
    Walter J. Fensterer, Francis H. Ruhe, and Hugo Hamm, Doing Business under the Firm Name of Fensterer & Ruhe, Plaintiffs, v. Pressure Lighting Company, Interpleaded in the Place and Stead of The National City Bank of New York, Defendant.
    (City Court of the City of New York, Trial Term,
    May, 1914.)
    Negotiable instruments — bills, notes and checks — action on check — interpleader.
    On the day that a cheek for $805.23 was drawn by the city of New York to the order of a lighting corporation as payment under a contract, the vice-president of the corporation, who was its general manager and active business head, brought the cheek duly certified by the bank on which it was drawn to plaintiff’s office and stated that he needed immediate funds for a business trip on a business matter in which plaintiff knew the corporation was engaged and from which they expected to benefit through supplying materials which the corporation commonly needed in carrying out its contracts, and after indorsing the check in blank, employing the corporation’s rubber stamp to affix its corporate seal, asked plaintiffs to deduct $700 due them from the corporation and give him the balance in cash, which they did. Others interested in the corporation learned of its receipt of the check and warned the drawee not to pay to any indorsee of the vice-president. In an action on the cheek the defendant bank interpleaded the corporation payee. Held, that the circumstances were such as fairly to put plaintiffs on inquiry and subject their rights of reimbursement to any defects arising from facts which reasonable inquiry would have disclosed.
    That the interpleader defendant had no rights at all respecting at least $700' of the moneys and that plaintiffs were entitled to reimbursement from the fund accordingly, as full inquiry by them before cashing the cheek would have disclosed that the vice-president’s authority to borrow funds and indorse said check had but ten days before been upheld in the Supreme Court.
    
      Interpleader to determine rights to fund in the hands of the chamberlain of the city of New York.
    Frank B. Greene, for plaintiffs.
    David V. Cahill, for defendant.
   Ransom, J.

By supplemental pleadings, served subsequently to the entry of an order of interpleader obtained by the National City Bank of New York, the parties ask the court equitably to determine their respective rights in and to a fund of $805.23, now in the banffs of the chamberlain of the city of New York. The circumstances of the controversy are, in outline, as follows: On January 10, 1914, the regular course of mail brought to the office of the Pressure Lighting Company a check for $805.23, drawn by the city of New York to the order of that corporation, as payment under a contract which the company had with the city of New York. Later on that same Saturday, Bagland Momand, known to the plaintiffs as vice^ president, director, general manager and active business head of the Pressure Lighting Company, brought this check, duly accepted and certified by the bank on which it was drawn, to the plaintiffs ’ office. He stated to Mr. Buhe that he needed immediate funds for a business trip on a matter in which the plaintiffs knew the defendant corporation was enguged and from which the plaintiffs expected to benefit through supplying materials which the defendant commonly needed in carrying out its lighting contracts. The plaintiffs had, a short time . previously, sold $300 worth of goods to the defendant, and $150 of this amount concededly remained due from the defendant. The plaintiffs had also, from time to time, made loans to the defendant at the instance of Momand, upon his statement that he needed current funds- for matters in which the plaintiffs knew the defendant was concerned. These advances totalled $550, and Momand had promised repayment as soon as the company got its money from the city of New York. Momand brought to the plaintiffs the city’s check for $805.23, indorsed the same, in blank, “ Pressure Lighting Co., R. Momand, Vice-president,” employing the company’s usual rubber stamp to affix the corporate name, and asked the plaintiffs to deduct the $700 due them from the defendant and give him in cash the $105.23 remaining. This the plaintiffs did. Other persons interested in the defendant corporation but not in possession of the company’s offices learned of the receipt of the check and warned the drawee not to pay to any indorsee of Momand. When the plaintiffs brought suit, the bank interpleaded the defendant payee, and the controversy was heard by the court without a jury.

The circumstances under which the plaintiffs received this check were such as fairly to put them upon inquiry and subject their rights of reimbursement to any equities arising from facts which reasonable inquiry would have disclosed. Ward v. City Trust Co., 192 N. Y. 61 ; Niagara Woolen Co. v. Pacific Bank, 141 App. Div. 265 ; Standard Steam Specialty Co. v. Corn Exchange Bank, 84 Misc. Rep. 445 ; National Bank of Republic v. Navassa Phosphate Co., 56 Hun, 136; Rochester & C. T. Road Co. v. Paviour, 164 N. Y. 281. Inasmuch as this is an equitable proceeding to determine the disposition of the fund originally set aside by the city to this defendant’s order, and inasmuch as out of this fund the defendant has already been credited with payment of $150, which it conceded it owed'plaintiffs and has also been credited with payment of $550 which " Momand' borrowed ' within the gcope of at least his ostensible' authority and had' util” iz.ed in ways of which the defendant received the benefit, it may very well be that, in a proceeding such as this, the defendant can have no rights at all respecting at least $700 of these moneys, and that the plaintiffs are entitled to reimbursement from the fund accordingly. However, inasmuch as counsel for the defendant vigorously invokes the authority of the cases above cited and contests Momand’s authority to do anything with the check, it is desirable to ascertain just what facts would have been disclosed had the plaintiffs first made that reasonable inquiry which was their duty. The fact that the manner of indorsement put them on inquiry and that nevertheless they made no inquiry, is inconsequential if the facts which inquiry would have disclosed create no cloud on the authority by which the check came to the plaintiffs’ hands. Ward v. City Trust Co., supra.

The facts which would have been disclosed by inquiry are substantially conceded; they present a legal question which is the vital one in the case and, with the one exception hereinafter noted, does not appear to have been passed upon by any court. Upon the organization of the Pressure Lighting Company in 1910, Momand was elected-a director and also vice-president and general manager. He was given broad powers, and was made the active man in the company’s business. Concededly he remained the vice-president and general manager in' January, 1914, unless he' had been ‘ lawfully removed from such office by certain action taken by two directors on October 21, " 1913; and it cannot seriously be challenged that if,- on January 10, 1914, and previously, he was still the vice-president and general manager, -'he was possessed of plenary authority to ;borrow money for the corporate account and nego- . tiate. commercial paper received by the company for the payment of company obligations or the procuring of funds for company purposes. Morawetz Corp., § 509; approved and followed in Quee Drug Co. v. Plaut, 55 App. Div. 87. The express authority granted Momand as vice-president and general manager leaves no doubt of this.

I am of the opinion that the attempted or purported removal of Momand from that office was wholly nugatory and ineffectual. Section 9 of the General Corporation Law of the state of Delaware, under which the defendant was organized, provided that “ The board of directors may * * * designate two or more of their number to constitute an executive committee, who, to the extent provided in the said resolution or in the bylaws of the company, shall have and exercise the powers of the board of directors in the management of the business and affairs of the company,” etc. On February 29, 1912, an executive committee composed of Momand and two other directors was created by resolution of the full board of directors, the specification of powers of such executive committee following closely the language of the statute. At the same meeting, the full board of directors voted to continue Momand in office as vice-president and general manager for one year from that date and until his successor should be duly chosen by the board of directors and should qualify. The by-laws further provided that a/ny officer elected or appointed by the board of directors may be removed at any time by the affirmative vote of a majority of the whole board of directors. On October 21,1913, the two members of the executive committee other than Momand purported to pass a resolution removing Momand as vice-president and general manager and transferring his powers and duties, but not his office or title, to one Bellman, whose election as treasurer was of at least doubtful validity. That action was illegal and without effect. The vesting in an executive committee of the powers of the full board of directors as to the “ management of the business and affairs ” of the company cannot ibe construed to empower the executive committee to remove from office statutory officers of the company who have themselves been elected for a prescribed tenure by the full board of directors. Assuming that such a power is one which the statute might authorize to be delegated—and this I doubt — such a delegation may not be inferred from less than a clear expression of the legislative intent and an explicit provision of the by-laws and resolution. Such an expression as “ the powers of the board of directors in the management of the business and affairs of the company ’ ’ may be held to delegate ministerial, ” “ current, ” “ ordinary, ’ ’ and ‘ routine ’ ’ powers, but not power to inaugurate radical reversals of or departures from fundamental policies and methods of conducting the business as prescribed by the directorate. See, Commercial Wood & Cement Co. v. Northampton Portland Cement Co., 190 N. Y. 1, 6 ; 115 App. Div. 388, involving the very Delaware statute here in question; First National Bank v. Commercial Travelers Assn., 108 App. Div. 78 ; affd. 185 N. Y. 575 ; Sheridan Elect. Lt. Co. v. Chatham National Bank, 127 id. 517 ; Hoyt v. Thompson’s Exrs., 19 id. 207 ; Olcott v. Tioga R. R. Co., 27 id. 546 ; Metropolitan T. & T. Co. v. Domestic I. & T. Co., 14 Atl. Rep. (N. J.) 907.

On January 10, 1914, Momand was in actual, peaceful possession of the offices of the company and was engaged in discharging therein the duties. of vice-president and general manager. His. status .there had been-, but ..-recently-fortified by an., injunction order granted .pendente lite by the. Supreme Cpurf/ in .JÑÍew York -county. Mr. Justice Ford had accompanied the granting of that order with an opinion in which he said that “ The plaintiff (Momand) is as much vice-president, general manager and director of the Pressure Lighting Company as he ever was and will so continue until removed by lawful authority. The action of the executivé committee was in no sense legal.” If the other officers, directors and stockholders of the defendant-are unwilling to be bound by what Momand considers the proper discharge of his duties for the defendant, their recourse must be to accomplish Ms removal within the forms of'law rather than to penalize these plaintiffs, who had long dealt with Momand as the sole representative of the defendant known to them and had received many evidences of the corporation’s acquiescence in Momand’s representations of his authority. Full inquiry by the plaintiffs before cashing the check would have disclosed authority to borrow and indorse this cheek, that Momand’s authority had, but ten days before, been explicitly upheld in the Supreme Court of this county—a circumstance more convincing- than is commonly disclosed to a prospective indorsee by Ms precedent inquiries.

After the case was closed, the plaintiffs’ counsel, in the course of oral argument, suggested that he might well be given leave to reopen the case, in order to present detailed testimony as to the manner and the items of the expenditure of the $550, and the $105.23 obtained by Momand from the plaintiffs. Defendant’s counsel objected and moreover stated that such further testimony would inevitably hinge upon the same fundamental issue already presented in the ease, viz., the extent of Momand’s authority to. act for the corporation. Inasmuch as it is the unchallenged show: ing of the present record that all moneys were expended by Momand for what he deemed corporate purposes and defendant’s counsel failed to act upon the court’s explicit admonition to develop on cross-examination the details of these expenditures if he doubted that this would necessarily be true, were it determined that Momand had authority to act for the corporation in such matters at all, it has seemed unnecessary to grant the plaintiffs’ application.

The judgment herein will therefore award to the plaintiffs the entire fund with accrued interest. Counsel may submit findings of fact and conclusions of law which they wish passed upon by the court, and subsequently embody in a decision herein all of the findings and conclusions made at the request of either party. In view of the circumstances of the submission, no costs will be allowed to either party.

Judgment accordingly.  