
    The City of New York, Appellant, v. William W. Vandewater, Respondent.
    Second Department,
    June 8, 1906.
    Police power — license may be. required o(junk dealers—one who buys and sells great quantities of metal at a time is nót a junk dealer.
    The requirement of a license from a junlc dealer and the regulation of such business is a legitimate exercise of the police power of a city:
    . But whether a dealer in old iron is a junk dealer depends upon the general character and scope of his business.
    One* who buys’ great masses of metal at a time, which he ships to mills and furnaces, and who does not buy or sell single pieces of iron, is not a junk dealer from whom a license maybe required under a municipal ordinance.
    Appeal by the plaintiff j The City of New York, from a judgment of the Municipal Court of the city of New York in favor of the defendant, rendered on the 5th day of' September, 1905, dismissing the complaint.
    
      James D. Bell [Herman Stiefel with him on' the brief], for the appellant.
    
      Walter H. Dodd, for the respondent.
   JENKS, J.:

This action is for a violation of sections 1, 2 and 22; of an ordinance of the city óf New York relating to businesses requiring a license. The complaint was dismissed on trial and' the city appeals. The said section 1 reads: “ The following businesses must be duly licensed as herein provided, namely, public cartmen, truckmen, hack-men, cabmen, expressmen, drivers, junk dealers, dealers in secondhand articles, hawkers, peddlers, venders, ticket speculators, coal scalpers, common shows, shooting galleries, bowling alleys, billiard tables, dirt carts, exterior hoists and stands within stoop lines, and under the stairs of the elevated railroad stations.” . Section 2 prohibits any one of such businesses without a license under prescribed penalties. Section 22 provides: “Any one dealing in the purchase and sale of junk, old rope, old iron, brass, copper, tin or lead, rags, slush or empty bottles shall be deemed to be a junk dealer and the place of business a junk shop,” and requires a bond in the penal sum of §250 for the due observance of all municipal ordinances. The requirement of a license "from a junk dealer is a legitimate exercise of the police power (City of Grand Rapids v. Braudy, 105 Mich. 670 ; Marmet v. State, 45 Ohio St. 63),. and the regulation of his business is justified by a regard for public convenience and protection. (Cooley Const. Lim. [7th ed.] 888.)

The likelihood that junk may have been pilfered or stolen is the reason for the restriction, location and regulation of dealers therein. (City of Duluth v. Bloom, 55 Minn. 97 ; Pity of Grand Rapids v. Brandy, supra ; Marmet v. State, supra.) And it is for this reason that other sections require a junk dealer to record in a book a description of every article purchased, the name and residence of the seller and the day and hour of the purchase, which book is open to inspection by the police authorities; prohibit- the trade at any place save as designated in the license; forbid purchases from minors or apprentices, or from any person between sunset and seven o’clock in the morning, and require the dealer to inform the authorities if he have any article in his possession corresponding to one which is advertised as lost or stolen, and .to exhibit to the authorities any article in his possession supposed to be-lost or stolen.

If the mere fact that one purchases and sells material which mgy be generically described as old iron brings him within the purview of the ordinance, then the defendant was liable. But whether or not he is within the ordinance should rather be determined by the general character and scope of his business. (Commonwealth v. Farnum, 114 Mass. 267 ; Eastman v. City of Chicago, 79 Ill. 178 ; Commonwealth v. Ringold, 182 Mass. 308.) 'The respondent deals in scrap iron and steel, and. purchases articles like boiler tubes, axles, car wheels, switches, tracks, crossings, steel frames of buildings, sections of elevated railroad fabrics and- of bridges, all of groat bulk and weight, which he ships to mills and furnaces. He does' not buy or sell single pieces of iron, and the smallest^ purchases shown were one of two barrels of horseshoes and one of four tons of such articles. I think that such a traffic is hot that of a junk déalér. Junk, originally a nautical term, meant old rope or cordage, and it has' been extended to- mean cast-off odds 'and ends, like scrap iron, old bottles, metals, glass and the like. (Commonwealth v. Ringold, supra ; 4 Words & Phrases Judicially Defined, 3874.) It is quite clear "that section 22, after the use' of. the general term “junk,” does "but define it by the further terms, “ old rope, old iron, brass/’ etc. - The fact that, a thing is composed of old iron or old steel does not make it junk. ’ It is the size and character of the article rather than its composition that must determine whether it is within that term. It may not be easy to define the term because it covers nondescript articles, but it is not difficult to determine whether an article is within it. It seems to me clear that the general character and scope of the business of the defendant does not fall within the description of a dealer in junk, There is a radical difference between the buyer of great masses of metal weighing tons at a time, parts of railroad equipment, sections of elevated raihmd structures or. bridges and the like, and one who may buy old bottles, scraps or pieces, of metal, slush, old -rope and the like, which might readily be pilferéd or stolen and carried away to be secretly sold by the culprit. It is the business of this character that is to be licensed, located, regulated and made subject to the scrutiny of the police authorities. The,business of the respondent is not necessarily within the terms of the ordinance, while the 'reasons for the enactment of it and the further sections of regulation do "not exist. Therefore, the judgment should be affirmed, with costs. (Commonwealth v. Ringold, supra.)

Hooker, Gaynor, Rich and Miller, JJ., concurred.

Judgment óf. the Municipal Court affirmed, with costs,  