
    JOHN WADDELL VS. M. C. MORDECAI.
    A.n agent must so disclose his principal at the time of the contract, as to entibie the opposite party to have recouise to the principal, in case the agent had authority to bind him; but it is not necessary that the agent should name every one of a class or company of his principals, who are usually designated by some brief descriptive term; such a designation as “the owners of the Brig Encomium” would be sufficient to exonerate the agent, at least until he is called on for a more precise specification, and refuses to give it.
    Defendant, as agent of the Brig Encomium, contracted with plaintiff to transport a number of slaves from Charleston to New Orleans, received $100 and signed his name to a receipt therefor, “for the owners.” The vessel was wrecked on her passage, and the slaves never reached their destination, or were returned to the plaintiff. On action brought against the defendant to recover back the $100, and which, on demand being made of him for payment, he said he had paid over to his principals, it was held that he was not liable.
    Where the failure of the voyage is owing to the fault of the captain of the vessel, the owners are not entitled to an apport’onment of freight or passage money, pro rata ilineris. Ob. die.
    
    
      Before Earle, J.¿ at Charleston, May Term, 1835.
    The presiding judge made the following report:
    “ Assumpsit to recover back money which had been paid'to the defendant, on a contract which had not been performed.
    “The defendant, as the agent of the Brig Encomium, fortwhich he was authorized to engage freight, entered into a contract with the agent of the plaintiff, to transport twenty-five or thirty slaves fiom Charleston to New Orleans, at twelve dollars round. Defendant delayed the sailing of the vessel until the 1st February, at which time the slaves were placed on board. The plaintiff’s agent at that time paid one hundred dollars on account, in advance, to the defendant, who gave a receipt in these words: “February 1, 1834. Received from Mr. Waddell one hundred dollars, on account of passage of slaves on board the Brig Encomium. For the owners. M. C. MORDECAI.”
    “The vessel sailed on Saturday, and on Monday night was wrecked on one of the Bahama Keys. “They went down,” said the witness, “direct on the reefs, although there was no difficulty in avoiding them ; the captain on deck, very pleasant weather, no moon, but a clear starlight night.” The loss of the, vessel was clearly owing to the neglect or want of skill of the captain. The passengers were conveyed on shore, and the captain contracted with -a sloop and schooner to convey them to Nassau. He there abandoned them, made no offer to convey them to New Orleans, said he had nothing to do with it, and, after getting his protest signed, did not care a damn for them. The slaves were taken in charge of the authorities of the island, and were liberated. Seven of them escaped, and returned to Charleston, whence they were sent to the plaintff, at an expense of two hundred dollars. ^
    “After intelligence of the wreck, and the fate of the slaves, a demand was made of the defendant, on the part of the plaintiff, for the sum paid him in advance, on account of the passage money. Defendant refused to pay the money, saying he had no funds, having settled the accounts of the vessel with the owners; that he was not responsible, inasmuch as the money was in fact paid to the captain, although the receipt was given by him. There was no other proof of these facts, except the declaration of the defendant, when the demand was made upon him. After a motion for non-suit, which was refused, the case was submitted to the jury, on the foregoing evidence. -I think, on reviewing this case, that the verdict for- the defendant can hardly be sustained; although I do not per-, ceive that the charge to the jury was liable to the precise exception? taken to it.
    “It is clear enough, that the defendant in the first instance contracted tc¡ carry the slaves,' as agent of the brig. But there was no proof of his disclosing the names of his principals, either then or afterwards. The receipt is only evidence of money paid on the contract, and on the failure of the voyage, even from a fault not imputable to the captain, the party paying would be entitled to recover back ; much more when the failure was obviously his fault. The money in advance being paid to the defenant, although he gave a receipt “for the owners,” yet as he did not disclose their names, on the failure of the voyage, who is to refund 1 This may be tested, by enquiring who was responsible on the first contract, to transport'! Whoever was liable to the plaintiff for the performance of the contract, would be liable to refund. Suppose the money paid to the defendant at the time the passage was engaged, and he had permitted the vessel to sail without the slaves. He would surely be liable in that case to pay back the sum advanced. The facts relied on, in part, as a defence, that he had settled with the owners, and paid over the funds, and in fact that the captain had received the sum paid, were stated by the defendant himself, on the demand being made, as a reason for refusing to pay, and were admitted as part of the res gestee, at the instance of his counsel, and against the wishes of the counsel for the plaintiff. It seems to me, as matter of discharge they should have been proved.
    “As to the defendant’s personal liability, it is in part a question of fact for the jury, as well as of law, for the court. Whether he contracted as agent, and disclosed the names of his principals, were questions of fact. If he did not make known their names, although he contracted as agent, he was personally liable, and I think I so instructed the jury. Whether he intended to make himself responsible, seems immaterial.
    “The defendant set up a defence for an apportionment of freight or passage money, “pro rata itineris.” I do not think, from any remarks of mine the jury could have allowed that claim, or have supposed that I favored it. If the vessel, without fault, and by inevitable necessity, had been forced to put into a port short of her destination, and the plaintiff had there accepted and received the slave's, or they had been rescued by the authorities of the island, from the master, and liberated, or perhaps if he had offered to proceed on his voyage, he would have been entitled to an apportionment “pro rata.” But 1 thought it clearly proved, that the loss of the vessel, and therefore the necessity of putting in at the intermediate port, were, produced by the fault of the master and captain. And to this cause, also, was owing the final loss of the slaves. Nor should it be overlooked that he refused to proceed on the voyage. At least, he made no effort to proceed.
    “I think there was sufficient evidence to charge the defendant, and that the grounds of defence were not made out. Grounds of appeal annexed.”
    I. Because his Honor charged the jury, that it was for them to deters mine whether the; defendant intended to make himself personally re-. sponsible on the contract entered into with the plaintiff’s agent. Whereas he should have charged that the names of his principals not being disclosed, it was no longer a question of intention or fact for the jury, but a question of law, by which the defendant was responsible, whether he intended to make himself so or not.
    2. Because his Honor charged, that if the slaves were forcibly taken out of the possession of the captain, and he was thus prevented from performing his'voyage, freight “fro rata itineris,” could be retained ; whereas, he should have charged, that the act of carrying the slaves to Nassau, being the act of the captain, no freight could be retained on account of the captain’s own wrong, by which the property was lost to the plaintiff,- and the voyage entirely defeated.
    3. Because no passage money being due until the voyage was perform-' ed, and the voyage failing, the defendant, whether principal or agent, who received the money, was bound to return it; and in this respect the verdict of the jury was contrary to the charge of his Honor, the law, and the evidence.
    4. Because the verdict was in other respects contrary to the law and the evidence.
    
      R. B. Sf E. Smith, pro Appellant.
   Curia, per

.Richardson, J.

As this case has given rise to some contrariety of opinion, I will first present the plaintiff’s .case ; and then en-quire whether the defence set up can justify the verdict given. It does not appear from the evidence, that the defendant, (Mordecai,) informed the plaintiff, (Waddell,) who were the specific owners of the brig Encomium ; i. e. he did not call them by name ; nor are there just grounds for retaining any part of the passage money, “pro rata itineris.” The voyage utterly failed.' The negroes were not advanced a single league towards their destined port: on the contrary, much injury was done to Waddell. The captain, in his own language, “did not care a-,” and by his conduct verified his utter disregard of the duties he had undertaken to perform. He wilfully carried the negroes out of the voyage, into Nassau, where they were lost or detained : all but the seven who returned home. We have here certainly a strong case on the part of Waddell, for recovering not only the passage money advanced, but for a much greater amount in damages. But is Mordecai answerable, for either the one or the other 1 If in no due time, he disclosed to Waddell that he acted as agent merely, and for whom his agency was, then he might be holden liable for all the damages ; for if we are to hold him as principal by reason of his passing himself in that character, he must take to himself all the conseqnences that would otherwise have accrued to the true principal. Waddell has great claims. But from whom are they due 1 Does Mordecai come in for the payment of any part 1 or maybe not be yet found under the established rules that protect agents from liability % Mordecai may have been in danger, from the seeming concealment of his principal, and still escape unhurt. He may still be in no worse situation than that of his humble namesake, who in old time sat obtrusively in the king’s gate. The act was offensive; but it did not follow in the law, when duly considered, that he was to be hung up on high. Let us then see, under the same measure of strict law, whether our Mordecai may not also pass through unhurt. What are the facts on this side of the case 1 Since the verdict, it cannot be questioned that Mordecai paid over the hundred dollars, advanced by Waddell, to the owners of the brig; that he received no timely notice to retain the money; that he acted throughout in good faith; and in the whole transaction appeared as the certain agent of the owners of the brig, though they were not specifically named. Under these facts the decision depends upon the following general rule — “Standing,” (says Chanc. Kent, 2 vol. 630, 2d ed.) “on stiong foundations, and pervading every system of jurisprudence — That where an agent is duly constituted, and names his principal, and contracts in his'name, the principal is responsible and not the agent,” &c. &c. “If be, (the agent,) makes the contract in behalf of his principal, and discloses his name at the time, he is not personally liable,” &c. Under this general rule, the questions recurs, — Did Mordecai name bis principal 1 The answer is, he entered into the contract as agent for the owners of the Encomium — but he did not express or give their paternal or Christian names. Now, is such fullness and precision indispensable, where the communication made is intelligible 1 I concede that every agent must so disclose his principal at the time of the contract, as to enable the opposite- party to have recourse to the principal, in case the agent had authority to bind him, 2 Kent, 631. But I cannot perceive wherein lies the necessity of the agent naming, specifically and severally, every one of a class or company of his principals, who are usually designated among men of business by some brief' descriptive terms. For instance, were an agent to say, “the work is to be done for-the steamer Etiwan, and I am the captain, or for the owners, -of Fitzsimons’ wharf,” this Would be enough, prima facie, unless, or until, the agent be called on for á more precise specification of the names of his principals. To require more in every instance, would be very often to require matter utterly superfluous. We have illustrations, that the rule, so construed, is a safe one, in the common practice of clerks of stores, who, perhaps every day, procure goods at a neighboring store, with the laconic expression, “They are for our house,” or the like. That time is equal to money, and business briefly told saves it, are rules drawn from experience, and are at the bottom of such practical brevity; and the frequency of this practice illustrates satisfactorily the received meaning of the rule of law now before the court. It is emphatically one of every day business, and should be construed with a view to daily convenience.

The agent who communicates plainly, that he acts for another person, informs the party with whom he deals, that he does not intend to be himself responsible. And if he designates intelligibly the party to whom recourse is to be had, he gives the information necessary for the free use of the judgment and discretion of the party dealing: with him ; and has done his office in this respect for the ordinary purposes of business. As to express adjudications on the precise point, I admit that we have none which go so far as to declare that an agent need not be plenary and precise in naming all his principals, although they are numerous. But rules for practical business, are rules of convenience and safety for ordinary men. We want them for convenient application to our habitual business. We must, therefore, consult convenience, safety and ordinary business, in applying such rules to practice. And although we have no express adjudications on the precise point before us, yet there are not wanting expressions of judges and lawyers, in accordance with the practical exposition and application I have given of the rule, that the agent shall disclose his principal. And when learned men, and practical men, agree on a given subject, their agreement shews a settled opinion, which gives practical law to society. In the case of Owen v. Gooch, 2 Espi. N. P., Cases, 567, Lord Kenyon first lays down the general rule, thus: “If a party orders goods, &c., though in fact they are for another; if the tradesman was not informed at the time, that they .were.for the use of another, he who ordered them is certainly liable.” Yet he adds in the same breath, “if goods are ordered, &c., on account of another, and after the delivery, the person who gave the order refuses to inform the tradesman who the person is, in order that he may sue him, &c. he is himself liable.” Now to the first slight impressions upon the reader, the judge may seem to have laid down inconsistent propositions. First, that the tradesman must have been informed who the principal is, at the very time of the contract. Second, that if the agent afterwards refuses to inform the tradesman who the principal is, he himself becomes liable. But if we apply the soupd common sense which is to be found in the practice already noticed, we shall soon see the application of the maxim, “Qui Jiaeret in litera, haeret in cortice.” But let us first draw somewhat further upon the current opinions of the learned, in support of the practice under the general rule. ■Counsellor Livermore, whose treatise on the law of principal and agent is so full and distinct, quotes the dictum of Lord Kenyon, as of course correct, 2 vol. 247. Barristers Starkie and Paley, no less learned and profound, do the same in the same spirit, 3 Starkie 1020, Paley’s P. aqd A. 250. All cite the dictum, and not one. commentator does it with disapprobation, or seems to apprehend-any inconsistency in the judge’s two propositions. The inconsistency, if any, floats on the surface. Lord Kenyon means just what the general rule reasonably imports, to wit: That the agent must declare his principal, at the time of the contract, so that the opposite party may know, not only that the agent does not bind himself, but what party he trusts. Why must he know the party 1 clearly, that he may exercise his own judgment as to whom he will trust, in the first instance ; and that he may have recourse, finally, to the principal to whom the .agent has imputed the contract. It seems tó me then very plain, that upon a just exposition of the rule, where more precise information is wanted than that of a general designation of the principal made at the. time of the contract, and which may be required, in the course of events, in order to proceed in a suit against the principal, or for other purpose, such extra information should be sought for by the party requiring it; and if the agent refuses to give it, he may be still liable ; and this is the meaning of the judge in the case of Owen y- Gooch. The same might perhaps be said if he'refuses to exhibit his power, when necessarily called for by the opposite party. But admitting that there may be room for two opinions upon the present application of the leading rule in the law of principal and agent, there is another view of the case, which renders the verdict both satisfactory and. strictly legal. The action is for money, had and received to the use of the plaintiff. The hundred dollars was voluntarily paid by the plaintiff in advance ; aqd fie gave no timely notice to have the money detained. Mordecai committed no trespass, and made no .encroachment upon the rights of the plaintiff. He simply received the money advanced for his principal. Had he obtained jt by some device, or by any deliberate and affirmative act of his own, as by selling one of the negroes, there would have been much more reason and law in charging him personally. But to render him liable, in the equitable action of money “had and received,” when he was the mere quiescent receiver without bad faith, and had given the money its only proper destination, by paying it over, would be to adjudge him principal “in extenso, and of course liable for all the damage done by the captain at Nassau. It would be to divert the primary principle of this species of action, which has been called a “little bill in equity,” in which money shall not be recovered against equity and good conscience. This is strictly a legal view. And assuredly, whatever viewmay be taken of his conduct in other respects, in the matter of this particular action, both in receiving and paying over the hundred dollars, Mordecai stands blameless; in this regard, at least, he is “an Israelite indeed without guile.” The motion is dismissed.

Justices Gantt, O’Neall and Butler, and Chancellors DeSaussure and Johnson, concurred.

Earle, J.

This cause was tried before me in the court below, and although 1 am not allowed to exercise appellate jurisdiction in relation to it, yet as I intimated a doubt if the verdict could be sustained, the opinion of the court will not be diminished in its authority, if I add the grounds on which my doubts have been removed. I think the verdict of the jury was rendered mainly on'tlje ground that the defendant contracted as agent for the owners, that they would transport the slaves in question ; and that he not only did not mean to make himself liable, but that on a just interpretation of such a contract, and according to the common understanding of this community, he was not liable personally. Without abandoning the test I before held to be the true one, that the defendant was liable in this action to recover back the money paid on the contract, if he would have been liable on the original contract for non performance — ■ I think it may be well questioned, whether the defendant was so liable, for-the reasons already assigned by Mr. Justice Richardson, without saying that I fully concur in all the views presented, and without meaning to express any dissent. I confess I feel too doubtful on that question to disturb the verdict, even if it depended on myself. But there was another ground on which I thought the defendant might be held liable in this action, for money received by him, on account of his principals, which they were clearly not entitled to retain, although he had made the contract as agent, and was not himself personally liable on the contract. Such an action might be maintained against the agent if he has received notice not to pay the money over, and I apprehend without such notice, if in fact the money has not been actually paid over. 7 John. Rep. 179’.

Such was the defence in this case; but I thought the declaration of the defendant, under the circumstances, was not legal proof of the fact, considering that such matter of discharge should be made out by the defendant on competent evidence. This was error. If the plaintiff sought to recover back from the agent, money paid him on account of the principal, he should have proved notice not to pay over; or that the money remained in the hands of the agent. It was not incumbent on the defendant to discharge himself by proving that he had paid over. On this ground, therefore, the verdict is right, if it be so on the former.  