
    William G. Barrett and William A. Guinand, Respondents, v. State of New York, Appellant.
    
      Animals — real property — injury to land by beavers — Mobility of State.
    
    Appeal from a judgment of the Board of Claims, entered in the office of the clerk of the Board of Claims on the 15th day of May, 1915.
    Determination affirmed, with costs. All concurred, except Kellogg, P. J., who dissented in memorandum.
   Kellogg, P. J. (dissenting):

The Board of Claims awarded the claimants $1,900 and interest on account of damage done their forest land by wild beavers. Prior to 1906 there were but few beavers in the Adirondack region and none in the vicinity of the plaintiff’s land. By chapter 299 of the Laws of 1906 $1,000 was appropriated by the Legislature “for the purpose of purchasing wild beaver and their liberation in the Adirondack region, as specified in section fourteen of the Forest, Fish and Game Law.” Section 14, referred to, provided that there should be no open season for beaver. Following the act four beavers were purchased and liberated by the State near the claimants’ land, and it is a fair inference that the injury to their property in 1911 and 1912 was caused by the beavers so purchased and liberated, or by them offspring. “ The general ownership of wild animals, as far as they are capable of ownership, is in the State, not as a proprietor, but in its collective sovereign capacity as the representative and for the benefit of all its citizens'in common.” (3 Corpus Juris, 18; People v. Bootman, 180 N. Y. 1.) The State may regulate the manner in which wild animals may be captured, and may make laws for their protection, preservation, and propagation. This power is the exercise of the ordinary police power of the State, by which the Legislature determines what shall or shall not be done in the interest of the public welfare, and so long as the laws enacted have a reasonable tendency to accomplish that purpose the courts cannot review the legislative determination as to what the public welfare demands. The statutes are full of laws made for the preservation, protection and propagation of wild animals and game, and concededly such laws are mad e in the public interest. The courts and the Legislature are chargeable with knowledge of the habits and nature of wild beaver, and with such knowledge the Legislature determined that it was for the public interest, that they should be purchased and liberated. The State cannot be charged with negligence in not guarding them, for the statute contemplated that they were to be set at liberty in the forest and remain wild animals. The purchase and liberation of the beaver were lawful acts, and were in accordance with the mandate of the Legislature. The State has violated no dirty it owed to the claimants. The loss to the claimants, so far as the State is concerned, arises from the exercise of a governmental function, and the State is not liable for damages which may result therefrom. The determination should, therefore, be reversed, and the claim dismissed, with costs. 
      
       See Gen. Laws, chap. 31 (Laws of 1900, chap. 20), § 14, as amd. by Laws of 1905, chap. 428; revised by Gen. Laws, chap. 31 (Laws of 1908, chap. 130), § 83, and Consol. Laws, chap. 19 (Laws of 1909, chap. 24), § 83. See Conservation Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 65; Laws of 1911, chap. 647), §§ 157, 158, 197, as added by Laws of 1912, chap. 318. See Id. § 197, as since amd. by Laws of 1916, chap. 521.— [Rep,
     