
    VILLAREAL et al. v. STATE.
    (No. 3838.)
    (Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
    Dec. 1, 1915.
    Rehearing Denied Dec. 22, 1915.
    Dissenting Opinion, Jan. 19, 1916.)
    1. Homicide <&wkey;30 — Pasties to Oeeenses— “Pbinoipal.”
    Pen. Code 1911, art. 75, provides that when an offense is actually committed by one or more persons, but others are present and knowing the unlawful intent, aid by acts or encourage by words or gestures those actually engaged in the commission of the unlawful act or who not being actually present, keep watch so as to prevent the interruption of those engaged in committing the offense, such persons so aiding, encouraging, or keeping watch are principal offenders. Article 87 provides that the persons therein specified, including the relations of an offender in the ascending or descending line cannot be accessories. Haiti, that mere presence at the time and place of a homicide will not alone constitute one a principal offender, though such presence is a circumstance tending to support a finding that one is a principal, and hence a person could not be convicted of murder on proof that he was present when his son killed deceased, and that he concealed the fact that his son had committed the offense.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 48-51; Dec. Dig. &wkey;^30.
    For other definitions, see Words and Phrases, First and Second Series, Principal.]
    2. Criminal Law <&wkey;59 — Pabties to Oeeens-es — “Pbinoipal. ’ ’
    To make one a principal offender he must be shown to have been guilty of some overt act or conduct prior to or at the time of a homicide.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 71, 73, 74, 76-81; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;>59.]
    3. Homicide <&wkey;250 — Evidence—Weight and Sufficiency.
    On a trial for murder, evidence hold sufficient to support a conviction, though the reputation of the state’s principal witness for truth and veracity was severely assailed and he was strongly contradicted.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Homicide, Cent. Dig. §§ 515-517; Dec. Dig. <&wkey;>250.]
    4. Chiminal Law <&wkey;1120— Appeal — Bills oe Exceptions — Sufficiency.
    Bills of exception complaining of the exclusion of questions asked witnesses should show what the witnesses’ answers would have been.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 2931-2937; Dec. Dig. (®^> 1120.]
    
      5. Witnesses &wkey;>337 — Impeachment of Accused IN CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS.
    Where accused on trial for homicide testified in his own behalf, it was permissible as affecting' Ms credit as a witness to elicit from him that he was under indictment for horse theft.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. §§ 1113, 1129-1132,1140-1142, 1146-1148; Dee. Dig. <&wkey;>837.]
    6. Cbiminal Law <&wkey;957 — Verdict — Impeachment by Affidavits of Jurors.
    Where jurors on a trial for murder Tiad been discharged and permitted to mingle with the outside world, one of them could not be permitted to impeach his verdict by his affidavit that he and most of the others believed a witness for the state committed the crime, and that they voted to find defendants guilty believing that defendants knew something about the crime and would tell what they knew if convicted.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 2392-2395; Dec. Dig. &wkey;> 957.]
    Davidson, J., dissenting in part.
    Appeal from District Court, Kleberg County ; W. B. Hopkins, Judge.
    Gorgonio Villareal and another were convicted of murder, and they appeal.
    Affirmed as to the defendant named, and reversed and remanded as to the other defendant.
    Pope ■& Sutherland, of Corpus Christi, for appellants. C. C. McDonald, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
   HARPER, J.

Both appellants were convicted of murder, and their punishment assessed at five years’ confinement in the penitentiary each.

The most serious question in the case is the one contending that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the conviction, and as to the defendant Práxedis Villareal, we think such contention must be sustained. Mere presence at the time and place of the homicide will not in and of itself alone constitute one a principal offender. Such presence is a circumstance tending to support a finding that one is a principal, but there must be other facts and circumstances in evidence tending to show that one aided by acts or encouraged by words or gestures the person who actually committed the unlawful act before a conviction can be sustained. Article 75, P. C. 1911; Burrell v. State, 18 Tex. 713; Golden v. State, 18 Tex. App. 637; Noftsinger v. State, 7 Tex. App. 302; Alford v. State, 31 Tex. Cr. R. 299, 20 S. W. 553. In this case the most the evidence would tend to show is that Práxedis Villa-real may have been present when his son Gorgonio Villareal fired the fatal shot, if he shot James Rowland, but all the evidence, both for the state and for the defendants, would show the most kindly and friendly relations existing between deceased and defendant Práxedis Villareal, and would exclude the idea that he for any reason would participate in the murder. All the state can insist that the evidence would suggest is, that perhaps he was present' and witnessed the homicide, afterwards concealing the fact .that his son Gorgonio had shot Rowland.

By article 87 it is provided that a father, by concealing the fact that his son has committed a crime, is not guilty as an accessory. To make one a principal offender he must be shown by circumstantial evidence or otherwise to have been guilty of some overt-act or conduct prior to or at the time of the homicide.

As to Gorgonio Villareal, the record presents a wholly different ease. By the witnesses Refugia Rodriguez, Toribia Ortiz, and Mariana Guzman, it is shown that Gorgonio Villareal not only desired the death of deceased, but besought Refugia Rodriguez and Mariana Guzman to obtain poison for him, offering to pay them $25 to do so, in order that he might have it administered to Rowland. All three of the witnesses testify to a state of facts that would show that appellant Gorgonio Villareal was intimate with the wife of deceased, and desired to have him killed that he might secure his wife. A sufficient motive is shown by the state’s testimony for him to have committed the crime, and that he had it in contemplation. Appellants’ own witnesses testify that ill will existed, but they place it on a different ground. They say that Gorgonio formerly was a frequent visitor at the home of James Rowland, but that Rowland had stopped him from coming to his' home. They gave as a reason for this that a mule or a horse had been stolen from Rowland, and he believed that appellant, with another, had stolen the animal, and for this reason had stopped appellant from coming to his home. Appellant Gorgonio says he had not Been at Rowland’s home for some months. However, a state’s witness, Annie Rowland, testifies to seeing him at her father’s home on two occasions shortly before the homicide, when her father was not at home. Lawrence Morris testifies that he was staying at the home of appellants, and that on Wednesday before the homicide occurred on Sunday, that Gorgonio in a conversation with him said that he wanted to get Jim Rowland out of the way so that he could have Rowland’s wife. Morris was a cousin of Gorgonio by marriage, and detailed the conversation, but the above is the substance of it. He also says that on the day of the homicide Gorgonio told him he was going to Ricardo (the home of Jim Rowland) and get deceased out of the way. That he saw Gorgonio when he left home and that he went in a buggy, and carried with him his Winchester rifle — a 44 caliber rifle. Morris says Jesus Gallardo was horseback, and went along with Gorgonio. On Monday morning he had a conversation with Gorgonio, in the presence of Gallardo, and that Gorgonio told him he had gone to Ricardo and got Jim Rowland out of the way. The other testimony shows that Jim Rowland on that Sunday night had been killed, being shot with a rifle ball of 44 caliber. Morris testifies that appellant drove off in a buggy, and this buggy was by the sheriff traced into the yard of deceased, and back to appellant’s home.

Appellant by his testimony seeks to explain why the buggy was sent to Rowland’s home. He denies driving it, and says' that Gallardo drove it after his father, Práxedis Villareal, and he is supported in this testimony by his father, mother, and other witnesses. He also testifies that state’s witness Morris had borrowed his 44 caliber Winchester rifle, and had it in his, Morris’, possession on the Sunday that Rowland was killed. In this he is supported by the testimony of his mother and other relatives. The jury evidently accepted the testimony of Morris, and did not believe the alibi testimony of appellant Gorgonio, and the explanation of why the buggy was driven to Rowland’s home, and did not believe that Morris was in possession of the rifle on that Sunday night, and while Lawrence Morris’ reputation for truth and veracity was severely assailed, and he was contradicted by appellants’ witnesses, are we authorized to hold that such evidence is unworthy of belief, when the jury who tried appellant Gor-gonio and the district judge who presided at the trial evidently thought it worthy of credence? If the testimony of Lawrence Morris is true, with the other facts and circumstances in evidence, the testimony authorized the conviction of Gorgonio Villareal, and we will not disturb the verdict as to him. Another strange circumstance in the case is that Jesus Gallardo, who was jointly indicted with appellants, charged with this murder, and who Lawrence Morris says went with appellant Gorgonio when he,- Morris, was told by appellant that he was going to Ricardo and get deceased out of the' way, and was with appellant when appellant told Morris the next morning that he had gotten deceased out of the way, disappeared on that Monday morning and has not been seen nor heard of since that time.

The court permitted a sufficiently broad scope in the cross-examination and impeachment of the witness Refugia Rodriguez, and there was no error committed in sustaining the questions propounded as shown by bills of exception Nos. 1 and 2, and the same may be said as to the witness Toribia Ortiz in bills Nos. 3, 4, and 5. These bills are very incomplete, some of them showing the questions which were not permitted to be propounded, do not show what the answer would have been, nor, where the questions were permitted to be propounded, what answer the witness really would have made.

As to the questions propounded to the witness Lawrence Morris and questions propounded to Mrs. James Rowland on cross-examination, the answers of the witnesses are not given, nor Is it stated what could have been proven by them, nor the substance of what was proven or expected to be proven.

As presented in this record, bills Nos. 6, 7, 8, and 9 present no error, and if they were more full and complete, under the record before us no error would be presented.

It was permissible to elicit from appellant Gorgonio Villareal that he was under indictment for horse theft as affecting his credit as a witness, he having testified in his own behalf.

The only other question presented by the record is an affidavit of one of the jurors, S. L. Gotten, seeking to impeach the verdict, lie says that the jury when they first retired stood 7 for conviction, and 5 for acquittal. That after the case was discussed they all voted for conviction. That what induced him to vote for conviction was that he and most of the jurymen believed that Lawrence Morris killed the deceased, and that the defendants in this case knew something of the crime, and if they were convicted they would tell what they knew, and in such event a pardon could be secured. He states that he voted guilty by ballot, and also when the jury was polled, but he did not believe the defendants guilty. A juryman will not be thus permitted to impeach his verdict after being discharged and permitted to mingle with the outside world. Such has been the unbroken rule of decision in this court. Johnson v. State, 27 Tex. 758; Weatherford v. State, 31 Tex. Cr. R. 530, 21 S. W. 251, 37 Am. St. Rep. 828; Pilot v. State, 38 Tex. Cr. R. 515, 43 S. W. 112, 1024; Henry v. State, 43 S. W. 340; Montgomery v. State, 13 Tex. App. 74, and other cases cited in section 1151 of White’s Ann. Code Cr. Proc.

The judgment is reversed and remanded as to Práxedis Villareal, and affirmed as to Gorgonio Villareal.

DAVIDSON, J.

(dissenting). I concur in the reversal as to the elder Villareal, and I further believe that the judgment ought to have been reversed as to Gorgonio Villareal. The evidence places the elder Villareal in the vicinity of where the homicide occurred and shortly prior to the tragedy, in company with Jesus Gallardo. The state sought to show, and largely predicated its case upon the fact, that the parties who did the killing were in a buggy. The elder Villareal and Gallardo were in a buggy, and are supposed to have left the ranch where the homicide occurred shortly prior to the killing the same evening. The state’s case as to Gorgonio Villareal is made by the testimony of Lawrence Morris. In substance his testimony is: His wife was related to the Villareals; that he and his wife were on a visit to the Villa-real ranch, and had been a day or two prior to the homicide; that that ranch was 8 or 10 miles or something like that from the scene of the homicide. His testimony is further that Gorgonio Villareal left the Villareal ranch at about 3 o’clock on Sunday evening, and returned during the night. That when he left the ranch he was horseback and carried a rifle. This was the only rifle on the Villareal ranch. He further testified that on Monday morning Gorgonio told him that he had made away or gotten rid of the deceased, calling him by name. This is the substance of the state’s case, except by the same witness introduced some evidence showing a motive on the part of appellant Gorgonio to do the killing. He says this grew out of an affection or love for the wife of the deceased, and that is the motive relied upon by the state, or at least seems to he. Of course, all those things were met on the trial and by some of the state’s evidence, that there was evidence to show the motive alleged by this witness was false; that there was nothing improper, and had not been between defendant Gorgonio and the wife of deceased, and that they had not been together to amount to anything for quite a while. So all the facts disconnected appellant Gorgonio with the buggy. All the facts put the elder Villareal and Gallardo in the buggy. To meet Morris’ testimony that Gorgonio Villareal absented himself from the ranch, carrying the gun mentioned by Morris, as well as to disprove the confession stated to have been made by Villareal to Morris, the witnesses at the Vil-lareal ranch were introduced, and every one of these placed upon the stand testified that there was but one rifle on the ranch, and it had a screw missing which had to be fixed; that Morris left the ranch, leaving his wife at the ranch on Sunday evening about 3 o’clock, and rode away horseback, carrying this gun with him to have it fixed, and that he was gone from the ranch until perhaps Tuesday, or at least until late Monday evening. All of these witnesses testify that the defendant Gorgonio did not leave the ranch after 12 o’clock on Sunday; that he was working about the place during Sunday evening, they going into detail as to what the work was and what he was doing; that he was also at home the next day working and remained about there; that Morris was not at the ranch Monday morning, which rendered it impossible that any confession should have been made as he swore. In fact, the testimony of all of the witnesses at the ranch by each side placed on the stand testified positively that Morris took the gun and left the ranch Sunday evening, and did not return to the ranch until late Monday evening or Tuesday; that he carried the gun away with him to have a screw fixed, and brought it back with the screw fixed. In addition to this, other state witnesses, among them the constable and a Mexican woman, Refugia Rodriguez, testified they saw him Monday morning about 10 o’clock in Falfurrias, 20 miles away from the Villareal ranch. They talked with him. These were state’s witnesses, but were not at the ranch. If Morris’ testimony is eliminated, the .state would not have had evidence enough to have gone to the jury with any hope of a conviction. Morris accounts for himself only by stating that he spent Sunday night at the Villareal ranch. Every witness testifies to the contrary, and his wife, who was at the ranch, was not even placed on the stand to sustain him. So he stands with every witness, state and defendant, who testifies to the facts with reference to what has been above stated contradicting, and the state stands alone upon thé testimony of this witness Miorris. The writer does not understand how any jury would have convicted on the testimony of Morris.

On the motion for a new trial one of the jurors filed an affidavit in line with the matters I have just stated. The facts show a complete alibi for Morris from the ranch, but not from the scene of the homicide; he leaving the ranch in possession of the gun that is supposed to have been used, and the state relied on as being used to commit the homicide. He was not accounted for from the time he left the ranch until Monday morning about 10 o’clock 20 miles away at Falfurrias; 10 o’clock or about 10 o’clock is the time he states defendant Gorgonio made the confession to him at the Villareal ranch. At that hour the constable, Mr. With, and Refugia Rodriguez testify they saw and talked with Morris at Falfurrias. They were state witnesses. Every witness except Morris proves an alibi for the defendant Gor-gonio from the scene of the homicide, and his presence at the ranch 10 or 12 miles from where the homicide occurred. In addition to this, the affidavit of the juror is filed and appended to the motion for a new trial, in which it is stated that he and most of the jurors did not believe defendants guilty, but did believe Morris guilty, giving various reasons for such belief, and why a verdict was finally reached convicting the defendants ; that by convicting appellants “the state might get the right man,” and in that event the jury “would sign up a petition to free these defendants, * * * though 1 never believed the defendants were proven guilty, and did not then believe them proven guilty when I agreed to verdict of guilty, and do not now believe that the defendants are guilty under the evidence on the trial, but do believe that by finding the defendants guilty that the guilty party might be found, and that the defendants thereafter can be released.” The rule is invoked that the jury are the exclusive judges of the facts proved and the weight to be given the testimony. This is the general proposition asserted by the statute, and marks the dividing line between the authority of the jury as to the facts and that of the court as to the law. Article 734 of the Revised Code Criminal Procedure 1911, so provides, and further that the jury are not the judges oí the law in any case, but must take the law from the court. Practically the same rule is laid down in article 786, Revised Code oí Criminal Procedure, 1911. This, however, does not mean that the jury may arbitrarily convict, nor do these articles annul the fundamental principle of the law which provides that the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt sha! be the law of every criminal case. In finding a verdict and passing on the facts, the verdict must he in consonance with the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt. These presumptions are binding fully on the jury, and require that body to weigh the facts from these standpoints. It is a clear limitation on the exclusive power of the jury deciding the facts and the weight of the testimony. The jury must receive the law from the court and be governed by it. See article 734, supra. The court must charge these presumptions, and the jury must be governed by them. They furnish the criterion by which facts are to be solved. This is a statutory rule that is to be read into and considered with the statute with reference to the province of the jury in passing on the facts. They have no right, no authority in law or good conscience to convict a man until the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt have been overcome. They do not become arbitrarily the judges to set aside the presumption of innocence. This must be done by the facts, and the state cannot ask in good conscience a verdict of conviction until the presumption of innocence, to the exclusion of reasonable doubt, has been overcome by facts. These are fundamental rules fixed-by law and cannot be ignored by the jury any more than by the court. The jury is practically prohibited from viewing the facts from any other standpoint than from the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt, and no verdict ought to be permitted to stand that does not overcome these basic principles of the law. These presumptions, or rather presumptions of innocence, must be overcome. It is not what we call a conclusive presumption, but still it is a presumption in favor of innocence that must be overcome by facts, and because the jury are the exclusive judges of the facts does not abolish the statutory rule of the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt. It may be overcome, but it must be overcome by evidence of a trustworthy nature. Though it is the province of the jury to find the facts, that body cannot deduce from the facts an unfavorable deduction or conclusion, unless the favorable conclusion or deduction is excluded as unreasonable. Cromeans v. State, 59 Tex. Cr. R. 611, 129 S. W. 1129. That is a sound and correct rule. That opinion is a clear enunciation of the law — in full harmony with the statutes.

Applying this rule then to the facts of this case, and the record as it comes to this court, the finding of the jury is not correct. It does not speak a true verdict either in law under the evidence, or viewed from the standpoint of the uncontradicted affidavit of the juror that they did not believe appellants to be guilty. The accused is entitled to a fair trial and on competent evidence. He should never be convicted when the jurors who convict him admit his innocence, but convict him, not because he is guilty, but in order, by doing so, they might reach somebody else who was guilty. He should not be the “scapegoat for the sins turned loose in the wilderness.” That is not the rule under our law. The man who is on trial and. convicted must be proved guilty. He is not made the innocent “victim for the sins of the xreople.” While this court should be cautious in setting aside a verdict on the question of fact, yet it has power to do so, and on proper occasion should rise to the emergency. This court is empowered to reverse on the facts, and it becomes its solemn duty to do so to prevent unjust convictions. This court should not lend itself to the affirmance of a case that comes to us in the shape this record does. It is said that a juror will not be heard to impeach his own verdict. That may or may not be correct, owing to circumstances, and the manner in which it comes. I am of opinion that a verdict may be impeached whenever that impeachment carried corruption with it on the part of the jury. The verdict is admitted to be an illegal conviction, stating the want of belief on the part of the jury from the facts of the guilt of the man they are incarcerating in the penitentiary. This juror stands uncontradicted as to his statements in this matter. Our court has power to investigate this matter and award a new trial, even on the facts, as is plainly stated in the statutes of our state. See articles 938 and 939, Revised Code of Criminal Procedure 1911. The court has the power to reverse for want of sufficient evidence, and in this case, in my judgment, the conviction against Gorgonio should have been reversed as well as that against the elder Villareal. In fact, in my judgment, the ease is more favorable to Gor-gonio than it is to his father. If Morris had been placed on the stand for perjury, his guilt would not have been the subject of debate, if this record is true, and this by the state’s own testimony, and he was the man they were relying upon to incarcerate two men who the juror swears that the jury believe are not guilty. Perjury ought never to be regarded as sufficient to justify a conviction in the trial court, and certainly not of an affirmance by this court. This unfavorable verdict is a deduction most unfavorable on a state of facts from which no legitimate deduction of guilt can be inferred or ought to be inferred, as I understand this record.

For these reasons I concur in the reversal as to the elder Villareal, and dissent from the affirmance of Gorgonio Villareal. I do not believe these men to be guilty, and. I tbink the evidence shows beyond any question that fact and conclusion.

Since filing this dissent Judge HARPER has called my attention to the fact that I was in error in stating that Gorgonio left his ranch on horseback and Gallardo in the buggy. This I find to be correct. I should have stated that Gorgonio was in the buggy and Gallardo on horseback. This correction is made so as to conform to the evidence of Morris. 
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