
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellant v. Kyle JORDAN, Appellee.
    Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued March 24, 2015.
    Filed Sept. 22, 2015.
    
      Jonathan M. Levy, Assistant District Attorney, Philadelphia, for Commonwealth, appellant.
    Gary S. Server, Philadelphia, for appel-lee.
    BEFORE: BOWES| DONOHUE, SHO.GAN, LAZARUS, MUNDY, OLSON, WECHT,'STABILE, JENKINS, JJ.
    
      
      . Police specifically declined to identify any Cl as either male or female. We utilize the male pronoun throughout the adjudication to refer to a Cl solely for purposes of simplifying the narrative.
    
   OPINION BY

BOWES, J.:

The Commonwealth appeals from the September 1, 2011 order precluding it from presenting evidence adduced as the result of the execution of a search warrant. The order was entered as a sanction due to the Commonwealth’s failure to reveal the identity of a confidential informant used during a controlled-buy. We conclude that the trial court erred in ordering the Commonwealth to reveal the identity of the confidential informant once the Commonwealth entered a stipulation that the defense could introduce into evidence what the confidential informant reported to police and agreed not to rely upon the controlled-buy in support of its pending charge of delivery of a controlled substance. We also conclude that the sanction awarded herein was improper. We therefore reverse.

The pertinent facts are as follows. On September 7, 2010, Philadelphia Police Officer Gary Francis utilized confidential informant number 01241 (“CI-1”) to conduct a narcotics investigation at the 2700 block of North Judson Way, Philadelphia. Officer Francis had used CI-1 in drug trafficking investigations on more than ten prior occasions, and in each instance, the collaboration led to the seizure of narcotics' as well as arrests. Officer Francis met with CI-1 and, after performing the controlled-buy protocol, followed him to the 2700 block of Judson Way sometime between 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. Officer Francis observed CI-1 speak briefly with Appellee, enter a row house at 2737 Judson Way with Appellee, and exit that location shortly thereafter. Officer Francis then followed CI-1 away from the view of the 2700 block, and CI-1 handed Philadelphia Police Officer Matthew Beattie two packets of crack cocaine in Officer Francis’s presence. After Officers Francis and Beattie entered a vehicle, Officer Francis drove to the 2700 block of Judson Way, where Appellee was still standing. Appel-lee was identified as being involved in the September 7, 2010 controlled-buy so that Officer Beattie would be familiar with him. N.T. Motion, 7/19/11, at 31.

At 2:10 p.m. on September 8, 2010, Officer Beattie, who had also worked with CI-1 in successful drug interdictions, met with that CL After utilizing the controlled-buy procedure, Officer Beattie observed CI-1 meet with Appellee, who again was standing on the 2700 block of Judson Way. Appellee and CI-1 briefly spoke, and Ap-pellee entered 2737 Judson Way for about one minute while CI-1 waited outside. Appellee then returned to the CI-1, CI-1 handed Appellee money, and, in return, Appellee gaye CI-1 “small items.” Id. at 28. The CI-1 gave the items, which were packets of crack cocaine, to police.

On September. 10, 2010, Police Officer Bradford Mitchell met with confidential informant number 01079 (“CI-2”). CI-2 had aided Officer Mitchell in twenty to twenty-five prior drug investigations, all of which had led to the recovery of narcotics and arrests, and he was still being used as a Cl. Id. at 59. After following the controlled-buy mandates, Officer Mitchell gave CI-2 twenty dollars in buy money and followed him to the 2700 block of Judson Way. Officer Mitchell observed CI-2 engage Appellee as well as a man named James Lofton in a brief conversation, and he saw all three people enter 2737 Judson Way. Within two minutes, CI-2 exited the building and gave Officer Mitchell two pieces of crack cocaine. At that time, CI-2 informed Officer Mitchell that, inside 2737 Judson Way, CI-2 handed Lofton the buy money, Lofton obtained the crack .cocaine from underneath a couch, and Lofton handed CI-2 the drug.

Later that same day, on September 10, 2010, police obtained a search warrant for 2737 Judson Way. When the warrant was executed, Appellee and Lofton were present. Incriminatory items were recovered from both Appellee and Lofton. Additionally, Appellee and Lofton engaged in certain actions in the presence of the officers, and those activities evidenced a conspiracy between them to distribute narcotics.

Appellee was charged with 1) one count of delivery of a controlled substance based upon actions that occurred between September 7, 2010, and September 10, 2010; 2) one count of conspiracy based upon actions that occurred between September 7, 2010, and September 10, 2010; and 3) one count of possession of a controlled substance by an unregistered person based upon actions that occurred between September 7, 2010, and September 10, 2010. Appellee thereafter filed a motion to reveal the identities of the two CIs used in connection with the investigation.

A hearing was held on the motion on July 19, 2011, where the above-delineated specifics were adduced. Additionally, Officer Francis testified that" CI-1 lived in the community, had knowledge of the drag trade therein, and was still “in use” in drug investigations. N.T. Motion, 7/19/11, at 13-14. Officer Francis reported that, if the identity of CI-1 was revealed, there might be retaliation, “physical harm being brought to that person or [his] family who are also of this particular community,” and the harm could include “[pjhysical, verbal, mental, property damage[.]” Id. at 12-13, 15. Officer Mitchell testified that CI-2 frequented the area where the drug purchases occurred and had “family in that area.” Id. at 43. Officer Mitchell observed that, if the identity of CI-2 was disclosed, “[s]ome form of bodily injury may happen to this Cl or the Cl’s family.” Id. at 43-44.

After hearing this evidence, the trial court denied the request to reveal CI-l’s name, but granted the motion to reveal the identity of CI-2. The court observed that Officer Mitchell indicated that, after the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy conducted inside the row house, CI-2 told Officer Mitchell that Lofton was the individual who sold him the crack cocaine. The court ruled, “Based upon the testimony of Officer Mitchell in this Cl motion, this Court feels that it is necessary for the identity of CI-2 to be revealed as he is the only individual who can provide that information and it would not be hearsay testimony. ...” Id. at 75.

As soon as the court issued the ruling requiring the-revelation of CI-2’s identity, the Commonwealth amended the delivery charge so that it was no longer premised upon the controlled-buy conducted on September 10, 2010. Id. at 76. Additionally, the Commonwealth agreed to stipulate at the scheduled trial that CI-2 told Officer Mitchell that, inside 2737 Judson Way on September 10, 2010, CI-2 gave the buy money to Lofton, Lofton reached inside the couch for the crack cocaine, and Lofton handed the crack cocaine to CI-2. Id. at 79.

The trial court then asked the Commonwealth how it could proceed on the conspiracy charge given that Appellee was the only person who was involved in the September 7th and September 8th controlled-buys. The Commonwealth delineated that it could predicate proof of a conspiracy on what was viewed and recovered during the execution of the search warrant.

The district attorney explained, “I would still keep the conspiracy charge based on what was found on [Lofton] that would be testified to.” Id at 77. She continued that the officers who executed the search warrant “will testify as to who was in the house and all the items recovered in the house and on the persons in the house which would be relevant to the conspiracy charge.” Id. The prosecutor informed the trial court that both Appellee and Lofton were in the house when the warrant was executed on September 10th. Additionally, “Items were recovered from Mr. Lofton that are also relevant to the case in chief as the whole. So the items found in the house as well as the items found on Mr. Lofton and the behavior of [Appellee and Lofton], which will come out at trial, are all relevant” to the conspiracy charge. Id. The district attorney concluded that she could gó forward as to the conspiracy charge “based on what was seen in the house during the search warrant day, what was recovered, [and] what the officers observed the defendants doing.” Id. ;'at 79.

The trial court refused to revise its earlier determination that the identity of CI-2 had to be revealed, and, after the Commonwealth failed to comply with that directive, the trial court issued an order on September 1, 2011. It ruled that, as a sanction for the Commonwealth’s violation of the July 19, 2011 order to reveal CI-2’s identity, the Commonwealth was precluded from presenting any evidence obtained on September 10, 2010, which included Officer Mitchell’s observations on September 10, 2010, as well as items seized and observations made during the execution of the search warrant. ■

The Commonwealth filed the present appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 311(d), which is set forth infra, since the September 1, 2011 order precluded the Commonwealth from introducing evidence at trial. A panel-of this Court affirmed the trial court’s decision. En bane review was granted, and the matter -is now ready for disposition. On appeal, the Commonwealth contends:

Did the lower court err in suppressing evidence as a sanction for the Commonwealth’s refusal- to disclose the identity of a confidential informant where the informant was not a prosecution trial witness, and would have been put in danger by disclosure; defendant failed to make a threshold showing that the identity of the informant was material, reasonable, and necessary for the preparation of a planned defense; and the refusal had no reasonable connection with the court’s sanction of eliminating all Commonwealth evidence pertaining to the third day of surveillance?

Commonwealth’s brief at 2.

The Commonwealth first maintains that the trial court’s decision requiring disclosure of the identity of CI-2 was improper. As a preliminary procedural matter, we address whether we can review the propriety of the order requiring disclosure since the Commonwealth did not appeal that order and instead appealed from the order suppressing evidence based on its violation of that order. , ,

We first discuss the impact of our Supreme Court’s pronouncement in Commonwealth v. Shearer, 584 Pa. 134, 882 A.2d 462 (2005). In Shearer, the Commonwealth appealed a trial court order that required the minor victim of a sexual assault to submit to a psychiatric examination. The order was entered to aid the trial court in determining the minor’s competency to testify. We quashed the appeal as interlocutory, and our Supreme Court reversed.

The Commonwealth argued to the Supreme Court that there were two bases for finding appellate jurisdiction. - Pertinent herein was the Commonwealth’s invocation of Pa.R.A.P. 311, which outlines when interlocutory orders are appealable as of right, and, in particular, subsection (d), which provides: “In a criminal case, under the circumstances provided by law, the Commonwealth may take an appeal as of right from an order that does not end the entire case where the Commonwealth certifies in the notice of appeal that the order will terminate or substantially handicap the prosecution.” Pa.R.A.P. 311(d).

Our Supreme Court ruled that the order mandating the victim to undergo testing was not appealable under Pa.R.A.P. 311(d). It observed that, in,the context of trial court orders resolving questions regarding the admissibility of evidence, Pa.R,A.P. 311(d) is applicable only when the order in question suppresses, precludes,, or excludes some evidence that the Commonwealth seeks to introduce at trial. See Commonwealth v. Cosnek, 575 Pa. 411, 836 A.2d 871, 877 (2003) (holding that Pa. R.A.P. 311(d) did not accord the Commonwealth the right to appeal a pretrial ruling that denied its request that the defense be prevented from presenting certain evidence because, in the context of a suppression ruling, Pa.R.A.P. 311(d) applies only when “a pretrial ruling results in the suppression, preclusion or exclusion of Commonwealth evidence”).

The Commonwealth maintained in Shearer that the order requiring a psychological examination had the effect of hindering its ability to present evidence and meeting its burden of proof since the order might deter the victim from testifying. Our Supreme Court rejected the position that the Commonwealth is allowed to appeal any pretrial order that could potentially affect its ability to meet its burden of proof. It reaffirmed that an order, to be immediately appealable, had to actually suppress, preclude, or exclude the introduction of Commonwealth proof. Our Supreme Court exercised jurisdiction in the Shearer case under the collateral order doctrine.

As applied herein, Shearer mandates characterization of the pretrial order requiring disclosure of CI-2’s identity as interlocutory and not appealable as of right. Accord Commonwealth v. Jackson, 409 Pa.Super. 568, 598 A.2d 568 (1991) (limiting the Commonwealth’s appeal to permissive interlocutory review pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 1311 of an order requiring it to reveal identity of a confidential informant).

On the other hand, under Shearer, the trial court’s sanction order, which precluded the Commonwealth from introducing evidence seized with the warrant, is appealable under Pa.R.A.P. 311(d). Since the Commonwealth properly appealed from the order entering sanctions, it now can challenge the prior interlocutory order mandating that it disclose the identity of CI-2. Jackson, supra; Commonwealth v. Redmond, 395 Pa.Super. 286, 577 A.2d 547 (1990). Jackson and Redmond are on point.

In Jackson, the trial court ordered the Commonwealth to reveal the identity of a confidential informant whose information was used to support the issuance of a warrant. After the Commonwealth violated that order, the trial court sanctioned the Commonwealth by discharging the defendant. The sanction order was appealed by the Commonwealth. The defendant maintained that the propriety of the discovery order could not be reviewed on appeal since the Commonwealth had not appealed it. We disagreed.

We noted that the order mandating disclosure was interlocutory and held that the Commonwealth was not obliged to seek permissive interlocutory review of its propriety. We further ruled that we could review the merits of the prior interlocutory order requiring disclosure of the unnamed informant once an appeal was properly filed from an order that was appealable, ie., the sanction order dismissing the charges filed against the defendant. We reasoned that, in order to determine whether the sanction order was correct, “the merits of’ the previous order mandating disclosure of the Cl’s identity “inescapably requires our review.” Id. at 572, 598 A.2d 568.

We noted that, under the rule of criminal procedure applicable to discovery, a trial court is authorized to enter a remedial order only after a party has failed to comply with the rule. Id. Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(E) (formerly Pa.R.Crim.P. '305(E)). We opined:

The facts of the case indicate that the Commonwealth did not comply with the lower court’s order of September 30, 1988, [granting discovery to the defendant of the name of the anonymous source]; therefore, we must examine the Commonwealth’s non-compliance with the disclosure order to determine if that non-compliance was equivalent to a noncompliance with Rule 305 [now Rule 573], thus permitting the lower court to act pursuant to the remedy provision of Rule 305 E. This inquiry will logically require us to examine the merits of the September 30, 1088 order. However, in doing so, we are not resurrecting the quashed appeal of that order; we are simply considering whether the October 25, 1988 order [sanctioning the Commonwealth and dismissing the case] was proper considering the prior disclosure order.

Jackson, supra at 573.

The Jackson panel continued that the Commonwealth’s decision not to pursue a permissive interlocutory appeal from the order requiring disclosure of the Cl’s identity did not waive its challenge to that order. We concluded that, “To find waiver would create a self-contradictory mandatory, permissive interlocutory appeal.”- Id. (emphasis in original; citation and quotation marks omitted).

In Redmond, supra, the Commonwealth filed appeals from an order requiring a police witness to identify a confidential informant and a subsequent order precluding the police witness from testifying due to the witness’s -failure to provide the informant’s name. After noting that it was not appealable under Pa.R.A.P. 311(d), we quashed the appeal from the discovery order. We observed that the Commonwealth had not followed the procedures for obtaining permissive interlocutory review of the order. However, in connection with deciding whether the sanction imposed for the violation of the discovery order was appropriate, we reviewed the merits of that order and upheld it.

Thus, herein, we will first examine whether the trial court properly determined that, after the Commonwealth stipulated as to what CI-2 said to -police after purchasing the crack cocaine and amended the delivery charge so as to eliminate the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy, the Commonwealth still had to reveal the identity of CI-2. As noted, CI-2 told Officer Mitchell that Lofton sold him the crack cocaine during the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy. The trial court concluded that, based upon the information given to Officer Mitchell by CI-2, the identity of CI-2 was material “exculpatory evidence to the Defendant’s planned defense to present evidence that he did not distribute drugs on the third night of surveillance,” ie., September 10, 2010. Trial Court Opinion, 1/17/13, at 5-6. The court decided that the evidence was discoverable under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), as well as Pa.R.Crim.P. 573.

We first address whether CI-2’s identity had to be revealed under Brady. In that decision, the United States Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. After issuing the Brady decision, the United States Supreme Court subsequently concluded that the prosecution had the duty to reveal any evidence that exonerates the accused, even in the absence of a request for such. information by the defendant. United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976). The Court then extended this disclosure duty to encompass exculpatory impeachment evidence in addition to directly favorable evidence. United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). Brady and its progeny impose “an affirmative' and continuing duty- upon the government to disclose exculpatory information,” but confers no general discovery right upon the defendant. Commonwealth v. Williams, 624 Pa. 405, 86 A.3d 771, 788 (2014).

It is evident herein that the trial court incorrectly determined that the identity of CI-2 exonerated Appellee. There is a distinction between the “identity” of CI-2 and the “statements” that CI-2 made during the investigation. In this case, the identity of CI-2 was not exculpatory to Appel-lee. Rather, the statements made by that individual that Lofton sold him the cocaine was exculpatory to the extent that the delivery charge against Appellee was based upon the September 10th controlled-buy. To state the concept differently, it does not matter who said that Lofton sold the cocaine; the allegedly exculpatory evidence was that Lofton performed that action.

In order to protect its Cl, the Commonwealth agreed to allow Appellee to present at trial CI-2’s .statements .to police after the controlled-buy consisting of the fact that CI-2 gave Lofton the controlled-buy money and Lofton handed CI-2 the crack cocaine after recovering that drug from a couch. Once the stipulation was entered, Appellee had the unfettered ability to present CI-2’s exculpatory remark through the means of the stipulation. The Commonwealth also agreed that the delivery charge would not be premised upon the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy. Hence, once the stipulation and information’s amendment occurred, Brady did not require disclosure of the confidential informant’s identity.

The trial court also concluded CI-2’s identity was discoverable pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 573. . “Our standard of review of claims that a trial court erred in its disposition, of a request for disclosure of an informant’s identity is confined to abuse of discretion.” ' Commonwealth v. Watson, 69 A.3d 605, 607 (Pa. Super.2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Washington, 63 A.3d 797, 801 (Pa.Super.2013)). The applicable Pennsylvania Supreme Court precedent outlining'the test employed to determine whether the Commonwealth must reveal the identity of a confidential informant is contained in Commonwealth v. Bing, 551 Pa. 659, 713 A.2d 56 (1998). The Court therein set forth:

This Court has adopted the guidelines articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957), to guide trial courts in the exercise of their discretion in cases where, as here, the defendant requests the identity- of; a confidential informant who 4s also an eyewitness:

We believe that no fixed rule with respect to disclosure of the confidential informant’s identity is justifiable. The problem is one that calls for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the .individual’s right to prepare his defense. Whether a proper balance renders the nondisclosure erroneous must depend on the particular circumstances of each case, taking into consideration the crime charged, the possible defenses, the possible significance of the informer’s testimony and ■ other relevant factors.

Commonwealth v. Carter, 427 Pa. 53, 59, 233 A.2d 284, 287 (1967), (quoting Roviaro, at 60-62, 77 S.Ct. 623).

In Carter, this Court held that the balance tips in favor of disclosure where guilt is foupd solely on police testimony based on a single observation, where testimony from a more disinterested source, such as the informant, is available. Id. at 61, 233 A.2d at 287. However, where other corroboration of the officer’s testimony exists, disclosure of the informant’s identity is not necessarily required. Id. at 59, 233 A.2d at 287. This Court also recognized the importance of the Commonwealth’s qualified privilege to maintain the confidentiality of an informant in order to preserve the public’s interest in effective law enforcement. Id.; Commonwealth v. Herron, 475 Pa. 461, 380 A.2d 1228 (1977). Also, the safety of the confidential informant is a controlling factor in determining whether to reveal his identity.

Further, before an informant’s identity may be revealed, the defendant must establish pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 305(B) [now Rule 573(B)] that the information sought is material to the preparation of the defense and that the request is reasonable. Commonwealth v. Roebuck, 545 Pa. 471, 477, 681 A.2d 1279, 1283 (1996). Only after a showing by the defendant that the information sought is material and the request reasonable is the trial court called, upon to exercise its discretion to .determine whether the information is • to be revealed. Id. at 478, 681 A.2d at 1283.

Id, at 58, 713 A.2d 56.

As articulated in Bing, even before the discretion of the trial court to order disclosure can be exercised,, the defendant must establish that the Cl’s identity is material to the preparation of a defense and that the request is reasonable. This precept was reaffirmed in Commonwealth v. Marsh, 606 Pa. 254, 997 A.2d 318.(2010). Therein, six justices agreed that the trial court’s discretionary authority to mandate disclosure of a Cl is not triggered until after a defendant establishes materiality and reasonableness. See id. at 325.

The rule referenced by our Supreme Court'in Bing, former Pa.R.Crim.P. 305, related to discovery. As noted, that discovery provision is now found at Pa. R.Crim.P. 573. The pertinent portion of Rule 573 states that in all court cases, with exceptions inapplicable herein,

if the defendant files a motion for pretrial discovery, the court may order the Commonwealth to allow the defendant’s attorney to inspect and copy or photograph any of the following requested items, upon a showing that they are material to the preparation of the defense, and that the request is reasonable:
■ (i) the names and addresses of eyewitnesses[.]

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(a)(i) (emphasis added).

If materiality and reasonableness are proven, then the courts must balance the public interest in the police’s ability to obtain information against the defendant’s right to prepare his defense. In this connection, we consider the crime, the potential defense, and the significance of the Cl’s testimony. The scales tip in favor of disclosure if the Commonwealth will be relying on police testimony based on a single observation. If other proof corroborates a police officer’s testimony, disclosure is not mandated. Furthermore, the safety of the confidential informant can be a controlling factor in determining whethér to reveal a source’s identity.

Our conclusion that the identity of CI-2 was not exculpatory applies with equal force to the determination that it was not material. As noted, the Commonwealth agreed to stipulate that CI-2 told police that Lofton sold him the drugs inside the row house on September 10, 2010, and to amend the delivery charge to eliminate the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy. Thereafter, the identity of Cl-2 was not material to a defense to any pending charge. Additionally, this case was not one where Appellee’s identity was established through a single police observation. Rather, both Officer Francis and Officer Beattie saw Appellee on September 7, 2010. Officer Francis observed Appellee initiate the controlled-buy with CI-1, who later drove with Officer Beattie past Ap-pellee so that the officer could view Ap-pellee’s face. Officer Beattie watched as Appellee conducted the controlled-buy with CI-1 on September 8, 2010. Then, Officer Mitchell observed CI-2 speak with Appellee and Lofton before all three people entered 2737 Judson Way on September 10, 2010. This case was not one where, even if the balancing test was applicable, the scales tipped in favor of disclosure. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in continuing to insist that the Commonwealth reveal the identity of CI-2 after the Commonwealth entered the stipulation and amended the delivery charge. Since the disclosure order was improper, the Commonwealth did not violate Rule 573 and could not be sanctioned for the same.

We additionally conclude that the sanction awarded was overbroad. We are aware that we review a trial court’s order awarding sanctions under an abuse of discretion standard. In re York County Dist. Attorney’s Office, 15 A.3d 70, 73 (Pa.Super.2010). The trial court’s authority to sanction a party for a discovery violation is derived from Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(E), which states:

If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with this rule[, which governs discovery matters,] the court may order such party to permit discovery or inspection, may grant a continuance, or may prohibit such party from introducing evidence not disclosed, other than testimony of the defendant, or it may enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.

While the trial court is accorded discretion to sanction a party who violates an order, there are limits upon the sanctions that a trial court can impose. In re York, supra, is instructive herein. In that case, the defendant was charged with possession ■with intent to deliver, possession of an offensive weapon, and driving while his operating privileges were suspended or revoked. He filed an omnibus pretrial motion requesting suppression of evidence and that the Commonwealth be ordered to disclose the identity of a Cl. The trial court denied the motion to suppress but ordered the Commonwealth to disclose the Cl’s identity.

After the Commonwealth’s request for reconsideration of the' order was denied, it stated that it would not comply with the order. The defendant moved for dismissal, which the trial court denied. The trial court found the Commonwealth in contempt. The defendant and the Commonwealth thereafter negotiated a guilty plea, which the trial court refused to accept. The Commonwealth then nolle prossed the charges. The trial court imposed a contempt sanction of $5,000, which the. Commonwealth appealed.

This Court noted that there are limits on “the types of sanctions which may be imposed as a result of a prosecutor’s violation of discovery rules. We have stated that the remedy in the criminal proceeding is limited to denying the prosecution the fruits of its transgressions.” Id. at 73 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The York panel continued that the “the nolle prosse of the charges precluded the Commonwealth from proceeding with the ‘fruits of its transgression.’ Thus, once the Commonwealth moved to nolle prosse the case rather than disclose the identity of the. Cl, the issue of contempt should have ended.” Id. Our ruling was consistent with “the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s recognition of the importance of the Commonwealth’s qualified privilege to maintain the confidentiality of an informant in order to preserve the public’s interest in effective law enforcement.” Id. (citation and quotation marks .omitted). This Court concluded, that “the Commonwealth ought to have the option of keeping its commitment of non-disclosure to a confidential informant by- nolle grossing charges without further sanction by the trial court.” Id.

In the present case, the Commonwealth was told to disclose CI-2’s identity. Seeking to prevent harm to CI-2 while avoiding the benefits from its decision to withhold CI-2’s name, the Commonwealth amended the delivery charge to omit the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy, and it agreed that Appellee could present evidence that Lof-ton sold CI-2 the drugs on September 10, 2010.

The dissent attempts to distinguish York by noting that all charges were nolle prossed therein, while, in this case, the “the prosecutor attempted simultaneously to disobey the order while proceeding with the bulk of the prosecution.” Dissenting Opinion at 74.' The cases are aligned in that the Commonwealth agreed not to benefit from the fruits of its transgression in both cases-.

What distinguishes the case at bar from York is that, herein, the Commonwealth had' the benefit of significant other evidence, and it did not need to nolle prose all of its charges against Appellee based upon its failure to reveal CI-2’s identity. The Dissent has chosen to ignore the following. On September 7, 2010, Appellee was observed by Officer Francis participating in a controlléd-buy, and on September 8, 2010, Appellee sold drugs to CI-1 while Officer Beattie watched. These events supported the charges of delivery of a controlled substance and possession of a controlled substance by an unregistered person. During these transactions, Appel-lee was standing near to and then entered 2737 Judson Way. The search warrant executed at 2737 Judson Way yielded drugs, Lofton and Appellee ■ were both present, and events occurring during the execution of the warrant supported that they were conspirators.

Contrary to the Dissent’s position, the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy and the validity of the search warrant executed on September 10, 2010, are not intertwined. The search warrant was premised upon all three controlled-buys. There was probable cause for a search of 2737 Judson Way based solely upon the first two controlled-buys involving CI-1. The Dissent’s attempt to link the search warrant solely to the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy, Dissenting Opinion at 74-75, is untenable in light of the actual facts. Thus, the evidence suppressed by the trial court was unrelated to any transgression of the Commonwealth involving its refusal to reveal the identity of CI-2, and the reasoning of In re York applies. Cf. Commonwealth v. Redmond, 395 Pa.Super. 286, 577 A.2d 547 (1990) (trial court correctly precluded evidence as a sanction where Commonwealth refused to reveal identity of confidential informant who had provided police with detailed information that another individual committed the decades-old murder for which the defendant had been charged). The trial court abused its discretion in suppressing all evidence obtained by the Commonwealth on September 10, 2010.

Order reversed. Case.remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judges DONOHUE, SHOGAN, OLSON, STABILE, and JENKINS join this opinion.

Judge MUNDY concurs in the result.

Judge WECHT files a dissenting opinion in which Judge LAZARUS joins.

DISSENTING OPINION BY

WECHT, J.:

The Commonwealth appeals from' a sanction order that was imposed by the trial court. The court imposed that sanction only after the prosecutor intentionally and openly disobeyed an explicit order. That order required the prosecutor to disclose the identity of one out of two confidential informants whose identities the defense had sought.

Without even the slightest condemnation of the prosecutor’s defiance, today’s learned Majority excuses the prosecutor’s conduct. Instead, the Majority takes issue not with the defiant lawyer, but with the trial court that was defied. The Majority then proceeds to hold that the underlying disclosure order lacked legal merit. I respectfully disagree. In my view, the trial court did not abuse its discretion either-by ordering the disclosure of the identity of one of the confidential informants or by imposing the stiff, but justified, sanction. Consequently, I dissent.

The Majority thoroughly sets forth the relevant factual and procedural histories of this case. See Maj. Op. at 56-59. I need not repeat those details here.

I begin by stating my agreement with the Majority’s conclusion that the underlying disclosure order is renewable in this appeal. Both Commonwealth v. Jackson, 409 Pa.Super. 568, 598 A.2d 568 (1991), and Commonwealth v. Redmond, 395 Pa.Super. 286, 577 A.2d 547 (1990), support the Majority’s holding in this regard. See Maj. Op. at 59-61. These cases enable us to review the underlying disclosure order.

I must note that application of those precedents here creates something of an anomaly. As the Majority notes, the Commonwealth itself generally is not permitted by our appellaté rules and case law to appeal a disclosure order. Id. at 59-60. Thus, had- the Commonwealth actually complied with the trial court’s order, this appeal would never have occurred. However, the Commonwealth now is rewarded for disobeying the order, regardless of the merits of the trial court’s decision to enter that order. By dint of refusal to abide by the trial court’s order, the prosecutor was held in contempt of court and sanctioned. Luckily for the Commonwealth, violating the order opened the door for this Court to review the otherwise unreviewable disclosure order.

Typically, we do not reward those who act in direct contravention of a court order. Nonetheless, peculiar though it may seem, Jackson and Redmond mandate that we do so under these circumstances. I am bound by our precedents. I am compelled to agree with the Majority that we can, and must, review the merits of the trial court’s disclosure order.

That is where my agreement with the Majority ends.

The Majority accepts the Commonwealth’s contention that it should not have had to disclose CI-2’s identity. In large part, the Majority premises this conclusion upon the view that the informant’s identity was not material for purposes of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), and Pa.R.Crim.P. 573. The Majority posits that “[tjhere is a distinction betweén the ‘identity’ of CI-2 and the ‘statements’ that CI-2 made during the investigation.” Maj. Op. at 61-62. “To state the 'concept differently,” goes the Majority’s parsing, “it does not matter who said that Lofton sold the cocaine; the alleged exculpatory evidence was that Lof-ton performed that action.” Id. at 62. The Majority offers no case authority in support of this cramped interpretation of our law involving- confidential informants.

Consider the consequences of such a decision in this Commonwealth. The Majority swiftly eradicates our law with regard to disclosure of the identity of confidential informants. Despite decades of cases examining whether a trial court correctly ordered the disclosure (or non-disclosure) of the identity of a confidential informant, the Majority today tells us that we no longer need to concern ourselves with such an inquiry. All that needs to be disclosed, if anything, is the exculpatory material itself. A trial court no longer has to order the disclosure of the identity of a confidential informant, so long as the defense is provided with the information that the informant would provide and the Commonwealth stipulates to the admission of that material. There is no basis for such a change in our law.

This breathtaking new precedent substantially hinders a defendant’s ability to plan and present his or her own defense. Indeed, it puts the Commonwealth in the driver’s seat of the defendant’s trial defense. For instance, as is evident in this case, requiring only the disclosure of the information obtained from the informant, and not the informant’s identity, means that the defendant cannot call the informant as a witness. The jury does not get to see, hear and assess the credibility of the informant, nor will the jury hear about the circumstances surrounding the relevant event or information. The jury will hear only the curated, isolated and spoon-fed information that the Commonwealth chooses to deal out. Likely, this information will come from either the prosecuting attorney or from a police officer, who undeniably is an agent of the entity that is prosecuting the defendant.

The jurors will receive the information. But they will get it in a severely limited and narrow way. The jury will not get to assess and contextualize the demeanor, emotion, or credibility of the source of the information. The defense does not get to confront and examine the informant to establish the who, where, how,, when, and why that give substance to any and all testimony. The Majority’s claim that this procedure grants a defendant the “unfettered ability” to present the information through a stipulation is baffling and inexplicable. Id. at 62. It is oxymoronic to assert that one has the unfettered ability to present information when the only way to present that information is by the cold reading of a stipulation. There is nothing “unfettered” about it. It is about as fettered as fettered can be.

The Majority also claims that “we find it untenable that the CI-2 could possibly provide any additional information that would assist Appellee in his defense of the conspiracy charge.” Id. at 64 n.5. This assertion is based upon the speculation that the only information that the Cl had was provided to the police. This fundamentally misapprehends the purpose of disclosing the identity of informants in the first place. When required by law, courts order the Commonwealth to disclose the identity of the informant so that the defense can locate that person, question him or her about the information that has been provided, attempt to ascertain whether the informant has any exculpatory information, and then call that person as a witness for the defense. To my knowledge, this Court has no record of a discussion with the informant that would enable us to conclude that the defense has all of the information that could possibly be provided. We simply have no way of knowing that this is in fact the case. All we know for certain is that the stipulation would provide Jordan and the jury with all of the information that the Commonwealth knows, not with all of the information that the Cl knows. This is one reason why we require the disclosure of the identity of confidential informants and not simply the information that they have relayed to the police.

There is no basis for the Majority to rewrite our laws with regard to the disclosure of confidential informants. This infirmity exists even where the Commonwealth offers to stipulate to the information. It requires little imagination to realize that this device closes the door to the defendant’s ability to determine whether the informant has additional exculpatory information, and to the defendant’s ability to put on a full and complete defense. I would apply our traditional standards of law to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the disclosure, and I would not rewrite those rules or redefine the applicable terms in doing so.

Those governing standards, as'cited by the majority and set forth'in Commonwealth v. Bing, 551 Pa. 659, 713 A.2d 56 (1998), are as follows:

This Court has adopted "the guidelines articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53 [77 S.Ct. 623, 1 L.Ed.2d 639] (1957), to guide trial courts in the exercise of their discretion in cases where, as here, the defendant "requests the identity of a confidential informant who is also an eyewitness:
We believe that no fixed rule with respect to disclosure of the confidential informant’s identity is justifiable. The problem is one that calls for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual’s right to prepare his defense. Whether a proper balance . renders the nondisclosure erroneous must depend on the particular cir-eumstances of each case, taking into consideration the crime charged, the possible defenses, the possible significance of the informer’s testimony and other relevant factors.

Commonwealth v. Carter [427 Pa. 53], 233 A.2d 284, 287 (Pa.1967) (quoting Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 60-62 [77 S.Ct. 623]).

In Carter, this Court held that the balance tips in favor of disclosure where guilt is found solely on police testimony based on a single observation, where testimony from a more disinterested source, such as the informant, is available. Id. at 61 [233 A.2d 284], However, where other corroboration of the officer’s testimony exists, disclosure of the informant’s identity is not necessarily required. Id. at 59 [233 A.2d 284]. This Court also recognized the importance of the Commonwealth’s qualified privilege to maintain the confidentiality of an informant in order to preserve the public’s interest in effective law enforcement. Id.; Commonwealth v. Herron [475 Pa. 461], 380 A.2d 1228 (Pa.1977). Also, the safety of the confidential informant is a controlling factor in determining whether to reveal his identity.

Further, before an informant’s identity may be revealed, the defendant must establish pursuant to [Rule 573(B)] that the information sought is material to the preparation of the defense and that" the request is reasonable. Commonwealth v. Roebuck [545 Pa. 471], 681 A.2d 1279, 1283 (Pa.1996). Only after a showing by the defendant that the information sought is material and the request is reasonable is the trial court called upon to exercise its discretion to determine whether the information is to be revealed. Id. at 478 [681 A.2d 1279].

Id. at 58 (citations modified). Notably, the inquiry addressed by the United States Supreme Court, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, and this Court involved whether the prosecution must disclose -the identity of the. informant, not just the information relayed to police officers by that informant.

Bing also referenced Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B). That Rule states, in pertinent part, as follows:

if the defendant files a motion for pretrial discovery, the court may order the Commonwealth to allow the diefendant’s attorney to inspect and copy or photograph any of the following requested items, upon a showing that they are material to the preparation of the defense, and that the request is reasonable:
(i) [t]he names and addresses of eyewitnesses[.]

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(a)© (emphasis added).

Our inquiry is clear. We must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in determining that the identity of CI-2 was material to the “preparation” of the defense, and whether the request was reasonable. I would hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

In my view, this case falls under Carter ’s instruction that disclosure is warranted when information could come from a source “more disinterested” than the police officer, ie., the informant. Carter, 233 A.2d at 287. I also have no doubt that the information is material. As noted above, materiality cannot be swept under the rug by changing the inquiry or by limiting the type of information that can be provided: Nor is it accurate to say that the identity of the informant is immaterial because the Commonwealth agreed to withdraw the delivery charge that resulted from CI~2’s information. Jordan still was charged with conspiracy^ which, according to the criminal information, included the actions that occurred on September 10, 2010. The conspiracy that occurred on that date undeniably involved Lofton, who CI-2 described as the person who sold him drugs on that date, as a co-conspirator. CI-2 is the only person who could testify as to what actually occurred inside the residence on that date, and whether Jordan engaged in any behavior therein that would implicate him as a conspirator with Lofton.

Rule 573 cannot be cast aside simply because at trial Jordan would be able to present (through stipulation) that Lofton was the person who sold the drugs to CI-2. First, the informant may have additional information that would exonerate Jordan. Second, the inquiry is not limited only to the defense put on at trial. Disclosure is required under the rule if the identity of the informant is material “to the preparation of the defense.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 573. It was reasonable for Jordan to request the disclosure of the identity of CI-2 so that Jordan could prepare his defense, determine what other evidence CI-2 might possess, and decide whether CI-2 could serve as a witness for the' defense at trial. It’ is possible that CI-2 had no additional information to assist Jordan. We do not know. We cannot say for certain that he did not, as the Majority implicitly concludes. What wé do know is that CI-2’s identity is material because Jordan still faces a conspiracy-charge that might implicate the. events that occurred inside the residence, and that it was reasonable for Jordan to request disclosure.

For these reasons, I would hold that the trial court correctly ordered the disclosure of CI-2’s identity. At a very minimum, the order was not an abuse of discretion. The Majority has not demonstrated 'in any manner that the decision was based upon prejudice, bias, ill-will, or was so far beyond the boundaries of the court’s discretion that a discernible abuse occurred.

Having concluded that the underlying order was not an abuse of discretion, I now turn my attention to the prosecutor’s unfortunate behavior, and whether the sanction for that behavior was justified. I harbor no doubts that it was.

“We review a trial court’s finding of contempt for an abuse of discretion.” In re York County District Attorney’s Office, 15 A.3d 70, 73 (Pa.Super.2010). Demonstrating that a trial court abused its discretion is a hefty burden: “An abuse of discretion is more than just an error in judgment, and the trial court will not be found to have abused its discretion unless the record discloses the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.” Commonwealth v. Sharp, 792 A.2d 1266, 1268 (Pa,Super,2002) (citing Commonwealth v. Kenner, 784 A.2d 808, 811 (Pa.Super.2001)). Additionally, in a criminal case, a trial court enjoys “broad discretion in formulating remedies for a failure to comply with discovery requirements.” Commonwealth v. Galloway, 771 A.2d 65, 68 (Pa.Super.2001) (quoting Commonwealth v. Thiel, 323 Pa,Super. 92, 470 A.2d 145, 150 (1983)).

Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 573(E) outlines the actions that a trial court may take .upon a violation .of a discovery order:

If at any time during the course of,-the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with this rule, the court may order such party to permit discovery or inspection, may grant a continuance, or may prohibit such party from introducing evidence not disclosed, other than testimony of the defendant, or it may enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(E) (emphasis added). Here, in light of the prosecutor’s open refusal to obey the trial court’s order and to disclose the identity of the informant, the court prohibited the prosecutor from introducing evidence related to the informant, as well as evidence pertaining to the subsequent execution of a search warrant. Unquestionably, the court’s order had the practical effect of dismissing all of the charges relating to Jordan’s conduct on September 10, 2010. I would hold that the sanction, while severe, was warranted due to the prosecutor’s flagrant violation of the trial court’s discovery order. As such, in my view, the court’s sanction was not an abuse of discretion.,

“Although not expressly included in-the-list of remedies, a trial court does have the discretion to dismiss the charges, but only for -the most extreme and egregious violations.” , Commonwealth v. Hemingway, 13 A.3d 491, 502 (Pa.Super.2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Burke, 566 Pa. 402, 781 A.2d 1136, 1144 (2001)). In Hemingway, the Pennsylvania Supreme .Court noted in a parenthetical the following quote from Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 551 Pa. 622, 712 A.2d 749 (1998):

[T]he sanction of dismissal of charges should be utilized in only the most bla- ■ tant cases. Given the public policy goal of protecting the public from criminal conduct,s a trial court should consider dismissal of charges where the actions of the Commonwealth are egregious and where demonstrable prejudice will be suffered by the defendant if the .charges are not dismissed.

Hemingway, 13 A.3d at 502 (quoting Shaffer, 712 A.2d at 752) (emphasis added). Here, the prosecutor openly refused to follow the trial court’s order. The prosecutor’s actions could not have been more blatant.

On July 19, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on Jordan’s motion to produce the identities of the two confidential .informants utilized during the investigation of Jordan’s illicit activities. After receiving testimony, the trial court ruled that the first confidential informant’s identity would not be released. However, the court made the following factual findings and conclusions of law with regard to the second informant:

There is a second Cl that is at issue in this matter. The confidential informant we will identify as CI-2.
The witness to this matter was Police Officer Mitchell. This incident took place on the third day, September 10, 2010. Officer Mitchell testified that he watched CI-2 go to the location of 2737" Judson Street where [he/she} had ■ a meeting -with the defendant and another man identified as James Lofton. And he saw all three of them go inside the dwelling of 2737 Judson. Upon entering the house, the Cl exited shortly thereafter and turned over two chunks of crack cocaine. The Cl had been used twenty to twenty-five times and virtually all uses had led to arrests and convictions. The officer testified this Cl does have family in the area and also would be at risk for physical harm if [his/her] name were revealed.
The officer on cross-examination testified that he prepared the PARS Report along with the other officers with information provided by the other officers. He did testify that upon information received from the Cl, identified as CI-2, that Lofton was the individual who sold the Cl, identified as CI-2, drugs on September 10,2010.
Based upon the testimony of Officer Mitchell in this Cl motion, this Court feels that it is necessary for the identity of CI-2 to be revealed as [he/she] is the only individual who can provide that information and it would not be hearsay in a motion. So the Court grants the defendant’s Cl motion as to the confidential informant that was used on the date of September 10, 2010.

Notes of Testimony (“N.T.”), 7/19/2011, at 74-75. The prosecutor withdrew the delivery charge pertaining to the sale that occurred inside the home on that date, but decided to continue to pursue a charge of conspiracy, which was predicated upon Jordan’s relationship with Lofton, who was the person who actually sold the crack to the informant. Id. at 76-77. The prosecutor further agreed to stipulate at trial to the informant’s statement that Lofton was the person who sold the crack.

However, with regard to the trial court’s explicit order to reveal the identity of the informant, the prosecutor stated on the record to the trial court that “[w]e will not be providing that name and I will not be going forward on that particular sale to Mr. Lofton by that Cl.” Id. at 81. When defense counsel reminded the trial court that the order required the prosecutor to disclose the informant’s name, the prosecutor interjected: “I’m not giving him the name of that second Cl.” Id. at 82. Throughout the hearing, the prosecutor maintained the position that, because the police officers could testify as to what was recovered and observed during the execution of the search warrant, the prosecutor did not need to disclose the identity of the informant, and that she could prove the conspiracy charge with the officers’ testimony alone. Apparently, the prosecutor believed that, if she could prove her case with other evidence, she could then ignore the trial court’s explicit order. Id. at 84.

A second hearing was held on September 1, 2011. Once again, judicial mandate notwithstanding, the prosecutor persisted unrelentingly in the position that she could unilaterally deem the disclosure order optional or non-binding. The prosecutor simply declared: “I can still proceed on all the dates. And, I will only be presenting evidence of what the officers themselves, observed.” N.T., 9/1/2011, at 6. The trial court reminded the prosecutor that the court had granted the motion, and admonished her as being “incorrect.” In the face of the court’s warning, the prosecutor nonetheless insisted that “we can still go forward.” Id. at 6-7.

The prosecutor attempted to circumvent the disclosure order by arguing that, because she would not be introducing any evidence pertaining to the informant, both parties had the same evidence in their files for trial purposes and, therefore, Jordan would not be put at a disadvantage. However, it already had been revealed that the informant had some exculpatory information. Defense counsel sought to interview the witness to determine whether the informant had observed other evidence within the home that would exculpate Jordan, particularly with regard to the conspiracy charge. To this claim, the prosecutor defiantly stated: “The Cl will never be produced.” Id. at 8. In the face of this open and intentional disregard of the disclosure order, the trial court found the prosecutor to be in contempt, and ordered that she be prohibited from introducing any evidence related to the events that occurred on September 10,2010. Id. at 11.

Like all others, a prosecutor is bound to adhere to orders issued by a court of competent jurisdiction. Chaos would result if any lawyer or litigant could, willy-nilly, disregard or flout valid court orders at his or her own whim. This is not an instance of substantial compliance, accident, mistake, or misinterpretation of an order. The fact of the matter is that the prosecutor here flatly disobeyed the trial court’s directive, and did so knowingly and willfully in open court. When a court issues an adverse order, a litigant has multiple options. The litigant can: (1) follow the order; (2) ascertain the appealability of the order, and pursue an appeal if available; or (3) sever the portion of the case affected by the order and proceed, if possible, with the remainder of the cause of action or charges. Simply saying “no” to the adverse order, and openly refusing to obey it, is not one of the permissible actions that a litigant may take. We are a government of laws, not of men or women.

Jordan also suffered demonstrable prejudice as a result of the Commonwealth’s non-disclosure. Jordan was denied access to the only available witness who could exonerate him on one charge, and quite possibly on others. Hence, per Hemingway and Shaffer, the prosecutor’s actions were blatant, egregious, and prejudicial. In such a situation, it cannot be said that the trial court’s sanction was manifestly unreasonable. See Sharp, supra.

In reaching this decision, I have had occasion to review our prior decision in In re York County District Attorney’s Office, which bears a facial similarity to the present case. There, the trial court had granted a defense motion to disclose the identity of a confidential informant. 15 A.3d at 71. The prosecutor unsuccessfully sought reconsideration of the order, but did not appeal the order. Instead, the prosecutor refused to comply with the order. The trial court found the prosecutor to be in contempt, but initially did not impose a fine. The parties reached a plea agreement. However, the trial court refused to accept the plea, and ordered the parties to trial. Instead of complying with the order, the Commonwealth chose to nolle prosse the charges with prejudice. Id.

The trial court then held a sanctions hearing on the prosecutor’s contempt. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court fined the contemptuous prosecutor $5,000. Id. On appeal, we reversed the fine. Id. at 73. In doing so, we noted that, when a prosecutor violates a discovery order, “[t]he remedy in the criminal proceeding is limited to denying the prosecution the fruits of its transgressions.” Id. (citing Commonwealth v. King, 932 A.2d 948, 952 (Pa.Super.2007)). Applying this principle, we held that, once the prosecutor nolle prossed the charges, he no longer was able to benefit from his transgressions, and that the contempt should have been dissolved at that point. Id.

The facts of York clearly are distinguishable from those here, and, for that reason, York is not controlling. In York, rather than obey the order, the prosecutor decided to nolle prosse the charges in their entirety. The prosecutor realized that he had two choices: either comply with the order, or decline to prosecute the defendant entirely. 1 The prosecutor chose the latter. Instantly, by contrast, the prosecutor nolle prossed only the delivery, charge, and attempted to persevere in the prosecution on the remaining conspiracy charge. In York, there was no basis to impose a sanction, because the prosecutor already had been sanctioned by being forced to dismiss the charges against the defendant. Instantly, by contrast, the prosecutor attempted simultaneously to disobey the order while proceeding with the bulk of the prosecution. The circumstances of the instant case differ significantly from those in York.

Moreover, in York, the prosecutor’s decision to nolle prosse all of the charges against the defendant denied the prosecutor any benefit from his transgression. The same cannot be said in the matter sub judice. On September 10, 2010, the police utilized an informant (the second in this case) to purchase narcotics from a home in which Jordan was present. That informant went into the home, and «returned minutes later with crack cocaine. Later that day, the police obtained and executed a search warrant on that residence. There is sufficient cause for concern that these two events were connected to enable us to conclude that, had the prosecutor been permitted to introduce the police officer testimony regarding the execution of the warrant, the prosecutor not only would have escaped sanction for her blatant disregard of a valid court order, but in fact would have benefitted from this intentional contempt. For the same reason, the prosecutor’s stipulation to the informant’s exculpatory statement that Lofton sold him the crack cocaine would not erase the stain of the contempt in its entirety, nor afford Jordan the opportunity to seek additional impeaching testimony.

Here, the prosecutor attempted unilaterally to disregard the order. When that tactic was unsuccessful, the prosecutor openly refused to comply with the order. This case deviates meaningfully from York. The actions of the informant and the actions of the police officers were sufficiently intertwined to necessitate suppression of all testimony related to the events occurring on September 10, 2010. No other remedy could ensure that the prosecutor did not benefit from her transgressions, nor would any other remedy serve the interests of justice and vindicate the authority of the court. The trial court was well within its discretion in imposing this sanction.

For these reasons, I would affirm the trial court. Because the Majority holds otherwise, I dissent.

Judge LAZARUS joins this dissenting opinion. 
      
      . The Rule is set forth in its entirety in the text infra.
      
     
      
      . Our High Court recently spoke to' this issue in Commonwealth v. Marsh, 606 Pa. 254, 997 A.2d 318 (2010), but Marsh is a plurality decision with respect to the balancing factors to be applied in this context.
     
      
      . Marsh is precedential in this respect under Justice Saylor’s concurrence, wherein he, joined by Chief Justice Castille and Justice Todd, agreed “with the lead Justices that a defendant is required to establish materiality and reasonableness before a trial court may exercise its discretionary prerogative to require disclosure of the identity of a confidential informant.” •
     
      
      . The Dissent suggests that we should affirm the disclosure order because the identity of the CI-2 was material to Appellee's defense in connection with the conspiracy charge. It states, "CI-2 is the only person who could testify as to what actually occurred inside the residence on that date, and whether [Appel-lee] engaged in any behavior therein that would implicate him as a conspirator with Lofton.” Dissenting Opinion at 70. It suggests that the "CI-2’s identity is material because [Appellee] still faces a conspiracy charge that might implicate the events that occurred inside the residence and that it was reasonable to [Appellee] to request disclosure.” Id.
      
      The Dissent’s position ignores the context of the events involved in this police investigation as well as the extent of the stipulation entered herein. Appellee was implicated in two other controlled-buys. On September 7, 2010, Officer Francis saw Appellee speak with CI-1, enter 2737 Judson Way with CI-1, and the CI-1 exit that residence with crack. On September 8, 2010, Officer Beattie saw CI-1 speak with Appellee, Appellee briefly enter and then exit 2737 Judson Way, and hand CI-1 crack cocaine in exchange for money. On September 10, 2010, Officer Mitchell saw CI-2 speak with both Lofton and Appellee outside 2737 Judson Way and observed all three individuals enter the house together. The CI-2 was inside the house for a "minute or two.” N.T. Motion, 7/19/11, at 42. The Commonwealth agreed to stipulate as to everything that CI-2 told police about what happened inside 2737 Judson Way: CI-2 handed Lofton the buy money, Lofton found the crack cocaine in a couch, and Lofton handed CI-2 the crack cocaine. This information certainly covers events spanning a minute or two, and provides all the exoneration needed by Appel-lee as to the conspiracy charge premised upon the controlled buy occurring inside 2737 Judson Way on September 10, 2010. Additionally, there was evidence seized and behavior observed during the execution of the search warrant implicating Appellee and Lof-ton in a conspiracy to sell drugs.
      A defendant has the burden of establishing that the identity of a confidential informant is material. He is not permitted to engage in a fishing expedition to ascertain if it "is possible” that a confidential informant has information to assist in a defense. Dissenting Opinion at 70-71. Given the facts outlined above, we simply find it untenable that CI-2 could possibly provide any additional information that would assist Appellee in his defense of the conspiracy charge.
     
      
      . The Dissent’s vitriolic characterization of this Court’s decision and its criticism of the prosecutor’s actions herein are unwarranted. We have neither eradicated our law nor announced breathtaking new precedent. Dissenting Opinion at 67-68, 68, 68-69. Additionally, the prosecutor was not a "defiant lawyer” who engaged in a “flagrant" violation of the trial court’s order and “willy-nilly” flouted a valid court order at "her own whim.” Dissenting Opinion at 67, 71, 73. The Commonwealth made a good faith response to the discovery order. When the trial court ordered it to reveal CI-2’s identity, the Commonwealth was unable to appeal because the order was interlocutory. It freely agreed to forego any fruits of its transgression. It withdrew the September 10, 2010 controlled-buy as support for the delivery charge and stipulated to everything that the confidential informant said about the events inside 2737 Judson Way on September 10, 2010. Finally, the Commonwealth reported that it would proceed with the conspiracy charge limited to events surrounding execution of the search warrant. After these actions by the prosecutor, there was no cause for the trial court to continue to insist that the Commonwealth reveal the identity of the Cl, whom the Commonwealth validly wanted to protect from reprisal.
     
      
      . The Majority initially offers these changes in the context of its Brady discussion. See Maj. Op. at 61-62. However, the Majority later extends these observations to its discussion of materiality for purposes of Pa.R.Crim.P. 573.
     
      
      . "An abuse of discretion is more than just an error in judgment, and the trial court will not be found to have abused its discretion unless the record discloses the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable or the result of partiality,' prejudice, bias or ill-will.” Commonwealth v. Sharp, 792 A.2d 1266, 1268 (Pa.Super.2002). Thus, we must find more than mere error'or diságreement before we may find an abuse of discretion.
     
      
      . Indeed, our Supreme Court has codified the "Special Responsibilities of a Prosecutor.” Pennsylvania Rule of Professional Conduct 3.8. See id., comment (“A prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not simply that of an advocate.”).
     
      
      . See Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Path of the Law, 10 Harv. L. Rev. 457, 457 (1897) ("The reason, why it is a profession, why people will pay lawyers to argue for them or to advise them, is that in societies like ours the command of the public force is intrusted to the judges in certain cases, and the whole power of the state will be put forth, if necessary, to carry out their judgments and decrees.”).
     
      
      . For instance, the police officers obtained and executed the search warrant on the same days as the informant's controlled buy from Lofton.
     