
    W. P. BRITTON, Administrator of W. E. ALBRITTON v. THE METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK.
    (Filed 11 March, 1914.)
    1. Insurance,. Life — Policies — Contracts — Expressed Consideration —Parol Evidence.
    The consideration expressed in a policy of life insurance may not be contradicted or varied by parol when the effect will be to invalidate the policy contrary to its express terms.
    2. Insurance, Life — Policies — Contracts — Equity — Reformation— Questions of Law — Trials—Courts.
    A policy of life insurance may be reformed on the ground- of mistake so as to express the true agreement of the parties, but the mistake must be mutual on the part of the insured as well as the insurer; and it is a matter of law as to whether the pleadings and evidence are sufficient to establish it.
    Appeal by defendant from Peebles, J., at August Term, 1913,. of Halifax.
    This is an action to recover on a policy of insurance, issued by the defendant upon the life of plaintiff’s intestate by the defendant, and tried upon this issue:
    1. Is the defendant, indebted to the plaintiff, and if so, in what amount? Answer: $1,000, with interest from 1 March, 1911.
    From the judgment rendered, the defendant appealed.
    
      
      A. P. Kitchin, E. L. Travis for plaintiff.
    
    
      Winston & Biggs for defendant.
    
   BeowN, J".

Tbe following is a copy of tbe policy of insurance sued on, together with tbe indorsements on tbe back:

Endowment 20 Years.
Age 27j Amount $1,000.
Semiannual Premium, $21.86.

Metropolitan Insurance Company, in consideration of tbe application for tbe policy, copy of which application is attached hgreto and made part thereof, and of tbe payment of tbe semiannual premium of $21.86, and of tbe .payment -of tbe like amount upon each first day of November and May hereafter until twenty (20) full years premiums shall have been paid, or until tbe prior death of tbe insured:

Promises to pay at tbe home office of tbe company in tbe city of New York, to "William Ethelbert Albritton, of Scotland Neck, State of North Carolina, on tbe 1st day of May, 1929, if tbe insured be then living, or upon receipt at said home office of due proofs of tbe prior death of tbe insured, to bis estate, $1,000, less any indebtedness hereon to tbe company.

On tbe back of said policy of insurance is written:

Nonparticipating Endowment — twenty years.

Insurance on tbe life of" William Ethelbert Albritton, Scotland Neck, N. C.

Amount, $1,000.

Semiannual premium, $21.86.

Due November and May of each year.

Date of policy: May 1, 1909.

Tbe defendant introduced evidence tending to prove that when this policy was issued, tbe insured asked leave to pay tbe premium quarterly instead of semiannually, as required by and stated in tbe policy; that this arrangement was made by tbe defendant’s agent, House, and the assured before tbe policy was delivered; that the assured, Albritton, paid only the quarterly premium in advance, which was sent to the New York office of the defendant, but the policy itself, which recited the payment of a semiannual premium, was not changed, nor was any change made in the words of the policy contracting for the payment of a semiannual premium.

This evidence tended further to prove that the policy delivered went into effect 1 May, 1909, and the quarterly premium paid by the assured put said policy into effect for three months, towit, until 1 August, 1909. The total amount paid by the assured was $11.14, which is the quarterly premium on a twenty-year endowment policy for $1,000.

The evidence tends, also, to prove that the home office sent out a quarterly receipt, aiid not a receipt for the six months period. This receipt has not been found, and is not in evidence.

The defendant contends that the policy lapsed for nonpayment of premium on 1 August, 1909, and was canceled 13 September, 1909. The material parts of all this evidence'were objected to by the plaintiff in apt time.

At the conclusion of all of the evidence, the court ruled that all evidence offered by the defendant showing that the premiums were payable quarterly instead of semiannually would be withdrawn from the jury, and ruled out. And to this ruling the defendant excepted.

Ilis Honor ruled “that the acknowledgment in the policy of the receipt of the premium estops the company to test the validity of the policy on the ground of nonpayment of the premium,” and excluded the evidence offered by the defendant, and charged the jury if they believed all the evidence to find for the plaintiff.

The several assignments of error bring before us for review the correctness of this ruling.

We are of opinion that the agreement specified in the written paper that the premiums are payable semiannually is a contract binding alike upon the insurer and the insured. It is something more than a receipt for money, but is a statement of a definite and fixed time when the money is to be paid.

Tbe insured would not be permitted to prove by parol evidence in tbe face of tbat written agreement tbat wben it was entered into another and longer period bad been agreed upon wben premiums were to be paid, so as to avoid tbe forfeiture of tbe policy. Walker v. Venters, 148 N. C., 388; Basnight v. Jobbing Co., 148 N. C., 350.

Tbis Court bas beld tbat tbe acknowledgment in a policy of tbe receipt of tbe premium for a definite period is something more than a receipt. It is a solemn admission, wbicb, as long as it stands, estops tbe insurer from contesting tbe policy for nonpayment of premium. Grier- v. Insurance Co., 132 N. C., 543; Kendrick v. Insurance Co., 124 N. C., 315.

'In those cases it is beld tbat if tbe premium is not paid,.the acknowledgment of payment in tbe policy, so far as it is a receipt for money, is only prima facie, and in an action to recover tbe premium may be contradicted by parol evidence, as tbe receipt in a deed may in an action for tbe purchase money of land; but so far as tbe acknowledgment is contractual, it cannot be contracted so as to invalidate tbe contract. Rayburn v. Casualty Co., 138 N. C., 379; Waters v. Casualty Co., 144 N. C., 663.

Tbis subject is very ably and fully discussed by Chief Justice Beasley in Basch v. Insurance Co., 35 N. J. Law, 429, in wbicb case tbe policy of insurance contained a provision that tbe company should not be liable until tbe premium should be actually paid to tbe company. Tbe policy also contained a receipt for tbe full premium. It was beld tbat tbe company was. estopped from setting up tbe nonpayment of tbe premium for tbe purpose of avoiding tbe instrument. In tbe opinion tbe learned Chief Justice says: “Tbe usual legal, rule is tbat a receipt is only prima facie evidence of payment, and may be explained; but tbis rule does not apply wben tbe question involved is not only as to tbe fact of payment, but as to tbe existence of rights springing out of tbe contract. With a view of defeating such rights, tbe party giving tbe receipt canno.t contradict it. An acknowledgment of an act done, contained in a written contract, and wbicb act is requisite tp put it in force, is as con-elusive against the party making it as is any other part of the contract; it cannot be contradicted or varied by parol.” See also Provident Insurance Co. v. Pennell, 49 Ill., 180; New York Insurance Co. v. National Pro. Insurance Co., 2 Barb., 471.

Chancellor Kent in his Commentaries says: “The receipt of the premium in the policy is conclusive evidence of payment, and binds the insurer unless there be fraud upon the part of the insured.” 3 Kent Com., p.'260.

In his treatise on Insurance, V anee says: “Although there is some conflict of. opinion among the authorities, the prevailing opinion seems to be that such a receipt concludes the insurer as far as the validity of' the policy is concerned, but is only prima facie evidence of payment in so far as the premium itself is •concerned; that is, the. insurer cannot deny the truth of the receipt in.an action against him in the policy, but may do so in an action against the insured for the purpose of recovering the premium due.” Vance on Insurance, p. 180.

The policy sued on acknowledges receipt of premium for six months, and contains a provision that the premium is to be paid semiannually. The law will not permit the defendant to avoid the policy in the face of such recital.

But the defendant in its answer seeks equitable relief, and asks the court to correct and reform the insurance contract so as to provide for a quarterly premium, and so.that it may show on its face that only the quarterly premium of $11.14 was actually paid.

The answer avers: “That the policy of insurance sued upon erroneously recites that the premium thereon has been paid for six months, beginning 1 May, 1909, and ending 1 November, 1909; that this error and mistake in the policy occurred in the way hereinbefore set forth, ánd the fact that the premium for six months had not been paid was well known to the said William E. Albritton as well as to the defendant’s agent, and the said policy of insurance should be reformed and corrected so as to recite the fact to be as it occurred: that the assured-paid $11.14 by way of quarterly premium, and not the sum of $21.86 semiannual premium, as recited in said policy.”

It is now well settled that a policy of insurance may be reformed upon proper allegations and proof, as much so as a deed or any other contract, and that is true even after loss. Snell v. Insurance Co., 98 U. S., 89; Henkle v. Royal Exchange, 1 Ves., Sr., 318.

But the reformation is subject to the same rules of law as applied to all other instruments in writing. It must be alleged and proven that the instrument sought to be corrected failed to express the real agreement or transaction because of mistake common to both parties, or because of mistake of one party and fraud or inequitable conduct of the other.

A mere misunderstanding of facts is not sufficient ground for asking reformation. 34 Cyc., p. 907. Where the mistake has been on one side only, reformation will not be decreed. The mistake must have been common to both parties. Meekins v. Newberry, 101 N. C., 18; Basnight v. Jobbing Co., 148 N. C., 357.

There is no allegation in the answer of the defendant that there was any fraud practiced by the insured whereby the defendant entered into a contract it did not intend to make, nor is there any allegation that the contract failed to .express the true agreement because of a mutual mistake. ,

And there is likewise no proof to sustain any such allegation if it had been made. According to the evidence, if any mistake was made in the written policy, it is to be attributed solely to the defendant.

The insured, Albritton, had nothing to do with the preparation of the policy, and there is no evidence that he knew 'that any such claim of mistake was ever made. The defendant’s own evidence shows that defendant received the premium for the quarter, and with full knowledge of the contents of the policy delivered it after receiving such premium.

The defendant made no unwitting mistake. It knowingly delivered the policy it intended to deliver. This is practically admitted in defendant’s brief, wherein it is said: “This arrangement was made by the agent, K. L. House, and the assured, Mr. Albritton, paid a quarterly premium in advance, which was sent to the'New York office, but tbe policy itself, which recited a semiannual premium, was not changed, this being the usual custom of the company.”

A court of equity will certainly not on the ground of mistake relieve against the consequences of an act which a party knowingly and intentionally commits and when no fraud is practiced. The defendant better change its custom rather than knowingly to embody in its policies statements it declares are untrue.

The question here is not whether the evidence offered to reform the policy is strong, cogent, and convincing, as in Lehew v. Hewitt, 130 N. C., 22, but as to whether upon the pleadings and proofs offered, taking them to be true, there is equitable ground for a reformation of the contract.

That must necessarily be a question of law for the court, and not an issue for a jury..

In the judgment of the Superior Court there is

No error.  