
    Mayer Goldsmith, Resp’t, v. William Coverly, Impleaded, etc., App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department,
    
    
      Filed January, 1894.)
    
    Witness—Credibility.
    When the whole uncorroborated testimony of a party is coupled with the improbability of many of his statements, the adverse party is clearly entitled to have the jury pass upon his credibility.
    Appeal from a judgment of this court entered in favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $7,577.83, on a verdict rendered by direction of the court.
    
      Foster & Thomson, for app’lt; Butler, Stillman & Hubbard, for resp’t.
   Parker, J.

The agents in New York for the National Steamship Line, the Wilson Line, and the Anchor Line of Steamers, about May 18, 1887, made an agreement with the plaintiff, which was reduced to writing in the form of a communication signed by the agents, and accepted by the plaintiff, which reads as follows:

“New York, May 18, 1887.

“ Dear Sir.— Please note that on October 1st, 1887, we will severally return to you a sum equal to five (5) per cent, of the aggregate freights you may pay us from April 1st to July 1st, 1887, on live cattle shipments to Glasgow, Liverpool, London or Hull, England.

“ That on January 1st, 1888, we will return to you a like percentage of the aggregate freights which you may pay us on such shipments from July 1st to October 1st, 1887.

“ That on April 1st, 1888, we will return to you a like percentage of the aggregate freights which you may pay us on such shipments from October 1st, 1887, to January 1st, 1888.

“ That on July 1st, 1888, we will return to you a like percentage of the aggregate freights which you may pay us on such shipments from January 1st to April 1st, 1888.

“ Provided that any and all live cattle in the export of which, from this port to Glasgow, Liverpool, London or Hull, you may be interested, directly or indirectly, shall have been shipped exclusively, for the six months preceding each of said dates of payment, on steamers represented by the undersigned.

“ Respectfully yours,

“ P. W. J. Hurst.

“Henderson Brothers.

“Sanderson & Son.”

This agreement was discontinued orally by the plaintiff and Henderson Bros., defendants in this case, from the 1st day of April, 1888, to January 1, 1890.

The defendants in the meantime made for the plaintiff large shipments of cattle, receiving payment therefor. But from December 31, 1888, to January 1,1890, they did not pay to the plaintiff anything on account of rebates, and refused to do so for the reason, as they alleged, that plaintiff had failed to comply with the conditions upon which the right of the rebate was made to depend, in that he had not shipped all live cattle in which he was directly or indirectly interested, from the port of New York to the ports named in the agreement, by the steamship lines agreed upon.

It was to recover the amount of such rebates that induced the commencement of this action. There was no dispute as to the amounts of freights paid defendants, and the only issue presented by the pleadings was, whether plaintiff had conformed to the agreement by shipping live cattle to the ports designated in it by the steamship lines represented by the agents signing it. The burden of proof necessarily rested upon the plaintiff to establish a compliance on his part with that provision of the agreement upon which he based his claim of light to recover.

The only evidence presented by him, for that purpose, was his own testimony, which, if true, was sufficient to require a verdict in his favor. The court, assuming it to be true, directed a verdict in his behalf for the sum of $7,088.77. The defendants having asked for leave to go to the jury for issues presented, now contend that it was error for the court to direct a verdict against them, and the reason assigned is that, in view of the fact that the only evidence offered in support of plaintiff’s claim was that of a party to the action, whose testimony it is urged was to some extent discredited by his own answers on cross-examination, the question as to the truthfulness of his evidence was for the jury. That the court could direct the jury to find a verdict in favor of plaintiff in the event that they should believe his testimony to be true, but that it had no right to direct them to believe him. The early rule denied the competency of a party to the record to testify as a witness. Subsequently this rule was changed by statute, which has since become incorporated in the Code of Civil Procedure, § 928. But ever since parties to an action were qualified by statute to testify as witnesses in their own behalf, a distinction has been uniformly observed between their testimony and that of wholly disinterested witnesses. While the testimony of disinterested witnesses, who are neither impeached nor discredited, must be credited, that of witnesses who are parties to the action, by reason of their interest in the result, is ordinarily to be considered by a jury, in order that they may determine what effect, if any, their interest in the result of the controversy should have upon their credibility.

And it has been held many times that, although the testimony of a party to an action be uncontradicted, his interest presents a question as to credibility which the jury must pass upon. Honegger v. Wettstein, 94 N. Y., 252-61; Wohlfahrt v. Beckert, 92 N. Y., 490-494 ; Kavanagh v. Wilson, 70 N. Y., 177; Elwood v. W. U. Tel. Co., 45 N. Y., 549; Sheridan v. The Mayor, 8 Hun, 424; Moody v. Pell, 2 Abbott’s N. C., 274. In actions where corporations are parties, the same rule has been applied to the testimony of its officers. Canajoharie Bank v. Diefendorf 128 N. Y., 191-200 ; 33 St. Rep., 389 ; Joy v. Diefendorf, 130 N. Y., 6; 40 St. Rep., 491.

The case which tends more strongly to support the decision made than any other is Kelly v. Burroughs, 102 N. Y., 93; 1 St. Rep., 161. In that case the defendant was the first and plaintiff the second indorser on a note made by one Evans. From the statement of facts we quote: “ Defendant then testified that he indorsed the note at the request and for the accommodation of the maker and returned it to him; that the plaintiff procured the note to be discounted, had the money placed to his own credit, and, on the same day, drew it. Plaintiff, in answer, testified that he indorsed the note, and procured it to be discounted at the request of the maker, and gave the proceeds to him. Other evidence was given to the same effect.” It is apparent, therefore, that, to some extent, at least, the plaintiff was corroborated. How fully the report of the case does not inform us, but it appears from the statement of the case that it was in substantial respects. The court held there was no question for the jury, saying, “the mere fact that the plaintiff, who testified to important particulars, was interested was. unimportant, in view of the fact that there was no conflict in the evidence, or anything or circumstance from which an inference against the fact testified to by him could be drawn.” It will be observed that neither in the statement of facts nor in the opinion of the court does it .appear that plaintiff's recovery was based solely upon testimony given by himself.

But, if we assume that the fact was otherwise, and that the authority of Kelly's casé has not been impaired.by the latter decisions in Bank v Diefendorf, and Joy v. Diefendorf, supra, the conclusion is, nevertheless, required that the defendant was entitled to go to the jury, for in this case the testimony elicited from the plaintiff on his direct and cross-examination, was of such a nature, that considered in connection with the fact that he was a party to the action, the question of his credibility became one for the jury to pass upon.

The defendants relied, whether wisely or not is of no moment in the present discussion, upon the plaintiff’s testimony and his books and papers, covering the period in dispute to show that he had failed to keep his part of the agreement not to ship cattle to-the ports named therein by other than the agreed steamship lines. In order that the books land papers should be made available for such purpose on the trial, the plaintiff was duly subpoenaed .to produce such of them as covered the period from December 81, 1888, to January 1, 1890. He did not produce them, assigning as a reason that the books were lost or destroyed, and the bookkeeper dead. We quote, from his cross-examination, some of the answers made by him to inquiries with reference to them:

“ Q. And you have no books back of 1891 ? A. No.

“ Q. Where were the books which covered this period as to which we are all interested, when you saw them last? A. I can’t remember.

“ Q. What is the name of your bookkeeper ? A. That man I had at that time is dead now; he died last year. It is not quite twelve months since he died; I guess it is about-, I can’t remember exactly; nine or ten months: his name was Michael Epstein.

“ Q. How many books do you think there were that related to your business, covering this period in question when you last saw them ? A. I can’t remember.

“Q. You did a pretty'large business? A. I know that.

“ Q. How many thousands of dollars worth of cattle do you suppose you shipped, in which you were interested, directly or indirectly, during the year 1889 ? A. 1 can’t remember that; the bookkeeper knows that; he can tell you.

“I thought you said he was dead? A. Well, I know. But he knew it at the time. * * *

“ Q. You can’t seriously mean that you don’t remember whether there was one book or six books which covered the enormous shipments which you, the-biggest shipper in New York, made? A. I can’t remember.

“ Q. Did you ever see yourself any page or any book which re■corded, or purported to record, any of your transactions in cattle -during the year 1889? A. No.

“ Do you know anybody that ever did,.except the bookkeeper whom you saw buried ? A. I bought a house about two years ago, and I kept my books up at the house, and then we moved out and the books didn’t come down, and the books were destroyed ; they did’nt come to the office, because we did’nt have any safe; we bought a new safe - down here. He (the bookkeeper) always kept those books in h'is power. I, myself, am no bookkeeper. Two years ago I bought a house, and the books were left there, and we bought a safe down here, and they commenced with new books.

“Q. He claimed your books as his own property? A. Yes.

“ Q. And you didn’t make any objection to his claiming you?; books as his own property ? A. No, I always thought he was a, straightforward man.”

The defendant, evidently with the idea that plaintiff’s bank account and checks would furnish evidence of payments to other lines for the shipment of cattle, inquired of him at what banks he kept his accounts for the year 1889 ? With what success, the following questions and answers, which fairly measure it, will disclose.

“ Q. Did you keep more than one bank account during the year 1889 ? A. I can’t remember. I kept one. I can’t tell you; we have got two bank accounts ; I don’t know where we generally put the money in; I can’t remember exactly, I didn’t draw the checks; I only signed them.

“ Q. Can you tell this jury the name of any bank in which you kept an account, and upon which you were in the habit of drawing checks or signing checks during the year 1889 ? A. I can’t remember them all.

“ Q. Gan you remember the name of any bank in which you ever kept an account? A. I kept an account in the Chemical Bank.

“Q. Wa1? it not in the Chemical Bank that you kept an account during the year 1889 ? A. I don’t remember that.”

It was at least quite remarkable that the plaintiff, who was the largest shipper of live cattle from the port of New York, and who, during the year 1889, shipped between 60,000 and 70,000 head of cattle from that port to Liverpool, London, Glasgow and Hull, should, within a short time thereafter, permit the books showing all these transactions to be lost or destroyed under the circumstances testified to by him.

The care which he says he took of them was not such as would ordinarily be expected of a reasonably prudent man engaged in business of such magnitude. Clearly, the jury should have been permitted to say in view of the character of his answers to defendants’ inquiries on cross-examination, of which we have given specimens merely, whether they believed his testimony in such respect. And if the conclusion should have been reached that his testimony in that regard was untrue they would have been at liberty to disregard the rest of his evidence.

In addition, the defendants produced two witnesses, who were shipping agents of other lines, who testified that in the year 1889 they had seen plaintiff’s foreman, Mr. Hirsch, on several occasions superintending the loading of cattle on boats belonging to their lines.

In view of the general rule which obtains, when the testimony of a party is wholly uncorroborated, coupled with the improbability of many of the plaintiff’s statements', the-defendants were clearly entitled to have the jury pass upon his credibility. It was for them to say, after weighing the entire testimony, in the light of the witness’ interest in the result, whether they believed that he had met the burden resting upon him of establishing full performance of the contract on his part

The j udgment should be reversed, with costs to the appellant to abide the evept.

Yah Brunt, P. J., concurs.

Follett, J. (concurring).

The circumstances disclosed by the record made the credibility of the plaintiff a question for the jury, and the court erred in directing a verdict; but I am not prepared to hold that the credibility of a party must, in all cases, be submitted to the jury. In case the testimony of a party is wholly uncontradicted, is not improbable-on its face, and there is no circumstance which tends to discredit the credibility of the party or the testimony given, the court may direct a verdict based on such testimony. Lomer v. Meeker, 25 N. Y., 361; Kelly v. Burroughs, 102 id., 93; 1 St. Rep., 161.

I do not understand that the court of appeals has laid down as a general rule that in all cases the credibility of a party, or of a witness interested in the event of the action, must be submitted to the jury, but, in the particular cases considered, it was held that the credibility of the party or of the interested witness should have been submitted to the jury.  