
    Alexander L. A. Klauder, Respondent, v. Henry Gabriels and Others, Appellants.
    Third Department,
    May 21, 1914.
    False imprisonment — action hy Catholic priest against bishop, vicar-general and doctors for damages caused by commitment to insane asylum — evidence — fraudulent representations — probable cause.
    The complaint in an action by a Catholic priest against the bishop and vicar-general of the diocese and two physicians alleged in substance that the defendants conspired to injure the plaintiff in his good name, etc., by knowingly, falsely and willfully charging him with being insane, and by causing him to be committed to and confined in a hospital for the insane. The case was tried as an action for false imprisonment, and the question of probable cause was not submitted to the jury. The complaint was dismissed as to the two physicians, but a verdict rendered against the other defendants upon the ground that the commitment was caused by their fraudulent representations. The commitment was made by a surrogate, upon the certification of the physicians, and there was no direct communication whatever between them and the other defendants.
    Evidence examined, and held, insufficient to establish fraudulent representations, and that a judgment against the two defendants should be reversed;
    That defendants had probable cause to believe that plaintiff’s mind was unbalanced;
    That it was error to exclude testimony by the vicar-general as to what statements were made by him to the physicians, as such statements were made the basis of the recovery.
    Woodward, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendants, Henry Gabriels and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of St. Lawrence on the 24th day of March, 1913, upon the verdict of a jury for $15,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 2d day of April, 1913, denying defendants’ motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Thomas Spratt, D. B. Lucey and Edgar T. Brackett, for the appellants.
    
      Robert M. Moore, for the respondent.
   Smith, P. J.:

The complaint alleges, in substance, that the defendants, appellants, and two others conspired to injure the plaintiff and his good name, fame and reputation by knowingly, falsely and willfully charging the plaintiff with being insane and a person dangerous to be at large, and by catising charges to be preferred against him before the surrogate of St. Lawrence county, and by reason of such acts causing said surrogate to commit him to the St. Lawrence Hospital for the Insane, where he was confined for about six weeks. The plaintiff was a priest in the Catholic church. The defendant Gabriels was bishop of the diocese of Northern New York, and the defendant Conroy was the vicar-general of the diocese. The other defendants were Drs. Hanbidge and Cooper, who examined the plaintiff and certified to his insanity and upon whose, certificate the commitment was afterwards made. The case was submitted to the jury as against all of the defendants. The jury found a verdict in favor of the defendants Hanbidge and Cooper and in favor of the plaintiff as against the defendants Gabriels and Conroy for the sum of $15,000. From the judgment entered upon this verdict and from an order denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial this appeal is taken.

This case was tried in the court below by acquiescence of both plaintiff’s and defendants’ counsel as an action for false imprisonment. The question of probable cause was not submitted to the jury and was not asked to be submitted by counsel for the defendants. Upon the appellants’ liability two questions were submitted to the jury. First, whether the plaintiff was insane at the time of his commitment. Secondly, whether the defendants were guilty of fraud in procuring the commitment; the court charging that even though sane unless the defendants were guilty of fraud in procuring the commitment; the defendants were not liable. The question of the fraud of the defendants was further narrowed by the charge of the court: If there was no fraud, if there was no fraudulent representation on the part of any one, then your verdict will be no cause of action.” The jury must have found then in order to find a verdict against these defendants that there was fraudulent representation upon their part in causing this commitment.

It must be borne in mind that any claimed injustice upon the part of these defendants toward plaintiff in the exercise of their authority over him in the church cannot be made a ground for sustaining this judgment.' Attention is called to this because the burden of respondent’s argument to sustain the judgment is based upon such claim rather than upon such facts as may constitute a legal cause of action. The complaint is of unlawful imprisonment, and the only fraud which could make defendants liable for such imprisonment must be found in false representations made either to the judge who granted the order or to the physicians upon whose certificate the commitment was made.

The commitment was made by the surrogate of St. Lawrence county upon the certification of the two doctors, Hanbidge and Cooper. There was no communication whatever between the surrogate and these defendants, so that no fraudulent representations were made to him. The fraudulent representations with which the defendants have been charged must be found in the representations by the vicar-general, Conroy, to the doctors, Hanbidge and Cooper, upon whose certificate plaintiff was committed. While such representations are made the basis for the recovery in this action, the court excluded the testimony of the defendant Conroy as to what statements were made by him to these physicians. This was clearly erroneous. Not only has the defendant Conroy been held, but the defendant Gabriels also has been held, for fraudulent statements made by defendant Conroy, which he was not allowed to contradict or explain, and this error alone requires the reversal of this judgment. But the plaintiff’s difficulty lies deeper than this. These doctors had no conversation with defendant Gabriels. They swore to the conversation with Conroy and statements made by him upon which in part they based their certificate of the plaintiff’s insanity. Respondent’s counsel in Ms brief does not point out a single statement made by defendant Conroy to the doctors as false. The defendants have thus been charged by this verdict on account of false representations made by the defendants without one word of proof of any such false representations. A careful analysis of the evidence of defendants Hanbidge and Cooper as to the representations made to them by defendant Conroy shows every statement to be borne out by the evidence, at least to be borne out by representations made to the defendant Conroy, upon which he had the absolute right to' rely and which he apparently believed. The certification of the plaintiff’s insanity was made upon examination of the writings of the plaintiff himself and upon the personal examination of the plaintiff by these doctors, as well as upon the statements made to them by defendant Conroy. The finding that the doctors’ certificate was caused by any misrepresentations on the part of the defendant Conroy acting for himself and perhaps for defendant Gabriels is clearly against the weight of evidence. It is the law of this case upon this appeal, as charged by the trial court and acquiesced in by both counsel, that unless the plaintiff’s commitment was caused by fraudulent representations made or instigated by the defendants the defendants are not liable. Within this rule of law the plaintiff has shown no justification for the verdict rendered.

Upon the admitted' facts as I read them, these defendants had probable cause to believe that the plaintiff’s mind was unbalanced. In his own letter to the bishop from Westport, dated May 26, 1910, the plaintiff himself wrote: “What I have suffered in my mind, God alone knows, and I feel I cannot stand it much longer, and you will have to condone my acts as beyond my control, if my nerves refuse to stand the strain any longer. There is a limit to all things.” Dr. P. J. Barrett, one of the members of the plaintiff’s parish, had written to defendant Conroy and had stated personally to defendant Gabriels that the plaintiff was insane and ought to be restrained of his liberty for the safety of the public. Dr. Pattison of Elizabeth-town had written to the defendant Gabriels that the plaintiff was in a very nervous condition; that the housekeeper felt the necessity of having some one with her; that he was very melancholy and at times very excitable and “I might say desperate. He does not sleep nights and takes very little nourishment. I fear that unless conditions change that his case may become serious. I write this purely from a professional standpoint, and am not interested in any controversy that may exist here at the present time.” Dr. Hutchings, the superintendent of the State Hospital at Ogdensburg, had expressed his opinion that plaintiff was a paranoiac and should he confined. Drs. Cooper and Hanbidge, two of the leading physicians in Ogdensburg, had examined him, and under oath certified to his insanity. These are facts from which different inferences could not be drawn and are convincing to the court that these defendants had probable cause for instituting these proceedings. There are many facts which were brought to the knowledge of the bishop which confirmed the opinions of these physicians. He proved to be a trouble maker in every parish to which he was assigned. He abused and denounced his parishioners from the altar. He exacted unusual service from them and their children and refused communion to those who failed to respond. He refused communion to a village trustee who had voted to remove a Catholic constable until he should explain his vote. He sought to compel those whom he had denounced to come to his church and rebuked the bishop for not enforcing the plaintiff’s commands. He defied the bishop and wrote insulting letters to him. In one letter he referred toa former letter from him as an “asinine letter ” and called him a “ damn fool.” In the same letter he said to the bishop, “ You are an infamous coward. You ought to be ashamed of yourself, hut you have lost all shame ■— to let the lowest and most ignorant scruff of your Diocese walk over your priests. I’m no school boy, and you will find it out.” In an open letter to the bishop he characterized him as an “aged, incapacitated and irresponsible Bishop. ” He informed his parishioners that Catholics who had opposed him had been found dead or their buildings burned. He was insubordinate and refused to follow the directions of the bishop whom he had sworn to obey when he became a priest. These facts and many others were known to the bishop, and when in addition the defendants had trustworthy opinions from qualified physicians of the man’s irresponsibility, it would appear that defendants had abundant cause to institute these proceedings.

I recommend, therefore, that the judgment and order be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellants to abide event.

This court disapproves of the finding of fact by the jury that the defendants were guilty of fraud in instigating the proceeding for the plaintiff’s commitment, for the reason that there is no evidence upon which such" a finding can be upheld.

All concurred, except Woodward, J., dissenting.

Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, with costs to appellants to abide event. This court disapproves of the finding of fact by the jury that the defendants were guilty of fraud in instigating the proceeding for the plaintiff’s commitment, for the reason that there is no evidence upon which such finding can be upheld.  