
    Primer, Plaintiff in error, v. Kuhn.
    
      Bet-off.
    
    The assignee of a bond given by an insolvent, who obtained his discharge after the bond became due, may set oil the bond against the price of goods purchased by him of the obligor, although the latter had no notice of the assignment, at the time of the purchase of the goods.
    Kuhn v. Primer, ante, p. 226, reversed.
    Error from the Common Pleas of Philadelphia county. On the trial of the cause below (see ante, p. 225), a bill of exceptions was taken to the opinion of the court, in the following words :
    “ Trespass sur le ease, in the common pleas, Philadelphia county; and now, the 6th day of February 1788, upon the trial of this cause, the counsel for the defendant, under the pleas of non assumpsit, payment and defalcation, and in order to maintain the same issue, offered to give in evidence a certain bond or obligation of the said Ludwig Kuhn Sprout obligation), assigned Sprout assignment), entered into by the said plaintiff, before his discharge under the insolvent act, and prayed that the moneys thereon # , *due might be defalked against the said Ludwig Kuhn’s demand, J which, it was argued, had commenced after his said discharge. To this the counsel for the plaintiff objected, and prayed the court not to admit the same obligation and assignment thereof in evidence ; to which the court assented, and overruled the testimony. Whereupon, the said counsel for the defendant did, then and there, on behalf of said defendant, except to the said opinion of the court, and did, then and there, request of the said court to put their seals to this bill of exceptions, which was granted accordingly.”
    To the bill of exceptions, a memorandum was subjoined by the counsel, on both sides, stating, that the plaintiff below had notice of the bond and-assignment, before the suit brought, but not before the sale and delivery of' the goods by him to the defendant. ’
    The refusal of the court of common pleas to permit the bond and assignment to be given in evidence, was the error now alleged ;
    and on the 26th of September, the case was argued by Levy, for the plaintiff in error, and Sergeant, for the defendant.
    
      Levy. — Before the acts of assembly are particularly examined, it may be proper to consider some of the inconveniences that existed, in such cases, at common law. Goods delivered in part might, perhaps, be given in evidence in an action of assumpsit, by way of mitigating the damages, but not under a plea of payment to a specialty ; nor could the defendant discount any note, bill, bond, recognisance or judgment entered into by, or obtained against, the plaintiff. This necessarily multiplied suits and costs; and it often happened, that a plaintiff, in desperate circumstances, recovered against a defendant to whom he was, in fact, indebted in a greater sum. If, indeed by accidental circumstances, his action was brought to a conclusion, earlier than the defendant’s cross-action, he might receive the money, and for his larger debt, become utterly insolvent, by the time the defendant had obtained a judgment.
    Inconveniences of this kind have been perceived-by the legislature, or judicial power, of the most enlightened nations, and a remedy, in a greater or less degree, provided (See Lord Kaim. Prin. of Eq. 201, 2, 3, 4, 5); and in England, even before the statutes had given relief in the courts of common law, the courts of equity endeavored to provide for such cases. Show. Ca. in Parl. 17; 1 Vern. 121-2; 2 Id. 428-9, Case 390; 2 P. Wms. 128.
    . In Pennsylvania, there are two acts of assembly that treat of this subject (1 Sm. Laws, 49, and Ibid. 185). It is observable, that the first general provision by the former act, passed in 1705, was twenty-two years previous to the first general provision of the same nature in England, which was not till the 2 Geo. II., c. 22, § 13. The latter act of assembly, however, is copied, almost verbatim, from the 2 Geo. II, c. 22, and is posterior in point of time.
    [*454 These two acts of assembly, made in pari materia, are, then, to be considered as remedial laws, and must receive a liberal construction : *and, as they declare, that where two are indebted to each other, they may set off their demands, it only remains to investigate the objections which are urged against the defalcation contended for,- on behalf of the plaintiff in error.
    The plaintiff below, in effect, says, that he has obtained the benefit of the insolvent act; and if he is compelled to pay or allow this bond in discount, his property is taken away to pay his old debts. This is true ; but it is -to be answered, by remarking, that the very insolvent act, on which he relies for the protection of his person, makes his future efforts liable for debts preceding his discharge ; and herein consists the well-known distinction between bankruptcy and insolvency. See 1 State Laws 164, § 7 (1 Sm. Laws, 181); Jenk. Cent. 256, Case 49. This was the condition upon which he obtained his liberty; and having obtained it, shall he be thus allowed to evade the condition ? As, upon an execution against him, his effects would bo liable, it can make no odds to him, in point of justice, whether his creditor obtains payment by a cross-suit, or by defalcation. By the former mode, indeed, he might have an opportunity of secreting his effects, the moment that they were recovered in the action brought by him, and thus prevent his creditor from deriving any benefit by a subsequent judgment and execution. Such practices, however, have been too frequent to escape notice, and are too flagrant to be countenanced and supported in a court of law. Besides, the right of set-off is far more material against an insolvent debtor than any other person ; for it is contrary to conscience, that he should recover against those to whom he is, in truth, indebted in an equal or larger sum. 2 P. Wms. 129.
    But the plaintiff below may also urge, that the plaintiff in error is an assignee with whom he never dealt (see 1 State Laws, 48), and, endeavor to establish an analogy between his case, and that of a debt due to a man in right of his wife, which cannot be set off in an action against the husband on his own bond. Bull. N. P. 179. The reason, however, is essentially different. What is due to a husband in right of his wife, he must sue for in the name of himself and wife ; aud as discount is in the nature of a suit, tu permit the set-off, in the case alluded to, would be adding a party to the suit, that is, the wife, who was not named in the writ. Besides, debts due to the wife are not absolutely vested in the husband ; for if he does not reduce them into possession, they survive to her, and do not go to his executors.
    
      But the second act of assembly does not say anything with respect; to the party’s dealing together ; and even if there were any force in an objection grounded on those words, the answer would be easy, that the assignee of a negotiable, or assignable instrument, is as much contracted with, by the words of the obligation, “ and his assigns ” as the original obligee; and, under the act of assembly, he is equally the “ creditor ” of the obligor. See 1 State Laws, 165.
    *To illustrate this argument, suppose that C. gives his bond to D., which D. assigns to A. : A. gives his bond to E., which E. assigns to C. : A. then sues C. They are both assignees : what motive of policy, what principle of construction, could, in this case, preclude a discount ? It is the object of law, to put an end to strifes ; and the courts of justice are ever anxious to prevent an unnecessary circuity of action. Under the statute of 2 Geo. II, which is in the same words with the acts of Pennsylvania, the judges of England have permitted an indorsement, after the suit brought, to be discounted ; the practice requiring only that it shall be proved to have been made “ before plea pleaded.” Crompt. Pract. 161. And the case in 2 Strange 1234, makes no question, whether an assignee may discount, but merely turns upon the time of indorsement.
    The objection, that the allowance of such accounts would be the means of preventing insolvent debtors from obtaining a subsistence, goes much too deep : it is considering inconveniences arising on a question which clear, and positive law has determined ; for the act of assembly says, that the future effects of an insolvent debtor shall bo liable to the payment of his old debts ; and the judges of the courts of common law have extended the principle of discount, by a most liberal equity, far beyond the words of the statute in England. 2 Bl. Rep. 869.
    
      Sergeant, for the defendant in error,
    contended, that the attempt to pay for goods, by the bond of an insolvent debtor, purchased at five shillings in the pound, or perhaps, obtained without any consideration, was in itself an act against conscience; that no case could be shown of a discount allowed upon an indorsement made after the action brought; for, Chomp. 101, is not a sufficient authority ; that the rule of retaining, where there are mutual debts, did not apply ; and that a set-off must be of a demaixd in the defendant’s own right. He cited 8 Vin. 557; Bro. (Debt) pl. 170; s. c. Ibid; (Condition) pl. 181; 1 State Laws 48; 3 Black. 304; 2 Geo. II, c. 22; 3 Geo. II, c. 24; Bull. N. P. 179.
   On the 3d of October, the Chief Justice, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court to the following effect:

McKean, Chief Justice.

As a dischax-ge under the insolvent laws, while it exempts the person from futui’e molestation, leaves the effects of the defendant for ever liable to the demands of his creditors, the discharge obtained by the defendant in error can have no operation in the decision of this cause.

A question has been made, whether the plaintiff in error might have de-falked his bond, under the English statutes ; the first of which takes notice-of mutual debts, &c. The judges there, were, indeed, of opinion, that only debts of the same dignity could be set off ; but for this, I can discover nc good and satisfactory reason ; and a remedy was afterwards provided by a subsequent statute, which declares, that debts of different n :»tures may be defalked.

The true ground, however, for the decision of this cause, arises from the construction of the several acts of assembly for the relief *of insolv- r*4gg ent debtors, for the assigning of bonds, and for defalcation ; and the L iast of these acts says, that “ if two or more dealing together (which words are not to be found in either of the English statutes) be indebted to each other, upon bonds, &c.,” when an action is commenced, the defendant may plead payment, and give his bond, &c., in evidence against the plaintiff’s demand.

If’then, the obligee could have defalked the bond in question (of which, we think, no doubt can reasonably be entertained), and he has legally assigned all his right and interest in it to the plaintiff in error, why should not the assignee be entitled to the same advantage, since the act for the assignment of bonds has placed him on the same footing.

There is another clause in the defalcation act, which provides, that where a plaintiff and defendant have accounts to produce one against another, they may refer them, and the report of the referees shall have the effect of a verdict; now, although the words are confined to the case of accounts, yet the construction of the act has liberally extended the right and benefit of such a reference, to every other cause of action. For the sake of justice, and to prevent an odious multiplication of suits, we think, that the same liberality should be exercised in the case before us; and are unanimously of opinion, that the judgment of the court below ought to be reversed.

Judgment reversed. 
      
      
         See Boinod v. Pelosi, 2 Dall. 43; Jacoby v. Guier, 6 S. & R. 448; Wilmarth v. Mountford, 8 Id. 124; Richter v. Selin, Id. 425; Marshal v. Sheridan, 10 Id. 268.
     