
    The STATE of Texas, Appellant, v. Matthew Thomas GARRETT, Appellee.
    Nos. 01-04-00635-CR to 01-04-00637-CR.
    Court of Appeals of Texas, Houston (1st Dist.).
    Aug. 31, 2005.
    
      David Bosserman, Keith G. Allen, Assistant Criminal District Attorneys, Jeri Yen-ne, Criminal District Attorney, Angleton, TX, for Appellant.
    
      Jerome Aldrich, Lake Jackson, TX, for Appellee.
    Panel consists of Justices TAFT, ALCALA, and HIGLEY.
   OPINION

TIM TAFT, Justice.

A Brazoria County Grand Jury indicted appellee, Matthew Thomas Garrett, for the three separate offenses of possession, with intent to deliver, of stanozolol (between 28 and 200 grams), cocaine (between 4 and 200 grams), and methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine (less than one gram). See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 481.114(c), 481.112(d), 481.113(b) (Vernon 2003). The State appeals from the trial court’s interlocutory order granting in part appellee’s motion to suppress. See Tex.Code Ceim. Peoc. Ann. art. 44.01(a)(5) (Vernon Supp.2004-2005). We reverse the order of the trial court and remand the cause with instructions for the trial court to enter an order denying that portion of the suppression motion that it previously granted.

Facts

State Trooper Blaine Chesser stopped appellee for speeding and mud flap violations. Trooper Chesser observed additional vehicle violations after the stop, including improper headlamp height, improper clearance lamps, and a window-tint violation. Trooper Chesser was unable successfully to show or to explain the windshield violations to appellee from the ground because of the truck’s height. Stepping up on the truck, Trooper Chesser opened the driver’s door to show appellee the violations. When Trooper Chesser opened the door, he saw a bottle of Crown Royal that appeared open in plain view on the back floorboard. After having retrieved the Crown Royal bottle, Trooper Chesser asked appellee if there were any “illegal substances” such as “illegal knives, guns, or narcotics” in the truck. Appellee replied, “No.” Trooper Chesser then asked if he could search the truck for any other “illegal contraband,” and appellee said, “Yes.” Trooper Chesser again asked appellee, “So you are telling me, yes, I can search your vehicle,” and appellee again answered affirmatively. During the post-consent search of the truck, Trooper Ches-ser found marihuana seeds, stems, and residue scattered throughout the truck and a vial containing a white residue on the back seat. Appellee never withdrew his consent “at any time” during the search of the truck.

Narcotics agent Officer Glenda Mendoza passed by the scene of the search and stopped. Trooper Chesser testified that Officer Mendoza informed him that, in the recent past, she had received a Crime Stoppers tip that appellee was carrying large amounts of narcotics in one of his truck’s door panels. Officer Mendoza tested the vial found in the truck for cocaine using a wintergreen field test. Trooper Chesser arrested appellee after the vial’s residue tested positive for cocaine. The officers called a drug dog to the scene to search the truck. Trooper Chesser testified that the dog positively alerted for narcotics. After the dog had alerted, the truck was driven to the Sheriffs Department. After a search warrant was obtained, the truck’s door panels were searched. Trooper Chesser testified that 11.51 grains of cocaine were found in the driver’s side door panel. The inventory of the items from inside the door panel listed nine balls of cocaine (11.61 grams), three ecstasy pills (0.83 grams), two sacks of clomiphene citrate pills (7.79 grams), one bottle of liquid steroids (stanozolol: 100 milligrams, net 30 milliliters), and two baggies of powder cocaine (1.92 and 0.5 grams).

Appellee filed a motion to suppress all evidence and statements obtained from the initial vehicle stop through the final search of the truck, alleging that the detention, arrest, searches, and seizures were illegal. The trial court partially denied appellee’s motion, reciting in the order that appellee had been legally detained by the law enforcement officers with sufficient cause to stop, to detain, and to search the truck at the time of the stop and that the evidence seized during the initial search was legally obtained. However, the trial court also partially granted appellee’s motion, reciting in the order that the search warrant that was eventually obtained was an evi-dentiary search warrant that did not explicitly list the five items seized from the truck’s door panel. Additionally, the court’s order stated that the items seized from the door panel were not in plain view. For these reasons, the court concluded that the items seized subsequent to the search warrant had been illegally obtained and consequently suppressed the evidence seized from the truck doors pursuant to article 18.02(10) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex.Code CRiM. PROC. Ann. art. 18.02(10) (Vernon 2005). The trial court’s order did not mention the events occurring between the arrest and the warrant, which would have included testimony concerning the Crime Stoppers tip and the dog-sniff alert. The State did not request any findings of fact or conclusions of law, and the trial court did not file any.

Suppression of the Evidence

In one point of error, the State contends that the trial court erred in partially granting appellee’s motion to suppress because (1) a search warrant was not necessary to search the truck, rendering any defects or omissions in the warrant irrelevant; (2) the warrant was not necessarily an eviden-tiary search warrant, so that items other than those listed in the warrant could be seized; and (3) the plain-view doctrine applied to evidentiary search warrants, so that, even if the warrant was evidentiary, officers could seize any contraband in plain view once the panels were removed.

A. Standard of Review

A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress lies within its discretion. Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex.Crim.App.1996). A trial court abuses its discretion if it refuses to suppress evidence that is obtained in violation of the law and that is, therefore, inadmissible under article 38.23 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Erdman v. State, 861 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex.Crim.App.1993).

In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated standard of review. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex.Crim.App.2000). We give almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of historical facts, while we conduct a de novo review of a trial court’s application of the law to those facts. Id. (citing Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1997)). During a motion-to-suppress hearing, a trial court is the sole trier of fact; accordingly, the trial court may choose to believe or to disbelieve all or any part of a witness’s testimony. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.Crim.App.2000); see also King v. State, 35 S.W.3d 740, 742 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.).

In reviewing a suppression ruling in a case in which the trial court does not file fact findings, “we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and assume that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are supported by the record.” Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855; see King, 35 S.W.3d at 742. In the absence of fact findings and legal conclusions, if the trial court’s suppression ruling “is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case, the decision will be sustained.” Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855-56.

The State contends that the issue on appeal does not turn in any way on the credibility of the witnesses, but, rather, on the classification of the search warrant and property seized. The State argues that we must, therefore, review the trial court’s ruling entirely de novo. Appellee responds that the complained-of suppression ruling is supported by the theory that the trial court disbelieved the officers’ testimony, in whole or in part. Consequently, appellee argues that the issue on appeal turns on witness credibility and that we must, therefore, review the trial court’s ruling with “almost total deference.” See Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. In support of his position, appellee asks this Court to view every historical fact as if the trial court had granted the entire motion to suppress.

We do not agree entirely • with either party: the State incorrectly assumes that no determinations of historical fact could be relevant to that portion of the trial court’s ruling granting appellee’s motion, while appellee incorrectly assumes that all implied historical facts must be construed against the State’s position on appeal. Because the trial court made a Solomonic ruling on the motion to suppress, however, we must view each aspect of the ruling individually. That is, we must view the evidence leading up to appellee’s arrest in the. light most favorable to the denial of that portion of the suppression motion (ie., in a light that happens to be favorable to the State’s position on appeal), while we must view the evidence from the arrest forward in favor of the granting of that latter portion of the suppression motion (ie., in a light that happens to be favorable to appellee’s position on appeal).

B. The Law

On a motion to suppress, the accused bears the burden of rebutting the presumption that police conduct was proper. McGee v. State, 105 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex.Crim.App.2003). The accused satisfies the burden by showing that the search or seizure occurred without a warrant. Id. The burden of proof then shifts to the State to produce a warrant or to prove the reasonableness of the disputed conduct. Id. If the State produces a warrant, the burden of proof returns to the accused to show that the warrant was invalid. Russell v. State, 717 S.W.2d 7, 9-10 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).

If the State conducted a warrant-less search, the State must prove that the warrantless search or seizure was reasonable. Id. “Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, a warrantless search of either a person or property is considered per se unreasonable subject to a ‘few specifically defined and well established exceptions.’ The Supreme Court has held that voluntary consent to search, search under exigent circumstances, and search incident to arrest are among these exceptions.” McGee, 105 S.W.3d at 615 (quoting Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 372, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 2135, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993)). Furthermore, the Supreme Court has found that, “if a car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the Fourth Amendment thus permits police to search the vehicle without more.” Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940, 116 S.Ct. 2485, 2487, 135 L.Ed.2d 1031 (1996). Put simply, the State may show a warrantless search’s or seizure’s reasonableness by showing that a well-recognized exception to the warrant requirement was met. See McGee, 105 S.W.3d at 613.

“An invalid search warrant does not preclude inquiry into whether or not the search could have been upheld under a warrant exception.” Powell v. State, 898 S.W.2d 821, 827 (Tex.Crim.App.1994) (considering automobile warrant exception). When a warrant that is procured is defective, “the search should be treated as one proceeding without a warrant and the facts of the case should be reviewed to determine whether the search can be upheld under a warrant exception.” Adkins v. State, 717 S.W.2d 363, 365-66 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). “[T]he question of whether a search is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment is not calculable under a per se rule but should be decided on a case by case basis. The facts of a particular case either excuse or proscribe the actions of the officers involved. The fact that the procurement of a warrant was attempted does not insulate those facts from review.” Id. at 366 (citations omitted).

C. Consent

The State argues that appellee voluntarily consented to a search of his truck for illegal contraband, making any defect or omission in the later obtained warrant irrelevant, so that the search of the truck’s door panel and the seizure of contraband from it was legal. One of the established exceptions to both the requirements of a warrant and probable cause is a search conducted pursuant to consent. Corea v. State, 52 S.W.3d 311, 315-16 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd) (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamante, 412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2043-44, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973)). “The standard for measuring the scope of a suspect’s consent under the Fourth Amendment is that of ‘objective’ reasonableness, ie., what the typical reasonable person would have understood by the exchange between the officer and the suspect.” Simpson v. State, 29 S.W.3d 324, 330 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd); see Florida v. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250-51, 111 S.Ct. 1801, 1803-04, 114 L.Ed.2d 297 (1991). The scope of a search is generally defined by its expressed object, and a suspect may limit the scope of the search to which he consents. Simpson, 29 S.W.3d at 330; see Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251, 111 S.Ct. at 1804.

Absent an officer’s request or a suspect’s consent limiting a search to a particular area of a vehicle, such as the trunk or passenger compartment, a request to search “the car” reasonably includes all areas of the vehicle and excludes none. Simpson, 29 S.W.3d at 330. When an officer specifically asks a suspect if he can search a vehicle for illegal contraband, and the suspect answers affirmatively, a reasonable person would construe the consent to extend to any area of the vehicle in which such objects could be concealed. Id.

Because the trial court denied appellee’s motion to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to the initial search- — -which, according to Trooper Chesser’s testimony, occurred immediately after appellee consented to that initial search — -we infer that the trial court believed that appellee in fact consented to a search of the truck for “illegal contraband.” Nothing in the evidence relevant to consent, when viewed in the appropriate light, indicates that appel-lee limited his consent to a particular area of his truck. Because illegal contraband could have been concealed inside the door panels of appellee’s truck, a reasonable officer would have construed appellee’s consent to extend to that area. See Simpson, 29 S.W.3d at 330; see also Jimeno, 500 U.S. at 251, 111 S.Ct. at 1804. It would also be reasonable to construe ap-pellee’s consent, which nothing shows was revoked, as extending to the search of the truck following its removal to the sheriffs department after appellee, who had been driving alone, was arrested for the discovery of the marihuana remnants and drug paraphernalia that the court found had been legally seized. See Delgado v. State, 718 S.W.2d 718, 721 (Tex.Crim.App.1986) (“One of the instances in which an automobile may be validly impounded ... is where the driver is removed from his automobile and placed under custodial arrest and no other alternatives are available other than impoundment to insure the protection of the vehicle.”); see also Estrada v. State, 30 S.W.3d 599, 605 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. ref'd) (in holding that search of car door and seizure of cocaine from within was legal, stating, “Because the search at the [service] station was a continuation of the search begun beside the highway, to which appellant gave his voluntary and unrevoked consent, the question of probable cause is again irrelevant.”); Fields v. State, 932 S.W.2d 97, 105 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1996, pet. ref'd) (holding that search of car at sheriffs office was valid because defendant and passenger consented without limitation at side of highway and because neither objected to car’s movement to other location to conduct search due to inclement weather and construction in area of stop); cf. Texas v. White, 423 U.S. 67, 68, 96 S.Ct. 304, 305, 46 L.Ed.2d 209 (1975) (holding that probable cause to search that existed at roadside still existed when car was transported to station house, where car was searched, despite dissenting Justice’s contention that nothing showed that it would have been impractical or unsafe to search car at roadside); Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 52 & n. 10, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 1981-82 & n. 10, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970) (holding that probable cause to search that existed in parking lot where stop occurred still existed when car was transported to station house for search, although noting, in dictum, that taking car to station house was not unreasonable because of circumstances at place of stop).

Consequently, as a matter of law, appel-lee’s consent obviated the need for a search warrant to search the door panels or to seize items visible once the officers removed the panels. See Corea, 52 S.W.3d at 315-16 (recognizing consent as warrant exception). Any deficiencies in the warrant were thus irrelevant. See Adkins, 717 S.W.2d at 365-66. Therefore, we hold that the trial court erred in granting ap-pellee’s motion to suppress the contraband seized from inside the door panel. Given our disposition, we need not reach the parties’ remaining arguments.

Conclusion

We sustain the State’s sole point of error. We reverse the order of the trial court and remand the cause with instructions for the trial court to enter an order denying that portion of the suppression motion that it previously granted. 
      
      . Trial court cause number 42,960; appellate cause number 01-04-00635-CR.
     
      
      . Trial court cause number 42,961; appellate cause number 01-04-00636-CR.
     
      
      .Trial court cause number 42,962; appellate cause number 01-04-00637-CR.
     
      
      . Accord Adkins v. State, 717 S.W.2d 363, 365-66 (Tex.Crim.App.1986) (considering automobile warrant exception); Amos v. State, 819 S.W.2d 156, 160 (Tex.Crim.App.1991) (same); Zarychta v. State, 44 S.W.3d 155, 168 n. 6 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd) (discussing probable-cause warrant exception); see 40 Dix & Dawson, Texas Practice: Crim. Practice & Procedure § 12.53 (2d ed. 2001) ("If a situation fits within the vehicle exception, the reasonableness of a warrant-less search is unaffected by a defendant’s affirmative showing officers had an opportunity to obtain a warrant. It is not even affected by a showing the officers did obtain a warrant (albeit a defective one).”).
     
      
      . Consent to search, by itself, does not necessarily allow the impoundment of a vehicle to conduct the search, and our opinion is not to be read as so holding. Here, however, appel-lee’s arrest, after the finding of contraband that the court concluded was legally seized, along with the lack of any evidence in the record that appellee revoked his earlier consent, would have led a reasonable person to understand that appellee’s consent extended to a search after impoundment.
     