
    Trustees of Village of Geneva v. Brush Electric Co.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term,, Fifth Department.
    
    January 11, 1889.)
    Municipal Corporations—Obstructions in Streets—Recovery Over.
    Judgment was obtained against a village for personal injuries caused by the maintenance on a village street of a pole for the support of one of defendant’s electric lamps. Defendant was under contract to light the streets of the village. The pole had been erected by defendant’s assignor, and was left standing with the consent of the village. Held, that defendant was not liable to the municipality for any part of such judgment.
    Appeal from circuit court, Ontario county.
    Action by the trustees of the village of Geneva against the Brush Electric 'Company of Cleveland. Judgment for plaintiff, and defendant appeals.
    Argued before Barker, P. J., and Haight, Bradley, and Dwight, JJ.
    
      Wm. E. Cushing, for appellant. Arthur Rose, for respondent.
   Dwight, J.

This was an action over, by the plaintiffs, on a judgment •recovered against them by one Maloney for personal injuries caused by an ob-struction maintained by the defendant in one of the streets of the plaintiff’s village. The defendant was under a contract with the plaintiffs to light the .streets of the village by electricity. A con tract to that purpose was first made in May, 1884, with the “Brush-Swan Electric Light Company of Hew England. ” Under that contract the defendants designated the places where the electric lamps should be put, one of which places was at the intersection of Exchange •and Jackson streets. Thereupon the Brush-Swan Company, early in June, 1884, for the purpose of supporting the lamp so located, erected the pole which •constituted the obstruction complained of in the action of Maloney. It was erected on the east side of Exchange street, and, together with a pole diagonally opposite on Jackson street, served to support the wires from which a lamp was suspended over the intersection of the two streets. Afterwards the Brush-Swan Company transferred all its rights and interests under the contra .-t above mentioned to the defendant; and on the 5th of December, 1884, the latter company entered into a contract with the plaintiffs, by which it undertook, with unimportant modifications, “to fulfill the conditions of the said agreement of the Brush-Swan Electric Light Company.” On the 2d day ■of June, 1885, (the above-mentioned contracts having expired by limitation,) the parties to this action entered into a new contract to the same purpose, •which contained the provision, “Lamps to be about 35 feet high, and to be as now located;” and on the 10th day of the same month the accident occurred: which was the basis of the former action. The pole then stood as it had beeneriginally placed by the former contractor, a year before. No objection had ever been made by the plaintiff to its location, but, on the contrary, as the-court below expressly finds, it had been permitted to remain there “by the consent of the plai ntiffs. ” This finding is one of fact, made in response to the request of the defendant, and is, of course, conclusive upon the plaintiffs, who-have neither appealed from the judgment, nor excepted to any of the findings. ■There is a further finding to the effect “that general directions were given to the agent of-the Brush-Swan Electric Company to set said pole inside of the-curb.” This finding was excepted to, and seems to have been without evidence tending to sustain it. Code Civil Proc. §§ 992, 993. There was no direction which specified or included this pole. The only general direction given, at any timé, on the subject of the location of poles related to those employed-in an experimental -circuit which was set up by the Brush-Swan Company, before any contract was made, and which did not include the pole or the location in question. We have, then, the affirmative finding that the plaintiffs-consented to the maintenance off this pole by the defendant in the position in which it was located when the contract was assumed by the latter, and ins which it remained when the injury was sustained for which judgment was-recovered. By that judgment the pole so located was adjudged to be a nuisance, for which the plaintiff was responsible to the party injured. But-the court, at the circuit, found as a conclusion of law that “as between the plaintiff and defendant herein the pole in question was not maintained by the concurrence of the plaintiff.” It is not made quite clear what distinction was intended between the terms “consent” and “concurrence,” or in what sense it can be said that this pole was maintained with the consent, and without the concurrence, of the plaintiffs. If the maintenance of the pole had involved any affirmative action on the part of the defendant, it might have been said that such action was without the participation or co-operation of the plaintiffs-, but, as we have seen, no such action was involved. The defendant had neither set, nor reset, nor repaired the pole. It had simply left it (with the consent of the plaintiffs) where it was placed by the former contractor. Or if the injury for which recovery was had, had resulted from the use of the pole, it might properly have been found that the plaintiffs did not participate in such use. But it must be observed, it was in the location, and not in the use, of the pole that the nuisance consisted. No wrongful or negligent use-was alleged or proved. The injury to Maloney resulted, not from any use of “the pole, but only from its location. That it was permitted to remain in that location, with the consent of the plaintiffs, is affirmatively found; and, as we have seen, no further concurrence on, the part of the plaintiffs was, in the nature of the case, possible. Under these circumstances, consent and concurrence seem to be convertible terms. Such being the case, the plaintiffs are in the position of joint wrong-doers,—in the same fault with the defendant, ■—and hence not entitled to claim indemnity or contribution from the latter.

The general rule, which denies indemnity or contribution to joint wrongdoers, is elementary. The cases in which recovery over is permitted in favor of one who has been compelled to respond to the party injured are exceptions-to the general rule, and are based upon principles of equity. Such exceptions obtain in two classes of cases: First, where the party claiming indemnity has not been guilty of any fault except technically or constructively, as where an innocent master is held to respond for the tort of his servant acting within the scope of his employment; or, second, where both parties have been in fault, but not in the same fault, towards the party injured, and the fault of the party from whom indemnity is claimed was the primary and efficient cause of the injury. Very familiar illustrations of the second class are found in eases of recovery against municipalities for obstructions to the highways caused by private persons. The fault of the latter is the creation of the nuisance; that •of the former, the failure to remove it in the exercise of its duty to care for the safety of the public streets. The first was a positive tort, and the efficient cause of the injury complained of; the latter, the negative tort of neglect to .act upon notice, express or implied. Of the latter class are the eases, cited by counsel for the respondents, of Village of Port Jarvis v. Bank, 96 N. Y 550; Village of Seneca Falls v. Zalinski, 8 Hun, 575; City of Rochester v. Montgomery, 72 N. Y. 65; Lowell v. Railroad Co., 23 Pick. 24. The case at bails distinguished from these and all similar cases, by the fact, affirmatively found by the court, that the plaintiffs consented to the maintenance of the .pole in the position in which the defendant received it from the former contractor. In most of the cases of this class the notice to the municipality, which charges it with negligence, is constructive merely, (sen Lowell v. Railroad Co., supra;) but, even though the fact of negligence be established by proof of express notice, the fault of the municipality is negative, and the lat-ter is not in the same fault, or in pari delietu, with the wrong-doer. To this •case we think the language of the court by Allen, J., in Johnson v. Oppenheim, 55 N. Y. 280, is fully applicable: “As one who has consented to an act cannot maintain an action for any loss sustained by him, so no one can avoid an obligation or relieve himself from a duty to another, by the act of a third party to which he has consented ” On the grounds indicated we think the first conclusion of law, to the effect that the pole in question was not maintained with the concurrence of the plaintiffs, and the final conclusion, that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover against the defendant, were not warranted by the findings of fact, or by the evidence in the ease. For these reasons the .judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted; costs to abide .event. All concur.  