
    UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Democrus Pernell BURSTON, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 14-3213.
    United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
    Submitted: Sept. 24, 2015.
    Filed: Nov. 23, 2015.
    
      Raphael M. Scheetz, (argued), Cedar Rapids, IA, for Defendant-Appellant.
    Mark Tremmel, AUSA, (argued), Anthony R. Morfitt, AUSA, on the brief, Cedar Rapids, IA, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
    Before MURPHY, MELLOY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
   MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Democrus Pernell Burston (Burston) challenges his conviction for being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Burston contends the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence gatlu ered from a drug-detection dog sniff, a subsequent search of his apartment, and his post-arrest interview. In denying his motion, the district court determined it did not need to decide whether the dog sniff violated the Fourth Amendment as a war-rantless search on the curtilage of Bur-ston’s home. Instead, the district court held the exclusionary rule did not apply because the officers acted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding circuit precedent. See Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 2423-24, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (2011). Burston argues that the district court erred because the dog sniff occurred six to ten inches from his apartment window and the Fourth Amendment violation was sufficiently clear to preclude the application of Davis. We agree with Burston’s contentions and hold the district court erred in denying Burston’s motion to suppress the evidence seized by the police officer’s illegal search. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.

I.

On March 13, 2012, Officer John O’Brien (Officer O’Brien) informed Officer A1 Fear (Officer Fear), both of the Cedar Rapids Police Department, that there was potential drug use in an apartment in northeast Cedar Rapids. Burston was one of the residents in that apartment. Acting on this information, Officer Fear visited the eight-unit apartment building with his drug-sniffing dog, Marco. Once there, Officer Fear released Marco off-leash to sniff the air alongside the front exterior wall of the west side of the apartment building. There are four exterior apartment doors located on the building’s west side, including apartment 4 where Burston resided. His unit had a private entrance and window. A walkway led to his door from a sidewalk, but the walkway did not go directly to (or by) his window. Rather, Bur-ston’s window was approximately six feet from the walkway. A bush covered part of his window, and there was a space between the bush and the walkway, which was occupied by his cooking grill. Marco alerted to the presence of drugs six to ten inches from the window of Burston’s apartment.

More specifically, Marco sat down next' to the private window of Burston’s apartment, past the bush that partially covered the window. Officer Fear remained six feet from the apartment. The area where Marco sniffed was not in an enclosed area. Nor was the public physically prevented from entering or looking at that area other than by the physical obstruction of the bush. Both parties presented photos into evidence showing a cooking grill between Burston’s door and the space where Marco alerted to the presence of drugs. The photos also show the bush in front of Bur-ston’s window. Like Burston’s apartment, the other apartments had their own door, exterior window, and grassy areas in front.

•The same day Marco alerted outside Burston’s window, Officer Fear submitted an application for a search warrant based on Marco’s alert and Burston’s criminal record. A state magistrate judge issued a search warrant. Six days later, Officers Fear and O’Brien, along with other officers, executed a search of Burston’s apartment. The officers found four rifles, ammunition, and marijuana residue. Burston was arrested. At the Cedar Rapids Police Station, Burston was read his Miranda warnings. He consented to talk, but he refused to sign a form to indicate such consent. During his post-arrest interview, Burston made incriminating statements. Burston was later charged in an indictment for knowingly possessing firearms and ammunition as a felon and as an unlawful user of marijuana. Burston filed a timely motion to suppress on June 2, 2014, which relied on Florida v. Jardines, — U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 1409, 185 L.Ed.2d 495 (2013), to support his claim that the dog sniff was an illegal warrantless search.

On July 10, 2014, a magistrate judge issued a Report and Recommendation (R & R), recommending the district court deny Burston’s motion to suppress. Relying on the analytical approach in Jardines, the magistrate judge asserted the dog sniff constituted an unlawful warrantless search under the Fourth Amendment “[bjecause the area where Marco sniffed is curtilage and because there was no license, explicit or implicit, for Marco to occupy the area where he sniffed.” On the other hand, the magistrate judge determined the government established the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule found in Davis because Officer Fear relied on binding Eighth Circuit precedent, namely, United States v. Scott, 610 F.3d 1009 (8th Cir.2010), and United States v. Brooks, 645 F.3d 971 (8th Cir.2011), in conducting the search and because Jardines had not been decided at the time of the search. The magistrate judge also determined that the good faith exception in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984), applied because Bur-ston failed to prove any of the four circumstances in United States v. Grant, 490 F.3d 627, 632-33 (2007), to require suppression. After the magistrate judge filed the R & R, Burston entered a conditional guilty plea to one count of possession of a firearm but reserved his right to pursue his suppression motion in the district court and on appeal.

On September 2, 2014, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s R & R in part. In denying Burston’s motion to suppress, the district court relied on the Davis exception and did not rely on Leon or address the curtilage issue.

II.

When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo but its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Riesselman, 646 F.3d 1072, 1076 (8th Cir.2011). “We ‘will affirm the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence unless it is unsupported by substantial evidence, based on an erroneous interpretation of applicable law, or, based on the entire record, it is clear a mistake was made.’ ” Id. (quoting United States v. Vanover, 630 F.3d 1108, 1114 (8th Cir.2011)).

A.

Burston first, argues the district court erred because the dog sniff violated his Fourth Amendment rights pursuant to Jardines; the drug-sniffing dog entered the curtilage of Burston’s residence and the officers did not previously obtain' a search warrant. The government counters that, although the district court did not address the issue, the evidence should not be suppressed because the dog sniff was not an illegal search under Jardines. The government maintains that this case is distinct from Jardines and no Fourth Amendment violation occurred.

In Jardines, the United States Supreme Court held that an officer’s use of a drug-sniffing dog to investigate a home and its immediate surroundings is a “search” under the Fourth Amendment. Jardines, 133 S.Ct. at 1417-18. There, police officers permitted a dog to sniff for drugs on the defendant’s front porch. The dog made a positive alert at the base of the front door. Id. at 1413. After determining the area where the officers searched constituted “curtilage” protected by the Fourth Amendment and the officers had no license to intrude on that curtilage, the Supreme Court held the dog sniff was an unreasonable search in violation of the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. Id. at 1417-18. The Supreme Court explained, “We therefore regard the area ‘immediately surrounding and associated with the home’ — what our cases call the curtilage — as ‘part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.’ ” Id. at 1414 (quoting Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180, 104 S.Ct. 1735, 80 L.Ed.2d 214 (1984)). This Court clarified that “[d]etermining whether a particular area is part of the curtilage of an individual's residence requires consideration of ‘factors that bear upon whether an individual reasonably may expect that the area in question should be treated as the home itself.’ ” United States v. Bausby, 720 F.3d 652, 656 (8th Cir.2013) (quoting United States v. Boyster, 436 F.3d 986, 991 (8th Cir.2006)). To resolve curtilage questions, four relevant factors are considered: “the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home, the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.” Id. (quoting United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 301, 107 S.Ct. 1134, 94 L.Ed.2d 326 (1987)).

Here, the factors discussed in Dunn support a finding of curtilage. First, the area sniffed was in close proximity to Burston’s apartment — six to ten inches. That area is “immediately surrounding” his residence. Like the magistrate judge, we find the first Dunn factor to “strongly support[] a finding that the lawn in front of the apartment window is curtilage.” Second, the record contains photographic evidence that Burston made personal use of the area by setting up a cooking grill between the door and his window. Third, there was a bush planted in the area in front of the window, which partially covered the window. One function of the bush was likely to prevent close inspection of Burston’s window by passersby. Consideration of the first, third, and fourth Dunn factors outweighs the one Dunn factor that arguably militates against finding the area to be part of the home’s curtilage, i.e., the area was not surrounded by an enclosure. The bush, one could argue, served as a barrier to the area sniffed. Hence, we hold the area sniffed constituted the curtilage of Bur-ston’s apartment.

In addition, the police officers did not have license for the physical invasion of Burston’s curtilage. “In our case, even absent the intent to search,” the magistrate judge correctly recognized, “police officers would not have an implicit license to stand six to ten inches from the window in front of Burston’s apartment.” See Jardines, 133 S.Ct. at 1417 (“As we have described, [whether the officer’s conduct was an objectively reasonable search] depends upon whether the officers had an implied license to enter the porch, which in turn depends upon the purpose for which they entered.”). Thus, in agreement with the magistrate judge, because the police officers had no license to invade Burston’s curtilage and the area Marco sniffed was within the curtilage of Burston’s apartment, we hold the dog sniff was an illegal search in violation of Burston’s Fourth Amendment rights under Jardines.

B.

Agreeing with Burston that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated pursuant to Jardines, we turn now to his argument that the good faith exceptions in Davis and Leon do not apply. According to Burston, Officer Fear did not reasonably rely on bidding Eighth Circuit precedent in conducting the dog sniff. Burston contends that the district court wrongly focused on the location of Officer Fear, not the dog, during the dog sniff. The government replies that the exclusionary rule does not apply because the officers acted in objectively reasonable rebanee on binding Eighth Circuit precedent in conducting the dog sniff, as required by the Davis exception, and the officers executed the search in good faith under Leon.

In Davis, the Supreme Court explained that “searches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent are not subject to the exclusionary rule.” 131 S.Ct. at 2423-24. In this case, the district court reasoned that Scott and Brooks were binding precedent, which permitted the dog sniff.

In Scott, this Court affirmed the district court’s denial of a defendant’s suppression motion. 610 F.3d at 1016. There, based on a tip from a confidential informant, a police officer brought his drug-sniffing dog into the common hallway of the defendant’s apartment building. The dog sniffed the exterior doorframe of the defendant’s apartment and alerted to the odor of narcotics. A detective subsequently applied for and obtained a “no knock” search warrant. Officers executed the search and discovered crack cocaine, marijuana, a digital scale, and plastic baggies, typically used to package drugs. Ultimately, this Court held that the officer’s use of a drug-sniffing dog did not constitute a search subject to the Fourth Amendment because the sniff occurred in a common hallway and the police officers were lawfully present.

In Brooks, this Court, again, affirmed a district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. Similar to Scott, an officer learned from a confidential informant that the defendant was selling drugs and guns from his basement apartment. 645 F.3d at 973. Unlike the facts of Scott (or this case), however, Brooks did not involve a dog sniff. Rather, in Brooks, officers “entered the backyard - of the [apartment] building, pursued [the defendant] down the staircase and retrieved the discarded firearm.” Id. at 975. On appeal, the defendant argued “the officers unlawfully encroached upon the curtilage of his home to seize the firearm.” Id. This Court was unconvinced that the backyard or staircase could be characterized as cur-tilage. The staircase did not lead directly to the defendant’s residence. It “le[d] to the basement of the multi-family dwelling, in which there [wa]s a common area shared by all tenants.” Id. at 975-76. Both the staircase and backyard were “visible from public areas.” Id. at 976. This Court held the officers lawfully seized the firearm pursuant to the plain view doctrine.

Officer Fear’s rebanee on Scott and Brooks was misplaced and not objectively reasonable. Neither Scott nor Brooks specifically authorize a dog sniff six to ten inches from a suspect’s window, present similar facts, or provide a rationale to justify Officer Fear’s search. See Davis, 131 S.Ct. at 2429. Scott involved a drug-sniffing dog in a common interior apartment hallway where the officer and drug dog were both constitutionally permitted. Brooks involved no drug sniffing dog and the officers conducted surveillance from a common backyard and retrieved a firearm from a common staircase. By contrast, the area searched in this case was within six to ten inches of Burston’s window, that is to say, an uncommon area. No common walkway leads to Burston’s window. The bush and the grill in front of the window prevent the area from being used as a common area. Thus, Davis does not apply because neither Scott nor Brooks serve as binding precedent to permit the drug-detection dog sniff in this factual context.

Finally, bolstering our decision is the fact that cases preceding Jardines support the proposition that a police officer cannot invade a homeowner’s curtilage by bringing a dog six to ten inches from a resident’s window for the purpose of gathering evidence without a warrant. See, e.g., United States v. Wells, 648 F.3d 671, 677-78 (8th Cir.2011) (finding officers violated the Fourth Amendment when they stood in the curtilage of the defendant’s home, i.e., the portion of the unpaved driveway extending past the rear of the defendant’s home, and observed a lighted outbuilding); United States v. Schroeder, 129 F.3d 439, 443 (8th Cir.1997) (“But here, ‘though the boundaries of curtilage are naturally and necessarily imprecise, the officers undertook a search that caused them to invade what they could not fail to have known was potentially [another’s] curtilage.” (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Reilly, 76 F.3d 1271, 1281 (2nd Cir.1996))).

III.

For the above reasons, the district court erred in denying Burston’s suppression motion. The exclusionary rule applies to preclude the use of evidence from the dog sniff in Officer Fear’s search warrant application and the derivative evidence from the search of Burston’s apartment and post-arrest interview. As a result, the district court’s denial of Burston’s suppression motion is reversed and this case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. 
      
      . Marco is trained to sit and wait for a reward upon smelling the strongest source of odor of narcotics.
     
      
      . The government disputes whether the grill was present during the dog sniff and whether Marco was required to go between the bush and the window to sniff.
     
      
      . Jardines was decided after the dog sniff and apartment search but prior to Burston's suppression motion.
     
      
      . The Supreme Court in Jardines did "not decide whether the officers' investigation of [the defendant's] home violated his expectation of privacy under [Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967)].” 133 S.Ct. at 1417. The decision was based on the violation of the defendant’s property, not privacy, rights.
     
      
      . At Burston’s suppression hearing, the officers testified they could not remember if a grill was present during the dog sniff or search of the apartment. Officer Fear testified that nothing impeded the dog from sniffing in that area. From Officer Fear’s testimony alone, the magistrate judge concluded "the grill was likely absent at the time of the dog sniff.” We do not make the same inference.
     
      
      . See United States v. Hopkins, No. CR14-0120, 2015 WL 4087054, at *4 (July 6, 2015 N.D.Iowa) (holding a "cement area outside Defendant’s [apartment's] front door,” which was an area shared with one other unit, was protected curtilage).
     
      
      . By focusing on Officer Fear’s location instead of the drug-detection dog's location, the district court’s decision suggests an officer may remain in a lawful location while his or her drug dog unlawfully invades the curtilage of a home. This suggestion is erroneous. See Scott, 610 F.3d at 1016 ("In both [United States v. Roby, 122 F,3d 1120, 1124 (8th Cir.1997)] and the present case, the dog sniffs occurred in a place where law enforcement was lawfully present.") (emphasis added). As argued in appellant’s opening brief, if this Court were to adopt the district court's suggestion, an entirely separate question arises regarding the limits of that technique.
     
      
      . The distinct good faith exception to the exclusionary rule articulated in Leon is also inapplicable here. The officers’ reliance on the search warrant could not be deemed objectively reasonable because the same officers’ prewarrant conduct was not "close enough to the line of validity to make the officers’ belief in the validity of the warrant objectively reasonable.” United States v. Cannon, 703 F.3d 407, 413 (8th Cir.2013) (quoting United States v. Conner, 127 F.3d 663, 667 (8th Cir.1997)).
     