
    Case No. 14,016,
    THURSTON v. KOCH.
    [4 Dall. 348;
    Append. XXXII.] 
    
    Circuit Court, D. Pennsylvania.
    Oct. Term, 1805.
    Marine Insurance — Double Insurance.
    [In cases of double insurance the insurers are liable ratably for the amount of the loss, and not according to priority of contract; and one who has paid the whole loss can compel the others to contribute their pronortion.]
    At law.
    This cause came before the court on the following- case, stated by the counsel, Mr. Condy, for the plaintiff, and Mr. Ingersoll, for the defendant.
    “On the 13th of October, 1796, William I. Vredenburgh,-of the city of New York, merchant,' caused himself to be insured, at the city of New York, in a certain policy of insurance, which was subscribed by the plaintiff in the sum of 814,500, upon any kind of goods and- merchandize, laden or to be laden, on board the brigantine Nancy, Captain King master, lost or not lost, at and from any port or ports in the West Indies, and at and from thence to New York, and there safely landed, beginning the adventure upon the said goods and merchandizes, from the lading thereof on board the said vessel at the West Indies. On the 17th of October, 1796, the said William I. Vredenburgh. by Jacob Sperry & Co., his agents, caused himself to be insured, at the city of Philadelphia, in a certain other policy of insurance, which was subscribed by the defendant, in the sum of 1,300 dollars, with other underwriters, in the whole amounting to 12,-000 dollars, upon all kinds of lawful goods and merchandizes, lost or not lost, laden or to be laden, on board the said brigantine Nancy, at and from Cape Nichola Mole, to any ports and places in the West Indies, to trade at and from either of them to New York, beginning the adventure from and immediately following the loading thereof on board the said brigantine at Cape Nichola Mole, and so to continue until safely landed at any ports and places in the West Indies, and at New York aforesaid. The premium demanded upon this policy was ten per cent.; and was duly paid by the said Jacob ■ Sperry & Co. on behalf of the said William I. Vredenburgh, to- the defendant and tne other underwriters upon this policy. On the 20th of October, 1796, the said William I. Vredenburgh caused himself to be insured at the city of New York in a certain other policy of insurance, which was subscribed by the New York Insurance Company for the sum of 2,200 dollars, upon all kinds of lawful goods and merchandizes, lost or not lost, laden or to be laden, on board the said brigantine Nancy, at and from any port or ports in the West Indies to New Yom. beginning the .adventure from ■ the loading thereof on board the said brigantine, at any port or ports in the West Indies, and so to continue until safely landed at New York, &e.. On the 12th day of September, 1790, the said brigantine Nancy, with the said goods and merchandizes so laden on board, and insured and covered by the said policies as aforesaid, sailed from Cape Nichola Mole, in the West Indies, for St Marks, likewise in the West Indies, and in the prosecution of the said voyage, from Cape Nieh-ola Mole to St. Marks aforesaid, with her cargo, including the said goods and merchandizes, so insured as aforesaid, was captured by a French privateer and condemned; by which capture the said goods and merchandizes were wholly lost to the insured. Upon this, suits were brought into the supreme court of the state of New York, against the plaintiff, upon the policy by him subscribed, and against the New York Insurance Company, on the policy by them subscribed, in which suits the insured, the said William I. Yredenburgh, recovered as for a total loss. The amount paid by the plaintiff (after the usual deductions) for the loss, was 12,740 dollars, with 1,783 dollars and 60 cents interest, and 418 dollars and 32 cents costs. He has, likewise, paid, to the said assured, 1,0S3 dollars and 00 cents, being the amount of the premium upon the policy subscribed by the defendants (after the deductions allowed in the case of a returned premium), as a consideration for the assignment of the said policy to the plaintiff. The New York Insurance Company have paid to the assured 2,156 dollars, being the amount of their policy (after the usual deduction in case of loss), with 301 dollars 84 cents interest. The several sums so paid have completely satisfied the loss, with all the interest and costs.
    “Question for the opinion of the court. Is the defendant (one of the underwriters on the Philadelphia policy of the 17th of October, 1790) liable to make any, and, ix any, what contribution to the plaintiff, upon the loss so paid as aforesaid by him? Or, in other words, is the defendant liable to pay more than the amount of the loss, beyond the sum previously insured? If the court shall be of opinion in the affirmative, then judgment shall be entered for the plaintiff, in such sum as, upon the principles established by the court, shall be found due. But if the court shall be of opinion in the negative, then judgment shall be entered for the defendant.”
    After argument, the opinion of the court was delivered by the presiding judge in the following terms:
    PATERSON, Circuit Justice.
    The case before the court is that of a double insurance, and the question is, whether the insurers shall contribute rateably, or shall pay according to priority of contract, until the insured be satisfied to the amount of his. loss. The law on this subject is different in different nations of Europe, owing to u,e diversity of local ordinances, which have been made to regulate commercial transactions. By the ordinance of one country, the contract is declared to be void, and a forfeiture superadded; whereas, by the ordinance of other countries, the contract is merely void, without any forfeiture. By the ordinance of Spain, if a policy be signed on the same day by several persons, the first signer becomes first responsible, and so on until the insured receive full satisfaction to the value of his loss; the posterior insurers being liable only for the deficiency, and that, too, according to the order of priority. But in such case, by the ordinance of France, the several insurers, on the same day, shall contribute rateably to make up the loss; whereas, by the same ordinance, if the policies bear date on different ways, the rate of contribution is rejected, and that of priority established; or, in other words, if the first policy absorb the loss, or amount to the value of the goods insured, the posterior insurers are not liable, but shall withdraw their insurances, after retaining a certain percentage. The solvency of the first insurer to the full value being assumed, the ordinance is predicated on the principle that there remains no property to be insured, and, of course, no risk to be run. But suppose the solvency of the first insurer should become doubtful, what course is to be pursued? As this is a risk, it ought to be provided against; and, accordingly, we find that some of these ordinances have declared that such insurer’s solvability may be insured. It is obvious that this is a point of great delicacy; for, by questioning the solvency of a merchant, you wound his credit, and, perhaps, cast him into a state of bankruptcy. Most, if not all, of these ordinances are of ancient date, and were calculated for the then existing state of commerce in the several countries which formed them. It is, however, evident, that the law merchant --varies in different nations, and even in the same nation at different times. The course of trade, local circumstances, commercial interests and national policy, induce to some variation of the rule. The law in this particular, as it was understood and practiced in England, prior to, and at the commencement of, our Revolution, was different from the rule which prevailed in France, Spain, and other countries, under their local ordinances. A double insurance is, where the same man is to receive two sums instead of one, or the same sum twice over for the same loss, by reason of his having made two insurances, upon the same ship or goods. In such case the risk must be the same. This kind of insurance is agreeable to the practise and law of England, and is considered as being founded in utility, convenience, and policy. In the case of Godenv. London Assur.'Oo., 1 Burrows, 492, in February, 1758, Lord Mansfield, in delivering the opinion of the court, expressed himself as follows: “As between them, and upon the foot of commutative justice merely, there is no colour why the insurers should not pay the insured the whole: for they have received a premium for the whole risk. Before the introduction of wagering policies, it was, upon principles of convenience, very wisely established, ‘that a man should not recover more than he had lost.’ Insurance was considered as an indemnity only, in case of a loss; and therefore, the satisfaction ought not to exceed the loss. This rule was calculated to prevent fraud; lest the temptation of gain should occasion unfair and wilful losses. If the insured is to receive but one satisfaction, natural justice. says that the severai insurers shall all of them contribute pro rata, to satisfy that loss against which they have all insured. No particular cases are to be found upon this head; or, at least, none have been cited by the counsel on either side. Where a man makes a double insurance for the same thing, in such a manner that he can clearly recover against several insurers, in distinct policies, a double satisfaction, the law certainly says, ‘that he ought not to recover doubly for the same loss, but be content with one single satisfaction for it’ And if the same man really, and for his own proper account, insures the same goods doubly, though both insurances be not made in his own name, but one or both of them, in the name of another person, yet that is just the same thing; for the same person is to have the benefit of both policies. And if the whole should be recovered from one, he ought to stand in the place of the insured, to receive contribution from the other, who was equally liable to pay the whole.”
    In the case of Newby v. Reed, 1 W. Bl. 416, at sittings after term, in 1763, the same doctrine is laid down, agreed to, and «on-firmed. For “it was ruled by Lord Mans field, chief justice, and agreed to be the course of practice, that upon a double insurance, though the insured is not entitled to two satisfactions, yet, upon the first action, he may recover the whole sum insured, and may leave the defendant therein to recover a rateable satisfaction from the insurers.” These cases have never been contradicted, and must be decisive on the subject. The law. as stated in the above adjudications, is recognized by Park and Miller, two recent and respectable writers on marine insurances. Such being the law of England as to double insurances, before and at the commencement of our Revolution, it was also the law of this country and is so now. It is of authoritative force, and must govern the present case. Besides, if the court were at liberty to elect a rule. I should adopt the English regulation, which divides the loss rateably among the insurers. It is the most convenient, equal, and consonant to natural justice, and has been practiced upon, nearly half a century, by the • first commercial nation in the world. I am not clear that the practice of France is not in conformity with this rule, for it is probable that they open but one policy, bearing the same date, though signed at different times, or different policies of the same date; in either of which eases, by the French ordinance, the insurers contribute rateably to satisfy the loss sustained by the insured. If so, it is precisely the English and American rule. Equality is equity. This maxim is particularly applicable to commercial transactions; and therefore, the rule of contribution ought to be favoured. The pressure, instead of crushing an individual, will be sustained by several, and be light. The result is, that the defendant must contribute rateably to make up the loss of the insured. Judgment for plaintiff.
   The following opinion of the district judge was delivered at large, and a copy was furnished for publication by Mr. Gondy:

PETERS, District Judge.

Tlie point in this cause is, whether in a ease of double insurance, the policies are to be taken according to priority; that is, whether the second is answerable before the first is exhausted, if the loss is greater than the sum covered by the first? And if the loss is fully covered by the first, whether, if it be paid by- the insurers on the first, they can oblige those on the second to contribute, pro rata? To be respectable abroad, and to facilitate and simplify mercantile business at home, we should have a national, uniform, and generally received, law-merchant. The custom, or practice, of one state differing, perhaps, from that of another, must yield to general and established principles.

There is, however, no custom of merchants, in this, or any other, district of the United States, stated in the case, and we cannot travel out of the statement, in giving our judgment.

I mention as an extraneous fact, of which I have been informed by persons intelligent in business of insurance, that the rule in New York, where they followed the British practice for a great length of time, was variant from that they now use. The custom in Philadelphia, has been, for a long course of years, to settle losses, where there are double insurances, according to priority of policy in date, without regard to time of individual signature: tnat is, not to call on the second set of underwriters, if those on the first policy were competent, or had paid the amount of subscription, or loss. In this event, those on the second policy return the premium, retaining one half per cent. If this be so, and 1 have no reason to doubt, it is one of the very few subjects, in which I have been able to discover a decided and universal custom of merchants here. It may have originated, when the British rule was more similar to that of many other nations, than it is now, and was at the time of our Revolution. It appears to me, that the custom here is agreeable to the general maritime custom and law of Europe, in this particular. The authorities produced in this cause, on the part of the defendant, warrant me, in this opinion. All the European nations, it is true, do not agree. There may not in every detail, be an exact conformity among any considerable number. But., I conceive, that where the greater number of particular laws are coincident in a general principle, this will establish ■ what is called, general law. In the point before us, there are exceptions ■ in the laws of Spain, and those of England, to what seems to .be the general principle and rule, among other trading nations. And the arrangements of those two countries, differ from each other. The law, or custom of merchants in England, was, formerly, more agreeable to tne general custom and maritime law of other nations, than it has been decided, in later times to be. It is contended, that the British authorities, do not shew direct decisions of their courts, on this point; yet, they are sufficient to satisfy me, of what the law there is. It appears to me to be clearly settled, as law, in England, that in eases of double insurances, if all the policies cover the same risques, there shall be a rateable contribution. It was so settled at the period of our independence. It was their law-merchant, which, being part of the common law, was binding on us; and is now engrafted into our maritime code. The cases, before our declaration of independence, clearly shew, that the law was then so settled. And in cases since that declaration, it is rec-ognised and agreed to be the law. Our in surances in that country being still considerable, the rule is yet useful on that account, among others. In Prance, agreeably co an ordinance of Lewis XIV., the first policy is to be exhausted, before the second operates, if dated at different times. But different policies, of the same date, are considered as one, and there is a rateable contribution. In Spain, the date and time of individual subscriptions are attended to, and insurers are called on, according to priority of subscription, even on the same policy. I have had frequent occasions to recur to Spanish regulations. There is, in most of the Spanish maritime laws and customs, a peculiarity which creates an exception, rather tuan a rule, on many general principles. I cannot see, that it will be materially disadvantageous to commerce, to settle this auestion, in either way, contended for in this cause. It is of most importance, that the point should be clearly decided and settled in one or the other way; that merchants may know, and accommodate their affairs to the decision. This court can, at least, com-menee the means of final decision. I believe with Professor Smith, in his “Wealth of Nations,” cited in this cause, that distributing the burthen of losses, among the greater number, to prevent the ruin of a few, or of an individual, is most conformable to the principles of insurance, and most conducive to the general prosperity of commerce. The wisdom and experience of the British nation, grown out of their more modern and extended state of commerce, have given additional value to this opinion. Whatever respect (and it is not slight), I may entertain for the laws of other nations, I deem myself bound to follow, what was the established law and custom of merchants in England, at the time of our becoming an independent nation; not because it was the law merely of that country; but because, it was, and is, our law. There is sufficient evidence in my mind, in the cases produced out of the British books, to this point, to satisfy me of the law and custom there established on this question. I, therefore, conclude, according to the case of Newby v. Reed, 1 Wm. Bl. 416, that “the insured may recover the whole sum; and leave the insurer to recover a rateable proportion, from other insurers, on a double policy,” and the insured may elect which set of insurers, or which of the individuals, he will sue, for the amount of actual loss; beyond which he cannot recover, as he can have but one satisfaction.

On the point stated (the details of which merchants can best adjust). 1 am of opinion, that the defendant is liable to pay to the plaintiff a contribution, upon the loss paid by him, as stated. This contribution must be made by all the insurers, on all the policies rateably, as their respective subscriptions bear a proportion to each other, and all of them to the actual loss. The defendant of course, must pay to the plaintiff his rateable proportion, on these principles, according to the amount of his subscription.  