
    The People of the State of New York, Appellant, v. Luke O’Malley, Respondent.
    
      Indictment of the defendant as a common gambler — when only one crime is changed, although several acts are specified.
    
    An indictment, framed under section 344 of the Penal Code, providing that “ A person who * * “ engages as * * * player in any gambling or banking game, where money or property is dependent upon the result, * * * is a common gambler,” which charges the defendant with having gambled for money, to wit, for the sum of five dollars, at a certain village on a certain day, and that on the same day at the same village he gambled for money or other property, to wit, liquors, does not charge the commission of more than one crime, and, hence, is not a violation of section 278 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
    Appeal by the plaintiff, The People of the State of Mew York, from a judgment of the County Court of Yates county in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Yates on the 22d day of March, 1900, sustaining a demurrer interposed to an indictment charging the defendant with the crime of gambling and of being a common gambler.
    
      Charles W. Kimball, District Attorney, for the appellant.
    
      Thomas Carmody, for the respondent.
   Adams, P. J.:

Section 344 of the Penal Code declares that A person who * * * engages as * * * player in any gambling or banking game, where money or property is dependent upon the result * * - is a common gambler,” and for the crime as thus defined the defendant was indicted. by the grand-jury of Yates county in December, 1899.

The indictment contains two counts, the first of which charges the defendant with having engaged 'as a player in gambling for money, to wit, for the sum of five dollars, with one Edward Morgan at the village of Penn Yan, in the county of Yates, on or about the 8th day of November, 1899, which sum of money was dependent upon the result of a game of dice, so called; and the second count charges the defendant with having gambled for money or other property, to wit, liquors, on the same day and at the same village; that the money and property thus gambled for were, by the terms of the game, dependent upon the result thereof, said game being played with implements known as dice and being a game of chance; ” but it fails to name the person with whom the game was played.

The defendant demurred to this indictment upon the grounds: (1) That it charged more than one crime; (2) that it did not sufficiently charge the crime attempted to be set forth, and (3) that it charged no crime whatever.

The County Court sustained the demurrer upon the ground first above stated, and we shall consequently confine our discussion of the case to that particular ground.

Section 278 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires that án indictment shall charge but one crime and in one form, except as permitted in the section following, which provided that “ the crime may be charged in separate counts to have been committed in a different manner or by different means; and where the acts complained of may constitute different crimes such crimes may be charged in separate counts.” (Code Crim. Proc. § 279.)

The language of the section last referred to, when properly construed, means simply that where two or more offenses of the same nature are based upon the same or a continuous set of facts, either of which offenses makes the accused guilty of the same crime, they may be charged in separate counts in the same indictment.

Thus an indictment which in one count charges the accused with forging a written instrument at a specified time and place, and in another count charges him with uttering, at the same time and place, that very instrument, has been held good within, the intent and meaning of the section. (People v. Adler, 140 N. Y. 331.)

So also it has been held that separate counts for burglary, larceny and receiving stolen goods, respectively, may be joined in the same indictment where they are all founded upon - the same transaction and the acts charged relate to the same property. (People v. Wilson, 151 N. Y. 403; People v. Baker, 3 Hill, 159.)

In Hawker v. People (75 N. Y. 487), where an indictment charging an offense in different ways and in separate counts was sustained, it was said by Earl, J., that “so long as all the counts relate to the same transaction * * * there can be no objection to the union of such counts in the same indictment.” And in a subsequent decision of the General Term of the first department^ wherein construction was given to the language above quoted, it was declared. that “ by the use of the words ‘ same transaction,’ the court does not mean nor does the statute mean the same acts; but the same series of acts, which when coriipleted culminate in the crime or crimes for which the indictment is found, is intended.” (People v. Emerson, 53 Hun, 437.)

In the case last cited the defendant was charged in one count of the indictment with keeping a room for gambling purposes; in another he was charged with selling lottery policies, and. in still another with selling paper or writings in the nature of bets and wagers upon the drawing of numbers in a lottery, and these several acts it was held might be regarded as the “ same transaction,” although their tendency was to constitute different crimes, that is, a crime defined by section 343, as well as one embraced in section 344 of the Penal Code.

We do not think, however, that in the present instance it is necessary to give to section 279 as broad a construction as was done in the case referred to; for in our view of the matter, the indictment' under consideration charges the defendant with the commission of büt a single crime, which is that of being a common gambler. It is true that in one count the defendant is charged with gaming for a certain sum of money, and in the other with gaming for “ money and Other property,” but assuming that these games were played, with different persons. and at different hours of the day named in the indictment, they do'not charge different and distinct offenses'. The statute reads that •any person who *' * * engages as * * * player in any gambling or banking game where money or property is dependent upon the result *' * * is a common gambler,” and as such punishable by imprisonment or fine, or both.

If A. plays a game of cards with B. at ten o’clock in the forenoon .and wins the sum of five dollars in money, and at ten o’clock in the •evening of the same day plays a game of dice with C. and wins from him property of like value, he becomes, within the terms of the ■statute, a common gambler, and his crime may be established by proof of either or both of the above-mentioned acts. But if both are proven-they do not necessarily establish separate and distinct crimes, because- within the principle enunciated in the cases above cited they -constitute simply a series of acts which, when completed, culminate in the one crime charged in the indictment.

In drawing an indictment it is customary for the district attorney to so frame it as to meet the evidence which may be adduced upon the trial. Thus it frequently' happens that the same crime is charged in separate counts to have been committed in a different manner and by different means. This, as we have seen, is permissible under the provisions of section 279, and we doubt not that in enacting that section it was the intention of the Legislature to allow greater latitude in the framing of indictments in order to prevent the miscarriage of justice in cases where, like the one under consideration, the People are to a considerable extent dependent upon adverse or reluctant witnesses to establish jhe offense charged. (People v. Adler, supra ; People v. Charbineau,. 115 N. Y. 433.)

These views lead to the conclusion that the learned county judge placed too rigid a construction upon the statute, and inasmuch as the second and third grounds of demurrer do not appear to require ■serious consideration, it follows that the judgment appealed from ■should be reversed.

All concurred.

Judgment reversed, demurrer overruled, and proceeding remitted to the clerk of Yates county pursuant to section 547 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in order that the defendant may plead to the indictment.  