which is necessary for producing the knuckles or abrupt bends;” “(5) means for producing an increment of motion, whereby the thread, about the time of being reversed, will be made to cross a portion of a previously laid angle or abrupt bend, in order that after reversal the thread may be alongside of and parallel to the latter.” The defendant’s machine differs materially in construction from complainant’s machine. It has necessarily a revolving cop holder, a reciprocating thread-guide, and devices for so adapting their movements to each other as to produce the same result as is produced by complainant’s machine. But the contention of the defendant is that its machine does not infringe, because it produces this result without the use of the essential elements claimed in complainant’s patent. The complainant’s patent, it will be remembered, describes two sources from which the pawl derives its motion, and by means of which an increment of motion is imparted to the thread-guide at each succeeding reversal of movement. The result of this twofold speed relationship, says the patentee, “is the same whether the rotating cop gains sufficient at each revolution to carry the thread being laid across that previously laid at (lie end of the cop or the cop rotates uniformly without gain, and the guide, as it reaches each end of the cop, is held for a longer time than is necessary for the cop to complete its rotation.’’ In the defendant's machine, the desired result is secured by regulating the speed relation between the spindle and thread-guide by means of the relative proportions of the wheels which connect these two shafts to the driving shaft. The defendant, therefore, does not use the means for the throw or increment of motion described in complainant’s patent. But the patentee states that he does not confine himself to the described or preferable construction; and he describes an ingeniously devised apparatus, which produces an improvement upon prior products.

The issue, therefore, may be fairly reduced to (he scope of the claims in suit. Bor the purposes of this discussion it will he necessary to further examine Liu; prior art in general, and the prior experiments of Ward well and others, and their results. The Morrison use in 1879, if sufficiently proved, would invalidate all of complainant’s patents. Bui it would be unsafe to find anticipation upon such doubtful evidence. Morrison, who swears that he made an anticipating machine, was an employé of defendant. He built only one org'inal machine. It is not proven that the model is in certain essential parts like the original. The persons for whom it was made abandoned its use, and took a. license under the three patents in suit. 1‘atent No. 140,210, granted January 6, 1874, to Samuel K. fhnith, shows a spooling machine adjusted for winding threads close together with coils inclined so as to cross each other back and forth the length of the spool. The patent does not show such an apparatus as that of the patent in suit for forming the knuckles or bends, nor would it, without modification, make a cop, such as is made by the machine of the patent in suit. But, in connection with its spindle and thread-guide, it shows, for giving to said guide its reciprocating motion, a grooved cam, an arm projecting into said groove, and two conical pulleys with a belt for connecting tlie cop-turning mechanism with the guide-reciprocating mechanism, like those shown in defendant’s machine. It is a paper patent. If it: does not anticipate complainant’s machine, it bears directly, if not decisively, upon the question of infringement. The grant of a patent raises a presumption of opera-tiveness, and of some utility, and, if prior, even (hough it be a mere papei* patent, it: may anticipate1, provided it sufficiently discloses the principle of the alleged invention. Such prior patent may be relevant also to show that another device is not an infringement of such alleged invention, but is merely an improvement upon the prior patent, or an application thereof io a new purpose. Pickering v. McCullough, 104 U. S. 319; Dashiell v. Grosvenor, 162 U. S. 432, 16 Sup. Ct. 805. In this case1 the conclusion reached upon all the evidence is that ihe defendant’s device is such an improvement or adaptation of the art existing at the date of the invention in suit. Neither tin» drawings nor the description of the Heal British pa hunt discloses the whole machine. The drawings further fail to show the speed relation between guide and spindle, and the thread is delivered from the guide at a considerable distance from the cop. But earlier pat-('nts, and notably the British patent to James Combe of 1867, show the thread-guide bearing directly upon the cop, and this Combe patent illustrates the nositive connection of thread-guide with a cam, and of uniform pitch rotating uniformly with respect to the rotation of the spindle, which are characteristic features of defendant’s machine. Neither the Heal nor the Combe patent shows the variation of rotary movement of spindle or the added movement or increment of motion covered by the patent in suit. Neither of these machines, therefore, is like the patent in suit. But no reason is shown why a skilled mechanic could not supply from the then prior art the necessary connection between spindle and thread-guide shaft, or provide means for actual contact between the the thread-guide and spindle at the point of delivery of the thread; and complainant’s expert does not deny that such modifications could be made, or assert that it would require inventive skill to make them, or that, if made, they would constitute invention.

A mass of testimony has been introduced as to the date of Ward-well’s conception and reduction to practice of his invention. The evidence as to Wardwell’s experiments shows that, having been engaged by complainant to make a machine to wind cops, he conceived first the idea of a method of so laying parallel threads and crossing them at an abrupt angle as to make a compact cop; that later he devised two machines, the earlier of which, on account of. its complicated construction, was abandoned in an incomplete state, and the later of which was finished in October, 1891. This machine embodies the construction shown and claimed in the patent in suit. Ward-well’s earlier drawings and both machines show the means employed for securing the increment of motion which is a characteristic of his patent. As to this he testifies as follows:

“Q. State whether or not there is any difference in the result of the two arrangements of the pawl shown in the drawing and in the patent. A. The results were substantially the same. The pawl operated to draw or push the cop in excess of the motion imparted hy its shaft.”

It is significant, as bearing upon the claim as to Wardwell’s conception of a Y wind as distinguished from a ball wind, that in complainant’s exhibit “Wardwell’s first machine drawing,” the sharp angles of the cam are such as to suggest a ball wind, and the cop therein illustrated is a ball-wind cop. The defendant has been experimenting in cops since 1889. It claims that prior to October, 1890, the superintendent of its factory showed the Merrick cop, to be hereafter considered, to one of its machinists, — Palmer,—and asked him whether he could wind such a cop, and that in October, 1890, he did make such a cop by the use of a crude device having a flyer or thread guide on an angle with the spindle; that he continued these experiments, and in 1891 produced one machine, and in 1892 another improved machine, which made the cop of the patent in suit. It is unnecessary to discuss the bearing of this evidence upon the claim of anticipation. It is relevant, however, as throwing light upon the problem presented, and the means adopted by different persons for its solution.

If now- we again compare the patented machine with defendant’s machine, we shall find in the former the completed practical devel-opuient of tlie original conception of the increment of motion to secure the parallelism of threads, the knuckle or abrupt bend, and the other advantages of the Wardwell cop. We shall find the embodiment of this invention — First, in the rotating cam shaft operating the thread-guide through its cam and the cop shaft, and said cop shaft rotating the spindle; second, in two distinct speed relationships, one determined by the relation between the cop-shaft and cam-shaft, the other the “relative movement of the tube holder with respect to its shaft or tlie thread-guide cam with respect to its, shaft, which causes an increment of motion.” The patentee’s description of this increment of motion or added movement by means of motion from two sources has already been given in connection with the description of Ms machine. In the defendant’s machine the spindle is fastened to and revolved by its shaft, and the thread-guide is caused to reciprocate by a cam on another shaft. They are operated by means of belts, pulleys, and gears connected with the main driving shaft. Two slightly tapering pulleys with a belt provide means for adjusting the relative proportions of the speed relations between the thread-guide and the spindle. This may be accomplished by shifting the belt lengthwise of the pulleys. The differences of construction material in this connection are the loosely turning spindle holders of complainant’s machine, while that of the defendant is fast to its shaft, and the arrangement of belts and tapering pulleys in defendant’s machine, to produce the result accomplished in complainant’s machine by means of arms, pawl, cam, and geared wheel, as already described.

The question at issue is therefore reduced to one of infringement depending upon tlie scope of tlie invention. The first, second, and third claims do not cover defendant’s machine. Its mechanism is not “adapted to give the holder an increment of movement at each rotation,” nor does it provide means “whereby each reversal of the movement of the guide fakes place after the holder lias turned beyond the point of its revolution occupied at the moment of its preceding reversal of the movement of the guide, substantially as set forth.” But the fourth claim is much broader in its terms, and covers “the combination of a guide and means for imparting to the same a regular reciprocating- movement parallel to tlie cop, and a holder for supporting the cop, and means for imparting to tlie same a progressive rotary movement at each rotation, substantially as set forth.” And it will be remembered that the patentee has, in- 1ns specification, stated that he does not limit himself to the preferable forms therein described. and that “different means may be employed for causing such a relative variation of movement as will effect tlie above-described result.” The defendant contends that its device for regulating the relative motion between thread-guide and cop was old and well known in this and allied arts at the date of the patent in suit. The prior art already considered has shown a single-speed relationship, but lias not been discussed in connection with defendant’s construction for regulating tlie relation of speed. Patent 2sTo. 245,373, granted to J. Hargraves in 1881, and one of the British patents granted to J. 0. & F. A. Spach in 1885, show cone pulleys and a belt thereon, so arranged that, by shifting it lengthwise of said pulleys, the relative speeds of tbe two driving shafts may be adjusted. Further evidence as to defendant’s construction is found in the so-called “Merrick use.” Upon final hearing, defendant, in connection with proof of an alleged prior use by the Merrick Thread Company of certain machines and methods claimed to anticipate or limit the patents in suit, introduced two machines known respectively as “Merrick 1890 machine” and “Merrick 1890 machine showing stopover attachment.” The latter machine was so provided with unequal pulleys that, if prior use and knowledge thereof in the United States had been sufficiently proved, it would have been fatal to the claims of the machine patent in suit, if not as an anticipation, at least as showing noninfringement, as will be hereafter explained. The proof of priority, however, was not so limited. Upon motion of defendant the case was opened to permit the introduction of further testimony on this point. Much of the new evidence on each side is indefinite and contradictory. Some of the .witnesses are manifestly prejudiced, even if their recollection is accurate. The whole evidence as to the Merrick use, taken together, shows 'that in 1890, and prior to the date of Wardwell’s machine invention, the Merrick Thread Company used in its mill at Holyoke, Mass., machines for making half-wind cops by the use of conical pulleys of equal size. They embody substantially the defendant’s construction, éxcept that in the latter the conical pulleys are unequal. The great preponderance of evidence is to the effect that the “Merrick 1890 machine, with stopover attachment,” hereafter to be called the “Second Merrick 1890 Machine,” with conical pulleys of unequal size, also was practically operated in said mill in 1890. Green, the alleged inventor, Baker, the draftsman, Prentice, a superintendent, and Hopkins, president and acting manager of the Merrick Company, interested but intelligent witnesses, testify more or less satisfactorily on this pdint. Of the witnesses for complainant on the reopening, Cressy is ignorant, untrustworthy, and contradicted by Mary Lipps, and by his former testimony. Mary Lipps testified that cones of different sizes might have been used on one or more of these twenty-six machines without her knowing it. Lizzie McDowells’ memory is defective; and Hollingsworth is intelligent, but manifestly hostile to defendant. He testifies that he was a draftsman for the Merrick Company until December 24, 1890, and that he never saw a machine with unequal pulleys while in their employ. While, however, the weight of evidence as to said second Merrick machine so strongly preponderates in favor of defendant, I am not satisfied that it establishes the claim of anticipation beyond a reasonable doubt. It does, however, furnish substantial support to the view herein taken upon the question of infringement.

It will be recalled that the prior Hargraves patent showed a machine with conical pulleys of unequal size, capable of producing on cards a wind like that of the second Merrick 1890' machine. Further more, defendant’s witness Green, in the first claim of an abandoned application for a patent sworn to on September 18, 1890, used the following language:

“(1) In a cop-winding machine, the combination with a winding shaft carrying a mandrel, and a cone pulley of a secondary shaft carrying.a cam, and a cone pulley, a vibratory thread-guiding lever operatively engaging the cam on said secondary shaft, and a belt connection between the cone pulléys on said shafts, whereby the speed of said secondary shaft can be varied at will, substantially as and for the purposes described.”

This statement seems to be sufficiently comprehensive to embrace either equal or unequal conical pulleys. In view of the Spach and Har-graves patents, it would be unnecessary to specify that the relative speed relations could be varied by unequal pulleys, for that was already old. In this abandoned application reference is also made' to the method of making cops of varying width, and to winding the threads upon a tube in uniform layers. The issue of infringement herein may be most directly presented by a comparison of the confessedly prior first Merrick 1890 machine with the second Merrick 1890 machine, the prior use of which is denied by complainant. In the former, by the use of a belt at the center of the equal pulleys, a half-wind cop is produced. Defendant contends that the adjusting devices of the first Merrick 1890 machine are so constructed that by shifting the1 belt a V wind may be produced thereon. This the complainant denies. I have not been able to satisfactorily determine this question. In the second Merrick 1890 machine the cone pulleys are of unequal size, thus providing a speed relationship which makes the V wind between the ends of the cop. This is the sole material difference in the construction and resultant operation of the two machines. It may be assumed that this modification was subsequent to the alleged Ward-well invention. It is proved that it made what is known as the “Wardwell cop.” Whether the V wind, crossing intermediate the ends, was an essential feature of WardwelPs invention is very doubi ful. He illustrated the half wind in his drawings. The term “V wind” is not found in any of the patents. Such crossing is mentioned only once in the three specifications. Most of the claims cover only the crossings at the end of the cop, and no reference is made to the V wind in the expert testimony in chief; and in ids later patent, No. 533,934, Wardwell himself, in disclosing certain improvements on his alleged inventions already patented, illustrates and describes, not the V wind or full wind, but a wind of quarter turns, thus forcibly suggesting that his conception of his invention was not in the length, but in the character, of the spirals. It may be further assumed that it would have involved invention to thus change the size and result i ant operation of the pulleys, if such change had not been in the prior art. But in the Hargraves patent, already considered, are found such pulleys used to produce said V wind upon a flat card. The considerations already suggested show that, if WardwelPs fourth claim could be so construed as to embrace all means for imparting progressive rotary movement to the cop at each rotation, it would be void by reason of lack of patentable novelty. If so construed as to include only the device described in the specification, it is not infringed.

If it be conceded, on behalf of complainant, that the proof of the alleged Morrison use is insufficient; that the date of the Morrison second machine, which contains the Wardwell invention, is not proved beyond a reasonable doubt; that the abandoned application of Green failed to, describe how the variation of speeds included in the first claim was to be accomplished, and failed to show a mode of forming cops of any desired width by varying the throw of the guide lever; that the Crescent and Merrick 1890 cops were irregular in their first layers because of slippage; that the evidence as to the Wardwell Columbian Exposition cops is immaterial; that the first Merrick 1890 machine, with equal cones, could not be commercially operated so as to produce the Wardwell cop; and that the priority of the second Merrick 1890 machine has not been conclusively shown, and, as stated by complainant’s counsel that, “if anything is clear under all these patents it is that they are drawn to monopolize a cop, a method and a machine involving layers of winding uniform throughout from the innermost to the outermost, and as to every characteristic except size. It is equally clear that these results were set forth in the specification, and illustrated in the drawings as due to the laying of a helix substantially more than a half turn; or, in other, words, substantially more than half way around a cop, and, hence, of such a character that, when reversed, there would be a crossing of the thread and a tying down of the helixes intermediate the ends of the cop,” — the issue between the parties would be practically embraced in the following statements in the closing brief of complainant’s counsel:

“Defendant’s contention tliat tlie substitution of unequal cones bearing a certain relation to each other, for equal cones in ‘Defendant’s Exhibit Merrick 1890 Machine’ would have resulted in the production of a cop of the one wind or V wind type, has already been discussed. If no other change had been necessary for a successful machine, that would have been sufficient to confer patentability, for only the eighth turn of an adjusting screw distinguished the Rice telephone from Bell’s, and yet Rice’s was held to be absolutely immaterial. The suggestion that the unequal cones were found in Hargraves’ patent, Xo. 245,373, * * * is immaterial, because in the Hargraves patent they were in a different combination, as will be seen from the discussion of that patent in our original brief.”

That tlie substitution of unequal cones does produce tlie Wardwell cop is proved. Suck imequal cones, however, were already known and used for an analogous purpose in the art of winding spools.

Assuming, further, the correctness of complainant’s contention as to the Y wind, and the material difference between the Wardwell cop and the earlier Merrick cop is in the intermediate crossings of the threads. The angle required to avoid slippage is a mere matter of mechanical experiment and adjustment. The fundamental law of the operation of the two machines is the provision of means for definite speed relations between the tube shaft and guide shaft, and for such changes therein “as to allow one to gain or lose on the other at each revolution by as much as the thickness of the threads to be wound.” In order to extend the operation of this fundamental law to a V wind crossing intermediate the ends, Wardwell devised the special means for securing the increment of motion already explained, while defendant, or Merrick, applied the unequal cone pulleys of the prior art. The conclusion reached upon the whole case is, therefore, that the defendant does not infringe the first, second, and third claims of the machine patent, in suit, No. 480,157, because 1he defendant’s device neither contains the combination of elements nor uses the second source of motion specifically claimed therein, and that it does nor inflinge said fourth claim, because, in view of the stale of the art, said claim cannot be sustained if so construed as to embrace unequal cone pulleys as an equivalent of ttie means therein claimed.

The foregoing discussion is relevant to the consideration of the other patents in suit. The characteristics of the patented cop have already been discussed. lis utility and commercial success and defendant's infringement are sufficiently proved.

In addition to the defense of lack of patentable novelty in view of the art, already considered, defendant further claims anticipation as matter of law by reason of the prior process patent and anticipation in fact by reason of certain museum exhibits. It is clear that the patented cop can be produced only by the patented method, and that the patented method cannot be followed without producing the patented cop. It is not necessary to determine the effect, either of a, prior patent for a product, or of a prior patent for a subsidiary improvement upon a later patent for a broad generic invention. In this case there was but a single invention involved, namely, the method of laying threads on a core in such relations to each other that a certain result is produced. It clearly falls within (he first principle stated in Underwood v. Gerber, 37 Fed. 682, and affirmed in numerous later decisions. Here, as in that case, there wras no invention in the later patent in view' of the earlier patent. There it was held, as it must be here, that cases where the later patent was granted for an improvement upon the earlier one have no application. The defendant has introduced four rope or cord cops which correspond precisely in appearance with the patented cop. Two of these cops have been publicly exhibited in the National Museum at the city of Washington since 188-1. The other two cops were similarly accessible to the public in ihe American Museum of ^National History at iNew York for more than two years prior to January 1, 1891. It is proved that all of these cops were known to various persons in the United Stales long prior to the patent in suit. The complainant has attempted to meet this evidence by proof that these rolls were made in the Fiji islands, that they were used for decorative purposes at the museum, that the whole of said rolls could not be seen by the*general public, and that they were neither sold nor used in the United Hiatos. I do not set; how any of these facts, if admitted, militate against the proof that they wore in the United States and known to persons other than the patentee iu the United States prior to the date of the alleged invention. They were on public exhibition, where they could have been examined by visitors at any time. It is true that it does not appeal*, and cannot be certainly determined without further examination, whether the interior coils are wound in the same manner as the exterior ones. It may therefore be said that without: such proof the museum cops do not anticipate the patented cop. But this evidence only serves to shift the defense from anticipation to a denial of patentable novelty, at least so far as the cop patent is concerned. Whether the process of winding was the same is immaterial in this connection. The completed product is identical in appearance, and such of said completed product as was known and open to inspection shows every element of the cop patent precisely as claimed in the first, second, and third claims. In view of the utility of the patented cop, the manifest advantages resulting from its construction, and its success in the market, it may be assumed that Wardwell invented it. But “the statutes authorize the granting of patents only for such inventions as have not been known or used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, before the applicant’s embodiment of his own conception. It may be a hardship to meritorious inventors, who, at the expenditure of much time and thought, have hit upon some ingenious combination of mechanical devices, which, for aught they know, is entirely novel, to find that in some remote time and place some one else, of whom they never heard, has published to the world in a patent or a printed publication a full description of the very combination over which they have been puzzling, but in such cases the act none the less refuses them a patent.” New Departure Bell Co. v. Bevin Bros. Manuf’g Co., 19 C. C. A. 534, 73 Fed. 469. And because the expert testimony satisfactorily proves that the parts of the museum cops which are in suit so fully show their construction • that any mechanic ordinarily skilled in the art could malee the patented cops therefrom without invention, and because they appear to be, and would more naturally be, uniform throughout, I am constrained to find, whether they are or are not thus uniform, that there could be no creative conception and no patentable ingenuity or invention in a cop made up of layers arranged alike throughout in the pattern disclosed by the museum cops. It is significant in this connection that in the 123 pages of rebuttal testimony of the learned and skillful expert for complainant, Charles E. Foster, he nowhere denies the testimony of defendant’s expert that a person skilled in the art could have supplied any supposed omission or arranged any supposed variations in the museum cops so as to make the cops of the patent. This patent is void by reason of lack of patentable novelty. In view of these circumstances, the additional defense against the process patent No. 480,158 on the ground that it covers merely the function of a machine, will not be discussed. The conclusion reached is that, in view of the state of the prior art, there was no patentable novelty in said process. Let a decree be entered dismissing the bill.  