
    William Nicholls at suit of The State. 
    
    An indictment found by a grand summon-process, will motion^D¿ piea of not," in or- ^
    AT the term of May 1818, Scott, on behalf of the fendant, moved for two writs of certiorari, to be directed to the justices of the Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery of Somerset, to send up two indictments against the defendant; one for the alleged forgery of a deed; the other for the alleged forgery of a ^receipt for the consideration-money mentioned in the deed. The writs were granted; and were returned to November term following. By the returns, it appears, that the indictments were found at a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, holden at Sorherville, in and for the county of Somerset, on the 7th of January 1817, and were presented by certain persons therein named, “ good and lawful men of said county, sworn and charged to inquire, for the state and for the body of said county,” &c.
    At a court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery, holden at Somerville, in and for the county of Somerset, in October 1817, the defendant was brought in, and being charged upon the indictments, pleaded thereto not guilty. He was from time to time bound in recognizance with sureties, to appear and traverse &c. and at the term of October 1818, for want of bail, was committed to close confinement in the county gaol.
    In the term of November 1818, at bar, the counsel of the defendant prayed for and obtained another writ of certiorari, directed to the justices and clerk of the General Quarter Sessions of Somerset, commanding them, “ that having searched and inspected the files and records of said court, they certify and send, under their seals &c. whether any writ, precept, or other process, was issued or given to the sheriff of said county, or was returned by him, commanding or authorising him to summon and impanel any grand jury of or in the said term of January ; and if any such writ, precept, or other process there be, to send the same or a true copy thereof,” &c. To this writ the justices and clerk answered, that they had searched and inspected the files and records, and that no writ, precept, or other process, was issued or given to the said sheriff, commanding or authorising him to summon or impanel any grand jury, at .said term; that no such writ or process was returned by the sheriff, in that term, nor is any now on file there.
    Upon this return being made, it was moved to quash the indictments. 1. Because they were not presented by a grand jury, summoned by the sheriff, by lawful authority. And 2. Because the court where they were presented, appeared to have been holden at Somerville, and not at Bridgewater, in the county of Somerset; which was contrary to the statute.
    
      Attorney-General,
    
    moved to postpone the argument of the motion. 1. Because he had received no notice of it. 2. Because *it was of the nature of a demurrer to the indictment, which ought not to be filed or argued after the plea of not guilty.
    
      Scott.
    
    Notice of more than a month has been given to the deputy, who prosecutes in Somerset; and this isa case, where the defendant is in close confinement, and therefore the court, will not delay, but hear the motion, even if notice of the argument were deficient.
    
      
       Cited in State vs. Rickey, 4 Hal. 299. State vs. Hageman, 1 Gr. 323. Berrian vs. The State, 2 Zab. 29. State vs. Norton, 3 Zab. 47. Chase ads. The State, Spen. 220.
      
    
   By the court.

Demurrers for the insufficiency of indictments, are now seldom filed. The court will never compel the defendant to file one. Motion to quash, is a more easy and equally effectual mode of getting at the whole matter. Every thing may be heard upon it. And in order to hear a motion to quash, the court will always permit the plea of not guilty to be withdrawn.

Southard J.

I do not think the motion ought to be postponed, as the defendant is in prison. Nor do I perceive either, how we can hear, while the plea of not guilty is on the record ; nor how that plea can be withdrawn, unless the defendant is brought up and appear personally in court.

Scott, proposed, on behalf of the defendant, to withdraw the plea.

By the court.

If we permit this to be done, and the motion is decided against him, he is not here to plead again. But .he may be brought up for that purpose. Under the circumstances however, if it is desired, we will hear the argument, and take such course afterwards, as the case may require.

Wood, for defendant, read the writs of certiorari and the, returns, and then argued; 1. That no precept for a jury had been directed and delivered to the sheriff, which was necessary to authorise him to act. Pat. 130. Burn. J. 665. That this process was no more to be dispensed with, than any other writ; that writs for the tales de dr. were formerly necessary, and that the legislature were obliged to interfere and alter it before they could be taken without the writs. 2. That the court at which the indictments were found did not appear to be held at the proper place, which by the statute, was Bridgewater ; that this court could look only to the record, and could not officially and judicially take notice that they were the same place; that this fact *upon the face of the record was fatal. 2 Burn. J. 665. 2 Ld. Ray. 1379.

Scott, on the same point, read Pat. 342. 2 Dyer 125-6. 2 Hawk. 362.

Attorney-General. The return is incorrect. The original indictment ought to be sent up. The return ought to answer the command of the writ (2 Hawk. 460;) and on the original indictment, the difference as to the place of holding the court would not appear. It has merely crept in, in preparing the caption and making out the rules taken at the several terms.

Kirkpatrick G. J.

The record is never sent with the writ, but the tenor only. We send a transcript and that is regarded as the record. The rules -taken at the different terms, and which form a part of this return, are only the materials for making up the record,

Attorney-General. Will.not the court permit the record to be sent back to correct the error in the word Somerville, the place of holding the court ?

Scott. For defect of return there may bó amendment, but not to correct the original entry or record.

Kirkpatrick 0. J.

The inferior courts have for many years been negligent in making up their records. There have been no captions made, and there is probably none upon the files by which this amendment could be made. Yet the error seems of such a kind, that the clerk ought to be permitted to correct it, agreeably to the fact.

Scott. No suggestion is made, that there is any thing to amend by. There are no materials out of which the record could be made right, if it is erroneous.

By thjg court.

Let the argument proceed upon the other point.

Attorney-General. 1. It is not now a proper inquiry, whether the writ issued to the sheriff. It is too late, after the pleadings and proceedings which have been had, to except to the authority of the grand jury. 2. If true, the exception has nothing to do with the authority of the court to try the indictment. Its authority comes not from the formal proceedings, but from the statute. Pat. 130. After presentment the authority cannot be inquired *into in this way. The court had the authority to inquire ; it has certified that the proceedings were correct ; its decision is not now to be investigated. The writ itself is only issued for the convenience of the court and expedition of justice; it is of no importance to the prisoner. 3. The want of process is not fatal. There is nothing imperative in the act; it is only permissive. And our practice for twenty years, has been, not to issue these writs in the sessions. The juries have been returned without them. This has become our common law, and the court will not lightly disturb it.

Scott. The consent of defendant to plead, gives no jurisdiction. 2 Hale 224. Pleas of the general issue, conclude nothing; and nothing will be intended to favour conviction. A voluntary grand jury cannot present. The court cannot select the grand jury. Proclamation is always made to return the writ; this precept is returned, and the court then proceeds. The jury must be returned, and return ex vi termini, is an answer to the writ.

By the court.

A defendant can only be put to answer ■ an indictment legally found and presented. A grand jury has no authority to inquire and present, unless legally impanelled. The sheriff is merely an executive officer : he executes the writs that are directed to him. They are his authority to act, and his guide and direction how to act. Without them he has no power. His authority to summon a grand jury, arises only from the command of the precept. A jury summoned without it, is summoned altogether without legal right. Such a body is'not a grand jury. It has no right to present, nor are its presentments sufficient to put the defendant on trial. These indictments, therefore, being presented withoutproper authority, must be quashed.

It was subsequently moved by R. Stockton, for the Attorney-General, that the defendant be continued in custody until regular indictments could be found against him.

Scott. It is more than two years since these indictments were found: he cannot, therefore, be punished, and ought not to be held.

Stockton. That question is not here to be settled. He may not be permitted to take advantage of the limitation.

Southard J.

This court here, and on this argument, ought not to order him to be either discharged or held. He is now in Confinement on a criminal charge; when he applies for his discharge, to the proper tribunal, it will determine this matter.

The court,

then directed a rule, that he be held to bail for his appearance before the next court of Oyer and Terminer and General Gaol Delivery of the county of Somerset, in such sum as the Chief Justice should order and direct, on the return of a habeas corpus, before him, at his house in Neio-Brunswick. 
      
       Cited in Morris Canal ads. The State, 2 Gr. 430. Browning vs. Cooper, 3 Har. 196. See also State vs. Hunt, 1 Hal. 303. North Brunswick vs. Franklin, 1 Har. 535. Mann vs. Drost, 3 Har. 336. Morrel vs. Fearing, Spen. 670. State vs. Morton, 3 Zab. 47. Overseers of Mendham vs. Morris, post 810.
      
     