
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Charlotte Ewer, Appellant. In the Matter of the Petition of Charlotte Ewer for Writs of Habeas Corpus and Certiorari, etc.
    While it is the inalienable right of a child, even of immature age, to pursue a trade, it must be not only one. that is lawful, hut which the state or sovereign, as parens patria’, recognizes as proper and safe.
    The provision of the Penal Code (§ 292) declaring- a person guilty of a misdemeanor who exhibits a female child under fourteen years of age, or who, having- the care of such a child as parent, etc., consents to her employment or exhibition as “a dancer * * * or in a theatrical exhibition, or in any * "* * exhibition dangerous or injurious to the life, limb, health or morals of the child,” is not limited to exhibitions which offend against public morals or decency, or endanger life or limb, but applies to all public exhibitions or shows.
    Said provision is not violative of any right secured by the Constitution, hut is within the police power of the legislature; it is for that body to determine as to whether any or all such exhibitions are prejudicial to the interests of the child and contrary to the policy of the state to permit.
    Reported below, 70 Ilun, 239.
    (Argued January 16, 1894;
    decided January 30, 1894.)
    Appeal from order of the General Term of the Supreme Court, in the first judicial department, made July 3, 1893, which affirmed an order of Special Term overruling demurrers of the relator to returns to writs of habeas corpus and certiorari, dismissing said writs and remanding her to custody.
    Charlotte Ewer was arrested, upon a police magistrate’s warrant, charged with a misdemeanor, in violating section 292 of the Penal Code, by exhibiting lier child, Mildred Ewer, as a dancer at the Broadway Theatre in Hew York city. The examination before the magistrate sustained the charge and showed that she was of the age of seven years and went by the stage name of “ La Regaloncita ” ; that she was clad in the usual style of the ballet dancer, in a low-necked, sleeveless and short dress and wore purple tights ; that she danced upon the stage to the music of an orchestra, elevating her legs, moving upon her toes, and posturing with her figure. Her mother, being held upon the charge, sued out writs of habeas corpus and certiorari; to which the magistrate made return of his proceedings etc. The prisoner demurred to the return; alleging that there were no sufficient grounds for holding her and that the statute, under which she was arrested, was iinconstitntional.
    The provisions of the Code under which this arrest was made, read that “ a person who * * * exhibits * * .* a female child apparently or actually under the age of sixteen years, * * * or who, having the care etc. of such a child as.parent etc. * 'x' * in any way consents to the employment or exhibition of such a child either as * * ■ * a dancer * * * or in a theatrical exhibition * * * or in any * * * exhibition dangerous or injurious to the life, limb, health or morals of the child * * * is guilty of a misdemeanor.” At the Special Term, the writs were dismissed and the prisoner was remanded. The order of that court was affirmed at the General Term and the defendant has appealed to this court.
    
      A. J. Dittenhoefer for appellant.
    The portions of section 292 of the Penal Code under which the appellant was held are void for the reason that they deprive a person of his natural and inalienable rights. (Penal Code, § 291; Laws of 1882, chap. 410, §§ 1594, 1632; Ramsey v. Ramsey, 23 N. E. Rep. 69 ; De Manville v. De Manville, 10 Ves. 52; In re Finn, 3 De G. & S. 457; People v. Turner, 55 Ill. 280; People v. Mead, 24 Abb. [N. C.] 357; U. S. v. Reese, 92 U. S. 124; United States v. Harris, 106 id. 629-641; Baldwin v. Franks, 120 id. 678-685.) The act is not a valid exercise of the police power of the state. (People v. Rosenberg, 138 N. Y. 410; In re Jacobs, 98 id. 98; People v. Gilson, 109 id. 389.) The statute is a violation of the right to liberty secured by the Constitution to all persons, including children. (2 Kent’s Comm. 1-8; People v. Gilson, 109 N. Y. 389, 400; Bertholf v. O'Reilly, 74 id. 575; L. S., etc., Assn. v. C. C., etc., Co., 1 Abb. [U. S.] 398; Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall. 116 ; People v. Marx, 99 N. Y. 377; Ex parte McGuire, 57 Cal. 604.)
    
      Elbridge T. Gerry for respondent.
    The power of the legislature to regulate the relations between parent and child has never before been questioned. (Maine’s Ancient Law, 160; Bertie v. Lord Falkland, 2 Vern. 342; Fraser’s Parent and Child [2d ed.], 67; Laws of 1874, chap. 421; Laws of 1892, chap. 673 ; People v. Cowley, 21 Hun, 415 ; 83 N. Y. 464.) The state has a right to restrict the parent in public exhibitions of the child. (People v. Meade, 24 Abb. [N. C.] 357; Sch. Dom. Rel. [3d ed.] § 265; Field’s Law of Infants, § 48; Edwards v. Davis, 16 Johns. 281; Penal Code, § 292.) A similar exercise of its police power has been upheld in numerous cases. (People v. West, 106 N. Y. 293; People v. Killer, Id. 323; Hart v. People, 26 Hun, 396; Village of Carthage v. Frederick, 122 N. Y. 268; People v. D'Oench, 111 id. 359; Bertholf v. O'Reilly, 74 id. 509; Phelps v. Racey, 60 id. 10; People v. Gallagher, 93 id. 438; People v. King, 110 id. 418.) As to theatres. (Peopile v. Budd, 117 id. 1; Lawton v. Steele, 119 id. 226 ; People v. Arensberg, 105 id. 123; People v. Rosenberg, 138 id. 410; People v. Gilson, 109 id. 389; People v. Marx, 99 id. 377; In re Forbes, 4 Park. Cr. 611; Duffy v. People, 1 Hill, 355; 6 id. 75; In re Donohue, 1 Abb. [N. C.]1.)
   Gray, J.

The question we shall determine upon this appeal is, whether the statute, under which the appellant was arrested, violates any just and personal rights secured to her by the Constitution of the state. If it is such an interference with the legal relation of parent and child as exceeds -the limits within which the legislature, exercising the sovereign power of the state, may regulate and control that relation, then it is the duty of the courts to declare its unconstitutionality. But if it is within a proper and legitimate exercise of legislative functions, the courts may not interfere. This question falls within those which are classified under the head of the police power of the state. The extent of the exercise of that power, with which the legislature is invested and which it has so freely exerted in many directions, within constitutional limits, is a matter resting in discretion; to he guided by the wisdom of the People’s representatives. It is difficult, if not impossible, to define the police power of a state; or, under recent judicial decisions, to say where the constitutional boundaries limiting its. exercise are to be fixed. It is a power essential to be conceded to the state, in the interest and for the welfare of its citizens.. We may say of it that when its oj>eration is in the direction •of so regulating a use of private property, or of so restraining-personal action, as manifestly to secure, or to tend to the comfort, prosperity, or protection of the community, no constitutional guaranty is violated, and the legislative authority is not transcended. But the legislation must have some relation to-these ends ; for, to quote the expressions of Mr. Justice Field. in the Slaughter House Cases (16 Wallace, 36), “under "the mere guise of police regulations personal rights and private-property cannot be arbitrarily invaded.” In People v. King (110 N. Y. 418), it was well observed by Judge Andrews “ by means of this power, the legislature exercises a supervision over matters affecting the common weal. * * * It may be exerted whenever necessary to secure the peace, good order, health, morals and general welfare of the conjmunity and the propriety of its exercise, within constitutióúal limits, is purely a matter of legislative discretion, with which courts, cannot interfere.” The assumption of the exercise of this extraordinary and very necessary jiower has been the subject of severe criticism in the ojiinions of judges, when it has been sought thereby to regulate and control in the interest of the public the conduct of corporate or individual business transactions. Munn v. State of Illinois (94 U. S. 113) may be referred to as starting a current of authority in this country. But no such criticism can find just grounds for caviling at legislation, whose ends clearly tend to promote the health or moral well-being of the members of society. To that class of legislation this statute belongs. By preventing the exhibition of children of tender and immature age upon the theatrical, or other public, stage, the legislature is exercising that right of supervision and control OA'er the child, which, in every civilized state, inheres in the government, and AA-hicli nothing in the legal relations of parent and child should he deemed to forbid. The proposition is indisputable that the custody of the child by the parent is within legislatiA'e regulation. The parent, by natural Ihav, is entitled to the custody and care of the child and, as its natural guardian, is held to the performance of certain duties. To society, organized as a state, it is a matter of paramount interest that the child shall he cared for and that the duties of support and education he performed by the parent, or guardian; in order’that the child. shall become a healthful and useful member of the community. It has been Avell remarked that the better organized and trained the race, the better it is prepared for bolding its own.' Hence it is, that laAvs are enacted looking to the compulsory education by parents of their children, and to their .punishment for cruel treatment; and Avhicli limit and regulate the employment of children in the factory and tlie Avorkshop, to-prevent injury from excessive labor. It is not, and cannot be disputed that the interest Avhicli the state has in the physical, moral and intellectual Avell-being of its members, Avarrants the implication, and the exercise, of every just pOAver, Avliich Avill result in preparing the child, in future life, to support itself, to serve the state and in all tlie relations and duties of adult; life to perform well and capably its part.

In the brief of the able counsel, who appears for the People,, and Avliose earnest efforts in behalf of the cause of humanity and of mercy have so distinguished him, the discussion of the subject upon these lines is quite full and interesting, Indeed the learned counsel for the appellant does not, in tlie main, contest the right and the duty of tlie state to protect and to promote by adequate legislation the health and morals of its citizens; hut bases his arguments here upon the proposition, substantially, that the legislature cannot take from parents the right to employ their children in any lawful occupation, not indecent or immoral; or dangerous to life, limb, health or morals. That proposition may he readily conceded. It is true enough that if the court could say that this legislation was an arbitrary exercise of the legislative power, depriving the parent of a. right to a legitimate use of his child’s services; that, while ostensibly for the promotion of the well-being of children, in reality, it strikes at.an inalienable right, or at the personal liberty of the citizen and but remotely concerned the interests of the community, it would be its duty to so pronounce and to declare its invalidity. But this legislation has no such destructive effect or tendency. It does not deprive the parent of the child’s custody, nor does it abridge any just rights. It interferes to prevent the public exhibition of children, under a certain age, in spectacles, or ■ performances ; which, by reason of the place or hour, of the nature of the acts demanded of the child performer and of the surroundings and circumstances of the exhibition, are deemed by the 1 legislature prejudicial to the physical, mental, or moral well-being of the child, and, hence, to the interests of the state itself. Take the facts of this case and they seem sufficiently to warrant the interference of the law. It is not necessary to reason upon them. Thé scanty dress of the ballet dancer, the pirouetting and the various other' described movements with the limbs and the vocal efforts cannot be said to be without possible prejudice to the physical condition of the child; while in the glare of the footlights, the tinsel surroundings, and the incense of popular applause, it is not impossible that the immature mind should contract such unreal views of existence, as to unfit it for the stern realities and exactions of later life. The statute is not to be construed as applying only when the exhibition offends against morals, or decency; or endangers life or limb by what is required of the child-actor. Its application is to all public exhibitions or shows. That any and all such shall be deemed prejudicial to the interests of the child, and contrary to the policy of the state to permit, was for the legislature to consider and to say.

The right to personal liberty is not infringed upon, because the law imposes limitations or restraints upon the exercise of the faculties with which the child may be more or less exceptionally endowed. The inalienable right of the child, or adult, to pursue a trade is indisputable; but it must be not only one which is lawful, but which, as to the child of immature years, the state, or sovereign, as parens patriae, recognizes as proper and safe. It is not the strict moralist’s" view, dictated by prej u-dice, but the Anew from the standpoint of a member of the body politic, Avhich ranges the judgment in support of legislative interference to restrain the parent from permitting an employment of the child, under circumstances deemed unsuited to its proper mental, moral, or physical deArelopment. In the judgment of the legislature, it was deemed as unsuitable for the youth of the community, under a certain age, to dance or to perform in public exhibitions, in the ways mentioned; as it was deemed unsuitable for them to work in the factory, except under certain limitations as to age, hours, etc.

We have not OAmrlooked certain cases, referred to by the appellant’s counsel, to show the invalidity of this legislation as an exercise of the police poAver of the state; or to show a Auolation ' of constitutional rights. They establish that the legislature has no right, under the guise of protecting health, or morals, to enact laws Avhich, bearing but remotely, if at all, upon these matters of public concern, deprive the citizen of the right to pursue a lawful occupation. Such were the Matter of Jacobs (98 N. Y. 98); People v. Marx (99 id. 377); People v. Gillson (109 id. 389) ; People v. Rosenberg (138 id. 410).

We are referred to some cases in Illinois; but they are neither applicable nor authoritative upon the question before ns.

Further discussion is unnecessary. We might have remained satisfied Avith the able and clear exposition of his views by the learned justice at the Special Term, had not the range taken by the arguments of counsel seemed to call for a brief expression by us of our vieAv of the principle of state interference.

The order should be affirmed.

All concur.

Order affirmed.  