
    In the Matter of the Application of the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park for the Condemnation of Certain Lands Situated in the County of Rockland and State of New York. Ex Parte Haverstraw Crushed Stone Company, Respondent; Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park, Appellant.
    Second Department,
    May 5, 1916.
    Eminent domain — condemnation of lands for Palisades Interstate Park — interest on award — when title to Commissioners vests — order confirming award not judgment—Code Civil Procedure, section 1211j construed — delay of payment by reason of appeal by landowners.
    As the statute authorizing the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park to condemn lands provides that they shall not acquire title to premises condemned “ until the amount awarded for the same shall have been paid to the owner * * * but such payment shall operate to transfer the title, ” a mere confirmation of the Commissioners’ report as to an award transfers no title or right of possession to the Commissioners.
    Hence, as interest is not part of an award, but is in the nature of damages for default in payment, a landowner is not entitled to interest on the principal of the sum awarded to him from the date the order was entered to the date of payment.
    Section 1211 of the Code of Civil Procedure, relating to interest on a judgment for a sum of money, does not entitle such owner to interest, for the order confirming the award is not a judgment and cannot be entered as such.
    It would be inequitable to allow such owner interest when, as a matter of fact, he was allowed undisturbed possession of the premises during the time intervening between the confirmation of the award and the payment thereof, and especially so when the delay in making payment was caused by the fact that appeals taken by owners from the order of confirmation were pending and undetermined, so that the Commissioners could not make payment without prejudicing the interests of the State. Putnam, J., dissented in part.
    Appeal by the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the Bock-land Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Bockland on the 23d day of December, 1915, as resettled by an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 4th day of January, 1916.
    
      Edward W. Hatch [George A. Blauvelt with him on the brief], for the appellant.
    
      Henry W. Hardon [Charles F. Brown with him on the brief], for the respondent.
   Bich, J.:

This appeal is from an order directing the Commissioners of the Palisades Interstate Park to pay to the respondent interest on the principal sum of an award amounting to $210,000, from the date when the order confirming the report of the condemnation commissioners was entered to the date of the payment of" the principal sum, and directing that the Commissioners pay to Henry W. Hardon interest on the disbursements and costs which had been allowed to him, at the rate of six per centum per annum. Considerable time elapsed between the time when the awards were made and the date when they were paid, which was excusable, and is of no consequence in determining the issue presented by this appeal.

The learned court at Special Term held, First, that the respondent was entitled to interest as matter of law, under the provisions of section 1211 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which, so far as material, provides that “a judgment for a sum of money, rendered in a court of record, or not of record, or a judgment rendered in a court of record, directing the payment of money, bears interest from the time when it is entered; ” and second, that it was entitled to the interest as a matter of justice and equity. I am unable to find any provision of statute under which interest may be paid on an award, and no time is fixed within which the principal must be paid. Confirmation of the Commissioners’ report does not transfer the title or any right of possession to the property in the Commissioners. Section 16 of chapter 170 of the Laws of 1900, provides that they “ shall not acquire the title to or enter into possession of any of the said appraised premises until the amount awarded for the same shall have been paid to the owner or owners * * * but such payment shall operate to transfer the title to the said commissioners.” It seems to be apparent, therefore, that interest is no part of an award, hut is in the nature of damages for default in payment of the award when it becomes due and payable. This was held in Grote v. City of New York (117 App. Div. 768; this decision was reversed by the Court of Appeals, 190 N. Y. 235, but upon other grounds).

It is the general rule, in law and in equity, that interest is recoverable only when there is a contract or statute providing for its payment. In the case at bar there is no contract or statutory provision for interest upon the award. If the recovery of interest is to be sustained it must be upon the ground that it was allowable as damages for default in payment of the award, and this presents the crucial question, when did the legal duty to pay the award to the respondent arise as an absolute present enforcible duty, for until such time the Commissioners were not in default for its non-payment, and from such time only could interest he allowed as damages. The court reached the conclusion that it was payable upon the day the report was confirmed and payment directed, and that respondent was entitled to interest under section 1211 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is argued that the Palisades Park statute not providing for a judgment, no judgment other than the order of confirmation is possible, and our attention is directed to Matter of Lexington Avenue, No. 2 (30 App. Div. 609); Matter of East River Land Co. (206 N. Y. 545); Donnelly v. City of Brooklyn (121 id. 9); Matter of Rhinebeck & Connecticut R. R. Co. (67 id. 242) and Stafford v. Mayor, etc., of Albany (7 Johns. 541), as authorities sustaining the conclusion of the learned court at Special Term. In Matter of Lexington Avenue the question involved was whether a final order in a proceeding to condemn land could be made the basis of a separate and independent judgment. It was held that it could not, but the court pointed out that under rule 21 of the General Rules of Practice an order directing the payment of money, or affecting the title to property, could be enrolled and docketed as a judgment. It nowhere appears in the record before us that the order of confirmation in the case at bar was docketed as a judgment, but if it had been, it would not have been within the provisions of section 1211 of the Code, which does not refer to the docketing of a judgment and does not attach interest to any judgment except one that has been “ entered.” (Code Civ. Proc. § 1286; Sheridan v. Linden, 81 N. Y. 182.) No question of the right to interest was considered or determined in the cited case of Matter of Rhinebeck & Connecticut R. R. Co. In Donnelly v. City of Brooklyn it was held that an award confirmed by the court was a judgment within the meaning of the Statute of Limitations and not barred until the expiration of twenty years, and upon the question of interest it was said: The question in relation to interest upon the award, * * * is a more serious one and is not entirely free from doubt. The case is sui generis, and must be determined from a consideration of its peculiar character and circumstances. We entirely agree with the general proposition stated "* * * that ‘ when interest is stipulated by contract it is recovered (as interest or damages) according to the contract. When interest is not stipulated by contract, but default is made to pay a liquidated debt when due, interest is recoverable as damages from the date of default. ’ Under this rule the question arises, when did the duty to pay this award become imperative % ” and it is held “ that if the duty to pay has not become absolute the liability for interest does not arise, either at common law or by section 1211 of the Code.” Matter of Trustees, etc. (131 N. Y. 95) is an authority for the proposition only that the condemnor cannot pay an award or take possession of the land under the provisions of the General Condemnation Law until the final order of confirmation is made, and that The only way a landowner can get interest upon the amount of the award is to enter and docket a judgment as provided in the Condemnation Law, and then he can collect interest upon his judgment as he could upon any other judgment,” hut section 3373 of the Code of Civil Procedure, being the General Condemnation Law, expressly provides that upon the entry of the final order it shall be attached to the judgment roll in the proceeding, “and the amount directed to be paid, either as compensation to the owners, or for the costs or expenses of the proceeding, shall be docketed as a judgment against the person who is directed to pay the same, and it shall have all the force and effect of a money judgment in an action in the Supreme Court, and collection thereof may be enforced, by execution and by the same proceedings as judgments for the recovery of money in the Supreme Court may be enforced under the provisions of this act.” In Matter of East River Land Co. (supra) it is held that a final order confirming the report of a referee in an independent special proceeding is in the nature of a judgment which bears interest from the date of entry. That was in a proceeding by mandamus to compel the comptroller to pay interest upon actual cash disbursements after their taxation by a referee by order of the Supreme Court under the provisions of the charter of the city of Hew York in a proceeding to condemn land which was abandoned after commencement, and it presented the question relating solely to the effect of the final order, without reference to equitable considerations such as are presented by the facts in the case at bar. In addition, it will be noted that the proceeding arose under the provisions of section 1000 of the city charter (Laws of 1901, chap. 466, as amd. by Laws of 1906, chap. 658) which provided that if the city discontinued a proceeding to condemn land, “the reasonable actual cash disbursements necessarily incurred and made in good faith by any party interested shall be paid by the City of Hew York after the same shall have been taxed by a justice of the Supreme Court, or by a referee under his special order,” and by a final order it was adjudged that the sum of $17,343.03 was due from the city of Hew York to the East Biver Land Company, which the city was directed to pay. The court said, in giving to this order the effect of a judgment within the provisions of section 1211 of the Code: “The claim was. liquidated, the order to pay made it due at once, and it became the duty of the city to make immediate payment.” “If it had been rendered against an individual or an ordinary corporation an execution against personal property could have been issued to collect the amount ordered to be paid.” These facts, in my judgment, clearly differentiate the cases.

The conclusion of the learned court that the award to the respondent bore interest from the date of the order of confirmation, as matter of law, under the provisions of section 1211 of the Code, and allowance of interest in accordance with such conclusion, was erroneous. As has been pointed out, neither title nor right of possession passed to the appellants until the awards were paid, which was on December 29, 1915. Until that time the respondent’s possession was undisturbed. It seems grossly inequitable that it should possess and enjoy the benefits arising from such possession and, in addition, be given interest on the value of the property. It is not equitably entitled to both the use of its interest in the land and interest upon the award.

It further appears that during the two years between the date of the entry of the order of confirmation (January 16, 1914) and the payment of the award (December 29, 1915), the respondent was in the undisturbed possession of the property covered by its leases, and conducted .its business to some extent thereon, and although it is claimed that because of the difficulties of procuring skilled labor and the inability to make the usual preparation for operation in the early part of the year, the cost of operation exceeded the return from the sales, this is not shown to have resulted from any act of the appellants. No act of theirs interfered with the respondent’s posses ■ sion, or prevented its enjoyment and user of its plant and business to their fullest capacity, and to the greatest extent they could have used it if this proceeding had never been instituted. The reasoning of the Court of Appeals in Hamersley v. Mayor, etc., (56 N. Y. 533) and Matter of Trustees, etc. (supra), in discussing the right to interest upon awards, is applicable to the facts and equities presented by the case under consideration. It further appears that all parties interested, including the owners of the fee, appealed from the order of confirmation. The order was affirmed- by the Appellate Division in October, 1914 (164 App. Div. 957.) On February 26, 1914, while the appeals were pending and before the respondent had given notice of the withdrawal of its appeal, it sought information as to whether the Park Commissioners proposed to pay the awards, and was informed that, because of the pending appeals, the proceeding was not concluded and that the appellants were responsible for the delay in payment, but that if all parties in interest would discontinue their appeals and accept their awards, the Commissioners would pay the same at once; that they would not be justified in paying awards during the pendency of the appeal of the fee owners for the reason that if the Park Commissioners did not succeed in acquiring the fee, the leasehold interests would be of no value to the State; that until the determination of such appeal no payment to the respondent could be properly or safely made and that the Commissioners, not desiring or intending that the leaseholders should be deprived of the use of their property during the pendency of such appeal, would enter into an arrangement with it by which it could have and enjoy without interference or hindrance, the use of the property covered by its lease, together with its plant, to which proposition the company replied that it had concluded to operate the trap rock properties only. It is thus apparent that while the appeal of the fee owners was pending the Park Commissioners could not, without prejudicing the interest of the State, pay the award to the leasehold owner, nor were they legally required to do so, and were not in default in not making such payment, and that they were willing and offered to make such arrangements as would enable the respondent to occupy its property and plant without let or hindrance during the pendency of such appeal. Until November 10, 1914, when the order of the Appellate Division confirming the award was entered, such conditions continued. Before that date, viz., on J uly 3, 1914, the motion of the Park Commissioners for leave to discontinue and abandon the proceeding as against the Haverstraw Company was granted, and until November 9, 1915, when the order of the Court of Appeals was entered, the Commissioners could not have been required to pay the award and they were not in default for not so paying. Until they were ■ in default, no interest could in any event attach to such nonpayment as damages therefor.

The order must be reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and the respondent’s motion to compel the payment of interest denied, with ten dollars costs.

Thomas and Carr, JJ., concurred; Putnam, J., votéd to modify the order by requiring that interest be paid from March 5, 1915; Jenks, P. J., not voting.

Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and respondent’s motion to compel the payment of interest denied, with ten dollars costs. 
      
       Since repealed by Laws of 1915, chap. 606. See Greater N. Y. Charter, § 992, as added by Laws of 1915, chap. 606.— [Ref.
     