
    W. A. MANLEY v. GREENSBORO NEWS COMPANY and L. R. RUSSELL.
    (Filed 4 February, 1955.)
    1. Conspiracy § 2 — Evidence held insufficient to support allegation of conspiracy in publication of libel.
    Plaintiff, a candidate for public office, alleged that the opposing candidate and a newspaper company collaborated and conspired in the publication of defamatory matter for the purpose of causing the defeat of plaintiff in the primary election. The only evidence of conspiracy on the part of the individual defendant was that he had filed a protest and challenge of plaintiff’s candidacy with the Board of Elections, that he talked with a reporter and an employee of the paper about it prior to publication, and that the newspaper published the challenge along with plaintiff’s denial of the truth of the matters therein asserted. Held: The evidence is insufficient to support the allegation of collaboration and conspiracy as against either of the defendants.
    2. Same—
    A person may not conspire with himself.
    8. Libel and Slander §§ 9, 12—
    Plaintiff, a candidate for public office, brought this action for libel against the opposing candidate and a newspaper alleging that the publication of a libelous article in the newspaper was pursuant to a conspiracy between defendants. There was no contention or evidence that the individual defendant was an employee of the newspaper or was acting for it. Held: In the absence of evidence of conspiracy, nonsuit was properly entered, since libel is an individual tort incapable of joint commission.
    4. Pleadings § 24—
    Allegation without proof is insufficient.
    5. Trial § 23a—
    Where there is a total failure of proof to support an essential allegation of the complaint, nonsuit is proper.
    
      6. Trial § 26—
    Plaintiff brought this action against two defendants, alleging a libel pursuant to a conspiracy. There was a total failure of proof of conspiracy, and nonsuit was entered. Held: Defendants’ contention that the action should have been divided, but not dismissed, will not be considered when it appears that plaintiff did not request the trial court to dismiss the action against one defendant and to proceed against the other, and did not except and assign as error the failure of the trial court to divide the actions.
    Appeal by plaintiff from Patton, Special Judge, February Civil Term 1954 of Guilford.
    Civil action to recover compensatory and punitive damages from the defendants for libel.
    Plaintiff was a candidate in the Democratic Party Primary Election 1952 for tbe nomination as Constable for Morebead Township, Guilford County. Plaintiff ran second in the first primary, and called for a second primary, which was held on 28 June. On 17 June the defendant Eussell, a resident of Guilford County, filed with the Guilford County Board of Elections a protest and challenge, which was sworn to, of .the right of plaintiff to call for a second primary “for that in fact and in law, he is unqualified to hold office, or to register and vote in any primary or general election, and in support of this challenge I do hereby allege upon information and belief as follows: 1. That W. A. Manley has heretofore been convicted of the felony of murder, or manslaughter, by reason of which he has lost'his citizenship. 2. That W. A. Manley cannot read and write, and consequently is not qualified in law to register, vote, or be a candidate in any primary election.”
    The defendant, the Greensboro News Company, then and now, owns, publishes and controls the Greensboro Daily News and the Greensboro Record, two daily newspapers, published in Greensboro, with a large circulation there and elsewhere. The same defendant owns and operates Eadio Station WFMY and Television Station WFMY-TV.
    The day of the filing of this protest a reporter at the Greensboro News Company called plaintiff by telephone, and read to him the contents of the protest and challenge. Plaintiff replied: “There ain’t a word true, except I did serve some time for being in that riot in Winston, and stayed in the hospital ten months and Governor Bickett pardoned me. ... I have got papers here to show you that it is all wrong and don’t you print that; if you do I am going to sue the paper.” The evidence does not disclose how the reporter received notice of the filing of the protest.
    The next day, 18 June 1952,- the Greensboro Daily News on page one, section two, of its issue published an article entitled “Candidate’s Eight to Seek‘Office is Challenged” in which the protest of Eussell was set forth verbatim, and plaintiff’s denial. The plaintiff admitted on cross-examination tbat tbe article correctly .stated that Russell made and filed tbe protest before tbe County Board of Elections, correctly printed tbe contents of tbe protest, and stated bis denial of tbe truth of tbe matters and things set forth in tbe protest. Tbe Greensboro News Company carried follow-up articles in its papers on 23 June 1952 (which stated among other things “Manley says bis Accuser is Perjurer”); on 27 June 1952; on 28 June 1952; on 29 June .1952; and on 1 July 1952. On tbe day tbe protest was filed, plaintiff was served with a paper to show cause before tbe Guilford County Board of Elections why bis name should not be removed from tbe ticket as a candidate. A bearing before tbe County Board of Elections was held on 23 June, and tbe final disposition of tbe bearing was set for 30 June. The follow-up articles, while repeating tbe ground of protest, dealt principally with tbe bearings. Tbe statement made by tbe reporter to plaintiff was put on tbe air by tbe Greensboro News Company’s radio and television station.
    The second primary election was held with tbe plaintiff’s name on the ticket. Plaintiff was defeated.
    Tbe plaintiff in bis statement of facts in bis brief says: “This was a civil action brought by plaintiff for damages on two causes of action for libel published by defendants, tbe first cause of action being for actual damages, and tbe second cause of action being for punitive damages. Plaintiff . . . alleges tbat tbe defendants wilfully and unlawfully collaborated and conspired with each other in tbe publication in defendant corporation’s Greensboro Daily News and Greensboro Record of a news article, etc.” Plaintiff alleges in Paragraph 7 of what be calls bis first cause of action: “Tbat defendant corporation, through its agents and servants, in collaboration and conspiracy with tbe defendant Russell in tbe production and publication of tbe newspaper article hereinbefore quoted, etc.” In Paragraph 8 of this alleged first cause of action plaintiff alleges: “Tbat the acts and conduct, words and deeds of defendants in mutual conspiracy and collaboration, in tbe publication of said newspaper story as hereinbefore alleged, etc.” And in Paragraph 4 of this alleged cause of action be alleges: “Tbat tbe sole intent and purpose of defendant corporation in collaboration and conspiracy with tbe individual defendant L. R. Russell was to cause and bring about the defeat of plaintiff in tbe said second primary, and tbat it did.” Tbe above quoted allegations from plaintiff’s alleged first cause of action were repeated practically verbatim in Paragraphs 4, 7 and 9 of bis so-called second cause of action, and in Paragraph 8 of tbe alleged second cause of action plaintiff alleges: “Tbat on tbe 6th day of June 1953 after plaintiff, for almost an entire year, bad enduréd and suffered tbe most damaging and destructive effects resulting as a consequence of defendant corporation’s publication of the libelous newspaper story hereinbefore alleged, in conspiracy and collaboration with its individual co-defendant, etc.”
    Plaintiff in his alleged two causes of action sues for the recovery of actual and punitive damages for the publication in the Greensboro Daily News of the article on 18 June 1952.
    At the close of plaintiff’s evidence, each defendant moved for judgment of nonsuit, which the court allowed.
    Judgment of involuntary nonsuit was entered, and plaintiff appeals.
    
      E. L. Alston, Jr., George A. Younce, and James Spence for Plaintiff, Appellant.
    
    
      Broolcs, McLendon, Brim & Uolderness for Defendant, Greensboro News Company. ■
    
    
      Hoyle & Hoyle for Defendant, Bussell.
    
   Parker, J.

Plaintiff contends that he has alleged two causes of action, one for the recovery of actual damages for the publication of an alleged libelous news story in the Greensboro Daily News of 18 June 1952 as the result of an alleged conspiracy between Greensboro News Company and L. R. Russell, and two for the recovery of punitive damages for the publication of the same news story as the result of the same alleged conspiracy. The allegations of the two alleged causes of action are substantially identical, except as to allegations of damages. In fact, plaintiff has alleged only one cause of action for the recovery of actual and punitive damages, because of the publication of an alleged libelous news story about him on 18 June 1952 by the defendants acting in pursuance of a conspiracy between them “to cause and bring about the defeat of plaintiff in the second primary, and that it did.” Plaintiff alleges no cause of action against Russell for the charges made in the protest and challenge.

All the evidence as to what Russell did is as follows: He made and filed the protest and challenge, under oath, that plaintiff was not qualified to hold public office or to register and vote for the reasons he assigned, with the Guilford County Board of Elections. After the publication of the news story on 18 June 1952 plaintiff went to the office of the Greensboro Daily News, and talked to a Mr. Shepherd there, who was an employee of the Greensboro News Company. Plaintiff had the paper in his hand. This is the conversation between them: “I said, ‘Mr. Shepherd, I thought I told you not to print this in the paper.’ ‘Well,’ he said, ‘Mr. Manley,’ he says, ‘The affidavit come in here’ and he says — can I say who he said brought it in there? Q. Yes, go right ahead and tell what he said. A. He said, ‘L. R. Russell’ — I understood him to say, ‘He brought it in here.’

(ObjectioN to the foregoing question and answer by the defendant Eussell sustained as to him.)

And Shepherd said, 'I didn’t pay too much attention to what he (Eus-sell) said because the FBI just arrested him (Eussell) a few days ago for signing a communist petition.’ But he says, 'After I talked to him,’ he said, 'I went ahead and took it up with our lawyer and the lawyer said go ahead and print it,’ and he said, 'When the lawyer said go ahead and print it I went ahead and printed it.’ ”

"When the reporter talked to plaintiff over the telephone about Bussell’s protest and challenge on 17 June 1952, he said he had talked to Eussell, that he wanted to get plaintiff’s side of it, he had already gotten Bussell’s.

The complaint contains no allegation of any relationship between the Greensboro News Company and Eussell such as employer or employee, nor is there any evidence to that effect. Plaintiff’s testimony that he understood Shepherd to say L. E. Eussell brought the affidavit to the Greensboro News Company was not admitted in evidence against Eussell, because it was clearly incompetent as to him. All that is left in evidence against Eussell is that he executed under oath the protest and challenge, and filed it with the Guilford County Board of Elections, and a reporter of the Greensboro News Company and Shepherd talked to him about it. Surely that is no evidence at all that Eussell had entered into a conspiracy with the Greensboro News Company, and in furtherance of said conspiracy the news story of 18 June 1952 was published in the Greensboro Daily News. As the evidence fails to show that Eussell was a party to the alleged conspiracy, it follows that the Greensboro News Company was not a conspirator, because it could not conspire with itself. Muse v. Morrison, 234 N.C. 195, 66 S.E. 2d 783. In Morrison v. California, 291 U.S. 82, 78 L. Ed. 664, p. 671, Mr. Justice Cardozo speaking for the Court said: “It is impossible in the nature of things for a man to conspire with himself.”

"We are also of the opinion that there is no evidence that the Greensboro News Company entered into the alleged conspiracy.

This Court said in Rice v. McAdams, 149 N.C. 29, 62 S.E. 774: “We are not favored by plaintiff with any authority which, we think, sustains his contention that a joint action may be maintained against two or more persons for words spoken, unless the defendants are connected by allegation and proof of a common design and purpose. As a general rule, such an action cannot be maintained, for-the words of one are not the words of the other. 25 Cyc. 434, and cases cited.” See also Anno. 34 A.L.R. 345; 53 C.J.S., Libel and Slander, p. 243.

The general rule is “that slander, unlike other torts, is an individual tort, incapable of joint commission, and that therefore two or more individuals uttering slanders' against the same person cannot be held jointly liable, in the absence of a conspiracy between them, even though they utter the identical words simultaneously.” 26 A.L.R. 2d Anno. 1032 et seq.. where among the many cases cited is Rice v. McAdams, supra.

It is said in 26 A.L.R. 2d Anno. p. 1035 et seq.: “The major exception to the general rule is found in the generally accepted doctrine that persons uttering slanders in pursuance of a conspiracy to slander, and all other members of the conspiracy as well, may be held jointly liable.” Among the many cases cited in support is Rice v. McAdams, supra.

“Generally a joint action may not be maintained against two or more persons for slander except where a .common agreement or conspiracy is charged; where a libel is the joint act of several persons, they may be sued jointly or separately at plaintiff’s election.” 53 C.J.S., p. 243.

The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia said in Barger v. Hood, 87 W. Va. 78, 104 S.E. 280: “The defendants contend that their demurrer should have been sustained because there is a misjoinder of defendants in the declaration. They argue that two or more persons cannot be joined in a suit for libel unless it is shown that the publication of the libel was the common or joint action of all of them. The authorities are clear that this is the law. 17 R.C.L., Title, Libel and Slander, Sec. 130.”

The plaintiff has alleged a conspiracy, but there is a total failure of proof to sustain such allegation. Allegata without probata is insufficient. Both must concur to establish a cause of action. Aiken v. Sanderford, 236 N.C. 760, 73 S.E. 2d 911.

“Plaintiff’s recovery is to be had, if at all, on the theory of the complaint and not otherwise.” Suggs v. Braxton, 227 N.C. 50, 40 S.E. 2d 470. “If the petitioners are to succeed at all, they must do so on the case set up in their complaint.” Sale v. Highway Commission, 238 N.C. 599, 78 S.E. 2d 724. It is familiar learning that where there is a total failure of proof to support the allegations of a complaint, a motion for judgment of nonsuit should be granted. Whichard v. Lipe, 221 N.C. 53, 19 S.E. 2d 14.

The plaintiff contends that “if the plaintiff has not put on sufficient evidence of common design, the action could have been divided, but should not have been dismissed.” The plaintiff cites in support of this contention what this Court said in Lewis v. Carr, 178 N.C. 578, 101 S.E. 97, about Rice v. McAdams, supra: “In that case there was no common purpose or design shown, and the Court said the action should have been divided, but that it would be error to dismiss it.” In Rice v. McAdams the defendants were charged jointly with uttering different slanderous words. The contention is without merit, because as we have stated above plaintiff has stated one cause of action for one publication in pursuance of a conspiracy between the defendants to libel him. Eussell’s- learned counsel bas concisely said in bis brief in replying to this contention of plaintiff: “Tbe plaintiff in tbe case at Bar, seeks to discuss as error, tbe failure .of tbe Judge to do wbat be was not asked to do; and to assign as error, a matter not based upon an exception taken below. He will not be permitted to do so.”

Tbe plaintiff did not request tbe trial judge to permit bim to dismiss bis action against Eussell and to proceed against tbe Greensboro News Company. We will not consider tbis matter, since it is not presented by exception, and assignment of error duly entered. Rader v. Queen Gity Coach Co., 225 N.C. 537, 35 S.E. 2d 609. Tbe plaintiff decided to proceed to tbe end against botb defendants. He is bound by bis decision.

Plaintiff bas offered no evidence tbat Eussell took any part in tbe publication of tbe alleged libel, so Taylor v. Press Co., 237 N.C. 551, 75 S.E. 2d 528, does not support plaintiff’s contentions.

Plaintiff bas based bis action squarely upon tbe publication of an alleged libel in pursuance of an alleged conspiracy between tbe defendants to libel bim. He bas allega,ta, but not probata. Tbat is fatal. Tbe -judgment of nonsuit was correctly entered. Aiken v. Sanderford, supra.

Affirmed.  