
    SEARL v. SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 2.
    ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
    Argued December 20, 1887.
    Decided January 16, 1888.
    The proceeding, authorized hy the statutes of Colorado, for condemning land to public use for school purposes, is a suit at law, within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States and the acts of Congress conferring jurisdiction upon the courts of the United States, which maybe removedinto a Circuit Court of the United States from a state court.
    This was an appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court, remanding a cause to the state court from which it had been removed. The ease is stated in the opinion of the court.
    
      Mr. Walter H. Smith for plaintiff in error. Mr. A. T. Britton and Mr. A. 3. Browne were with him on the brief. Mr. Samuel.P. Bose and Mr. F. W. Owers also filed a brief for same.
    No appearance for defendant in error.
   Mr. Justice Matthews

delivered the opinion of the court.

On June 2, 1884, School District No. 2 in the County of Lake' and State of Colorado filed a petition in the county court of that county against R. S. Searl, the owner of a certain lot of land in the city of Leadville, therein described, for the purpose of condemning the same to public use for school purposes, and praying that the amount to be paid as compensation therefor should be assessed according to the statute in such cases provided. -On June 10, 1884, tbe defendant appeared, and being a citizen of tbe State of Kansas, filed bis petition and bond for tbe removal of said cause to the Circuit Court of tbe United States for that district, on the ground that the controversy therein was between citizens of different States. An order for tbe removal of tbe cause was thereupon made by tbe state court. On June 28, 1884, tbe plaintiff moved to remand tbe same, which motion was granted, and tbe cause was thereby remanded. To review this judgment tbe present writ of error is prosecuted.

By § 3035 of tbe General Statutes of tbe State of Colorado, tbe plaintiff is a body corporate, and authorized to bold property and be a party to suits and contracts “ the same as municipal corporations in this State.” The code of civil procedure of that State provides for tbe' appropriation of private property for public use, and authorizes a judicial proceeding in the district or county court for tbe purpose of ascertaining and awarding tbe amount of compensation to be paid therefor. It requires tbe fifing of a petition setting forth the authority of tbe plaintiff to acquire tbe property in that mode, tbe purpose for which it is sought to be taken, a description of tbe property, and the names of all persons interested therein, who are to be made defendants and brought into court by tbe service- of a summons or other process, as in other cases is provided by law. It' provides, in . the first instance, for the ascertainment of .the amount of compensation or damages by a commission of three freeholders, but also that before the appointment of such commissioners any defendant may demand a jury of six freeholders residing in the county, to ascertain, determine, and appraise the damages or compensation to be allowed, and prescribes in such case the mode of trial, at which the court or judge shall preside in the same manner and with like .power as in other cases'; that evidence 'shall be admitted or rejected by the court or judge according to the rules of law; and at the conclusion of the evidence that thé 'matters in controversy may be- argued by counsel to the jury, and at the conclusion of the argument that the court or judge shall instruct the jury in writing in the same manner as in cases at lawthat motions for a new trial, and to set aside the verdict, may be made and heard as in other cases; that an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court in the same manner as provided by law for taking appeals from the District Court to the Supreme Court; and that a writ of error from the Supreme Court shall lie in every such case to bring in review the, final determination. Such a proceeding, according to the decision of this court in Kohl v. United States, 91 U. S. 367, is a suit at law, within the meaning of the Constitution of the United’ States and the acts of Congress conferring jurisdiction upon the courts of the United States. In Boom Co. v. Patterson, 98 U. S. 403, 406, speaking of a judicial proceeding to appropriate private property to a public use and to fix the compensation therefor, it was said: “If that inquiry take the form of a proceeding before the courts, between parties, the owners of the land on one side, and the company seeking the appropriation on the other, there is a controversy which is subject to the ordinary incidents of a civil suit;” and among such incidents, it was held in that case, was the right, on the ground of citizenship, to remove it from a state to a federal tribunal for hearing and determination. ‘ The same point was ruled in the Pacific Railroad Removal Cases, 115 U. S. 1, 18. In Gaines v. Fuentes, 92 U. S. 10, it was held that a controversy between citizens is involved in a suit whenever any property or claim of the parties capable of pecuniary estimation is the subject of litigation and is -presented by pleadings for judicial determination.

The fact that the Colorado statute provides for the ascertainment of damages by a commission of three freeholders, unless at the hearing a defendant shall demand a jury, does not make the proceeding from its / commencement any the less a suit at law within the meaning of the Constitution and acts of Congress and the previous decisions of this court. The appointment of the commissioners is not, as in the case of Boom Co. v. Patterson and the Pacific Railroad Removal Cases, a step taken by the party seeking to make the, appropriation ex parte and antecedent to the actual commencement of the adversary proceeding inter parries, which constitutes a suit in which the controversy takes on the form of a judicial proceeding. Because under the Colorado law the appointment of the commissioners is a step in the suit after the filing of the petition and the service of summons upon the defendant. It is an adversary judicial proceeding from the beginning. The appointment of commissioners to ascertain the compensation is only one of the modes by which it is to be determined. The proceeding is, therefore, a suit at law from the time of the filing of the petition and the service of process .upon the defendant.

The precise question involved here was passed upon and satisfactorily dealt with by the Circuit Judge in the Circuit Court for the District of Colorado in the case of the Colorado Midland Railway Co. v. Jones, 29 Fed. Rep. 193, and by the Circuit Court for the Western District of Michigan by the District Judge, Brown, in the case of The Mineral Range Railroad Co. v. The Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Co., 25 Fed. Rep. 515.

The case was properly removed, and the motion to remand erroneously granted.. The judgment of the Circuit Court thereon is accordingly

Reversed, and the cause remanded to the Circuit Court with directions to proceed therein.  