
    George Storrs and Others, Respondents, v. Northern Pacific Railway Company, Appellant.
    Fourth Department,
    December 29, 1911.
    Conflict of laws ^negligence—law of place of accident — evidence — proof of foreign statute — Montana statutes relating to recovery for death caused by negligence—railroad—facts justifying recovery— excessive verdict.
    An action brought in this State to recover for the death of the plaintiff’s intestate in another State by reason of the alleged negligence of the defendant is governed by the laws of the foreign State.
    The statute law of a foreign State is a fact to be proved like any other fact going to make out a cause of action.
    Section 579 of the Civil Code of the State of Montana, section 6886 of its General Statutes, provides that where the death of a person is caused by wrongful act his heirs or representatives may maintain an action for damages. Chapter 83 of the Laws of 1903 of said State provides thatrailroad corporations shall be liable for injury to servants not guilty of contributory negligence when caused by the negligence of certain specified employees. Chapter 1 of the Laws of 1905 of said State provides that railroad companies shall be hable for damages sustained by employees in consequence of the neglect of other employees, and in the case of a death so caused the right of action shah survive and may be prosecuted by the heirs or personal representative. Said statutes construed, and held, 
      that they were not inconsistent so as to make the latter statute effect a repeal of the former by implication, and that an action to recover for the death of an employee of said railroad caused by the negligence of a train dispatcher can be maintained under the two former statutes. It seems, that if the latter act could be construed so as to deprive the plaintiff of his right to recover it would be error for the <?ourt to exclude it from evidence on the plaintiff’s objection, even though the pleadings had to be amended so as to make it admissible.
    But since the latter act did not repeal'fme former acts by implication, as the court correctly decided, it was proper to exclude it.
    Evidence in an action to recover for the death of a railroad conductor who was killed in a rear-end collision examined, and held, to justify a finding of negligence on the part of the railroad and freedom from contributory negligence on the part of the decedent.
    A verdict of $9,500 in such action, under a statute providing that the verdict must be just under all the circumstances, is excessive and should be reduced to $5,000, where the deceased, who was forty-seven years of age, unmarried, and earning $150 a month, had accumulated no property, and left only a mother, seventy-nine years old, and a sister and brothers living in distant States, whom he seldom saw, and to whom he had sent but little money.
    Order granting extra allowance reversed.
    McLennan,-P. J., dissented in part.
    Appeal by the defendant, the Northern Pacific Bailway Company, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiffs, entered in the office of the cleric of the county of Clinton on the 15th day of April, 1910, upon the verdict of a jury for $9,500, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial, and. from a second order granting plaintiffs an extra allowance of costs.
    This case was transferred to the Pourth Department from the Third Department.
    
      Lewis E. Carr, for the appellant.
    
      Thomas F. Conway, Thomas B. Cotter and Frank E. Smith, for the respondents.
   Williams, J. :

The judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event, unless the plaintiffs stipulate to reduce the verdict to the sum of $5,000 as of the date of the rendition thereof, in which event the judgment should be modified accordingly, and as modified, affirmed, without costs, and the order granting an extra allowance of costs should be reversed, without costs and amount thereof stricken from the judgment.

The action was for negligently causing a death, and was brought by the heirs of the deceased. The accident occurred between two and three o’clock in the morning of January 2, 1907, at Cold Spur station, in the State of Montana. • The deceased was a freight conductor. On the night in question he had charge of an extra freight train going east. It was stopped at Cold Spur, a signal station, because the block signal was against it; the block to the east was not clear. The road was a single-track one, and the train stood on the main track between the two switches, at the ends of the siding. The next signal station east was Livingston. The next one to the west was Hoppers, four and a_ half miles from Cold Spur, and there was a two per cent down grade from Hoppers to Cold Spur. The extra freight was made up of thirteen cars, a dead engine, its own engine and a caboose. In the caboose, as the train stood at Cold Spur, were the conductor, a brakeman and the engineer and fireman of the dead engine. Two other engines had been pushing trains up the grade beyond Hoppers and were coupled together, and started down towards Cold Spur. When they passed Hoppers the signal there, by mistake, showed a clear block to Cold Spur. After the engines passed by, the operator at Hoppers, having discovered the mistake, notified the operator at Cold Spur that they were in the block, on their way down towards Cold Spur. The caboose was 600 to 700 feet inside that block. The operator at Cold Spur was unable to clear -the block east of Cold Spur, so the extra freight could proceed on its way, and did not succeed -until just before the accident occurred, and too late for the train to get out of the block. Upon getting the notice from the operator at Hoppers, the operator at Cold Spur at once went to the caboose and notified the men therein that the light engines were coming. The brakeman took a white light and a fusee and went back a few car lengths. The conductor told him not to flag the engines but to light a fusee and throw it out of the caboose, and that would be sufficient. There were six or seven minutes before the accident and time enough for the brakeman to have gone back fifteen or twenty car lengths if he had hurried. The engines were running fifteen miles an hour, and when they saw the lights of the caboose and the fusee they tried to stop but could not because running so fast, and by reason of the brake on one of the engines being out of order. They struck the caboose and wrecked it, with five or six cars, and the conductor was killed.

The accident having occurred in Montana, the law of that State governed as to the liability of the defendant. (McDonald v. Mallory, 77 N. Y. 546, 550, 551; Wooden v. W. N. Y. & P. R. R. Co., 126 id. 10, 14, 15.)

The statute law of a foreign State is a fact to be proved, like other facts going to make out a cause of action. (Pratt v. Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, 20 App. Div. 352-354; affd., sub nom. Conkling v. Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, 166 N. Y. 593.) .

Three statutes of Montana, were referred to on the trial:

■First. Section 579 of the Civil Code, section 6886. of the General Statutes, viz.: “When a representative may sue for death of one caused by the wrongful act of another. ■ When the death of one person, not being a minor, is caused by the wrongful act or neglect of another, Ms heirs or personal representatives may maintain an action of damages against the person causing the death, or if such person be employed by another person who is responsible for his conduct, then also against such other person. In every action under this and the preceding section such damages may be given as 'under all the circumstances ■of the case may be just.”

Second. Chapter 83 of the Laws of 1903, viz.: “ An act. to determine the liability of employers in this State for damages to employees. * * * Section 1. Every railway corporation,, including electric railway corporations, doing business in this State, shall be liable for all damages sustained by an employee thereof witMn this. State, without contributing, negligence on his part, when such damage is caused by the negligence of any train dispatcher, "telegraph operator, superintendent, master mechanic, yard master, conductor, engineer, motorman or of. any other employee who has superintendence of any stationary or hand signal. * * * Section 3. No contract of insurance, relief or benefit or indemnity in case of injury or death nor any other contract entered into, either before or after the injury, between the person injured and any of the employers named in this act, shall constitute any bar or defense to any cause of action brought under the provisions of this section (act). * * *”

Third. Chapter 1 of the Laws of 1905, viz: An act to determine the liability of persons or corporations operating railways or railroads in this State for damages sustained by employees thereof and to declare void contracts restricting such liability. * * * Section 1. Every person or corporation operating a railway or railroad in this State shall be liable for all damages sustained by any employee of such person or corporation in consequence of the neglect of any other employee or employees thereof, or by the mismanagement of any other employee or 'employees thereof, and in consequence of the wilful wrongs, whether of commission or omission, of any other employee or employees thereof, when such neglect, mismanagement or wrongs are in any manner connected with the use and operation of any railway or railroad on or about which they shall bé employed, and no contract which restricts such liability shall be legal or binding. Section 2. In case of the death of any such employee in consequence of any injury or damage so sustained, the right of action shall survive, and may be prosecuted and maintained by his heirs or personal representatives. Section 3. All acts and parts of acts in conflict with, this act are hereby repealed. * * "x" ”

Section 579 of the Civil Code had been passed before and was in force at the time of the passage of the acts of 1903 and 1905. The Code provision and the act of 1903 were put in evidence on the trial, but the act of 1905. was excluded under plaintiffs’ objection. While this ruling was based upon the form of the pleadings, yet if the act could be held to deprive the plaintiffs of the right to recover in the action, the court should have permitted any amendment of the pleadings, necessary to allow the act to be put in evidence and the defendant to have the benefit of it. No recovery should have been allowed not permitted under the laws of Montana as they existed at the time of the accident in 1907. We must, therefore, consider and pass upon the construction and effect of these three statutes above quoted. Prior tó the passage of the Code provision, an action could not be maintained by the representative of the injured person in case of his death. The Code provision authorized an action by such representatives, and provided generally for the recovery of such damages as under the circumstances should be just. The negligent acts were still governed by the rules of the common law, and the provision was not confined to any particular defendant, person or corporation. Then the act of 1903 was confined to defendants that, were railroad corporations doing business in the State, and provided in brief that such defendants should be liable for all damages sustained by an employee by reason of the negligence of certain coemployees of • plaintiffs, among them telegraph operators, engineers and persons having superintendence of stationary or hand signals, the-plaintiffs being free from contributory negligence, and that no other contract with defendants should bar an action under this act. This act did not in express terms confine the right of action to the person injured, and apparently it would apply to the representatives of a person whose death resulted from the negligent acts complained of. Then the act of 1905 was also confined to defendants that (persons or corporations) were operating railroads in the State, and provided in brief that such defendants should be liable for all damages sustained by an employee by reason of the negligence or mismanagement or willful wrongs generally of any other employees, when such negligence, etc., were in any manner connected with the use and operation of such railroads, and contracts restricting such liability should not be legal or binding, and, in case the death of such employee resulted, the right of action should survive and might be prosecuted and maintained by the heirs or personal representatives, and that all acts and parts of acts conflicting should be repealed.

Looking at these acts all together, I am unable to see why ’ they should not stand together, or why any of them should be regarded as conflicting and, therefore, repealed.

The first one gave personal representatives a right of action, but still left negligence of coemployees a defense. The act of 1903 provided liability for the negligence of certain coemployees named. The act of 1905 provided liability for negligence generally of all coemployees, and then provided for a survival of the right of action in heirs and personal representatives in case of death. Under this provision the Supreme Court of Montana in Dillon v. Northern Pac. R. Co. (— Mont. —), in 1909 held that the action authorized in case of deatlrwas upon the right of action existing in the original person before death, and that when the death was instantaneous, at the time, of the injury, there was no cause of action to survive, and, therefore, the action could not be maintained by the heirs or personal representatives. That seems to be the correct rule, from reason as well as authority, and, therefore, the present action could not be maintained under this statute. It was, however, held by the court that it could be maintained under the two former statutes, the Code provision and the act of 1903, and this is clearly correct, unless, the latter act was repealed by the act of 1905, because there was actionable negligence under the act of 1903, that of the signalman and the engineers of the light engines, and perhaps common-law negligence under the Code provision as to the defective engine, one of the two light ones, and the action was authorized under the Code provision, if not under the act of 1903. I am of the opinion that there was no repeal of the act of 1903, or any part thereof, by the act of 1905. The provisions are somewhat alike and yet in some respects different. I see no reason why they may not stand together. If a recovery should be sought in an action for the negligence of other coemployees than those specifically named in the act of 1903, then the injured person could maintain the action under the act of 1905 though his heirs and personal representatives might not be able to, if his death occurred precisely at the time of the accident. Such an action could not be maintained under the act of 1903. The act of 1903 extended the right of action beyond the Code provision by eliminating as a defense the negligence of certain specifically named coemployees, but not all coemployees. So that it cannot be said the acts were any two of them alike, nor do I think they are inconsistent. The damages are different under the act of 1905 because only the right of action existing prior to the death survived. There was no new cause of action provided for the heirs and next of kin. The damages were such as the injured person suffered, and the recovery was for them only, while the damages -under the Code provision were such as were suffered by the heirs and personal representatives themselves and such as were just under all the circumstances. In the complaint, these two statutes, the Code provision and the act of 1903 were alleged, not specifically but in general terms, andno mention was made of the act of 1905 in any way. The answer admitted the acts were of the general character alleged and did not allege the act of 1905. I do not see that any injury was done the defendant by ruling out the act of 1905. The jury had nothing to do with its provisions and its effect upon the other acts was a matter of law, which the court decided and I think correctly.

The jury upon the evidence and in view of the statutes of Montana very properly found the defendant guilty of negligence which caused the conductor’s . death. They could not have found differently. I think they were also justified in finding the deceased free from contributory negligence. There were several rules bearing upon this subject put in evidence.

Subdivision A, rule 899, provided for the flagging of a train stopped or delayed when it might be overtaken by another train. Subdivision 3 of rule 80 on time card provided that block signal rules in no way relieved trainmen from the necessity of flagging, and conductors should impress this upon trainmen. The train must at all times be as fully protected as prior to block signal operation.

Subdivision G of rule 898, however, provided that when a train was occupying the main track between switches at stations no signal need be sent out except when the delay was unusual, view obstructed or weather such as to prevent seeing far enough ahead to avoid accident, and as a general rule responsibility for rear collisions at stations rested with the approaching trains.

All the facts stated in this last rule existed in this case and would seem to have excused the conductor from complying with the two former rules quoted. (See, also, Northern Pacific Railroad v. Poirier, 161 U. S. 48, which considered the effect of the two first rules referred to.) The general superintendent of defendant testified that any one called upon to apply this last rule referred to should use his judgment as to whether a flagging was required.

Under all this evidence I think it was a question for the jury to say whether the deceased was free from contributory negligence. • It could not be determined as a matter of law. I do not think we should disturb this finding by the jury.

Without discussing them in detail, I think no errors were committed in the reception of evidence, or in the charge, calling for a reversal and another trial. It seems to me the verdict was excessive and should be reduced to $5,000. The statute required the damages to be such as under all the circumstances were just. The deceased was forty-seven years old and unmarried; he' left a mother seventy-nine years old, a sister under forty years of age, and several brothers living in the east. He had lived in the west twenty-two years and had been to visit his relatives in the east but twice in that time, the last time seven years before his death, His earning capacity was $150 per month. He had accumulated no property and he sent but little money to his relatives. The damages suffered by his heirs by his death were necessarily very small, not even $5,000.

Nor do I think it was a case for an extra allowance of costs. It was not a difficult and extraordinary case, and, therefore, the court had no power to make the allowance.

All concurred, except McLennan, P. J., who dissented and voted for reversal of the judgment and order denying motion for new trial, as well as the order granting additional allowance.

Judgment and order denying motion for new trial reversed and new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event, unless the plaintiffs shall, within twenty days, stipulate to reduce the verdict to the sum of $5,000 as of the date of the rendition thereof, in which event the judgment is modified accordingly, and as so modified is, together with the order denying motion for a new trial affirmed, without costs of this appeal to ’either party, Order granting additional allowance reversed, without costs.  