
    Coffin versus Landis.
    
      liight of parties to terminate agreement where no limitation is expressed.
    
    Where one as agent for another contracts to sell the lands of the latter, in considex-ation of one-half the net proceeds of the sales, and there is no stipulatioxi in the contract as to the dux-ation of the employment, the principal has a right to terminate it at any time, and to discharge the agent from his service without notice.
    Error to the District Court of Philadelphia.
    
    This was an action of covenant brought, January 27th 1862, by John II. Coffin against Charles K. Landis.
    The plaintiff declared on the following article of agreement between him and the defendant:—
    “ This article of agreement witnesseth between Charles K. Landis and J. H. Coffin: — Whereas, Charles K. Landis, of the town of Ilammonton, Atlantic county, N. J., is about founding a colony called Vineland, upon the Millville and Glassboro’ Railroad, in Cumberland and Gloucester counties, the land for which has been received from R. D. Wood, Charles E. Ebsner, and other parties. Now, in consideration of the time, services, and abilities of the said J. II. Coflin, directed to the sale of land to customers brought by the advertising of the said Landis, or under his influence, or any other influence, the said Charles K. Landis agrees to give the said J. H. Coffin one half of the clear profits upon all the land he, the said J. H. Coffin, may sell to any of the said customers; said profits to be calculated over and above expenses and cost of land; the cost of the land to be calculated at the rate per acre said Landis has to pay for the same, and the expenses each month to be calculated upon the number of acres sold; settlements of the books to be made each month, and the said Cofiin at all times to have the right of access to his account, and to have the right to examine all original agreements which said Landis may make for land, as connected with this enterprise. It being well understood, however, that profit is only to be allowed upon sales which turn out to be good, and where money is paid upon places said Coffin may sell and forfeited, then, after deducting expenses, such money also to be counted as profits. And it is hereby understood that, while the said Coffin is engaged in this business, he shall not engage in other occupations, in order that his time and attention may not be withdrawn from the customers aforesaid; and, in consideration of the same, it is understood between the said parties that said C. 'K. Landis will not interfere with said J. H. Coffin in making sales to said customers when they arrive, and that no other assistant will be procured unless the number of customers who arrive is such as to be beyond the capacity of the said Coffin to attend and sell to them. And in consideration aforesaid, the said J. H. Coffin to facilitate the said Landis in any other way, in the furtherance of his enterprise, either in the way of his procuring land, general information, or attending to his general business as connected with the enterprise, and, if necessary for the success of the enterprise, that he will board and lodge in the same house opened for the accommodation of visitors and customers aforesaid.
    
      “ The said Coffin to keep a daily journal or memorandum of his business, for the use of said Landis.
    “ This agreement is not intended to create any copartnership, but is intended to secure to the said Landis the services of the said Coffin, and to secure to the said Coffin a remuneration therefor.
    “ In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands and seals, this 2d day of October, A. D. 1861.”
    The declaration contained two counts, and in the first assigned as breach that the defendant did not give the plaintiff one-half of the profits of the land the plaintiff sold, or permit him to examine the agreements the defendant made, and procured other assistants though not necessary, and that $5000 of the profits • aforesaid were due; and in the second, that the defendant did not give the plaintiff one-half of the profits of the land the plaintiff sold or might have sold, and concluding as in the first count.
    The defendant pleaded “non est factum, and covenant performed,” with leave, &c., absque hoc; and upon the issues thus made up, the parties went to trial.
    When the testimony was closed, the defendant presented several points, on which the instruction of the court was requested.
    The court reserved the defendant’s 1st point, viz. whether “ the defendant, under the written contract declared upon in this case, had the right to terminate their relation, and discharge the plaintiff from his service at any time at his, the defendant’s, pleasure, and the plaintiff can recover for any service or loss of service after such discharge.” And left the case, on the evidence as on a hiring for a year, to the jury, who rendered a verdict for $2250. Upon the point reserved, the court subsequently delivered their opinion in writing, holding that the contract was terminable by either party without notice and without cause; which was the error assigned by the plaintiff.
    
      George H. Earle and Richard P. White, for plaintiff in error.
    —The only question for decision arises on the construction of the written contract upon which suit was brought. It was ' made to secure the services of the plaintiff in establishing a colony on a tract of waste land, and in selling the land in parcels to the settlers. A peculiar and distinguishing feature was, that the employee was, by implication, to relinquish his business, and give a large amount of time and labour in consideration of a promise that he should receive a portion of the profits, for the earning of which he was paving the way. The defendant contends that, because the contract contains no express limitation of time, he had the right, after putting plaintiff to all this expense, and after having the benefit of his labour, to dismiss him without notice, without cause, and without remuneration, at the very moment when the first of the promised profits were about to be realized. This would be to make the contract an unconscionable one, and would offer a premium for fraud, by enabling one of the parties to take advantage of his own wrong, and secure the labour of the other without remuneration. The intention of the parties must govern; but the court will lean in favour of construing the intent to be fair and reasonable, not fraudulent on one side and foolish on the other: See Strong v. Gregory, 19 Ala.; Brown v. Slater, 16 Conn. 192; Worrall’s Accounts, 5 W. & S. 111. It is submitted that this agreement, if a continuing one, without express or implied limitation, would entitle plaintiff to reasonable notice, for “ continuing contracts are terminable only on reasonable notice or by consent:” Addison on Contracts 1072. The settlements are stipulated to be made monthly; hence it must have been intended to run for not less than a month, and a month’s notice at least would be required.
    Being a general hiring of an employee to assist in the transactions of a certain business, it would be presumed, in the absence of other limitation, to be a hiring for a year: Huttman v. Boulnois, 2 C. & P. 510; Fawcett v. Cash,, 5 B. & Ad. 907. But when we look to the general intent of the instrument, we find it had for its object the disposal of a certain tract of land in parcels, and that it was in the carrying on and completion of this enterprise that plaintiff was hired to assist. Here, then, we have a certain fixed and definite limitation, which must have been in the minds of both the parties, and with direct reference to which the contract was made. Until the completion of the enterprise, plaintiff’s services were needed; beyond that, there was no opportunity for their exercise. Hence there was no need of expressing a limitation which was fixed by the subject-matter of the agreement itself.
    The court below seem to have considered the point ruled in Peacock v. Chambers; but in that case there was nothing in the agreement or the business which could be seized on as a limitation, and there was a fixed and definite measure by which remuneration could be calculated to the time of discharge.
    
      B. H. Brewster and Gfeorge L. Crawford, for defendant.—
    “ What was the tenure of the employment by the contract, necessarily of mutual obligation on the defendant to retain, and the plaintiff to serve?” Was it until all the land should be sold, or for a year or a month, or at the pleasure of .the parties ? The contract was made October 2d 1861, the plaintiff brought his suit January 27th 1862. If the employment was until all the land was sold, or for a year, may it not be asked if this action is not premature? The employment is at pleasure, unless the parties have by their contract made it otherwise. The onus is in him who claims it to be otherwise to show where the contract so provides. The analysis of the contract in the defendant’s counter statement shows there is no clause of the contract making it otherwise.
    The written contract is the expression of the intention of the parties, and the law will not add to it an imagined speculative intent: Aspden v. Austin, 5 Ad. & El. (N. S.) 671; Dunn v. Sayles, 5 Id. 685. But the recent decision of the Supreme Court, in Peacock et al. v. Cummings et al., Leg. Int. for 1868, p. 196, disposes of this case. Here the contemplated enterprise was indefinite in duration, and might extend beyond their lives, was hazardous, and might be unprofitable — other schemes and opportunities for the disposition of his land might occur to Landis —other employments or opportunities more advantageous might occur to Coffin. If either were bound to the other until all the land be sold, the obligation was mutual, it may be for life; if the enterprise should prove unprofitable, although they should see it would prove so, Coffin would be obliged to devote all his time, services, and abilities, without compensation, to it for that time, leaving him, possibly for life, without the means of livelihood. Landis might retain Coffin’s services, going on to sell, to diminish his loss, and Landis would be debarred from any other disposition of his land by gift, devise, or surrender, or withdrawing it from the market.
    The situation of the parties and the subject-matter precluded any other agency than one of trial, determinable by either party, and the law will not add to the contract what the parties doubtless or possibly have designedly abstained from adding, upon a vague conjecture of a possible different intention. The nature of the employment was an agency for the sale of land, a usual commercial agency, and by the law of principal and agent, the relation is revocable at pleasure: Story on Agency, § 463, 464; Smart v. Sandars, 5 Man. Gr. & S. 895. The contract itself contains evidence that the parties contemplated the employment might terminate at any time, where it provides that “ while the said Coffin is engaged in this business,” his employment should-be exclusive on both sides.
    As to the 2d point, that there being no time fixed by the contract for the duration of the agency, it is general, and the law will imply a covenant to employ for a year; the plaintiff cites Huttman v. Boulnois, 2 C. & P. 510, and Eawcett v. Cash, 5 B. & Ad. 907. The presumption of a yearly employment from a general employment, without any engagement as to the duration of the service, does not arise in every case of employment, else' agencies would not be revocable at pleasure, without express stipulation to that effect. It only applies to cases of domestic, menial, and husbandry servants, and similar classes of service of a permanent and humble nature: Chitty on Contracts 502. Huttman v. Boulnois was the case of a clerk, and the engagement there was for a yearly salary; Fawcett v. Cash was the case of a warehouseman, where the salary was to be at the rate of 121. 10s. per month for the first year, and advance 101. per annum until the salary be 1801.; the salary in this class of service raising an implication of yearly employment, as in the last case: Holcroft v. Barber et al., 1 C. & K. 4. See also Chit, on Cont. 502, 503; Butterfield v. Merlin, 3 C. & K. 163; Baxter v. Nurse, 6 M. & G. 938; Addison on Contracts 431.
    The citation of Addison on Contracts 1072, for the proposition that continuing contracts are terminable only on reasonable notice, &c., does not support that proposition; and if the employment in this case be not until all the land be sold, or for a year or month, it is at pleasure of either party.
   The opinion of the court was delivered, February 1st 1864, by

Strons, J.

The question reserved in the court below was, whether, under the contract between the parties, it was the right of the defendant, at his will, to terminate the arrangement into which they had entered, and to discharge the plaintiff from his employment. If it was, there can be no recovery in this action, for the plaintiff was discharged before anything had been earned according to the terms of the agreement. This brings us at once to inquire what the stipulations of the contract were. It matters not what in our opinion would have been a reasonable arrangement, nor what it may be supposed the parties anticipated, nor whether the plaintiff’s early discharge was a hardship to him. The true question is, what was the contract ? To what did the parties bind each other? We are not at liberty to make contracts for them, or to add any stipulations which they have not seen fit to incorporate. ' We cannot give to a mere expectation the sanction, or the binding force of a covenant. No doubt in construing any written instrument, the court may take into view the situation of the parties when it was made, and the objects they must then have had in view, but still when a breach of a written contract is alleged, the language of the instrument must determine to what its parties have bound themselves.

The agreement upon which this suit was brought commences with a recital that the defendant was about founding a colony upon tracts of land which he had obtained from several individuals. It then stipulates that in consideration of the time, services, and abilities of the plaintiff directed to the sale of the lands to customers brought by the advertising and influence of ’the defendant, or in any other way, the plaintiff should receive one-half the net proceeds resulting from the sales made by him. The mode of ascertaining the profits is then provided for. The contract declares that the profits shall be calculated over and above the. cost of the land and expenses; that settlements of the books shall be made each month, and that profit shall be allowed only upon sales that turn out to be good, but that money paid upon places the plaintiff may sell, and forfeited, shall, after deducting expenses, be counted as profits. The agreement then proceeds to stipulate that while the plaintiff is engaged in the business, he shall not engage in other occupations, and that the defendant shall not interfere with him in making sales, or procure any other assistant, unless the number of customers should be beyond the capacity of the plaintiff to attend to them. There are other provisions in the agreement which need not be noticed, for they do not affect the question now before us. There is nothing said in regard to the time during which the. agreement should continue, and nothing in its language to define the duration of the service of the plaintiff, or of his employment by the defendant. This the contracting parties appear to have left out of consideration, or at least failed to make it a subject of covenant obligation. It may he that neither was willing to bind himself for any defined period. The scheme was an experiment. The plaintiff might prove inefficient, or in other respects unsuited to the agency, or the enterprise might prove unsuccessful and profitless, and drag its slow length along for many years. Erom its very nature it was of uncertain duration. The land might be sold in a month, or remain unsold at the end of a generation. Large sales might be made in one year, and none at all in the next. All this the parties knew when they entered into the agreement. It is easy, therefore, to conceive a motive for a refusal by the plaintiff to fix any time during which he should be bound to continue in the agency, and equally easy to find a motive for the defendant’s refusal to agree to employ the plaintiff for any stipulated period. It is evident, then, that were we so to construe the agreement as to hold it obligatory upon the one party to employ, and upon the other to serve during any period, we should be in danger of imposing liabilities which both parties purposely avoided assuming. And if it be admitted that neither of the parties contemplated a severance of the relation formed by the contract, at the will of the other party, it does not follow that we are at liberty to treat the agreement as containing a covenant against it. That would be to make an expectation of results, equivalent to a binding engagement that they should follow. There is great force in the remarks which Lord Denman made in delivering the judgment of the Queen’s Bench in Apsden v. Austin, 5 Ad. & Ellis (N. S.) 671. The case is unlike the present, but the remarks of his lordship respecting the construction of contracts, are applicable to the question we have under consideration. I quote them at some length, as containing a sound rule for the exposition of contracts, a rule which fits this case. Referring tó a certain class of judicial decisions, he said, “It will be found that where words of recital or reference manifested a clear intention that the parties should do certain acts, the courts have from them inferred a covenant to do such acts, and sustained actions of covenant for the non-performance, as if the instruments had contained express covenants to perform them. But it is a manifest extension of that principle to hold that where parties have expressly covenanted to perform certain acts, they must be held to have impliedly covenanted for every act convenient or even necessary for the perfect performance of their express covenants. When parties have entered into written engagements with express stipulations, it is manifestly not desirable to extend them by any implications; the presumption being that having expressed some, they have expressed all the conditions by which they intend to be bound under that instrument. It is possible that each party to the present instrument may have contracted on the supposition that the business would in fact be carried on, and the service in fact continued during the three years, and yet neither party might have been willing to bind himself to that effect; and it is one thing for the court to effectuate the intention of the parties to the extent to which they may have, even imperfectly, expressed themselves, and another to add to the instruments all such covenants as upon a full consideration the court may deem fitting for completing the intention of the parties, but which they either purposely or unintentionally have omitted. The former is but the application of a rule of construction to that which is written; the latter adds to the obligations by which the parties have bound themselves, and is of course quite unauthorized as well as liable to great practical injustice in the application.” We applied this rule fully in the recent case of Peacock et al. v. Cummings et al., not yet reported (Leg. Int. 1863, p.’ 196), where the question was, as it is here, whether the contract provided for any defined term of service. Considering, then, the nature of this agreement, its subject-matter, and its expressed stipulations, we cannot hold that it binds the defendant to employ the plaintiff, or obliges the plaintiff to remain in the agency any longer than during the will of the parties, without interpolating what they left out, and without danger of defeating their intentions when the contract was made. If any clue to their intentions respecting the duration of employment is to be found in the instrument, it is in the provision that “ while the plaintiff was engaged in the business he undertook, he should not engage in other occupations, and that no other assistant should be procured.” This, however, rather leads to the conclusion that a possibility of a termination of his- employment at any time was contemplated. It could hardly have been designed to prohibit any other occupation through twenty years, if so much time was required to complete the enterprise. And if any shorter period had been designed, it would seem more natural to have guarded against other engagements during the term than merely while engaged in this business. To this, however, we attach not much importance.

It is argued, on the part of the plaintiff, that if the contract cannot be treated as a hiring until the land should all be sold; or, in other words, until the completion of the enterprise, there is an implication to employ for a year, or at least a month. No doubt there is a class of contracts for the employment of servants where the law presumes the contracts to intend a yearly or monthly employment, though nothing is said of the duration of service. They are more numerous in England than in this country. They relate to contracts of hire of menial, domestic, and husbandry servants. They are so construed because such hirings are customarily for a year or a month, and the English courts recognise the custom. It is needless to inquire whether they are fully applicable to contracts of hire in this state where usage is so various, for the present is not one of them. The plaintiff undertook not a continuous employment, but an agency to sell land. Such contracts are generally revocable at pleasure, unless the power to revoke is restrained by express stipulation, or unless given for a valuable consideration. To them is never applied an implication such as in England is attendant upon contracts of hiring. We are therefore of opinion that, under the written contract of the parties, the defendant had a right to discharge the plaintiff from his service at any time, and that the plaintiff cannot recover in this action of covenant for any service rendered, or for his loss of employment after his discharge. Under this contract no notice was necessary. It follows that the judgment of the District Court upon the reserved point was correct, it having been conceded that tlie plaintiff was discharged before anything had been earned under the contract.

Judgment affirmed.

Thompson, J., was at Nisi Prius.

[The ease of Peacock v. Cummings, above referred to, was not marked for report, but as it is cited as authority here, and was the basis of the decision of the learned judge of the District Court (Hake, J.) by whom Coffin v. Landis was decided, it is inserted here. All the material facts are stated in the opinion of the court.]

Peacock et al. versus Cummings et al.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Strong, J. — The plaintiffs and defendants entered into copartnership on the 8th day of February 1860, for the purpose of publishing a daily newspaper in the city of Philadelphia. By the articles of copartnership it was agreed, among other things, that the stock of the firm should be divided into fifty shares, and that each proprietor should be interested in the proprietorship, stock, property, profits and losses, in the proportion which the share or number of shares held by him bore to the whole number of shares. It was agreed that the association should continue for the full period of five years, from the first day of February 1860, and that at the expiration of that time, or upon its other sooner dissolution, the stock and property should be sold, divided, or otherwise disposed of. It was also stipulated that an editor should be employed, from time to time, for a term of not more than five years, at any one engagement, and at a salary of not more than two thousand dollars per annum; and also a publisher for a term of not more than five years at any one engagement, at a salary of not more than twelve hundred dollars per annum, each of whom, during the term of his employment, should be a proprietor.

The complainants are the holders of twenty-seven shares of the stock, and the defendants are the. holders of the other twenty-three shares.

The bill avers that on the 8th of February 1860, James S. Chambers, one of the defendants, was elected publisher of the newspaper, but that neither at the time of his election nor subsequently was any term assigned for the duration of his employment; that he continued to act as publisher until August 16th 1862, but did not devote care, skill, and attention to the business of the department to which he had been assigned; that in the month of April 1861, he accepted an appointment as navy agent, at Philadelphia, the duties of which office have occupied his time and attention ever since, to the exclusion of the interests of the copartnership. The bill further charges that at a regular meeting of the association, held on the 16th of August, A. p. 1862, at which all the proprietors were present except Ferdinand L. Fetherston, one of the complainants (he, however, having been represented by his proxy), a resolution was passed, removing the said J.'S. Chambers from being the publisher, and appointing the said Fetherston in his stead, and that the resolution received in its favour the votes of the holders of twenty-seven shares of the stock. The bill further avers that from the time of the adoption of said resolution to the present, the defendants have refused to permit Fetherston to act as publisher of the newspaper in place of the said Chambers, and have hindered and prevented him from entering on the duties of his appointment, in violation of the articles of the association. The complainants therefore pray that the defendants may be enjoined against denying to the said Fetherston the right to publish the said newspaper, and against interfering or intermeddling with him in the exercise of his rights as publisher, and against refusing him access to said paper and all the property of the copartnership, and against disobeying or interfering in any way with the resolution passed August 16th 1862.

To this bill the' defendants have put in separate answers. They agree in substance in denying that Chambers held his appointment at the will of the association, or of the complainants, who are a majority of the partners, and they assert in answer to interrogatories propounded, that the defendant, Chambers, was on the 8th day of February 1860, selected and chosen publisher of the newspaper, and that it was distinctly understood and agreed, by and between the said Chambers and the said partners, that the term of five years was assigned between themselves, and agreed upon with him for the term of his employment, and that he was not to be discharged from his office or employment during the said term.

We have, then, a case of a partnership in which a majority of the partners, both in number and interest, have determined that the duties of publisher, as defined in their fundamental articles, shall be performed by an agent whom they have chosen. The agent was eligible, for he was a proprietor. So far as it was in their power, the majority have not only imposed upon him those duties, but they have conferred upon him all the rights and privileges which, under the articles of copartnership, belong to the office of publisher. Such is the effect of the resolution of August 16th 1862, and this was done at a regular meeting of all the partners, at which each was allowed a voice. With this action of the majority the defendants are not only dissatisfied, but they deny the power to pass such a resolution appointing the complainant, Eetherston, the publisher, and one of them refuses to permit him, though thus appointed, to enjoy the rights and enter on the duties of his appointment.

That it was the action of the firm, and obligatory upon all the partners as such, is maintained both in reason and authority, unless it was in conflict with the fundamental articles. In ColIyer on Partnership 104, the author, after remarking that it had been said by a learned writer (Chitty’s Laws of Commerce, vol. 3, p. 224), that, in the absence of an express stipulation, a majority must decide as to the disposal of the partnership property, adds, that “it may perhaps be laid down that, in a partnership without articles, the power of the majority to bind the minority is confined to the ordinary transactions of the partnership.” In Story on Partnership, c. 7, § 123, the author says, “But another question may arise, and that is, whether, in case of partnership, the majority is to govern in case of a diversity of opinion between the partners as to the partnership business and the conduct thereof, or whether one partner can, by his dissent, arrest the partnership business, or suspend the ordinary powers and authorities of the other partners in relation thereto against the will of the majority, where there is no stipulation in the partnership articles to control or vary the result, (for, if there be any stipulation that ought to govern), the general rule would seem to be that each partner has an equal voice, however unequal the shares of the respective parties may be, and the majority, acting fairly and bond fide, have the right and authority to conduct the partnership business within the true scope thereof, and dispose of the partnership property, notwithstanding the dissent of the majority.”

If, then, the rule be that in the management of the interior affairs of a partnership, a majority of the partners must govern, what is there in this case to take it out of the rule ? Why is not the resolution adopted on the 16th of August 1862, at a meeting of all the partners, obligatory upon them all, it having been voted for by a majority in number, and by those who held more than half the number of shares ?

The parties agreed that a publisher should be elected for a term not exceeding five years. They fixed a maximum period of service beyond which they could not transgress, but no minimum was defined. The articles left it in their power to employ a publisher for any less term than five years. Duration of service was left to be defined by agreement, outside of the articles, or, if not defined, it was necessarily at- will. Of course, if not defined by agreement, any incumbent was removable by the firm. Clearly, therefore, it rests upon the party which denies power to remove to show that the power was fettered by an agreement for a definite period of service not expired when the resolution of August 1862 was adopted. This is not shown by the pleadings.

And as the pleadings do not show any hiring or employment of Mr. Chambers for a definite term, so the proofs taken utterly fail to establish it.

And now, to wit, May 6th 1863, this cause having come on for argument at the January Term last, and having been argued by counsel, it is considered, adjudged, and decreed that the decree of this court entered at the hearing at Nisi Prius be reversed, and that the defendants, James S. Chambers, Alexander Cummings, and Thomas J. Williamson, and each of them, their servants, agents, and workmen, be perpetually enjoined and restrained from denying to the complainant, Ferdinand L. Fetherston, or to such other person or persons as may be appointed by the members of the firm of Peacock, Chambers & Co., the right to publish the newspaper described in the complainants’ bill, or any of the rights and privileges which belong to the office of publisher, under the articles of association of the firm; and that they be further enjoined and restrained from interfering or intermeddling with said Ferdinand L.' Fetherston, in the exercise of his rights as publisher of said paper, and from refusing him access thereto, and to all the property of the said copartnership, and from disobeying or resisting in any way the resolution adopted on the 16th of August 1862.

And it is further ordered that the defendants pay the costs.  