
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Mary Johnson, Appellant.
    
      Circumstantial evidence of the crime of arson—to justify a conviction it must he inconsistent with innocence.
    
    To justify a conviction upon circumstantial evidence the circumstances must not only point to guilt, but must also be absolutely inconsistent with innocence, that is, the inference of guilt must be. the only one that can reasonably be drawn from the facts.
    What circumstances, adduced on the trial of an indictment charging the defendant with burning her dwelling house for the purpose of obtaining the insurance thereon, are insufficient to sustain a conviction, considered.
    Smith, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendant,. Mary Johnson, from a judgment of the County Court of Tioga county in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Tioga on -the 10th day of December, 1901, upon the verdict of a jury convicting her of the crime of arson in the second degree, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 10th day of December, 190.1, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Martin S. Lynch, for the appellant.
    
      Oscar B. Glezen, for the respondent.
   Fursman, J.:

The indictment charges that on July 4, 1900, at Newark Valley in the county of Tioga the defendant willfully and feloniously set fire to and burned in the night time a dwelling house then owned and occupied by her, in which at the time there was no human being except herself, and that Radford aided and abetted the commission thereof by procuring certain policies of insurance to be issued upon the dwelling house, and by directly and indirectly counseling, etc., the defendant to commit the same. Stated in full, the proof made by the prosecution at the trial is this: The defendant had lived with Radford at a boarding house in Buffalo as his wife ; in December, 1898, one Curry transferred to the defendant, then known as Ellen Grey, some real estate and furniture in Buffalo, and afterwards Curry sold it to Radford. The defendant purchased the house in Newark Valley in February, 1900, for which she paid in money and property about four thousand dollars ($4,000); she bought it through Radford from Meyers; the conveyance to her was expressly subject to two mortgages, one for two thousand dollars ($2,000) and the other for four thousand dollars ($4,000), thus making the entire purchase price about ten thousand dollars ($10,000). On the 11th day of June, 1900, she procured a policy of insurance on the house for three thousand dollars ($3,000), payable to the German Bank of Buffalo, the then holder of one of the mortgages, and July 19,1899, a policy of insurance for “not exceeding three thousand dollars ” ($3,000), loss payable to Radford as second mortgagee (this policy was for one year, and was on the 5th of May, 1900, assigned by Radford). The house burned was the best in Newark Valley, and although it cost about sixteen thousand dollars ($16,000) to build and was in excellent repair, owing to the fact that there was no market for such property in Newark Valley it was, in the opinion of some witnesses, worth no more than four thousand dollars ($4,000). ■ After the purchase the defendant received and placed, in it three consignments of second-hand furniture, including an organ and a number of pictures, and also a quantity of drugs in boxes.

Among the furniture was that bought from Curry, and the whole was sufficient to properly furnish a house of this character. One witness for the prosecution (Pierson), testified that he helped carry about one-half a carload of furniture into the house and .that it was new. After the arrival of the furniture, and on the 11th day of June, 1900, the defendant procured a policy of insurance for one thousand dollars ($1,000) covering household furniture, jewelry, wearing apparel, pictures and many other things, and on. the sixteenth day of June another policy covering the same property for one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500). All the proj>erty specir fied in the proofs of loss was in the house when it burned. Made a compulsory witness before a sheriff’s jury, the defendant testified that she had never lived under any other name than Mary Johnson. She testified that she first discovered the fire in the kitchen, and the prosecution gave evidence that the fire was not in the kitchen but in the elevator, or a room off the kitchen. She testified that on discoving the fire she ran to the fire hall,” a few rods distant, screaming, and concerning this the prosecution gave evidence that the first alarm was given by a man named Halliday. The prosecution also gave, evidence that after the fire had been burning a considerable time something dropped down the elevator shaft which water did not extinguish, though the chemical engine did. This constituted the evidence of the prosecution.. It is a settled principle of criminal law- that to justify a conviction upon circumstantial evidence, the circumstances must not only point to. guilt, but must also be absolutely, inconsistent with innocence. The inference of guilt- must be the. only one that can reasonably be drawn from the facts. (Poole v. People, 80 N. Y. 645; People v. Harris, 136 id. 423.) Analyzed, and' applied to the inquiry whether there was sufficient proof to justify this conviction the evidence is this : The defendant’s true name is Mary Johnson; she falsely stated before the sheriff’s jury that she had never been known by any other name. This was wholly immaterial upon the question of her guilt, and is easily accounted for upon grounds quite consistent with innocence. She bought the property in Newark Valley and paid a fair price for it. She had it insured as collateral to two mortgages already existing upon it, one of which was held by Bad-ford with whom she had lived as his wife, but Badford had parted with his policy before the fire, and had, therefore, no interest in the destruction of the property. She moved into it a quantity of furniture sufficient to furnish it throughout, and insured this for two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500), but this furniture was, concededly, all in the house at the time of the-fire, and there is no proof worthy of the name that it was not fully worth the amount for which it was insured. She asserted that she discovered the'fire in the kitchen, when in fact it was in a small room or shaft adjoining the kitchen, a mistake easily made in the hurry and excitement of the moment. She stated that she gave an immediate and first alarm, whereas others thought it was given "by a man named Halliday. After the fire was well under way something on fire dropped down the elevator shaft which was not easily extinguished, but there were two packages of drugs in the house, the nature of which is unknown which may have caused this. On this proof was the defendant justly convicted % We think not. There was barely enough to excite suspicion, but by no means enough to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the fire was of incendiary origin, or to overcome the presumption of innocence with which the law clothes the accused. Every material circumstance proved is as consistent with innocence as with guilt, and taken as a whole falls far short of proving that this was an incendiary fire. There was nothing to be gained by it to either Badford or the defendant. It seems to us that she was accused, tried and convicted upon a mere suspicion that because she had led to some extent an immoral life, and had sustained at one time improper relations with Badford she must be guilty of the crime charged. But the law requires that the evidence of guilt in a criminal case shall be clear and decisive, leaving no reasonable doubt in the mind, first, that a crime had been committed, and, second, that the accused committed it. It will not do to convict upon a mere possibility. The proof must be convincing, and unexplainable upon any theory consistent with innocence. We do not think that such was the case here, and, therefore, conclude that the judgment of conviction must be reversed- and the defendant discharged.

All concurred, except Smith, J., dissenting; Parker, P. J., not voting.

Judgment of conviction reversed and defendant discharged.  