
    UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Adam LONGORIA, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 16-17645
    United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
    (November 1, 2017)
    
      Michelle Thresher Taylor, Arthur Lee Bentley, III, Shauna S. Hale, Suzanne C. Nebesky, U.S. Attorney’s Office, TAMPA, FL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
    Aliza Bloom, Adam Joseph Nate, Federal Public Defender’s Office, TAMPA, FL, Rosemary Cakmis, Donna Lee Elm, Federal Public Defender’s Office, ORLANDO, FL, for Defendant-Appellant;
    Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
    
      
      . 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
    
   PER CURIAM:

Adam Longoria was convicted of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and was sentenced to fifteen years in prison under an Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) sentence enhancement. This ACCA. sentence enhancement, applicable when a defendant has “three previous convictions ... for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another,” was based upon three previous serious drug-related convictions: two counts of distribution of cocaine and one count of participation in a conspiracy with intent to distribute cocaine.

Longoria appeals his conviction and sentence on four grounds. Three are squarely foreclosed by our precedent. See infra part IV. Longoria’s first issue, whether the District Court erred in determining that he had three predicate offenses that occurred on different occasions under the ACCA is also unavailing. Accordingly, we affirm his conviction and sentence.

I.

In 2009, Longoria was charged with one count of participation in a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine, a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and two counts of distribution of cocaine, a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The indictment charged that the conspiracy occurred from an “unknown date which was no later than December, 2007, through on of about December 10, 2008.” The indictment also charged that the two distribution offenses occurred on November 24, 2008 and December 3,2008.

Longoria pleaded guilty to each of the three counts.. He admitted to. the following facts in his' plea agreement. Longoria, told undercover detectives that his co-defendant, Richard Caraballo, could sell them kilograms of cocaine for $20,000 per kilogram. Undercover detectives contacted Longoria on November 24, 2008, and Lon-goria arranged a meeting between the detectives and Caraballo. The detectives purchased, five and a half grams of cocaine from Caraballo on that date. Longoria and Caraballo met with the detectives again on December 3, -2008, when the detectives purchased thirty-five grams of cocaine. One week later, on December 10, Longoria met with the detectives to verify that they had $20,000 to purchase one kilogram of cocaine from Caraballo before the detectives went to Caraballo’s house. Authorities later discovered 1,142 grams of cocaine at Caraballo’s house.

Longoria was sentenced to thirty-seven months in prison in April 2010. The judgment stated that the distribution offenses ended on November 24 and December 3, 2008, and the conspiracy offense ended on December 10, 2008. Longoria was incarcerated and later left prison under supervised release.

In 2016, Longoria was arrested and charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Longoria pleaded guilty and admitted the following facts. In March 2015, while on supervised release, Longo-ria had arranged via Facebook to sell a rifle to an undercover detective for $300. He told the detective that he was a felon and that his wife would carry out the sale. The detective met with the woman, and she exchanged the rifle with him for $300. Longoria called the detective after the sale to explain that he had been afraid to sell the rifle in person because of his past arrest.

The maximum sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), without a sentence enhancement, is ten years in prison. Longoria’s plea agreement noted this maximum. The Probation Office, however, later indicated that Longoria qualified as an armed career criminal under the ACCA and was subject to a fifteen-year statutory minimum sentence. After this discovery, the District Court gave Longoria the opportunity to withdraw his plea. He declined. The District Court then examined Longoria’s 2009 plea agreement and the transcript of the change-of-plea hearing, and, relying upon the three counts relating to the incidents of November 24, December 3, and December 10, 2008, determined that the “three previous convictions” constituted “serious drug offense[s] ... committed on occasions different from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Consequently, the District Court sentenced Longoria to fifteen years in prison.

Longoria appeals his conviction and sentence on four grounds. First, he claims that the District Court erred by finding that his three predicate offenses occurred on “occasions different from one another” to qualify for a sentence enhancement under the ACCA. Second, he claims the District Court improperly considered “non-elemental facts,” the dates of his prior convictions, in determining that they qualified as serious drag offenses that occurred on different occasions under the ACCA. Third, he claims that his sentence enhancement violated his rights under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments ,to the United States Constitution. Fourth, he raises a new argument that his statute of conviction, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), is beyond Congress’s grant of power under the United States Constitution’s Commerce Clause and is therefore unconstitutional.

II.

This Court reviews de novo whether prior offenses meet the ACCA’s different-occasions requirement. United States v. Sneed, 600 F.3d 1326, 1330 n.5 (11th Cir. 2010). We also review de novo whether a prior conviction qualifies as a serious drug offense for purposes of the ACCA. United States v. Braun, 801 F.3d 1301, 1303 (11th Cir. 2015). Constitutional challenges to sentences are reviewed de novo. United States v. Weeks, 711 F.3d 1255, 1259 (11th Cir. 2013). Longoria’s second constitutional claim, a Commerce Clause challenge to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), is reviewed for plain error because he raises it for the first time on appeal. United States v. Wright, 607 F.3d 708, 715 (11th Cir. 2010). Plain error occurs “if (1) there was error, (2) that was plain, (3) that affected the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affected the ‘fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Jones, 289 F.3d 1260, 1265 (11th Cir. 2002)).

III.

Under the ACCA, a defendant found guilty of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is subject to a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years’ imprisonment if he has three prior convictions for a violent felony or serious drug’ offense “committed on occasions different from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). To determine the nature of a prior conviction, a court “is generally limited to examining the statutory definition [of the offense of the prior conviction], charging document, written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.” Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16, 125 S.Ct. 1254, 1257, 161 L.Ed.2d 205 (2005). The existence of both “prior convictions and the factual nature of those convictions, including whether they were committed on different occasions,” may be determined by district courts “so long as they limit themselves to Shepard-approved documents.” Weeks, 711 F.3d at 1259.

To qualify under § 924(e)(1), prior convictions must have arisen from “separate and distinct criminal episode[s]” and be for “crimes that are temporally distinct.” Sneed, 600 F.3d at 1329 (quotations omitted). When evaluating whether crimes were committed on different occasions, we have held that “so long as predicate crimes are successive rather than simultaneous, they constitute separate criminal episodes for purposes of the ACCA.” United States v. Pope, 132 F.3d 684, 692 (11th Cir. 1998).

This Court has yet to address the resolution of the ACCA’s different-occasions inquiry when a substantive drug distribution offense occurs within the span of a conspiracy to distribute that drug. We have, however, addressed an analogous issue under a similar statutory scheme. In United States v. Rice, 43 F.3d 601 (11th Cir. 1995), we affirmed a sentence enhancement under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) for substantive drug. offenses that overlapped with a conspiracy. We held that crimes which “occur on different occasions or are otherwise distinct in time” may :be used as predicate offenses, and we determined that acts constituting substantive drug offenses and conspiracies which are “separate in time and locale and ... require] separate planning and execution” are sufficiently unrelated for § 841(b)(1)(A) enhancement purposes. Id. at 608. We later determined a substantive drug offense that occurred within a conspiracy was sufficiently unrelated under this statute, even if it “may have resulted from criminal conduct in furtherance of one overall conspiracy.” United States v. Hansley, 54 F.3d 709, 717 (11th Cir. 1995).

The present substantive-conspiracy different-occasions question under the ACCA has been answered elsewhere. The Eighth Circuit addressed it in United States v. Melbie, 751 F.3d 586 (8th Cir. 2014). In Melbie, the Eighth Circuit concluded that a possession offense that occurred “during the period of the conspiracy and was related to the object of the conspiracy” was a “discrete episode in a series of events.” Id. at 587. As such, the possession offense and conspiracy offense occurred on different occasions for ACCA purposes. Id.

We agree with the Eighth Circuit in Melbie, and with our rationale under.-a similar statute in Rice and Hansley, that a drug conspiracy and a substantive drug offense occurring within its span may have been “committed on occasions different from one another” under the ACCA. Here, the facts of Longoria’s case make this determination simple. Longoria’s three predicate crimes are temporally distinct. His two distribution offenses occurred at clear and obvious points in time separated by nine days—November 24, 2008 and December 3, 2Q08—and were discrete episodes in the series of events constituting his participation in the drug conspiracy.

The conspiracy offense is no less clearly defined' for ACCA purposes. The District Court consulted .Shepard-approved documents to determine the conspiracy concluded December 10, 2008, a full week after Longoria’s second distribution offense. There is no question that Longoria “had the opportunity to desist but chose instead to commit another crime” during the seven days between selling thirty-five grams of cocaine and consummating his conspiracy to sell one kilogram of cocaine. United States v. Proch, 637 F.3d 1262, 1266 (11th Cir. 2011). Because Longoria’s predicate crimes were “successive rather than simultaneous,” they constitute “separate criminal episodes” under the ACCA. Pope, 132 F.3d at 692. Accordingly, the District Court did not err in determining that Longoria’s two convictions for distribution of cocaine and one conviction for participation in a conspiracy with intent to distribute cocaine qualified as predicate offenses for a sentence enhancement under the ACCA.,

IV.

Longoria’s three remaining arguments—that the District Court erred in looking at the dates of his prior convictions because they were “non-elemental facts,” that his sentence enhancement violates his Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights, and that his statute of conviction is unconstitutional—are directly foreclosed by'Eleventh Circuit and Supreme Court precedent. As such, they require little discussion.

A.

Longoria argues that the District Court should not have looked at “non-elemental facts,” the dates of his prior convictions, in Shepard-approved documents when deciding whether his predicate offenses were committed on different occasions. This argument is directly foreclosed by our precedent. We held directly to the contrary in United States v. Weeks, 711 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2013). In Weeks, we explained that “for ACCA purposes, district courts may determine both the existence of prior convictions and the factual nature of those convictions, including whether they ivere committed on different occasions, so long as they limit themselves to Shepard-approved documents.” Id. at 1259 (emphasis added). That is precisely what occurred here. Because Longoria’s claim is in direct opposition to Weeks, it must fail.

B.

Longoria’s claim that his Fifth and Sixth Amendment’rights were violated by, the District Court determining his convictions occurred on different occasions is unavailing due to Eleventh Circuit and Supreme Court precedent. We held in Weeks that district courts are permitted to determine “the factual nature” of the convictions, “including whether they were committed on different occasions.” Id. The Supreme Court, meanwhile, , has held that “a penalty provision, which simply authorizes, a court to increase the,sentence for a recidivist,” need not be alleged by the government in its indictment. Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 226-27, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 1222, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998) (interpreting 8 U.S.C. § 1326). Longoria’s arguments on this point cannot succeed.

a

Longoria’s Commerce Clause challenge to § 922(g) is. without merit. We have clearly held that § 922(g) is constitutional under the Commerce Clause. United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387, 391 (11th Cir. 1996) (‘We hold that § 922(g)(1) is not an unconstitutional exercise of Congress’s power under the Commerce Clause.... ”). Therefore, his argument is foreclosed at this stage. See Sneed, 600 F.3d at 1332 (describing “the strength” of this Court’s prior precedent rule). Longoria has not shown the District Court committed error, let alone plain error, on this issue.

V.

The District Court did not err in determining that Longoria had three ACCA predicate convictions that were “committed on occasions different from one- another.” 18. U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Longoria’s guilty plea .to three serious drug offenses relating to the events of November 24, December 3» and December 10, 2008—all separated by one week or more—constituted . sufficient temporal distinctness under the ACCA. All of Longoria’s, remaining arguments also fail. Accordingly, we affirm the District Court’s judgment and uphold Longoria’s conviction and sentence.

AFFIRMED. 
      
      . Id. § 924(e)(1).
     
      
      . Id.
      
     
      
      . 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). .
     
      
      . Id. § 846.
     
      
      . Longoria confirmed that this version of facts was correct at his change-of-plea hearing.
     
      
      . Longoria also confirmed that this version of facts was correct at his change-of-plea hearing.
     
      
      . The woman who met with the detective to consummate the sale, Crystal Arjona, was actually Longoria's girlfriend.
     
      
      . Longoria argues that the District Court’s use of the words "transaction” and “sale” in reference to the December 10, 2008 incident constitutes error because sale is not an element of conspiracy. The District Court’s language, while imprecise, does not constitute error here. Longoria’s sentence was enhanced because his two distribution convictions and one conspiracy conviction constituted the necessary three serious drug offense predicates.
     
      
      .Longoria was sentenced to an additional twenty-one months, to run concurrently with the fifteen-year sentence, because this crime was a violation of the terms of his supervised release in the 2009 case.
     
      
      . Appellee argues that part of this argument is unpreserved and thus should be reviewed only for plain error. But the arguments below relating to this issue are messily interwoven and at least some appear to have been properly preserved. Here, under a de novo review standard, we affirm on this issue. Therefore, we would also affirm under a plain error standard and need not reach the question of which standard of review should apply to each issue and sub-issue in this argument.
     
      
      . Although this Court has not spoken directly to this issue to date, it has been argued here before. In United States v. Bargeron, 435 Fed.Appx. 892 (11th Cir. 2011) (per curiam), we avoided the question of whether one federal drug conspiracy offense and two Florida drug trafficking offenses satisfied the different-occasions inquiry by determining that “even if the district court erred by concluding that Bargeron’s conspiracy conviction qualified as a third predicate ACCA conviction, any such error was harmless” because the necessary three predicate convictions existed in that case with or without the conspiracy. Id. at 894.
     