
    Wetter et al. vs. The United Hydraulic Cotton Press Company.
    [Jackson, C. J., being disqualified, Judge Marshall J. Clarke, of the Atlanta. Circuit, presided in his stead.]
    1. A will contained the following items:
    “ First—It is my will that my infant daughter, Sarah Alberta Addison Alexina Telfair Cobb, should she live to attain the age of twenty-one years, become then the absolute owner of all the estate, real, personal and mixed, including dioses in action, to which I have a lawful title, to have and to hold the same, and her heirs forever. In the meantime, I give to my executors herein named the custody and control of all said estate for the use and benefit of my said daughter.
    “Second—It is further my will that, if my said daughter should depart this life leaving no issue or lineal heirs, that the whole of the estate herein bequeathed should go and belong to my mother and my sister, as tenants in common, and their heirs forever, and should they two be survived by my said daughter, and she, my said daughter, subsequently die without issue as aforesaid, then living, then it is my will that the whole of my estate vest in and belong to my own next of kin then living and their heirs forever. , '
    “Third—I hereby appoint my mother executrix and Robert Haber-sham, Esq., of Savannah, executor of this my last will, authorizing them to assume and exercise the necessary and lawful trust herein prescribed in regard to the custody of my said estate, and at their discretion to sell the same or any part thereof and to vest the proceeds of sale in any safe and good yielding stock, to transfer the same to my said daughter at the time above specified, or to my mother and sister, or other heirs, at any time after my daughter’s death without issue or lineal heirs then living
    
      Held, that the will created an estate for life in the daughter of the testatrix, with remainder to her children or lineal heirs, or in default of such issue or lineal heirs, to the other beneficiaries named; it did not invest the daughter with the fee, at her majority, determinable upon her dying without issue.
    (a.) The cardinal rale in construing a will is to seek diligently for the intention of the testator, regardless of technical rules, and when such intention is ascertained, to allow it full operation, provided it does not contravene any law or public policy.
    2. The effect of the marriage settlement in thi$ case is not an open question.
    February 19, 1886.
    
      Wills. Title. Estates. Bes Adjudicata. Marriage Settlements. Before Judge Adams. .Chatham Superior Court. June Term, 1885.
    Reported in the decision.
    Richards & Heyward ; T. M. Norwood ; Lester & Ravenel; J. A. Oronk, for plaintiffs in error.
    Denmark &' Adams ; Chisholm & Erwin, for defendant.
   Clarke, Judge.

This is an action of ejectment in the usual form, brought by Edward T. Wetter, Louisa A. Gould, formerly Louisa A. Wetter, and Louis Knorr, as administrator upon the estate of Conrad and Meta Wetter, deceased, against the United Hydraulic Cotton Compress Company, to recover a wharf lot in Savannah, known as number fourteen. The following is a statement of the facts upon which the plaintiffs rely to establish their title: The said Edward T., Louisa A., Conrad and Meta Wetter were the only children of Augustus P. and Sarah Alberta Wetter. The last named was the daughter of Mary E. Cobb, and was born April 5, 1834. While a minor, she married Charles S. Arnold, and had a marriage settlement with him. This settlement is dated June 1, 1848, and recites.that she was entitled at the time of her marriage to an undivided three-sixteenths interest in the said wharf lot, which was inherited by her from her deceased aunt, Margaret L. Telfair, and that she was also entitled to an undivided six-sixteenths interest in said wharf lot, as devised to her by her deceased mother, Mary E. Cobb, subject to the limitations and conditions contained in the will of the said Mary E. Cobb. The uses and trusts declared and set forth in said marriage settlement are in the following language:

“ In trust to and for the sole and separate use, benefit and behoof of the said Sarah Alberta, not subject to the debts of her said husband, Charles S. Arnold, for and during the term of her natural life, and from and immediately after her death, then in further trust to and for the use, benefit and behoof of the said Charles P. Arnold, for and during the term of his natural life, should he survive her, the said Sarah Alberta; and from and immediately after the death of such survivor, then to such child or children of the said Sarah Alberta as she may leave living at the time of her death, share and share alike, if more than one, the children of any deceased child to represent such deceased child, to them and their heirs forever. But in case there should be no such child, then subject to disposition by last will and testament of the said Sarah Alberta.”

Edward. Padelford was named in said settlement as trustee for Mrs. Arnold. . . . Mary E. Cobb’s will was probated on December 7th, 1839, and reads as follows:

“The last will and testament of Mary Eliza Cobb, in the name of God, amen. Knowing that it is the destiny of all to die, and being myself much enfeebled by disease, but of sound mind and memory, I make and publish this my last will and testament:
“ First—It is my will that my infant daughter, Sarah Alberta Addison Alexina Telfair Cobb, should she live to attain the age of twenty-one years, become then the absolute owner of all the estate, real, personal and mixed, including choses in action, to which I have a lawful title, to have and to hold tho same, and her heirs forever. In the meantime, I give to my executors herein named the custody and control of all said estate for the use and benefit of my said daughter.
“ Second—It is further my will, that if my said daughter should depart this life leaving no issue or lineal heirs, that the whole of the estate herein bequeathed should go and belong to my mother and my sister, as tenants in common, and their heirs forever, and should they two be survived by my said daughter, and she, my said daughter, subsequently die without issue as aforesaid then living, then it is my will that the whole of my estate vest in and belong to my own next of kin then living and their heirs forever.
“Third—I hereby appoint my mother executrix and Robert Hab-. ersham, Esq., of Savannah, executor of this my last will, authorizing them to assume and exercise the necessary and lawful trust herein prescribed in regard to the custody of my said estate, and at their discretion to sell the same, or any part thereof, and to vest the proceeds of sale in any safe and good yielding stock, to transfer tho same to my said daughter at the time above specified, or to my mother and sister, or other heirs, at any time after my daughter’s death without issue or lineal heirs then living.
“In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed my seal this 7th day of September, 1839.”

The three-sixteenths of wharf lot No. 14, mentioned in the said marriage settlement, was received and receipted for by Edward Padelford, trustee, on June 12th; 1848. He received the same through the hands of Robert Habersham, agent of Mrs. Margaret Telfair, administratrix of the estate of Margaret L. Telfair. The same receipt was also signed by Charles S. Arnold and Sarah Alberta Arnold. The six-sixteenths of wharf lot No. 14 was never received by said trustee, but the same remained in the hands of Robert Habersham, as executor of said will of Mrs. Mary E. Cobb.

There were no children of the Arnold marriage, and it was dissolved by a divorce a vinculo matrimonii on January 21, 1856. In April, 1857, and after Mr. Arnold had died, Mrs; Arnold was married to the said Augustus P. Wetter. The said Edward T. Wetter was bom in 1858, Conrad in 1859, Meta in 1860 and Alberta (Mrs. Gould) in 1865. Mrs. Wetter died on July 27, 1866. Conrad Wetter died in June, 1874, and Meta in 1878. Augustus P. Wetter died intestate in 1882. The demises are laid in his four children above named, and are dated August 1, 1866.

At the close of the evidence, which exhibited the state of facts above recited, the defendant moved for a non-suit, and the motion was sustained. The case comes to this court upon an exception to this judgment.

■ 1. In passing upon the alleged error in the judgment complained of, this court must determine what rights the plaintiffs acquired by the will of Mrs. Cobb and the marriage settlement before mentioned. We will undertake first to ascertain what these rights are under the will. Two theories as to its meaning have been proposed. It is insisted on the part of the defendant that the testatrix’s purpose was to invest her daughter, Sarah Alberta, upon her attaining Ihe age of twenty-one, with a fee in the whole property of testatrix, which fee should be determinable upon such daughter’s dying without issue. Assuming this construction to be proper, the defendant argues that, as she attained the prescribed age, the fee became hers, subject to the condition named, and that, upon her marriage with Wetter, he, by virtue thereof, became the owner, on like condition, of the property in question. Of course, if this view is correct, the non-suit was a logical necessity, Mrs. Wetter having left issue at her death. The plaintiffs, on the other hand, maintain that the effect of the will is to give a life estate in the testatrix’s property to her said daughter and a remainder to her children, and that, as the mother was dead when the suit was commenced, their right to the property was then perfect.

We think the latter construction the true one. By positive enactment in this state, as well as on the soundest reasoning, the rule in construing a will is to “ seek diligently for the intention of the testator, regardless of technical rules, and when such intention is ascertained, to allow it full operation, provided it does not contravene any law or public policy.” Code, §§2456, 2248. Blackstone says, “ that a devise must be most favorably expounded to pursue, if possible, the will of the devisor, who for want of advice may have omitted the legal or proper phrases; and, therefore, many times the law dispenses with the want of words in devises that are absolutely requisite in all other instruments.” Black., Book II., 381. Any other doctrine would plainly ignore the nature of a will, and would substitute for the testator’s desire as to the disposition of his property the judgment of a court. It would be equivalent to adjudging that the testator should have a will only in semblance. It would be especially unjust to apply technical rules to an instrument manifestly drawn without reference to them. The will of Mrs. Oobb is a paper of this character.

What, then, did Mrs. Oobb intend in respect to the property given her daughter? It is agreed on all hands that the difficulty in discovering her intention grows out of the second and third items of the will. If the first stood alone, there could be no difference of opinion. In that event, lier daughter, on becoming twenty-one years old, would be entitled to the whole property of the testatrix, and would have in it the highest and greatest estate possible. Till she reached that age, her interest would be that of the sole beneficiary in ■ a property held in trust for her by others. The second item, however, qualifies, in a most important manner, the interest conveyed by the first. At this point, the mind of the testratrix looks beyond her daughter. Several views present themselves. The first, it seems to us, includes the children of the testatrix’s daughter, and this is as might naturally be supposed. The daughter herself is the first and, perhaps, the chief object of her bounty, and next to her they come. They are not mentioned, however, in direct terms as beneficiaries. Nothing,.indeed, is expressly said as to what effect their existence is to have on the course of the property. The language of this item is, “ that if my said daughter should depart this life, leaving no issue or lineal heirs, that the whole of the estate herein bequeathed shall go and belong to my mother and sister, as tenants in common,” etc. The contingency, and the only contingency, on which other persons, in the one case, the mother and sister, and in the other, the next of kin to testatrix, can take is the death of the daughter “ without issue or lineal .heirs.” If the daughter should die with such “ issue or lineal heirs” surviving her, these other devisees named can get nothing. The inference or implication seems to us plainly to be, that if there were such issue lineal or heirs left by the daughter, the property should go to them. If, after the will had been read over to the testatrix, any one had asked Mrs. Cobb what she intended in case there were grandchildren, can there be a doubt about what she would have answered ? Would she not have responded at once,C1 Why, of course, they are to have the property. Do you not perceive that I provide for others only in the event of Alberta’s having no children ?”

If the children do take, the only estate they can have, consistently with the provision made for the daughter, is a remainder. The construction which we place upon the will, therefore, is, that it invests Mrs. Wetter with a life estate, and the children with an estate in remainder. Upon Mrs. Wetter’s death, a right accrued to them to recover the property in question, so far as covered by the will.

The view we take appears to us not only to be the natural effect of the language employed by the testatrix, but to be in accord with the interpretation usually placed upon such language by the courts. In Burton vs. Black, this court says that “ the cases which have caused such difficulty and conflict of decisions are those where tho persons intended' to take the.property are tobe ascertained,not by designation in the conveyance, but by inference. This inference is generally associated with a limitation over, the inference itself being that those are intended to take the property who are designated to prevent its going over.” 30 Ga., 638. Mr. Jarman, in discussing the doctrine of estates by implication in a will, uses this language: “ In the application of this principle, one chief topic of controversy has been, how far a devise to any person, in the event of the nonexistence, or on the decease of another, indicates an intention to make the last-named person a prior object of the testator’s bounty. In such cases, it is probable that the person whose non-existence is made the contingency on which the devise over is to fall into possession, is placed in this position for the purpose of taking the property in the first instance; and this probability is, of course, greatly strengthened if the devisee is the person on whom the law, in the absence of disposition, would cast the property.” Jarman on Wills, 465.

This construction is likewise in consonance with the 'disposition manifested by the. testatrix in reference to her estate. She evidently entertained a very earnest desire as to what should become of it. She not only provides for its disposal in one contingency, but covers what appear to her all the contingencies. Her daughter has the first share in her solicitude, but does not engross it. If she dies without surviving issue, and leaves, the mother and sister of testatrix alive, they are to take. If they die before the daughter, and she leaves no “ issue or lineal heirs,” then the estate goes to the next of kin of testatrix. No one can fail to perceive in this that it was a matter of profoundest concern to the testatrix who should succeed to her estate! Our interpretation of the will harmonizes with this notion, while the one insisted upon by the defendant in error is not in accord with it. If, as it urges, the whole estate vested in the daughter at twenty-one, subject to be determined upon her failure to leave issue, and she did reach that age, then'by virtue of her marriage it passed immediately into her hu sband, and upon her dying with children surviving her, became his, free from all contingency whatever. Being thus his, it must be subject to the possible perils of improvidence, bad judgment, second marriage, or whatev er else, on his part, might prevent these children from enjoying it. Would a woman, so thoughtful and sagacious, and so solicitous to direct the course of her property, have exposed her grandchildren to such hazards ?

Again, this construction gives to the estate such direction as natural affection, particularly the affection of a woman, would suggest. This woman loves her own blood. Though a number of possibilities are contemplated by her as to the disposition of her estate, none of these possibilities lie outside of her own blood.

In the language of the elaborate, and able brief of Mr. Cronk, “To say that the testator, in all such cases, only names the issue for the purpose of raising a benefit to his distant relations, is opposed to the popular sense and one’s natural feelings. As Chancellor Waties said, in Carr vs. Green, 2 McCord’s Rep., pp. 92-3, Can it be seriously believed that this was all that the testator had in view? Would he beso provident in preserving his whole estate for his distant relations on the failure of issue, and yet leave the issue dependent on their fath er, who, from caprice or partiality, might give the whole' to a wife or a favorite child, or who, from misfortune or waste, might have nothing left to give?’ . . The-testator ‘expressly provides that the whole of his estate shall be preserved for his distant relations, if there should be no issue. Must he not, then, have intended that the whole should be preserved for the issue, if there were any, who would be his own descendants ? Both nature and reason call for this presumption, and in order to carry it into effect, we must construe the will to give an estate, by necessary implication, to the first taker for life only, and the remainder to the issue as purchasers.’ ”

The admirable opinion of the learned judge of the Eastern Circuit rests largely upon the reasoning of Mr. Justice Stephens in Burton vs. Black. It is sufficient, perhaps, to say that the will in that case was different in its terms from the one now under consideration, and that, as a positive authority, that decision does not extend beyond the facts on which it is based. 37 Ga., 445. As Judge Adams himself remarks, “precedents are of little valué in determining questions of this kind.” In the 72 Ga., this court says that “ every will is a thing to itself. It is emphatically not only sui juris, but sui generis. Its terms are its own law, and the application of that law, by construction of itself—of the statute which the testator himself enacted to the contestants for its bounty, is the plain duty of the court.” 72 Ga., 856, 857.

2. The effect of the Arnold marriage settlement is not an open question in this court. Knorr, adm'r of Wetter, vs. Raymond et al., 73 Ga., 749.

Judgment reversed.  