
    Thomas L. Williams vs. George Wilson.
    
    Lands which have escheated since the passage of the act of assembly, by which the state of North Carolina ceded to the United States, the territory, now” comprising the state of Tennessee, (and previous to the formation of the constitution of the Latter state,) vested'in the government of the United States, and consequently were not subject to entry, to satisfy North Carolina claimants.
    A title to lands in fee, derived from or through an alien, by virtue of which the caveator has been in possession upwards of seven years, is a sufficient claim within the 16th and 47th sections of the land laws of 1806, (ch. 1,) and 1807, (ch.l,) to authorize the caveator to resist the entry of the caveatee, and prevent him from obtaining a grant.
    An alien may acquire title to lands by purchase, and may convey by deed or will, and the vendee, or devisee, will take the same estate the alien had; subject, • however, to be divested by the government upon office found.
    Aliens having an estate in land by purchase, must be deemed citizens, in any controversy with other citizens of the state. The government alone in which the land is situated, has the right to disturb the alien in his title and possession. It is a matter over which the citizen has not, and ought not to have any control-
    Wilson entered a caveat in the office of the principal, surveyor of the fifth district, to prevent Williams from obtaining a grant from the state of Tennessee for one acre of land, lying in the town of Knoxville, and county of Knox, being lots No. 55 and 56, as designated in the original plan of said town; which acre of land Wilson claimed in fee; and upon which, an entry had been made on the 5th day of July, 1818, by said Williams. The principal surveyor filed the caveat, and the plat and certificate of the survey of said Williams, in the county court of Knox, whence it was removed, by consent of parties, to the circuit court of said county.
    Wilson deduced his title to the lots in question as follows: a grant from the state of North Carolina to Elisha Baker, No. 504, for six hundred and forty acres, dated 20th of September, 1787, the boundaries of which grant included the lots in question; a deed from the grantee to James White for said 640 acres of land; a grant from the state of North Carolina to said James White and William Blount for two hundred and ten acres, dated September 10th, 1791, the boundaries of which, also included the lots in controversy: by subsequent conveyances, seventy acres of this grant remained vested in James White alone. A grant from the state of Tennessee to said James White, for eighty acres of land, dated November 15th, 1808, the boundaries of this grant also included the lots in question; a deed from said White to Robert Johnston, dated May 2d, 1794, for one half acre of land in the county of Knox and town of Knoxville, being said lot No. 56; a deed from said White to John M’Dowell, for lot No. 55, and from said M’Dowell to said Robert Johnston; and a deed from John Calloway, high sheriff of Knox county, to said George Wilson, conveying to him all the right, title, claim and interest of Margery Wilson, late Margery Johnston, Robert Johnston Grier, and Thomas Talbot, devisees of the said Robert Johnston.
    At the trial of the cause in the circuit court, the following issues of fact were submitted to the jury:
    1. Whether the said Robert Johnston, through whom Wilson claimed, was an alien on the days of the date of the respective deeds from James White to said Johnston; and by said M’Dowell to said Johnston.
    2. Whether said Johnston was naturalized before the time of his death; and if so, at what time.
    3. At what time did said Johnston die.
    4. W as the said caveator, and those through whom he claims under Johnston, apprised of the fact of the alienage of Johnston, at the several times of acquiring their titles respectively.
    It was admitted that Wilson had been in possession upwards of seven years before the commencement of tbis suit, an(j £jle entry 0f the caveatee covered the lots in con-trove rsy.
    The jury found as follows: To the first issue they said., that said Johnston was an alien at the dates of the conveyances mentioned therein. To the second, that he was not naturalized. To the third, that Johnston died some time in the latter end of 1796 or previous to January, 1797. To the fourth, that W ilson and those under whom he claimed, were not'apprised of the alienage of Johnston.
    After the finding of the jury, and argument had before the court, the court entered up judgment, that the entry and survey of the caveatee be null and void, so far as respects the lots No. 55 and 56, and that no grant issue thereon, and that the caveatee pay the costs, &c.
    From this judgment, Williams prosecuted an appeal in the nature of a writ of error to this court.
    
      Sla, for plaintiff in error.
    
      Janiegan, for defendant in error.
   Catron, J.

delivered the opinion of the court. The two town lots of one half of an acre each, were granted in a grant of 640 acres to Elisha Baker, in 1787, and conveyed by the grantee to White in 1791.

James White again caused the land to be granted to himself and William Blount in 1791; and. again to himself in 1803. The three grants cover the lands in controversy, being lots No. 55 and 56 in the town of Knoxville.

On the 2d day of May, 1794, the lot No. 56 was conveyed in fee by James White to Robert Johnston.

On the 13th June, 1795, the lot No. 55 was vested in Johnston in fee by the deed of John M’Dowell.

At the time these conveyances were made, Johnston was an alien, and continued so until his death, about the latter part of the year 1796.

These facts are set forth in the petition for the caveat; and furthermore, that the lots were sold by the sheriff of -Knox county, and all the right, title, and interest of Margery Wilson, late Margery Johnston, Robert Johnston Grier and Thomas Talbot, devisees of said Robert Johnston, vested in said Wilson by purchase and conveyance from tbe sheriff to Wilson.

On the 15th day of July, 1818, Thomas L. Williams, the caveatee, entered the two lots of land in the office of the 5th surveyor’s district, as vacant land, upon a North Carolina land warrant; and to prevent him from obtaining a grant, this caveat was filed by Wilson.

It was admitted upon the trial, that the grants and mesne conveyances under which the caveator claims, and also the entry of the caveatee, cover the lands in dispute; and were executed and authenticated in due form; and that the ca-veator had possession of the lands in controversy, more than seven years before he filed his caveat.

The first question is, were the two lots subject to entry by virtue of a North Carolina land warrant, at the time the caveatee’s entry bears date?

North Carolina bound herself to give to her officers and soldiers of the continental line, who served in the war of the revolution, certain quantities of land each, for his services ; and also contracted for the sale of lands, to enterers in J olm Armstrong’s office, for the purpose of raising money to pay the arrears due the army. These lands were to be located in what is now the state of Tennessee. In 1789, she ceded her western territory, now this state, to the United States, reserving the power to vest in fee, by grant, the lands she was indebted to her officers and soldiers, and the purchasers through John Armstrong’s office, where the grants had not issued; with some other description of claims. For this purpose, and this only, North Carolina retained power over the ceded territory. After we became a state, jealousies arose between this and that government, which rendered it almost impracticable for North Carolina to have her lands entered, surveyed, and granted, which she had promised to her soldiers and others: in the end, a compromise was effected by the assent of the government of the United States; by which this state was made the agent of North Carolina, and fully authorised to issue the grants that state had reserved the power of issuing by the cession act to the United States.

To ascertain the true claimants entitled to receive lands from North Carolina, by virtue of our delegated authority, the legislature, by the acts of 180G and 1807, constituted a court of commissioners to examine the evidences of claim, and decide who was truly entitled to lands, and how much, and warrants were issued directing the surveyors to lay off the land to the claimant: by the 40th section of the acts, the warrant holder was authorised to enter with the surveyor, any lands which had not theretofore been appropriated by North Carolina. These statutes carefully pursue the authority' by which they were passed, (the act of cession from North Carolina to the United States,) by which North Carolina reserves the power to satisfy the claims against her, “out of vacant and unappropriated lands;” this power, and this only, were we authorised to execute, by virtue of our agency.

All lands which might escheat after the cession act, would of course escheat to the sovereign power, the government of the United States, until the formation of our constitution, and afterwards to this government.

In such escheated lands, North Carolina reserved no interest in favor of those to whom she was indebted; nor had she more power than any other state in the union to claim the right of paying her debts therewith; she never professed to do so; nor has this state, as her agent, ever manifested any such intention by any of her legislative acts: we therefore think that these lots were clearly not subject to.entry by the caveatee.

But suppose the fact to be, that the lots had been subject to entry; James White’s grant for 80 acres,dated 15th November, 1808, also made by virtue of a North Carolina warrant, would hold the same from the caveatee. It is therefore immaterial, whether the land did or did not escheat on the death of the alien Johnston; the caveatee had no right vested in him by the North Carolina warrant to enter the same.

The next question is, had the caveator any such claim to the lots in controversy, as to authorise him to resist the ca-veatee’s entry by this mode of proceeding?

This court thinks he dearly had for more reasons than one.

1st. He had been in peaceable possession for more than seven years, claiming for himself; had a deed prima facie good upon its face to vest in him a title in fee to the lots. The court think this a sufficient claim, within the meaning of the 16th and 47th sections of the land laws of 1806 and 1807, to authorise the caveator to resist the caveatee’s entry, and prevent him from obtaining a grant.

2d. Johnston could, and did, although an alien,acquire an estate in fee in the lots, by the conveyances of White and M‘Dowell, subject only to be divested by the government upon office found. Fairfax’s devisees vs. Hunter’s lessee, (7 Cranch’s Rep. 619;) Page’s case, (5 Rep. 62;) Blount’s lessee vs. Hornbled, (2 Haywood’s Rep. 36.)

By the above mode of proceeding in Johnston’s lifetime, or after his death and devise of the lands, the alienage could have been ascertained by regular adjudication, and the possession seized upon if escheated; and when perhaps Johnston himself, or his devisees after his death, could have made it appear, that the lots, perhaps, did not escheat by reason of alienage of the purchaser. The lot No. 66, was conveyed to Johnston, the 2d day of May, 1794, by James White; in September, 1794, Jay’s treaty was made with Great Britain; by the 9th article of which, it is stipulated, that British subjects, holding lands in the United States, shall have an indefeasible title therein. See Blight’s lessee vs. Rochester, (7 Wheaton’s Rep. 535, 544;) Hughes vs. Edwards, (9 Wheaton’s Rep. 496.)

It does not appear from the record, to what country Johnston owed allegiance; if to Great Britain, the treaty of 1794 gave him an indefeasible title in fee to lot No. 56.

Possibly he, or those claiming under him by will, might-show, upon a proceeding by government to ascertain the alienage, that he had purchased and paid for lot No. 55, before September. 1794, and was secured by the British treaty to this also, although it was not conveyed to him by M'Dow-ell until 13th June, 1795.

Aliens, in by purchase, must be deemed citizens in any controversy with other citizens. It is the sovereign power only where the real estate is situated, that has the right to disturb the alien in his title and possession; it is a mere matter of policy, that the government may oust him, pertaining solely to the state, over which the citizen has not, nor ought he to have any controul.

Whatever title Johnston acquired to the lots by purchase, the better opinion seems to be he could convey by deed or will, and that his devisees took the same estate he had. Sheafe vs. O'Neale, (1 Mass. Rep. 256;) Fairfax's devisees vs. Hunter’s lessee, (7 Cranch’s Rep. 620;) Blight’s lessee vs. Rochester, (7 Wheaton’s Rep. 545, 1 Comyn’s Dig. Am. edition 559.)

It is admitted in the record, that Wilson, the caveator, had vested in him, by virtue of the purchase at sheriff’s sale, and the sheriff’s deed, all the right, title and interest of the devisees of Johnston. And if an alien can convey, by deed or will, and we are inclined to think he can, (yet deem it unnecessary to give any conclusive opinion upon this point, in the present case,) it follows, that the caveator had the fee simple ■ title to the lots, subject to the assertion of the right of the state; and, therefore, in relation to the cavea-tee, stood upon the same footing with the original grantee; and hadan equal right to file and prosecute his caveat, because the title was regularly derived to him by mesne conveyances from the grantee.

That the grantee could have sustained the caveat, is settled by the, cause of Williams’ heirs vs. Buchanan, (2 Tenn. Rep. 278.)

This court therefore apprehend there was no error in the judgment of the circuit court, and order it to be affirmed, and that the caveatee pay the costs of this cause.

Judgment affirmed. 
      
      
         The general principle, thatan absolute title to lands, purchased by an alien t does not vest in the government, wherein the land is situated, until office found, has been settled in a variety of cases, in this country as well as in England, See (5 Cocke’s Rep. 52, b. Page's case, Powel on devises 317;) Jackson vs. Beach, (1 John. Cases 401;) Jackson vs. Lunn, (3 John. Cases 109, 1 Comyn’s Digest, Alien C. 4;) Den vs. Simpson, (Cam. and Nor. Rep. 192;) Marshall vs. Lovelass, (Cam. and Nor. Rep. 233;) M'Creery vs. Allender, (4 Harris and M‘Henry 409.) He may hold it againstall the world, but the government, and is not accountable for rents and profits previously received. Craig vs. Lesle, (3 Wheaton 563.)
      The same rule prevails, not only in cases of a direct purchase by the alien himself — but also in cases of a devise of land to him. (Powel on Devises 316; Fairfax devisee vs. Hunter's lessee, (7 Cranch 603, 619;) Fox vs. Southack, (12 Mass. Rep. 143, 1 Murphey’s Rep. 195.)
      But although lands purchased by, or devised to an alien, are vested him by the government, during his life, subject only to be divested, yet immediately upon the decease of the alien, the law casts the freehold and inheritance upon the government, otherwise the freehold would be in aleyance. (Coke Litt. 2 b.) But if he conveyed the estate in his lifetime, the purchaser takes a defeasible estate, which an office found will divest (7 Cranch 603, 619, 8 Mass. Rep. 445.)
      As to the power in general of aliens to take and hold lands, vide in addition to the above authorities, Craig vs. Radford, (3 Wheaten’s Rep. 594;) Orr vs. Hodgson, (4 Wheaton’s Rep. 453;) Seawel vs. Lee, (9 Mass. Rep. 363;) Doe vs. Hornblen, (2 Hayw. Rep. 37.) Reporters,
      
     