
    City of Milwaukee, Respondent, vs. Binner and another, Appellants.
    
      October 9
    
    October 27, 1914.
    
    
      Officers: Illegal disbursement of public funds: Liability: Municipal corporations: City clerk: Appropriation for making tax roll: Payment for other work.
    
    1. It is the policy of the law to hold an official custodian of public funds to very strict accountability, and to make him responsible for money illegally disbursed, regardless of whether the municipality received an equivalent or not.
    2. The delivery of money to a city clerk for a particular purpose necessarily makes him a trustee thereof for such purpose.
    3. Pursuant to ch. 376, Laws of 1897, money was appropriated by the common council to the city clerk for the employment of expert assistants in making the tax roll. By direction of the clerk, one B., so employed as an expert, did general clerical work, thereby relieving the deputy clerk from his regular duties and enabling him to do the expert work on the tax roll for which B. was paid out of said special fund. Held, that although the deputy clerk received no extra compensation for the work done by him, so that in an indirect way the city received full value in work on the tax roll for the money paid, such money, so far as paid to B. for work not done on the tax roll, was unlawfully disbursed by the clerk, and the city might recover it back from the clerk and from B.
    Appeal from an order of the' circuit court for Milwaukee county: W. J. TueNEe!, Circuit Judge.
    
      Affirmed.
    
    Action to recover money claimed to belong to the plaintiff and to have been unlawfully diverted from its proper purpose and converted by defendants to their own use.
    The following are the material facts stated in the complaint:' During the year 1911 defendant Thompson was the city clerk of the city of Mihvaulcee, Wisconsin, and charged with the duty of making the city tax roll for such year. Pursuant to ch. 3T6, Laws of 1897, $4,800 was appropriated by the plaintiff’s common council for expenditure by the clerk, so far as necessary in payment of expert assistants in making such, roll, be to draw such amount upon a city order and file with the proper city officer a sworn pay-roll showing the manner of disbursing the money. He, in due course, obtained possession of the fund and employed defendant. Binner as an expert assistant. Thereafter he made and filed sworn pay-rolls, purporting to show that Binner had worked on the tax roll from August 1, 1911, to November 30, 1911, at $100 per month. Pursuant thereto, Bin-ner drew $325.83. He only performed twenty-one and one-half days’ work on the tax roll. The balance of his time-was spent doing general clerical work in the clerk’s office-which the clerk had no authority to procure done at the expense of the plaintiff. Binner knew he was employed to do-expert work on the tax roll and that he drew pay for other-work out of the special fund. Upon such facts coming to plaintiff’s knowledge its common council directed its city attorney to enforce restitution of the money so unlawfully expended. Thereafter a demand was made upon defendants for such restitution and it was refused.
    Defendants answered, pleading this in justification: During the time for which Binner drew the $325.83 he-served as alleged in the complaint, thereby relieving the-deputy clerk, H. C. Schultz, from his regular duties, enabling his principal to assign him to work on the tax roll. Schultz did the tax-roll work for which Binner drew pay,, except twenty-one and one-half days, and he did not receive any pay in addition to his regular compensation as deputy city clerk. The city, through its common council and other-officers, knew of the transaction while it was going on. Binner did not know out of what fund he received his pay. He only knew that he signed pay-rolls specifying his name,, address, time spent, and the amount due him.
    The city charter (ch. V, sec. 4) provides that:
    “All the officers and employees of the city of Milwaukee-unless now otherwise provided by law, the charter of the city of Milwaukee, or by ordinances, or unless otherwise provided1 in these General Ordinances, shall be appointed by the head •or heads of the respective departments to which they belong, ,and perform such duties outside of those prescribed by law and the ordinances of the city, as the rules of the department may provide and the head or heads thereof may direct.”
    The services rendered by Schultz on the tax roll were necessary and the services rendered by Binner were reasonably worth to plaintiff the amount he received.
    Plaintiff demurred to the answer for insufficiency, and it was sustained.
    Eor the appellants there was a brief signed by Rubin &■ Zabel, attorneys, and W. 0. Zabel, of counsel, and oral argument by H. B. Walmsley.
    
    Eor the respondent there was a brief by Daniel W. Moan, city attorney, and M. L. McIntyre, assistant city attorney, and oral argument by Mr. McIntyre.
    
   Maeshall, J.

We perceive no basis in the record for the claim that appellant Thompson did not unlawfully appropriate the money paid to Binner. True, there was no moral turpitude about it; but if violations of law without such characterization, in respect to the administration of public funds, could be efficiently pleaded in justification, the door would be wide open for serious abuses. It is the policy of the law to hold an official custodian of public funds to very strict accountability, and to make him responsible for money illegally disbursed, regardless of whether the municipality received an equivalent or not. There is no other safe course, and any attempt to evade the law must receive judicial condemnation upon every opportunity therefor.

The money was delivered to the city clerk for a particular purpose. That, necessarily, made him a trustee thereof for such purpose. The trust was susceptible of being executed only by paying so much of the money as was needed to procure expert assistants to work on the tax roll, and returning the balance to the city treasurer. The law contemplated payment for services of a particular kind and to the person or persons rendering the service, and on sworn pay-rolls showing such facts.

Notwithstanding there evidently was no intent to injure respondent and, probably, in an indirect way it obtained full value in work on the tax roll for money paid, the fact remains that the pay-rolls were false; that while Binner drew the money on the pretense that it was for tax-roll work, he did no such work, except for a small part of the time for which he was paid. lie had no right to draw the money because he did not do the work. The fact that' it was done by another who was in the city’s employ and without pecuniary prejudice to it, does not change the situation.

From the circumstances of the wrong to respondent, a promise is conclusively implied to return the money disbursed to and received by Binner, which is just as binding as any other contract to pay money. This case is ruled in favor of respondent by Frederick v. Douglas Co. 96 Wis. 411, 71 N. W. 798; Washburn v. Lee, 128 Wis. 312, 319, 107 N. W. 649, and many other cases.

Counsel for appellants seem to have been misled, by reading the opinion written by Chief Justice Cassoday in Frederick v. Douglas Co., into supposing that, in case of actual rendition in good faith of needed services to a municipality and payment therefor out of the public treasury, the money, though illegally taken from such treasury, acquires a. new status in the operation; that the title thereto vests in the recipient, or that ah equitable bar is created by operation of law, preventing the municipality from recovering the money back. There is something of that sort in the opinion, but it was not the basis of the decision and is contrary to the majority view, as plainly expressed in an opinion by the present Chief Justice in these words:

“To hold that, when public officers have paid out money in pursuance of an illegal and unwarranted contract, such moneys cannot be recovered in a proper action brought upon behalf of the public, merely because the payment has been voluntarily made for services actually rendered, would be to introduce a vicious principle into municipal law, and a principle wliicb would necessarily sweep away many'of tbe safeguards now surrounding tbe administration of public affairs. Were tbis, in fact, tbe law, it can readily be seen tbat public officials could at all times, witb a little ingenuity, subvert and nullify tbat wholesome principle wbicb prohibits their spending the public funds for illegal purposes. All tbat would be necessary to be done would be to make tbe contract, have tbe labor performed, pay out tbe money, and the public would be remediless.”

In Washburn v. Lee, supra, tbe principle so unquali-fiedly stated was thus approved:

“There is no doubt, under our decisions, tbat tbe recipient of public moneys illegally paid is liable therefor. . . . Every public officer dealing witb public moneys is an agent witb strictly limited powers, and those limits are presumptively known of all men, so none can assert belief in any broader agency. An illegal payment has no effect on the title of tbe money, so it remains tbe property of tbe principal, the public, and can be recovered back.”

And further, in effect, if money is paid by a municipal treasurer, either of his own motion or by order of bis principal, for a known illegal purpose tbe right of such principal to recover it back is clear.

No more need be said. Tbis case presents a very plain situation for application of tbe doctrine declared as stated. It is a much stronger case for such application than tbe Frederick Case. Tbe money was not, as there, paid out on tbe order of tbe municipality. Tbe action was not, as there, instituted by a taxpayer who bad so slept upon his rights tbat equity might properly refuse, at bis suit, to enforce tbe right of tbe municipality. Here tbe money came lawfully into the bands of tbe city clerk and was illegally disbursed by him to Binner, and tbe city very promptly disavowed tbe act upon having full knowledge thereof, and took steps to recover tbe money back.

By the Court. — Order affirmed.  