
    The Society of the War of 1812, Respondent, v. The Society of the War of 1812 in the State of New York, Appellant.
    
      Injunction to prevent the use by one corporation of a name likely to be confused with-that of another — not confined to commercial corporations.
    
    A corporation organized in 1892 pursuant to chapter 267 of the Laws of 1875, under the name of “ The Society of the War of 1812,” for the purpose of commemorating that war and other kindred purposes,.is entitled to an injunction restraining a corporation organized "for similar purposes, in 1896, pursuant to-the Membership Corporations Law (Laws of 1895, chap. 559), under the name, of “ The Society of the War "of' 1812 in the State of New York,” from using the words “ The Society of the War of 1812” as part of its corporate title, where it appears that the similarity of the names tends to produce confusion and to affect injuriously the conduct of the business of the older corporation. The right-to injunctive relief against the improper use of a corporate name which interferes with the plaintiff's.!),usiness is not-limited to.,cases where the business is of a commercial or trading character.
    Appeal by the defendant, The Society of the War of 1812 in the State of New York, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk .of the county of New York on the 10th day of May, 1897, restraining the defendant pendente lite from using the words-“ The Society of the War of 1812,” the plaintiff’s corporate name, as part of defendant’s name or style.
    
      Tearned Hand, for the appellant.
    
      Asa Bird Gardiner, for the respondent.
   Patterson, J,:

This is an appeal from an order made at the Special Term, whereby the defendant, its officers, agents, attorneys, servants and members are “ enjoined, restrained and forbidden, during the pendency of the above-entitled action, and until the further order of this court in the premises, from using, directly or indirectly, as part, of the name or style of defendant, the words and ..figures, ‘The Society of the War of 1812,’ and from publishing or otherwise representing or describing the defendant as The Society of the War of Eighteen Hundred and Twelve in the State of New York.’* Both societies ’ are incorporated under statutes of the'State of Hew York. The plaintiff, under the provisions of chapter 267 of the Laws of 1875, filed its certificate in the office of the Secretary of State on January 8, 1892. Its corporate name is “ The Society of the War of Eighteen Hundred and Twelve.” The defendant was organized under the Membership Corporations Law of the State of Hew York (Laws of 1895, chap. 559), and filed its certificate with the Secretary of State on July 6, 1896. Its title is identical with that of the plaintiff, except that it has added to the words constituting the plaintiff’s title the further words “ in the State of Hew York.” The objects for which the plaintiff was incorporated are stated to be “ patriotic, historical, literary, benevolent and social,” and, among other things, “ to collect and preserve the manuscript rolls, records and other documents relating to that war, and to commemorate the land and naval victories of the American arms in that war; to undertake and assist in the erection of proper memorials; ” “ to participate in the celebration of other historic patriotic events of national importance; to unite, when desirable, with other military societies formed by men who served in the armies and navies of the United States in the ‘ War of Eighteen Hundred and Twelve,’ in such manner as may be not inconsistent with law.” The object of the defendant corporation, as expressed in its certificate, is the commemoration of the War of 1812, the preservation of historical objects connected therewith, and the collection of records and data thereto appertaining.

The plaintiff asserts that the corporate name adopted by the defendant is virtually the same as that of the plaintiff, or so nearly resembles it that it is calculated to deceive; that the persons who organized the defendant corporation knew of the existence of the plaintiff society ; that the plaintiff did not know of the filing of the defendant’s certificate until long after it was filed, and has never consented to the use of the words constituting the plaintiff’s corporate name; that the defendant’s certificate of incorporation was filed with intent to enter upon the particular business of the plaintiff, and to cause the public generally, and those seeking admission into the plaintiff society, to believe that the defendant is that society, and thus wrongfully to divert from the plaintiff to the defendant funds and membership applications which otherwise Would be destined to the plaintiffand it sets forth that by reason of the’filing of the defendant’s certificate, gifts and bequests, or transfers of things of ' value, which may.be intended for the' plaintiff by any member of the plaintiff’s organization, or other persons resident in another State, are liable to be appropriated or taken by the defendant under its name and style, on a claim of due incorporation under that name and style, to the injury .of the plaintiff, and that such pnjury cannot be. estimated, and that the contingency 'mentioned is liable to happen at any time. The plaintiff also sets forth that certain valuable privileges belong to it or its members under joint resolutions of the Congress of: the United States, approved September -25, 1890, and that officers of the army and navy of the United States, who are members of the plaintiff organization, are comprehended and included in that joint resolution of the Congress. There aré statements and allegations contained in the plaintiff’s.papers constituting charges of specific fraud on the part of the defendant in procuring the incorporation of its society, but we do not attach any special importance to those- allegations.

The defendant sets forth in affidavits that it was organized under permission derived from a general society of the War of 1812,' which appears to exist as a voluntary association in 'Pennsylvania, and which authorized the establishment of branch societies in several States of the Union ; that it has organized and adopted its corporate name in good faith. The defendant also sets forth that the plaintiff society is not' generally known through the State of Hew York as being a society virtually with the same title as that of the •defendant; that it is more generally known .by the name of “ The Veteran Corps of Artillery,” with which it became amalgamated by the provisions of chapter 91 of the Laws of 1895; that the-plaintiff uses the title of “ The Veteran Corps of .Artillery,-Military Society of the War of 1812,” and that no confusion arises by reason of any real or supposed identity of corporate names, and if the plaintiff has sustained any injury it has been caused by the fact of the plaintiff’s existence aside from its name, and would have resulted under whatever name the defendant might have been incorporated. The defendant also denies that it has entered upon the plaintiff’s business; and asserts that the plaintiff purports to be- a military society, having military as well as civil officers and a military uniform and is a local institution in Yew York city ; that the defendant is a civic society, having no military organization and no uniform; that it admits to membership descendants of any participants in the War of 1812, while plaintiff restricts its membership.

On the other hand, the plaintiff has shown that it does use and is known by its corporate title; that confusion is likely to be caused by the two societies having substantially the same corporate name, and it has produced proof emanating from the defendant that that contention is well founded.- The plaintiff, although the words “ in the State of Yew York ” are not a part of its corporate title, has been in the habit of so describing itself,, and it would appear that that fact was known tó some of the organizers of the defendant Corporation, one of those gentlemen having made formal application to be admitted into membership of the plaintiff society, and having addressed his application for membership to the plaintiff as The. Society of the War of 1812 in. the State of Yew York.” After the incorporation of the' defendant it transmitted to publishers of annual almanacs statements concerning the .plaintiff, charged it with having appropriated the corporate name of the defendant in some of its publications, and stated that when such words were used it resulted in no little confusion and annoyance.

We think it is quite plain that the necessary result of the use by different corporations of names so .nearly identical is to produce confusion in the conduct of their business. The plaintiff has the priority of right to the use of the words constituting its corporate title; the defendant has assumed the same name, merely.adding as. part of its technical. designation words which are descriptive of the plaintiff with respect to its status, both in law and in fact ,as a corporation of the State of Yew York.

It is urged by the defendant that, even in the strongest aspect in which the facts may be presented by the plaintiff, the court is without jurisdiction to grant injunctive relief; and the broad proposition is advanced that no injunction can-issue against the use of a name, except where that name actually interferes with some commercial business or trade of the plaintiff. In support of this proposition numerous cases are relied on, such as Levy v. Walker (10 Ch. Div. 447); Du Boulay v. Du Boulay (L. R. [2 P. C.] 430); Day v. Brownrigg(10 Ch. Div. 295); Clark v. Freeman (11 Beav. 112)t In the cases cited the right to restrain by in junction is put upon the ground of injury to property or business; and in the ease of Charles S. Higgins Company v. Higgins Soap. Company (144 N. Y. 462) it is said with respect to corporate names that the same rule applies as to names of firms or individuals, and an injunction lies to restrain the simulation and use by one corporation of the name of a prior corporation where it tends' to create confusion and to enable a later corporation, to obtain, by reason of the similarity of names, the business of the prior one. The right to injunctive relief depends upon the use by one party of a name or corporate designation of another, so as to interfere with its business, whatever it may be — not necessarily a commercial or trading business. This results from the fact that many corporations are created under the laws of this State which have nothing to do with trade or commerce. As :they are authorized- by and- arc the ureatures of the law it would be a- strange condition if the law could not protect them in that which it has encouraged them to-do. It is the policy of the State of Hew York,' embodied in its statutes, to allow the incorporation of such socie^ties as the plaintiff-and the defendant. That policy was proclaimed, ' if not inaugurated, by the enactment of the statute of 1875, Under-which a multitude of corporations of various kinds, which are in noway commercial- or trading corporations or societies constituted for profit, have been organized. It was part of the policy of the law to secure such corporations immunity from rival societies assuming, the same corporate name. The 6tli section of the act of 1875, under which the plaintiff was incorporated, forbade any corporation formed under it from using a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in this State, and the General Corporation Law of 1890- enacts, with respect to corporate names, that no certificate of incorporation of a proposed corporation, having the same name as an existing domestic corporation, or a name so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, shall be filed- or recorded- in any office for the juirpose of effecting its incorporation. Here there is a declared purpose of preventing confusion and conflict between societies, arising out of identity or similarity of names. It is very easy to see how the operations of one. society would be crippled by the other, and especially in a case like this, where the words superadded to the defendant’s title are nothing more than- descriptive of the plaintiff. Here are two societies, both corporations of the State of Hew York, and both known to be such, and that one may readily be mistaken for the other is quite apparent.

The principle upon which the court will interfere is, that by the assumption of a name the business of one corporation may be injuriously interfered with or affected by the other. There is evidence here that the plaintiff has been injured by the defendant, although there is none of actual deception, but it is not necessary that actual ■deception should be shown. “ It is the liability to deception which the remedy may be invoked to prevent. It is sufficient if injury to the plaintiff’s business is threatened, or imminent, to authorize the ■court to intervene to prevent its occurrence.” (139 N. Y. 367.) We do not intend to intimate, nor give any weight to the suggestion, that the gentlemen connected with the organization of the defendant have been guilty of actual or intended fraud. That question does not arise. It is sufficient that the plaintiff has a prior right; that the defendants have assumed a style and title which is substantially that of the plaintiff; that the plaintiff’s business, or the purposes for which it was organized, will be injuriously affected by the defendant continuing_to use the title by which it was incorporated, and there has been no laches which would operate to prevent the plaintiff from receiving the aid of the court.

We think, therefore, that the' injunction wras properly granted and the order should be affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.

Van Brunt, P. J., O’Brien and'McLaugh lin, JJ., concurred.

Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.  