
    MAVERICK ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC., Plaintiff, v. DOES 1-2,115, Defendants.
    Civil Action No. 10-0569 (BAH).
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    May 12, 2011.
    
      Thomas Mansfield Dunlap, Nicholas A. Kurtz, Dunlap, Grubb & Weaver, P.L.L.C., Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

BERYL A. HOWELL, District Judge.

Pending before the Court are motions to dismiss, quash, and for protective orders filed by sixty-six putative defendants. These individuals have yet to be named as defendants in this case, but claim to have received notices from their Internet Service Providers (hereinafter “ISPs”) that plaintiff Maverick Entertainment Group, Inc. seeks their identifying information in connection with allegations in the Complaint that certain IP addresses used a file-sharing program called BitTorrent to download and distribute illegally the plaintiffs copyrighted movies. These sixty-six putative defendants have filed motions and letters seeking to prevent disclosure of their identifying information and otherwise to secure dismissal from the lawsuit. For the reasons set forth below, the putative defendants’ motions to quash, dismiss, and for protective orders are denied.

I. BACKGROUND

On April 8, 2010, plaintiff Maverick Entertainment Group, Inc. filed a Complaint against unnamed individuals who allegedly used a file-sharing protocol called BitTorrent to illegally infringe plaintiffs copyrights in thirteen motion pictures: Army of the Dead, Border Town 2009, Buds for Life, Demons at the Door, Holy Hustler, Jack Squad, Smile Pretty (aka Nasty), Stripper Academy, The Casino Job, The Clique (aka Death Clique), Too Saved, Treasure Raiders, and Trunk. Compl. ¶¶ 3, 9, ECF No. 1. The plaintiff subsequently filed an Amended Complaint listing 4,350 putative defendants, who are identified only by their IP addresses. Am. Compl., Aug. 10, 2010, ECF No. 9. Given that the defendants in this case were unidentified at the time the plaintiff filed its Complaint, on April 19, 2010, the Court granted the plaintiff leave to subpoena ISPs to obtain identifying information for the putative defendants. Minute Order dated April 19, 2010 (Leon, J.); Order Granting Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to Take Disc. Prior to Rule 26(f) Conference, May 24, 2010, ECF No. 7 (Leon, J.). Specifically, the Court authorized the plaintiff to obtain “information sufficient to identify each Defendant, including name, current (and permanent) addresses, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, and Media Access Control addresses.” Order Granting the PL’s Mot. for Leave to Take Disc. Prior to Rule 26(f) Conference, May 24, 2010, ECF No. 7 (Leon, J.), at 1. This information was to be “used by the plaintiff solely for the purpose of protecting the plaintiffs rights as set forth in the complaint.” Id. at 2.

Since the Court approved expedited discovery, ISPs have provided identifying information for the putative defendants in response to the plaintiffs subpoenas on a rolling basis. Prior to providing the plaintiff with a putative defendant’s identifying information, however, the ISPs sent notices to the putative defendants informing them of their right to challenge release of their information in this Court. On April 4, 2011, the Court directed the plaintiff, inter alia, to dismiss the putative defendants that it did not intend to sue. Order Denying Pl.’s Mot. for Approval of Disc., Apr. 4, 2011, ECF No. 74. On April 15, 2011, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed 2,579 putative defendants for whom it had received identifying information but did not intend to sue in this Court. Pl.’s Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, Apr. 15, 2011, ECF No. 97. On April 20, 2011, the plaintiff filed its Second Amended Complaint, which lists 2,115 putative defendants. Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 111. None of the putative defendants with pending motions were dismissed. PL’s Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, Apr. 15, 2011, ECF No. 97, at 2.

The Court is now presented with motions or letters from sixty-six putative defendants who seek to prevent disclosure of their identifying information or otherwise obtain dismissal from the lawsuit: fourteen putative defendants have filed motions in which they generally deny using BitTorrent to download and distribute the plaintiffs movies, fifty-four putative defendants have filed motions to quash under on Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(c)(3), thirteen have filed motions to dismiss asserting that the plaintiff has improperly joined the putative defendants, and forty-three putative defendants have filed motions to dismiss based on lack of personal jurisdiction. Additionally, thirty-three putative defendants have filed motions for protective orders. For the reasons stated below, the Court denies all of these motions.

II. MOTIONS TO QUASH UNDER FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 45

Fifty-two putative defendants have filed motions to quash the plaintiffs subpoenas issued to ISPs for the putative defendants’ identifying information. These motions assert three arguments: First, the putative defendant filing the motion did not engage in the alleged illegal conduct and the plaintiff should therefore be prevented from obtaining the putative defendant’s identifying information. Second, the subpoena should be quashed because it “requires disclosure of privileged or other protected matter” under Fed. R.Civ.P. 45(c)(3)(A)(iii). Third, the plaintiffs subpoenas subject the putative defendant filing the motion to an undue burden under Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(c)(3)(A)(iv). All of these arguments are unavailing.

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(c), the Court must quash a subpoena when, inter alia, it “requires disclosure of privileged or other protected matter, if no exception or waiver applies” or “subjects a person to undue burden.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(c)(3)(A)(iii)-(iv). A general denial of engaging in copyright infringement is not a basis for quashing the plaintiffs subpoena. It may be true that the putative defendants who filed motions and letters denying that they engaged in the alleged conduct did not illegally infringe the plaintiffs copyrighted movies, and the plaintiff may, based on its evaluation of their assertions, decide not to name these individuals as parties in this lawsuit. On the other hand, the plaintiff may decide to name them as defendants in order to have an opportunity to contest the merits and veracity of their defenses in this case. In other words, if these putative defendants are named as defendants in this case, they may deny allegations that they used Bit-Torrent to download and distribute illegally the plaintiffs movies, present evidence to corroborate that defense, and move to dismiss the claims against them. A general denial of liability, however, is not a basis for quashing the plaintiffs subpoenas and preventing the plaintiff from obtaining the putative defendants’ identifying information. That would deny the plaintiff access to the information critical to bringing these individuals properly into the lawsuit to address the merits of both the plaintiffs claim and their defenses. See Achte/Neunte Boll Kino Beteiligungs Gmbh & Co., Kg. v. Does 1-1,577, 736 F.Supp.2d 212, 215 (D.D.C.2010) (denying motions to quash filed by putative defendants in Bit-Torrent file-sharing case and stating that putative defendants’ “denial of liability may have merit, [but] the merits of this case are not relevant to the issue of whether the subpoena is valid and enforceable. In other words, they may have valid defenses to this suit, but such defenses are not at issue [before the putative defendants are named parties].”); see also Fonovisa, Inc. v. Does 1-9, No. 07-1515, 2008 WL 919701, at *8 (W.D.Pa. Apr. 3, 2008) (if a putative defendant “believes that it has been improperly identified by the ISP, [the putative defendant] may raise, at the appropriate time, any and all defenses, and may seek discovery in support of its defenses.”).

Nine putative defendants urge the Court to quash the plaintiffs subpoenas based upon their privacy interests. Rule 45(c)(3)(A)(iii) instructs a Court to quash a subpoena if it “requires disclosure of privileged or other protected matter.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 45(c)(3)(A)(iii). This rule, however, does not apply here. The Court recognizes that the putative defendants’ First Amendment right to anonymous speech is implicated by disclosure of their identifying information. See Sony Music Entm’t, Inc. v. Does 1-40, 326 F.Supp.2d 556, 564 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (“the file sharer may be expressing himself or herself through the music selected and made available to others.”); see also London-Sire Records, Inc. v. Doe 1, 542 F.Supp.2d 153, 163 (D.Mass. 2008). Nevertheless, whatever asserted First Amendment right to anonymity the putative defendants may have in this context does not shield them from allegations of copyright infringement. See Arista Records LLC v. Does 1-19, 551 F.Supp.2d 1, 8 (D.D.C.2008) (“First Amendment privacy interests are exceedingly small where the ‘speech’ is the alleged infringement of copyrights.”); Achte/Neunte, 736 F.Supp.2d at 216 n. 2 (“the protection afforded to such speech is limited and gives way in the face of a prima facie showing of copyright infringement”); West Bay One, Inc. v. Does 1-1,658, 270 F.R.D. 13, 16 n. 4 (D.D.C.2010) (same); Sony, 326 F.Supp.2d at 567 (First Amendment right of alleged file-sharers to remain anonymous “must give way to the plaintiffs’ right to use the judicial process to pursue what appear to be meritorious copyright infringement claims.”); Elektra Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-9, No. 04-2289, 2004 WL 2095581, at *4-5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2004) (finding that First Amendment right to anonymity is overridden by plaintiffs right to protect copyright).

Finally, the argument that the plaintiffs subpoenas subject putative defendants to an undue burden is also unavailing. Putative defendants essentially argue that the plaintiffs subpoenas require them to litigate in a forum in which they should not be subject to personal jurisdiction, which causes them hardship. As explained more fully infra, the putative defendants’ personal jurisdiction arguments are premature at this time because they have not been named as parties to this lawsuit. Given that they are not named parties, the putative defendants are not required to respond to the allegations presented in the plaintiffs Second Amended Complaint or otherwise litigate in this district. The plaintiff has issued subpoenas to the putative defendants’ ISPs, not to the putative defendants themselves. Consequently, the putative defendants face no obligation to produce any information under the subpoenas issued to their respective ISPs and cannot claim any hardship, let alone undue hardship.

The plaintiffs subpoenas requesting the putative defendants’ identifying information do not subject the putative defendants to an undue burden nor is the plaintiffs request for the information outweighed by any privacy interest or First Amendment right to anonymity. Moreover, a general denial of liability is not a proper basis to quash the plaintiffs subpoenas. Accordingly, the putative defendants’ motions, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(c)(3), to quash the subpoenas are denied.

III. MOTIONS FOR PROTECTIVE ORDERS

Thirty-three putative defendants have filed motions for protective orders seeking to protect their identities from being disclosed to the plaintiff. Rule 26(c) provides that a court may “issue an order to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c)(1). Such protective orders may forbid disclosure altogether, or, among other measures, “limit[] the scope of disclosure or discovery to certain matters.” Fed. R.Crv.P. 26(c)(1)(A) and (D). “[A]lthough Rule 26(c) contains no specific reference to privacy or to other rights or interests that may be implicated, such matters are implicit in the broad purpose and language of the Rule.” In re Sealed Case (Medical Records), 381 F.3d 1205, 1215 (D.C.Cir.2004) (quoting Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 35 n. 21, 104 S.Ct. 2199, 81 L.Ed.2d 17 (1984)).

As elaborated above, the putative defendants are not subject to the plaintiffs subpoenas, and therefore do not face any “annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense” from the plaintiffs discovery request. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c)(1). To the extent that the putative defendants seek protective orders to prevent disclosure of private identifying information, the Court has held that the putative defendants’ First Amendment rights to anonymity in the context of their Bit-Torrent activity is minimal and outweighed by the plaintiffs need for the putative defendants’ identifying information in order to protect its copyrights. See Call of the Wild Movie, LLC v. Does 1-1,062, 770 F.Supp.2d 332, 347-55 (D.D.C.2011). The putative defendants’ requests for protective orders are therefore denied.

IV. MOTIONS TO DISMISS BASED ON IMPROPER JOINDER

Thirteen putative defendants argue that they should be dismissed from the lawsuit because the plaintiff has improperly joined them with other putative defendants. The putative defendants’ argument that they are improperly joined may be meritorious should they be named as defendants in this action. At this stage in the litigation, however, when discovery is underway to learn identifying facts necessary to permit service on Doe defendants, joinder, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a)(2), of unknown parties identified only by IP addresses is proper. As discussed below, this conclusion is further supported by the allegations set forth in the Complaint, which sufficiently establishes a prima facie case of infringement of plaintiffs copyrights by users of the same file-sharing software program that operates through simultaneous and sequential computer connections and data transfers among the users.

At the outset, the Court notes that the remedy for improper joinder under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 is not dismissal of the action. Fed.R.CivP. 21 (“Misjoinder of parties is not a ground for dismissing an action.”). Improper joinder may be remedied by “drop[ping]” a party and severing claims against that party. Fed.R.Civ.P. 21 (“On motion or on its own, the Court may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a party.”). This would simply create separate actions containing the same claims against the same putative defendants. See Bailey v. Fulwood, 780 F.Supp.2d 20, 25-26 (D.D.C.2011); In re Brand-Name Prescription Drugs Antitrust Litig., 264 F.Supp.2d 1372, 1376 (J.P.M.L.2003) (“[Sjeverance of claims under Rule 21 results in the creation of separate actions.”). The Court may exercise discretion regarding the proper time to sever parties, and this determination includes consideration of judicial economy and efficiency. See Disparte v. Corporate Exec. Bd., 223 F.R.D. 7, 10 (D.D.C.2004) (Permissive joinder under Federal Rule 20 is designed “to promote trial convenience and expedite the resolution of lawsuits,” quoting Puricelli v. CNA Ins. Co., 185 F.R.D. 139, 142 (N.D.N.Y.1999)). For example, in London-Sire Records, Inc. v. Doe 1, 542 F.Supp.2d 153 (D.Mass.2008), the court consolidated separate Doe lawsuits for copyright infringement since the “cases involve[d] similar, even virtually identical, issues of law and fact: the alleged use of peer-to-peer software to share copyrighted sound recordings and the discovery of defendants’ identities through the use of a Rule 45 subpoena to their internet service provider.” Id. at 161. In the court’s view, consolidation of the separate lawsuits for purposes of expedited discovery “ensures administrative efficiency for the Court, the plaintiffs, and the ISP, and allows the defendants to see the defenses, if any, that other John Does have raised.” Id. The court noted that, after discovery, “[t]he case against each Doe [would] be individually considered for purposes of any rulings on the merits,” and the putative defendants could “renew the severance request before trial if the case proceeds to that stage.” Id. at 161 n. 7.

In addition to providing efficiencies for expedited discovery on jurisdictional issues, defendants may be properly joined in one action when claims arise from the same transaction or occurrence or series of transactions or occurrences; and any question of law or fact in the action is common to all defendants. Fed.R.Civ.P. 20(a)(2); see also Montgomery v. STG Int’l, Inc., 532 F.Supp.2d 29, 35 (D.D.C.2008) (interpreting Rule 20(a)(1), which has the same requirements as Rule 20(a)(2)). The requirements for permissive joinder are “liberally construed in the interest of convenience and judicial economy in a manner that will secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of the action.” Lane v. Tschetter, No. OS-1414, 2007 WL 2007493, at *1 (D.D.C. July 10, 2007) (internal quotation omitted); see also Davidson v. District of Columbia, 736 F.Supp.2d 115, 119 (D.D.C.2010). Thus, “the impulse is toward entertaining the broadest possible scope of action consistent with fairness to the parties; [and] joinder of claims, parties, and remedies is strongly encouraged.” United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 724, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966).

In the present case, the plaintiff has met all the requirements for permissive joinder under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a)(2). The first requirement is that claims must “aris[e] out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences.” FED. R. CIV. P. 20(a)(2)(A). This essentially requires claims asserted against joined parties to be “logically related.” Disparte, 223 F.R.D. at 10. This is a flexible test and courts seek the “broadest possible scope of action.” Lane, 2007 WL 2007493, at *7 (quoting Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 724, 86 S.Ct. 1130).

The plaintiff alleges that the putative defendants used the BitTorrent file-sharing protocol to distribute illegally the plaintiffs motion pictures. Second Am. Compl., ¶¶ 3, 9-11. This file-sharing protocol “makes every downloader also an uploader of the illegally transferred file(s). This means that every ... user who has a copy of the infringing copyrighted material on a torrent network must necessarily also be a source of download for that infringing file.” Id. at ¶ 3. The plaintiff further asserts that the “nature of a BitTorrent protocol [is that] any seed peer that has downloaded a file prior to the time a subsequent peer downloads the same file is automatically a source for the subsequent peer so long as that first seed peer is online at the time the subsequent peer downloads a file.” Id. at ¶ 4.

Based on these allegations, the plaintiffs claims against the putative defendants are logically related at this stage in the litigation. According to the plaintiff, each putative defendant is a possible source for the plaintiffs motion pictures, and may be responsible for distributing the motion pictures to the other putative defendants, who are also using the same file-sharing protocol to copy the copyrighted material. See Disparte, 223 F.R.D. at 10 (to satisfy Rule 20(a)(2)(A) claims must be “logically related” and this test is “flexible.”). While the putative defendants may be able to rebut these allegations at a later date, at this procedural juncture the plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that its claims against the putative defendants potentially stem from the same transaction or occurrence, and are logically related. See Arista Records LLC v. Does 1-19, 551 F.Supp.2d 1, 11 (D.D.C.2008) (“While the Courts notes that the remedy for improper joinder is severance and not dismissal, the Court also finds that this inquiry is premature without first knowing Defendants’ identities and the actual facts and circumstances associated with Defendants’ conduct.” (internal citation omitted)).

Some courts in other jurisdictions have granted motions by putative defendants for severance in analogous copyright infringement cases against unknown users of peer-to-peer file-sharing programs for failure to meet the “same transaction or occurrence test” in Rule 20(a)(2). Those courts have been confronted with bare allegations that putative defendants used the same peer-to-peer network to infringe copyrighted works and found those allegations were insufficient for joinder. See, e.g., 10 Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-19, No. 10-03851, 2010 WL 5071605, at *8-12 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 7, 2010); Arista Records, LLC v. Does 1-11, No. 07-cv-2828, 2008 WL 4823160, at *6 (N.D.Ohio Nov. 3, 2008) (“merely alleging that the Doe Defendants all used the same ISP and file-sharing network to conduct copyright infringement without asserting that they acted in concert was not enough to satisfy the same series of transactions requirement under the Federal Rules.”); LaFace Records, LLC v. Does 1-38, No. 5:07-cv-298, 2008 WL 544992, at *3 (E.D.N.C. Feb. 27, 2008) (severing putative defendants in file-sharing case not involving Bit-Torrent technology, noting that “other courts have commonly held that where there is no assertion that multiple defendants have acted in concert, joinder is improper.”); Interscope Records v. Does 1-25, No. 6:04-ev-197, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27782 (M.D.Fla. Apr. 1, 2004) (adopting Mag. J. Report and Recommendation at Interscope Records v. Does 1-25, No. 6:04-cv-197, 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27782 (M.D.Fla. Apr. 1, 2004)). That is not the case here.

The plaintiff has provided detailed allegations about how the BitTorrent technology differs from other peer-to-peer file-sharing protocols and necessarily engages many users simultaneously or sequentially to operate. See Columbia Pictures Indus. v. Fung, No. 06-5578, 2009 WL 6355911, at *2, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 122661, at *7 (C.D.Cal. Dec. 21, 2009) (BitTorrent “is unique from that of previous [P2P] systems such as Napster and Grokster. Rather than downloading a file from an individual user, [BitTorrent users download] from a number of host computers that possess the file simultaneously.... The BitTorrent client application [ ] simultaneously downloads the pieces of the content file from as many users as are available at the time of the request, and then reassembles the content file on the requesting computer when the download is complete. Once a user downloads a given content file, he also becomes a source for future requests and downloads.”). Specifically, BitTorrent creates a “swarm” in which “each additional user becomes a part of the network from where the file can be downloaded ... [U]nlike a traditional peer-to-peer network, each new file downloader is receiving a different piece of the data from each user who has already downloaded the file that together comprises the whole.” Second Am. Compl., ¶ 3.

At least one court has not been persuaded that allegations of copyright infringement by users of BitTorrent satisfy the requirement of Rule 20. See, e.g., Lightspeed v. Does 1-1000, No. 10-cv-5604, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35392, at *4-7 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 31, 2011) (finding that Doe defendants using BitTorrent technology were misjoined on the basis that the putative defendants were not involved in the “same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrence” under Fed.R.Civ.P. 20(a)(2)(A)); Millennium TGA Inc. v. Does 1-800, No. 10-ev-5603, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35406, at *3-5 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 31, 2011) (same). In those cases, the court did not discuss the precise nature of the BitTorrent technology, which enables users to contribute to each other’s infringing activity of the same work as part of a “swarm.” Similarly to the instant claims of infringement of thirteen copyrighted works by the putative defendants, the plaintiffs in Lightspeed and Millennium TGA Inc. alleged infringement of multiple works. Indeed, concluding that the allegations against the putative defendants in this case stem from the same transaction, or series of transactions is made more complicated by the fact that the plaintiff claims infringement of thirteen separate movies. This is a factor that may undermine the requisite showing of concerted activity to support joinder when the plaintiff identifies and names defendants to this action. See Fonovisa, Inc. v. Does 1-9, 2008 WL 919701, at *6 (W.D.Pa. April 3, 2008)(Misjoinder found in copyright infringement case where “[n]one of the Defendants downloaded and/or distributed the same copyrighted recordings belonging to the same set of Plaintiffs, and each of the Defendants accessed a different number of audio files on different dates”); See Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. 11C Music, 202 F.R.D. 229, 232 (M.D.Tenn.2001) (severing defendants accused of sampling different songs and stating that sampling of each song represented a “discrete occurrence” and that “the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiffs’ argument that its infringement counts are properly joined because Plaintiffs suffered the same harm in each instance. According to this logic, a copyright plaintiff could join as defendants any otherwise unrelated parties who independently copy material owned by the plaintiff.”). The Court is guided, however, by the principle that permissive joinder seeks the “broadest possible scope of action,” Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 724, 86 S.Ct. 1130, particularly when there are no named defendants and the putative defendants are not harmed by joinder at this stage. Should the defendants be named and make motions for severance, the plaintiff will be required to demonstrate with greater specificity the relatedness of the named defendants’ alleged conduct and the factual basis for joinder under Rule 20(a)(2)(A).

The second requirement for proper joinder under Rule 20(a)(2) is that the plaintiffs claims against the putative defendants must contain a common question of law or fact. Fed.R.Civ.P. 20(a)(2)(B); see also Disparte, 223 F.R.D. at 11. The plaintiff has met this requirement as well. The plaintiff must establish against each putative defendant the same legal claims concerning the validity of the copyrights at issue and the infringement of the exclusive rights reserved to the plaintiff as the copyright holder. Furthermore, the putative defendants are alleged to have utilized the same BitTorrent file-sharing protocol to illegally distribute and download the plaintiffs movies and, consequently, factual issues related to how BitTorrent works and the methods used by the plaintiff to investigate, uncover and collect evidence about the infringing activity will be essentially identical for each putative defendant. See Second Am. Compl., ¶ 3. The Court recognizes that each putative defendant may later present different factual and substantive legal defenses, but that does not defeat, at this stage of the proceedings, the commonality in facts and legal claims that support joinder under Rule 20(a)(2)(B).

In addition to the two requirements for permissive joinder under Rule 20(a)(2), the Court must also assess whether joinder would prejudice the parties or result in needless delay. See Lane, 2007 WL 2007493, at *7; M.K. v. Tenet, 216 F.R.D. 133, 138 (D.D.C.2002). At this stage in the litigation, it will not. The putative defendants are currently identified only by their IP addresses and are not named parties. They are thus not required to respond to the plaintiffs allegations or assert a defense. The putative defendants may be able to demonstrate prejudice should the plaintiff name and proceed with a case against them, but they cannot demonstrate any harm that is occurring to them before that time. In addition, rather than result in needless delay, joinder of the putative defendants facilitates jurisdictional discovery and expedites the process of obtaining identifying information, which is prerequisite to reaching the merits of plaintiffs claims. The Court therefore concludes that at this procedural juncture, the plaintiff has met the requirements of permissive joinder under Rule 20(a)(2) and joinder of the putative defendants is proper.

This Court reaches this conclusion cognizant of the significant burdens on the court and judicial economy posed by the sheer number of putative defendants that the plaintiff seeks to join in a single lawsuit. These concerns are legitimately shared by other courts across the country that are confronting copyright infringement cases involving allegations of illegal file-sharing of copyrighted works by unprecedented numbers of Doe defendants, and the multitude of motions from interested parties that such suits engender. Lightspeed, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 85392, at *7 (“given the number of ‘potential’ defendants (i.e., Does 1-1000), [the] court could be faced with hundreds of factually unique motions to dismiss, quash or sever from potential defendants located all over the country.”); Millennium TGA Inc., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35406, at *5 (same). Courts have varying thresholds for the exercise of their discretion to sever defendants in such cases. See Bridgeport Music, Inc., 202 F.R.D. at 232-33 (even if joinder of over 700 named defendants was proper because claims arose from the same series of occurrences, “the Court would exercise the discretion afforded it to order a severance to avoid causing unreasonable prejudice and expense to Defendants and to avoid a great inconvenience to the administration of justice”).

This Court similarly must evaluate judicial economy and the administrative burdens of managing such cases, set against the challenge this broad-scale allegedly infringing activity also represents for the copyright owners. Copyright owners’ efforts to protect their copyrighted works through Doe actions are “costly[,] time consuming[,] ... cumbersome and expensive.” In re Charter Commc’ns, Inc., Subpoena Enforcement Matter, 393 F.3d 771, 782 (8th Cir.2005) (Murphy, J., dissenting). Yet, copyright owners have limited alternatives to obtain redress for infringement of their protected works other than such lawsuits. See Arista Records LLC v. Does 1-27, 584 F.Supp.2d 240, 252 (D.Me.2008) (“the Court begins with the premise that the Plaintiffs have a statutorily protected interest in their copyrighted material and that the Doe Defendants, at least by allegation, have deliberately infringed that interest without consent or payment. Under the law, the Plaintiffs are entitled to protect their copyrighted material and it is difficult to discern how else in this unique circumstance the Plaintiffs could act. Not to act would be to allow those who would take what is not theirs to remain hidden behind their ISPs and to diminish and even destroy the intrinsic value of the Plaintiffs’ legal interests.”); In re Charter Commc’ns, Inc., 393 F.3d at 775 n. 3 (“[A]s a practical matter, copyright owners cannot deter unlawful peer-to-peer file transfers unless they can learn the identities of persons engaged in that activity.”). Courts must nonetheless maintain supervision of these lawsuits and, at some point, the sheer number of putative defendants involved in a single case may necessitate severance. At this stage of the litigation, with jurisdictional discovery well underway, the Court finds that judicial economy is best served by joinder of the putative defendants.

The putative defendants may raise the argument that they are improperly joined, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20, and move to sever, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21, after they have been identified and named in the Complaint. Severance prior to that point, as numerous other courts both in and outside this District have held, is premature. See, e.g., Achte/Neunte Boll Kino Beteiligungs GMBH & Co, KG v. Does 1-4,577, No. 10-cv-00453, ECF No. 34 (D.D.C. July 2, 2010) (Collyer, J.); West Bay One, Inc. v. Does 1-1653, No. 10-cv-00481, ECF No. 25 (D.D.C. July 2, 2010) (Collyer, J.); Arista Records LLC v. Does 1-19, 551 F.Supp.2d 1, 11 (D.D.C.2008) (Kollar-Kotelly, J.); Londortr-Sire Records, Inc. v. Doe 1, 542 F.Supp.2d 153, 161 n. 7 (D.Mass.2008); Sony Music Entm’t, Inc. v. Does 1-40, 326 F.Supp.2d 556, 568 (S.D.N.Y.2004).

V. MOTIONS TO DISMISS BASED ON LACK OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION

Forty-three putative defendants argue that they should be dismissed from the lawsuit because the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over them. To support this argument, they supply affidavits or declarations attesting that they do not reside, transact or solicit business, or otherwise have sufficient contacts in the District of Columbia. These asserted facts would become relevant for the Court’s consideration when and if these individuals are named as parties in this action. They cannot be dismissed, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), from a lawsuit to which they are not parties. Moreover, to establish personal jurisdiction, the Court must examine whether jurisdiction is applicable under the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute, D.C. CODE § 13-423, and must also determine whether jurisdiction satisfies the requirements of due process. See GTE New Media Servs. Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 199 F.3d 1343, 1347 (D.C.Cir.2000). Due Process requires the plaintiff to show that the defendant has “minimum contacts” with the forum, thereby ensuring that “the defendant’s conduct and connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.” World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980); see also GTE New Media Servs., 199 F.3d at 1347.

In cases where a party’s contacts with the jurisdiction are unclear and the record before the court is “plainly inadequate,” courts have allowed for a discovery period within which to gather evidence to support jurisdiction. See GTE New Media Servs., 199 F.3d at 1351-52 (reversing lower court’s finding of personal jurisdiction, but stating that “[t]his court has previously held that if a party demonstrates that it can supplement its jurisdictional allegations through discovery, then jurisdictional discovery is justified.”). “This Circuit’s standard for permitting jurisdictional discovery is quite liberal,” Diamond Chem. Co. v. Atofina Chems., Inc., 268 F.Supp.2d 1, 15 (D.D.C.2003), and jurisdictional discovery is available when a party has “at least a good faith belief’ that it has personal jurisdiction. Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1090 (D.C.Cir.1998). Courts have permitted discovery even when a party has failed to establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction. See GTE New Media Servs., 199 F.3d at 1352 (“... as the record now stands, there is absolutely no merit to [plaintiffl’s bold claim that the parent companies and subsidiaries involved in this lawsuit should be treated identically. Jurisdictional discovery will help to sort out these matters.”); see also In re Vitamins Antitrust Litigation, 94 F.Supp.2d 26, 35 (D.D.C.2000) (discussing GTE New Media Servs. and stating that “the D.C. Circuit held that although plaintiffs had failed to establish a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction and the court was unable to tell whether jurisdictional discovery would assist GTE on this score, plaintiffs were entitled to pursue [discovery].”). In such cases, a party is entitled to pursue “precisely focused discovery aimed at addressing matters relating to personal jurisdiction.” GTE New Media Servs., 199 F.3d at 1352.

Although the putative defendants assert that they do not have sufficient contacts with this jurisdiction to justify personal jurisdiction, the Court, as well as the plaintiff, has limited information to assess whether these jurisdictional defenses are valid and to evaluate possible alternate bases to establish jurisdiction. See, e.g., London-Sire Records, Inc., 542 F.Supp.2d at 181 (“Even taking all of the facts in [the putative defendant’s] affidavit as true, it is possible that the Court properly has personal jurisdiction.”); Humane Soc’y of the United States v. Amazon.com, Inc., No. 07-623, 2007 WL 1297170, at *3, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31810, at *10 (D.D.C. May 1, 2007) (“[A] plaintiff faced with a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is entitled to reasonable discovery, lest the defendant defeat the jurisdiction of a federal court by withholding information on its contacts with the forum,” quoting Virgin Records Am., Inc. v. Does 1-35, No. 05-1918, 2006 WL 1028956, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 18, 2006)). To be clear, at this stage in the proceedings, the plaintiff is engaged in discovery to identify the proper defendants to be named in this lawsuit, including whether the exercise of jurisdiction over each potential defendant is proper. If and when the putative defendants are ultimately named in this lawsuit, the defendants will have the opportunity to file appropriate motions challenging the Court’s jurisdiction, and the Court will be able to evaluate personal jurisdiction defenses and consider dismissal. Until that time, however, dismissal under Rule 12(b)(2) is inappropriate. See London-Sire Records, 542 F.Supp.2d at 180-181 (“premature to adjudicate personal jurisdiction” and permitting plaintiff to engage in jurisdictional discovery); Sony, 326 F.Supp.2d at 567-68 (same); Virgin Records, 2006 WL 1028956, at *3 (“Defendant’s Motion to Quash is without merit [ ] because it is premature to consider the question of personal jurisdiction in the context of a subpoena directed at determining the identity of the Defendant,” citing Elektra Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-9, No. 04-2289, 2004 WL 2095581, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8, 2004); UMG Recordings v. Does 1-199, No. 04-0093, slip op. at 2 (D.D.C. Mar. 10, 2004)). Accordingly, the putative defendants’ motions to dismiss based on a purported lack of personal jurisdiction are denied at this time.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the putative defendants have failed to demonstrate that the plaintiffs subpoenas issued to ISPs should be quashed, that protective orders are warranted, or that the putative defendants should otherwise be dismissed from this case for improper joinder or a lack of personal jurisdiction. Accordingly, the following motions to quash the plaintiffs subpoenas, motions to be dismissed from the lawsuit, and motions for protective orders are denied: Robert A. Foster, ECF No. 12 (No IP address listed); Cedric Johnson, ECF Nos. 14, 60 (IP address listed: 97.91.179.237); Cindy Tate, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 68.187.201.11); Gundie Logan, ECF No. 20 (No IP address listed); Jose M. Barroso, ECF No. 20 (No IP address listed); Jane Doe, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 75.129.147.167); John Doe, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 68.191.210.134); Marty Ingebretsen, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 75.135.157.00); Maria Guadalupe Reyes, ECF No. 36 (IP address listed: 97.115.137.209); Juanita Burger, ECF No. 37 (No IP address listed); Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38 (No IP address listed); Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39 (No IP address listed); Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50 (No IP address listed); Granville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51 (No IP address listed); Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52 (No IP address listed); Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53 (No IP address listed); Armando Liban, ECF No. 54 (No IP address listed); Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55 (No IP address listed); Xiangping Xu a.k.a. Kevin Xu, ECF No. 56 (IP address listed: 67.170.234.17); Lori Pearl-man, ECF No. 58 (IP address listed: 68.62.35.244); Connie Atkinson, ECF No. 62 (No IP address listed); Jimmy Santana, ECF No. 63 (No IP address listed); Rohan Green, ECF No. 64 (No IP address listed); Robert McGrath, ECF No. 65 (No IP address listed); Sanjay Patel, ECF No. 66 (IP address listed: 69.254.240.39); Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67 (No IP address listed); Robert Slade, ECF No. 68 (No IP address listed); Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69 (No IP address listed); Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76 (No IP address listed); John Feher, ECF No. 77 (No IP address listed); Richard G. Scoza, ECF No. 78 (IP address listed: 69.249.32.138); Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79 (No IP address listed); Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80 (No IP address listed); Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81 (No IP address listed); Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82 (No IP address listed); Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83 (No IP address listed); Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84 (No IP address listed); Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85 (No IP address listed); Phillip Bournes, ECF No. 89 (No IP address listed); Elizabeth Herrmann, ECF No. 90 (IP address listed: 71.226.65.201); Belton B. Raines, Jr., ECF No. 91 (No IP address listed); Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92 (IP address listed: 98.197.169.162); Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93 (No IP address listed); Linda White, ECF No. 94 (No IP address listed); Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95 (No IP address listed); Victoria Kristian, ECF No. 102 (IP address listed: 76.111.164.34); John Doe (IP address listed: 65.96.173.62) and John Doe (IP address listed: 24.128.252.215) represented by Tuna Mecit, Esq., ECF No. 103; Marie Sanchez, ECF No. 104 (IP address listed: 174.51.121.33); Jose Otero, ECF No. 105 (No IP address listed); Dana Wilkerson, ECF No. 106 (IP address listed: 69.136.194); Tonya R. Moody, ECF No. 107 (General Motions to Dismiss; No IP address listed); Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108 (No IP address listed); Mary Woods, ECF No. 109 (IP address listed: 75.137.118.90); Eric Peterkin, ECF No. 119 (No IP address listed); Dianne J. Ashley, ECF No. 120 (IP address listed: 76.22.80.133); Jane Doe represented by Emanuel J. Oakes, Jr., Esq., ECF No. 121, (IP address listed: 98.239.170.63); Jasmin Silva, ECF No. 123 (IP address listed: 24.6.177.153); Felicia Martin, ECF No. 125 (No IP address listed); Scott Cassel, ECF No. 126 (IP address listed: 67.161.196.74); Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127 (No IP address listed); Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128 (No IP address listed); Inna Shkrabak, ECF No. 129 (IP address listed: 24.18.48.58); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232). An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered. 
      
      . Thirty-six individuals have filed motions representing that they are putative defendants in the instant lawsuit, but have not provided the IP addresses listed in the plaintiffs Complaint that are allegedly associated with their computer use. See Robert A. Foster, ECF No. 12; Gundie Logan, ECF No. 20; Juanita Burger, ECF No. 37; Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38; Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39; Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50; Granville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51; Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52; Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53; Armando Liban, ECF No. 54; Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55; Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67; Robert Slade, ECF No. 68; Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69; Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76; John Feher, ECF No. 77; Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79; Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80; Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81; Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82; Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83; Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84; Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85; Phillip Bournes, ECF No. 89; Belton B. Raines, Jr., ECF No. 91; Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93; Linda White, ECF No. 94; Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95; Jose Otero, ECF No. 105; Tonya R. Moody, ECF No. 107; Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108; Eric Peterkin, ECF No. 119; Felicia Martin, ECF No. 125; Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127; Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128. The Court therefore has no way of verifying that these individuals are indeed potential parties in this lawsuit. Regardless, however, the defenses and arguments they assert are identical to those proffered by other putative defendants.
     
      
      . The Court recognizes that “at least two” putative defendants (Jasmin Silva, ECF Nos. 56; Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92) have "substantially copied” and filed briefs prepared and submitted by attorney Eric J. Menhart on behalf of his five clients: Xiangping Xu (ECF No. 56), Lori Pearlman (ECF No. 58), Cedric Johnson (ECF Nos. 14, 60), Antonio Forte (ECF No. 85), and Darrin Ross (ECF No. 108). See Eric J. Menhart’s Notice re: Unauthorized Copying of Brief, ECF No. 124. Like Mr. Menhart, the Court notes the "irony” of such actions in a lawsuit involving copyright infringement. Id.
      
     
      
      . On October 25, 2010, the Court issued an Order approving discovery for the putative defendants specifically listed on Exhibit A to the plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. Order, Oct. 25, 2010, ECF No. 11 (Leon, J.).
     
      
      . Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m), the plaintiff was required to name and serve defendants by August 6, 2010, which is the date within 120 days of filing its original Complaint. On that day, plaintiff requested an additional 120 days to name and serve the defendants because the plaintiff had yet to receive identifying information for all defendants listed in the plaintiff’s Amended Complaint. ECF No. 9. On September 30, 2010, the Court granted this motion nunc pro tunc by Minute Order, extending the plaintiff's time to name and serve to January 28, 2011. Minute Order dated Sept. 30, 2011 (Leon, J.). On February 23, 2011, the Court extended the plaintiff’s time to name and serve nunc pro tunc from January 28, 2011 to April 29, 2011 because ISPs had yet to fully respond to the plaintiff's subpoenas. Minute Order dated Feb. 23, 2011. At a motions hearing held on March 1, 2011 regarding Time Warner Cable's Motion to Quash, ECF No. 18, the Court extended the plaintiff's time to name and serve to June 13, 2011. Transcript of Mot. Hearing, at 68, Maverick Entm't Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-2,115, No. 10-cv-569 (Mar. 1, 2011)
     
      
      .The Court's Order approving expedited discovery did not expressly order the plaintiff or ISPs to send notices to putative defendants before their identifying information was released in response to the subpoenas. Plaintiff's counsel, however, represents that a notice was attached to all subpoenas issued to ISPs for identifying information. Transcript of Mot. Hearing, at 50-51, Maverick Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Does 1-2,115, No. 10-cv-569 (Mar. 1, 2011) ("Every single subpoena we sent to an ISP has the [notice approved by Judge Collyer in Achte/Neunte Boll Kino Beteiligungs GMBH & Co, KG v. Does 1-4,577, No. 10-cv-00453 (D.D.C. July 22, 2010) (Minute Order approving Court-Directed Notice, ECF No. 36)] attached to it. And [ISP] Time Warner, I believe, reached an agreement on the form of that notice in Judge Collyer's court, and every single subpoena we sent since that date in every new case has that notice.”).
     
      
      . The Court also granted the plaintiff leave to replace 783 putative defendants in this lawsuit with 783 new putative defendants through a Second Amended Complaint after ISP Time Warner Cable failed to preserve identifying information relating to those original putative defendants. Order Denying Pl.'s Mot. for Approval of Disc., Apr. 4, 2011, ECF No. 74.
     
      
      . See Jose M. Barroso, ECF No. 20 (No IP address listed); Cindy Tate, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 68.187.201.11); Marty Ingebretsen, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 75.135.157.00); Jane Doe, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed:75.129.147.167); John Doe, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 68.191.210.134); Juanita Burger, ECF No. 37 (No IP address listed); Connie Atkinson, ECF No. 62 (No IP address listed); Rohan Green, ECF No. 64 (No IP address listed); Robert McGrath, ECF No. 65 (No IP address listed); Sanjay Patel, ECF No. 66 (IP address listed: 69.254.240.39); Tonya R. Moody, ECF No. 107 (No IP address listed); Elizabeth Herrmann, ECF No. 90 (IP address listed: 71.226.65.201); Belton B. Raines, Jr., ECF No. 91 (No IP address listed); Dianne J. Ashley, ECF No. 120 (IP address listed: 76.22.80.133).
     
      
      
        .See Cedric Johnson, ECF Nos. 14, 60 (IP address listed: 97.91.179.237); Jose M. Barroso, ECF No. 20 (No IP address listed); Lori Pearlman, ECF No. 58 (IP address listed: 68.62.35.244); Xiangping Xu a.k.a. Kevin Xu, ECF No. 56 (IP address listed: 67.170.234.17); Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38 (No IP address listed); Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39 (No IP address listed); Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50 (No IP address listed); Granville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51 (No IP address listed); Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52 (No IP address listed); Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53 (No IP address listed); Armando Liban, ECF No. 54 (No IP address listed); Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55 (No IP address listed); Connie Atkinson, ECF No. 62 (No IP address listed); Jimmy Santana, ECF No. 63 (No IP address listed); Rohan Green, ECF No. 64 (No IP address listed); Robert McGrath, ECF No. 65 (No IP address listed); Sanjay Patel, ECF No. 66 (IP address listed: 69.254.240.39); Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67 (No IP address listed); Robert Slade, ECF No. 68 (No IP address listed); Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69 (No IP address listed); Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76 (No IP address listed); Richard G. Scoza, ECF No. 78 (IP address listed: 69.249.32.138); Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79 (No IP address listed); Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80 (No IP address listed); Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81 (No IP address listed); Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82 (No IP address listed); Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83 (No IP address listed); Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84 (No IP address listed); Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85 (No IP address listed); Elizabeth Herrmann, ECF No. 90 (IP address listed: 71.226.65.201); Belton B. Raines, Jr., ECF No. 91 (No IP address listed); Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92 (IP address listed: 98.197.169.162); Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93 (No IP address listed); Linda White, ECF No. 94 (No IP address listed); Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95 (No IP address listed); Victoria Kristian, ECF No. 102 (IP address listed: 76.111.164.34); John Doe (IP address listed: 65.96.173.62) and John Doe (IP address listed: 24.128.252.215) represented by Tuna Mecit, Esq., ECF No. 103; Marie Sanchez, ECF No. 104 (IP address listed: 174.51.121.33); Jose Otero, ECF No. 105 (No IP address listed); Dana Wilkerson, ECF No. 106 (IP address listed: 69.136.194); Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108 (No IP address listed); Eric Peterkin, ECF No. 119 (No IP address listed); Dianne J. Ashley, ECF No. 120 (IP address listed: 76.22.80.133); Jane Doe represented by Emanuel J. Oakes, Jr., Esq., ECF No. 121, (IP address listed: 98.239.170.63); Jasmin Silva, ECF No. 123 (IP address listed: 24.6.177.153); Felicia Marlin, ECF No. 125 (No IP address listed); Scott Cassel, ECF No. 126 (IP address listed: 67.161.196.74); Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127 (No IP address listed); Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128 (No IP address listed); Inna Shkrabak, ECF No. 129 (IP address listed: 24.18.48.58); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232).
     
      
      . See Cedric Johnson, ECF Nos. 14, 60 (IP address listed: 97.91.179.237); Lori Pearl-man, ECF Nos. 34, 58 (IP address listed: 68.62.35.244); Xiangping Xu a.k.a. Kevin Xu, ECF Nos. 35, 56 (IP address listed: 67.170.234.17); Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84 (No IP address listed); Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85 (No IP address listed); Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92 (IP address listed: 98.197.169.162); Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108 (No IP address listed); Jane Doe represented by Emanuel J. Oakes, Jr., Esq., ECF No. 121, (IP address listed: 98.239.170.63); Jasmin Silva, ECF No. 123 (IP address listed: 24.6.177.153); Inna Shkrabak, ECF No. 129 (IP address listed: 24.18.48.58); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232).
     
      
      . See Cedric Johnson, ECF Nos. 14, 60 (IP address listed: 97.91.179.237); Lori Pearl-man, ECF No. 58 (IP address listed: 68.62.35.244); Xiangping Xu a.k.a. Kevin Xu, ECF No. 56 (IP address listed: 67.170.234.17); Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38 (No IP address listed); Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39 (No IP address listed); Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50 (No IP address listed); Granville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51 (No IP address listed); Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52 (No IP address listed); Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53 (No IP address listed); Armando Liban, ECF No. 54 (No IP address listed); Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55 (No IP address listed); Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67 (No IP address listed); Robert Slade, ECF No. 68 (No IP address listed); Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69 (No IP address listed); Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76 (No IP address listed); Richard G. Scoza, ECF No. 78 (IP address listed: 69.249.32.138); Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79 (No IP address listed); Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80 (No IP address listed); Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81 (No IP address listed); Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82 (No IP address listed); Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83 (No IP address listed); Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84 (No IP address listed); Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85 (No IP address listed); Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92 (IP address listed: 98.197.169.162); Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93 (No IP address listed); Linda White, ECF No. 94 (No IP address listed); Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95 (No IP address listed); Victoria Kristian, ECF No. 102 (IP address listed: 76.111.164.34); John Doe (IP address listed: 65.96.173.62) and John Doe (IP address listed: 24.128.252.215) represented by Tuna Mecit, Esq., ECF No. 103; Marie Sanchez, ECF No. 104 (IP address listed: 174.51.121.33); Jose Otero, ECF No. 105 (No IP address listed); Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108 (No IP address listed); Jane Doe represented by Emanuel J. Oakes, Jr., Esq., ECF No. 121, (IP address listed: 98.239.170.63); Jasmin Silva, ECF No. 123 (IP address listed: 24.6.177.153); Felicia Martin, ECF No. 125 (No IP address listed); Scott Cassel, ECF No. 126 (IP address listed: 67.161.196.74); Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127 (No IP address listed); Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128 (No IP address listed); Inna Shkrabak, ECF No. 129 (IP address listed: 24.18.48.58); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232).
     
      
      . See Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38 (No IP address listed); Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39 (No IP address listed); Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50 (No IP address listed); Gran-ville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51 (No IP address listed); Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52 (No IP address listed); Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53 (No IP address listed); Armando Liban, ECF No. 54 (No IP address listed); Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55 (No IP address listed); Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67 (No IP address listed); Robert Slade, ECF No. 68 (No IP address listed); Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69 (No IP address listed); Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76 (No IP address listed); John Feher, ECF No. 77 (No IP address listed); Richard G. Scoza, ECF No. 78 (IP address listed: 69.249.32.138); Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79 (No IP address listed); Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80 (No IP address listed); Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81 (No IP address listed); Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82 (No IP address listed); Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83 (No IP address listed); Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93 (No IP address listed); Linda White, ECF No. 94 (No IP address listed); Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95 (No IP address listed); Victoria Kristian, ECF No. 102 (IP address listed: 76.111.164.34); John Doe (IP address listed: 65.96.173.62) and John Doe (IP address listed: 24.128.252.215) represented by Tuna Mecit, Esq., ECF No. 103; Marie Sanchez, ECF No. 104 (IP address listed: 174.51.121.33); Jose Otero, ECF No. 105 (No IP address listed); Felicia Martin, ECF No. 125 (No IP address listed); Scott Cassel, ECF No. 126 (IP address listed: 67.161.196.74); Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127 (No IP address listed); Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128 (No IP address listed); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232).
     
      
      . See Robert A. Foster, ECF No. 12 (No IP address listed); Gundie Logan, ECF No. 20 (No IP address listed); Cindy Tate, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 68.187.201.11); Marty Ingebretsen, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 75.135.157.00); Jane Doe, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed:75.129.147.167); John Doe, ECF No. 20 (IP address listed: 68.191.210.134); Juanita Burger, ECF No. 37 (No IP address listed); Phillip Bournes, ECF No. 89 (No IP address listed); Mary Woods, ECF No. 109 (IP address listed: 75.137.118.90).
     
      
      . A more expansive discussion of the putative defendants’ First Amendment rights in this case is contained in the Court’s Memorandum Opinion filed March 22, 2011, which addresses amici Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Citizen, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union of the Nation's Capital’s contention that the putative defendants’ First Amendment rights protect against disclosure of the putative defendants’ identifying information. Call of the Wild Movie, LLC v. Does 1-1,062, 770 F.Supp.2d 332, 347-55 (D.D.C.2011) (consolidated opinion also addressing motions filed in Maverick Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Does 2,115, No. 10-cv-569).
     
      
      . Any reliance the putative defendants may have placed on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45(c)(3)(A)(ii) as an alternate basis for quashing the plaintiff's subpoenas is therefore also misplaced. Rule 45(c)(3)(A)(ii) requires the Court to quash a subpoena when the subpoena "requires a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer to travel more than 100 miles from where that person resides, is employed, or regularly transacts business in person....” The putative defendants are not required to respond to the plaintiff’s subpoenas or otherwise travel away from their homes or places of employment.
     
      
      . See Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38 (No IP address listed); Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39 (No IP address listed); Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50 (No IP address listed); Gran-ville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51 (No IP address listed); Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52 (No IP address listed); Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53 (No IP address listed); Armando Liban, ECF No. 54 (No IP address listed); Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55 (No IP address listed); Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67 (No IP address listed); Robert Slade, ECF No. 68 (No IP address listed); Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69 (No IP address listed); Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76 (No IP address listed); John Feher, ECF No. 77 (No IP address listed); Richard G. Scoza, ECF No. 78 (IP address listed: 69.249.32.138); Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79 (No IP address listed); Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80 (No IP address listed); Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81 (No IP address listed); Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82 (No IP address listed); Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83 (No IP address listed); Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93 (No IP address listed); Linda White, ECF No. 94 (No IP address listed); Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95 (No IP address listed); Victoria Kristian, ECF No. 102 (IP address listed: 76.111.164.34); John Doe (IP address listed: 65.96.173.62) and John Doe (IP address listed: 24.128.252.215) represented by Tuna Mecit, Esq., ECF No. 103; Marie Sanchez, ECF No. 104 (IP address listed: 174.51.121.33); Jose Otero, ECF No. 105 (No IP address listed); Felicia Martin, ECF No. 125 (No IP address listed); Scott Cassel, ECF No. 126 (IP address listed: 67.161.196.74); Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127 (No IP address listed); Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128 (No IP address listed); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232). The Court directed the Clerk to file these motions under seal pending resolution of their motions for protective orders. The Court denies these motions in the instant Memorandum Opinion, and, as reflected in the Order accompanying this Memorandum Opinion, the Clerk is directed to unseal the ECF docket entries 38-39, 50-55, 67-69, 76-83, 93-95, 102-05, 125-28, 130-132.
     
      
      . Many of the putative defendants state that they seek protective orders pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37. The Court assumes, however, that they seek protective orders under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), and construes their motions accordingly-
     
      
      . See Cedric Johnson, ECF Nos. 14, 60 (IP address listed: 97.91.179.237); Lori Pearl-man, ECF Nos. 34, 58 (IP address listed: 68.62.35.244); Xiangping Xu a.k.a. Kevin Xu, ECF Nos. 35, 56 (IP address listed: 67.170.234.17); Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84 (No IP address listed); Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85 (No IP address listed); Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92 (IP address listed: 98.197.169.162); Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108 (No IP address listed); Jane Doe represented by Emanuel J. Oakes, Jr., Esq., ECF No. 121, (IP address listed: 98.239.170.63); Jasmin Silva, ECF No. 123 (IP address listed: 24.6.177.153); Inna Shkrabak, ECF No. 129 (IP address listed: 24.18.48.58); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232).
     
      
      . Rule 21 does not set forth what constitutes misjoinder, but “it is well-settled that parties are misjoined when the preconditions of permissive joinder set forth in Rule 20(a) have not been satisfied.” Disparte v. Corporate Exec. Bd., 223 F.R.D. 7, 12 (D.D.C.2004) (citation omitted). Courts have also read Rule 21 in conjunction with Rule 42(b), which allows the court to sever claims in order to avoid prejudice to any party. M.K. v. Tenet, 216 F.R.D. 133, 138 (D.D.C.2002); see also Fed. R.Civ.P. 42(b) ("For convenience, to avoid prejudice, or to expedite and economize, the court may order a separate trial of one or more separate issues, claims, crossclaims, counterclaims, or third-party claims.”). In addition to the two requirements of Rule 20(a)(2), courts therefore also consider whether joinder would prejudice any party or result in needless delay. See Lane v. Tschetter, No. 05-1414, 2007 WL 2007493, at *7 (D.D.C. July 10, 2007); Tenet, 216 F.R.D. at 138.
     
      
      . For a more expansive discussion regarding the propriety of joining the putative defendants in this case, see the Court's Memorandum Opinion filed March 22, 2011 addressing amici Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Citizen, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union of the Nation’s Capital's contention that joinder of the putative defendants is inappropriate in this case. Call of the Wild Movie, LLC v. Does 1-1,062, 770 F.Supp.2d 332, 342-45 (D.D.C.2011) (consolidated opinion also addressing motions filed in Maverick Entm’t Grp., Inc. v. Does 2,115, No. 10-cv-569).
     
      
      . See Cedric Johnson, ECF Nos. 14, 60 (IP address listed: 97.91.179.237); Lori Pearl-man, ECF Nos. 34, 58 (IP address listed: 68.62.35.244); Xiangping Xu a.k.a. Kevin Xu, ECF No. 35, 56 (IP address listed: 67.170.234.17); Silvia R. Morgan, ECF No. 38 (No IP address listed); Theresa M. McNiff, ECF No. 39 (No IP address listed); Tyler Edwin Thomas, ECF No. 50 (No IP address listed); Granville Oral Barrett, ECF No. 51 (No IP address listed); Shedrika Power, ECF No. 52 (No IP address listed); Lian Oltean, ECF No. 53 (No IP address listed); Armando Liban, ECF No. 54 (No IP address listed); Nicholas Caruso, ECF No. 55 (No IP address listed); Brian Bunn, ECF No. 67 (No IP address listed); Robert Slade, ECF No. 68 (No IP address listed); Christian Murphy, ECF No. 69 (No IP address listed); Lucyna Kwasniak, ECF No. 76 (No IP address listed); Richard G. Scoza, ECF No. 78 (IP address listed: 69.249.32.138); Janice A. Harmis, ECF No. 79 (No IP address listed); Keith E. Nickoles, ECF No. 80 (No IP address listed); Raymond M. Duran, ECF No. 81 (No IP address listed); Marc Mordechai Mandel, ECF No. 82 (No IP address listed); Shelia A. Torrance, ECF No. 83 (No IP address listed); Daniel & Richard Probinsky, ECF No. 84 (No IP address listed); Antonio Forte, ECF No. 85 (No IP address listed); Mark Benavides, ECF No. 92 (IP address listed: 98.197.169.162); Felix Martinez, ECF No. 93 (No IP address listed); Linda White, ECF No. 94 (No IP address listed); Douglass Edward Oster, ECF No. 95 (No IP address listed); Victoria Kristian, ECF No. 102 (IP address listed: 76.111.164.34); John Doe (IP address listed: 65.96.173.62) and John Doe (IP address listed: 24.128.252.215) represented by Tuna Mecit, Esq., ECF No. 103; Marie Sanchez, ECF No. 104 (IP address listed: 174.51.121.33); Jose Otero, ECF No. 105 (No IP address listed); Darrin Ross, ECF No. 108 (No IP address listed); Jane Doe represented by Emanuel J. Oakes, Jr., Esq., ECF No. 121, (IP address listed: 98.239.170.63); Jasmin Silva, ECF No. 123 (IP address listed: 24.6.177.153); Felicia Martin, ECF No. 125 (No IP address listed); Scott Cassel, ECF No. 126 (IP address listed: 67.161.196.74); Christopher C. Murdock, ECF No. 127 (No IP address listed); Cathy Patterson, ECF No. 128 (No IP address listed); Inna Shkrabak, ECF No. 129 (IP address listed: 24.18.48.58); Kamil Kierski, ECF Nos. 130, 132 (IP address listed: 98.217.10.245); Tom Ni, ECF No. 131 (IP address listed: 71.233.3.232).
     
      
      . The putative defendants argue that the plaintiff should have used freely available tools that extract the geolocation information embedded in each IP address in order to verify the putative defendants' location prior to filing claims in the District of Columbia. While it may behoove the plaintiff to utilize tools to ascertain the general location of the putative defendants prior to filing its case, these lookup tools are not completely accurate and it does not resolve for the Court the question of whether personal jurisdiction would be proper. Ultimately, the Court would still be unable to evaluate properly jurisdictional arguments until the putative defendants are identified and named. See Sony, 326 F.Supp.2d at 567-68 ("Assuming personal jurisdiction were proper to consider at this juncture, the [publicly available IP lookup] techniques suggested by amici, at best, suggest the mere ‘likelihood’ that a number of defendants are located [outside this jurisdiction]. This, however, does not resolve whether personal jurisdiction would be proper.”).
     
      
      . A more expansive discussion regarding the personal jurisdiction issues involved in this case is contained in the Court’s Memorandum Opinion filed March 22, 2011, which addresses amici Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Citizen, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union of the Nation’s Capital's contention that this case should be dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction over the putative defendants. Call of the Wild Movie, LLC v. Does 1-1,062, 770 F.Supp.2d 332, 345-48 (D.D.C.2011) (consolidated opinion also addressing motions filed in Maverick Entm't Grp., Inc. v. Does 2,115, No. 10-cv-569).
     