
    POLK'S LESSEE vs. HILL, WINDEL, & OTHERS.
    Nashville,
    June 1811
    Is what cases, and on what grounds the validity of stategrants can be examined.
    This was an action of ejectment, to which the defendants pleaded not guilty, and issue joined.
    The plaintiff produced is evidence a grant form the state of North Carolina to William Polk for 5000 acres, dated April 17, 1800. This grant was founded on a removed warrant from John Armstrong's office, or the office opened pursuant to the act of 1783, c. 2 
    
    The plaintiff proved his boundaries, and that the defendants were settled within them.
    The defendants produced a grant from the state of N. Carolina to John Sevier for 25,060 acres, dated August 28, 1795, with mesne conveyances, deduced form that grant to themselves and proved that the tract of the plaintiff for 3000 acres lay wholly within the limits of the 25060 acre tract, under which they claimed. This grant on the tact of it states that it issued by virtue of forty warrants, of 640 acres each, but does not express, whether they are county, John Armstrong's, military, or pre-emption warrant. A part of the grant is gone by accident or otherwise. It is the part which expresses the consideration. Grants for John Armstrong's claims, and some of the county claims expression the face, the consideration of ten pounds for every hundred acres. Other county claims express the consideration of filty shiftings.
    Pre-emption warrants usually express a consideration of impound per hundred. Military grants express a consideration of the signal bravery and persevering zeal of the effort or sondler. That part of the grant to Sevier, which is lost, respects the consideration, received by state. It stands thus : for and in consideration of —-—p——— unds. This grant or patent, was sealed with the great seal of the state of North Carolina, and had on its face all the requisite forms of a state patent.
    The plaintiff's counsel objected to the reading of this grant in evidence to the jury, on the following grounds, which they said they were able to substantiate :
    First. By the laws of North Carolina, no grant could lawfully issue for as large a number of acres, as are included in the grant to Seveir.
    Second. Because the amount of the consideration, originally expressed on the face of that grant, appears to have been torn out.
    Third. That said grant on its face appears fraudulent, the number of acres, mentioned, being 25060, the number of warrants forty of 640 acres each, and yet the courses and distances, mentioned in its body include more that 50,000 acres.
    Fourth. For the purpose of avoiding said grant to Sevier, it was offered to be proved that the forty warrants of 640 acres each, mentioned in the grant, under which the defendants claim, purpose on their face to have been issued by Landon Carter, entry taker, of Washington county; and that the land covered by said grant, is situate between Cumberland mountain and Tennessee river, and not within said county of Washington.
    Fifth. That the consideration of ten pounds for every hundred, (1 originally in the grant) was fraudulently inserted by procurement of said John Sevier, the grantee.
    Sixth. That no entries were ever made in the office of the entry taker of Washington county, nor elsewhere, authorising the issuing of such warrants.
    Seventh. That said pretended warrants are forgeries.
    Eighth. That at the time of the cession of the western part of the state of North Carolina, now the state of Tennessee, (See act. N. W. 1789 c, 3) to the United States, and at the time of the ratification thereof by Congress, on the 2d April, 1790 (Felwell's ed. L. U. S. p.92) said pretended forty warrants did not exist, not were any locations or entries in the office of the entry-taker of Washington county, from which they appear to have issued, authorising their issuance.
    Ninth. That no consideration for said land was ever paid the state of North Carolina, or any of is officers.
    Tenth. And for the purpose of proving that the consideration mentioned in said grant John Sevier, had been altered from fifty shillings to ten pounds, the counsel for the plaintiff offered to read in evidence a letter from the grantee, under whom the defendants claim, to the Secretary of the state of North Carolina in the following words;
    
    ‘‘Jonesborough 12 Nov. 1795,
    "Dear sir,
    "I am highly sensible of your goodness and friendship in executing my business at your office in the manner and form, which I the the liberty to request.
    “ Permit me to solicit a completion of the small remainder in the hands of Mr. Gordon.
    Should there be no impropriety, I should consider myself much obliged to have ten pounds inserted in the room of fifty shillings. I have instructed Mr. Gordon, to furnish yen with a plat of the amount of three 640 acres, which I consider myself indebted to you for fees, &c. which I beg you will phase accept, in case you can conceive that the three warrants will be adequate to the sum I am indebted to you.
    Eleventh. It was insisted that the person who had signed his name, as deputy surveyor, was not such, and therefore the grant was void.
    ARGUMENT FOR THE PLAINTIFF.
    The counsel for the plaintiff in support of these objections to the reading of the grant, said that if the truth of the case could be come at, they would be able to shew a more stupendous fraud, that was ever perpetrated in any country. The Yizoo speculation was but as an atom in principle compared to it. Can it be possible, in any civilized country whose laws are founded on the imputable principles of morality, that legal principles shall close the door against inquiry in such a case?
    According to the doctrine which had been lately advanced, if an officer of government do an act, it must be binding on all, however unjust and iniquitous. No matter who is injured, the state or an individual, it must stand good. The face of the patent, it is admitted, imports a presumption that the officers of the government of the state of N. Carolina, who issued it acted honestly and according to law. But the principle is well known, that presumptions only stand until the contrary be shown. We are prepared to show the contrary, if we are permitted. We state that these objections can be substantiated by proof. The court must presume it to be true in this stage of the cause. A fraudulent transaction, any person may show though he be a stranger, and make such act void. If this were not the case, no person could be safe, and fraud would be patronised instead of being suppressed. The idea of the acts of ministeria officers being beyond inquity, on the ground of fraud is absurd, and contrary to every principle to be found in the books. The Governor and Secretary of North Carolina, who issued this grant, are nothing more than manisterial officers.
    It is true, the entry books of Washington county, whence we say these warrants issued, have been destroyed, or accidentally lost, but we have an abstract, showing the names of the enterers, and the quantities entered. After the loss of the entry book, this abstract is the best evidence the nature of the case admits. Reporters of the decisions in other states, show that fraud in obtaining grants may be inquired in us. This has been particularly the case in Maryland and Virginia.
    There us no law of North Carolina, authorising the issuing of grants for more than 5000 acres in any case, except in a few cases to officers in the army of a superior grade. This will appear by reference to the act of gov. 1777 c. 1 s. 3 respecting county claims, the act 1783 c. 2 s. 9 John Armstrong's and 1782 c. 2 s. 6, the military claims. The act of 1784 c. 19 authorising the consolidation of claims, is confined to the swamp lands near the seaboard in N. Carolina. In never was intended to apply to the middle, and much less to the western part of the state.
    
      On this ground therefore the grant is void, and ought not to be read to the jury. The secretary acts as a mere agent or attorney in fact, in issuing the grant. If he exceed his powers, his act will be void. It has been urged that it was customary for N. Carolina to consolidate claims for lands lying there, as well as in this state, and that usage is the safest interpreter of laws, where they are doubtful. This we admit; but we never heard of such grants, except in a few instances to Stokely Donelson.
    The second objection is also material. As the grant stands, there is no consideration expressed on the face of it. It is unintelligible. A consideration is indispensible to the validity of a deed. 2 Bl Com. 296, and it was decided in the case of Butt's Lessee in this court, that the same rules and principles of law, which apply to deeds, apply to grants. An erasure or interlineation in a material part of a deed destroy its validity. Consequently the effect of this grant, as to the conveyance of the interest, is done away. False suggestions in a grant render it void agreeably to all the books; surely the part which expresses the consideration is material, and if there be any difference it must be the most so; it is therefore important, this part of the grant should be preserved, and remain intelligible; without it the grant can have no effect. The consideration expressed having been torn out, it was incumbent on the defendants to produce a registered copy of the grant, as the next test evidence; this they might have done; not having done so, it will be presumed this alteration was intentional and fraudulent.
    The third objection to the reading this grant, is very important, and on its result much of the interest of society depends. The grant is founded on forty warrants of 640 acres each, (making 25,000 acres) and yet to calculate the acres included within the lines as called for is the grant, there are upwards of 50,000 acres. This could not have been a mere mistake in the Secretary in making out the grant; the excess is too great for such presumption; there must have been fraud in this transaction; whether fraudulent or not the idea cannot be endured, that the grantee shall be permitted to hold the whole of the land; if void for a part it is void for the whole, 17 Vin. Ab. 80. The maxim id certum est quod certum reddi potest. Strongly applies to this case. By calculation it can easily be reduced to certainty how much land there is within the bounds called for in the grant.
    
      Fourth objection. We say by recurring to the plat and certificate of survey annexed to the grant, the particular number of these warrants will appear: Neither the grant nor plat states what kind of warrants they were, whether county, military, or John Armstrong's warrants, but we can prove by the Secretary of North Carolina, in whose office the warrants, under the authority of which the survey was made, are lodged, that they are Carters warrants, or in other words, were issued purporting to be pursuance to locations made are the entry taker's office for Washington county, of which Carter was entry taker. If permitted we can further prove that warrants of the same numbers passed into grants elsewhere, and to other persons. This however, is not the inquiry at present. The land now in dispute lies within to commits laid off for the satisfaction of John Armstrong's claims, agreeable to the acts of April 1783 c. 2 and April 1784, c. 14 s. 2. These lands were sold at ten pounds per hundred,  and the county claims or those from the entry takers office of Washington county were sold by the state of N. Carolina at fifty shillings generally, or most but five pounds a hundred.
    These lands lie within the particular limits described and laid off by law, exclusively for the satisfaction of John Armstrong's claims.
    Those are county warrants on which Seveir's grant issued, as we can show; they could not be surveyed and granted at the place where they were, which was intended by law for another purpose.
    It is not reasonable to suppose that the legislature ever designed that county warrants, the consideration of which paid the state, was only fifty shillings, should be surveyed and granted on the lands which it designed should be set aside for the satisfaction of those claims, for which it had received ten pounds per hundred.
    Nor do the statutes warrant this idea; a short review will show this. The act of April 1783 c. 3. s. 7, describes the boundary within which the military claims were to be appropriated; the 8th section forbids any other person except pre-emptioners, to enter therein within three years, s. 4; this exclusive right to the officers and soldiers, was continued from time to time, as will appear by various acts 1786, c. 20. s. 2, 4. act 1789 c. 69, as well as the defendant state courts in the cases of Overton's lesser vs. Philips and Campbell, and Goodloe's lessee vs. Wilson.
    The act of 1783, c 3, opens John Armstrong's office. The third section of this act describes what was usually called Brown's line, due north of the mouth of Clouds creek, was wardly of which, it never was lawful to make entries in any of the county offices, April 1778 c. 3, s. 5, and the 4th section of the act of 1783 show the same thing. April 1780, c. 25, s. 9, contains the same idea. The 5th section of the act of 1783, c. 2, points out the lands designed for the use of the Indians, which narrows the Indian limits allotted by the act of 1778, c 3. s. 5. At all times, however, it was unlawful to enter land within the limits allotted them. We can show if we be permitted, that the entries under which the defendants claim, were made westwardly of Brown's line, and within the Indian boundary, and contrary to law. Many of the entries on which there warrants were issued, were made on lands, for which there was no authority by law; therefore the grants founded on them must be void. But we contend that admitting it to be law, that warrants or entries can be removed to vacant lands, when lost by better claims, at the place originally located; first, that such removal must be confined to the limits of the country in which the original entry was made; and secondly, if that be not the case, we contend that these removals cannot be made, to lands appropriated to special purposes, as for military, John Armstrong's, and the Indian claims, pointed out as above; each species of claim was to be confined to its proper limits, within which other claims were forbidden, either expressly or impliedly, to be entered, surveyed or granted. Now the warrants on which Sevier's grant issued, were removed from the county of Washington to the place where it was granted, within the special limits allotted for J. Armstrong's claims.
    The two acts which authorize removals are April 1784 c. 14, s. 7, and October 1784, c. 19, s. 6. These acts were manifestly intended to apply to John Armstrong's claims alone; the captions and whole tenor of these two acts, show, that county claims were not intended. In aid of this construction the reason of the thing is very forcible. The country claims cost but fifty shilling, and to permit their removal to lands, on which individuals had an equitable lien from the limits laid off for J. Armstrong's, and the payment of higher consideration, would be absurd.
    The correct construction, therefore, is, that these removals should be confined to John Armstrong's claims; or at least, if county claims should be permitted to be removed, it should be within the same county in which the entries were made; in either cases the survey and grant of Sevier, were not authorised by law, and therefore void.
    It will be contended, no doubt, that matter dehors the grant cannot be received in evidence to destroy its validity, but so far as it respects the introduction of the plat and certificate, the rule cannot apply in any event; it is a part of the grant itself and is so considered by law. Any thing referred to by a deed, though not under seal, makes a part of the deed, and will be taken into view to its construction, or otherwise. In fact any thing which has relation to the deed may be given in evidence. It results from these authorities as a necessary inference, that the plat and certificate of survey, may be given in evidence, and so indeed, may any other evidence showing the grant was improperly obtained, and therefore void.
    The fifth and tenth objection relate to the fraudulent conduct of the grantee and secretary of North Carolina, as respects the consideration of ten pounds for every hundred acres being inserted in the grant, instead of fifty shillings. which we contend was the consideration that ought to have been inserted, supposing the warrants to have been genuine. Will it ever be permitted to individuals to screen themselves under cover of a grant, when they have committed a fraud themselves, and procured an officer of government to commit one, in issuing the grant? Fraud is so odious in the eye of the law, that it vitiates and nullifies every thing it touches, or with which it is connected.
    The sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth objections, it is of importance to consider in one point of view. In fact, this general view which will now be proposed, will embrace the eight last objections.
    The general question is, will evidence he received in a court of law debors grant from the state, to render it void, or destroy its validity? In the examination of all the objection we have taken except the first and second, this question is important. We contend that agreeably to the principles of the common law, the king's grants may be avoided in a court of law on the ground of fraud, deception or false suggestions: and that the grants from the state are on the same footing. In various insurances evidence to show such fraud or deception has been received in courts of law under the general pleadings applicable to each action as in 17 Vin. Ab. 78, 104, 114, 10 Co. 10, Legals case, 4 Co. 71, 6 Co. 15, 1 Co. 40, 6 Mod. 229, 3 Co. 77, Burr 396.
    In England, grants are repealed according to the principles of the common law; it is done on the law, and not on the equity side of the court of chancery. It is done in the petty bag, and no instance can be produced, where a grant was ever avoided by the court of equity in England. They are either expressly repealed & cancelled, or considered as void whenever, under the general issue in a court of law, evidence is produced showing they ought so to be considered, on the ground of fraud or deception. Courts of equity act in personam only, not in rem. How. consistently with the primary principles of such a court, can the chancellor proceed to cancel a patent when setting to a court of equity? A court of equity would not relieve against a judgment at law, how then can it be expected it would relieve against a grant improperly obtained.
    The act reviving the court of equity in North Carolina 1782, c. 11, gave it the same powers usually exercised by the courts of chancery previous to the revolution; hence, subsequent decisions of the English courts of equity, since the revolution, ought not to be received in our courts. Many of them tend to enlarge to the jurisdiction of the chancery court, and ought not to be adopted here. The true principle is, that where a person can get relief at law, he cannot go into equity. The books show, that for fraud in obtaining a grant, remedy may be had at law.
    The only case we know of, where a person would be authorised to go into equity, is to enable the youngest grantee to quiet his estate; by preventing multiplicity of suits.
    Thus we have shown, that a court of equity cannot give relief-a court of law therefore must.
    What would be the use of driving a person into a court of equity, to be relieved against an act, which is, and ought to be, absolutely void.
    The policy of the law should make it the interest of every individual in the community to suppress fraud; therefore it results, that an act void in its commencement, is always void, to matter what subsequent circumstances may attend is.
    
    
      If this fraudulent transaction originated with the governor of North Carolina, set it aside in the same manner you would do with an individual. The principle of the English law is that every act in derogation of the rights of the king is void, so it is with us in relation to the state. It should be made the interest of every individual to take care of the public good. The public should not be cheated or defrauded, nor would it be unreasonable that every person in society should hold his property on that condition.
    Our law has providid a remedy against the holding of more lands than a grant calls for, the surplus is to be thrown off. This, however, cannot be done in this action, and would it not be better, that the grantee of this land should be obliged to give the whole of it up, than the state should be injured, by being deprived of so much valuable soil.
    Our objections suppose that the grantee never paid North Carolina, its officers, or any other person, a single cent for this land. Surely we shall be permitted to introduce such testimoney as we have in our power, to substantiate these objections. The officers of North Carolina were not authorised to issue a grant without the receipt of the purchase money; if they did, their authority was exceeded, and the grant void.
    There are a variety of cases to be found in the books, in which extrinsic testimony was received in ejectment and other actions in courts of law, to show, that the king's grant was void on the ground of fraud or deception.  A consideration not expressed in a deed, may be shown by plea, or evidence, as well as any thing which has reference to a deed.
    
    There can be neither sound policy, nor any good moral reason was extrinsic testimony should not be received to avoid this grant. 1 Fonb. 263.
    There is a distinction, to be sure, between an act that is absolutely void, and one that is only voidable, as may be seen from 1 Bl. Rep. 192 2 Str. 1154, it is equally true, that there are many cases where acts must be construed voidable only from their very nature; as in case of grants, our act of assembly having expressly said, that unless registered within receive moneys they shall be void, yet the court at Clarksville said it was only voidable, and by the state alone. The principle case, however, is different; as in contemplation of law the grant never had any force or efficacy; it was absolutely void, on the ground of fraud.
    Where the legislature of North Carolina has used the word void in any of its statutes, it intends to communicate the idea, we have contended for that the act thus spoken of shall be so considered either in law or equity, whenever such a case discloses itself by evidence, either directly, or collaterally.
    The 9th section of the act of November 1777, c. 1, is decisive on this ground. Agreeably to that section, if a grant be procured contrary to the provisions of, or in evasion of that act, it will be void; that is absolutely void, not merely voidable.  The construction given by our courts to the expression void in the acts of 1786. c. 20 s. 1 1787 c. 23 s. 1. is that the grants therein contemplated, are absolutely void. These two acts produced the main question in the case of Vincent's lessee vs. Conrad. It was on the ground of this construction, that the practice obtained, of permitting the entry to be given in evidence in a court of law, to do away the effect of a parent. The 8th section of the act of 1783, c. 3. respecting the officers and soldiers received the same construction by the courts of the state, as is evident from the cases of Overton's lessee vs. Philips and Campbell, and Goodloe's Lessee, vs. Wilson.
    The general principle of the common law, we know is, that the oldest grant shall prevail against a younger one, in a court of law; unagreeably to our practice, founded on the statutes of 1786, c. 20. and 1787 c. 23 a younger grant, when supported by an older entry is permitted to be given in evidence in ejectment. This construction is agreeable to the principles of the common law, in relation to grants of the king 2 Bl. Com. 348. This authority has given us a summary of the law of England on this point. If the king be deceived in his grant by fraud, false recipies, or false suggestions, his grant shall be void. Judge Tucker of Virginia, is of opinion that the same law which applies to the king respecting his grants, are obligatory in relation to the grants of the commonwealth.
    We are told, these defendants are innocent purchasers, and however fraudulent the transaction might have been, as between the state and grantee, it should not affect subsequent purchasers, who are innocent men, and the case in the supreme court, respecting the Yazoo claimants has been mentioned in support of this proposition. We have heard much of the doctrine of innocent purchasers in this state, before the decision in that case; it is entirely new, and never was heard of in a court of law before. Suppose a man's horse is stolen, and sold to different persons who know nothing of the theft, will this give the purchasers an indefeasible right to the horse? The case of a gross fraud is perfectly similar. The state has been defrauded out of its land; it has never received a single cent as a consideration for it; the transaction is void in its commencement; communicates no right in the eye of the law, and consequently there is, legally speaking, no property, of which subsequent purchasers can possess themselves, however innocent they may be.
    When a title is fraudulently obtained, subsequent purchasers are in no better situation than the original grantee, who is guilty of the fraudulent act. This grant, however, is fraudulent on the face of it, so that it does not fall within the principle which protects subsequent innocent purchasers. The courses expressed in the grant, will show that it contains upwards of fifty thousand acres, instead Of 25060, which is sufficient to put purchasers on an inquiry. Smith vs. Lowe. 1 Atk. 490.
    The eleventh objection, presents a distinct ground; we say it appears from the plat annexed, that George Gordon, who signed himself a deputy surveyor, surveyed this land, and that he never was a deputy surveyor, nor had any authority from the principal surveyor to make surveys. If he had any, it ought to be shown by the defendants who claim under the survey.
    It would be the most unreasonable thing immaginable, that the surveys of private individuals, should be considered good against the state or individuals; the law requires that surveyors should give bond and security, by which a faithful discharge of their duties is secured; this is not the case with private individuals; the state has no security on them for their good conduct; consequently, any act of such a person is void, and cannot be the foundation of any right.
    The eighth objection requires particular examination. In the year 1789, c 3 the state of North Carolina ceded to the United States her western lands, now the state of Tennessee) on certain conditions ; one of which, (the second) secures to that state the right of perfecting certain inchoate titles. The right of removal, by this act, is confined to military, and John Armstrong’s claims ; and it must be admitted that so far as this act is contrary to prior acts, they are repealed ; hence we say the acts of April 1784 c 14 s 7 and October 1784 c 19 s 6 so far as respects county claims, are repealed.
    The act of cession, contains the terms of a contract between the state of North Carolina and the United States, which ought not to be evaded nor departed from. Besides, that condition of the cession, only provides for perfecting titles where entries had been made. In this case we say, and wish to prove, that no entries were ever made; therefore the power of perfecting titles which North Carolina had reserved to herself by the cession act, has been exceeded, in the issuance of this grant; it is therefore void, and particularly so, as it is destructive of the rights of a third party, who had no agency in the issuing the grant.
    Before taking leave of this subject, it is necessary to notice the construction put on the 9th s of the act of Nov. 1777 c 1. It provides that all grants obtained contrary to the provisions of the act, or in fraud, evasion, or elusion of it, shall be void; it has frequently been decided, that all our land laws are to be taken as one, in their construction ; they are to be construed pari materia ; hence it results that the provisions of the 9th s, extend to subsequent acts. What is the meaning of that section is the inquiry. The defendants counsel state, that it only extends to such things as the laws require to be done, previous to issuing the grant ; is a part of the civil, and not political institutions of the country, designed to regulate the conduct of individuals in relation to one another, and not their conduct in relation to the state. The words of the section are general; it contains no idea restrictive of its meaning, as the counsel for the defendants contend ; why should it be restrained, there is no reason for it, either in public convenience or private morals. If a grant is unjustly and fraudulently obtained, it is correct it should be void ; and what can be more unjust than obtaining a grant from the state without paying a cent for it.
    In North Carolina it was a long time contested, that a grant might be considered void in a court of law, by virtue 
      of the 9th section of the act of 1777 ; at length after much contest it was decided that the propriety of obtaining a grant, might be inquired of in a court of law.  The law has been considered as settled there, ever since, and so we expect it will be settled in this state.
    ARGUMENT FOR THE DEFENDANTS.
    We object to the testimony offered, not because justice is not on our side, for we believe it may be safely averred, that if the testimony were received, the defendants can satisfy the court by evidence on their part, that there was nothing immoral or improper in procuring the grant from the state. The defendants could prove, if it were necessary, the payment of the consideration money for these entries, to the state of North Carolina. It might not nave been paid at the time the locations were made, it might have been paid when the paper currency of the revolution was much depreciated ; it was however still a payment ; was received by Carter the entry taker as such, for which he accounted to the state, agreeably to his bond and security,  or was held responsible, which was the same thing to us. Whether these locations were entered on the books of the entry taker, and thus technically speaking became entries, we care not, though we are informed they were. It is admitted, the entry books of Washington county were lost or destroyed, about the year 1795. The plaintiffs counsel say they have an abstract (by some private individual, there being no law for it.)
    Every person who knows any thing of the state of the land claims in this country, must be informed, that this abstract is a very imperfect document: the books copied by the agent to North Carolina, respecting Carter’s warrants, show this. The number of the entry or warrant, in that office, proves nothing : it was opened as early as the year 1777, and such was the imperfect manner in which it was kept. We have no statute in existence, making this abstract evidence in courts of law. The 12th section of the act of 1807 c. 2, refers to this abstract, as evidence to the board of commissioners, in adjudging unperfected land claims ; with them it is not conclusive, it is only assistant.
    It is further asserted by us, that the warrants which authorised the issuing of the grant under which the defendants claim, are genuine warrants, issued by Landon Carr, who was entry taker of the county of Washington. But we ask how can their genuineness be proved, otherwise than by the production of the original warrants in court. It is not pretended that they are in court ; only copies are offered to be produced; the warrants are filed with the plat of survey, in the secretary’s office of North Carolina. 
    
    A decisive answer is at hand for this part of the case ; the officers of government who were employed to issue the grant, were the proper judges whether the warrants were genuine or not. The emanation of the grant, is conclusive evidence that they were, in any dispute between citizen and citizen ; as between the state and grantee, the question might be different ; but we hear of no complaint from that quarter.
    After these preliminary remarks, we proceed to the examination of the several objections made by the plaintiff’s counsel, to the reading in evidence the grant to Sevier. It may not, however, be unimportant to inquire, in the first place, whether the present application to reject the grant be not a little singular. The plaintiff has instituted a suit, which supposes an injury ; how can the plaintiff say he has been injured? In the year 1795 the state granted the land to Sevier ; the plaintiff then had no claim to this land, neither equitable nor legal. He had made an entry for 5000 acres it is true, but in another place, perhaps, a hundred miles from the place now claimed ; in the year 1800 he removes this entry, surveys, and obtains a grant as now claimed.
    This is a succinct, but correct history of the plaintiff's claim. What right has the plaintiff to complain, that the state had granted this land to Sevier in 1795? He had no claim to it at that time, to be affected. The state was competent to grant it, and to judge of the evidence necessary to authorise such grant. Suppose the state was defrauded, was this any thing to Polk, who had not taken any step to appropriate this land ? The case of Uptea vs. Bautte, Cro. Elis. 445, shows the idea of the common law in relation to this subject. At the common law there was not any fraud remedant which should defeat an after purchase but that only, which was committed to defeat a former interest. When the state granted the land to Sevier, folk had no owner interest to be defeated. This principle of the common law, is not in general, unreasonable. The statutes of the 16th and 27th of Elizabeth respecting fraudulent conveyances, it is true, has introduced a new principle, but it cannot apply to the present case.
    The common law principle, is expressly recognized in the treatise on fraudulent conveyances, by Roberts, p 7. 8, 9, 14, 32, 59; so is the alteration by the introduction of a new principle, p 35, 40, 46 to 59, 463 4. It is by these statutes that subsequent legal purchasers are enabled to invalidate prior conveyances, on the ground of fraud ; and this provision is intended, principally as a punishment on the person, conveying with a fraudulent intent. It is the intent, or malefides of the person conveying, which brings the statute into operation. From the nature of things, this principle of the statute law, cannot apply to the case before the court.
    Who is it conveys in this case? the state. Now the state, in legal presumption, could not have conveyed to Sevier, with an intent to defraud any perfon ; we say, neither the principles of the common law, nor of the statutes, will enable the plaintiff to support the objections he has taken, to the reading this grant.
    On this ground, however, we do not mean to place our reliance entirely ; the objections are opposed by the clearest principles of law.
    The first four objections will be separately considered.
    It is said, there is no law in existence authorising the issuing of a grant for more than 5000 acres; that ours is for 25060 acres, and therefore void. To this, we oppose the sound and correct interpretation of the act April 1786 c 19 s 3, together with the usage of the state, in issuing grants since the passage of that act. The act is in these words, "where two or more persons agree to have their entries surveyed in one or more surveys, the surveyor is hereby empowered and required, to survey the same accordingly in one entire survey.” In the principal case it appears, the survey was made by virtue of forty warrants founded on as many entries ; the presumption of law, is, that these entries were made in the names of different persons,  and as the law permits the assignment of entries and warrants, it is also a legal presumption, that the whole of these forty warrants were assigned to Sevier, to warrant the grant issued. Sevier having obtained all these entries or warrants by assignment, he applied to the surveyor to survey them in one entire survey. Could he, consistently with the spirit and meaning of the law, refuse it? he could not ; the consent of any other person than Sevier, was not necessary. He owned these warrants, and in him was concentrated by assignment, all the power of consolidating the claims, that resided in the original claimants. But we are told, that the first section of the act of April 1784 c 19 which contains the preamble, is a key to unlock the meaning of the act. The preamble speaks of the difficulty in surveying swamps in the eastern part of the state.
    We admit, the section provides a remedy for the evi, complained of in the preamble, and is particularly applicable to swamp lands. The third section is a general provision, applicable to all kinds of land, in every part of the state ; its words are general, and we cannot suppose the legislature meant the same thing it did in the second section ; to enact the same thing over again.  If this act were doubtful, we might recur to usage under it.  What has been the practice of the state under this law? To consolidate claims whenever desired; witness the large tracts granted in North Carolina about the years 1794 and 1795, to Allison, the Blounts and others, when the rage for land speculation ran so high. So it is, with respect to grants by North Carolina for lands in this state, where a number of large tracts have been granted to different individuals. Did any person ever hear till now, that those grants were void? If so, thousands of innocent families will be turned out of house and home in both states. 
    
    The second objection is almost too frivolous to require refutation. It is manifest how the grant stood; that the consideration was ten pounds per hundred. It must have been pounds, and waether five or ten, is unimportant; it must have been one or the other, there being none other known of in the law. The habendum in the grant, shows it to have been the liteaded of the state, that the grantee and his heirs should never suits land to their own use, and by our law as to deeds a consideration is not necessary. 
    
    The books all agree, that it is not necessary that a consideration should be expressed on the face of a bargain and sale ; it is sufficient that is was paid, and may be proved aliunde. In 1 Hm. Rep. 99, a grant was permitted to be read though the seal was turn off. In bargains and sales, if it be for and in consideration of money received, it is sufficient without specifying the particular sum.
    
    
      We refer the court also to Johnsons Rep. 402, Maryland Rep. 227-9 and 331. The grant should not be adjudged void if by any principle it may have effect. In deeds of fecffment no consideration is necessary to the passing of the estate. The general principle of the common law is, that instruments under seal ex rei natura, import a consideration, and surely there is much greater reason for the application of this principle, as it respects so solemn an act, as state grant.
    The third objection is equally untenable. Whether the courses and distances expressed in the grant, on calculation by a surveyor would contain more than 25060 acres, we are unable to say ; or, whether the lines will actually measure the distances called for, is uncertain ; perhaps the surveyor has made a mistake, in calling for the distances. The truth of the case is, we know, that there is not near the quantity of land called for, beside older and better claims. The state might have taken that circumstances into consideration, and no doubt did, for the plat will show that older claims were thrown out. For argument sake, we will admit that the lines are actually of the length called for; still the grant is good for all that is contained within the lines as actually marked. This has been too often decided to be brought in question now. 
    
    The other objection we shall consider specially, in proper time, but we have one argument which applies to the whole of them. Shall evidence dehors the grant, be received in a court of law, to destroy its validity? We say not, and we think this can be established by the and principles of the common law, adjudged eases, and public convenience. A principle, which pervades the last eight objections of the plaintiff, involves the following suppositions; first, that it is proper to read the plat and certificate of survey, as part of the grant, or as evidence dehors ; secondly, that on reading the plat and certificate of survey showing the numbers of the warrants, that it will be proper to go further into extrinsic testimony, to prove that these were county warrants, with circumstances to show that there never were any entries, or genuine warrants; and that no consideration was paid the state.
    The propriety of these inquiries has been urged on principles of common and statute law. It is insisted that the plat is a part of the grant; our act of Assembly will settle this point. The 10th section of the act of Nov. 1777, c. 1. directs that the surveyor shall make two plats, which he shall return to the secretary, who shall file one in his office and annex the other to the grant. If it were the intention of the legislature to make it a part of the grant, it would so have expressed itself; but it conveys a very different idea, by saying, it shall be annexed. Again the 11th section of the same act, directs the secretary to make out grants, and record them in his office, before delivery to the owner. What has been the practical construction, not only of the secretary, uniformly and from the earliest date, but of the registers in the different counties, in relation to recording grants. Have they deemed it necessary to record the plat and certificate of survey, as being part of the grant? No: they have not—gentlemen cannot dispute what we assert, that neither the secretary of North Carolina, nor the registers of the different counties in the state, ever thought the law required the registration of the plat and certificate of survey. The 10th section conveys a clear and distinct idea to the contrary, when it requires the secretary to five one of the plats in his office; if it intended to have it recorded, it would have made use of the word record instead of five. Did you ever hear of an objection in a court of justice to the reading a grant, or a copy, that the plat and cerficate of survey were not annexed in the one case, or certained as a part of the copy in the other? Never. Would it not have been made vetore this, had it been esteemed an essential part of a grant. Surely it would.
    As our law required grants to be registered in the secretary's office, as well as in the counties in which the land might be situated ; as grants, without the plats and certificates have uniformly been registered in all these offices, and all this acquiesced in without an expression of a doubt, either in, or out of court, we may fairly conclude the law did not consider a plat and certificate of survey, as part of a grant at all. What design the legislature had, in requiring that it should be annexed to the grant, is unimportant ; perhaps to exhibit to the claimant a more perfect view of his tract, to enable him to sell it with more facility; of, as affording further information than could be obtained from the face of the grant. Beside these considerations, it might be useful, in enabling the secretary to make out a grant with correctness. Be these matters as they may, we hold it as clear law, that the plat makes no essential part of the grant, and as such cannot be read.
    
    If received at all, it must be under the general principle, that extrinsic evidence may be received with a view to invalidate a grant. This brings on the general question.
    In England, the doctrine of considering grants void in courts, in a variety of instances, seems incident to the rights of prerogative. Amidst the numerous and contradictory decisions to be found in the English books on this subject, a sensible distinction is recognized ; it lies between grants made on the suggestion of the grantee, as expressed on the face of the grant, and where the letters patent are the words of the king. Various statutes in England have required these suggestions to be stated in the grant.
    
    The statute law of England respecting prerogativa regis, never was adopted in this country. By statute, these suggestions or recitals of the information received from the applicant (grantee) for a patent, were intended for the King’s benefit. If false, the statute enacted that grants should be void. The motive for granting, was expressed in the grant by way of recital. By law it was incumbent on every person to examine into the truth of the statements made in the recital; If the King was deceived the grant was void. In common sense, there should be a distinction between grants, where the consideration has been received, and so affirmed by the king; and where they depend for their consideration on the suggestion of the party. Hence, we see, that when the king designs to make an indefeasible grant; he does it of his special grace, and mere motion, or expresses the consideration to have been received. The authority relied on by the other side, that a grant void in part shall be void for the whole, shows that the case only applies to the king, and that too in the case of independent clauses. The law is not so, says the book, when applied to a common person. With these distinctions respecting the King's grants, viz. those founded on affirmation and those founded on suggestion, or in other words assertive and suggestive, the differences in the books may be reconciled. Our grant contains no recital, and is of the assertive kind. The first class is bottomed on the knowledge of the person conveying ; the other on the information of others. Where the books speak of the king having been deceived, and that therefore the grant is void, we expect the consideration of such a grant to have resulted from information, a case of recital as in 17 Vin. Ab. 78, 104, 114. 10 Co. 110 Legat’s case, 4 Co. 71, 6 Co. 15. 1 Co. 40. 6 Mod. 229. 5 Com. Dig. 281, tit. patent F. 1 E. which have been relied on by the plaintiff; all of which, either belong to the last class of cases, or do not apply to that before the court. The case in 1 Burr. 396, was an action on the case, and that in 3 Co. 77 in Chancery.
    We admit the distinction laid down in 1 Fonb. 122, c. 2 s, 8, n. z. in notes. In this, we perceive a judicious compilation of the exceptions to the general rule of law, that evidence dehors, shall not be received, to impeach or destroy a deed or grant. Patents vest such a title as cannot be disputed or divested in ejectment.  The last case is an adjudication precisely in point.
    The general rule of law, is, that extrinsic testimony shall not be received to destroy a grant or deed. The case before the court falls within none of the exceptions to the general rule, as laid down in 1 Fonb. 122, n— and this general rule excludes the testimony now proposed, to impeach the grant to Sevier.
    There is a clear distinction to be found in all the books, between acts which are absolutely void, and such as are only voidable.
    
    It is illustrated in Whelpdale’s case, 5 Co. 119. and in Bacon’s Ab. tit. void and voidable.
    
    In England, the King’s grants shall be construed to take effect, if, by any legal means they can, and always favorably for the subject. 
    
    
      The authorities adduced by the plaintiff's counsel, showing that instruments referred to in deeds may be received in evidence, under certain limitations, we admit are correct. We have already spoken in answer to them ; No instance however, has ever occurred in courts of law, where such evidence was received, with a view to destroy the validity of a deed ; except in the cases referred to in 1 Fonb. 122, c 2 s 8, n z—and under particular statutes, as concerning fraudulent conveyances, gaming, &c.
    From a full and correct view of all these cases, we conclude, the general principle of law, is, that evidence dehors a grant, cannot be received to impeach it ; and consequently, that the evidence now sought to be introduced, cannot be received.
    We have been told that courts of equity have not power to avoid a grant, and that no instance has ever occurred in an English court of equity. In answer to this assertion we refer the court to 17 Vin. Ab. 119, pl. 22, 1 Ver. 270. 370, 390, where the reverse of this proposition is expressly laid down ; we also refer to the practice of every state in America, where there is a court of equity. It is particularly insisted on, that our courts of equity have no such power ; whatever might be the case in England. In that country, the jurisdiction of the court of equity has been continually increasing; this cannot, say our opponents, be the case here, because the act of 1782. c 11, establishing our courts of equity, has limited its powers to the cases, of which such courts had cognizance previously to the revolution.-This reasoning is by no means admitted. The second section of the act provides, that the court of equity shall possess such powers "as are properly and rightfully incident to such a court.” Law, as well as equity, finds its limits in principle, and not in precedent. The latter is only evidence of the former.( 
       )
    
    For the sake of uniformity, to prevent misconception and misapplication of principle, we admit, it is of much importance to the happiness of society, that precedents should not hastily be departed from. It must not however, be forgotten, that there shall be no injury without a remedy; and in all cases, which the forms of law cannot reach, a court of equity must. unless opposed by public policy, or convenience. Hence it is essential to the very existence. of a court of equity, that as society progresses, new species of injuries arise, and with if an increase of equitable precedents—not an increase of jurisdiction, which exists in principle, as we have before observed. The nature of things points out an equitable court, as the proper forum, to impeach a grant. There, parties can be apprised by their pleadings, of the nature of the complaint and defence; this cannot be done in ejectment under the general issue. All the books show, in ejectment, nothing it contemplated but legal title and boundary. The idea that a court of equity can only act in personam, and not in rem, is of very ancient date, and by no means comports with the powers possessed by such a court at this day, either in this country, or in England. Almost half the cases in our courts, are predicated on a different idea. Our statutes, N. C. 1737, c 22, id Fen. 1801, c 6, s 48, are extensive in their operation on this ground.
    (14)1777 c 1, s 1. 2.
    (15)s 1. 3, 4.
    (16)s 5.
    (17)s 5, 6, 7.
    
    (18)s 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19,
    (19)s 14.
    (20)1783, c 2, s 13, 1793, c 23, s 1.
    It has been strenuously contended on the other side, that whatever may be their fate, are agreeably to the authorities, yet the 9th section of the act of November 1777, c l, lets in the testimony contended for.—Let us briefly examine whether this section has introduced any new principle into the law. It provides, that every title, &c. to lead, &c. which shall not be obtained agreeably to the provisions of that act, or in fraud, evasion, or elusion of it, should be void. What were the previsions of this act, is the first inquiry; first, to sell, (14); secondly, that purchasers should be citizens, or should take an oath of aliegiance (15); thirdly, the mode of this finding a claim after payment, by making an entry (16); fourth, that settlers should have a preference in purchasing; fifth, a remedy to settle all disputes by caveat (1); sixth, needed to be observed in making surveys, grants, security for the good behaviour of the officers employed, &c. (18).
    T This act had obviously in view, two primary objects; security to the state, and security for the rights of individual; how did the legal were provide for the first? It is answered by requiting an oath of office, with bond and good security from its officers (19). In further confirmation of this idea, and that it was the uniform practice of the government of North Carolina, to hold their officers responsible, we refer to the sets, (20) requiring entry takers to give bond once in two years, or the offices should be vacated, and to return a list of entries once a year to the commissioner or the treasury, for which they were to be held accountable. Act 1794, c 17, s 2, complains that entry takers had permitted entries to be made, without paying the purchase money, therefore s 2, forbids the entry takers to receive any money in future, for entries thereafter to be made, and that persons who shall make entries, should pay the consideration immediately to the treasurer of the state, — In 1795, c 17, entry takers were forbidden to concern with entries made between 1777 and 1795 ; that they should put the entry books into the hands of the respective clerks of counties. Act 1796, c. 7 s. 9. required entry takers to transmit periodically, lists of all entries made in their offices to the treasurer of the state, from which he was enabled to bring enterers to account for the purchase money. Thus we have a history of the accountability of entry takers to the state This view of the subject, clearly proves, that the legislature discovered some of those officers had not accounted to the state, for the monies arising on the respective entries made in their offices. Each entry taker was held accountable for every entry made in his office.  When land speculation was running high, on account of the influx of discontented Europeans, many of the entry takers of North Carolina, were prevailed upon, to suffer entries for large quantities of land to be made, without payment of the purchase money; speculators were trusted, of course many of them deceived, and never paid a cent. Was it ever supposed by any person that these grants were void ?— This happened in North Carolina about the year 1795. Is there a lawyer at the bar, either in North Carolina or this state, who ever supposed the state could resume these lands, after being granted ? No, not one, we will venture to say. Can the gentlemen on the other side, show the smallest intimation by the legislature of North Carolina, that it considered grants for lands, not paid for, void ; When its own acts snow a conviction, that entry takers had failed to account, is it not natural to suppose, it would in some of these acts, have declared grants thus obtained void, if it thought so. It never did, nor by any act of its gov ernment, was these lands resumed. In the act of October 1784, c. 19, s. 3, the receipt of counterfeit certificates is complained of ; but, no declaration that grants should be void, after going out of the office. How far the legisalature might go, whilst the property remained in the hands of the person committing the fraud, we will not undertake to say. But we deny that North Carolina had any power to a grant against innocent, ts are; this point is so clear, that we will not insult the understanding, nor impose on the patience of the court, by an attempt to argue it. A law book can scarcely be opened, but you see the recognition of this principle.
    
    After the year 1795, when the state had been very much injured by the insolvency of some of its entry takers, it became still more cautious as appears from subsequent acts. In November 1795 it is provided, if entries be not paid for within six months, the claims shall lapse, or be forfeited; the time for payment, was occasionally enlarged as the legislature thought just.  As early as November, 1794,  North Carolina, determined not to issue any grants to individuals on entries after that time, without a receipt from the chief officer of state, (the treasurer) that the money was paid. The act of 1798, c. 4, s. 1, 2, provided a method, by which proof should be made respecting the payment of the consideration in other cases.
    The state has appointed its own officers for the purpose of perfecting titles; it has taken what security was thought proper, for their good conduct, as it respected itself, and as it might respect the citizens at large. Our clients had nothing to do with their appointment, nor any control over them; therefore, what could be more cruel and unjust, than that they should be affected by the conduct of those officers; it is opposed to every idea of national faith, honor and consistency. We hold it to be a self evident truth, that a state cannot disavow its own act, (or the act of its officer which is the same thing) to the prejudice of a third person, relying on the ordinary legal evidences of title. It is a maxim of equality and of reason, in a dispute between two persons who are equally innocent, that, he who trusts most, shall suffer most.
    
    This view of the subject, leads us to believe, that, where ever the state has made a grant, the law presumes that it is just and legal; that in disputes between man and man, it will not permit any evidence to be received to overturn this presumption, which it considers as highly beneficial in preserving the order, peace and happiness of society. Fraud is odious in law and never presumed. From this part of the argument, we may fairly conclude, that it could not have been the intention of the legislature in passing the 9th section, of the act of November, 1777, c. 1, to make grants void, when coming collatically into view, on the ground of any act which would affect the state.
    
      Our next enquiry is, how far the 9th section will render grants void, on the ground of non compliance with the provisions of the act, in relation to the rights of citizens. We have already examined, whether the validity of grants can be affected by an infringement, of the rights of the state in obtaining them. With a view to a correct construction in this respect, it may not be amiss to observe, that, at that time, North Carolina had not any court of equity ; and consequently, we believe the only remedy designed to adjust disputes between individuals, was a caveat, as provided in the 5th, 6th and 7th sections of the act. This remedy was intended to enable individuals to adjust their disputes before the emanation of a grant. It embraced all cases, and ever has been considered as an equitable proceeding.—We therefore conclude, that the only case in which the 9th section, could possibly operate agreeably to the intention of the legislature, was where an individual had surreptitiously obtained a grant, before the expiration of the time allowed to caveat, which was three months, agreeably to the 5th section.  After affording this opportunity to contest, the legislature presumed no citizen ought to be dissatisfied, or have any further remedy. 
    
    It is true, since the revival of the court of equity, the remedy by caveat, has in most instance been considered, as no bar to a suit in equity. This however results from the nature of equity ; in cases respecting inheritance, one trial never has been considered as conclusive in equity  in addition to the unforeseen grounds or complaint noticed in the acts of North Carolina. 
    
    We have been told by the opposite counsel, that the construction put on the expression void under the acts of 1786 c. 20 and 1787 c. 23 serves as a further illustration of the doctrine they advocate. Laws made on the same subject it is is said, are to be considered together, and the same expression should have the same meaning annexed to it, tho' used in different acts ; hence they conclude, that the expression void used in these two acts, has been construed to mean absolutely void, that the expression void in the 9th section of the act Nov. 1777 c. 1, should bear the same meaning We do not admit that the same expression must bear the same meaning at all times ; it depends on the context. Our reasoning in relation to the meaning of the 9th section of the act of 1777 renders it unnecessary that we should examine the question any further, with that view ; because we insist that admitting the 9th section to have the meaning they contrend, it does not, nor ever was intended to apply to the principle which pervades these objections—the admission of testimony dehors is a grant.
    A few remarks will suffice respecting the construction put on the acts of 1786 c. 20, s. 1. 1787 c. 23 s. 1 ; in relation to the single point of the reception of an entry against a grant, it has been determined that the expression void used in these acts, is to be construed absolutely void. Further than this the state courts have refused to go. In this opinion there always was a division in the court, and no doubt can be entertained that the decision was not conformable to the principles of law.  In further corroboration of this idea, we have only to remark, that it is directly opposed to the cotemporaneous construction of those acts. 
       North Carolina, by whose Legislature those acts were passed, has uniformly to the present day, through the medium of its courts, refused to admit an entry or any other extrinsic evidence, in opposition to a grant. Now, it is evident that the courts of one or the other of the states, are wrong ; and this court is at liberty to say, what is the law in this respect. One thing is certain, that the admission of the entry with concomitant proofs in evidence, has been the parent of endless confusion and litigation, ever since the decision took place. We have been told in argument by the other side, that law as now settled in North Carolina, permits extrinsic evidence to be offered, to do away the effect of a grant, and for this purpose 2 Hayw. 98 has been relied on. Gentlemen, will not surely seriously affirm, that such is the understanding of the court out at this day, or ever was; they cannot do it, for the practice is well known to be otherwise, there. Nor does the decision referred to, in any manner warrant the assertion deceived; the case decides no such thing ; it only decides, the grant was void, having been made previously to the revolution, which is correct, agreeably to the act 1777 c. 1 s. 3.
    On the ground of fraud it has also been insisted, that the case of in 1 Hen. and Mum. 306 shows that it was the opinion of the court of appeals in Virginia, that extrinsic testimony may be received against a grant. We have only to say, that the decision does not settle the law as contended for ; this point was not decided in the case alluded to ; it only refers to one, in which the case supposes the point of fraud had been determined, as affording a ground to impeach a grant. With that decision a majority of the court appear to be much dissatisfied; and so far as any thing can be collected from the case, it proves the reverse of what is contended for.
    So much of the argument on the part of the plaintiff, as respects fraud and want of consideration, involved in the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th objections, we shall dismiss.
    The 4th and 8th objections, contain other views, which we deem of sufficient consideration to merit an answer.
    The fourth asserts that this grant was founded on county warrants, which could not be appropriated where they were.
    It is admitted that this grant covers land, within the limits assigned to John Armstrong’s claims, under the act of 1783 c. 2.
    The proposition on the other side, is, that the warrants or entries on which Seveir's grant issued, could not be granted within the limits originally assigned for John Armstrong’s claims ; that county warrants, which they insist ours are, could not be removed without the limits of the county in which the entries were made ; but it they could, the law did not authorise their appropriation within John Armstrong’s bounds. Neither of these propositions is correct.
    The whole weight of this part of the argument rests of the construction of the acts April 1784, c 14, s 7, October 1784, c 19, s 6, 1786, c 20, s 7. These were all the acts passed by the legislature of N. C. respecting removals previously to the cession. It will be recollected that N. Carolina, by the cession act, reserved to itself, the power of completing all claims to land, which had originated previously to the cession in 1789 ; Hence some of the laws passed by that state, respecting the completion of these titles, are considered as obligatory ; and all the land laws of that state, though passed since the cession are referred to by our courts, for purpose of explanation. We will suppose some of the acts respecting lands passed previous to the cession may be doubtful ; the opinion expressed by North Carolina in her Legislative acts, on such parts of the law, has been considered good authority.
    With this preliminary view, we proceed to inquire for the meaning of the legislature, as expressed in the acts of April 1784, c. 14, s. 7, October, 1784, c. 19, s. 6, 1786, c. 20, s. 7. Was it, its intention, that county entries, when lost by better claims, might be removed, first, without the county in which the entry was made ; and granting the affirmative, whether they could he removed within John Armstrong’s bounds ? This part of the land law, will be considered under the impression of its history—The acts of assembly, and usage ; all of which we assert, will support the affirmative of these propositions.
    North Carolina, at the commencement of the revolution, deemed it proper to procure funds, to carry on the war ; she opened a land office in each country, offering her lands for sale at fifty shillings per hundred acres. 
    
    In June 1781, () she stopped the sale of her lands, by shutting the entry offices. In April 1783,  the county offices were again opened, except within the limits designed for John Armstrong’s claims, and for these, the act opened an office at Hillsborough.  We assert that when these offices were opened by this act, viz : those of the counties, and John Armstrong’s, the state price was the same in them all, 10l. for every hundred acres. Our opponents assert that the price of ten pounds, only applied to John Armstrong's, office ; more of this hereafter. We will proceed with our historical view of the subject. In April 1784, 
      ,all the offices for lands in the western part of the state of North Carolina, (now the state of Tennessee,) were shut ; and as to these lands, never were opened again by North Carolina ; after 1789, and making the cession to the United States, she had no power to do so.
    At the same session,  when these western offices were shut, the legislature passed an act, to authorise removals, 
      
       its words are, “ and in case any entry shall be made for lands, which have been previously granted or entered find located, the surveyor shall, and he is hereby authorised to survey the quantity on any vacant land in this state, which may be located and described by the person who made the entry, or any other person authorised for the purpose."
    The act of October 1784, c. 19, s. 6, provides “ that if any person or persons shall have, by virtue of the law, commonly called the land law, now to force in this state, located his or their entry, &c.” provides in substance the same as the last act. The act of 1786, c. 20, s. 7, it is admitted on all hands, has not much agency in this argument ; it declares that surveys on warrants from John Armstrong’s office, which had been removed, should be good and legal. The only idea that can be collected from this section, is that the legislature conceived it was doubtful whether the two acts of April and October 1784, would cover the case of removals in John Armstrong’s office ; and is evincive that these acts were never intended to apply to John Armstrong’s office alone, as has been insisted on the other side. If so, the legislature must have known it, being but two years afterwards ; and representatives who legislate, are presumed to know, not only the meaning of previous acts, but the general sense of society on those acts.—Had they been sensible the acts of April and October 1784, applied particularly to John Armstrong’s claims, would they have conceived it necessary to pass the act of 1786, particularly, to remove doubts respecting those claims ?
    
    One thing is too evident to admit of much argument, that the words of the two acts of April and October, 1784, embrace all land claims, as well, one kind as another. Some are of opinion, that the first of these two acts, operated in cases respecting entries thereafter to be made ; the other, an extension of the principle of the first, to all entries which had been previously made. Between the two acts, no rational doubt can exist, that all claims are included, whether John Armstrong's military, or county. The words are general and why should we seek to restrict their meaning & we shall be able to show, there is no reason for such restrictive interpretation.
    With the counsel for the plaintiff we admit, the legislature designed to set aside a particular tract of country for the satisfaction of the military claims, and pre-emption settlers, &c. therein ; this is described in the 7th section of the act of 1783, c. 3, and that agreeably to this and the 8th section, those claims and no others were to be appropriated within those limits : agreeably to the case Goodloe’s lessee vs. Wilson, if laid without those limits, under the laws of North Carolina, such grants would be void. We also admit that the country south of French Broad river and Holston, was set aside as Indian hunting ground, and appropriations of any kind forbidden therein.  But we say, that the balance of the state of North Carolina, (including, now this state) agreeably to these two acts of April 1784, c. 14, s. 7, and October 1784, c. 19. s. 6, was equally open to appropriation, without regard to county, or John Armstrong’s bounds. It is asked, why should the military tract, and Indian hunting ground, be excluded from general appropriation ? It is replied, because the acts respecting these portions of country, negatived the idea of any others entering or appropriating lands therein ; these provisions have no connection with the general law, or that respecting the county and John Armstrong’s office. 
    
    The acts respecting the military and Indian lands, had only passed about a year before the first of the two, respecting removals ; compensation to the officers and soldiers of the revolution, and the rights of the Indians were important objects to the state. Very few of the officers and soldiers had located their lands in April or October, 1784, and it was of the last consequence to the public, that the Indians should be protected in their hunting grounds. If there were no negative words in the acts, respecting the military and Indian lands, it is clear, the legislature did not intendly its acts of April, 1784, c. 14, s. 7. and October 1784, c. 19, s. 6, to authorise individuals to appropriate lands within those tracts or portions of country, by removal.
    Is there any reason that can be advanced, why any other parts of the country, should be excluded from appropriation, by removal, or the operation of these two sections ? The first, expressly says, that in case of loss by better claims, the enterers may remove to any other vacant land within the state. Our opponents say, the state received a higher price for John Armstrong’s lands, than those entered in the counties. This is a point on which much stress has been laid ; we will, therefore, proceed to examine it. It is clear the legislative, by the act of 1788, c. 2, designed to include in the provisions of that act, county claims, as well as those in John Armstrong’s office, or her western lands. When the legislature designed by that act, to confine a regulation to John Armstrong’s office, it was so expressed, otherwise the enactments are general ; of which denomination is the price of land ?  To show this, we will examine every section of the act. Without exhausting the patience of the court, we have only to observe that the caption is general, the preamble is equally so ; the 2d section revives the county offices which had been shut ; the language of the 3d section is, “ that the western boundary be enlarged, &c.” describing this extension. The 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th sections respect Indian lands ; 9 section, is confined to John Armstrong’s office. The 10th section respects the price of lands : Is it confined to John Armstrong’s lands ? its words are ‘every person, before he shall be entitled to enter a claim for any of the said lands;' what lands, is the question ? We say, any lands in the state, entered in any office. 
    
    Thus, it already appears, that the price of lands in North Carolina, not only in the county, but John Armstrong’s office, was £10 per hundred ; the price of lands before that time, was fifty shillings.—This every man knows, who entered lands in those days. Ask all our old settlers and they will tell you this. Gentlemen, on the other side tell us, ours are county warrants ; if so, we would ask them to tell us, whether they were at fifty shillings or ten pounds ; the first, was the price of county lands, till June 1731, when those offices were shut, and raised to £10, by the act of 1783, when the 2d section of the act opened them again. We have another remark to make on this part of the case that fifty shillings in 1777 and 1778, was of more instrinsic value, than £10 in certificates, &c. in 1783—Certificates might then be purchased for an eighth, and a tenth ; it was their common price ; So that the state received a better price for the lands sold previous to 1781, than after it opened its offices in 1784-Money had vastly depreciate in the course of the revolution, and certificates so plenty, as to be worth almost nothing. The idea of difference of price, so much insisted on, therefore vanishes. We find that the state, until the offices were shut in 1781, made no difference in the price of its lands ; nor did it on opening the offices in 1783 ; the price was all the same, in the counties as well as John Armstrong's office ; it was raised to be sure, from fifty shillings to ten pounds—In The session to April and May 1784, when it authorised removals, there was no entry office for western lands ; all the entries that ever were made for lands in this country, were then in existence, and no more were permitted. In this state of things, was there any possible reason, why removals should be confined to counties, or John Armstrong’s bounds kept free, or excluded from the general words of the acts of April 1784, c 14, s 7, October 1784, c 19, s 6?
    Claimants in Armstrong’s office, were on an equal footing with those in the country ; when their money was paid, they made entries, and thus had an opportunity of making once a choice. If lost by better claims, they should be on the same footing, as to removals—that is, any where in the state, where they could find vacant land, except within the military and Indian lands.
    In dismissing this inquiry into the meaning of the act of 1783, c 2, we have only to observe that the court will perceive that the 9th, 14th and 24th sections of the act, are confined to J. Armstrong’s claims ; the balance of the act is general. Why should boundary make any difference ; no reason can be seen, why John Armstrong’s bounds should be exempted from removals—the price we have seen, was the same in all parts of the state. If any doubt could remain in this point, the act of North Carolina, 1790, c 14, caption and section 2, places it out of dispute. This act expressly refers to and repeals part of the act of 1783, c 2, reducing the price of lands from L10 to 30 shillings ; at this time North Carolina had not a foot of land in the limits, which were assigned to John Armstrong’s office.
    That part of the plaintiff's argument respecitng removals, which confines them to the limits of the county in which the entries were made, is refuted by the opinion of the legislature of N. Carolina, as expressed in its act of 1794, c 17, s 3 ; this section enacts that in future, warrants shall not be removed out of the county. The act had no obligatory force here, having been made since the cession, but it is a legislative construction of the acts of April 1784, c 14. s 6, October 1784, c 19, s 7, the force and obligation of which are common to both states.
    In this construction of the acts respecting removals, we are further opposed by the plaintiff's counsel, calling to their aid, the doctrine of refunding purchase money in case of loss by better claims. The acts of November 1777, c 1, s 6, April 1778, c 3, s 2 and 5 are referred to. The principle of these act is contained in the second section of the act of 1778 ; it provides, that if on survey it shall appear that part of the entry ire lost by an older or better claim, the entry taker shall refund in proportion to the part lost.
    We are told that this is the only provision for county claims, and that removals were intended solely for J. A’s. claims ; we have already, at length examined this point ; some other and further views will be taken of it. The acts of April 1784, c 14, s 7, October 1784, c 19, s 6, in this respect are cumulative. 
    
    This idea is confirmed by a legislative opinion of North Carolina, 1794, c 17, s 3. The proviso to the 5th section of the act of N. Carolina, 1791, c 21, is in further confirmation of this idea. That act provides a method by which entry takers should proceed in refunding money, where part of tracts has been lost agreeably to the principle laid down in the act of April 1778, c 3, s 2. The proviso excludes the ceded territory (this country) from the operation of the act. Not only from the fact of North Carolina having parted with all interest in the lands of this country, 1789, c 3, but from this proviso, we must be convinced, that, that state would never agree to refund money for lands lost by better claims, here. Nor has it ever been contended, that entries from that state, could be removed to this, since the cession ; and vice versa.
    
    Should any doubt remain, that the power of removal, given by the act of 1784, is merely cumulative, the opinion of the legislature of N. Carolina thereon, as expressed in the act of 1793, c 23, s 5, is decisive. These are the express words, “ that it shall not be lawful for any person, making an entry of land, to withdraw the same, but all entrance monies shall be paid by the respective entry takers, into the public treasury, and in case of deficiences when the lands entered shall be surveyed, the persons entering, may avail themselves of the mode of relief already pointed out by law” That is by removal.
    The cession act of N. Carolina,  second edition, has been relied upon. It is asserted, that, admitting the acts of April and October 1784, authorise removals, the cession act repeals them. We admit, that so far as any of the provisions of the cession act, are contrary to those of prior date, those acts are repealed; but, we insist there is nothing in the cession act that countenances the idea contended for on the other side. This act, after providing for the removal of military and John Armstrong’s claims, particularly has this cause.
    “ And where entries have been made agreeably to law and titles under them not perfected by grant or otherwise ; then, and in that case, the governor for the time being, shall, and he is hereby required to perfect from time to time, such titles, in such manner, as if this act had never been passed ; and that all entries made by, or grants made to all and every person and persons whatsoever, agreeably to law, and within the limits hereby intended to be ceded to the United States, shall have the same force and effect as if such cession had not been made.”
    The 8th condition of the same act, provides that the laws of North Carolina, shall continue in force.
    Before the cession, titles might be perfected by removal, so it remained afterwards ; no alteration was made by the cession act in this respect.
    In concluding this argument, we have to observe; that if doubts existed respecting these statutes, usage is on our side. On the eastern side of Cumberland mountain in this state, there are few other grants, except such as are founded on removed county warrants.—There is scarcely a claim, in Grainger, Clarborne, Campbell, Anderson, Roane, Knox, Blount, Sevier, Cock and Jefferson counties, but is founded on these removed county warrants ; with safety we can affirm, two thirds in those counties are of that kind. In N. Carolina, claims of this nature are innumerable ; shall they, at this day be overturned ?
    
    In addition to the reasons we have offered to the court, it must not be forgotten, that the same question respecting removals, has been decided by the state courts, more than once. In the case of Botson and Cocke, in the Superior court of Hamilton District, this question occurred, and on the principles we contend for, received the same determination. 
    
    The tenth objection refuses itself. The date of the letter from Sevier to the Secretary of North Carolina, is subsequent to the date of the grant, and its contents relate to other matters.
    
      Viewing the manner in which the consideration is usually expressed in grants, we are of opinion that the consideration of ten pounds is sufficiently intelligible. There are usually, but three kinds of considerations, fifty shillings, ten pounds, and military. It will not a limit of being construed, as founded on the first and last of these claims ; it must of necessity, be the second ; on this ground the grant cannot be rejected.
    We are of opinion, that, the plat annexed to grant, is not an essential part of it ; if recurred to, it must be for the purpose of explanation, and not to destroy its validity. So it is, in relation to the cases read by the plaintiff's counsel ; they relate to papers referred to, in a deed or instrument of writing. In considering the papers thus referred to, as part of the instrument, the court goes on the idea of supporting the existence of the deed. Here, we are asked to permit parol and extrinsic testimony, with a view of destroying the existence of a grant. This, consistently with the principles of law, cannot be done. Once, for all, we wish to be understood that no kind of evidence can be received to impeach the validity of a state grant, except an entry. And per Todd. If this point were res integra, I should be strongly inclined to think, an entry could not be received in evidence in ejectment, under the acts of 1786, c 20, and 1787, c 23—By the court. The general principle of law is that, evidence dehors, cannot be received to impeach the validity of a grant. The exceptions to this rule are collected in 1 Fonb. 122, c 2, s 8 in notes. The ground of these exceptions arise from acts which are contra bonos mores, malum in se, or malum prohibitum.
    
    None of the objections taken by the plaintiff, fall within the exceptions ; the general rule of law must apply. It was understood that the practice of admitting an entry in evidence in ejectment, orginated in the construction of the acts of 1786 and 1787.  This principle having obtained in practice, the court was not inclined to disturb it, whatever ideas might he entertained respecting the true construction of those acts. In questions arising under the land laws, the court was informed that it was the only exception to the general rule of law, which had obtained in the state courts. No such principle had been established in any state, where there were courts of equity, and we think no other exception should prevail. In the procurement of land titles, the law requires many things to be done by its officers, which are directory. To impeach the validity of grants, on the ground of non compliances with these parts of the law, would be attended with great public inconvenience,  The state has entrusted certain officers of government, and the law presuanes, as it respects points of regularity, that what they have done, was authorised and correct, as the acts of surveyors, chain carriers, markers, &c. We take a distinction between an entire want of authority, in the officers issuing a grant, and whether it were regularly done. Where limits are assigned for the appropriation of particular species of claims, as the military lands, and other kinds of claims are granted, such grants are merely void, as in the case referred to at the bar. There would be an entire lack of authority to grant such lands. So, of the lands set apart for the use of the Indians. It would be of very mischievous consequence to society, if the propriety of issuing grants, could be enquired into, on the ground of irregularity. There is a sound distinction in law between acts, which are absolutely void, and such as are only voidable. On general principles, grants are not void on the ground of fraud for irregularity in obtaining them, but voidable by those who are injured.
    The English authorities show, there are two kinds of grants. One made on the suggestion or surmise of the person applying for a grant. In this case the suggestions are stated by way of recital. The other kind, made on the King’s own knowledge and contains his affirmation simply. The grant objected to, is of the latter kind, which cannot be defeated by any extrinsic testimony. The court cannot enquire, whether the consideration were paid or not, the deputy surveyor duly authorised, or whether the lines of the tract be too long.
    The statutes of North Carolina, relative to the appropriation of lands, must be construed pari materia. Defects and doubtful points arising out of one act, may be supplied and explained by clauses in the same or other acts. The act of 1783, c 2, seems to have been correctly considered by 
      the defendant’s counsel. In general, this act is not insulated in its provisions ; it revives and amends the laws respecting county offices ; in addition, opens John Armstrong’s, for the sale of the western lands, at the same price paid for lands in the county offices. We cannot perceive that the 9th section of the act of November 1777, c 1, affects the case any way.
    The court deems it unimportant to inquire, whether the two acts of April and October 1784, respecting removals, be intended in the one case, to operate in future, and the other in the past tense. These clauses are general in their operation, and not confined to any species of land claims. Taking the whole of the land laws of North Carolina into view, it appears to have been the intention of the legislature, that claimants should get other vacant land in ligu of what might be taken by better claims ; or that they should receive a pecuniary compensation for the part lost. Nor does it appear to us, that the acts or April 1784, c 14, s 7, October 1784, c 19, s 7, repealed the act of April 1778, s 2, which directed the entry takers to refund in case of loss ; the latter acts were cumulative. If the usual rules of construction left this point doubtful, the act of North Carolina 1793, c 23, a 5, would remove every difficulty on this ground.
    What would be the situation of things, if removals were not permitted ; enterers of lands in the counties of Washington, Sullivan and Greene would be without remedy. The proviso to the 5th section of the act of North Carolina,  expressly says, that monies shall not be refunded (agreeably to the act of April 1778, c. 3, s. 2.) for lost lands in the ceded territory, now the state of Tennessee. Beside, the act of North Carolina,  puts an end to refunding in case of loss, and leaves in force, the remedy by removal alone.
    A court of equity is the proper tribunal for avoiding a grant ; there, the parties are apprised by the pleadings of the nature of the complaint and defence, and come prepared to the contest. In ejectment, legal title and boundary only come in question. The case of in 1 Hen. and Mum. 307, is a solitary case, without authority. Nor did the judges of the court of appeals in Virginia, in reviewing this case appear to be satisfied with it. The case then before the court, did not make it necessary to Igivela, decisive opinion on it ; but considering what dropped from the court incidentally, it is stately to be inferred, that a majority of the judges, did not think it was law. In North Carolina it appears, the courts will not receive extrinsic testimony to impeach a grant.
    This practice is founded on the general principle of law, and we are not inclined to go any further than the practice of the state, in furnishing exceptions to this general rule.
    Cotemporaneous expositions of the land laws, are certainly most to be relied on. In the course of the argument, we wished to be satisfied whether county warrants, could be appropriated within J. Armstrong's limits, we are satisfied on this ground that they can, not only from considering the whole of the land laws together, but the usage and practice of North Carolina in granting lands, is corroborative of this idea.
    It is objected, the state of North Carolina could not issue a grant for more than 5000 acres, and the 3rd section of the act of November 1777, c 1, and 1783, c 2, s 9, have been referred to, in support of this objection. These statutes are directory as to the quantities to be entered. The act of April 1784, c 19, s 3, is a general law, and not confined to swamp lands ; its language is general, and we see no reason why a restrictive interpretation should take place. After removal, and consolidation of entries, the third section does not limit the quantity to be surveyed in one entire tract. The act being posterior in date, to those directing the quantities to be entered in the respective offices, and taking into view, the practical interpretation of this section, by the state of North Carolina, we are of opinion, the grant is not void on this ground. And per M' Nairy, J. Independent of this act, he should be inclined to think the grant would not be void.-The acts of April and October, 1787, which authorise removes, contain no negative words respecting consolidation ; if a man has purchased several entries which have been lost by better claims, and is under a necessity of removing, no reason can be seen, why he may not survey such removed claims adjoining each other ; the law does not forbid this ; different grants may issue to the same person for the lands thus adjoining ; the effect is the same, as if only one grant had issued ; for, if the same man can appropriate to himself, a body of adjacent land, by different entries, and different grants, it announced the same thing in substance, as, if but one grant had issued ; the land appropriated by the same individual, is precisely the same, whether conveyed by one, or many grants. At best, it can only be matter of form, and for this to avoid a grant, would be absurd.
    
      
      A reserved warrant from any of the land offices, except the military, a that, that is surveyed off the land located or entered, in consequence of the entry being lost or taken away by a better claim. Breaking a survey on it removed warrant, in these offices, a second entry or the ton is not necessary to authorize the survey. A grant was the arrived of a claimant on record, relative to such approvances.
    
    
      
      1 Com. Dig. Let. Attorney c. 13.
    
    
      
       April 1783, c. 2 s. 10.
    
    
      
       Nov. 1777, c. 1. s. 4.
    
    
      
       H. B. 254, 2 H. B. 557, 6 T. R. 710, 737 8 T. R. 483, 2 T. R. 141, 6 Mod. 237, 2 West. 123. 5 Com. Dig. Plander p. 22 Atk. 553 P. Ev. 3. Co. Lit 96, Plow 130-6.
    
    
      
       2 T. R. 748. 7 T. R. 311. 334. 2 Co. 467. 3 T. R. 474. 6 Co. 15 Burr 295. Co. 74, 3 Co. 77 8 6 Co. 1890 Co. 4 Salk 500. 7 Vill. Ab.
    
    
      
       2 Com Dig. tit. Chancery 3 w.
    
    
      
       Barg. Price, 352.
    
    
      
       Ten. Laws 1807 c. 2. S. 44.
    
    
      
       1 Burr 395 9 Co. 42 6 Co. 155, 4 Co. 71, 40 Co. 109, 1 Co. 26, 1 Leo. 30. 17 Vin. Ab. 114, 104, pl. 2, ib. 105, 6 Mod. 226, Rob. F. Con 502, 5 Com. Dig. 281. Roses Ev. Peake Ev. 118. 1 Fonb. 112. N
    
    
      
       3 T. R. 434, 2 Wils. 347, 2 W. Bl. 1109, 3 Burr, 1568, 4 Burr. 2230. 1 Fonb. 60-1 in N. Str. 741. 1 P. W. 240. 727. Peake ev. 79 8 T. R. 146.
    
    
      
       See 1 Hay 107.
    
    
      
      4 Vol. American Law Journal R. 1,
    
    
      
       1 Wils. 332. 1 Fonb. 132 268 2. Pow. Cont. 176, 2 Ver. 475 6 1 P. W. 75 1 Wash. 41. 17 4 T. R. 30. 32.
    
    
      
      
        12 Hay. 98.
    
    
      
      Nov. 1777, c 1 s 14.
    
    
      
       Nov. 1777. c 1, s 10.
    
    
      
      
         1777 c. 4
    
    
      
      2 Cra. 889.
    
    
      
      Voug. 169. 3 Atk. 537. 6 T. R. 392. Jenk. Cent. 162, pl 9. 2 Mass. 277 Even. Path, 2 vol. No. 17. p 360 Comp. Rep 22.
    
    
      
      Hardin 368 1 Cames c E 1 167.
    
    
      
      1715, c 38. s 5
      
    
    
      
      2 Call. 158 Com. Dig. Fargain and 382 p. 118.
    
    
      
      2 Johns
    
    
      
      
        Wils. 78.
      
    
    
      
      
        2 Atk. 150.
      
    
    
      
      
         Littell 44, 2 Caines C. E. 181, 1 Hay. 22, 377. 238-9, 254 237, 258.
    
    
      
       Ten. L 1806. c 1 s 51.
    
    
      
      (z) Vinscents's lessee vs. Conrad, 4 Am. L.J.
      
    
    
      
      17 Vin. Ab. 100, Ovil and n 151 Mem. N.
    
    
      
      17 Vin. Ab 109, v 8 p 22, Stat. 6 H. 6 C. 15.
    
    
      
      
        17 Vin. Ab. 109, pl, 8.
    
    
      
      17 Vin. Ab. 151, Me Pl. 1 and n p 8, 9 pls 138 E. C. 3.
    
    
      
      
         17 Vin Ab 80.
    
    
      
      
        17 Vin. Ab. 117, Maryl Rep. 310
    
    
      
      [8]17 Vin. Ab. 138 9, 2 Bl. Com. 357-8 17 Vin An 10d, 10s, and 2 Mary, 310, 311, 187, 180
      
    
    
      
       Wash. R 114, 115, Sch. and Lef 67 to 70, 1 Pow. C. 332, Mary. R. 67, 161, 187, 1 Hay, 356.
    
    
      
       Hayw. 359, 2 Day 45, 2 John. 84, 221, 3 Johns. 422, 4 Johns. 163, Mary. R. 67, 162, 187, 190, 308-9, 555, 3 T. R. 474, Rob. Frauds 1 to 90, 119, 120, 2 P. W. 203, 2 Bl. R. 1249, 1 Johns. 139, 2 Call. 310, 2 Pow. C. 7, Peake Ev. 112, 1 Caines 493, 2 Johns. 37, 1 Hayw. 107, 378, n Hardin 307, 8 T. R. 379. 5 East. R. 138-9, Bl. Rep. 1250, 2 Wash. 201, 2 Johns. 603, 1 Johns. 571, 2 Hen. and Mun. 621, 2 Dall. 171, 1 Dall. 19, 193, 426, 1 Hen. and Mun. 306.
    
    
      
       Wils. 78; 17 Vin, Ab. 151, 5 Rep. 6, 8 Rep. 167, 56, 10 Rep. 56. 67, 11 Rep. 116, 5 Mod. 301, 8 Rep. 111, 112.
      
    
    
      
      (12) Hardin, 464.
    
    
      
       1 Ves. j R. 424.
    
    
      
       1777, c 1. s 14, April 1776 c 3. s 6.
    
    
      
       Fletcher vs. Peck, S. C. U. S.
    
    
      
      
        1795 c 17. s 1, 3.
    
    
      
      1796, c 7, s 7, 1800 s 7 1801. c 2 s 3 1802, c 9, 1803. c 14.
    
    
      
      
        c17
    
    
      
      ] April 1779, c 6 s 2 3, 4, 1783, c 2 s 20, 21 Apr 1778, c 3, s 4.
    
    
      
       It would seem that even this care would not enable a court of law to say a grant should be void ; and it is believed a court of equity in this country, would pass it over, and act as if act as if three months had been allowed, to caveat.
    
    
      
       2 Vez. 554.
    
    
      
      
         1786, c 20, 1787, c 23. 1796 c 7 and c 9.
    
    
      
       Vincent's lessee vs. Conrad. 4 Am. L. J.
    
    
      
       1 Hay. 359.
      
    
    
      
      [31] Nov. 1777. c. 1.
    
    
      
      [32] c 7, 37
      
    
    
      
      [33] c 2.
    
    
      
       s 14.
    
    
      
      [35] c 12, a, 3.
    
    
      
       April 1784.
    
    
      
       c. 4, s 7.
    
    
      
       April 1778 c. 3. s. 5 1783. c 2 305.
    
    
      
       1783 trss of s 23.
    
    
      
       s 10.
    
    
      
       See Caption s 1-9 and first part of s 3 ;
    
    
      
       See s 22
    
    
      
      
        Camp Rep. 214. 2 Hayw 227 8. 2 Cr. 389.
    
    
      
       1789 c. 3, s. 1.
    
    
      
      
        Ten Rep. 169-323
      
    
    
      
       The decision at Jonesborough in the year 1796, Russells Rep. vs. Blair, was founded on the 9th s. of the act of Nov. 1777, c 1—The decision however, was strenuously arraigned, which produced an abandonment of the ground on which it took place—and that furnished by the acts of 1786 and 1787, taken in its stead.—See Ten. Rep. 419.
    
    
      
       See 1 Burr. 447.
    
    
      
       1791, c 21.
    
    
      
       1793, c 2
    
    
      
       In the Supreme Court of the United States, February term 1815, the first five exceptions were determined in favor of the defendants. In relation to the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th exceptions, the supreme court of the United States, says “ they present one general question of great importance to land holders in the state of Tennessee. It is this, Is it, in any, and if in any, in what cases allowable in an ejectment to impeach a grant from the state, for causes anterior to its being issued ?”
      " In cases depending on the statutes of a state, and most especially respecting titles to land, this court adopts the construction of the state, where that construction is settled and can be ascertained. But it is not understood that the courts of Tennessee have decided any other point bearing on the subject, than this- that under their statutes declaring an older grant founded on a younger entry to be void, the priority of entries is examinable at law, and that a junior patent founded on a prior entry, shall prevail in an ejectment, against a senior patent founded on a junior entry,  The question whether there are other cases, in which a party may at law, go beyond the patent for the purpose of avoiding it, remains undecided.”
      " The laws for the sale of public lands, provide many guards to secure the regularity of grants, to protect the incipient rights of individuals, and also to protect the state from imposition. Officers are appointed to superintend the business, and rules are framed prescribing their duty.— These rules are in general directory, and when all the proceedings are completed, by a patent issued by the authority of the state, a compliance with these rules is presumed. That every prerequisite has been performed is an inference, properly deducible, and which any man has a right to draw from the existence of the grant itself. It would therefore be extremely unreasonable to avoid a grant in any court for irregularities, in the conduct of those who are appointed by the government to supervise the progressive course of a title, from its commencement to its consummation, in a grant.”
    
   Per Curiam.

The cession act leaves things, as to perfecting land titles, precisely as they were before its passage.

In doubtful cases, usage may be safely recurred to, in order to ascertain the meaning of the legislature ; of such force and importance has this principle been considered that the Supreme Court of the United States in a case which came up from the state of Pennsylvania, adhered to practice, or precedent, though contrary to their understanding of the law.

And Per M' Nairy, J. Where statutes declare that, proceedings shall be void, he was inclined to think, they should be considered absolutely void either in law or equity. The acts of 1786, c 20, and 1787, c 23, enact that when grants shall be obtained on younger entries to the prejudice of older ones, such grants shall be void and utterly of no effect. The circumstances disclosing the avoidance, he was of opinion, might be shewn in a courts of law as well as in equity, in the single case of an older entry, under these two statutes.

The grant to Seveir was read, the counsel for the plaintiff excepted to the opinion of the court on the ground of the first ten objections, and a writ of Error prayed, to remove the cause, to the Supreme court of the United States.

Verdict for the defendants.

“But there are some things, so essential to the validity of the contract, that the great principles of justice and of law, would be violated, did there not exist some tribunal, to which an injured party might appeal, and in which the means by which, an older patent title, was acquired, might be examined.”

“In general, a court of equity appears to be a tribunal better adapted to this object than a court of law. On an ejectment, the pleadings give no notice of those latent defects, of which the party means to avail himself ; and should he be allowed to use them, the holder of the elder grant night often be surprised ; But in equity the specific points must be brought into view, the various circumstances connected with those points are considered, and all the testimony respecting them may be laid before the court. The defects in the title are the particular objects of investigation, and the decision of a court in the last resort is decisive. The court, on a view of the whole case, may annex equitable conditions to its decree, or order what may be reasonable, without absolutely avoiding a whole grant. In the general then, a court of equity is the more eligible tribunal for these questions, and they ought to be excluded from a court of law. But, there are cases, in which a grant is absolutely void, as where the state has no title to the thing granted, or where the officer had no authority to issue the grant. In such cases the validity of the grant is necessarily examined at law.”

“Having premised these general principles, the court will proceed to consider the exceptions to the opinion of the circuit court, in this case, and the testimony rejected by that opinion."

“The case does not present distinct exceptions, to be considered seperately, but a single exception to a single opinion, rejecting the whole testimony offered by the plaintiff. The plaintiff offered to prove, that no entries ever were made authorising the issuing of the warrants on which the grant to Seveir was founded, and that the warrants themselves were forgeries. He also offered to prove that, at the time of the cession to Congress of the territory in which these lands lie, the warrants did not exist, nor were there any locations in the office from which they purport to have issued, to justify their issuing.”

“The act of 1777, which opens the land office and directs the appointment of an officer in each county, denominated an entry taker, to receive entries of all vacant lands in his county, directs the entry taker, if the land shall not be claimed by some other person within three months, to deliver to the party a copy of the entry, with its proper number, and an order to the county surveyor, to survey the same. This order is called a warrant.

“ The 9th section of the act then declares, that every right &c. by any person or persons set up, or pretended to any of the before mentioned lands, which shall not be obtained in manner by this act directed, or by purchase or inheritance from some person or persons becoming proprietors by virtue thereof. or which shall be obtained in fraud, evasion or elusion of the provisions and restrictions thereof, shall be deemed and are hereby declared utterly void.”

The act of 1783, which again opens the land office, appoints an entry taker for the western district, and prescribes rules for making entries in his office, and for granting warrants similar to those which had been framed for the government of the respective counties.”

"In the year 1789 North Carolina ceded to Congress the the territory which the lands lie, for which Sevier's grant made, reserving however, all existing rights under the state, which were to be perfected, according to one laws of North Carolina. This cession was accepted by Congress.

Sevier's survey is dated on the 26th day of May, 1795, the lands for which the warrants were granted, by virtue of which the survey was made, lie within the district of country, for which the land office was opened by the act of 1777. Had the survey been made on the land originally claimed by these warrants, it must have been a case directly within the 9th section of the act, and the right is declared by that section utterly void.”

“But the survey was made on different lands by virtue of an act which empowers the surevor so to do, in all cases of lands previously appropriated. This clause in the law, however, does not authorize a survey, where no entry has been made ; and such survey, also would come completely within the 9th section. In such case there is no power in the agent of the state to make the grant, and a grant so obtained is declared to be void.”

“This subject is placed in a very strong point of view, by considering it in connection with the cession made to the United States. After that cession, the state of North Carolina had no power to sell an acre of land, within the ceded territory ; no right could be acquired under the laws of that state, but the right to perfect incipient titles. The fact that this title accrued before the cession does not appear on the face of the grant. It is, of course open to examination. The survey was not made until May 1795, many years posterior to the cession. It purports however, to have been made by virtue of certain warrants founded on entries, which may have been made before the cession. But if these warrants had no existence at the time of the cession ; if there were no entries to justify them, what right could this grantee have had at the time of the cession? The court can perceive none, and if none existed, the grant is void for want of power in the state of N. Carolina to make it. If, as the plaintiff offered to prove, the entries were never made, and the warrants were forgeries, then no right accrued under the act of 1777, and independent of the act of cession to the U. States, the grant is avoid by the express words of the law, “ If entries were made in the county of Washington, but no commencement of right had taken place in the ceded territory, previous to the cession, so as to bring the party within the reservation contained within the act of cession, then the grant must be void, there being no authority in the grantor to make it. In rejecting testimony to these points, the circuit court erred, and their judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.”

It may not be amiss further to observe that by legal presumption entries made in the county entry takers office, for Washington county, the warrants for which were surveyed before the issuance of Sevier’s grant, must have been made, and consequently the commencement of right, previous to the cession act. as the office was shut in April 1784, c. 12, s. 3. Ird. Rev. 481.

The whole weight of this case seems to rest, on the want of authority in the state of N. Carolina, to issue the grant to Sevier, agreeably to the provisions of the cession act, thereby affecting a third interest, namely, that of the United States. Admitting for the sake of argument this to be correct, still an embarrassment remains, in ascertaining what kind of evidence will be received to show this want of authority, or of entries. To pursue the practice in N. Carolina and Tennessee, no evidence whatever, in such case would be received, “ when a grant once issues for a tract of vacant land, is becomes the only evidence of title, & we cannot afterwards look further back than the grant.” 1 Hayw. Rep. 359.

This is the principle, which has uniformly been pursued, both in N. Carolina and Tennessee, with the single exception of receiving the evidence of entries to show the commencement of titles in the latter state. It is submitted whether that part of the act of 1777, which requires an entry is not directory, and whether a failure therein shall prejudice the grantee. Suppose a person puts in his location, which is on a slip of paper, and pays his money, it is the duty of the entry taker to copy this location in a bound book and then it is called an entry. Let it be further supposed that the entry taker does not enter it on the book, and that he has previously issued a warrant on it. He afterwards loses, or mislays the location, whereby he is prevented from making the entry ; a grant however issues, shall the grantee lose his land ? Surely not.

It is admitted in the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, “ that all existing rights under the state of North Carolina were to be perfected according to the laws that state," agreeably to the act of cession to the United States. After the issuance of a grant, the laws of North Carolina, evidenced by the decisions of their courts, presume all pre requisites, to the issuing of a grant, to have been complied with ; therefore quere, for it cannot be seen, how the circumstances of this case, can withdraw it from the general principles laid down by the Supreme Court of the United States in the following words : “These rules (in relation to the issuing of grants) are in general directory, and when all the proceedings are completed by a patent issued by the authority of the state, a compliance with these rules is presumed. That every pre-requisite, has been performed is an inference properly deducible, and which any man has a right to draw from the existence of the grant itself.” See the case of Sevier & Anderson vs. Hill, ante acc.

These are the general principles recognised and acted on without exception (the state of Tennessee furnishing a solitary one as above) by both states. It is certainly a question involving the dearest interests of the people of Tennessee, whether the Federal courts, should not proceed by the same rules, in relation to such high and important rights of property. No doubt exists, but that they will so proceed, when state decisions are made known as being settled.

As, by the cession of North Carolina to Congress, in the year 1789, land claims are to be perfected, agreeably to the laws of that state, it cannot be seen how, or upon want solid ground the federal courts can judge of those claims, upon principles, other than close established by long usage, and the decisions of the state courts See 5 Cr. 22, 32. 33. 22r. 222. 225. 6 Cr. 165. 1 North Carolina Law Repository 431.

Beside the confusion, and distress, that must arise from such departure in relation to land titles, it would seem difficult to reconcile it, with that uniform respect which the Federal courts have ever shewn for state decisions—with the above provision of the cession act—as well as a fair presumption, founded in the comity of sovereign states, that North Carolina in issuing grants, after, as well as before the cession, acted bona fide. 
      
       The Supreme Court of N. C. had repeatedly decided differently, but particularly in 1 N. C. L R. 383 in the year 1814.
     
      
      [b] 4 A. L. J. p 1 Vincent's lessee vs. Conrad’ acc.
     
      
       How is the fact to be ascertained is the question. The entry book of Washington county, where these entries were made, is lost, and no accurate account of the entries made, can be had. The warrants filed in the secretaries office, is the only authentic evidence ; parol evidence, it is presumed, will not be admitted, in opposition to a state grant. Once admitted, there would be an end of every thing like certainly in land titles, which has been conceived essential in every country. see laws of N. C. 1795 c. 17 s. 10. 1793 c. 4 s. 2. laws of Tennessee 1801 c. 4.
     
      
       The idea that a grant, under such circumstances, independently of the act of cession, is void, formed a question which has been frequently decided in N. Carolina and this state, and uniformly directly the reverse of that expressed by the Supreme court of the United States. The opinion of the supreme court, proceeding on general principles, expressly recognizes the idea, that after the issuance of a grant, all prerequisites are to be presumed ; an entry is one of these prerequisites ; and this is conformable to a current of authority, without an exception. See 1 Hayw. Rep. 359, 1 North Carolina Law Repositary 383.
      The act of 1777 c I, of which the 9th section is a part requires many preparatory steps to be taken by the officers of government, such, as that a warrant should issue, sworn chain carriers, the land marked all round, &c. If the persons entrusted by government, to do these things, fail to take these steps, in some instances, will the grants be void ? It is believed not, though prima facie the 9th section would make them so.
     
      
       Hughes Rep. 39.
     