
    Jennifer PAGE, Plaintiff, v. COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, Defendant.
    Civil Action No. 17-13716
    United States District Court, E.D. Michigan, Southern Division.
    Signed October 31, 2018
    John C. Camp, Summit Disability, PLLC, Oak Park, MI, for Plaintiff.
    OPINION AND ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LEAVE
   R. STEVEN WHALEN, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Plaintiff Jennifer Page ("Plaintiff") brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), challenging a final decision of Defendant Commissioner ("Defendant") denying her application for Disability Insurance Benefits ("DIB") under Title II of the Social Security Act. On August 9, 2018, Plaintiff filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint. For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff's motion is DENIED [Docket # 20].

Plaintiff contends that "significant factual and legal developments" have occurred since she filed the complaint. Plaintiff's Brief, 2, Docket # 20, Pg ID 852 (citing Lucia et al. v. SEC, --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 2044, 201 L.Ed.2d 464 (2018) ; Jones Brothers v. Sec'y of Labor, 898 F.3d 669 (6th Cir. 2018) ). Plaintiff seeks leave to add the allegation that the Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") charged by Defendant to adjudicate the DIB claim was unconstitutionally appointed and that the hearing was "fundamentally insufficient." Plaintiff's Brief at 3.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Motions to amend are governed by Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2), which provides that a court may "freely give leave [to amend a pleading] when justice so requires." This Rule reaffirms the principle that cases should be tried on their merits "rather than [on] the technicalities of pleadings." Moore v. City of Paducah , 790 F.2d 557, 559 (6th Cir. 1986) (quoting Tefft v. Seward , 689 F.2d 637, 639 (6th Cir. 1982) ). Notwithstanding this general rule of liberality, if a proposed amendment would not survive a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), the court may also disallow the amendment as futile. Thiokol Corp. v. Dept. of Treasury , 987 F.2d 376, 382 (6th Cir. 1993).

ANALYSIS

A. The Effect of Lucia on the Appointment of Defendant's ALJs

Plaintiff's motion for leave to amend her complaint is based on Lucia et al. v. SEC , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 2044, 201 L.Ed.2d 464 (2018) which holds that ALJs of the Securities and Exchange Commission are "Officers of the United States" within the meaning of the Appointments Clause of the Constitution and must be appointed by the President, a court of law, or department head. Lucia , 138 S.Ct. at 2051. The Court held that Lucia raised a timely challenge to the constitutionality of the ALJ's appointment while the case was at the administrative level and was entitled to a remand for a hearing by a properly appointed ALJ. " '[O]ne who makes a timely challenge to the constitutional validity of the appointment of an officer who adjudicates his case' is entitled to relief." Id. at 2055 (citing Ryder v. United States , 515 U.S. 177, 182, 115 S.Ct. 2031, 132 L.Ed.2d 136 (1995) ). On July 23, 2018, the Solicitor General released a memorandum acknowledging that while Lucia addressed only the "constitutional status" of ALJs for the SEC, "the Department of Justice understands the Court's reasoning...to encompass all ALJs in traditional and independent agencies who preside over adversarial administrative proceedings and possess the adjudicative powers highlighted by the Lucia majority." Docket # 20-3 at 2. The memorandum states that going forward, "ALJs must be appointed (or have their prior appointments ratified)in a manner consistent with the Appointments Clause..." Id. at 2-3.

B. The Present Motion

Plaintiff seeks to amend the original complaint to account for "significant factual and legal developments that have occurred" since filing suit on November 15, 2017. Plaintiff's Brief at 2 (citing Lucia, supra ; Jones Brothers v. Sec'y of Labor , 898 F. 3d 669, 2018 WL 369059 (6th Cir. July 31, 2018) ). She contends that she was unable to raise the Appointments Clause argument at the administrative level or earlier in the current briefing schedule due to the fact that Lucia was not filed until June 18, 2018 and because of "Defendant's continued concealment of facts" relating to whether the ALJ presiding at the SSA administrative hearing was constitutionally appointed. Id. Consistent with the remedy granted in Lucia , 138 S.Ct. at 2055, Plaintiff seeks remand to the administrative level before an "ALJ who has been appointed in a manner satisfying the Appointments Clause." Docket # 20-2 at 4. Citing Jones Brothers , Plaintiff contends that her failure to raise the constitutional issue at the administrative level should be excused. Plaintiff's Brief at 2, 9.

In Jones Brothers , a company hired to perform road repairs disputed civil penalties imposed by the Mine Safety and Health Administration for failing to comply with the agency's safety requirements. Id. at 671-672. The plaintiff did not raise an Appointments Clause argument before the ALJ assigned to its case but later in arguing before the Commission (appeal review within the administrative process), the plaintiff pointed out in a footnote that "there is currently a split among the Circuit Courts of Appeal as to whether administrative law judges, who are not appointed by the President, may constitutionally decide cases brought before them." Id. at 673.

The Sixth Circuit found that the plaintiff forfeited the Appointments Clause argument at the administrative level by acknowledging but failing to "press" the issue of whether the appointment procedure for ALJs was constitutional as applied. Id. at 677. However, the Court excused the forfeiture, noting that the plaintiff was uncertain as to whether the Commission had authority to rule on its constitutional claim. Id. at 678 ("That is a reasonable statement from a petitioner who wishes to alert the Commission of a constitutional issue but is unsure...just what the Commission can do about it"). The Court found that the plaintiff's reasonable uncertainty, coupled with its acknowledgment (if not developed argument) of the constitutional issue at the administrative level provided grounds for excusing the forfeiture. Id. at 678 Citing Lucia , the Sixth Circuit vacated the Commission's decision and remanded the case to the administrative level, "[b]ecause the administrative law judge was an inferior officer of the United States, and because she was not appointed by the President, a court of law, or the head of a department, as the Constitution demands." Jones Brothers at 672,.

As in Jones Brothers , the current challenge pertains to the Defendant's appointment duties under the applicable statutes as applied. "Commissioner of Social Security is permitted to 'assign duties, and delegate, or authorize successive redelegations of, authority to act and to render decisions, to such officers and employees of the Administration as the Commissioner may find necessary.' " Davidson v. Commissioner of Social Security , 2018 WL 4680327, at *2 (M.D.Tenn. September 28, 2018) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 902(a)(7) ) (holding that the plaintiff had waived her "as applied" claim under the Appointments Clause by failing to raise it at the administrative level). "The Social Security Administration may 'appoint as many administrative law judges as are necessary for proceedings required to be conducted....' " Id. (citing 5 U.S.C. § 3105 ). Because " '[t]he Social Security Administration has not published a regulation or rule that governs how it appoints judges,' " the current case is properly characterized as an "as applied" challenge. Id. (citing Lucia , 138 S.Ct. at 2058 (Thomas, J., concurring) ).

The facts of this case do not warrant making an exception to the general rule that the failure to bring as-applied claims at the administrative level results in waiver. First, Plaintiff's argument that he was unaware of the constitutional inadequacy of the presiding ALJ while the case was at the administrative level is unavailing. Although the administrative process in Jones Brothers predates the current case, the Jones Brothers plaintiff noted a "circuit split" on the issue of the appointment of ALJs while its case was still at the administrative level. In contrast, current Plaintiff failed to raise, much less develop the Appointments Clause issue at the administrative level although the split in authority occurred long before the application for benefits was considered by the Appeals Council. Second, while Plaintiff claims that she did not receive an opportunity to make a constitutional challenge at the administrative level, she did not challenge the validity of the ALJ's appointment in either her prehearing brief, at the hearing. or before the Appeals Council. In defense of her failure to raise the level at the administrative level, Plaintiff cites an August 6, 2018 Social Security memorandum stating that ALJ's are "not to respond" to constitutional challenges to their appointments. However, the same memorandum states that such challenges may be brought before the Appeals Council:

If a claimant or representative files a timely Appointments Clause challenge and timely requests Appeals Council review, the AC will consider the challenge in the context of the facts of the case (including, but not limited to, the date of the ALJ decision and the date the challenge was raised) in determining whether there is a basis to grant review. The AC will determine whether granting review is appropriate under 20 CFR 404.970 or 416.1470, or both, when considering both the decision on the merits and any potentially unresolved Appointments Clause issues. ¶ In those matters where a timely Appointments Clause challenge to an ALJ decision issued prior to July 16, 2018 is raised to the Appeals Council in a proper request for review, the AC will grant review and issue a decision or order remand, as appropriate.

Moreover, a regulation in effect long prior to the events in question states that claimants may receive an expedited appeals process to challenge a "provision in the law that you believe is unconstitutional." 20 C.F.R. § 404.924(d). The administrative transcript shows that Plaintiff submitted additional medical evidence for Appeals Council review as late as August 14, 2017 (Tr. 19). However, she did not challenge the validity of the ALJ's appointment although the circuit split occurred well over six months earlier. Because Plaintiff failed to make an argument or even note a split of authority pertaining to the appointment of the ALJ at any point in the administrative procedure, the Jones Brothers holding cannot be extended to the facts of the present case. "Courts 'generally expect parties...to raise their as-applied or constitutional-avoidance challenges' at the administrative level and 'hold them responsible for failing to do so.' " Davidson at *1 (citing Jones Brothers , 898 F.3d at 676 ). As of this date, the courts that have considered the issue have unanimously rejected attacks on the validity of the ALJ's appointment under Lucia brought under 42 U.S.C. 405(g) where the claimant failed to make a constitutional challenge at the administrative level. See Stearns v. Berryhill , 2018 WL 4380984, at *6 (N.D.Iowa September 14, 2018) ; Garrison v. Berryhill , 2018 Wl 4924554, at *2 (W.D.N.C. October 10, 2018) ; Davidson, supra , at *2 ; Salmeron v. Berryhill , 2018 WL 4998107, at *3 (C.D.Cal. October 15, 2018).

For overlapping reasons, Plaintiff's claim that her ability to challenge the ALJ's appointment was due to "Defendant's continued concealment of facts" does not present grounds for remand. Plaintiff notes that the ALJ assigned to her claim was referred to as an administrative law judge in various notices related to the disability claim and that news media reports pertaining to Defendant's ALJs imply that they were lawfully appointed. Plaintiff's Brief at 2. However, she fails to identify to any affirmative misrepresentation made by Defendant or allege that any of the media references prior to the July, 2018 news release make claims related to the manner of the ALJs' appointment. Her claim that Defendant willfully concealed that its ALJs were not properly appointed does not warrant a remand.

As such, Plaintiff's motion to amend her complaint will be denied as futile.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for leave to file an amended complaint [Docket # 20] is DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      Plaintiff and Defendant filed summary judgment motions on March 13, 2018 and June 7, 2018 respectively which have been referred for a Report and Recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B).
     
      
      Article II § 2 of the Constitution states in relevant part that "Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments."
     
      
      Defendant does not dispute that the ALJ presiding at her administrative hearing was not appointed in a manner consistent with Lucia.
     
      
      The split in authority regarding the appointment of ALJs was acknowledged on December 27, 2016 in Bandimere v. Securities and Exchange Commission , 844 F.3d 1168, 1188 (10th Cir. 2016).
     
      
      https://secure.ssa.gov/apps10/reference.nsf/links/08062018021025PM. (Last
      visited October 19, 2018).
     
      
      Although the language of the statute appears to refer to facial challenges to a statute, regulation, or rule, it establishes, at a minimum, that the Appeals Council is able to consider constitutional challenges.
     