
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. James Hayes, Appellant
    Third Department,
    November 13, 1924.
    Crimes — criminally receiving stolen property — accomplices — corroboration — testimony of thieves showed theft, taking of property to defendant in night time, and his purchase — corroborating witness testified to introduction of leader of thieves to defendant and to conversation between them to effect that defendant would purchase stolen property brought to him — testimony is sufficient corroboration under Code of Criminal Procedure, § 399 — evidence established that defendant was principal within meaning of Penal Law, § 2 — if corroborating witness introduced thieves to defendant with knowledge of contemplated crime he was accomplice and testimony would not be sufficient corroboration — corroborating witness was not, as matter of law, accomplice — question was properly submitted to jury — reversible error to refuse to permit one of thieves to testify on cross-examination that corroborating witness knew of criminal plan before he introduced defendant.
    On a prosecution for criminally receiving stolen property the thieves, who testified that the property which the defendant purchased and received was stolen by them and taken by them to the defendant in the night time, were sufficiently corroborated under section 399 of the Code of Criminal Procedure by a witness who testified that prior to the commission of the crime he introduced the leader of the thieves to the defendant and overheard a conversation between the leader and the defendant in which the defendant stated, in response to a question by the leader if the defendant would buy blankets and stuff from camps and other stolen property, that he would purchase any property brought to him.
    The testimony by the corroborating witness that the defendant expressed willingness to commit the crime by agreeing to buy stolen property, was sufficient evidence to tend to connect the defendant with the crime, since it established that he was an accomplice and, therefore, a principal as defined by section 2 of the Penal Law.
    If the corroborating witness knew of the contemplated crime at the time he introduced the leader of the thieves to the defendant and made the introduction ■with the intention that the defendant should aid in the consummation of the crime and was present at the time defendant declared his willingness to purchase the stolen property, the witness was concerned in the commission of the crime as an accomplice and his testimony would not be sufficient corroboration under section 399 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
    It cannot be held as a matter of law upon the testimony which was permitted to be introduced that the corroborating witness was an accomplice and knew that the crime was to be committed at the time he introduced the leader of the thieves, since he testified that he did not have such knowledge and the only opposing testimony was that of one of the thieves who testified to a conclusion that the witness knew prior to the introduction that the property was to be stolen. The question of the witness’ guilty knowledge at the time he made the introduction of the leader of the thieves to the defendant was for the jury. It was reversible error for the court to refuse to permit the corroborating witness to answer, on cross-examination, a question whether before he introduced the leader of the thieves to the defendant he knew of the contemplated crime.
    Appeal by the defendant, James Hayes, from a judgment of the County Court of the county of Saratoga, rendered on the 3d day of July, 1924, convicting him of the crime of criminally receiving stolen property in violation of section 1308 of the Penal Law.
    
      Butler, Kilmer & Corbin [Harold H. Corbin of counsel], for the appellant.
    
      Charles B. Andrus, District Attorney [J. W. Atkinson of counsel], .for the respondent.
   Hinman, J.:

The main questions raised by the appellant relate to the corroboration of the testimony of an accomplice. “A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an accomplice, unless he be corroborated by such other evidence as tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime.” (Code Crim. Proc. § 399.) This corroboration by other evidence ” differs from that of the corroboration of a confession. (Code Crim. Proc. § 395.) There the statute requires additional proof that the crime charged has been committed.” There must be evidence in addition to the confession simply to prove the corpus delicti. (People v. Roach, 215 N. Y. 592.) The required corroboration of an accomplice differs also from the other evidence which the law requires in the conviction of rape. “ No conviction can be had for rape or defilement upon the testimony of the female defiled, unsupported by other evidence.” (Penal Law, § 2013.) The “ other evidence ” required in a rape case must be of such character as tends to establish, first, that the crime of rape was committed by somebody, and, second, that the defendant was the one who committed the crime * * * and whether consisting of acts or admissions must extend to every material fact essential to constitute the crime.” (People v. Downs, 236 N. Y. 306, 308.) In a case of corroboration of an accomplice, the corroborative evidence need not show the commission of the crime; it need not show that defendant was connected with the commission of the crime. * * * It is enough if it tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime in such a way as may reasonably satisfy the jury that the accomplice is telling the truth. The corroboration is not restricted to any particular point. * * * It may vary in its nature according to the circumstances of the particular case. Matters in themselves of seeming indifference or light trifles of the time and place of persons meeting may so harmonize with the accomplice’s narrative as to have a tendency to furnish the necessary connection between defendant and the crime.” (People v. Dixon, 231 N. Y. 111, 116.)

We have here in this case not only the question whether the fact relied upon as “ other evidence ” to corroborate the testimony of accomplices did tend to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime, but we also have the question whether the witness testifying to this fact was himself an accomplice. Four boys stole blankets, sheets, towels, clocks and other property from closed cottages on Brant and Schroon lakes in Warren county. They were witnesses against the defendant. Their combined testimony was to the effect that they brought the property to the defendant at Saratoga Springs at night; that in the morning they bargained with the defendant concerning the price; that he paid them money for the property; that they left the property with him; that this was repeated several times; that at no time did he inquire as to where they got the goods nor was he told; that he suggested certain property that he would buy; that “he said he didn’t want anything from right around * * * Saratoga ” and not to bring the “ stuff ” there until after dark. There was ample testimony tending to corroborate their story of the stealing but none of that testimony tended to connect the defendant with the stealing. There was no evidence that the defendant ever came into possession of any of the property, other than the testimony of the thieves themselves. There was no “ other evidence ” that any of it was disposed of through his participation in any way. There was no “ other evidence ” that the thieves were in Saratoga at or about that time or that they talked with the defendant or were in his company at or about the date of the alleged sale, with one possible exception upon which the appeal hinges. The only independent evidence relied upon by the People to corroborate the accomplices with respect to connecting the defendant with the commission of the crime was that of a fifth boy, named Baker, who testified to having overheard a conversation between the defendant and one McCaulliffe, the ringleader of the thieves, a week or more before the thefts of the property, in which conversation Baker says that the defendant was asked if he would buy blankets and stuff from camps and if he would buy stolen property, and that the defendant replied, “Yes, anything.” McCaulliffe testified to this same conference with the. defendant and says that the defendant told him he would buy “ blankets and such things; ” that “ he would take anything I brought.” McCaulliffe further testified with reference to Baker’s guilty knowledge of McCaulliffe’s plan to steal and sell prior to and prompting the conference with the defendant. Baker had previously denied explicitly that McCaulliffe said anything about stealing any property before they went to the defendant. When McCaulliffe was called to testify he swore that Baker introduced him to the defendant on that day, which Baker had previously denied, and then McCaulliffe testified on cross-examination as follows: “ Q. It was Baker invited you into this proposition? A. He invited me to meet Hayes. Q. For what purpose, did he say? A. Why, he said that Hayes would buy anything I would bring him. Q. So that Baker and you did talk over as to what you were going to do? A. Baker and I did, yes. Q. And Baker and you decided, according to your story now, that you were going to see Hayes in order to find a customer for this stuff which you were going to steal; is that right? A. That is right. Q. So that Baker was in on that with you? A. He was on the introduction; he wasn’t in on anything else. Q. And you say that Baker knew what you were going to do and was helping it along by providing a customer for you? A. Yes.” Baker was then recalled for further cross-examination, wherein he finally admitted that he took McCaulliffe to the defendant for the purpose of selling some stuff ” to the defendant. Baker was then asked on cross-examination: “ Q. So you knew all about this scheme of burglarizing these cottages? (By Mr. Atkinson: I object to it. Objection sustained and exception.) Q. You then knew, on the day that you came to Ballston and to Saratoga of the plan that McCaulliffe was to burglarize the cottages and sell the stuff to Hayes? (By Mr. Atkinson: I object to it as incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial. Sustained and exception.)”

The four witnesses who said they stole the property and delivered it to the defendant were clearly accomplices. (People v. Kupperschmidt, 237 N. Y. 463.) “ The test is whether the alleged accomplice can be indicted for the offense.” Under the Penal Law, section 2, “ principal ” is defined as follows: “ A person concerned in the commission of a crime, whether he directly commits the act constituting the offense or aids and abets in its commission, and whether present or absent, and a person who directly or indirectly counsels, commands, induces or procures another to commit a crime, is a ‘principal.’ ” Under this legislative definition of guilty participation in the crime, constituting the commission of the crime itself as a principal, and assuming the availability of Baker’s testimony to corroborate the accomplices’ story that the defendant expressed willingness to commit the crime by agreeing to buy stolen property, there was sufficient evidence to tend to connect defendant with the crime. The evidence was sufficient to prove that he was an accomplice and thus a principal, under the legislative definition of the latter term. Even though it did not tend to show that the defendant directly committed the act of receiving, it did tend to show that he aided and abetted in its commission and that he indirectly if not directly induced these boys of seventeen, eighteen or nineteen years of age to commit the crime. It was unnecessary to corroborate the testimony as to his further,guilty participation in the crime as narrated by the other accomplice.

This brings us, however, to the other horn of the dilemma of the People in the proof of its case against this defendant. Did the witness Baker take such a guilty part in the commission of this crime as to constitute him an accomplice and thus destroy the independent value of his testimony as corroboration of the testimony in question? If the defendant by proof of his expressed willingness to buy the stolen property was an accomplice and as such was connected with the commission of the crime, we cannot avoid the conclusion that he who, knowing of the contemplated crime, invites one of his fellows to meet the defendant as a likely purchaser of the goods to be stolen, with the intention that his act shall aid in the consummation of the crime, and witnesses the declaration by the defendant of his willingness to aid in its commission, is likewise “ concerned ” in the commission of the crime as an accomplice and could be indicted and convicted of the offense as a principal under the Penal Law, section 2. The question is whether the undisputed evidence points to Baker as one of the material links in the chain of guilty participants in the commission of this crime, whether he deliberately helped to’supply the customer for property which he knew was to be stolen. If so, he intended to aid in the commission of the crime with guilty knowledge and was an accomplice. If thus shown to be an accomplice himself, his testimony itself required corroboration and there being no corroboration, the conviction would be illegal. We think it cannot be held as matter of law, upon the testimony in this case, that Baker was an accomplice. He finally admitted that he took McCaulliffe to the defendant for the purpose of selling him “ some stuff.” The real question, however, is whether he knew that this stuff ” was to be stolen. If he did have this knowledge at the time, he was an accomplice, otherwise not. McCaulliffe, whose testimony on that subject we have quoted, testified to his conclusion that Baker knew the property was to be stolen or at least one could infer that such was the conclusion intended by McCaulliffe, but McCaulliffe gave no facts to support that conclusion. Baker had previously denied that McCaulliffe said anything about stealing any property before they went to see the defendant. Baker did not afterward take back that statement or modify it. The question of his guilty knowledge when he was aiding and abetting McCaulliffe in selling some stuff,” as Baker expressed it, was one for the jury. This question was submitted to the jury by the court and they have said that Baker was not an accomplice.

We think, however, that there was reversible error in the exclusion of Baker’s testimony on his cross-examination where he was directly asked the vital question whether Baker had guilty knowledge when he went to the defendant’s place of business. McCaulliffe had given his conclusion susceptible of the interpretation that Baker had such knowledge. Baker had previously denied that he had such knowledge from McCaulliffe. The defendant was not concluded by his statement and he might have acquired knowledge in some other way. We think the defendant had a right to ask him directly on cross-examination as to whether he had knowledge that the property was to be stolen and that the exclusion of that evidence was prejudicial. If Baker had answered that question in the affirmative, it would have determined conclusively that he was an accomplice.

The judgment should be reversed because of this error and a new trial ordered.

All concur.

Judgment of conviction reversed on the law and new trial ordered.  