
    John DOE, Plaintiff, v. PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA; AME Employee Welfare Benefit Plan, Defendants.
    Case No. CV 15-04089 AB (FFMx)
    United States District Court, C.D. California.
    Signed 03/27/2017
    See also 2016 WL 8609983.
    
      James P. Keenley, Brian Henry Kim, Emily A. Bolt, Bolt Keenley Kim LLP, Berkeley, CA, for Plaintiff.
    Cindy Nguyen Mader, Linda Marie Lawson, Jason A. James, Meserve Mum-per and Hughes LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendants.
   FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW FOLLOWING BENCH TRIAL

HONORABLE ANDRÉ BIROTTE JR., UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE

In this ease under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001, et seq., Plaintiff John Doe (“Plaintiff’) alleges that Defendant Prudential Insurance Company of America (“Prudential”) improperly terminated his long term disability benefits by applying a 24-month mental illness limitation to his claim. Plaintiff contends that Prudential should not have applied the mental illness limitation, and that therefore his benefits' .should not, have been terminated. Plaintiff seeks an order reinstating his, benefits retroactively and prospectively, among other relief.

The parties submitted their opening and responsive trial briefs, along with the administrative record and supplemental evi-dentiary 'materials. The Court heard oral argument, on November 29, 2016. The Court rules as follows.

I. SUMMARY OF DISPUTE

This case turns on whether Plaintiffs long term disability (“LTD”) benefits are subject to the Plan’s 24-month mental health limitation, which caps at 24 months LTD benefits for a disability “due in whole or part to mental illness.” It is not disputed that Plaintiff has problems with attention, memory, focus, and executive function that prevent him from performing his job. Nor is it disputed that Plaintiff is “disabled” within the meaning of the Plan. As such, on July 11, 2011, Prudential awarded Plaintiff LTD benefits.

However, Prudential determined that Plaintiffs disability was caused by his mental health condition, in particular, depression and anxiety that he struggled with for years. Prudential also; determined that Plaintiffs physical health conditions— conditions related to HIV, asthma, migraines, hypertension, bundle branch block, and osteoporosis—were not disabling. Accordingly, Prudential applied the mental health limitation and terminated his benefits after 24 months. Plaintiff argues that his disability has a physiological cause—in particular, brain damage likely resulting from HIV—and that therefore Prudential should not have applied the mental health limitation.

The doctors’ reports Plaintiff submitted to support his initial claim do focus all but exclusively on the debilitating psychological and cognitive effects of Plaintiffs depression. But, neuropsychological evaluations obtained thereafter show that Plaintiff suffers from cognitive deficiencies that may be caused by brain damage. Thus, even if the initial doctors’ opinions can reasonably' süpport' only a mental health etiology, subsequent reports show that there may be a physical etiology. Resolving this issue is particularly difficult because Plaintiffs disabling symptoms are cognitive problems that are not physically visible, and they may have either a psychological etiology or a physical etiology, or a combination of' both. In sum, the record contains evidence that could arguably support a determination' either way. However, after carefully considering all of the evidence, the Court finds that'Plaintiffs disability was not “due in whole or part to mental illness” and that Prudential should not have applied the mental illness limitation. ...

II. LEGAL STANDARD

This is an action to recover plan benefits governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001, et seq. (“ERISA”). 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). In the Ninth Circuit, ERISA claims for benefits are adjudicated by a bench trial -under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule (“Rule”) 52(a). Kearney v. Standard Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1084, 1095 (9th Cir. 1999). Under Rule 52(a), the court can resolve factual issues in favor of either party, and it must “find the facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 52(a).

In a previous Order, the Court determined that it will review the record de novo. See Order (Dkt. No. 57). Under the de novo standard, the Court independently considers the evidence, finds facts, and determines how the policy applies, just as it would resolve any other breach of contract claim. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 112-113, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989); Krolnik v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. 570 F.3d 841, 843 (7th Cir. 2009) (“ ‘de novo review’ is a misleading phrase ... For what Firestone requires is not ‘review’ of any kind; it is an independent decision rather than ‘review’ that Firestone, contemplates ... [The] court takes evidence (if there is a dispute about a material fact) and makes an. independent decision about how the language of the contract applies to those facts.”).

“In a trial on the record, the court ‘can evaluate the persuasiveness of conflicting testimony and decide which is more likely true.’” Armani v. Nw. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 2014 WL 7792624, at *8 (C.D.Cal. Nov. 25, 2014) (quoting Kearney, 175 F.3d at 1095); see also Schramm v. CNA Fin. Corp. Insured Group Benefits Program, 718 F.Supp.2d 1151, 1162 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (a court reviewing the administrative record “evaluates the persuasiveness of each party’s case, which necessarily entails making reasonable inferences where appropriate”).

The court may consider the administrative record, which are the materials the administrator considered in reaching its benefit determination, and “under certain circumstances [new evidence may be considered] to enable the full exercise of informed and independent judgment.” Mongeluzo v. Baxter Travenol Long Term Disability Ben. Plan, 46 F.3d 938, 943 (9th Cir. 1995).

Plaintiff bears the burden of proof of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he is entitled to the benefits provided by the Policy. Sabatino v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston, 286 F.Supp.2d 1222, 1232 (N.D. Cal, 2003). In its previous Order, the Court held that Plaintiff also bears the burden of showing that the mental health illness limitation does not apply. See Order, pp. 8-10.

III. EVIDENCE BEFORE THE COURT

The Court considered the evidence in the Administrative Record (“AR”).

The parties also submitted materials outside of the administrative record. Materials outside of the record can be considered “ ‘only when circumstances clearly establish that additional evidence is necessary to conduct an adequate de novo review of the benefit decision.’ ” Mongeluzo, 46 F,3d at 944 (citation omitted). The Court reviewed the submitted excerpts of the depositions ofDrs. Jay Gladstein, Gary Cohan, Kristen Fiano,- Mark Alfano, and Richard Perrillo. The deposition excerpts were somewhat enlightening on general background matters, such as the distinction between a relative impairment and an absolute impairment, and on the viability of neuropsychological testing to assess cognitive function. As to Plaintiffs specific condition, however, the excerpts were too choppy to yield useful evidence beyond what the administrative record already covered.

Plaintiff also submitted Administrative Law Judge Sally Reason’s decision awarding Plaintiff Social Security Disability Insurance benefits. The Court did not find this material helpful because it is not directed towards answering the factual question here—whether Plaintiffs disability is “due in whole or part to mental illness” such that the mental health limitation should apply. The Court did not, therefore, consider the SSDI award for any purpose.

Thus, the deposition excerpts and the social security decision are not necessary for this Court to conduct an adequate review, so the Court declines to admit them.

IY. FINDINGS OF FACT

A. The Plan’s LTD Benefit

Prudential insures long term disability (“LTD”) benefits under the WME IMG Group Welfare Benefits Wrap Plan (the “Plan”) pursuant to the terms of group contract no. DG-93974-CA (the “Group Contract”) Prudential issued to William Morris Endeavor Entertainment, LLC (“WME”). (AR 1865-6.)

Plaintiff was covered by the Plan.

The Group Contract was amended by Certificates issued in 2009 and 2012. (AR 1877-8, 1989-90.) However, the Group Contract provides that “an amendment will not affect a claim incurred before the date of change.” (AR 1872.) Plaintiffs claim was incurred when he was awarded benefits in 2011, so the 2009 Certifícate applies to his claim and the 2012 Certificate does not.

Under the 2009 Certifícate, the relevant LTD Coverage (the “2009 Certificate”) became effective in 2009. (AR 1786-1823, AR 1878.)

Under the Plan’s LTD Coverage, a participant is entitled to monthly disability benefits when they are “totally disabled,” which is defined as being “unable to perform with reasonable continuity the substantial and material acts necessary to pursue your usual occupation” due to “sickness or injury.” (AR 1797.) “Substantial and material acts” means the “important tasks, functions and operations generally required by employers from those engaged in your usual occupation that cannot be reasonably omitted or modified.” (AR 1797.)

The 2009 Certificate limits to 24 months LTD benefits for disabilities that “are due in whole or part to mental illness” (“mental illness limitation”) (AR 1804-5.)

The 2009 Certificate defines “mental illness” as follows: “Mental illness means a psychiatric or psychological condition regardless of cause. Mental illness includes but is not limited to schizophrenia, depression, manic depressive or bipolar illness, anxiety, somatization, substance related disorders and/or adjustment disorders or other conditions. These conditions are usually treated by a mental health provider or other qualified provider using psychotherapy, psychotropic drugs, or other similar methods of treatment as standardly accepted in the practice of medicine.” (AR 1805, emphasis in original.)

The 2009 Certificate provides that the mental illness limitation will not apply “to dementia if it is a result of ... viral infection.” (AR 1805.)

Coverage under the Policy ends when a claimant is no longer a full-time employee, and is therefore no longer a member of a covered class. (AR 1788,1794.)

B. Plaintiffs Employment History

Plaintiff worked at the talent agency William Morris Agency from November 1992 to May 2009 and, after a merger, at WME from June 2009 to May 2011. At the time he left WME, Plaintiff was employed as Head of Commercial Division. (AR 1297.) In that position, Plaintiff managed approximately 30 people and ran his own department as a talent agent. His job included “coupling high profile artists to brands and handling and managing talent.” (AR 918.)

The Department of Labor characterizes a talent agent as a demanding profession that requires superior cognitive abilities. A talent agent confers with clients to develop career strategies, develops contacts with others who can advance the clients’ careers and provide information about business opportunities, promotes clients to those who might hire them, negotiates contracts for clients, and manages clients’ business affairs. (AR 172-191.)

The ability to process, remember, and act on these exchanges in an unstructured, highly-competitive, and time-sensitive work context is essential to successfully performing the job. (AR 188-84.)

These activities require the ability to perform certain cognitive abilities at a very high level, including excellent oral comprehension and expression, high problem sensitivity (i.e., the ability to identify problems and solve them), and excellent written comprehension and expression. (AR 177-78.)

Consistent with advice from his doctors, Plaintiff took a leave of absence from work starting on April 25, 2011. (AR 1159.)

C. Plaintiffs Initial LTD Claim and Supporting Doctors’ Opinions

On April 12, 2011, Plaintiff filed a claim for LTD benefits. (AR 1473-1482.) Plaintiff stated that he was “unable to work as a result of HIV infections, HIV related pain and fatigue, and related medical conditions including osteoporosis and severe depression.” (AR 1482.) In response to the question “How does this condition interfere with your ability to perform your job?” Plaintiff stated: “My HIV infection, pain, fatigue, osteoporosis, and severe depression cause pain and fatigue and severely disrupt my ability to' sustain my focus and concentration for significant periods of time. Due to my inability to sustain focus and concentration, I am unable to perform the essential tasks of my job on a persistent and reliable basis.” (AR 1482.)

Thereafter, Plaintiff submitted Attending Physician Statements (“APS”) from three doctors in support of his claim. All of the doctors stated that Plaintiff was disabled due to mental health issues including depression and anxiety.

First, Plaintiffs psychiatrist, Dr. Harvey Sternbach, submitted an APS dated April 25, 2011, listing Plaintiffs primary diagnosis as major depressive affective disorder and secondary diagnoses as dsythymic disorder (persistent depressive disorder) and anxiety disorder. Dr. Sternbach noted that “[a]t present, [Plaintiff] is not functional and needs inpatient care.” (AR 1396,1399.)

Second, Plaintiffs psychotherapist for about twelve years, Dr. Lauren Wittlin, submitted an APS dated May 5, 2011, stating that Plaintiff was “suffering from major depression [and] anxiety, [and] require[d] increased care.” When asked the nature of Plaintiffs medical impairment, Dr. Wittlin identified “major depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation.” (AR 1400-1.)

Third, Plaintiffs internist, Dr. Jay Glad-stein, an HIV specialist, submitted an APS dated May 5, 2011, reporting that Plaintiffs “[r]eturn to work plan [is] under management by [patient’s] psychiatrist, Dr. Sternbach” and that “intractable depression may pose an obstacle.” Dr. Glad-stein concluded that Plaintiffs primary diagnosis was major depressive affective disorder (ICD-9 code 311), and stated that Plaintiff had secondary diagnoses of HIV (ICD-9 code 042) and bundle branch block (ICD-9 code 426.50). (AR 1398.) Regarding Plaintiffs medical impairment, Dr. Gladstein identified “loss of concentration [and] severe depression.” (AR 1398.)

In a summary letter dated May 27,2011, Dr. Sternbach reported that he had treated Plaintiff since September 29, 1997 for depression and anxiety. Dr. Sternbach stated that over the years Plaintiff had “been prescribed many antidepressant regimens,” and that despite numerous trials of medication in conjunction with psychotherapy, Plaintiff “became increasingly depressed, [and] found it more difficult to work, socialize and generally function.” Dr. Sternbach stated that he and Plaintiffs psychotherapist, Dr. Wittlin, had recommended inpatient psychiatric treatment. Dr. Sternbach concluded that Plaintiff could no longer work and advised him to take a leave of absence, which Plaintiff did as of April 25, 2011. (AR 1159.)

D. Prudential Determines that Plaintiff is Disabled ánd Awards Benefits

On June 21, 2011, Prudential employee Mashelle Krier, RN, reviewed Plaintiffs medical records and concluded that “[b]ased on the Psychiatrist’s APS statement and- his summary of treatment notes, it [was] reasonable at this time, to support that the [Plaintiff] would have had a reduction in functional capacity related to his behavioral health [‘BH’] status.” Regarding Plaintiffs physical conditions, Nurse Krier concluded that the medical evidence did not support any functional impairment. She also stated that Plaintiffs medical providers (infectious disease, endocrinology, psychotherapy) all had concluded that Plaintiff experienced psychiatric impairment. Nurse Krier thus concluded that “[i]t would be reasonable to support a decrease in functional capacity from a' BH perspective” through August 2011. (AR 1716.)

On July 8, 2011, Prudential approved Plaintiffs claim for LTD benefits beginning July 11, 2011 through August 31, 2011 based on his behavioral health conditions related to his depression and anxiety, but determined that his conditions related to HIV, asthma, ocular migraines, hypertension, bundle branch block and osteoporosis were not disabling. Prudential also advised Plaintiff of the 24-month..mental illness limitation. (AR 1600-2.).

E. Plaintiffs Ongoing Medical Evaluations

Thereafter, Prudential continued to review Plaintiffs claim. Additional treatment reports were submitted. These reports tended to substantiate the mental health basis of Plaintiffs disability. .For example, psychotherapist Dr, Wittlin’s treatment summary and notes through August 11, 2011 .stated that Plaintiff felt, “depressed his 'whole life” and. that this “grew to a major depression disorder” and she diagnosed him with “major depression, recurrent, severe without psychotic symptoms” and “anxiety disorder NOS.” She concluded that- Plaintiff “must stay active in his life although he feels hopeless and often feels immobilized.” (AR 1236-37.) In early 2011 Plaintiff was “contemplating leaving WME due to mental health issues,” but making that decision was “very stressful and anxiety producing” because although he felt “that he need[ed] to leave for his own health [he] [was] seared of leaving and not knowing what he [would] do next.” Dr. Wittlin concluded that Plaintiffs inability to make a. decision was “de-stabilizing.” She also stated that after a month and a half of internal struggle, Plaintiff set a deadline to make a decision about staying or leaving WME by April T, 2011. (AR 1241.)

On April 4, 2011, Plaintiff reported that he gave notice at work, but this caused him extreme anxiety and on May 1, 2011, Wittlin stated that. Plaintiff had a. “total psychic disintegration,” and, was disoriented and suicidal due to the “impact of the loss of .his career,” which sent him, into “a downward spin.” (AR 1242-8.)

After a February 1, 2012 visit, Dr, Glad-stein stated that Plaintiffs cognitive function was “normal,” that Plaintiffs bundle branch block was “asymptomatic from cardiac standpoint,” his hypertension was “controlled,” and his depressive disorder was being followed by Dr. Sternbach and glaucoma was being followed by Dr. Fox. (AR 757-8.)

On April 13, 2012, Dr. Sternbach wrote a summary letter stating “[d]ue to the severity of [Plaintiffs] depression, it was necessary to have him leave the workplace as of April 25, 2011. [Plaintiff] became more withdrawn, suicidal, hopeless and overwhelmed. I have recommended inpatient treatment and consideration of Electrocon-vulsive Treatment (EOT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ... and Vagal Nerve Stimulation as options ...” (AR 977.)

On May 28, 2012, independent physician reviewer, Dr. Omowunmi Osinubi, M.D., board certified in anesthesiology and occupational medicine, reviewed Plaintiffs medical records. Dr. Osinubi concluded Plaintiffs “reported physical conditions as co-morbid factors ... that preclude [Plaintiff] from working are simply not supported by the medical records.” Plaintiff reported that he was unable to work as a talent agent due to memory problems and cognitive difficulties, but Dr. Osinubi stated that there was “no neuropsych evaluation in any of the medical records submitted for review” or mental status exams. She noted that Dr. Gladstein’s office visit notes stated that cognitive function was “normal.” Dr. Osinubi recommended neu-ropsychological testing due to the “inconsistencies” noted in Plaintiffs clinical presentation from provider to provider and to better assess his capacity from a behavior health standpoint, Dr. Osinubi concluded that “the review of [medical records] provided] support that this claim is primarily a behavioral health claim. Functional impairment (if any) is attributable only to BH, and not to any one or a combination of the physical medical conditions so stated.” (AR 1693-4.)

F. Dr. Alfano’s July 2012 Neuropsy-chological Evaluation. Finds Psychological Impairments but No Cognitive Impairments

In July 2012, Plaintiff underwent his first neuropsychological evaluation, an independent medical examination (“IME”) conducted by Dr. Mark Alfano, Ph.D., board certified in neuropsychology. The exam included -neurocognitive testing to objectively measure Plaintiffs claimed cognitive impairments. Dr. Alfano produced a report of his conclusions, {See Alfano Report, AR 912-931.) Alfano found that Plaintiffs “estimated premorbid IQ” was in the superior range. (AR 923.) He found that Plaintiffs “measured intellectual ability” as reflected in his “current level of intellectual functioning” was in the average range—a score below expectations compared with his estimated premorbid IQ. (AR 923.)

Plaintiffs test on various aspects of attention and processing speed yielded nearly all average to high average results; Al-fano concluded that “[in] sum, attention was, characterized by intact simple -attention, working memory, and complex- attention,” (AR 924.)

Plaintiffs verbal learning and memory, and his visual'learning and' memory produced varied results, including borderline impaired, low average, average, and average to superior. (AR 925.) Alfano found that Plaintiff was largely intact in these areas, and attributed this wide variability in Plaintiffs test results tó his emotional state during the exam. (AR 925.)

Alfano found that Plaintiffs executive functioning “was somewhat at or above expectations, with scores ranging from the average to very superior range.” (AR 00926.) Looking at the eight specific aspects of executive functioning that were tested, Plaintiff scored in the average or average-to-high-average range in five aspects (working memory, complex attention in the face of interference, alternating mental set, response inhibition, and hypothesis formation); high average in one aspect (fluid reasoning); high average to superior in one aspect (generation of responses); and very superior in one aspect (efficient deductive reasoning). (AR 926-927.)

Dr. Alfano’s Report also includes his responses to specific questions posed by Prudential. (See AR 928-931.) Alfano stated that there was “no evidence of significant cognitive impairment at this time,” and that Plaintiffs “subjective complaints are quite discrepant from the findings of this evaluation.” Dr. Alfano stated that Plaintiff identified “a host of cognitive difficulties, which in his perception, have made it impossible for him to continue in his profession,” but that the “objective assessment of cognitive functioning revealed broadly intact ability in all areas assessed.” Dr. Alfano further stated that Plaintiffs interview responses, as well as the results of his personality testing, suggested’ “that his depression and anxiety [were] likely leading to significant cognitive distortions regarding his cognitive abilities.” Dr. Alfano concluded that “this tends be a self-reinforcing phenomena, such that overt focus -on perceived deficits and emotional stress themselves serve as internal distracters affecting attentional abilities and functional cognition.” Dr. Al-fano noted that Plaintiffs HIV disease was “well controlled and stable,” that Plaintiffs pattern of performance on the IME was “not consistent with that of an HIV-related neuropsychological impairment, characterized by prominent impairments in speed of information processing and psychomotor speed, as well' as complex attention/working memory, executive functioning, memory deficits,” and that Plaintiff did not meet the criteria for HIV-Associated Neurocog-nitive Disorder (“HAND”). (AR 929.) Dr. AJfano stated that there were “no restrictions and/or limitations from a cognitive standpoint,” but noted that “to the degree that [Plaintiffs] psychiatric symptoms [were] impacting his functional cognition, successful treatment of anxiety and depression may provide the claimant with better cognitive functioning.”

On August 24, 2012, Dr. Alfano provided an addendum responding to additional questions from' Prudential relating to whether Plaintiff had psychological/emotional impartments, his prognosis, and treatment of his psychological conditions. (See Addendum, AR 905-908.) Alfano responded that Plaintiff had “psychological/emotional impairment” based on Plaintiffs long history of depression and anxiety as noted in the medical records; Plaintiffs performance on the psychological tests reflecting a “severe” depressive symptoms and “moderate-severe” anxious symptoms; and behavioral observations and Plaintiffs self-reports indicating that he experienced significant anxiety and distress during the evaluation, including the fact that Plaintiff began to cry, requiring breaks at certain points.

G. Prudential Continues to Pay Benefits Until the 24-Month Limit is Reached

During this period, Prudential continued to find Plaintiff totally disabled, and continued to pay benefits; it also informed his counsel that the Policy’s mental illness benefit limitation applied so “the initial 24 month period of disability would end as of July 10, 2013.” (AR 1551-3.)

On July 9, 2013, Prudential informed Plaintiffs counsel that benefits would not be paid beyond the 24-month mental illness period. Prudential explained that the medical records contained in the claim file, in addition to the various reports received, did not support a physical condition that limited Plaintiff from his occupation or required medically necessary restrictions in the performance of that profession. Additionally, there was no evidence of a significant cognitive impairment or any neurological contribution to Plaintiffs perceived cognitive deficits. (AR 1539-46.)

Thereafter, Plaintiff twice appealed Prudential’s decision to terminate his benefits. He argued that his “declining mental health and cognitive performance ha[d] been caused by his HIV disease and co-morbid conditions” and “ultimately ha[d] a physical etiology.” (AR 580.) Prudential upheld its decision, most recently on January 23,2015. (AR 1485-97.)

H. Additional Medical Evidence Generated After Plaintiffs Claim was Terminated

During the appeals process, additional evidence concerning Plaintiffs condition was generated: (1) an August 6, 2013 report by Dr. Gary Cohan (AR 214-216); (2) a June 2014 neuropsychological exam and an October 7, 2014 report by Dr. Richard Perrillo, PhD (AR 132-164); and (3) a December 8, 2014 report entitled “Neurop-sychological File Review” by Dr. Kristin Fiano (AR 12-30).

1. Dr. Cohan’s Findings

Dr. Cohan, an HIV specialist, has been Plaintiffs treating physician since May 2012; he provided a letter dated August 6, 2013, in response to Prudential’s termination of Plaintiffs claim. (AR 214-216.) Dr. Cohan stated that Plaintiff is disabled by multiple factors directly related to his HIV infection, including chronic fatigue and cognitive dysfunction, and that this is exacerbated by other factors such as lumbar disc disease and radiculopathy. (AR 215.)

Dr. Cohan stated that Plaintiffs cognitive functioning is impaired such that he cannot sustain his focus and concentration over an eight hour day, and that “his problems in this regard are caused and contributed to by his HIV disease, fatigue, chronic pain and nausea.” (AR 592.) Cohan also stated that “persons exposed to HIV for a long period of time suffer from declining cognitive function as they age.” (AR 593.) He noted that “[rjecent scientific studies have demonstrated that HIV positive individuals can experience cognitive ’ deficits even when the viral load is completely undetectable [and] that [Plaintiff] suffers from this type of gradual cognitive decliné often seen in aging HIV patients.” (AR 593.)

Dr. Cohan stated that his findings are supported by objective laboratory data (showing detectable HIV viral loads) and MRI imaging. (AR 215.) However, the record does not include any MRI imaging, so it is not clear what he was referring to.

2. Dr. Perrillo’s June 2014 Neuropsy-chological Evaluation Finds that Plaintiff Has Suffered Cognitive Decline Attributable to Brain Damage Caused by HIV Disease

In June 2014, Plaintiff underwent a second neuropsychological evaluation. This evaluation was conducted by Dr. Perrillo and included two days of comprehensive neuropsychological and psychological testing conducted by Perrillo, and Perrillo’s review of Dr. Alfano’s 2012 test, including Alfano’s raw data and report. (See Perrillo Report 132-165.) Dr. Perrillo reported that both Alfano’s 2012 tests and his 2014 tests showed that Plaintiffs “neuropsychological results are globally moderately abnormal with major" changes noted from his estimated consolidated (premorbid) predicted abilities.” (AR 143 (original emphasis).) Notably, Plaintiffs IQ-tested 9 points lower than expected because of a loss of verbal comprehension and cognitive proficiency, and he had “more alarmingly deficient” loss in “combined auditory and visual Immediate Memory.” (AR 143.) Perrillo thus concluded that Plaintiff suffered from moderate organic brain dysfunction that would be expected to cause moderate interference with occupational, social, and interpersonal functioning. (AR 142-143.)

The 2012 test and the 2014 test were both considered valid in that both included embedded validity testing that Plaintiff passed (AR 27); for the 2014 test, Plaintiff gave optimal effort and was not malingering or manipulating his test performance. (AR 142,156.)

In brief summary, Perrillo stated that the 2012 and the 2014 tests established that Plaintiff had a baseline cognitive performance level in the “superior/very superior” category, with a high IQ in the 120-125 range, so that his expected performance in any particular test would be in the 91% to 95% range. (AR 139.) However, on the 2014 test, Plaintiff consistently performed below his expected performance. As noted, he evidenced a nine-point drop from his expected IQ. (AR 143.) On fifteen of the cognitive tests, Plaintiffs scores fell in the 15th percentile overall, and on eight tests he fell below the 5th percentile, which is very poor for someone with -an expected high-average to superior level of baseline cognitive ability. (AR 145.) For example, the data showed that Plaintiffs attention was “profoundly impaired” and well below his expected performance. (AR 146.) Plaintiffs, executive functioning, which includes advanced cognitive functions such as the ability to self-monitor and perceive the intentions of others, the ability to synthesize information, abstract reasoning ability, and the ability to improvise, showed significant impairments. (AR 152-153.)

Plaintiff also has specific short-term memory impairments. For example, Plaintiff tested as absolutely impaired on “single-trial” learning, which measures a person’s ability to remember information when only given one opportunity to learn it. (AR 154.) He also showed absolute impairment—performing in the .first percentile—on immediate recall of auditory and visual information, that is, he has great difficulty recalling information he has just received and although he does better when he has time to think about it he still performs well below expectations. (AR 154.)

Dr. Perrillo stated that Plaintiff is completely disabled and that “he would be unable to compete and be productively employed at or near his previous capacity level or in new learning environments.” (AR 158.) Importantly, Dr. Perrillo stated that “[rjesearch has clearly shown that depression and anxiety do not have significant effects on neuropsychological test results,” and he explicitly ruled out depression itself as an explanation of Plaintiffs cognitive testing results. (AR 157-158.) He expressly notes that Plaintiff has had major depression for a long time but was certainly able, to function; however, since 2011, Plaintiff has reported “numerous physical, sensory, cognitive changes.” (AR 142.)

Perrillo’s main- diagnosis is that Plaintiff suffers from “Moderate Brain Dysfunction with significant white matter changes and selective prefrontal, fontal, temporal, occipital and motor impairments.” (AR 157.) Perrillo further found that Plaintiffs “abnormal brain is related to and caused by protracted HIV and associated toxic treatments.” (AR 158.)

Dr. Perrillo also discounted the neurop-sychqlogical testing conducted by Dr. Afa-no. Dr. Perrillo stated that Alfano used the 1990’s era WAIS-III and WMS-III tests, “which are now obsolete and outdated” and which were replaced- in 2008-2009 with WAIS-IV and WMS-IV. (AR 160.) Perrillo stated that the outdated tests overstate an individual’s capacity and that the replacement tests account for advances in neuroscience. In addition, Perrillo argued that using outdated tests violates professional ethics, including the American Psychological Ethics Code 9.08, which states that psychologists do not rely on outdated or obsolete tests. Because such .tests are not considered reliable, a memo from the Social Security Administration advises that a test with outdated norms “will result in IQs significantly higher and will result in diagnostic misclassification.” (AR 160-161.) As such, Perrillo opined that Dr. Alfano’s report and opinions are based on unreliable tests and data, and therefore his opinions and conclusions are invalid as well.

Dr. Perrillo’s report also includes references to and quotations from a number of scientific and scholarly papers supporting the position that HIV infection can cause brain damage resulting in cognitive decline. For example, one study states that “HIV infection is known to have profound effects on both, brain and behavior.” (AR 133.) Furthermore, “[njeuroimaging studies” have found reduced cortical thickness, basal ganglia atrophy, and global reductions in write matter integrity. “These brain changes have profound effects on cognition,” and up to 52% of those with HIV experience some form of cognitive impairment. (AR 133.) “Commonly affected domains include motor function, executive function, attention, visual memory, and vis-uospatial function.” (AR 133.) Finally, “[gjiven its prevalence, treating cognitive dysfunction has become a central goal for therapies aiming to improve outcome [sic] among individuals with HIV.” (AR 133.)

3. Dr. Fiano Finds Evidence of Cognitive Impairments with a Neurological Basis

Dr. Fiano, a neuropsychologist, prepared her report after reviewing the doctors’ reports submitted with Plaintiffs inir tial claim, the-follow-up reports, and most importantly Dr. Alfano’s 2012 report (but not the raw test data itself) and Dr. Perril-lo’s 2014 test data and report. (See Fiano Report, AR 12-30.) In her report, Dr. Fi-ano summarized the other doctors’ findings and then provided her evaluation in response to specific questions Prudential asked.

As to whether Plaintiff has “any cognitive impairments from July 11, 2013 forward,” (question 1) Fiano answered “Yes,” and explained that Dr. Perrillo’s testing “documented areas of relative impairment with some areas of absolute impairment.” (AR 22.) As to whether Plaintiff has “any medically necessary restrictions and /or limitations from any cognitive symptoms from July 11, 2013 forward” (question 2), Fiano answered “Yes ... [Plaintiff] would be limited by the cognitive.symptoms described in the previous response.” (AR 23.) To whether Plaintiffs cognitive symptoms would restrict or limit his ability to perform general work tasks including computer work, communication, working with others, concentrating, focusing, or sustaining full-time work activity (question 3), Fiano indicated that Plaintiff had some limitations in some of these areas, but that there was no strong evidence of limitations in other areas. (AR 24.)

As to whether Plaintiffs claimed inability to work due to the. severity of his cognitive conditions is supported by the documentation (question 4), Fiano responded that the record does indicate limitation in certain areas, “but does not support a complete inability to work.” (AR 25.). Fiano stated that although “Perrillo argued that even average range scores would be considered impairments” for Plaintiff, “he did show average or better scores compared to the general population,... indicating] the capacity to perform tasks that the average individual would be capable of... ” (AR 25.)

As to whether there is support in the record for the argument that Plaintiffs cognitive complaints are attributable to a neurological deficit linked to his HIV status or from his use of HIV medications (question 5), Fiano responded “I do find support for cognitive impairments given the more recent testing and that organic factors are among the several potential etiologies.” (AR 25.) Fiano then summarized again how Plaintiff tested on various areas of cognitive performance: although Plaintiffs results were not uniform, in nearly every instance his results were average or below average—results that are below expectations given Plaintiffs superi- or baselines, and that therefore reflect cognitive impairment. (AR 26.) Fiano also stated that “[tjhere is evidence for a cognitive disorder with at least some component being related to neurological or organic factors ... [including] his HIV status, associated .treatment, and other conditions that would impact the integrity of -white matter and the vascular system.” Fiano was “less convinced” that Plaintiff had HIV dementia because the variability of his scores is atypical of a person with dementia, and she stated there, is “continued additional influence from psychological factors ... that would be expected to exacerbate any organically based deficits.” (AR 26.)

Commenting on the validity of the neu-ropsychological testing performed by Dr. Perrillo (question 6), Fiano stated that the test had two stand-alone validity measures and “numerous embedded validity measures across functional domains” and Plaintiff passed them all. (AR 27.)

Commenting on Dr. Perrillo’s findings (question 7), Dr. Fiano she stated that she agrees that Plaintiff “has some genuine cognitive weaknesses,” but she finds Per-rillo’s conclusions “overstated” and “overly focused on one etiology” instead of considering other factors influencing Plaintiffs score and his reported functioning. (AR 27.) While Fiano concurred with Perrillo’s statement that mood or psychological factors do not ordinarily play a role in neu-ropsychological testing, she stated that Plaintiffs “level of [mood] symptoms is marked” (AR 28), suggesting such factors may have influenced the test results. She contrasted Dr. Alfano’s discussion of Plaintiffs psychological state with the absence of such discussion in Perrillo’s report and faulted Perrillo for the omission. However, Fiano does not herself opine that psychological factors played a role in results of the Perrillo test; she just faults Perrillo for not describing Plaintiffs test-taking behaviors. (AR 28.) Fiano also faults Per-rillo for not ordering an MRI or other radiological imagery to clarify if there have been white matter changes, for not considering Plaintiffs statement that he had attention-problems since childhood, and for not addressing other possible causes for brain changes besides Plaintiffs HIV, such as vascular conditions like hypertension, sleep apnea, drug use, or glaucoma. (AR 29.)

As to whether the record supports a neurological etiology of Plaintiffs cognitive symptoms (question 8), Fiano responded that there are “multiple potential factors influencing functioning.” She noted that “it is reasonable to conclude that mood symptoms do, to some extent, impact functioning of cognitive symptoms ... [h]owever, mood symptoms alone are not judged to explain the overall pattern of scores in this case.” (AR 29.) Plaintiffs scores “would not be explainable by emotional factors alone” and his “profile does not strongly correlate with other specific conditions, but does correlate more highly with neurological etiologies (such as vascular disease, hypertension) than with depression, where there is virtually no correlation.” She also said that while mild to moderate depression would not impact test performance, severe depression could impact test behaviors. So, she concluded that “a combination of etiologies (neurological and psychological) is considered to have produced the most recent [2014] test data.” (AR 30.)

Finally, as to whether the record shows that other factors like psychological condition, substance abuse, or medications contribute to Plaintiffs cognitive • symptoms (question 9), Fiano responded that Plaintiffs “psychological condition plays at least a partially contributing role in overall functioning, including some aspects of cognitive functioning.” (AR 30.) But she also stated that Plaintiffs “somatic focus [ ] as well as marked levels of depression and distress ... cannot [alone] explain all of the low scores, they would be expected to impact performance on tasks when the claimant was emotionally liable and less able to sustain focus.” (AR 30.) She states that this was evident during Dr. Alfano’s examination in 2012, and she also believed such factors influenced Plaintiffs performance on Dr. Perrillo’s exam. (AR 30.)

V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A. Plaintiff is “Totally Disabled.”

As noted above,- there is no genuine dispute that Plaintiffs cognitive difficulties are severe enough to render him totally disabled within the meaning of the Plan, and the Court so finds. Plaintiff worked as a talent agent' and Head of Commercial Division at WME. These positions are very demanding cognitively, requiring Plaintiff to process, remember, and act on exchanges with clients and their potential employers, including promoting clients, negotiating their contracts, and managing their business affairs. Plaintiff also managed an entire department. Due to his compromised cognitive abilities, Plaintiff cannot reliably perform these tasks. Therefore, Plaintiff is “unable to perform with reasonable continuity the substantial and material acts necessary to pursue [his] usual occupation” due to “sickness or injury.” (AR 1797.) Plaintiff is therefore “totally disabled,” as Prudential found.

B. The Mental Illness Limitation Does Not Apply to Plaintiff’s Claim.

The real dispute is whether the mental health limitation applies to Plaintiffs claim. The Court finds that it does not. The starting point of the analysis is the limitation itself. The 2009 Certificate describes the limitation as applying to a disability “due in whole or part to mental illness,” and defines depression as a mental illness. (AR 1804.) The question, therefore, is whether Plaintiffs disability is “due in whole or part to mental illness.” Thus, the Court must interpret that phrase and apply it to the facts here.

1. Interpretation of Mental Illness Limitation

“ERISA does not contain a body of contract law to govern the interpretation and enforcement of employee benefit plans ... Rather, Congress intended that courts apply contract - principles derived from state law but be guided by the policies expressed in ERISA and other federal labor laws.” Richardson v. Pension Plan of Bethlehem Steel Corp., 112 F.3d 982, 985 (9th Cir. 1997). The terms of an ERISA plan should therefore be interpreted “in an ordinary and popular sense,” as would be understood by a person of “average intelligence and experience.” Evans v. Safeco Life Ins. Co., 916 F,2d 1437, 1441 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ellison, 757 F.2d 1042, 1044 (9th Cir. 1985)). To resolve disputes that arise from the meaning of a term,. courts “first look to the explicit language of the agreement to determine the clear intent of the parties.” McDaniel v. Chevron Corp., 203 F.3d 1099, 1110 (9th Cir. 2000). Further, “[i]n California and in virtually every other jurisdiction in the country, ambiguities in insurance contracts must be construed against the insurer. This rule, known as the doctrine of contra proferentem, extends to ERISA policies.” Polnicky v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston, 2014 WL 6680725, at *7 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 25, 2014) (citing Lang v. LTD Benefit Plan, 125 F.3d 794, 799 (9th Cir. 1997)).

Here, the meaning of the clause “due ⅛ whole or part to mental illness” is not self-evident. But other courts have construed similar mental illness limitations to require “but-for” causation: that the limitation applies only if a mental health condition is' a “but-for” cause of the claimant's disability, such that if the claimant’^ physical condition would be independently disabling, then the mental health limitation does not apply. In Krolnik v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 570 F.3d 841 (7th Cir. 2009), the Seventh Circuit addressed a limitation that applies when the disability “is caused even in part by a mental illness.” Krolnik, 570 F.3d at 842. The Court stated that “if Krolnik's limitations today are entirely physical (or if physical problems disable him no matter what his mental state), then benefits are available under this policy.” Krolnik, 570 F.3d at 844 (emphasis added). In George v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 776 F.3d 349 (5th Cir. 2015), the Court construed “ ‘caused by or contributed to by’ ... to exclude coverage only when the claimant’s physical disability was insufficient to render him totally disabled. In other words ... [ifj the mental disability is a but-for cause of the total disability,” George, 776 F.3d at 355-356. In view of the doctrine of contra preferentum, and consistent with-the above cases, this Court construes the limitation here as applying only if Plaintiffs mental illness was a but-for cause , of his disability.

2. Legal Standard for Evaluating Physician Opinions

On de novo review, the court must resolve conflicting evidence and find facts. As in, this case, a claimant’s treating physician and the plan’s hired medical expert often provide conflicting opinions and courts must determine which opinion to credit. ERISA does not, provide district courts- with guidance for resolving such conflicts. ■ ,

However, it is well-understood that ERISA does not require a plan administrator to accord greater weight to a claimant’s treating physician. See, e.g., Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 832, 834, 123 S.Ct. 1965, 155 L.Ed.2d 1034 (2003) (“[I]f a consultant engaged by a plan may have an ‘incentive’ to make a finding of ‘not disabled,’ so a treating physician, in a close case, may favor a finding of ‘disabled ... ’ [therefore] courts have no warrant to - require administrators automatically to accord special weight to the opinions of a claimant’s physician”). Otherwise, the cases yield some, common-sense guidance for assessing conflicting medical opinion evidence. In Shaw v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 144 F.Supp.3d 1114 (C.D. Cal. 2015), the Court succinctly stated them as follows: the “credibility of physicians’ opinions turns not only on whether they report subjective complaints or objective medical evidence of disability, but on (1) the extent of the patient’s treatment history, (2) the doctor’s specialization or lack thereof, and (3) how much detail the doctor provides supporting his’ or her conclusions.” Shaw 144 F.Supp.3d at 1129.

3. Plaintiffs LTD Award Was Not Subject to the Mental Illness Limitation Because Plaintiffs Disability Was Not “Due In Whole Or Part to Mental Illness.”

The gravamen of Plaintiffs initial claim for LTD benefits was that his conditions—physical (HIV, osteoporosis) and mental (depression)—were disabling because they made him- unable to sustain focus. (AR 1482.) Prudential’s initial decision, in July 2011, to award Plaintiff LTD benefits based only on his mental health issues (depression, anxiety, and related symptoms) was well-supported by the record: all of Plaintiffs treating physicians (psychiatrist, psychotherapist, internist) referred to his depression diagnoses and found them to be disabling, whereas none of them opined that his physical conditions were disabling. And, through July 2013— when Plaintiffs LTD benefit was terminated pursuant to the mental health limitation—the periodic medical evaluations from Plaintiffs treating physicians continued to support the mental health basis of Plaintiffs disability.

The only treating physician to opine that Plaintiffs disability was caused by his physical condition was HIV specialist Dr. Cohan who stated, in his August 2013 letter, that Plaintiffs cognitive functioning was impaired, and that this was “caused and contributed to by his HIV disease, fatigue, chronic pain, and nausea.” (AR 594.) But Dr. Cohan had been treating Plaintiff only since May 2012, well after Plaintiff experienced the problems with cognitive functioning that caused him to seek LTD benefits in April 2011. Thus, Dr. Cohan treated Plaintiff only since he became disabled, and therefore did not have any first-hand knowledge of Plaintiffs pre-disability condition. Furthermore, Dr. Cohan had only been treating Plaintiff for sixteen months, and his specialty was not neuropsychology. Accordingly, the Court does not find Dr. Cohan’s letter persuasive and accords it little weight.

The most probative medical evidence consists of Plaintiffs neuropsychological evaluations. No party disputes the validity of- such tests for assessing a person’s cognitive abilities, nor has Prudential presented evidence that it is inappropriate to infer from the results of such tests that a person may have brain damage. Thus, the Court concludes that such tests are probative of the question before it.

Here, tests were conducted by Dr. Alfa-no in July 2012 and Dr. Perrillo in 2014; in addition, Dr. Fiano reviewed both assessments. Dr. Afano concluded that Plaintiffs disabling cognitive difficulties were caused by his psychological/emotional impairments, whereas Dr. Perrillo found that they resulted from brain damage caused by HIV. The portions of these opinions that are most relevant are those dealing with Plaintiffs attention, memory, and executive function—the cognitive - abilities that most determine Plaintiffs ability to perform his job as a talent agent and head of department.

As between these opinions, the Court finds Dr. Afano’s to be less credible and persuasive, and Dr. Perrillo’s moreso. Dr. Alfano’s evaluation rested in significant part on a faulty foundation: he used outdated tests to establish Plaintiffs estimated premorbid IQ and measured intellectual ability. Dr. Perrillo opined that using outdated tests violates professional standards and that they produce unreliable results, and cited the American Psychological Ethics Code and guidance from the Social Security Administration supporting that opinion. This undermines the overall credibility of Dr. Alfano’s evaluation and opinions.

In addition, some of Dr. Afano’s key conclusions are at odds with the results of the test he administered, For example, Plaintiffs pre-morbid cognitive abilities were estimated to be in the superior range, but Plaintiff scored significantly below the superior range on six of eight aspects of executive functioning (five aspects were in the average to high-average range, one aspect was high average, one was high average to superior, and one was very superior). Despite Plaintiff scoring below his estimated “superior” range on 6 out of 8 aspects, Dr. Alfano found that Plaintiff performed “somewhat at or above. expectations.” Thus, Dr. Alfano’s assessment of Plaintiffs executive' functioning compared to his pre-morbid level is not supported by Plaintiffs test results. Similarly, Plaintiffs scores on verbal and visual learning and memory were almost all below the superior range, yet Dr. Alfano found that Plaintiff was intact. Perhaps Plaintiffs mostly-average scores suggest that he was “intact” relative to the general population, but they indicate he was impaired relative to his own premorbid superior abilities.

Dr. Alfano’s other key opinions—including that there is no evidence of cognitive impairment, and that to the extent Plaintiff has cognitive impairments they are caused by his mental health issues—rest in part on the unsupportable premises that Plaintiffs executive function tested “somewhat at or above expectations” and that his verbal and visual learning and memory were intact. Because these premises are not supported by Plaintiffs test results, Dr. Alfano’s conclusions are not persuasive. To the contrary, the test Alfano administered showed that Plaintiff suffered significant impairments relative to his pre-morbid abilities, including in executive function and in verbal and visual learning and memory.

Dr. Perrillo’s assessment is more persuasive. Perrillo compared Plaintiffs pre-morbid abilities to his present abilities, and found that Plaintiff experienced deficits across many domains of cognitive function, including attention, executive function, and memory. This opinion is supported by the underlying test results, such as Plaintiff ranking only in the fifteenth percentile in overall cognitive ability despite having a predicted baseline of superior/very superi- or that should have yielded results in the 91%-95% range. (AR 139, 145.) Dr. Perril-lo found that Plaintiff was completely disabled by his cognitive impairments. Perril-lo stated that Plaintiffs test results show that Plaintiff experienced brain damage, including white matter changes and pre-frontal, frontal, temporal, occipital, and motor impairments, that are most likely attributable to Plaintiffs HIV disease. (AR 157-158.) He also stated that research has shown that depression and anxiety do not have a significant effect on neuropsycho-logical test results. Importantly, Perrillo quoted substantial scholarly literature establishing that HIV can cause brain damage resulting in cognitive decline, particularly in the domains of motor function, executive function, attention and visual memory. Notably, both of the neuropsy-chological evaluations Plaintiff underwent showed deficits in many of these domains. In short, Dr. Perrillo’s opinion that Plaintiff suffered cognitive deficits caused by brain damage attributable to HIV cognitive decline are well-matched with the underlying test results and well-supported by the scholarly literature.

Dr. Fiano reviewed Plaintiffs entire file and, most importantly, both of the neurop-sychological reports. Dr. Fiano takes issue with Dr. Perrillo’s report, but only at the margins. For example, she faults Perrillo for not addressing the impact Plaintiffs psychological status or mood might have had on the evaluation, but Perrillo actually does address this, stating that psychological factors did not come into play because the test validation measures showed Plaintiff applied optimal effort, and that he did not have any kind of severe personality disorder that could complicate the interpretation of the results. (AR 157.)

But, overall, Fiano largely concurs that Plaintiffs disability has a physical basis. For example, she states that Plaintiff has disabling cognitive impairments “with at least some component being related to neurological or organic factors including his HIV status, associated treatment, and other conditions that would impact the integrity of white matter and the vascular system.” (AR 26.) She also stated that mood symptoms would not account for the pattern of Plaintiffs scores, and that his profile correlates more highly with neurological etiologies than with depression, where there is virtually no correlation. (AR 30.) Fiano stated that Plaintiffs psychological condition plays some role in his cognitive functioning, but she did not address the degree to which psychological factors caused his disability.

Synthesizing all of the foregoing, Plaintiffs two neuropsychological evaluations show that he suffered disabling cognitive impairments that have a physical etiology. These impairments are not attributable to mental health issues. For many years until 2011, Plaintiff coped with major depression and functioned at a very high cognitive level. By 2011, he complained of cognitive deficits, along with other physical and psychological problems. At the time, Plaintiffs doctors focused on Plaintiffs familiar, long-standing history of depression—and rightly so, as that appeared to be the cause of his most acute distress—and, accordingly, their reports to Prudential established a mental health basis for his disability.

Significantly, the extent of Plaintiffs reported cognitive deficits could not be established by the doctors he was already seeing; he needed neuropsychological evaluations for that. Dr. Osinubi stated as much in March 2012, opining that Plaintiffs medical records did not establish that he had a disabling physical condition, and noting that neuropsychological testing would be necessary to better evaluate Plaintiffs cognitive difficulties. (AR 1693-94.)

The two neuropsychological tests that followed establish that Plaintiff suffered cognitive deficits that are not attributable to his psychological condition but instead have a physiological etiology. Both Drs. Perrillo and Fiano opined that the tests show that Plaintiff suffered brain damage, in particular, damage to his brain’s white matter most likely caused by HIV. Furthermore, both stated that psychological factors do not influence the results of neu-ropsychological testing, and there is no dispute that both tests were demonstrated to be valid—that is, Plaintiff wasn’t malingering, giving poor effort, or otherwise performing so as to manipulate the tests. Accordingly, Plaintiffs psychological condition did not cause the disabling deficits reflected on those tests. Consistent with the opinions of Drs. Perrillo and Fiano, the Court finds that brain damage stemming from HIV is the most likely cause of Plaintiffs disabling cognitive deficiencies.

The Court also finds that brain damage stemming from HIV is the but-for cause of Plaintiffs disability. Plaintiff experienced severe depression for decades and functioned at a high level despite it. Then, in 2011, Plaintiff began complaining of the cognitive difficulties that disabled him. It is true that Plaintiff also suffered a serious mental health breakdown at around the same time. But the medical evidence establishes that Plaintiffs deeadesfiong battle with depression and his 2011 onset of disabling cognitive difficulties are different conditions. Given that Plaintiff functioned at a high level for decades despite his severe depression, and that he could not function at that level only once his cognitive impairments set in, the Court finds that Plaintiffs cognitive deficits are the but-for cause of his disability. If Plaintiffs mental health issues were ■ suddenly resolved, he would still suffer from the cognitive impairments that disable him.

Because Plaintiffs physical condition (brain damage caused by HIV) is the but-for cause of his disabling cognitive impairments, his disability is not “due in whole or part to mental illness.” Therefore, 'the mental illness limitation does not apply, and Prudential wrongfully terminated Plaintiffs LTD benefits.

The Court rejects Prudential’s argument that Plaintiff should have objected to the mental health basis of his award at the outset, when Prudential made that finding. Plaintiff could not have appealed at that time because Prudential’s decision to award him benefits was not an “adverse benefit determination,” meaning “a denial, reduction or termination of ... a benefit,” 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-l(m)(4), that would trigger the right to appeal.

Nor is the Court persuaded that a physiological basis of Plaintiffs disability developed only after his LTD benefit was terminated and he was no longer eligible for coverage. Plaintiff complained of disabling cognitive impairments with his initial claim, and Dr. Alfano’s neurological examination, which took place while Plaintiff was still receiving LTD, reflected significant cognitive impairments. The extent, nature, and cause of Plaintiffs disabling cognitive impairments were not diagnosed until after his LTD benefits were terminated, but the record indicates that those impairments were present all along.

In conclusion, Plaintiff has established that he is disabled under the terms of the Plan and that Prudential incorrectly relied on the Plan’s mental illness limitation to terminate his benefits.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds in favor of Plaintiff John Doe and against' Defendant Prudentiáf. Plaintiff is entitled to all of the declaratory and in-junctive relief sought in the Complaint. In particular, the Court

(1) DECLARES that Prudential violated the terms of the Plan by denying • Plaintiffs claim for disability benefits;
(2) ORDERS Prudential and the Plan to pay Plaintiffs disability benefits owed under the terms of the Plan from July 10, 2013, through to the date that judgment is rendered’ herein, together with prejudgment interest on each and every such payment through to the date that judgment is rendered herein; .
(3) DECLARES that Plaintiff is entitled to receive future monthly disability benefit payments under the terms of ■ the Plan; and ■
(4) ORDERS Prudential to issue monthly benefit payments until Plaintiff reaches the maximum benefit duration without subjecting Plaintiff to further claims procedures with respect to his claim for benefits under the Plan.

The parties are’ ORDERED to meet and confer on any remaining issues, including the additional elements in Plaintiffs prayer for relief. If the parties can agree on the remaining issues, Plaintiff must submit a Proposed Judgment within ten (10) days of this order.

If the parties require court intervention to resolve any remaining issues, the parties shall submit a Joint Report within ten (10) days of the issuance of this order, explaining the nature of their remaining disputes and proposing an appropriate schedule for resolving them.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . Any conclusion of law which is deemed a finding of fact is incorporated herein by reference.
     
      
      . Bates numbered citations are to the Administrative Record ("AR”) filed under seal on October 21, 2016 (Diet. No. 60).
     
      
      . Any finding of fact which is deemed a conclusion of law is incorporated herein by reference.
     