
    Margaret B. Edson, as Executrix, etc., App’lt, v. John E. Parsons et al., as Executors, etc., Impleaded, etc., Resp’ts.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department,
    
    
      Filed March 15, 1895.)
    
    Wills—Revocation.
    Mutual wills, unless executed pursuant to a contract between the testators, are revocable in this state.
    Appeal from a judgment, dismissing the complaint on the merits.
    
      Joseph H. Choate and Treadwell Cleveland, for app’lt; David B. Ogden, for resp’ts.
   Follett, J.

In some jurisdictions the rule is that in case A. and B. execute wills at the same time, each having knowledge of the provisions of the other’s, each giving all of his estate or a definite sum to the other, neither testator can revoke, in the lifetime of both, without giving notice of his intentions to the other. But that is not the law of England or of this state. Hobson v. Blackburn, 1 Keen, 273 ; 1 Adams, Eq. 274; Ex parte Day, 1 Bradf. (Sur.) 476; Jarm. Wills (6th Am. Ed.) 29; 1 Williams, Ex’rs. (7th Am. Ed.) 9, 174. In the case first cited it was said:

“ I have no. hesitation whatever in rejecting the allegation propounding the mutual or conjoint will as that of the party deceased in this cause, on the principle that an instrument of this nature is unknown to the testamentary law of this country; or, in other words, that it is unknown, as a will, to the law of this country at all. It may, for aught that I know, be valid as a compact; it may be operative in equity, to the extent of making the devisees of the will trustees for performing the deceased’s part of the compact.”

In Ex parte Day the learned surrogate of the city and county of New York referred to the judgment above quoted as follows: f‘So far as this judgment proceeded upon the revocability of a will by a subsequent testamentary paper duly executed, notwithstanding any contract to the contrary, the decision is beyond criticism.”

We find no case in England or in this state holding that mutual wills are not revocable. In case A. and B. execute their wills in like manner, each giving his residuary estate or a definite amount to 0., either testator may, without notice, revoke his will in the lifetime of both or after the death of the other. No legal obligation not to revoke is created by the mere execution of such wills. But in case A and B. enter into a contract by which they agree that each will give, by will, to the other a definite sum or a particular estate, and each executes a will pursuant to the contract, if either revokes, without notice, the other may compel a specific performance of the contract, or, in case a a specific performance is impossible, may recover damages for the breach of the contract. In case A. and B. agree that each will give by will his residuary estate or a defínate sum to C., and they concurrently execute their wils, pursuant to the contract, each having full knowledge of the contents of the other’s will, butC. having no knowledge of either, and no consideration moving from him to either, whether C. can compel the performance of the contract or recover damages from the estate, in case the provision is revoked, need not be determined in this action, because we are of the opinion that no such contract is established by the evidence in the case at bar. • The fact that the wills were made pursuant to such a contract must be established by the most clear and satisfactory evidence. If it is recited in the wills that they were so made, or if in any way it. appears on their face that they were executed pursuant to a contract, it is quite sufficient. The existence of a contract may also be established, outside of the wills, by the same evidence by which the existence of other contracts may be proved. In this case the evidence by which the plaintiff seeks to establish the existence of a contract outside of the wills utterly fails to convince this court that the wills were executed pursuant to an agreement that portions of the respective estates of the sisters should be given to Marmont B. Edson. The plaintiff, to establish her case, introduced in evidence the diaries kept by the sisters. In the diary of Susan are memorandums of their consultations with their counsel about the preparation of the wills, and in each of them we find entries relating to the most trivial occurrences in their daily lives; but nowhere is there any suggestion that their wills were made pur suant to an agreement, which seems to us to be, at least, as good evidence of the nonexistence of such a contract as the entries referred to are of its existence. On turning to the wills of the sisters, we find no evidence in either that they were executed pursuant to an agreement that the amounts bequeathed by each to Marmont should not be subject to revocation by either testatrix. 'The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.

All concur.  