
    Peter Quinn, Respondent, v. The Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company, Appellant.
    
      Negligence — injury to an employee from a trolley car being started while-he was-repairing it—promulgation of rules— care required of the employee—failure to-look and see that the trolley was not on the wire — the starter is the alter ego of the-master—he is not a fellow-serrant— limit imposed on a cross-examination—■ book-of rules prepared after the accident.
    
    In an action brought to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by the-plaintiff while engaged in repairing a trolley car in the repair shop of the defendant, a street railway company, it appeared that the plaintiff began work upon the car in the morning after removing the trolley pole from the wire; that, he went to luncheon at noon, and on returning noticed that the trolley pole was. still free from the wire; that subsequently he went a short distance from the car to get a piece of material, and,.on returning, resumed work without lookingtq see whether or not the trolley pole was in contact with the wire; that subsequently, and without any warning to the plaintiff, a motorman, acting under the direction of the car starter, moved the car and it passed over the plaintiff’s foot, causing him to sustain the injuries complained of. The car could not . have been moved unless the trolley pole had been replaced on the wire.
    The alleged negligence of the defendant was predicated upon the absence of rules for the protection of the plaintiff while engaged in the'work of repairing cars, and upon the failure of the defendant to give him warning of an intention to move the car. The printed rules of the defendant contained no provisions in ■reference to car repairers. The defendant, however, introduced evidence tending to establish that its foreman adopted rules from time to time which he recorded in a book kept in his office. These rules were changed at intervals as the caprice or judgment of the foreman dictated, and were not made accessible to-, all the employees by posting or publication. The foreman claimed that these rules had been signed by the plaintiff, but the latter denied that he had done so.
    
      .Held, that if the defendant sought to escape liability by virtue of the special rules promulgated by its foreman, it was incumbent upon it to show that such rules were brought to the knowledge of the plaintiff;"
    'That the plaintiff was called upon to exercise reasonable care to protect himself against .dangers which were likely to occur in his occupation, but was not obliged to take such extraordinary precautions that an accident could not possibly happen;
    That the failure of the plaintiff to look to see whether the trolley pole had .'been replaced on the wire after he returned from getting the piece of material did , not constitute contributory negligence as matter of law;
    That the duties of the car starter necessarily involved the selection of the cars to be used;
    That this was a duty incumbent upon the master and that it could not be delegated in such a manner as to relieve the latter from liability for negligence in the discharge thereof;
    That the car starter and the plaintiff were not fellow-servants;
    That the court did not err in submitting to the jury the question whether-the defendant Was liable for the negligence of the starter in instructing the motorman to move the car;
    That the court might; in its discretion, limit the cross-examination of a witness to matters brought out on the direct examination;
    That the court did not err in refusing to admit in evidence a book of rules which had been prepared since the accident, and which it was claimed was similar to the one in force at the time of the accident which had been lost, it appearing that there were rules in the book which were not in the, original book, and the entire book being offered in evidence.
    Appeal by the defendant, The Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clei’k of the county of Kings on the 14th day of, November, 1902, upon the verdict of a jury for $8,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 17th day ■of November, 1902, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      I. R. Oeland, for the appellant.
    
      James C. Cropsey, for the respondent.
   Woodward, J.:

The plaintiff in this action was seriously injured in his foot, warranting, it is claimed, amputation, while engaged in repairing cars for the defendant at its Flatbush avenue depot, in the borough of Brooklyn, on the 14th day of February, 1901. There is no substantial dispute about the accident, the principal questions relating ■to the defendant’s liability for the damages resulting from the accident under the admitted circumstances. It appears that a car standing in the depot, about 300 feet from Flatbush avenue, required what is known as a repair piece, which seems to be a loop of iron adjusted over a wheel for the purpose of preventing the trucks getting out of place, and the plaintiff was directed to attend to this work. He says that he went to the car, which was in the repair shop, at about half-past eleven o’clock in the morning, took the trolley pole off the wÍ2-e, so that he would not receive a shock in the ■event of a wire becoming grounded, and began W02’lc. At noon he went to luncheon, and on returning to the shop he noticed that the t2’olley pole was still fi’ee from the wire. He afterward went to look afte2‘ something necessa2y to the work, and resumed his task at the side of the car. In adjusting the repair piece lie had to use an iron bar as a lever to spi'ing the iron into place, and he was down on the floor at the side of the car, with one of his feet just in front of the forward wheel of the rear truck of the car. While in this position, and without any warning, the motorman, acting under the direction of the starte2-, suddenly moved the caí-, the wheels of the rear truck passing over the plaintiff’s foot, producing the injuries mentioned above. Upon the trial the juiy brought in a verdict for -$8,000, and from the judgment entered the defendant appeals, as well as fi’om the order denying a motion for a new trial.

The negligence of the defendant was predicated upon the absence of rules intended to protect the plaintiff while engaged in this work, ór a failure on the part of the defendant and its servants to give any warning of an intention to move this car. The plaintiff put in evidence the printed rules of the defendant in reference to the operation of its cars, etc., but there is no provision covering the conduct of car repairers contained in these rules. The defendant,, however, introduced evidence intended to establish that its foreman had adopted rules from time to time, which he had recorded in a book which he kept in his office, and which he claimed had been signed by the plaintiff, in which rules were laid down in reference-to car repairers. The original book in which these rules' were alleged to have been written was not produced, and there was -some evidence that there had been a fire in the depot just prior to the accident, and that the witness had not seen this book since the fire, and upon this basis secondary evidence of the contents of the book was permitted. The plaintiff testified positively that he had never seen such a book and that he had never signed any such rnle,^and although he had worked at this depot for a number of years, he testified positively that he had never seen the out of order ” signs which it is claimed were required by the rules to be displayed upon cars undergoing repairs, and he was corroborated upon this point by one witness who had worked in the same place for a long time. An offer of a book conceded to have been prepared since the accident, and which was admitted to contain matters not in the original book, but which was claimed to be similar to the one which was alleged té have been in- existence before the fire, was rejected, and this is one of the grounds now urged for reversal. It is true that there were more witnesses who testified to the existence of the book than there were who denied it, but upon the question of this book ever having been brought to the notice of the plaintiff, and of his having signed the same, defendant’s shop foreman testified in the affirmative and the plaintiff in the negative, and the jury had a clear right to determine which of these men told the truth, and their verdict cannot be said to have been against the weight of evidence. Certainly rules which exist only in a book kept in the office of a shop foreman cannot be said to be controlling upon a man who has never seen or heard of them, and when the plaintiff had. established that the printed rules of the company made no provision looking to his. safety, he had shown facts which entitled him to go to the jury upon. the question whether the defendant had exercised reasonable care to provide him a reasonably safe place,, and reasonable protection in the performance of obviously dangerous work. .If there were any rules which had come to the notice of the plaintiff, and he had disregarded these rules, he could not recover; but it was clearly incumbent upon the defendant to show that these special' rules, which the foreman appears to have changed at intervals as caprice or judgment •dictated,, and which were not accessible to all of the employees, as by posting or publication, were brought to the knowledge of the plaintiff, in order to defeat his recovery, if the jury should determine that the defendant had failed in the discharge of its duty to the plaintiff by not giving him proper general rules or special warning of an intention to move this car. We are of opinion that the plaintiff’s evidence presented a question of fact for the jury, and that the verdict is not against the weight of evidence.

We are equally clear that the evidence disclosed facts which justified the jury in drawing the inference that the plaintiff was free from negligence contributing to the accident. It is not the duty of a plaintiff, more than that of the defendant, to take such extraordinary precautions that an accident cannot possibly happen ; he is called upon only to exercise reasonable care to protect himself .against dangers that are likely to occur in his occupation. The ■evidence shows that the plaintiff had removed the trolley pole from the wire at the time of going to work; that he had observed that it was still off when he came back from luncheon, and the fact that he did not look again after going a short distance for a piece of material does not constitute negligence as a matter of law. It was for the jury to say what a reasonably prudent man would or should have done under the circumstances; and as the evidence is undisputed that the car was started by the motor man, the inference follows necessarily that the question of the trolley being on at the exact moment of his going to work was of no importance, even if it was ■on, for the car, so far as appears, did not start until it was put in motion by the act of the motorman in the ordinary operation of the car.

In this view of the case we have only to examine the exceptions. The appellant urges that the court erred in submitting to the jury that the defendant was liable for the negligence of the foreman in instructing the motorman to take the car out. This being a-detail of the work, and the foreman being a competent man, it. could not be negligence on tlié part of the defendant.” In the first.place, the charge does not bear the construction which the appellant, has placed upon it, and the so-called foreman was not a foreman -at: all, but a starter. He was the train dispatcher of the defendant’s, railroad, and was discharging a duty which belonged to the master.. It is the duty of the master to furnish cars which are in proper condition, not alone for. the passengers, but for their, employees. This-, necessarily involves the duty of selecting the cars to be used, and. whoever makes this selection is performing a duty which belongs, to the master, and this duty cannot be delegated in such a manner as to relieve the master from responsibility for negligence yn the-discharge of this duty. (Eaton v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 163 N. Y. 391, 395, and authorities there cited.) The starter and: the car repairer were not fellow-sei’vants within the rule .which, exempts the master from liability for the negligence of coservants,, and the jury were properly instructed, we believe, that they should take this evidence, that the starter directed the' motorman to take-, this particular car out, and that the motorman did so without giving any warning, into consideration in connection with every other-circumstance bearing upon and relevant to it. It had a bearing-upon the question of reasonable care in moving the cars in the-absence of rules governing the conduct of the repairer, or the conditions which should exist when cars were being repaired. When the master selects a particular car, as it is his duty, he necessarily-says that the car is in proper condition to go out. This presupposes, an examination of the car to determine its fitness, and the evidence-in this case shows that the car was known to have been out of repair by one who had power to direct the acts of the plaintiff, and if there had been any inspection- to determine the fitness of this car for service it would have been found -that the plaintiff had not yet completed the repairs, but was actually performing that work. It. seems to us that this was .evidence of negligence on the part of the. master which was proper to be taken into consideration by the jury-in connection with all the other facts and circumstances in the case, and that the exception does not present error.

It is also suggested that the court erred in refusing to permit the-defendant to prove by one of plaintiff’s witnesses on cross-examination that he put the pole on the wire, and also in refusing to permit the same witness to testify that the car was lighted when the witness went into the car. There was no issue upon the question of the witness, who was the motorman who took out the car, placing the trolley upon the wire, for the plaintiff admitted that the car could not have been moved without placing the trolley upon the wire. It was the moving of the car, without personal notice to the plaintiff, or without the formulation and publication of rules calculated to afford him reasonable protection, upon which the defendant’s negligence is predicated. The witness was under cross-examination, and it was within the discretion of the court to limit the examination to matters brought out on the direct examination, and when it was within the power of the defendant to call the witness to establish any fact important to the defense, the mere fact that the court may have confined the cross-examination closer than was necessary does not justify a reversal. We do not mean to intimate that in this case the court erred in this respect, for the questions asked were clearly matters of defense, in so far as they had any bearing, and counsel did not call the witness in behalf of the defendant) so that it was evidently not considered of importance to the case.

Equally are we persuaded that the court did not err in refusing to permit witnesses to testify that it was a custom in the defendant’s shop for persons to sign the rules promulgated from time to time by the shop foreman. The defendant was permitted to prove that various individuals had signed some alleged rules which the shop' foreman had presented to them, and defendant’s shop foreman testified that the plaintiff had signed such rules; but this was denied by the plaintiff, and it was clearly not competent for the defendant to prove a special custom in this one shop in support of its theory that the plaintiff had signed such rules. The evidence of any rule governing the conduct of car repairers was uncertain, and there was no occasion for introducing further speculation into the case by testimony of a custom in reference to rules which may or may not have been found to govern if they had been offered in evidence as they were written. But beyond this, if the jury had believed that there were such rules as had been claimed to be in existence, there was still the question whether the printed rules in a book in the shop foreman’s office, and which had been called to the attention of the plaintiff only at the time of his signature; and which were shown by witnesses not to have been commonly observed in the practical operation of the shop, were adequate; whether such rules by the shop foreman, and which were not where they were commonly seen by the employees and never acted upon, constituted reasonable care on the part of the defendant.

It is equally obvious that the court did not err in refusing to admit in evidence a book of alleged rules which concededly had been prepared since the accident, and which it was claimed was similar to the one which had been lost. It was admitted that there were rules in this particular book which were not in the original, and as the whole book was offered in evidence, it was proper that the book should be excluded.

The verdict for $8,000 is not so far excessive, under the facts disclosed by the evidence, as to justify interference with the conclusion of the jury.

The judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed, with . costs.

Bartlett and Jenks, JJ., concurred in result.

Judgment and order unanimously affirmed, with costs.  