
    M.S., a Minor, by and through his parents and Natural Guardians, MICHELLE M.S. and D.S., Plaintiffs v. CEDAR BRIDGE MILITARY ACADEMY, et al., Defendants.
    Civil Action No. 1:08-CV-2271.
    United States District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania.
    Oct. 17, 2012.
    
      Edward Shensky, Stark & Stark, Yardley, PA, for Plaintiffs.
    Tara L. Yodice, Law Offices of Tara L. Yodice PC, Nutley, NJ, John C. Porter, Robert A. Lerman, Griffith, Stickler, Lerman, Solymos & Calkins, York, PA, for Defendants.
    Steven T. Baryla, Toms River, NJ, pro se.
   ORDER

CHRISTOPHER C. CONNER, District Judge.

AND NOW, this 17th day of October, 2012, upon consideration of the Magistrate Judge’s report (Doc. 78) recommending that defendant York-Adams Area Council, Inc.’s (“York-Adams”) motion for summary judgment (Doc. 71) be granted in part on plaintiff M.S.’s negligence claim related to the absence of liability insurance because M.S. cannot establish that York-Adams had a duty to ensure that defendant Cedar Bridge Military Academy (“Cedar Bridge”) maintain liability insurance and denied in part on M.S.’s claim that York-Adams was negligent in failing to warn or protect M.S. because a jury could reasonably find that York-Adams knew or should have known of the potential for harm to M.S. and thus had a duty to warn or protect him, and upon further consideration of York-Adams’s objections to the report (Doc. 79), and, following an independent review of the record, the court concluding that a jury could reasonably find that York-Adams knew or should have known of the potential for harm to M.S. and thus had a duty to warn or protect him, it is hereby ORDERED that:

1. Except as set forth herein, the report and recommendation (Doc. 78) of the Magistrate Judge are ADOPTED.
2. York-Adams Area Council, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 71) on M.S.’s claim that York-Adams was negligent in failing to warn or protect M.S. against the allegedly tortious acts of Baryla and/or Cedar Bridge is DENIED.
3. York-Adams Area Council, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 71) on M.S.’s negligence claim related to the absence of liability insurance is GRANTED.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION ON MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Doc. 71)

MILDRED E. METHVIN, United States Magistrate Judge.

Plaintiff, M.S., is a minor appearing here through his parents. All three are residents of Connecticut. Plaintiff alleges he suffered verbal and physical abuse while attending a summer camp in 2007 run by the Cedar Bridge Military Academy, a private, non-profit organization which is now defunct. By virtue of a lease, Cedar Bridge’s camp was located on a portion of Camp Tuckahoe in York County, Pennsylvania, a camp which was owned and otherwise operated by the York-Adams Area Council, Inc. (“York-Adams Boy Scouts”).

Plaintiff filed a complaint on December 19, 2008 (Doc. 1) and thereafter filed an amended complaint on January 20, 2010. (Doc. 32). Named as defendants are Cedar Bridge Military Academy; Steven T. Baryla, co-founder and director of Cedar Bridge’s summer camp; and the York-Adams Boy Scouts. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

The sole claims in dispute are those asserted against the York-Adams Boy Scouts. Plaintiff contends that:

1) as landlords in possession of the property, the York-Adams Boy Scouts knew or should have known of the harmful conduct perpetrated by Cedar Bridge and Baryla against the minor plaintiff, and were negligent “in failing to deter, prevent, stop or otherwise monitor, review or evaluate the actions of Defendants Cedar Bridge and Baryla which resulted in the harm as aforementioned to minor plaintiff.”
2) The York-Adams Boy Scouts were negligent in failing to insure that Cedar Bridge and Baryla were covered by a policy of liability insurance for the relevant camping season, as required in the Letter Agreement.

(Amended Complaint, Doc. 32, ¶¶ 49-53).

Before the court is the York-Adams Boy Scouts’s motion for summary judgment. The motion has been referred to the undersigned for a report and recommendation, and is now ripe for disposition.

ISSUES PRESENTED

York-Adams Boy Scouts advances the following arguments in favor of summary judgment:

1. As a factual matter, it had no reason to suspect that the acts alleged by plaintiff were being committed, and thus had no duty as the possessor of land to warn or protect against tortious acts of third persons against its invitee.
2. With respect to the issue of liability insurance, Pennsylvania law does not recognize a duty of a landlord to a tenant’s invitees to ensure the tenant maintains liability insurance.

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. Background

The facts, viewed in a light most favorable to plaintiff as the non-mover, reveal the following factual background:

Cedar Bridge was an “after-school youth program” whose stated aim was to develop leadership, character, and an understanding of the military’s role in society. (Doc. 71, 73 ¶ 24). It was founded in 2003 by Baryla and his then-fiancee, Danielle Berndt. (Id. at ¶ 25).

Cedar Bridge leased space at Camp Tuckahoe for summer camp from 2005-2008. (Docs. 71, 73 ¶7). In 2005, the program lasted three weeks. In 2006 and 2007, the camp was scheduled for four weeks.

Four days before the camp was to begin in 2005, Baryla contacted Camp Tuckahoe about Cedar Bridge’s use of its facilities for 85 students and 20 instructors. (Id. at ¶ 37; Doc. 73 at p. 62 (Baryla Dep. 38:3-7). Todd A. Weidner was the summer camp director of Camp Tuckahoe for the York-Adams Boy Scouts, and responsible for its day-to-day operations (Doc. 71, ¶¶ 35, 36). After a phone conversation, Weidner approved Cedar Bridge’s use of the camp. (Doc. 73, ¶37). Weidner did not meet Baryla or Berndt until they and the rest of the Cedar Bridge staff arrived at Camp Tuckahoe for the start of camp. (Id.). The lease agreement was signed at that time. (Id.) Weidner did not ask Baryla about any criminal convictions or his military background. (Doc. 73, ¶ 37; Doc. 73 at p. 107, Baryla Dep. 196:8-18). Baryla had been charged in May 2004 with entering government facilities by false pretense and, at the time of the interview with Weidner, was serving a sentence of 18-months probation. (Doc. 73 at pp. 58-60, (Baryla Dep. 31:18 — 33:9).

In a “Letter of Agreement Establishing Camp Use” signed December 12, 2006, Cedar Bridge leased a portion of Camp Tuckahoe for the period of July 7 through August 3, 2007. (Id. at ¶¶ 9-10). The Agreement required Cedar Bridge to provide the York-Adams Boy Scouts with a valid certificate of liability insurance listing the York-Adams Boy Scouts as an additional insured. Cedar Bridge provided an insurance certificate at the time the agreement was signed, but it expired in March 2007, before camp began. The York-Adams Boy Scouts never requested a new certificate, nor was one provided. (Id. at ¶¶ 11-12). Baryla testified he did not realize the certificate of insurance had expired before the 2007 summer camp period, claiming he had always relied on Berndt to update the insurance, and she left the camp program in 2006. (Id. at ¶¶ 13, 14).

The Letter of Agreement also required Cedar Bridge to execute a hold harmless agreement in favor of the York-Adams Boy Scouts. (Id. at ¶ 15). A Hold Harmless Agreement was executed on December 12, 2006, but the document stated that the period covered was from July 9, 2006 through July 29, 2006. No reference was made to the 2007 camp term. (Id. at ¶ 17).

Several incidents occurred at the Cedar Bridge summer camp at Camp Tuckahoe prior to 2007 that warrant consideration. Berndt, a Cedar Bridge co-founder and staff member, testified:

A. ... I think it’s a fine line between the military discipline that parents sign their students up for, and being verbally abusive, and I felt sometimes he [Baryla] went overboard and crossed that line. The only incident that I can specifically recall that I actually took him aside and told him he would never, ever do it again, or I would be leaving, I don’t remember what summer it was. I think it might have been the summer of 2006, but there was a student standing in line I believe to go into like the cafeteria for lunch, and he actually physically pushed him, and when I saw that, I told him that he could not do that.

(Doc. 73, p. 221 (Berndt deposition p. 24:7-19)).

Jeanette Holbrook testified that she observed Cedar Bridge staff cursing at one another and using foul language in front of students. (Id. at p. 185 (deposition p. 35:17-19)). She also witnessed an altercation between Baryla and another Cedar Bridge staff member. (Id. at p. 191 (deposition p. 54:3-5)).

During the summer of 2006, Berndt was caught having sexual intercourse with another Cedar Bridge instructor on a picnic table in the Boy Scouts’ section of Camp Tuckahoe. (Doc. 73, ¶ 53(d)). Baryla, who was engaged to Berndt at the time, became distraught, emotionally upset, was crying, tried to break' a window and yelled at Berndt in front of the students. (Id at ¶ 55). Cedar Bridge staff asked Baryla to leave camp, which he did, only to return later. (Docs, 71, 73 ¶ 56). Cedar Bridge staff then called police and Baryla was arrested, an act authorized by Weidner. (Id at ¶ 59). Despite Baryla’s emotional state, Weidner testified that he was not concerned about Baryla’s ability to run the camp and that he did not believe Baryla was unstable. (Id at ¶¶ 66-67). After this incident, a Cedar Bridge staff member took parts of Baryla’s vehicle to the shooting range to shoot them up. (Doe. 73, p. 83-84 (Baryla Dep. 68:24-69:22)).

Weidner testified that in 2006, Cedar Bridge activities had been “very visible” because the Boy Scouts provided food service to Cedar Bridge that summer. However, due to various incidents in 2006, Cedar Bridge activities were moved to a different area of the park and Cedar Bridge staff picked up their own food. (Doc. 73, ¶ 49). Although Cedar Bridge had a designated area within Camp Tuckahoe for its use, it also used various other facilities at Camp Tuckahoe, including the pool and shooting range. (Doc. 73, ¶ 76 (Weidner’s deposition at 40, Doc. 73, p. 122)). Aside from rangers checking on maintenance issues such as garbage collection, staff at York-Adams Boy Scouts was forbidden to enter Cedar Bridge’s portion of Camp Tuckahoe in 2007. (Doc. 73, ¶ 49). Weidner instituted a policy whereby Cedar Bridge and the Boy Scouts were in different areas and were not to act or interfere with one another. (Doc. 73, ¶ 73). The Boy Scouts did not directly supervise Cedar Bridge activities. (Docs. 71, 73 ¶ 77).

Scott Holbrook, Camp Tuckahoe’s ranger in 2006 and 2007, testified that he was responsible for maintenance and security at Camp Tuckahoe. (Id at ¶ 79). In 2007, Holbrook came into contact with Cedar Bridge, specifically Baryla, three to four times per day in checking the facilities and collecting the garbage. (Id at ¶ 81). Holbrook testified that he never witnessed abusive conduct towards Cedar Bridge students, nor heard stories of such conduct. (Id at ¶¶ 82, 83). Weidner also claimed to be unaware of abusive conduct towards the Cedar Bridge students, and that he had not heard of the incidents alleged in the complaint. (Id. at ¶¶ 84, 85).

M.S. attended the Cedar Bridge camp in 2007. (Id. at ¶ 8). M.S. testified that on the first day of camp, he vomited and Cedar Bridge staff forced him to sit in it and then eat his own vomit. (Doc. 73, p. 158 (M.S. Dep. 158:9-16)). He testified that at later times during the session, Baryla and other Cedar Bridge staff would make him eat bowl after bowl of macaroni until he vomited, and then make him eat more. (Doc. 73, ¶ 99). He testified that Baryla and a member of the youth staff told sexually explicit stories, and that Baryla once physically grabbed him and threw him. (Id at ¶ 112; see also M.S. Dep., Doc 73 at pp. 158,166).

In his deposition, Baryla denied the claims of abuse made by M.S. Baryla testified that punishment for disobeying orders included push-ups, jumping jacks and things like that, and “a certain amount of ... abuse is necessary for the training[.]” (Docs. 71, 73 ¶¶ 44,114).

Berndt and Jeanette Holbrook testified that verbal and/or physical abuse did occur at Cedar Brook. (Doc. 73, ¶ 114). M.S. further testified that on one occasion when Cedar Bridge students were being cursed at by Cedar Bridge staff using the “F-word,” Baryla identified someone present as being with the York-Adams Boy Scouts. (Doc. 73 at ¶ 119); Id., at p. 163 (M.S. Dep., 79:5-24).

II. Standard of Review

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a), a court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed R. Civ. P. 56(a). “[T]his standard provides that the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

A disputed fact is “material” if proof of its existence or nonexistence would affect the outcome of the case under applicable substantive law. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Gray v. York Newspapers, Inc., 957 F.2d 1070, 1078 (3d Cir.1992). A dispute of material fact is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 257, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Brenner v. Local 514, United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., 927 F.2d 1283, 1287-88 (3d Cir.1991).

When determining whether there is a genuine dispute of material fact, the court must view the facts and all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Moore v. Tartler, 986 F.2d 682 (3d Cir.1993); Clement v. Consol. Rail Corp., 963 F.2d 599, 600 (3d Cir.1992); White v. Westinghouse Elec. Co., 862 F.2d 56, 59 (3d Cir.1988). In order to avoid or obtain summary judgment, however, parties may not rely on unsubstantiated allegations. Parties seeking to establish that a fact is or is not genuinely disputed must support such an assertion by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record,” by showing that an adverse party’s factual assertion lacks support from cited materials, or demonstrating that a factual assertion is unsupportable by admissible evidence. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1); see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (requiring evidentiary support for factual assertions made in response to summary judgment). The party opposing the motion “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio, 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). Parties must produce evidence to show the existence of every element essential to its case that they bear the burden of proving at trial, for “a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see Harter v. G.A.F. Corp., 967 F.2d 846, 851 (3d Cir.1992). Failure to properly support or contest an assertion of fact may result in the fact being considered undisputed for the purpose of the motion, although a coxirt may also give parties an opportunity to properly provide support or opposition. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).

III. Discussion

Both issues raised by York-Adams Boy Scouts require an examination of the applicable standard of negligence. “[A] federal court must apply the substantive laws of its forum state in diversity actions,” such as this one. Lafferty v. St. Riel, 495 F.3d 72, 76 (3d Cir.2007). Therefore, Pennsylvania law applies to this dispute. Under- Pennsylvania law, “[t]he mere occurrence of an accident does not establish negligent conduct.” Martin v. Evans, 551 Pa. 496, 711 A.2d 458, 461 (Pa.1998). Rather, “[i]n any case sounding in negligence,- a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) a duty of care; (2) the breach of the duty; (3) a causal connection between the conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual loss or damage resulting to the plaintiff.” Farabaugh v. Pa. Turnpike Com’n, 590 Pa. 46, 911 A.2d 1264, 1272-73 (Pa.2006).

A. Duty to warn or protect by a possessor of land: did Yorkr-Adams Boy Scouts have reason to believe alleged acts were being■ committed?

York-Adams Boy Scouts contends that it had no reason to suspect that the acts alleged by plaintiff were being committed, and therefore it had no duty as the possessor of land to warn or protect against tortious acts of third persons against its invitee. Plaintiffs’ argue, however, that York-Adams Boy Scouts and its agents were aware or should have been aware of prior acts by Cedar Bridge and Baryla that would give rise to a duty to inspect, warn and/or protect students such as M.S. from future acts.

As is evident from the factual background stated above, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, there are genuine disputes of material fact as to what Weidner and other members of the York-Adams Boy Scouts saw, heard, and learned about the operations of Cedar Bridge prior to the time of the events alleged by plaintiff in the summer of 2007. There is also sufficient evidence of record to allow a reasonable jury to find that Weidner and/or others in positions of responsibility at York-Adams Boy Scouts failed to conduct a proper “due diligence” assessment of Cedar Bridge’s operations before allowing them to bring students onto York-Adams’ property.

A review of the applicable law establishes that the factual disputes are indeed material. Pennsylvania courts have adopted the Second Restatement approach to determining the duty owed by a possessor of land to a person on his land. See Kirschbaum v. WRGSB Assocs., 243 F.3d 145, 152 (3d Cir.2001) (citing Carrender v. Fitterer, 503 Pa. 178, 469 A.2d 120, 123 (1983)). Section 344 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts provides:

A possessor of land who holds it open to ’ the public for entry for his business purposes is subject to liability to members of the public while they are upon the land for such a purpose, for physical harm caused by the accidental, negligent, or intentionally harmful acts of third persons or animals, and by the failure of the possessor to exercise reasonable care to
(a) discover that such acts are being done or are likely'to be done, or
(b) give warning adequate to enable the visitors to avoid the harm, or otherwise to protect them against it.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 (1965). Section 344 requires a landowner to “take reasonable precautions against harmful third party conduct that might be reasonably anticipated.” Rabutino v. Freedom State Realty Co., 809 A.2d 933, 939 (Pa.Super.Ct.2002). This provision has been applied to warning or prevention of criminal acts as well as negligent acts of third parties — including independent contractors and patrons — of which a business owner is aware. Donovan v. Strawbridge & Clothier, No. 2985, 1994 WL 1251144 *6 (Pa.Com.Pl. June 24, 1994). Under this approach, “the duty of a possessor of land toward a third party entering the land depends upon whether the entrant is a trespasser, licensee, or invitee.” Cresswell v. End, 831 A.2d 673, 675 (Pa.Super.Ct.2003). An “invitee” includes “a person who is invited to enter or remain on land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business dealings with the possessor of the land.” Id. at 675-76 0quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332 (1965)).

There is no dispute that M.S. and the other students at Cedar Bridge were invitees on land owned by York-Adams Boy Scouts. Neither is there any dispute that York-Adams Boy Scouts and Cedar Bridge were conducting operations at Camp Tuckahoe at the same time during the relevant periods in question. Accordingly, York-Adams was not merely owner of the property, it also exercised possession and control, and therefore cannot be considered a landlord “out of possession” with no duty for injuries incurred by third parties on its leased premises. See, e.g., Dorsey v. Continental Associates, 404 Pa.Super. 525, 591 A.2d 716, 718 (Pa.Super.Ct.1991); Kobylinski v. Hipps, 359 Pa.Super. 549, 519 A.2d 488, 491 (Pa.Super.Ct.1986); Henze v. Texaco, Inc., 352 Pa.Super. 538, 508 A.2d 1200, 1202 (Pa.Super.Ct.1986) (citing, inter alia, Restatement (Second) of Torts § 356 (1965)). Liability attaches if a landlord has “retained control over a portion of the property which is necessary to the safe use of the leased property.” Kobylinski, 519 A.2d at 491.

Comment (f) of section 344 provides that while a possessor of land is not an insurer of his patrons, “[i]f the place or character of his business, or his past experience, is such that he should reasonably anticipate careless ... conduct on the part of third persons, either generally or at some particular time, he may be under a duty to take precautions against it, and to provide a reasonably sufficient number of servants to afford a reasonable protection.” Restatement (Second) Torts § 344 cmt. f (1965). Thus, in determining the applicability of § 344, courts examine whether (1) the “place or character” of the defendant’s business is inherently dangerous or (2) defendant’s “past experience” is such that the danger that resulted in plaintiffs injury should have been foreseen. See Valerio v. Keystone Turf Club Inc., No. 2823, 1999 WL 1258938, at *2 (Pa.Ct.Comm.Pl., March 17, 1999); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 cmt. f (1965). See also Murphy v. Penn Fruit Company, 274 Pa.Super. 427, 418 A.2d 480 (Pa.Super.Ct.1980) (applying § 344 because the defendant had prior notice of crimes occurring behind its parking lot and failed to protect or warn the plaintiff, who was stabbed there); Moran v. Valley Forge Drive-in Theater Inc., 431 Pa. 432, 246 A.2d 875 (Pa.1968) (finding that § 344 applied because the defendants had notice of prior acts potentially harmful to patrons committed by third persons in- the area where plaintiff was injured); Glass v. Freeman, 430 Pa. 21, 240 A.2d 825, 830 (Pa.1968) (applying § 344 where, because of the dangerous character of construction sites, it was foreseeable that an unsupervised child would cause injury).

To establish liability under § 344, a plaintiff must satisfy three elements: “(1) that plaintiff was injured by the kind of acts described in the section; (2) that such acts were being done, or were likely to be done; and (3) that the defendant failed in one of two duties — either to take reasonable care to discover that such acts were being done or were likely to be done, or to take reasonable care to provide appropriate precautions.” Moultrey v. The Great A & P Tea Co., 281 Pa.Super. 525, 422 A.2d 593, 598 (Pa.Super.Ct.1980); see Vazquez v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 09-2609, 2010 WL 3191852, *4 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 5, 2010) (“To establish liability under [Section] 344, plaintiff must prove that [defendant] either (1) helped create the dangerous condition, or (2) had actual or constructive notice of the condition.”). Section 344 requires that “reasonable measures be taken to control the conduct of third persons, or to give adequate warning to enable patrons to avoid possible harm.” Moran, 246 A.2d at 879. Unlike section 343, which holds that a defendant need only have knowledge of the likelihood of a harmful condition caused by a third party, section 344 requires knowledge of the actual harmful condition. Read v. Sam’s Club, No.: 2-05-CV-00170-LLD, 2005 WL 2346112 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 23, 2005). Thus, some reoccurring conditions caused by third parties may constitute notice to the posséssor of land under section 344. Id.; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 cmt. f.

Plaintiffs contend that several incidents which occurred prior to 2007 should have put York-Adams Boy Scouts on notice of the potential for harm to invitees by Cedar Bridge and/or Baryla. ■ Berndt testified that she saw Baryla push another student, that Baryla was verbally abusive and that he sometimes crossed the line. Jeanette Holbrook observed Cedar Bridge staff curse at each other as well as students. Baryla was arrested after a fight with Berndt in front of the students. Weidner authorized the arrest to remove Baryla from the camp. Additionally, it is alleged that a Cedar Bridge staff member pushed Baryla up against a building, a result of which was the staff member’s eviction from camp.

Aside from one incident of verbal abuse, York-Adams Boy Scouts contends that it had no knowledge of these events. However, a review of the depositions in the case raises genuine issues of material fact as to what Weidner actually knew or should have known based upon the many events and long period of interaction leading up to the summer of 2007.

A jury question is created where the evidence demonstrates that the defendant “had notice, either actual or constructive, of prior acts committed by a third person within their premises, which might cause injuries to patrons.” Ross v. Sunoco Inc., 56 Pa. D. & C. 4th 358, 364 (Pa.Com.Pl.2002) (citing Moran, 431 Pa. 432, 246 A.2d 875). It also is the function of the jury to determine whether “adequate measures were taken to control the conduct of third persons.” Id.; see also Bloom v. Dubois Regional Medical Center, 409 Pa.Super. 83, 597 A.2d 671, 680-81 (Pa.Super.Ct.1991) (“[Wjhether an act or failure to act constitutes negligence, of any degree ... has always been particularly committed to determination by a jury.”). The issue of whether a defendant breached any duty may be removed from the jury only “when the ease is free from doubt and there is no possibility that a reasonable jury could find negligence.” Emerich v. Philadelphia Center for Human Development, Inc., 554 Pa. 209, 720 A.2d 1032, 1044 (Pa.1998); see also Bloom, supra at 681.

As noted above, Weidner, Scott Holbrook and Jeanette Holbrook were aware of questionable behavior on the part of Baryla and other Cedar Bridge staff members that may, arguably, be construed as alarming enough to put the York-Adams Boy Scouts on notice -of the actions occurring at the Cedar Bridge camp and, specifically, to M.S. York-Adams staff testified that they were aware of outbursts, altercations, and verbal abuse. Plaintiffs have demonstrated, therefore, that there is evidence to support a duty to warn or protect under § 344 of the Restatement. Whether the inaction of the York-Adams Boy Scouts constitutes negligence is to be determined by the fact-finder. Consequently, summary judgment is not warranted on this issue.

B. Did York-Adams Boy Scouts have a duty to ensure that its tenant maintained liability insurance?

There is no dispute that Cedar Bridge did not obtain liability insurance coverage naming York-Adams .Boy Scouts as an additional insured, as required by the Letter Agreement applicable to the 2007 camp session. York-Adams Boy Scouts contends, however, that Pennsylvania law does not recognize a duty of a landlord to a tenant’s invitees to ensure the tenant maintains liability insurance. M.S. argues that third-party beneficiary status may be conferred, despite a lack of express intent, when circumstance compel the recognition of a beneficiary’s right to effectuate the intent of the parties.

Pennsylvania has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 302 (1981) for determining third-party-beneficiary status. In Scarpitti v. Weborg, 530 Pa. 366, 609 A.2d 147 (1992), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court summarized Pennsylvania third-party-beneficiary law as follows:

[A] party becomes a third party beneficiary only where both parties to the contract express an intention to benefit the third party in the contract itself, Spires [v. Hanover Fire Ins. Co.], supra, [364 Pa. 52, 70 A.2d 828 (1950) ] unless the circumstances are so compelling that recognition of the beneficiary’s right is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties, and the performance satisfies an obligation of the promisee to pay money to the beneficiary or the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance. Guy v. Liederbach, 501 Pa. 47, 459 A.2d 744 (1983).

Id. at 372-73, 609 A.2d at 150-51.

There are two tests for third-party-beneficiary status. The first one requires that the parties to the agreement indicate in the agreement itself that the purported beneficiary is a third-party beneficiary. Sovereign Bank v. BJ’s Wholesale Club, Inc., 395 F.Supp.2d 183, 199 (M.D.Pa.2005). The second test does not require an affirmative recognition of the purported beneficiary in the contract itself but imposes two requirements. Id. First, the circumstances must be so compelling that recognition of the beneficiary’s right is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties. Id. Second, it must be shown either that the performance satisfies an obligation of the promisee to pay money to the beneficiary or that the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance. Id. In elaborating on the second test, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court observed:

The first part of the test sets forth a standing requirement which leaves discretion with the court to determine whether recognition of third party beneficiary status would be appropriate. The second part defines the two types of claimants who may be intended as third party beneficiaries. If a party satisfies both parts of the test, a claim may be asserted under the contract.

Id. (quoting Scarpitti, supra, 530 Pa. at 371, 609 A.2d at 150).

Because the parties to the agreement have not indicated that students such as M.S. are intended beneficiaries to their agreement, M.S. must proceed under the second test. Thus, they must establish compelling circumstances such that the recognition of their right is appropriate. This they have not done, nor is such a conclusion necessary to effect the intent of the parties. Additionally, with respect to the second element, there is nothing in the Letter of Agreement that suggests an obligation of the York-Adams Boy Scouts to pay a camper such as M.S. York-Adams Boy Scouts correctly note that it is the only beneficiary of the indemnification language. Moreover, the circumstances do not indicate that the York-Adams Boy Scouts intended to give students such as M.S. the benefit of the promised performance, to wit., the certificate of insurance and the hold harmless agreement but, rather, it was solely for the benefit of the York-Adams Boy Scouts. M.S. has, therefore, failed to establish facts to support a finding that they are third party beneficiaries.

Even though a legal or contractual duty of care on the part of the defendant may not exist under Pennsylvania law, the court may nonetheless impose liability on a defendant who assumes a duty of care by his affirmative actions. See Feld v. Merriam, 506 Pa. 383, 392, 485 A.2d 742, 746 (1984) (noting that an exception exists to the general rule precluding the imposition of liability in the absence of a preexisting duty “where a party assumes a duty, whether gratuitously or for consideration, and so negligently performs that duty that another suffers damage”) (citing Pascarella v. Kelley, 378 Pa. 18, 105 A.2d 70 (1954); Rehder v. Miller, 35 Pa.Super. 344 (Pa.Super.Ct.1908)). The exception is predicated on the Restatement (2d) Torts § 323 (1965), which has been adopted as an accurate statement of the law in Pennsylvania and provides:

One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the other’s person or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance upon the undertaking.

Feld, 506 Pa. at 392-93, 485 A.2d at 746 (citing Gradel v. Inouye, 491 Pa. 534, 421 A.2d 674 (1980); DeJesus v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 423 Pa. 198, 223 A.2d 849 (1966)). A plaintiff will satisfy its burden under Section 323 if it proves one of the two elements — either increased risk of harm or detrimental reliance. Feld, 506 Pa. at 393 n. 4, 485 A.2d at 746 n. 4 (citations omitted); see also Evans v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 398 F.2d 665, 667 (3d Cir.1968) (applying Pennsylvania law). Moreover, although the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has recognized the exception as stated in Section 323 of the Restatement, it has applied Section 323 narrowly. Feld, 506 Pa. at 394, 485 A.2d at 747; see also Morena v. South Hills Health Sys., 501 Pa. 634, 642-44, 462 A.2d 680, 684-85 (1983) (limiting the extent of defendant-paramedics duty under Section 323 to the scope of their undertaking).

M.S. argues that a camper is a foreseeable beneficiary and that the York-Adams Boy Scouts knew or should have known of the reckless acts occurring at Cedar Bridge. M.S. maintains that York-Adams Boy Scouts’ failure to require a valid certificate of insurance or hold harmless agreement is part of a larger pattern of ignorance or neglect in failing to require Cedar Bridge’s compliance with the lease provision and the Camp’s policies. Such a lackadaisical approach permitted circumstances to exist where the alleged injuries to M.S. were more likely to occur.

York-Adams Boy Scouts points out, however, that M.S. has not averred 1) that the insurance certificate or the hold harmless agreement made the camp more appealing; 2) that he was aware the insurance provision or the hold harmless agreement prior to the commencement of this suit; or 3) that the circumstances compel recognition of M.S.’s right to the benefit of the maintenance-of-insurance provision to effectuate the intentions of the parties to the lease agreement.

M.S. cannot premise the present applicability of § 323 on detrimental reliance, given that he had no prior knowledge of either the insurance provision or the hold harmless agreement. Nor can it reasonably be concluded that the risk of harm increased in the absence of valid documents regarding these provisions. First, both Baryla and Weidner testified that they were unaware that Cedar Bridge’s insurance had lapsed. Additionally, Berndt and Jeanette Holbrook testified that verbal and physical assault of students had occurred prior to 2007, when both insurance certificate and a hold harmless agreement would have been in effect. Consequently, it cannot be concluded that the absence of such documents increased the risk of harm. M.S. has not, accordingly, established a duty by the York-Adams Boy Scouts under § 323.

IV. Recommendation

Based on the foregoing analysis, it is respectfully recommended that the York-Adams Boy Scouts’s motion for summary judgment (Doc. 71) be granted in part and denied in part.

It is recommended that the court grant summary judgment in favor of York-Adams Boy Scouts on M.S.’s negligence claim related to the absence of liability insurance.

It is recommended that the court deny summary judgment on M.S.’s claim that York-Adams Boy Scouts was negligent in failing to warn or protect M.S., an invitee, against the tortious acts of Baryla and/or Cedar Bridge. 
      
      . No party objects to this section of the Magistrate Judge's recommendation. (See Doc. 79). The court does not find error on the face of this section, and it therefore adopts the Magistrate Judge’s reasoning on this point in its entirety. See note 3, infra (discussing the court’s standard of review).
     
      
      . York-Adams provides ten objections altogether. The tenth objection is to the Magistrate Judge's ultimate conclusion on the issue of whether York-Adams had a duty of care to M.S. The first nine objections focus on the Magistrate Judge’s various statements and characterizations of fact from the record. Several relate to the Magistrate Judge’s statements in her Background section, such as: (1) the Magistrate Judge’s inclusion of defendant Steven T. Baryla's (“Baryla”) indictment, guilty plea, and sentence for transportation of child pornography, (See Doc. 78, at 5 n. 5); (2) the Magistrate Judge’s statement that "due to various incidents in 2006, Cedar Bridge activities were moved to a different area of the park and Cedar Bridge staff picked up their own food” (Doc. 78, at 7); and (3) the Magistrate Judge’s statement that York-Adams "did not directly supervise activities” at Cedar Bridge, (See Doc. 78 at 8), which purportedly erroneously implies that York-Adams indirectly supervised activities at Cedar Bridge, (Doc. 79, at 7). The Magistrate Judge does not, in any way, rely upon these facts to support her ultimate conclusion. The court also notes Baryla’s indictment occurred in 2009, two years after the events in question in this case, and is therefore immaterial. The court also notes that the record modestly supports the Magistrate Judge’s statement that Cedar Bridge activities were kept, separate from the rest of the camp in 2007 due to the incidents in 2006 surrounding Baryla and Berndt’s break-up. (See Doc. 73, Ex. E, at 110).
      York-Adams raises three objections regarding the Magistrate Judge's use of Jeannette Holbrook’s deposition testimony. First, York-Adams argues that Ms. Holbrook’s testimony regarding cursing and foul language occurred in summer 2007. This testimony was adduced in the middle of a discussion about events occurring in 2007, but it is not limited by any specific date. (Doc. 73, Ex. E, at 35). York-Adams also contends that the altercation between Baryla and the staff member occurred in summer 2007, and this is ostensibly undisputed. (Doc. 73, Ex. E, at 53-54). However, as further discussed supra in note 4, the court agrees with the Magistrate Judge that a jury could reasonably conclude that the events which took place prior to 2007 were sufficient to place York-Adams on notice of the potential for harm. Second, York-Adams argues that because Jeanette Holbrook was first employed at Cedar Bridge in 2007, and did not marry York-Adams Boy Scout Ranger Scott Holbrook until 2008, her knowledge of incidents occurring in 2007 cannot be imputed to York-Adams. (Doc. 79, at 4). The court concludes that any knowledge Ms. Holbrook may have had is relevant to the determination of information or knowledge imputed to York-Adams, particularly given Ms. Holbrook’s past relationship with Camp Tuckahoe. Third, York-Adams states that Ms. Holbrook’s testimony regarding Baryla and Danielle Berndt’s ("Berndt”) break-up in 2006, prior to her witnessing the police escorting Baryla off the camp's property, is inadmissible hearsay. However, in her R & R, the Magistrate Judge did not rely upon any hearsay testimony; rather the report was based solely upon Ms. Holbrook’s personal knowledge.
      York-Adams also objects to the Magistrate Judge’s recitation of Jeannette Holbrook testimony that physical abuse occurred at Cedar Bridge. York-Adams states that this finding is unsupported by the record. This objection is unavailing. The Magistrate Judge's R & R simply states that "Berndt and Jeanette Holbrook testified that verbal and/or physical abuse did occur at Cedar Brook.” (Doc. 78, at 9). Although Ms. Holbrook witnessed only verbal abuse, Danielle Berndt testified about an incident of physical abuse. (Doc. 73, Ex. H, at 24). Thus, the Magistrate Judge’s statement is accurate.
      York-Adams's eighth objection is to the Magistrate Judge's statement that a jury could reasonably find that York-Adams "failed to conduct a proper 'due diligence' assessment of Cedar Bridge’s operations before allowing them to bring students onto York-Adams' property.” (Doc. 78, at 12-13). York-Adams argues that this "places a duty upon York-Adams Boy Scouts that is not recognized under Pennsylvania law.” (Doc. 79, at 8). However, the Magistrate Judge's use of this language, when viewed in conjunction with the rest of her reasoning, merely explains that a reasonable jury could conclude that York-Adams was aware or should have been aware of the potential for harm to invitees by Cedar Bridge and failed in its duty to warn or protect those invitees under § 344 of the Restatement. York-Adams also objects to the Magistrate Judge’s factual finding that York-Adams Director Todd A. Weidner (“Weidner”) did not investigate Baryla's criminal background prior to leasing a portion of the camp to Cedar Bridge. (Doc. 78, at 4). The Magistrate Judge does not use this factual statement to support any aspect of her ratio decidendi nor does it play any role in her conclusion. Hence, the court finds the objection to be immaterial.
      York-Adams' ninth objection is to the Magistrate Judge’s characterization that there were "many events and [a] long period of interaction leading up to the summer of 2007” which raise genuine issues of material fact as to what Weidner and York-Adams knew or should have known about activities at Cedar Bridge. (Doc. 78, at 18). York-Adams argues that there are only two incidents which occurred prior to 2007: Berndt’s testimony that Baryla pushed another student and testimony regarding the 2006 break-up between Berndt and Baryla. (Doc. 79, at 10). York-Adams argues that this is not sufficient to place York-Adams on notice of the potential for harm. It is true that several incidents cited by the Magistrate Judge, such as Jeanette Holbrook’s testimony regarding a Cedar Bridge staff member pushing Baryla up against a building, actually occurred in 2007. However, as further discussed supra in note 4, the court agrees with the Magistrate Judge that a jury could reasonably conclude that the events which took place prior to 2007 are sufficient to place York-Adams on notice of the potential for harm.
     
      
      . York-Adams, as the movant, must show that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. The court must view the evidence, and all justifiable inferences to be drawn from the evidence, in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See, e.g., Rauser v. Horn, 241 F.3d 330, 334 (3d Cir.2001). Where objections to a magistrate judge's report and recommendation are filed, the court must perform a de novo review of the report's contested portions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). The court will review the uncontested portions of the Magistrate Judge’s report for "clear error on the face of the record.” See Cruz v. Chater, 990 F.Supp. 375, 375-78 (M.D.Pa.1998) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b) advisory committee's note (1983)).
     
      
      . There is a genuine dispute of material fact as to what York-Adams knew or should have known about the operations of Cedar Bridge prior to the summer of 2007. A reasonable jury could conclude that York-Adams was aware or should have been aware of the potential for harm to invitees by Cedar Bridge and thus had a duty to warn or protect those invitees under § 344 of the Restatement. The principal events are those surrounding Baryla and Berndt’s break-up in 2006. Baryla became emotionally upset, was crying, attempted to break open a window, and generally caused a scene in front of campers. (Doc. 73, Ex. C, at 53-62; Ex. E., at 14). He also snuck into the campers’ sleeping facilities, cried to them and told them about what had happened. (Doc. 73, ex. H, at 22-23). Cedar Bridge staff asked Baryla to leave camp, which he did, only to return later. (Doc. 73, Ex. C, at 53). Thereafter, Weidner authorized Baryla's removal from the camp by law enforcement personnel. (Id.) After this incident, a Cedar Bridge staff member took Baryla’s truck apart and shot up parts of the vehicle in the Boy Scouts rifle range. (Doc. 73, Ex. B, at 68-69). Based on these facts, a jury could reasonably conclude that York-Adams received adequate notice of claims (from a Cedar Bridge camper) of verbal and physical abuse. York-Adams is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
     
      
      . The amended complaint also named Boy Scouts of America as a defendant, but it was dismissed by stipulation of the parties. (Doc. 51).
      
     
      
      . Plaintiff’s claims against Cedar Bridge and Baryla include failure to properly hire, supervise, and retain properly trained counselors and employees; negligent entrustment; and intentional infliction of emotional distress. (Doc. 32, ¶ 10).
     
      
      . York-Adams Boy Scout Council filed a motion for summary judgment and supporting brief on September 13, 2011 (Docs. 71, 72). A statement of material facts is included as part of the motion itself. (See Doc. 71). Plaintiffs filed a response to the motion along with a brief in opposition on October 4, 2011 (Docs. 73, 74), to which the York-Adams Boys Scout Council filed a reply brief on October 13, 2011. '(Doc. 75).
      
     
      
      . Cedar Bridge cancelled the last week of camp in 2006.
     
      
      . In 2009, Baryla was indicted by a federal grand jury for transportation of child pornography, to which he pled guilty and for which, in 2011, he was sentenced to six years incarceration.
     
      
      . Jeanette Holbrook appears to be the wife of Scott Holbrook, York-Adams Boy Scouts’s ranger at Camp Tuckahoe, and the medic for Camp Tuckahoe. (Docs. 173, p. 205).
     
      
      . "Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 and its comment (f) have long been the law of Pennsylvania." Donovan v. Strawbridge & Clothier, No. 2985, 1994 WL 1251144 at *5 (Pa.Com.Pl. June 24, 1994) (citations omitted).
     
      
      . Comment (b) to Section 344 provides:
      'Third persons' include all persons other than the possessor of the land, or his servants acting within the scope of their employment. It includes such servants when they are acting outside of the scope of their employment, as well as other invitees or licensees upon the premises, and also trespassers on the land, and even persons outside of the land whose acts endanger the safety of the visitor.
     
      
      . Comment (f) states:
      (f) Duty to police premises. Since the possessor is not an insurer of the visitor’s safety, he is ordinarily under no duty to exercise any care until he knows or has reason to know that the acts of the third person are occurring, or are about to occur. He may, however, know or have reason to know, from past experience that there is a likelihood of conduct on the part of the third persons in general which is likely to endanger the safety of the visitor, even though he had no reason to expect it on the part of any particular individual. If the place or character of his business, or his past experience is such that he should reasonably anticipate a careless or criminal conduct on the part of a third person, either generally or at some particular time, he may be under a duty to take precautions against it, and to provide a reasonably sufficient number of servants to afford a reasonable protection.
     
      
      . The abuse which M.S. avers he suffered, to wit., being forced to eat his own vomit, being told sexually explicit stories and being, grabbed and thrown by Baryla, will not be considered as “past experience.’’ Nonetheless, it would appear relevant if it occurred in the presence of York-Adams Boy Scouts staff and such persons failed to stop it.
     