
    Barker, Appellant, vs. Western Union Telegraph Company, Respondent.
    
      November 8, 1907
    
    January 8, 1908.
    
    
      Telegraph companies: Negligence: Liability for failure to correctly transmit and deliver messages: Uncertain and speculative damages.
    
    1. Sec. 1778, Stats. (1898), making telegraph, companies liable for all damages occasioned by failure or negligence in performing their duty to correctly transmit and deliver messages, has removed, as a condition of liability, all necessity that the company should have had in contemplation, or had any notice or suggestion of probability of, such damages as are in fact occasioned.
    2. In an action against a telegraph company for loss claimed to have been suffered by reason of nondelivery of a message, it is not necessary to consider whether there is anything upon the face of the telegram to suggest that loss will be suffered by nondelivery.
    3. Defendant telegraph company failed to deliver to a physician a telegram inquiring whether he would see another professionally. Held, while he could not establish by his own testimony directly that he would have made pecuniary gains if he had received the telegram and was prevented from so doing solely by its nondelivery without any intervening independent cause, yet plaintiff might establish facts from which the jury might legitimately infer a probable course of conduct which would have secured him such gains.
    4. An intent already formed is a fact just as much as any other physical fact.
    5. In an action against a telegraph company by a physician for failure to deliver a telegram the complaint alleged, among other things, that plaintiff was building up a practice in another city; that he was invited by the telegram to come to that city to see another professionally; that the prospective patient had fully determined to take treatment from him, and that he was prevented from going by the negligence of the defendant. Held, on demurrer, that the complaint alleged facts sufficient, if established by evidence, to justify reasonable inference that the patient would have taken treatment of the plaintiff, and hence that the plaintiff would have made pecuniary gains.
    
      6. Such complaint is not open to challenge on demurrer because the damages alleged are too uncertain and speculative.
    7. In such case, on the ground of contract, it is held that enough was alleged in the complaint to enable proof, that plaintiff would at least have earned compensation for the journey for consultation.
    Appeal from an order of the circuit court for Dane county: E. Bat Steveus, Circuit Judge.
    
      Reversed.
    
    Appeal from order sustaining demurrer to the complaint. That instrument alleges that plaintiff has built up an active practice in the treatment of certain diseases in and around Madison, Wisconsin, extending as far as Chicago-, and in said business was well known to defendant and its agents and employees; that on April 22, 1905, a certain Chicago man, whose condition was desperate, learning of plaintiff’s abilities, had decided and determined to abandon a trip to Arizona and to take treatment from plaintiff if the latter was in a position to receive him therefor; that thereupon he caused to be sent to plaintiff a telegram, signed by a mutual acquaintance, as follows:
    “Englewood, Ill., April 22, 1905.
    
      "To Mr. Chas. E. Barker, care of Raman Rouse, Madison, Wis.: Will you be in Madison Sunday or will you come to Chicago. Nave a man that wants to see you at once. Wire me care Goes Litho. Co-. 158 Adams street.
    “J. J. HaNSBERBY.”
    Defendant, through negligence, failed and neglected to deliver said message to the plaintiff, whereby the Chicago man, receiving no response, and having transportation for Arizona already purchased, left before plaintiff learned of his desire for treatment or of the sending of the telegram. Had said message been delivered to plaintiff he could and would have gone to Chicago in pursuance thereof, and said Chicago man would have returned with plaintiff and taken a course of treatment, as he had already fully determined to do; that, wholly because of the negligence of the defendant, this result was prevented, to the pecuniary damage of the plaintiff; and also that the defendant’s negligence was gross and malicious, wherefore exemplary damages are also claimed.
    Eor the appellant there was a0hrief by Richmond, Jademan & Swansen, and oral argument by S. T. Swansen.
    
    They contended, inter alia, that the statute makes no distinction between the person sending and the one receiving the message. The liability is “for all damage occasioned by the failure •or negligence.” Necessarily it is liable in damages to the person damaged. Fisher v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 119 Wis. 146, 149; TF. U. Tel. Go. v. Dubois, 128 Ill. 248, 21 N. E. 4, 5; TF. U. Tel. Go. v. Adams, 15 Tex. 531, 6 L. R. A. 844; Flwood v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 45 N. Y. 549, 556; Filis v. Am. Tel. Go. 13 Allen, 226. It is not essential in order to maintain this action that the message should show on its face, or the company be otherwise informed, that loss might result from its nondelivery. Fisher v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 119 Wis. 146, 152, 153; Brown v. C., M. & St. P. R. Go. 54 Wis. 342; McPeelc v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 101 Iowa, 356, 78 N. W. 63; TF. U. Tel. Go. v. Wilhelm, 48 Neb. 910, 61 N. W. 810; 21 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 1025, 1021, 1063, 1064; Fvans v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 102 Iowa, 219,11 N. W. 219; FLarlcness v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 18 Iowa, 190, 34 N. W. 811; Garrett v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 83 Iowa, 257, 49 N. W. 88; TF. U. Tel. Go. v. Church, 51 L. R. A. 905; Postal Tel. O. Go. v. Lathrop, 131 Ill. 515, 23 N. E. 583; Bierhaus v. IF. U. Tel. Go. 8 Ind. App. 246, 34 N. E. 581; Herron v. TF. U. Tel. Go. 90 Iowa, 129, 51 N. W. 696; Bladcburn v. Ky. Gent. R. Go. 15 Ky. Law Rep. 303; IF. U. Tel. Go. v. Sheffield & Son, 11 Tex. 570. The weight of authority is that proof may be taken to establish what persons interested in the telegram would have done on the date in question. Hartstein v. TF. Ü. Tel. Go. 89 Wis. 531; Texas &W.T.& T. Go. v. McKenzie, 36 Tex. Oiv. App. 178; Parles v. Alta Gal. Tel. Go. 13 Oal. 422; 
      Wallingford v. W. U. Tel. Go. 60 S. C. 201, 38 S. E. 443; Hasbrouclc v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 107 Iowa, 160, 77 N. W. 1034; State Ins. Go. v. Jamison, 79 Iowa, 245, 44 N. W. 371; TJ. S. Tel. Go. v. Wenger, 55 Pa. St. 262; Swam v. W. ■TJ., Tel. Go. 129 Fed. 318; McPeeh v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 107 Iowa, 356, 78 N. W. 63; Bierham v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 8 Ind. App. 246, 34 N. E. 581; Joyce, Electrical Law, §§ 946, 976-980; Fairley v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 73 Miss. 6; W. TJ. Tel. Go. v. Mc-Lawrin, 70 Miss. 26; W. TJ. Tel. Go. v. Longwill, 5 N. M. 308, 21 Pac. 339. Plaintiff is entitled to recover exemplary damages. Hdberman v. Gasser, 104 Wis. 98, 102; Pichett v. Grooh, 20 Wis. 358; Meibus v. Bodge, 38 Wis. 300; 27 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 1080; Wesi v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 39 Kan. 93; Willis v. W. TJ, Tel. Go. 73 S. O. 379, 53 S. E. 639; Gulf, G. & S. F. P. Go. v. Levy, 59 Tex. 542, 46 Am. Rep. 269, 275.
    For tbe respondent there was a brief by A. G. Zimmerman, attorney, Rufus B. Smith, associate attorney, and Geo. H. Fea/rons, of counsel, and oral argument by Mr. Smith.
    
    They contended, inter alia, that unless plaintiff’s injury was occasioned in tbe legal sense by tbe negligence of tbe company there could be no recovery at all; that tbe damages claimed were not only remote but speculative, precluding a recovery, and also incapable of proof. Postal Tel. Cable Go. v. Barwise, 11 Colo. App. 328, 53 Pac. 252; Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Excb. 341; Smith v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 83 Ky. 104; Taliferro v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. (Ky.) 54 S. W. 825; W. U. Tel. Go. v. Linn, 87 Tex. 7; Chapman v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 90 Ky. 265; Walser v. W. TJ. Tel. Co. 114 N. C. 440, 19 S. E. 366; W. TJ. Tel. Go. v. Connelly, 2 Willson (Tex.) 99; Kinghorne v. Montreal Tel. Go. Allen’s Tel. Cases, 98; Primrose v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 154 U. S. 1; Richmond H. Mills v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 123 Ga. 216, 51 S. E. 290; Bennett v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 129 Iowa, 607, 106 N. W. 13; Duncan v. W. TJ. Tel. Go. 87 Wis. 173; Fisher v. W. TJ. Tel. Co. 119 Wis. 146. Plaintiff is not entitled to exemplary damages. 12 Am.. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 29; Barber v. Kilboum, 16 Wis. 485; Maxwell v. Kennedy, 50 Wis. 645; Schippel v. Norton, 38 Kan. 567, 572.
   Dodge, J.

The liability of telegraph' companies for failure to perform their duty to correctly transmit and deliver messages, whether that duty result from a contract or otherwise, has been the subject of a vast amount of litigation and discussion. One question which has pervaded and confused a considerable majority of the decided cases has been eliminated by our statute, sec. 1778, Stats. (1898), making them “liable for all damages occasioned” by failure or negligence in performance of that duty. That statute, last carefully construed in Fisher v. W. U. Tel. Co. 119 Wis. 146, 96 N. W. 545, has removed, as a condition of liability, all necessity that the telegraph company should have had in contemplation, or had any notice or suggestion of probability of, such damages as are in fact occasioned.

“It is only necessary as to any particular result that it shall have been a natural consequence of the injury, having regard to the usual course of nature and of cause and effect in line of unbroken physical causation.” Fisher v. W. U. Tel. Co., supra, p. 153.

We are therefore absolved from consideration of whether there was anything upon the face of this telegram to suggest that loss of the character claimed would be suffered by reason of nondelivery. Indeed, counsel frankly concede this, as also that, upon the allegations of the complaint, a legal wrong was done plaintiff when defendant in breach of its duty, hence wrongfully, deprived him of the information conveyed by the telegram; and that such wrong would be actionable if any injury can be shown to have resulted with reasonable certainty and beyond mere conjecture.

The concrete question with which we are confronted, therefore, is whether under the allegations of this complaint it is conceivable that evidence may he given that might satisfy a jury, not by conjecture, hut by reasonable inferences from established facts according to the known course of nature and human nature, that plaintiff would have made pecuniary gains if he had' received the telegram, and was prevented from so doing solely by its nondelivery without any intervening independent cause. We may concede that he cannot establish this by his testimony directly that he would have done one thing or another, because that would be merely expressing his opinion upon the very question of inference which the jury must answer if it is capable of answer at all. Hill v. Am. S. Co. 107 Wis. 19, 29, 81 N. W. 1024. But might not facts consistent with the allegations of the complaint be established so that the jury might legitimately infer a probable course of conduct ? The law is full of illustrations based upon inferences as to future conduct, some so plain that they may be drawn without evidence by application of mere common knowledge of human and natural tendencies, others needing the aid of evidence as to custom, interest, or formed intent, and the like. Allison v. Chandler, 11 Mich. 542, 555. Thus in Hill v. Am. S. Co. the inference as to what insurance companies would have done but for the negligence which denied them the opportunity was sustained by the proof of their custom under similar circumstances. Loss of earnings resulting from tortious injury can be established only by inference that the injured person would work. 1 Sedgwick, Dam. (8th ed.) § 180. Loss of profits can be established by inference from previous course of business. 1 Sedgwick, Dam. (8th ed.) § 182. In Derry v. Flitner, 118 Mass. 131, defendant wrongfully occupied a place of shelter to which plaintiff’s vessels were entitled. Two of the latter were exposed to and sunk by storm. The court sustained inference that but for defendant’s wrong they would have been in the place of safety. Damages for sales induced by tort are allowed merely on proof that sales could have been made at higher prices, the inference being drawn without evidence that plaintiff would have so sold. Pepper v. W. U. Tel Co. 87. Tenn. 554, 11 S. W. 783; Potter v. Necedah L. Co. 105 Wis. 25, 80 N. W. 88, 81 N. W. 118. On the inference that a minor child would assist needy parents after majority damages are allowed. Potter v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 21 Wis. 372. Such illustrations of the drawing of inferences as to what would have happened but for wrongful prevention might be multiplied without limit. No good reason is apparent why the same principle of reasonable probability may not be shown against a telegraph company which wrongfully withholds information as well as in the ordinary run of cases, and yet there are several cases cited by the respondent which exclude damages in such case which would be considered entirely relevant if they resulted from a conspiracy or trespass. An examination of these cases, however, will show almost uniformly that the matter is complicated by the application of the rule in Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 341, which requires the damages to have been within the reasonable contemplation of the parties, a rule which, as stated, has no application to the present case. The plaintiff here is entitled to damages the same as if he were intercepted after he had received this telegram by an assault or other tort which disabled him from acting in response thereto. The complaint alleges him to have been building up a practice in Chicago. That is a fact, of course, if it can be proved. He was invited to come to Chicago to see a man professionally. Is it beyond the realm of reasonable inference that he would have responded to this call? Again, it is alleged that the patient in Chicago had fully determined to take treatment with him. Such an intent already formed is a fact just as much as any other physical fact. 1 Jones, Ev. § 167; Bowe v. Gage, 127 Wis. 245, 106 N. W. 1074. Nothing is better established in the law than that when, a settled design is proved to exist, it is a legitimate inference that it will he persisted in and acted upon, unless it appear that there is some supervening obstacle. 1 Wigmore, Ev. §§ 102, 112. We think such fact, if established, sufficient to justify reasonable inference that he would have taken treatment with plaintiff. Of course the fact that plaintiff would have made gains from such treatment could be proved if it is not inferable without proof. The trial court in his opinion conceded that, if the telegram would have either made a contract or enabled plaintiff to make one by his own act, then such a degree of certainty of conduct would be attained as might justify recovery. This assumes the fallacy that the obligation of a contract is the only provable motive sufficiently certain to affect human conduct to justify the inference that it would do so. This is, of course, not true, for the great majority of human acts follow other motives and obligations quite as surely. A man threatened with death and offered an escape has as strong motive to grasp at it as if he had previously contracted to do so. A . struggling physician or lawyer tendered a fee needs no contract to induce him to accept it. While the law undoubtedly takes special cognizance of contract duties, and does infer that they will be performed in absence of any showing to the contrary, it equally as well infers that other motives will induce people to act. But even on this narrower ground of contract we think there is enough alleged in the complaint to enable proof that plaintiff would at least have earned compensation for the journey for consultation. It is alleged that this telegram was sent to plaintiff at the request of the prospective patient. If so, why would not the party have been bound to pay for a professional response thereto? Our attention is of course urged to Fisher v. W. U. Tel. Co. 119 Wis. 146, 96 N. W. 545, as an illustration of the exclusion of damages as too uncertain. There, it must be borne in mind, the court had before it all the evidence. Here we have merely a complaint wbicb must be construed most favorably to tbe plaintiff, and we must consider tbe case upon tbe most favorable state of evidence possible under it. In tbe Fisher Oase tbe parties by virtue of tbe telegram merely severed all negotiation, and it was beld tbat it was entirely problematical on tbe proof whether they would renew negotiation or not. Here tbe telegram invited relations and contact, and, if it can be proved under the rules above stated tbat the result of such contact would have been tbe gaining of profits by tbe plaintiff, we are satisfied tbat he should be given an opportunity to prove it. This, we think, 'is in accordance with the great weight of authorities elsewhere, except as they are permeated, and tbe view of tbe court controlled, by tbe rule that the results must have been within contemplation. We shall not extend this opinion by a review of those cases. Suffice it to cite a few of them: W. U. Tel. Co. v. Collins, 45 Kan. 88, 96, 25 Pac. 187; W. U. Tel. Co. v. Landis (Pa.) 12 Atl. 467; W. U. Tel. Co. v. McLaurin, 70 Miss. 26, 13 South. 36; Hasbrouck v. W. U. Tel. Co. 107 Iowa, 160, 77 N. W. 1034; MePeek v. W. U. Tel. Co. 107 Iowa, 356, 78 N. W. 63; Texas & W. T. & T. Co. v. McKenzie, 36 Tex. Civ. App. 178, 81 S. W. 581; Parks v. Alta Cal. Tel. Co. 13 Cal. 422; Wallingford v. W. U. Tel. Co. 60 S. C. 201, 38 S. E. 443, 629; Swan v. W. U. Tel. Co. 129 Fed. 318.

By the Court. — Order appealed from is reversed, and cause remanded with directions to overrule tbe demurrer.  