
    Lavinia Lally, Plaintiff, v. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, Defendant.
    (Supreme Court, Westchester Special Term,
    November, 1908.)
    Evidence—Presumptions—'Performance of official duty.
    Public lands — Construction and operation of the grant or patent — Collateral attack on patent.
    In an action, to which neither the people of the State nor the commissioners of the land office are parties, to establish plaintiff’s title to lands under water claimed by defendant under a prior grant from the State, the plaintiff cannot assail the validity of the defendant’s grant unless the same is void upon its face; and the recitals contained therein showing its regularity and com- . pliance with the preliminary requisites of the statute are prima facie evidence of the facts recited.
    Action to establish the title of the plaintiff to a strip of land under water claimed by the defendant under a grant from the State.
    Lavinia Lally, for plaintiff.
    Albert H. Harris, for defendant.
   Tompkins, J.

The plaintiff is the owner and in possession of the uplands immediately adjoining the defendant’s railroad tracks, which run north and south and parallel to the Hudson river in and through the city of Yonkers; which uplands are known as Hos. 13 and 11 Ravine avenue in said city of Yonkers.

The defendant’s railroad tracks occupy a strip of land sixty-six feet wide, which is located between the plaintiff’s said uplands and the waters of the Hudson river.

In October, 1894, James Jackson, a former owner of the plaintiff’s uplands, purchased from the State of Hew York the lands under water adjacent to the defendant’s railroad tracks and described in the complaint as parcels numbers one and two; and the State conveyed to said Jackson said lands under water by letters patent, dated October 4, 1904, and recorded in the Book of Patents in the office of the Secretary of State.

The defendant’s railroad tracks were built in or about the year 1849 ; and, ever since, the said strip of sixty-six feet has been used and operated by the defendant and its predecessor for railroad purposes. The defendant claims, in addition to the sixty-six feet upon which its tracks are built as aforesaid, that it is the owner of a strip of land under water sixty-seven feet in width adjacent to its said tracks; which claim is made under a grant by the People of the State of Bfew York by letters patent issued on or about December 26, 1873, and recorded in the office of the Secretary of State in Book 42 of Patents. These sixty-seven feet claimed by the defendant are a part of the lands under water claimed to be owned by the plaintiff under the grant by the State to James Jackson, already referred to; and this action is brought by the plaintiff to establish her title to the sixty-seven foot strip of land under water claimed by the defendant under its prior grant, and to have the said grant to the defendant set aside as to the lands claimed by the plaintiff.

It seems that the State made two grants: one to the plaintiff’s predecessor, and another to the defendant of the same lands under water, the grant to the defendant having been made in the year 1873, and to the plaintiff’s predecessor in 1894; and the question involved in this case is as to the validity of the prior grant to the defendant. If that grant is valid, it must follow that the plaintiff’s grant was ineffective to convey any interest in the lands under water, already conveyed to the defendant.

The plaintiff’s claim is that the defendant’s grant of 1873 was obtained from the land commissioners of the State by false and fraudulent representations; that the property thereby granted was for the purposes of its railroad as a new or additional'location; that the grant was made without the defendant having any apparent or real necessity for the same, and was contrary to the statute in that the said lands have never been used by the defendant for the purposes of its road, or for any purpose; that said lands were not necessary for the construction, maintenance and accommodation of its railroad ; that the grant was never authorized by the land commissioners, and that the letters patent were delivered to the defendant without a proper application having been made therefor.

It is admitted that no part of the defendant’s present railroad is upon any of the lands under water in question, and that the westerly retaining wall of its railroad tracks is along the west side of said track, and parallel therewith; and it is also admitted, at least the plaintiff’s testimony is not disputed, that, since 1903 or 1904, she has maintained a crib or dock upon and over a part of the sixty-seven foot strip of land under water, and that it was in a proceeding brought by her in the Supreme Court against the defendant, for a peremptory writ of mandamus to compel the defendant to construct a bridge from her uplands to the water line over the defendant’s tracks, that she first had notice of the defendant’s claim to the said lands under water.

The grants made by the People of the State of Yew York to the plaintiff’s predecessors in the title* of the uplands contain the following exceptions and reservations: As to one parcel of land under water, the exception reads: “ Excepting and reserving, however, from thq above described premises all of the land and property rights of the Yew York Central and Hudson Eiver Eailroad Company.”

With reference to the other parcel, the reservation or exception is as follows: “ Excepting thereout all the lands and property rights of the Yew York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company.”

Yow the original owner of the uplands, in 1840, or thereabouts, was one James Blackwell; and he, in 1847, conveyed to the Hudson River Railroad Company, the defendant’s predecessor, a strip of land 2,685 feet in length and from sixty to eighty feet in width. Of this strip, a little more than one acre was above high water mark, according to the deed from Blackwell, and a little more than three acres were below highwater mark. Blackwell had never obtained a grant of the land below high water mark. Soon after acquiring the lands from Blackwell, the railroad company filled in a part of the strip and constructed one track and operated its cars on that one track. Later, the balance of the strip of sixty-six feet, which is now the railroad track, was filled in; and, about 1869, the Hudson Biver Bailroad Company was consolidated with the New York Central Railroad Company and became the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company ; and about four years later that company made application to the State for a grant of lands below high water mark, and then it was that-the grant of 1873, the validity of which is now disputed, was made; and it must be assumed that that grant covered a part, at least, of the lands below high water mark which had been conveyed by Blackwell; and the first question is whether that grant conveyed more of the lands under water than had previously been described in Blackwell’s deed, and which now constitute the sixty-six feet upon which the defendant’s tracks are located, because the sixty-seven feet now in dispute are all beyond and west of these tracks, and the plaintiff’s claim is that the exceptions and reservations contained in the grants to her predecessor had reference only to the parts of the land under water within the said sixty-six feet of roadbed.

The Hudson Biver Bailroad Company was incorporated in 1846, for the purpose of building and operating a single, double or treble railroad between Hew York and Albany, and, in June, 1868, filed in the office of the clerk of Westchester county a map of its road.as it was then being operated, and a recital of a resolution adopted by its board of directors for certain proposed alterations of its railroad, and embracing lands in addition to those which had already been acquired, including the sixty-six foot strip theretofore purchased from Blackwell.

In Hovember, 1873, the railroad company made application to the commissioners of the land office for “ a confirmation of the water rights along the line of its route acquired by the said company under the charter of the Hudson Biver Bailroad Company.” In December of the same year, the commissioners of the land office adopted the following resolution: " Resolved, That the application of the Hew York Central and Hudson Biver Bailroad Company be granted, upon the payment into the State Treasury of the sum of five hundred dollars and the expense of the visiting committee, and that the same form of grant he used as in the grant of the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Eailroad Company, and that the description of the lands under water, hereby granted, embraces such lands under water within the limits of the Hew York Central and Hudson Eiver Eailroad (late Hudson Eiver Eailroad) as are shown on the maps as filed in the offices of the respective County Clerks of Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia and Eensselaer Counties, a copy of which shall be approved by the State Engineer and Surveyor, and shall be annexed to the letters patent for the grant.”

On the 26th day of December, 1873, the letters patent were executed and purported to convey the following: “All those certain lots, pieces or parcels of land, situate lying and being in our county of Westchester, along the waters of the Hudson Eiver and its estuaries, into which the tide sets and below original high water line, embraced within the boundary lines of the Hudson Eiver Eailroad (now the Hew York Central and Hudson Eiver Eailroad) and within the boundary lines of a contemplated change in said railroad at one place, as all said boundary lines are shown upon the map thereof, filed in the office of the clerk of our said county, the 11th day of June, 1868, and also filed with the said commissioners of our land office on the following day, and upon the map hereto annexed.”

The maps referred to in the foregoing resolution and grant were produced from the Secretary of State’s office and the register’s office of Westchester county, and clearly and unmistakably show that the grant to the defendant included the sixty-seven foot strip of land under water now claimed by the plaintiff. The authenticity and integrity of these maps are questioned by the plaintiff; but it seems to me that they bear every evidence of genuineness and that the testimony respecting them fully establishes the fact that they are the same maps that were originally filed with the Secretary of State, and in the office of the clerk of Westchester county, and that they have not been changed or altered since they were originally filed. The testimony of the custodians of these maps was not impeached, and the maps themselves have every appearance of being the originals. The grant therefor by the State to the defendant included not only the lands under water within the sixty-six foot strip upon which the railroad had already been constructed, but also the additional lands under water required for the contemplated changes, and included the sixty-seven foot strip in question; so that the question now is, whether that was a legal grant and is now valid as against the plaintiff.

The defendant and its predecessor, the Hudson River Railroad Company, had a right to acquire lands under water for the purposes of their railroads. Railroad Law of 1850, §§ 25, 42; Johnson v. H. R. R. R. Co., 49 N. Y. 255.

The only limit to the power of the State to make such a grant to the defendant was the reasonable necessity of the corporation in the discharge of its duty to the public. Matter of New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company, 11 N. Y. 248.

It must be assumed, for the purposes of this action, that the formal application made by the defendant to the commissioners of the land office was in proper form and sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon that body to entertain the proceeding and make the grant which was made.

The grant or conveyance, which was executed by the Governor of the State and attested by the Secretary of State, recites the making of the application, the settlement of the terms and the adoption of a resolution by the commissioners of the land office granting the application of the defendant, upon the payment of the price agreed upon, and fixing the form of the grant, and referring to the map filed in the office of the clerk of the county of Westchester, a copy of which was to be approved by the State Engineer and Surveyor and annexed to the letters patent for the grant; and thereupon the letters patent were executed and delivered; and they are regular on their face and are not now subject to attack by the plaintiff on the ground that the application was not in proper form, or did not ask for all that was granted.

It has been held in this State, and it seems to be the settled rule, that a grant or patent from the State is not assailable collaterally unless void on its face. Blakeslee Manufacturing Co. v. Blakeslee’s Sons Iron Works, 129 N. Y. 153. In the case of Saunders v. New York Central & Hudson River R. R. Co. 144 N. Y. 75, which involved the defendant’s title to another parcel of land, sixty-seven feet in width, which was conveyed to the defendant by the same grant or patent of December 26, 1873, the court held that the plaintiff could not impeach the grant collaterally, unless it was. void upon its face, and said: and the recitals in it are prima facie evidence of its regularity and of compliance with the preliminary requisites of the statute.” See also Morgan v. Turner, 35 Misc. Rep. 399. In the case at bar the patent or grant is valid upon its face; and its invalidity can only be established in a direct proceeding or action brought in the name of the People of the State of Hew York for that purpose, involving the validity of the whole grant. And this rule, it seems to me, must apply also to the plaintiff’s claim that the grant is invalid, because the part of the lands under water now in dispute has never been actually used by the defendant for railroad purposes.

These lands were acquired by and granted to the defendant for railroad purposes, and whether they have been actually used since then for such purposes cannot affect the validity of the grant at the time it was made. It may be that, in a proper action in the name or on behalf of the People of the .State, it could be decreed that the defendant had forfeited its rights under the grant by its failure to use the lands for railroad purposes; but that result cannot be accomplished in this action. The question of the necessity of the lands for public use was properly before and determined by the commissioners of the land office, and they, acting within the scope of their authority under the statute, determined that the lands were necessary for railroad purposes; and that determination cannot be reviewed in an action or proceeding to which they or the People of the State of Hew York are not parties, or at the suit of a junior grantee or patentee who had no interest in the lands under water at the time of the granting of the first patent.

There is no evidence in this case to show that any fraud or deception was practiced by the defendant upon the commissioners of the land office respecting the necessity for railroad purposes of the said lands, or that there was any concealment or misrepresentations that would justify this court in a collateral proceeding to annul and set aside the grant, even if it had the power.

As I have already observed, the commissioners of the land office had jurisdiction to entertain the defendant’s application and to consider it upon its merits, and whether the lands under water were necessary for the purposes of the defendant’s railroad was a question for the commissioners to determine upon the evidence before them; and their decision is not subject to review in an action, such as this, by an individual. Moreover, in the Saunders case, the Court of Appeals expressly held that this very grant of 1873, the validity of which was attacked in that suit, was a valid grant of the land from the State. In the grants of land under water, under which the plaintiff claims title in this action, the State expressly reserved and excepted therefrom all of the lands and property rights of the defendant, thereby recognizing and ratifying the grant theretofore made to the defendant railroad company.

I am aware of the fact that the learned Appellate Division of our Department in this very case has held that the rule that, where evidence dehors a land patent from the State is required to show the invalidity thereof, the patent can only be avoided in a direct proceeding to review the action of the land commissioners, or by a suit in equity to vacate the patent, does not prohibit a suit in equity by an individual to remove a cloud on his title created by such patent; but I do not understand that the learned Appellate Division by that announcement decided that a junior grantee or patentee who had no interest in or claim to the land at the date of the granting of the senior patent can by a suit in equity set aside the earlier grant, because such an interpretation of that decision would be in conflict with the case of Biddle Boggs v. Mining Co., 14 Cal. 279, and the other cases cited in the opinion of the Appellate Division. Lally v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., 123 App. Div. 35, For instance, in the ease of Biddle Boggs v. Mining Co., the court said: “ Individuals can resist the conclusiveness of the patent only by showing that it conflicts with the prior rights vested in them.” But, in any event, in my opinion, the grant to the defendant was valid, and, being prior to the plaintiff's grant, she has no title to the sixty-seven foot strip in question under the grant subsequently made to Jackson, the former owner of her uplands.

My conclusions on the whole case are, that the maps produced from the office of the Secretary of State and county clerk are genuine and true copies of the map attached to the original grant to the defendant, and that they were made and filed in accordance with the statute, and that the grant of 1873 to the defendant, including the lands now claimed by the plaintiff was and is valid, as against the plaintiff, and was prior to the plaintiff’s grant, which expressly excepted the lands conveyed to the defendant, and that the plaintiff cannot maintain this action; and I direct judgment accordingly.

Judgment accordingly.  