
    IN RE RELIABILITY PLANS OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES FOR 2017-2021.
    Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity, Appellant, v. Michigan Public Service Commission, Consumers Energy Company, Energy Michigan, Inc., and Michigan Electric and Gas Association, Appellees.
    In re Reliability Plans of Electric Utilities for 2017-2021.
    Energy Michigan, Inc., Appellant, v. Michigan Public Service Commission, Consumers Energy Company, and Michigan Electric and Gas Association, Appellees.
    No. 340600 No. 340607
    Court of Appeals of Michigan.
    Submitted May 9, 2018, at Lansing. Decided July 12, 2018, at 9:00 a.m.
    Clark Hill PLC (by Robert A. Strong, Birmingham, and Michael J. Pattwell, Lansing) for the Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity.
    Bill Schuette, Attorney General, Aaron D. Lindstrom, Solicitor General, B. Eric Restuccia, Chief Legal Counsel, Ann M. Sherman, Assistant Solicitor General, and Steven D. Hughey, Spencer A. Sattler, and Lauren D. Donofrio, Assistant Attorneys General, for the Michigan Public Service Commission.
    Kelly M. Hall, Jackson, and Gary A. Gensch, Jr., Lansing, for Consumers Energy Company.
    Varnum, LLP (by Laura Chappelle, Lansing, Tim Lundgren, and Brion B. Doyle, Grand Rapids) for Energy Michigan, Inc.
    Before: Meter, P.J., and Gadola and Tukel, JJ.
   Gadola, J.

In Docket No. 340600, appellant Association of Businesses Advocating Tariff Equity (ABATE) appeals as of right the final order of appellee Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC) in its Case No. U-18197. In Docket No. 340607, appellant Energy Michigan, Inc. (Energy Michigan) appeals as of right the same order of the MPSC. In each of these consolidated cases, appellants contend that the MPSC erred by determining that it is empowered by the Legislature under 2016 PA 341 (Act 341) to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. In Docket No. 340607, Energy Michigan additionally contends that the MPSC's order purports to impose new rules on electric providers in this state without the required compliance with Michigan's Administrative Procedures Act (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq . We reverse and remand.

I. BACKGROUND AND FACTS

At the end of 2016, our Legislature enacted new electric utility legislation that included Act 341. That act added, among other statutory sections, MCL 460.6w. These appeals arise from an order issued by the MPSC as part of its implementation of MCL 460.6w.

By way of background, Michigan's Legislature previously enacted what was known as the Customer Choice and Electricity Reliability Act, MCL 460.10 et seq., as enacted by 2000 PA 141 and 2000 PA 142, to "further the deregulation of the electric utility industry." In re Application of Detroit Edison Co. for 2012 Cost Recovery Plan , 311 Mich.App. 204, 207 n. 2, 874 N.W.2d 398 (2015). That act permitted customers to buy electricity from alternative electric suppliers instead of limiting customers to purchasing electricity from incumbent utilities, such as appellee Consumers Energy Company (Consumers). Consumers Energy Co. v. Pub. Serv. Comm. , 268 Mich.App. 171, 173, 707 N.W.2d 633 (2005). Among the purposes of the act, as amended by Act 341, is the promotion of "financially healthy and competitive utilities in this state." MCL 460.10(b).

Also by way of background, the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) is the regional transmission organization responsible for managing the transmission of electric power in a large geographic area that spans portions of Michigan and 14 other states. To accomplish this, MISO combines the transmission facilities of several transmission owners into a single transmission system. In addition to the transmission of electricity, MISO's functions include capacity resource planning. MISO has established ten local resource zones; most of Michigan's lower peninsula is located in MISO's Local Resource Zone 7, while the upper peninsula is located in MISO's Local Resource Zone 2.

Each year MISO establishes for each alternative electric supplier in Michigan the "planning reserve margin requirement." MISO also establishes the "local clearing requirement." Under MISO's system, there generally are no geographic limitations on the capacity resources that may be used by a particular supplier to meet its planning reserve margin requirement. That is, MISO does not impose the local clearing requirement on alternative electric suppliers individually but instead applies the local clearing requirement to the zone as a whole. Each individual electricity supplier is not required by MISO to demonstrate that its energy capacity is located within Michigan, as long as the zone as a whole demonstrates that it has sufficient energy generation located within Michigan to meet federal requirements.

MISO also serves as a mechanism for suppliers to buy and sell electricity capacity through an auction. This allows for the exchange of capacity resources across energy providers and resource zones. The MISO auction is conducted each year for the purchase and sale of capacity for the upcoming year. The auction allows suppliers to buy and sell electricity capacity and acquire enough capacity to meet their planning reserve margin requirement. The auction also allows each zone as a whole to meet the zone's local clearing requirement.

At the end of 2016, our Legislature enacted Act 341, in part adding MCL 460.6w, which imposes resource adequacy requirements on electric service providers in Michigan and imposes certain responsibilities on the MPSC. Under MCL 460.6w(2), the MPSC is required under certain circumstances to establish a "state reliability mechanism." That subsection provides, in relevant part:

If, by September 30, 2017, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission does not put into effect a resource adequacy tariff that includes a capacity forward auction or a prevailing state compensation mechanism, then the commission shall establish a state reliability mechanism under subsection (8). MCL 460.6w(2).

The parties agree that because the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission did not put into effect the MISO-proposed tariff, the MPSC is required by § 6w(2) to establish a state reliability mechanism. A "state reliability mechanism" is defined by the statute as "a plan adopted by the commission in the absence of a prevailing state compensation mechanism to ensure reliability of the electric grid in this state consistent with subsection (8)." MCL 460.6w(12)(h). The state reliability mechanism is to be established consistently with § 6w(8), which provides, in relevant part, that the MPSC shall:

(b) Require ... that each alternative electric supplier, cooperative electric utility, or municipally owned electric utility demonstrate to the commission, in a format determined by the commission, that for the planning year beginning 4 years after the beginning of the current planning year, the alternative electric supplier, cooperative electric utility, or municipally owned electric utility owns or has contractual rights to sufficient capacity to meet its capacity obligations as set by the appropriate independent system operator, or commission, as applicable. One or more municipally owned electric utilities may aggregate their capacity resources that are located in the same local resource zone to meet the requirements of this subdivision. One or more cooperative electric utilities may aggregate their capacity resources that are located in the same local resource zone to meet the requirements of this subdivision. A cooperative or municipally owned electric utility may meet the requirements of this subdivision through any resource, including a resource acquired through a capacity forward auction, that the appropriate independent system operator allows to qualify for meeting the local clearing requirement. A cooperative or municipally owned electric utility's payment of an auction price related to a capacity deficiency as part of a capacity forward auction conducted by the appropriate independent system operator does not by itself satisfy the resource adequacy requirements of this section unless the appropriate independent system operator can directly tie that provider's payment to a capacity resource that meets the requirements of this subsection. By the seventh business day of February in 2018, an alternative electric supplier shall demonstrate to the commission, in a format determined by the commission, that for the planning year beginning June 1, 2018, and the subsequent 3 planning years, the alternative electric supplier owns or has contractual rights to sufficient capacity to meet its capacity obligations as set by the appropriate independent system operator, or commission, as applicable. If the commission finds an electric provider has failed to demonstrate it can meet a portion or all of its capacity obligation, the commission shall do all of the following: (i ) For alternative electric load, require the payment of a capacity charge that is determined, assessed, and applied in the same manner as under subsection (3) for that portion of the load not covered as set forth in subsections (6) and (7). [ MCL 460.6w(8).]

Thus, § 6w(8)(b) requires each alternative electric supplier, cooperative electric utility, and municipally owned electric utility to demonstrate to the MPSC that it has sufficient capacity to meet its "capacity obligations." The statute does not define "capacity obligations," but in § 6w(8)(c), the statute provides that:

(c) In order to determine the capacity obligations, [the MPSC shall] request that the appropriate independent system operator provide technical assistance in determining the local clearing requirement and planning reserve margin requirement. If the appropriate independent system operator declines, or has not made a determination by October 1 of that year, the commission shall set any required local clearing requirement and planning reserve margin requirement, consistent with federal reliability requirements. [ MCL 460.6w(8)(c).]

Section 6w(8)(b) also provides that municipally owned electric utilities are permitted to "aggregate their capacity resources that are located in the same local resource zone to meet the requirements of this subdivision" and that cooperative electric utilities are permitted to "aggregate their capacity resources that are located in the same local resource zone to meet the requirements of this subdivision." Section 6w(8)(b) also permits a cooperative or municipally owned electric utility to "meet the requirements of this subdivision through any resource, including a resource acquired through a capacity forward auction, that [MISO] allows to qualify for meeting the local clearing requirement." Section 6w(8)(b), however, does not include a similar provision for alternative electric suppliers and is, in fact, silent as to whether alternative electric suppliers may aggregate their capacity resources that are located in the same local resource zone to meet the requirements of the subdivision.

MCL 460.6w(3) directs the MPSC to establish a capacity charge that a provider must pay if it fails to satisfy the capacity obligations established under § 6w(8). Section 6w(6), however, directs that a capacity charge shall not be assessed against an alternative electric supplier who demonstrates

that it can meet its capacity obligations through owned or contractual rights to any resource that the appropriate independent system operator[ ] allows to meet the capacity obligation of the electric provider. The preceding sentence shall not be applied in any way that conflicts with a federal resource adequacy tariff, when applicable. [ MCL 460.6w(6).]

After the enactment of Act 341, the MPSC worked collaboratively in a workgroup process to implement MCL 460.6w. On September 15, 2017, the MPSC issued an order in its Case No. U-18197, imposing new requirements on alternative electric suppliers as part of its implementation of MCL 460.6w. In that order, the MPSC determined that MCL 460.6w authorizes it to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. ABATE and Energy Michigan challenge this interpretation of MCL 460.6w as erroneous, while Consumers supports the decision of the MPSC. Energy Michigan further challenges the new requirements imposed by the MPSC, contending that the requirements did not comply with the APA and were thus improperly implemented.

II. ANALYSIS

A. RIPENESS

As an initial consideration, we address the assertion by the MPSC and Consumers that the issue in these appeals related to the imposition of a local clearing requirement is not yet ripe for resolution by this Court. The MPSC and Consumers contend that the September 15, 2017 order of the MPSC in Case No. U-18197 did not impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers but instead merely announced that the MPSC has the authority to do so. The MPSC and Consumers assert that until the MPSC takes the final step of imposing a specific local clearing requirement on an individual alternative electric supplier, the question whether the MPSC has the authority to do so is not ripe for review. We disagree.

The ripeness doctrine requires that an actual injury be sustained by the plaintiff. Van Buren Charter Twp. v. Visteon Corp. , 319 Mich.App. 538, 554, 904 N.W.2d 192 (2017). "The doctrine of ripeness is designed to prevent 'the adjudication of hypothetical or contingent claims before an actual injury has been sustained.' "

Huntington Woods v. Detroit , 279 Mich.App. 603, 615, 761 N.W.2d 127 (2008), quoting Mich. Chiropractic Council v. Comm'r of the Office of Fin. and Ins. Servs. , 475 Mich. 363, 371 n. 14, 716 N.W.2d 561 (2006), overruled on other grounds by Lansing Sch. Ed. Ass'n v. Lansing Bd. of Ed, , 487 Mich. 349, 371, 792 N.W.2d 686 (2010). "A claim is not ripe if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or may not occur at all." Citizens Protecting Michigan's Constitution v. Secretary of State , 280 Mich.App. 273, 282, 761 N.W.2d 210 (2008).

To determine whether an issue is ripe for review, we assess "whether the harm asserted has matured sufficiently to warrant judicial intervention." People v. Bosca , 310 Mich.App. 1, 56, 871 N.W.2d 307 (2015) (quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Dep't of Social Servs v. Emmanuel Baptist Preschool , 434 Mich. 380, 412 n. 48, 455 N.W.2d 1 (1990) ( CAVANAGH , J., concurring). In making this assessment, this Court must balance any uncertainty about whether a party will actually suffer future injury against the potential hardship of denying anticipatory relief. People v. Robar , 321 Mich.App. 106, 128, 910 N.W.2d 328 (2017). This Court will find an issue ripe for review when it is a "threshold determination," the resolution of which is not dependent on any further decision by the MPSC. Citizens , 280 Mich.App. at 283, 761 N.W.2d 210 ; see also Mich. United Conservation Clubs v. Secretary of State , 463 Mich. 1009, 625 N.W.2d 377 (2001) (holding that a controversy was ripe for review when it involved a "threshold determination" of whether petitions met constitutional prerequisites and was not dependent on the Board of Canvassers' counting or consideration of petitions).

A review of the MPSC's September 15, 2017 order demonstrates that the MPSC has not merely announced that it has the authority to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers; it has announced its decision to assert that authority, leaving open only the methodology of exercising that authority. In its earlier June 15, 2017 order in Case No. U-18197, and reiterated in its September 15, 2017 order, the MPSC stated that "the Commission finds that a locational requirement is required under Section 6w and that a locational requirement applicable to individual LSEs [load serving entities] is allowed as part of the capacity obligations set forth by the Commission pursuant to Section 6w in order to ensure all providers contribute to long-term resource adequacy in the state." The MPSC's September 15, 2017 order further stated that "a properly designed locational requirement applied to individual load serving entities as part of a demonstration that capacity obligations have been met is consistent with [the] requirements [in the statute, the MISO tariff, and applicable caselaw]." In light of these determinations by the MPSC, the alleged harm in these cases does not rest on contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated or at all; the decision to apply a locational requirement to individual alternative electric suppliers has already been made. The only variable remaining is the methodology the MPSC will employ. Thus, there is little uncertainty about whether the asserted harm will occur, and we weigh that factor against the potential hardship of denying anticipatory relief. Robar , 321 Mich.App. at 128, 910 N.W.2d 328.

We conclude that the harm asserted in these cases warrants judicial intervention. As in Citizens , the decision of the MPSC in its September 15, 2017 order-that it has the authority to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers-is a "threshold determination" ripe for our consideration given that the resolution of the issue is not dependent on any further decision by the MPSC. Citizens , 280 Mich.App. at 283, 761 N.W.2d 210 ; see also Mich. United Conservation Clubs , 463 Mich. 1009, 625 N.W.2d 377. We therefore hold that the question whether the MPSC erred by determining that it has statutory authority to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers is ripe for our review.

B. STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing an order of the MPSC, this Court generally refers to MCL 462.25, which states:

All rates, fares, charges, classification and joint rates fixed by the commission and all regulations, practices and services prescribed by the commission shall be in force and shall be prima facie, lawful and reasonable until finally found otherwise in an action brought for the purpose pursuant to the provisions of section 26 of this act, or until changed or modified by the commission as provided for in section 24 of this act.

See, e.g., Attorney General v. Pub. Serv. Comm. , 269 Mich.App. 473, 479, 713 N.W.2d 290 (2006). In addition, this Court generally notes that as a reviewing court, we give due deference to the administrative expertise of the MPSC. See, e.g., Attorney General v. Pub. Serv. Comm. No 2 , 237 Mich.App. 82, 88, 602 N.W.2d 225 (1999). In these appeals, however, appellants challenge whether a specific holding of the MPSC in its final order in its Case No. U-18197 exceeds the authority granted to the MPSC by law.

To be valid, a final order of the MPSC must be authorized by law and supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence on the whole record. Const. 1963, art. 6, § 28 ; Attorney General v. Pub. Serv. Comm. , 165 Mich.App. 230, 235, 418 N.W.2d 660 (1987). Agencies have the authority to interpret the statutes that they administer and enforce.

Clonlara, Inc. v. State Bd of Ed. , 442 Mich. 230, 240, 501 N.W.2d 88 (1993). We respectfully consider an agency's interpretation of a statute the agency is empowered to execute and will not overrule that construction absent cogent reasons. In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Mich. , 482 Mich. 90, 103, 754 N.W.2d 259 (2008). But the construction the MPSC gives to a statute is not binding on the courts. Id . Ultimately, the statutory language itself is controlling, id . at 108, 754 N.W.2d 259, and this Court will neither abandon nor delegate its responsibility to determine legislative intent, Consumers Energy Co., 268 Mich.App. at 174-175, 707 N.W.2d 633. Moreover, we review de novo issues of statutory interpretation, Uniloy Milacron USA Inc. v. Dep't of Treasury , 296 Mich.App. 93, 96, 815 N.W.2d 811 (2012), including the MPSC's determinations regarding the scope of its own authority, Consumers Power Co. v. Pub. Serv. Comm , 460 Mich. 148, 157, 596 N.W.2d 126 (1999) ; In re Application of Consumers Energy to Increase Electric Rates (On Remand), , 316 Mich.App. 231, 237, 891 N.W.2d 871 (2016). In sum, when considering the construction given to a statute by an agency, our ultimate concern is the proper construction of the plain language of the statute regardless of the agency's interpretation, Rovas , 482 Mich. at 108, 754 N.W.2d 259, and our primary obligation is to discern and give effect to the Legislature's intent, Coldwater v. Consumers Energy Co. , 500 Mich. 158, 167, 895 N.W.2d 154 (2017).

C. MCL 460.6w

In its September 15, 2017 order, the MPSC held that MCL 460.6w authorizes it to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. ABATE and Energy Michigan contend that this interpretation of MCL 460.6w is erroneous. We agree with ABATE and Energy Michigan. The MPSC has no common-law powers and possesses only the authority granted to it by the Legislature. Consumers Power Co ., 460 Mich. at 155, 596 N.W.2d 126. In addition, we strictly construe the statutes that confer power on the MPSC, and that power must be conferred by "clear and unmistakable language." Id . at 155-156 (quotation marks and citations omitted). Accordingly, "powers specifically conferred on an agency cannot be extended by inference; ... no other or greater power was given than that specified." Herrick Dist. Library v. Library of Mich. , 293 Mich.App. 571, 582-583, 810 N.W.2d 110 (2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted). In addition, when construing the statutes empowering the MPSC, this Court does not weigh the economic or public policy factors underlying the decisions of the MPSC; those concerns are the province of the Legislature. Consumers Power Co. , 460 Mich. at 156, 596 N.W.2d 126. Instead, our concern is the question of law presented to us: what is "the statutory authority of the [MPSC] in the light of the facts before us...." Huron Portland Cement Co. v. Pub. Serv. Comm. , 351 Mich. 255, 262; 88 N.W.2d 492 (1958).

The MPSC's September 15, 2017 order provides that the order "establishes the format and requirements for electric providers in the state to make demonstrations to the Commission that they have sufficient electric capacity arrangements pursuant to Section 6w of 2016 PA 341 (Act 341)." In that order, the MPSC asserts that it is implementing a law administered by the agency, that it has the authority to impose a methodology on all electric load serving entities active in the state, and specifically states that

the Commission finds that a locational requirement is required under Section 6w and that a locational requirement applicable to individual [load serving entities] is allowed as part of the capacity obligations set forth by the Commission pursuant to Section 6w in order to ensure all providers contribute to long-term resource adequacy in the state.

In the order, the MPSC reasons that because the statute refers to capacity obligations only in the context of the obligations of individual providers, the statute's local clearing requirement should likewise be understood to apply to individual providers. Quoting its earlier order, the MPSC order provides, in relevant part:

As defined in Section 6w(12)(d), "local clearing requirement" means "the amount of capacity resources required to be in the local resource zone in which the electric provider's demand is served to ensure reliability in that zone as determined by the appropriate independent system operator for the local resource zone in which the electric provider's demand is served and by the commission under subsection (8)." As noted above, in requesting assistance from MISO in determining capacity obligations, the Commission is tasked with requesting technical assistance in determining this local clearing requirement.
Section 6w(8) also requires individual electric providers to demonstrate to the Commission that they can meet capacity obligations. The Commission is directed to require each electric provider to demonstrate that it "owns or has contractual rights to sufficient capacity to meet its capacity obligations as set by the appropriate independent system operator, or commission, as applicable" four years into the future. These capacity obligations necessarily include a local clearing requirement.
It is clear that the statute requires the Commission to create capacity obligations, that these capacity obligations include a locational requirement, and that the Commission, in setting locational capacity obligations, is allowed to require a demonstration by individual electric providers that the resources that they use to meet their capacity obligations meet a local clearing requirement. The Commission acknowledges the inter-relatedness of the MISO
and Section 6w capacity demonstration processes, but also points out that these are distinct activities. These activities should be harmonized to the extent practicable, but the fundamental responsibility of the Commission is to meet Michigan's statutory obligations.
Thus, the Commission finds that a locational requirement is required under Section 6w and that a locational requirement applicable to individual LSEs is allowed as part of the capacity obligations set forth by the Commission pursuant to Section 6w in order to ensure all providers contribute to long-term resource adequacy in the state.

The MPSC and Consumers urge us to read the provisions of MCL 460.6w as bestowing on the MPSC the authority to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. They reason that § 6w(8)(c) suggests that the "capacity obligations" of alternative electric suppliers are required to be based, in part, on the local clearing requirement. The MPSC and Consumers further reason that because § 6w(8)(b) refers to the capacity obligations with respect to each individual electric provider, it must be inferred that the local clearing requirement was meant to be applied to each alternative electric supplier individually.

We cannot follow the urging of the MPSC and Consumers, however, because a review of the statute reveals that no provision of MCL 460.6w clearly and unmistakably authorizes the MPSC to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric providers. We acknowledge that § 6w(8)(b) provides that each electric provider must demonstrate that it owns or has contractual rights to sufficient capacity to meet its capacity obligations as set by the appropriate independent system operator, or the MPSC, as applicable. Section 6w(8)(c) directs that "[i]n order to determine the capacity obligations," the MPSC must "set any required local clearing requirement and planning reserve margin requirement, consistent with federal reliability requirements," and seek technical assistance from MISO in doing so. But although § 6w(8)(c) requires the MPSC to determine the local clearing requirement in order to determine capacity obligations, it does not specifically authorize the MPSC to impose the local clearing requirement on alternative electric suppliers individually. Because the MPSC has only the authority granted to it by the Legislature by "clear and unmistakable language," Consumers Power Co. , 460 Mich. at 155-156, 596 N.W.2d 126 (quotation marks and citation omitted), and because authority cannot be extended by inference, Herrick Dist. Library , 293 Mich.App. at 582-583, 810 N.W.2d 110, we must decline the invitation to infer that the MPSC has any additional authority.

Moreover, a review of the entire statute suggests that the MPSC is obligated to apply the local clearing requirement in a manner consistent with MISO. A general principle of statutory construction is that a statute must be read as a whole and that a seemingly ambiguous provision may thereby be clarified in the context of the whole statute. Id . at 583, 810 N.W.2d 110. A review of the statute as a whole reveals that MCL 460.6w(3) directs the MPSC to establish a capacity charge that a provider must pay if it fails to satisfy the capacity obligations as required under § 6w(8). Section 6w(6), however, directs that no capacity charge be assessed against an alternative electric supplier who demonstrates that "it can meet its capacity obligations through owned or contractual rights to any resource that the appropriate independent system operator [MISO] allows to meet the capacity obligation of the electric provider." MCL 460.6w(6). The parties acknowledge that MISO permits an alternative electric supplier to meet its capacity obligations, including the local clearing requirement, by owning or contracting for capacity resources located outside the applicable local resource zone and does not require each alternative electric supplier to demonstrate a proportionate share of the local clearing requirement.

Similarly, § 6w(6) constrains the MPSC from assessing any capacity charge in a manner "that conflicts with a federal resource adequacy tariff, when applicable," and § 6w(8)(c) requires that the MPSC set any planning reserve margin or local clearing requirements "consistent with federal reliability requirements." These provisions militate against the MPSC's imposition of any local clearing requirements beyond what MISO has established and instead impose on the MPSC a continuing obligation to observe MISO's general practice of imposing local clearing requirements on a zonal, not an individual, basis. Thus, reading MCL 460.6w as a whole indicates that the MPSC must impose a local clearing requirement on alternative electric suppliers in a manner consistent with MISO-that is, on a zonal basis and not individually.

The MPSC notes that § 6w(8)(b) allows cooperative electric utilities to "aggregate [with other cooperative electric utilities] their capacity resources that are located in the same local resource zone" for purposes of satisfying their capacity obligations. The MPSC further notes that municipally owned electric utilities may aggregate their capacity resources with other municipally owned electric utilities. Those entities may resort to "any resource, including a resource acquired through a capacity forward auction, that [MISO] allows to qualify for meeting the local clearing requirement." In its September 15, 2017 order, the MPSC interpreted § 6w(8) as follows:

This provision allowing municipally-owned and cooperative electric utilities to aggregate their resources in order [to] meet the requirements of Section 6w(8) clearly implies that these utilities would otherwise be required to meet the requirements on an individual basis. The Commission finds that it would be unreasonable to interpret the statute such that this obligation for individual compliance "for meeting the local clearing requirement" is placed solely on municipally-owned and cooperative utilities under Section 6w. The Commission can find nothing in the law, and no rational basis, to indicate an intent to place a local clearing requirement only on non-profit utilities. Instead, the law is more logically understood to require that all individual utilities be treated similarly in terms of requirements, and that the aggregation option was intended to assist nonprofit utilities (many of which are small) to comply more easily. Thus, this language further supports the Commission's interpretation that a locational requirement is authorized and may be applied to individual electric providers.

The MPSC argues that because § 6w(8)(b) is silent as to whether an alternative electric supplier may similarly aggregate its resources, the intent of the statute must be to permit the imposition of a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. Again, however, reaching this conclusion requires the inference that § 6w permits the MPSC to establish a capacity obligation that includes an individual local clearing requirement contrary to that imposed by MISO. Because we must strictly construe the statutes that confer power on the MPSC-power that may not be inferred but instead must be conferred by "clear and unmistakable language"-we conclude that MCL 460.6w does not authorize the MPSC to impose a local clearing requirement upon individual alternative electric suppliers. See Herrick Dist. Library , 293 Mich.App. at 582-583, 810 N.W.2d 110.

D. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

We further conclude that, were it necessary to look outside the language of the statute at issue here to ascertain the intent of the Legislature, the order of the MPSC conflicts with the intent of Act 341 as reflected in that act's legislative history. When construing a statute, this Court is required to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Russell v. Detroit , 321 Mich.App. 628, 637, 909 N.W.2d 507 (2017). When statutory language is clear, the intent of the Legislature is clear and we will enforce the statute as written. Id . We look outside the plain words of the statute only when ambiguity within the statute requires it, and we do not use legislative history to cloud clear statutory text. In re Certified Question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit , 468 Mich. 109, 116, 659 N.W.2d 597 (2003). A statute is ambiguous only if it creates an irreconcilable conflict with another statutory provision or if its language is equally susceptible to more than one meaning. Village of Holly v. Holly Twp. , 267 Mich.App. 461, 474, 705 N.W.2d 532 (2005).

As discussed, any authority granted by statute to the MPSC must be conferred by "clear and unmistakable language," Consumers Power Co. , 460 Mich. at 155-156, 596 N.W.2d 126, and the "powers specifically conferred on an agency cannot be extended by inference[.]" Herrick Dist. Library , 293 Mich.App. at 582-583, 810 N.W.2d 110 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, because the language of MCL 460.6w is unambiguous, we interpret the plain language as reflecting the intent of the Legislature without the need to consider the legislative history and conclude that MCL 460.6w contains no clear and unmistakable language granting the MPSC authority to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. The MPSC, however, invites us to interpret the statute as permitting it to assume authority not explicit within the statute. We conclude that even if it were necessary to look beyond the language of the statute to ascertain the intent of the Legislature, the interpretation suggested by the MPSC conflicts with the Legislature's intent when enacting MCL 460.6w as is evident in the legislative history of Act 341.

We note that not all legislative history is equally valuable when attempting to ascertain the legislative intent behind statutory language. In re Certified Question , 468 Mich. at 115 n. 5, 659 N.W.2d 597. Our Supreme Court has instructed that "the highest quality [of] legislative history [is] that [which] relates to an action of the Legislature from which a court may draw reasonable inferences about the Legislature's intent," including "actions of the Legislature in considering various alternatives in language in statutory provisions before settling on the language actually enacted." Id .

Here, the legislative process leading to the passage of Act 341 lasted for almost 17 months and involved numerous amendments and bill substitutes. Senate Bill 437 was introduced on July 1, 2015. It proposed substantial amendment of the Michigan Public Service Commission Act, 1939 PA 3, and the Customer Choice and Electricity Reliability Act, as enacted by 2000 PAs 141 and 142. The bill ultimately emerged from the Senate as Senate Substitute 7 (S7), with a new provision that imposed on alternative electric suppliers a capacity obligation and a demonstration process; alternative electric suppliers who were required to own or contract for enough capacity resources to meet a percentage of their proportionate share of the local clearing requirement. For example, S7 provided in proposed § 6w(2)(C), in relevant part:

An alternative electric supplier ... shall ... demonstrate to the commission, in a format determined by the commission, that for the planning year, ... the alternative electric supplier ... owns or has contractual rights to sufficient dedicated and firm electric capacity to meet the equivalent of 90% of its proportional share of the local clearing requirement ....[ ]

This version of the bill passed the Senate and was transmitted to the House. On December 15, 2016, the House adopted H4 in place of S7. H4 removed the specific language requiring individual alternative electric suppliers to meet a percentage of their proportionate share of the local clearing requirement. H4 also added language to proposed § 6w(6) specifying that an alternative electric supplier could meet its overall capacity obligation with any resource that the appropriate independent system operator (MISO) allows to meet the capacity obligation. The Senate thereafter concurred with H4, and the bill was signed into law. The Legislature thereby rejected statutory language imposing the local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers in favor of statutory language adopting the MISO method of not imposing the local clearing requirement on individual electric providers.

In its September 15, 2017 order, the MPSC stated:

The Commission acknowledges that previous versions of the legislation included a detailed methodology relative to determining the share of a forward locational requirement each provider would have to demonstrate. What changed ... is not that a locational requirement went away entirely, but that an explicit methodology was removed and replaced with provisions that leave decisions on the methodology of how to establish the locational requirement up to the Commission. ... [T]he statute gives the Commission flexibility to determine how best to establish a forward locational requirement and the resources that qualify to meet that requirement.

On appeal, the MPSC suggests that "once the Legislature had MISO's ... long-term resource adequacy plan to use as a guide, Legislators no longer felt the need to provide their own different plans for how to allocate [local clearing requirements] and PRMR [the planning reserve margin requirement]," as is apparent from "the addition of requirements that the Commission request MISO's assistance in setting capacity determination and deference to MISO's determinations of what resources would qualify." In sum, the MPSC urges us to read into the statute an implied grant of authority to the MPSC to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers even though (1) such authority is not clearly and unmistakably granted by the statute, (2) such an interpretation is contrary to the directive of § 6w that the local clearing requirement be imposed in accordance with MISO's practices, which do not impose the local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers, and (3) the Legislature rejected language granting such authority to the MPSC, removing it from the final draft of the statute ultimately enacted. We decline the invitation to engage in these interpretive gymnastics and return to our ultimate concern and primary objective when reviewing an agency decision interpreting a statute, which is the proper construction of the plain language of the statute-that is, to properly construe the statute and to discern and give effect to the Legislature's intent. Rovas , 482 Mich. at 107-108 ; Coldwater , 500 Mich. at 167, 895 N.W.2d 154.

"Where the Legislature has considered certain language and rejected it in favor of other language, the resulting statutory language should not be held to authorize what the Legislature explicitly rejected." Bush v. Shabahang , 484 Mich. 156, 173-174, 772 N.W.2d 272 (2009), quoting In re MCI Telecom. Complaint , 460 Mich. 396, 415, 596 N.W.2d 164 (1999) (alteration omitted). We therefore will not interpret the language adopted in MCL 460.6w as authorizing what the Legislature explicitly rejected when enacting that statute.

E. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ACT

Energy Michigan also contends that the MPSC, through its September 15, 2017 order, made a series of decisions that are essentially a set of improperly instituted rules. An administrative rule is "an agency regulation, statement, standard, policy, ruling, or instruction of general applicability that implements or applies law enforced or administered by the agency...." MCL 24.207. An agency should resort to formal APA rulemaking when establishing policies that "do not merely interpret or explain the statute or rules from which the agency derives its authority," but rather "establish the substantive standards implementing the program." Faircloth v. Family Independence Agency , 232 Mich.App. 391, 403-404, 591 N.W.2d 314 (1998). Under the APA, a "rule" does not include a "rule or order establishing or fixing rates or tariffs," MCL 24.207(c), a "determination, decision, or order in a contested case," MCL 24.207(f), an "interpretive statement" or "guideline," MCL 24.207(h), or a "decision by an agency to exercise or not to exercise a permissive statutory power, although private rights or interests are affected," MCL 24.207(j). "[I]n order to reflect the APA's preference for policy determinations pursuant to rules, the definition of 'rule' is to be broadly construed, while the exceptions are to be narrowly construed." AFSCME v. Dep't of Mental Health , 452 Mich. 1, 10, 550 N.W.2d 190 (1996). An agency, however, may not avoid the requirements for promulgating rules by issuing its directives under different labels. See id . at 9, 550 N.W.2d 190. Whether an agency policy is invalid because it was not promulgated as a rule under the APA is reviewed de novo by this Court. In re PSC Guidelines for Transactions Between Affiliates , 252 Mich.App. 254, 263, 652 N.W.2d 1 (2002).

In Docket No. 340607, Energy Michigan contends that the MPSC, in its September 15, 2017 order, determined that it could impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers and, in essence, enacted rules without complying with the APA. Energy Michigan identifies six such alleged instances, which Energy Michigan notes is not an all-inclusive list:

a. Establishment of a formula for determining each electric provider's "total capacity obligation that it will be required to demonstrate that it has owned or contracted resources to satisfy."
b. A restriction on the use of the MISO Planning Resource Auction to meet capacity needs, where the Commission states that it "is also allowing electric providers to plan on up to 5% of their portfolio to be acquired through MISO's annual capacity auction" where no such restriction formerly existed.
c. Setting of the capacity obligation for the years 2018 to 2021 on the basis of the electric provider's Peak Load Contribution ("PLC") for 2018, without any means to adjust that obligation during the four years, by requiring that "[t]hese PLC determinations will ultimately drive the total amount of capacity obligation that an AES [alternative electric supplier] will be required to meet in its annual demonstration before the Commission."
d. Imposing a locational requirement for obtaining capacity on individual electric providers which will be required for the 2019 demonstration, by affirming "the Commission's interpretation that a locational requirement is authorized and may be applied to individual electric providers."
e. Asserting authority to reinsert by administrative fiat requirements that were removed from the authorizing statute during the legislative drafting process.
f. And ordering that "[t]he Capacity Demonstration Process and Requirements ... are approved" without having developed those requirements through the proper rulemaking process. [Citations omitted.]

These allegations of inappropriate rulemaking primarily relate to the MPSC's imposition of a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. Because we determine that the statute does not provide the MPSC with the authority to impose a local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers, we conclude that it is unnecessary to reach the related issue whether the MPSC's determination concerning the local clearing requirement resulted in improperly promulgated rules.

Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

Meter, P.J., and Tukel, J., concurred with Gadola, J. 
      
      ABATE describes itself as "an interest group of large energy users representing its members before regulatory and governmental bodies and other organizations that affect Michigan's energy pricing, reliability, and terms and conditions of service." ABATE Energy, About ABATE< https://abate-energy.org> (accessed May 8, 2018) [https://perma.cc/QE6D-DNKD].
     
      
      Energy Michigan describes itself as a group devoted to the protection and promotion of "alternative and independent power supply, cogeneration, advanced energy industries and their customers ...." Energy Michigan, About Energy Michigan, Inc.< https://energymichigan.org> (accessed May 8, 2018) [https://perma.cc/LW4E-8UNB]. Energy Michigan intervenes in Michigan Public Service Commission cases affecting those industries. Id.
     
      
      These appeals were consolidated on this Court's own motion. In re Reliability Plans of Electric Utilities for 2017-2021 , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 15, 2017 (Docket Nos. 340600; 340607).
     
      
      A "planning reserve margin requirement" is
      the amount of capacity equal to the forecasted coincident peak demand that occurs when the appropriate independent system operator footprint peak demand occurs plus a reserve margin that meets an acceptable loss of load expectation as set by the commission or the appropriate independent system operator under subsection (8). [MCL 460.6w(12)(e).]
     
      
      A "local clearing requirement" is
      the amount of capacity resources required to be in the local resource zone in which the electric provider's demand is served to ensure reliability in that zone as determined by the appropriate independent system operator for the local resource zone in which the electric provider's demand is served and by the commission under subsection (8). [MCL 460.6w(12)(d).]
     
      
      2016 PA 341, effective April 20, 2017.
     
      
      MCL 460.6w(12)(a) defines the "appropriate independent system operator" as MISO.
     
      
      This decision was made in the context of competing interests between large public utilities, which contend that alternative electric suppliers are not investing in the energy infrastructure of Michigan and therefore are not contributing to long-term energy reliability in the state, and smaller alternative electric suppliers, which provide lower-cost electricity to customers by relying in part on capacity generated outside of Michigan. Large public utilities contend that their costs are higher because of the investment they make in long-term energy production in Michigan, while alternative electric suppliers contend that if they are required to rely almost exclusively on capacity produced within the state, they will be forced to leave the market in Michigan and consumer choice for electricity will effectively be at an end.
     
      
      Actually, the law "is more logically understood" by reference to its own terms. The more logical interpretation of those terms is that the Legislature authorized cooperative or municipally owned electric utilities to aggregate their resources in order to meet the local clearing requirement. We will not infer from the Legislature's failure to impose the local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers, i.e., the Legislature's silence , that it, in fact, intended to impose the local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers. Given that "Michigan courts determine the Legislature's intent from its words , not from its silence," Donajkowski v. Alpena Power Co. , 460 Mich. 243, 261, 596 N.W.2d 574 (1999), the better understanding is, as we have articulated it here, that the Legislature's reference to MISO's standards, which allow the local clearing requirement to be met on a zonal basis, and no language imposing the local clearing requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers, means that the MPSC is without authority to impose such a requirement on individual alternative electric suppliers.
     
      
      Capitalization altered.
     
      
      Energy Michigan's challenges under the APA are tied almost entirely to its challenge to the MPSC's imposition of the local clearing requirement on individual electric suppliers. In its appellate brief replying to the briefing by Consumers Energy, Energy Michigan asserts that "[w]hat Energy Michigan is disputing (setting aside the MPSC's unlawful process for implementing its new rules ...) is whether or not the Commission has the authority to go beyond MISO's zonal LCR [local clearing requirement] and establish a mandatory individual LCR for each electric provider, something that MISO has not done and that is not present in the federal reliability requirements, but would be a new and unique state-level innovation." We agree with Energy Michigan that this is the focus of the parties' dispute and the nearly exclusive focus of the parties' briefing. The challenges under the APA extend beyond the question of the local clearing requirement, but we decline to reach those issues because they are not sufficiently developed in light of the brevity with which all parties treated those challenges.
     