
    Consequa against Fanning and others.
    
      September 29th and 30th, and November 26th.
    On a re-hearing, the cause is open to the party who petitions fot the re-hearing, only as to those parts of the decree complained of in the petition; but as to the other party, the cause is open as to the whole matter.
    An order of reference, for account, before a Master, cannot be more extensive, than the allegations and proofs of the parties.
    Where the charges in the bill are specific, setting forth the items of the account, with their dates, on an order of reference for an account, the inquiry is not open beyond the special matters charged; although the bill may contain a general charge at the conclusion, and a prayer for 66 a full account concerning the premises.”
    5n all questions arising between the subjects of different states, each is to be considered as aparty to the laws and authoritative acts of his own government.
    If a merchant abroad sends goods to a merchant here, by his order, or by that of his agent, which are received with the invoice, and accepted, without any obje ction at the time, he cannot, afterwards, object that the articles were overcharged in price.
    Where a consignee of goods sells some of them on credit, and settles with bis consignor, and pays him the full amount, he cannot, afterwards, claim to be reimbursed for any part, on the ground of a bad debt made in the sale; there being no fraud or mistake in the settlement Unsettled accounts do no bear interest
    
    Where a balance of an account is paid without any charge of interest, it cannot, afterwards, be demanded* '
    
      Interest is payable accordingto the laws of the country where the debt is contracted and to be paid.
    Where a Chinese merchant consigns goods to a merchant in New-York, for sale, which are delivered at Canton9 to the agent of the New* York merchant,, who neglects to remit the proceeds to the consignor, the latter is entitled to interest on the amount, according to the law and custom of China, being twelve per cent.
    PETITION for a re-hearing. The bill stated, that the plaintiff, a native merchant of Canton, in China, on the 33d of December, 1807, shipped on board the John and James, at' Canton, a cargo of teas, valued at 19,837 dollars and 77 cent's, and consigned the same to the defendants,, Edmund Fanning, Henry Fanning, and Willet Coles, being partners in trade, owners of vessels, and factors and commission merchants, to sell for the plaintiff, and which were received by the defendants, as his factors. That, on the 34th of December, 1807, the plaintiff shipped- on board the 
      Hope and Mahualpa, teas and nankeens, to the value of 29,135 dollars and 6.3 cents, and consigned the same to defendants, for sale, and who received the same as his factors. That the defendants, by their authorized agent, Oled Chase, on the 19th of January, 1811, gave the plaintiff a promissory note, dated at Canton, for 35,717 dollars and 50 cents, payable sixteen months after date, with interest at twelve per cent., which is the lawful and customary rate of interest at Canton, which note is still unpaid, and was given for the goods sold and delivered to the defendants. That, in December, 1809, John Smith Crary and William E. JSexsen, as lawful attorneys and agents of the defendants, gave, at Canton, a promissory note to the plaintiff, for 39,690 dollars and 63 cents, payable fifteen months after date, with interest, after the same should become due, at twelve per cent.; which note was unpaid, and seven months interest due thereon, when the said Crary, as agent of the defendants, gave the plaintiff a note for the interest then due, being 2,910 dollars and 64 cents, payable in twelve months, with interest at twelve per cent., which note is wholly due and unpaid. That, on the 25th of November, 1810, the plaintiff shipped on board the Chinese, teas and cassia, to the value of 64,828 dollars and 65 cents, consigned to the defendants, to be sold, and the proceeds remitted to the plaintiff, and which goods were received by the defendants, as the factors of the plaintiff, and sold. That, on-the 29th of November, 1810, the plaintiff shipped on board the Hope, teas and nankeens, to the value of 6,370 dollars and 21 cents, consigned to the defendants, to sell, and-remit the proceeds, and which were received and sold by the defendants. That by an agreement between the plaintiff and the defendants, in relation to their receiving and selling the goods* so consigned to them as factors, they were to sell the same with all reasonable expedition, and for the best prices, and for a reasonable reward to be retained, and to remit the pro-needs, in specie, to Canton; and for any unreasonable delay the defendants were to pay twelve per cent, interest, from the time such sales and remittances could reasonably have been made, that being the rate of interest where the plaintiff resided, and where the contract was to be fulfilled by the remittances. The plaintiff charged, that the defendants received all the goods so shipped, and sold them, and received the proceeds, and have retained, or. wasted them, or lost part by their negligence, and have refused to render an account thereof, and remit the proceeds : That it was the agreement, or course of dealing, between the plaintiff and the defendants, that for all moneys due to him from them, they should pay to him twelve per cent, interest from the time of their default. That, on the 6th of February, 1806, Jlcors Sheffield, at Canton, gave the plaintiff a note for 4,080 dollars and 81 cents, payable in fifteen months, with interest, afterwards, at twelve per cent.; and which note not being paid, the plaintiff, after-wards, on the. 12th of ,November, 1807, delivered it to the defendant E. F. for collection, and to account to the plaintiff for the same; that E. F. received the note, in behalf of the defendants, to collect, and has never accounted to the plaintiff for it, and they have either collected the money, or lost it by their gross negligence, and have refused to account for it, with the interest. That the defendants, between 1805 and this time, became indebted to the plaintiff, in various other large sums of money, amounting to 160,000 dollars, for teas and other goods, sold and delivered to them by the plaintiff; and for teas and other goods, consigned, &c. &c. Prayer, that the defendants be decreed to come to a full account with the plaintiff, concerning the premises, and to pay to him what shall be found due, &c.
    The defendants, in their answer, denied that they were, at the times mentioned in the bill, general partners in trade; but admitted that they were jointly concerned in shipping, importing, and selling on commission, divers cargoes of merchandise, &c. They stated various matters jn defenee, and various counter claims, by way of deduction and set-off, which it is unnecessary to detail; the material facts will sufficiently appear from the decretal order and opinion of the court.
    
      decretal Order,
    
    The cause having been brought to a hearing, on the pleadings and proofs, the court, on the 30th of September, 1817, made the following decretal order: That it be referred to a Master to take an account between the plaintiff. and defendants, touching the matters in the .pleadings mentioned; and that, in taking such account, the Master .charge the defendants with the goods in the pleadings mentioned, shipped by the plaintiff, on the 22d of Decernher, 1807, in the ship John and James, amounting, according to the invoice, to 19,837 dollars 77 cents, consigned by the plaintiff to the defendants, and by them received to sell and dispose of for the plaintiff; and, also, charge the .defendants with the goods, in the pleadings mentioned, shipped by the plaintiff, on the 24th of December, 1807, in the ship Hope, and in the ship Jltahualpa, amounting, according to the invoice price, to 29,135 dollars and 63 ¡cents, as for goods consigned by the plaintiff to the defendants to sell for the plaintiff; and, also, charge the defendants with 35,711 dollars and 50 cents, upon the foot of a promissory note, in the pleadings mentioned, dated the 19th of January, 1811, given to the plaintiff by Oled Chase, as the authorized agent of the defendants, payable sixteen months after date; or, if the Master should be of .opinion that Obed Chase was not duly authorized to give it, that, then, the Master charge the defendants with that sum, as for goods sold and delivered by the plaintiff to the defendants, on the 19th of January, 1811, at a credit of sixteen months; and, also, charge the defendants with $6,690 dollars 63 cents, upon the foot of a promissory 
      note, in the pleadings mentioned, given the 9th of Decernher, 1809, to the plaintiff, by John Smith Crary and WilMam E. Nexsen, as the authorized agents of the defendants, payable fifteen months after date; and, also, charge the defendants with only so much of the goods in the pleadings mentioned, and shipped by the plaintiff, on the 25th of November, 1810, in the ship Chinese, amounting to 64,828 dollars and 65 cents, according to the invoice price, after deducting 43,025 dollars and 87 cents, being so much of the shipment as the plaintiff appears to have assigned to William Baring and others, in the pleadings mentioned, and that the sum of 21,798 dollars 78 cents, being the residue of the last shipment, after deducting the assignment to Baring Sf Co., be charged as for goods consigned by the plaintiff to the defendants, and by them received to sell for the plaintiff; and, also, charge the defendants with the goods, in the pleadings mentioned^ shipped by the plaintiff the 29th of November, 1810, in the ship Hope, amounting, according to the invoice price, to 6,370 dollars 21 cents, as for goods consigned by the plaintiff to the defendants, and by them received, to sell for the plaintiff; and, also, charge the defendants with interest, at the rate of twelve per cent., upon all the items before mentioned, from such times as the said sums ought to have been paid, that is to say, in case of goods sold, from the expiration of the term of credit; and in case of goods consigned, from the times the proceeds ought to have been remitted, having regard to the course of such dealings ; and in case of promissory notes, from the time of payment therein specified. Ad, also, charge the defendants with 900 dollars, being so much of the amount of the promissory note, in the pleadings mentioned, given by ,Aors Sheffield to the plaintiff, and by him placed in the hands of the defendants to collect, as was received by the defendants; and, also, such farther sum, as it shall satisfactorily appear to the Master, the defendants might have received, if they had used due diligence in collecting it, with lawful interest, from the time the same was received, Qr }iave been received, as aforesaid. And that the plaintiff be allowed, in such account, all such further sums as shall appear that the defendants ought to account for and pay, by reason of any dealings and matters in the bill mentioned, with such interest, as the nature of the case, and the course of the dealings between the parties, shall render just. And that the Master make all proper allowances to the defendants for all remittances and payments made by them to the plaintiff, orto others for his use, and by his authority; and that the Master be at liberty to examine the parties, under oath, on interrogatories, and such other witnesses; not already examined, as either party may produce.
    
      Master’^ r<%
    
    
      Objections
    
    The Master made a report, on the 31st of January, 1818, in which he stated the gross amount of the sales of the cargoes mentioned in the decretal order, and the charges thereon, and the nett proceeds thereof, and the amount due from the defendants to the plaintiff; and that he had charged the defendants with the nett proceeds of the different consignments particularly mentioned in the decree, and with the goods sold, and with the amount of the notes; and that he had charged tioelve per cent, interest on the items, except the last, in which the remittance was made in due time; and that he had credited the defendants for all remittances and payments by them on account of the said consignments and sales, and with all just allowances, and had calculated interest' at twelve per cent, on the credits; leaving a balance due to the plaintiff, for principal and interest, to the date of the report, of 104,457 dollars and 91 cents.
    The petition for a rehearing stated the following objections to the decretal order : 1. Because it does not direct a general account to be taken between the parties:
    3. Because the decretal order limits, and circumscribes the charges to be-made by the defendants against the plaintiff, to remittances and payments by them to the plaintiff, and to others, for his use, and by his authority: and the Master has decided, and the defendants cannot be allowed for any charge or matter of account, unless it be shown to be a remittance or payment, specially and specifically applied to one or other of the matters with which the defendants are charged and made accountable by the decree; by reason whereof, matters of account to a very large amount, and, as the defendants believe, to a sum not less than 86,000 dollars, are wholly excluded from the said account; and the defendants are barred from the benefit thereof:
    3. Because, the defendants are charged with a promissory note given by Obed Chase to the plaintiff, for 35,711 dollars and 50 cents, or with goods sold and delivered to the defendant, to that amount, which, by the terms of the decree, as it relates to the defendants, is substantially the same thing; whereas, by the pleadings and proofs, the defendants are not justly liable to be charged with the same in either shape; but only as for goods consigned to the defendants, by the plaintiff, to be sold for his account, and in this way they are willing to account.
    4. Because, the defendants are charged with interest at twelve per cent, per annum, upon the items in the decree mentioned, or notes, or goods sold by the plaintiff to the defendants, and consigned to the defendants to be sold, from the expiration of the credits, in the case of notes and goods sold; and in the case of goods consigned, from the time when the proceeds ought, to have been remitted: whereas, the defendants ought not to be charged with any greater interest in the case of consignments, where the contract was made here, than is allowed by the law of this state.
    5. Because, the defendants are charged with so much of the goods in the pleadings mentioned, and shipped by the plaintiff to the defendants, on the 25th of November./ 1810, on board the ship Chinese, as would amount to' 21,798 dollars and 78 cents, invoice price, being part of the invoice of. 64,818 dollars and 65 cents, whereof 43.025 dollars and 87 cents, appeared to have been assigned to Baring Co.; which is erroneous, because no part of the said cargo was specifically assigned to Baring' fy Co.; but another and different shipment made by the plaintiff to the defendants, in a former voyage of the ship-Chinese ; and the shipment to Baring 8f Co. was in 1809, the amount of the invoice of which was the sums last mentioned, and which shipment is not stated in the plaintiff’s bill; but the facts are set forth at large in the an-' swer.
    
      September 29th and 30th.
    oh a rehearing, open toTheparforWthePrehearing, only as those parts of the decree complained of in the petition; but as to the other party, it is open as to the whole matter.
    6. Because the defendants are directed to account for the proceeds of the said invoice of 64,828 dollars, and 25-cents, deducting only 43,025 • dollars and 87 cents, part thereof; whereas, the defendants are bound to account to Baring &f Co., or their representatives, for the full sum of 43.025 dollars and 87 cents, whether the invoice would amount to that sum or not; and the defendants are sued in the circuit court of the United States ; and there is reason to apprehend that they will be compelled to account for the full sum, provided there should be a balance in their hands to that amount due to' the plaintiff,, including' the invoice assigned.
    A. re-hearing having been granted, the cause was- argued by Riggs for the plaintiff, and T. A. Emmet and Brackett,for the defendants.
   The Chancellor.

There is considerable variation in t*ie objections made to the decree, as stated in the petition ®5r a re-hearing, and in the points on which the cause wag-tore-argued. But, I apprehend the rule to be well' settled. u 11 '¿hat upon a rehearing, the cause, with respect to the patty who petitions to rehear, is open only as to those parts of it complained of in the petition; though as to the other party, it is open as to the whole matter of the decree. The rule was so declared by Lord Chancellor Cowper, in Rawlins v. Powel, (1 P. Wms. 300.) and it is to be met with in all the Subsequent treatises on the subject.

An order of account6before cannot be made more extensive than the aiiegaA tions and proofs of íhc partió,

I shall, therefore, take up the objections, as they were stated in the petition on which the rehearing was granted.

1. The first objection is, that the decree did not order a general account to be taken and stated between the parties, and that the decree was confined to the specific Charges stated in the bill. The second objection was an amplification of the first, and applied to that part of the decree which directed all proper allowances to be made to the defendants for remittances and payments, without slowing them to go at large into all and every matter of account. The defendants now seek, upon the rehearing, for a general account of all transactions between the parties, from the first day of January, 1805, to the filing of the bill.

It is a little singular, that this objection should not have been made before the cause went to the Master. A whole year elapsed between the time of pronouncing the decree and the coming in of the Master’s report, taken upon foot of the decree. It seems not to have been discovered, that such a general account was wanting, until after a large balance had been found, and stated against the defendants. But the point is now ojien for re-consideration, and it will be requisite to examine the pleadings closely, to see what are really the matters in issue. I take it for granted, that the order for a reference must be founded upon the pleadiñgs and proofs, and that it cannot be made more sive than the allegata and the probata of the parties.

The bill is founded upon specific charges. There aré x L none of an earlier date than December, 1807. There are various items distinctly set forth, and though the bill, near' the conclusion, charges, that the defendants were indebted jn various other large sums of money for goods sold and delivered, and for goods consigned for sale, yet this general charge seems to have been thrown in for greater caution, and intended only to cover any mistakes and omissions in the particular specification. This is evidentty the good sense and logic of the pleading, and the prayer, that the defendants should come to a full account “ con- . ... cerning the premises,” must be applied to the charges in detail, and to which only the defendants were called upon . *0 8.T1SWCr.

Where the hmrareS6pecific! itansSof these1, date’s1 on'‘an ort der of reference, foran account, the in-pen^eyond the special matters charged; tho’ contain'1! g™n£ the conclusion-“for a fuiTaccounty ts.” e premi

Neither the answer, nor the proofs, will warrant an in-beyond the special matters charged in the bill.

^ie defendants, after denying all general copartnership, all joint concern, other than “in the shipment, importation, and sale on commission, of cargoes of merchandise,” state, that the plaintiff “ had been given to understand that the defendants were willing, on their joint account, to receive teas and other goods to sell on commission for the plaintiff,” and that, “ with a view to such sales on commission for account of the plaintiff, an Agreement was made and entered into by one of the defendants, on their behalf, with the plaintiff.” The agreement here referred to, is stated in the answer, to have been made in October, 1807. This is very decisive proof that the defendants do not entitle themselves by their answer, to go farther back than the date of the specific charges in the bill; and any attempt to go farther would only be to involve the charges in question in a labyrinth, from which nothing c.ould arise but embarrassment and delay. And, indeed, in another part of the answer, after meeting all the charges in the bill, they expressly deny “ that they are indebted to the plaintiff, between December, 1805, and the filing of the bill, otherwise than is above stated, for any goods sold or Consigned to them.

After giving a very particular answer to every particular charge, the defendants give a detail of their counter claims against the plaintiff, and it is to be seen how far they are embraced by the decree.

In the first place, they claim commission on disbursements on the teas sold, on account of the plaintiff, and shipped on board the vessels mentioned in the bill, and they also claim for duties guaranteed and paid on the teas consigned to them, and for freight of teas shipped in the ship Chinese, on her second voyage, and the premium for insurance thereon, and for freight of teas shipped on board the Hope, in 1810, and for a further charge of freight of the cargo by the Hope, and for charges of remitting 30,000 dollars in specie. I should apprehend that these charges were all reached by the decree, which could only have intended to make the defendants answerable for the net proceeds of the cargoes consigned to them, after making them all just allowances. The petition for a re-hearing does not state, nor has it been shown or pretended, that any of those charges were not received, as competent subjects for examination, under the decree. I presume, they do not form any part of the ground of complaint; nor have the defendants specified the particular charges which have been rejected by the Master, nor in what they consisted. They deal in general terms in their objection, and say only, that “ matters of account to a large amount” are excluded. We ought, at least, to have been so far informed of what those matters of account consisted, as to have been enabled to form some judgment of their pertinency or application to the subject matter of the suit. It would be an act of great indiscretion, if not of positive injustice, to interfere with a decree upon such a loose and general allegation.

There are other counter claims set up in the answer, which seem to be utterly groundless, even if the decree was to embrace them.

in ail questions tween” the ma statLfmmh eVa party6 to authoritative™^i0 acts of his own government. •

if a merchant goods to a mor- or agent, °'fwhich wfth theelV¿cepted objection at merchant’ here ward's,’ object, Ses were over"phargpd in price.*"

1. The.defendants claim a sum for the difference between ten per cent, per annum, under the agreement which they set up, and the legal interest of this country, on certain notes, the amount of which they were prevented from remitting for one year, by reason of the embargo. The solid to this claim is'to be found in the principle declared in Conway v. Gray, (10 East, 536.) that in all questions arising between the subjects of different slates, each is a parly ^ie Pu^c authoritative acts of his own government, and /¿e {c as much incapacitated from making the consequences 1 J ° 1 of an act of his own state, the foundation of a claim to indemnity upon a foreign subject, as he would be, if such act had been done immediately and individually by himself.—r Lord Ellenborough said, .that this same principle was established in Touteng v. Hubbard; (3 B. & Puller, 291.) and, indeed, we find the principle declared in every period of the English law, that every subject is to be deemed a party to the laws of his own government, (Bro. Abr. tit. Parliament, pl. 41. Dyer, 23. b. pl. 148. 9 Co. 107. a. Lord Mansfield, in Wadham v. Marlowe, cited in 8 East, 314, note.) The force of this doctrine must be specially felt and acknowledged in this country, where the acts of the government are practically, as well as theoretically, the acts of the representatives of the people.

2. The defendants further claim, in their answer, the heavy sum of 17,085 dollars and 94 cents, for overcharges on teas and nankeens shipped to them in 1809 and 1810, and which sum was over and above what equal qualities of the same articles could have been furnished for, at the time they were shipped. If the goods, in this case, were consigned to the defendants to sell on commission, they had right to complain of the charge, for it was no injury to them, and the plaintiff was in the exercise of his perfect right. If the goods were sold and delivered to the defendants, why did they accept of them ? Why did their agent at Canton, accept of them, in the first instance? The invoice always accompanied the shipment and delivery of the cargo, and they affirmed the charge, by the acceptance of the goods. The date of the charge, according to the schedule annexed to the answer, is in August, 1812. The pretension is groundless, in every view; the charge is too loose and at too late a period to be deserving of credit. It does not even appear, whether the goods were shipped on sale or on consignment, nor is there any specification of particulars, as a particle of proof to give colour to the suggestion.

3. Another charge is, that the defendants paid one David Bentock the difference of value of 900 pieces of nankeen, shipped to them as for long nankeens, and sold as such", and which turned out to be pieces of the short Jdnd. The charge is of the date of June, 1811, and there is no proof, either of the defect or of the payment.

4. The defendants further charge near 4,000 dollars for the difference of interest, between 10 and 12 per cent., exacted from their agents, Crary and Nexsen, on sundry promissory notes paid by them to the plaintiff; and they rely upon an agreement, stated to have been made. by Edward Fanning, on behalf of the defendants with the plaintiff, in October, 1807, by which 10 per cent, interest only, was to be charged.

The only agreement proved, is one of the 8th of November, 1807, made between the plaintiff and Edward Fanning, one of the defendants. It differs materially from the one set forth in the answer, and there is no evidence in the case, that Fanning was authorized to make such an agreement on behalf of the defendants. We have seen that the defendants, in their answer, deny any copartnership between themselves, except for the single purpose of the shipment, importation, and sale on commission, of cargoes. One of the copartners, for such a special purpose, had no authority to bind the rest to such an agreement as this, Which was clearly not within the scope and purview of the partnership. Nor does it appear, that the agreement, as proved, was ever acted upon by the parties. It related to a ship, “ to be built at New-York, of 350 or 400 tons burthen, for the Chinese trade,” and the plaintiff was to furnish one third of the cargo, and the defendants goods for the residue. The defendants were to have goods to the amount of 12,000 dollars, consigned to them to sell, and they were, to retain the net proceeds, free of interest, as long as the ship should continue in the China trade, and they were to carry the plaintiff’s cargo free of freight.

where a conKee some° of and”ettl”with the consignor, and pays him the fuUamount; he cannot after® wards, claim to fo® any™ art,S®on w^e0bt°dmade beingSno®’fraud the

None of these provisions were ever carried into effect; no ship was ever built and put into the Chinese trade, on the foot of this agreement. The plaintiff was, also, to do the business of the ship at Canton, without charging any commission, and the defendants were to sell the cargoes of the ship at New-York, free of commission. The charges, in the answer, of freight and commissions, are directly repugnant to these provisions, and afford the most satisfactory proof that the agreement was never observed or regarded as binding.

The defendants admit, that the lawful and customary, rates of interest at Canton, is 12 per cent.; and all pretence of a claim to be charged a lower rate of interest, on the ground of this agreement, is clearly without foundation.

5. A further charge in the answer, is, for the plaintiff’s proportion of bad debts made by the defendants, on the sa^e °f teas on their joint account, to the amount of 2,060 d0iiars and 71 cents. But the answer admits, that the plaintiff had cliarffed. and had u received payment from * ^ them of that sum;” this act certainly closed the inquiry, and the defendants must be considered as assuming those debts to themselves. There would be no end in dealings, or safety to persons, if a charge of this kind to be indulged, after the debt itself had been assumed and paid, and when no fraud, or mistake, is suggested. It is easy to perceive how very precarious the admission of such a principle would leave the concerns of the foreign creditor in a distant region of the globe, who has no means of knowing the debtors, or of guarding against imposition. The same observations apply to.another charge for a bad debt on a sale of tea, received by the Chinese on her second voyage, and sold to J D. Miller. The cargo was shipped in November, 1810, and this charge is of the date of March, 1813, and the defendants admit in their answer, that they “paid and settled with the plaintiff for this debt,” and, therefore, the claim is to be “reimbursed.”

Unsettled ac= bear interest ”ot

6. The defendants advance another charge of 6,583 dollars and 56 cents, being the difference of market price of certain seal and other skins, shipped by the defendants and consigned to the plaintiff, and received by him from their supercargo, in March, 1807, and for which, they say, the plaintiff “ was to allow as good a price in cash as any merchant in Canton would give, and that the plaintiff did not allow or account with them but for a very inferior price.” This cargo was delivered in 1807, and the charge bears date as late as 1812, and admits, that the parties had accounted together for the skins. To open this inquiry, after the lapse of so many years from the delivery, and after the settlement which the very terms of the charge imply, would be very unusual, and hazardous to the cause of justice. There has not been a particle of proof in support of the charge, and it bears a portion of hardihood in its very features.

7. Another charge in the answer, is of the sum of 14,639 dollars and 94 cents, for interest due from the plaintiff, on sundry large sums orbalancesin his hands, due and unpaid by the plaintiff, from 1806 to 1812. This is a most extraordinary, as well as a most extravagant item. Unsettled accounts do not bear interest, as of course, until liquidation. The charge assumes, that the balances were paid in 1812. No interest subsequent to that period is claims éd. Why was the principal received without interest, if the latter was due ? Was there ever an account unravel-for such a purpose, after the balance had been received ? There has been no explanation offered; and when would accounts be closed, and litigations cease, if such inquiries are to be permitted 1 The receipt of the balance is good proof that no interest was due by the course of the dealing, or that it xvas received, or xvas xvaiyed; and such a presumption must stand good, until put down by contrary proof of which there is none.

Where a baoomitofisaipaid¡ charge of inte? beSt’madeCafter? wards- .

8. The defendants further charge the sum of 12,871' dollars and 51 cents, for freight of the cargo on board the ship Chinese, from Canton to New-York, being the plaintiff’s first consignment, together with the further sum of 2,366 dollars and 43 cents, for the premium of insurance and commissions respecting that cargo. There is no charge in the bill respecting this cargo, which xvas the one assigned to Baring Co., and for xvhich the defendants admit in their petition for a rehearing, that “ they are bound to account to Baring &f Co., or their representatives, for the full amount.” They are bound to account only for the net proceeds, and, consequently, these charges for freight, and insurance and commissions, are to be deducted from those proceeds, and these items are to be settled with Baring %■ Co., and not with the plaintiff. Nothing' can be plainer than this course, and nothing more unreasonable than to make these charges' against the plaintiff, after the admission, and the proof that he is not the owner of the cargo, nor of the proceeds.

9. The next charge is 144 dollars and 51 cents, for teas which proved to be of a bad quality, and which the defendants had sold for the plaintiff, and which sum “ they xvere obliged to refund by reason thereof.” This charge bear's date as late as April, 1813» long after all the shipments in question, and we have no explanation of the case, nor upon what grounds the defendants were obliged to refund that sum, or to whom, or by what authority, or how the sale was conducted, or what assurances, or what sampie was then afforded. The charge is equally suspicious, and unsupported.

10. The defendants, in addition to all these unfounded charges, state, that the plaintiff purchased of them, in 1807, 3,300 piccols of sandal wood, amounting to 53,800 dollars, and “debited to the plaintiff, and for which he ought pay, or account to them.” The proof that appears to bear upon this charge, is a certificate signed by the plaintiff, and the defendant, Edward Faming, dated the 8th of October, 1807, stating, that the latter had sold to the former a cargo of sandal wood, laden on board the Hope, at the Fegee islands, and soon expected to be delivered^ arid to be "■ payable in cash.” It would be a little extraordinary, if such a cargo, declared to be payable in cash as early as 1807, should have been delivered, and the payment deferred to this day. The charge does not appear to be announced, at the end of the answer, with the confidence belonging to truth; and after all the various dealings and payments made by the defendants, and confessed in the answer, I entertain an entire conviction that this charge is unfounded. The answer does not say, that the cargo was not paid for, but only that the plaintiff ought to pay, or account to them. The testimony of Obed Chase, relates to a subsequent sale of sandal wood to the plaintiff, in November, 1810; he was also at Canton, in 1807, when the ship arrived from the Fegee islands, and he resided at the same house with Faming, for fifty days, and they had frequent conversations together, and not a syllable of testimony is given of any complaint by Fanning of non-payment. He makes no mention of any such difficulty, nor do we hear a complaint, or a word as to the non-payment for the sandal wood, in 1807, until we meet with the charge thrown in as a make weight, at the end of the answer of the defendants in this cause. The sum was of too great ' consequence to have been forgotten, even in the Índica trade. If that cargo had really never been paid fbr,it is sufficient to say, that it was a debt due to Fanningr and not to the defendants, for they have expressly re- ' nounced in their answer, all copartnership concerns, except in the limited terms which have been mentioned.

There are two other specific- charges in the answer which remain to be disposed of.

One of them is demurrage of the ship Hope, detained 'by the plaintiff, and this charge rests upon the testimony of Captain Chase. He says, that when he ' arrived at-Canton, in November, 1810, with- a cargo of sandal wood, he was detained from the 20th of December to- the beginning of January following, in consequence of a dispute between him and Consequa, as to the price; arising from the quality of the wood. It- seems, that Chase judged it expedient, or necessary, at last, to comply with the terms of the plaintiff, and the time consumed in that dispute the-defendants charge as demurrage. Such a charge is without precedent. Demurrage means a delay, at the instance of a merchant, for farther time to load or unload, or to sail with convoy, and for which he covenants to pay a daily sum. The ship Hope was not detained- at the instance, or for the benefit of the plaintiff The delay was the consequence of a dispute between the parties, as- to the price of an article, and may have arisen as much from the obstinacy or unreasonableness of Chase as of Consequa.—The merit of that dispute is not now the point of inquiry. It is certain that the charge, as it stands, is without the shadow of foundation; nor does the charge and the proof correspond, in any degree. The detention spoken of by Chase, was in 1810, and he says it did not exceed 25 days, and he should suppose 45 dollars a day to be a reasonable demurrage for the Hope. The charge (see account, No. 1.) is of the date of Mgust, 1812, "and is as follows : “Demurrage on ship Hope, 44 days, at 150 dollars—6,600 dollars.” It would really seem as if a numher of these groundless charges had been fabricated, after all the business of the parties had terminated, for the mere purpose of imposition.

The other charge is for “ costs, freight, and expenses, of a cow sent to the plaintiff.” The receipt of this cow is admitted in a letter of the plaintiff, of the 30th of November, 1810, (being all the proof which we have upon the subject,) in which he says, “I thank you very much for your attention in sending me so handsome a cow and calf.” Considering the terms of this acknowledgment, the trifling value of the article, and the extensive business in which the parties were engaged, I should infer, that this cow was intended, and received, as a gift, and that the defendants had, afterwards, most ungraciously turned it into a charge. It appears, from their account, No. 1., that the date of the charge of the cow, is the 31st of December, 1813, and is in these words : “ cost freight and expenses, of a cow sent per Chinese, May, 1810, 350 dollars.”— Here was an interval of above two years and a half) between the shipment of the cow and this extravagant charge; and the letter of the plaintiff, to which I have referred, contains another and a more explicit act of kindness between the parties, and gives additional force to the construction which I have drawn. The plaintiff) on behalf of his son, acknowledges a “ very handsome comeshaw,” from the son of Edward Fanning; and he courteously meets the civility, by. sending “ some little comeshaw,” in return, and declaring that he should be “ very happy to see Mi. Fanning in Canton.” Without some farther proof, I should never consent to the charge in question, considering all the circumstances under which it is presented.

I have thus gone through a laborious examination of all the charges which the defendants have specified in their answer, and such of them as are tenable, are shown to be embraced by the terms of the decree. It is not stated, or alleged, that any of the charges which are considered to be admissible subjects of inquiry, were excluded before the Mastef; nor do the defendants show, or specify, the charges which they wish to establish. We have a right to presume that those were deemed the most material and best founded charges, which are minutely detailed in the answer, and which we have had under review. Can it, then, be fit or discreet, or. would it be reasonable or just, after the samples which the defendants have given us, that a general account should be decreed of all matters and claims whatsoever, without any explanation of what they consist, or how they arose, or upon what testimony they rest 1 It would be to delay, or defeat justice, by a fruitless and vexatious inquiry.

While in this stage of the cause, I may notice, once for all, the charges which have been made, and the philippic pronounced at this re-hearing, as well as upon the former argument, against the tyranny and oppression of Consequa, and the other Hong merchants, at Canton. ■ What was said by Captain Chase, (which I shall notice more particularly hereafter,) affords the only, but very insufficient, colour for the accusation. Judging from the pleadings and proofs in this cause, I should be led to conclude, that the plaintiff was a man “ more sinned against than sinning.” No general charges, unsupported by specific and pertinent testimony, can have any influence in the case. It may be, that the Chinese, considered in respect to their general manners and morals, are, as I incline to think they are, mean and semi-barbarous; but I have no doubt that there are numerous individuals among them, who are kind, beneficent, and just. If i am not mistaken, instances of such characters are mentioned by Bell and Barrow, in their accounts of the two most interesting embassies that ever went from Europe to China. We may as well suppose Consequa to be of this class as of any other. His letters which have been read, so far from affording ground for crimination, may rather be cited as proofs of a frank and manly character. We have seen, in the case of his son, that he evidently cherishes tender feelings. He says, indeed, in his letter of the 21st of October, 1809, that he had charged compound interest on all notes due for above a twelve month. This is nothing more than the practice of all those merchants who make annual rests in their accounts; and we have the authority of very high names to say, that there is nothing intrinsically unjust in such a charge. It is no wonder that the plaintiff should think so seriously of the failure to pay interest, since the non-payment of interest subjects the debtor, by the Chinese laws, to corporal punishment. (Staunton's Ta Tsing Lew Lee, s. 149.) He, also, in that letter, admits, that he insisted on twelve, instead of ten, per cent.; yet the answer of the defendants acknowledges that twelve per cent, is the lawful and .customary interest of his country. He admits, also, that the agents of the defendants used every exertion- and argument to induce him to receive ten per cent., but he tells them, “I refused, and would have done the same, had either, or all of you, gentlemen, been present, and made the settlement yourselves.”

When such a man, from such a people, comes, as a suitor into our courts, he ought not to be heard with a mist of prejudice hanging over his name, his character, and his country. His claims should be received with candour, and treated with impartiality. It is no more than common justice; but the sense of our responsibility cannot fail to be more lively, when we recollect that the people to whom he appeals, are in possession of gifts denied to the Chinese ; I mean the blessings of freedom, and the light of science, and the still brighter light of the Christian revelation.

8. The next objection to the decree is, that the defendants are charged with Chase’s note for 35,711 doEars and 50 cents, or with goods sold and delivered to that amount, whereas they are not chargeable with that sum in either shape, and ought only to be charged with the same, as for goods consigned to them, to be sold for the account of the plaintiff, and that, in that way, they are willing to account.

The bill charges, that Chase gave the notes as the authorized agent of the defendants, for goods sold and delivered to the defendants. The answer admits the note, but denies that Chase was the agent of the defendants for that purpose. The defendants farther admit, that the goods, for which Chase’s note was given, “ were delivered by the plaintiff to them, and were intended by the plaintiff as a sale to thembut they say, that upon the arrival of the Hope with that cargo, and before unloading, they entered a protest against receiving the goods on their own account, but that they should receive and dispose of them on account of the plaintiff. The only objection here to the decree is, that the defendants are charged with the cargo as sold, whereas they are willing to account for it, as consigned to them. The goods are delivered by the plaintiff to them as a sale, and the plaintiff intends the delivery to be a sale. All this is admitted, and the defendants take them under a protest, that they receive the goods as a consignment, and not as a sale. The defendants have not proved this protest; and if they had, it would be about as valid and efficacious, as a mental reservation to an oath. Of what use was this protest to the plaintiff, who resided on the other side of the globe? The acceptance and delivery are correlative acts, and if the plaintiff delivers for one purpose, as he did in this instance to Chase, for the defendants, and the defendants accept, they accept for that purpose, and cannot take for any other. A different construction would banish all sincerity and probity in dealing. It would enable a party io take the goods, and set up a consignment or a sale as the cargo happened to come to a falling or rising market. Such a principle would be equally a reproach to the court who adopted, and to the party who applied it. Indeed, the answer of the defendants evidently considered this defence as feeble, for they provide a set-off, in case they are liable to pay the amount of the note, and specially insist upon the agreement of Fanning, in 1807, for ten per cent., in opposition to.the terms of the note, which are twelve per cent.

The answer says, that the cargo of the Hope, in this case, was put on board, at Canton, by the plaintiff, without the consent of Chase, further than the net proceeds of the outward cargo. How far the cargo so put on board exceeded, or whether it exceeded, at all, the proceeds of the outward cargo, is not stated, or averred. There is no precise evidence of any gravamen, even upon the ground taken by the defendants. There is something, however, very improbable, and contrary to the most obvious dictates of common sense, in the charge, that the plaintiff forced any part of the cargo on board of the Hope, without, or against the consent of the captain.. Would any reasonable man part with his own property, in this violent way, against the consent of the purchaser, and trust his goods in this country, without any security but a note extorted from Captain Chase? All the transactions of Consequa show more method in his madness. The whole accusation is absurd and incredible. If he did do this preposterous thing, how came the defendants so quietly to receive the goods'? Their very acceptance of the goods hr this country, denies, or waives the violence of the shipment at Canton. But the testimony of Captain Chase does not warrant the accusation. He does not pretend that the cargo which he received was a coerced delivery to him. All that he complains of is the dispute between him and the plaintiff, as to the price of the sandal wood, and that he did, “as it were from necessity,” comply with the terms of the plaintiff, and give the note. Yet to show how very fallacious is his memory, he says, the note he gave was for about 20,000 dollars, payable in 18 months, whereas, it has been admitted to have been for 35,717 dollars and 50 cents, payable in 16 months.

Interest is gay-to tiie law of the the deit isTconíTpald’ and t0 Where a chiconsignseigoods %^YorkUtfor sale, which are deliveredatCc» ion, to the a-York merchant, Mmit'th'e'pro” consignor”heis "n6": in”ato of china, being

But this point need not be pursued further, for the petition for a rehearing, admits that the defendants are responsible for the goods, to the amount of the note, as for a consignment; and if, instead of a consignment, the act ought to be deemed a sale, there is an end of the question.

3. Another ground for the rehearing is, that by the decree the defendants are charged, on notes, and goods sold and consigned, with interest, at the rate of 12 per cent, whereas, the defendants ought not to be charged, in the case of consignments, where the contract was made here, with any greater interest than the lawful interest of this state.

The answer to this objection is, that it is an acknowlodged rule, that interest must be paid according to the ^aw °f the country where the debt was contracted, and to h® Paid) and not where it is sued for. The cases cited by the plaintiff’s counsel show this. (See also, Ekins v. East India Company, 1 P. Wms. 395. and 2 Fomb. Tr. of Eq. 442. 446.) The principle is entirely applicable to the case of consignments. The plaintiff consigns a ship- . ° 1 . . - r ment to the defendants, and the cargo is received at Canton by the agent of the defendants, on their behalf. Canton is then the place where the contract is made, and Canton is the place where the debt is to be paid. The defendants admit, in all the cases of cargoes consigned to them, that they were to receive and remit the proceeds, and the interest for which they are chargeable, is upon the sum which ought to have been remitted, and to be computed from the default. There is no difference, in principle, as to this point, between a sale and a consigníisent The contract is equally made, and the debt eqúaily to be paid in China, in the one case as in the other; and if we should deny to the Chinese merchant his own legal rate of interest on such contracts, we should be doing him an injustice which he would not meet with from the commercial part of Europe. To refuse to enforce such foreign contracts, as to interest, say the English books, would put a stop to all foreign trade.

4. The two remaining objections to the decree, relate to the allowance made in favour of the claim of Baring fy Co., and, it is contended, that there was an error in the decree, in supposing part of the 64,828 dollars and 65 cents, being the second cargo of the ship Chinese, was ever assigned to Baring Co., and that, notwithstanding that error, a sufficient allowance out of the cargo was not made for that claim.

This objection is not very intelligible; but the counsel for the plaintiff concede, .that there is a mistake in the decree, in supposing that the assignment to Baring fy Co. was out of the second shipment in the ship Chinese, in 1810, whereas, it was out of the first shipment in 1809, and it was the admission of the counsel himself which led me into this error. The mistake in the decree ought to be corrected in favour of the plaintiff, and not of the defendants. The charge in the bill, is for the cargo shipped on board the Chinese, in November, 1810, and consigned to, and received by the defendants. The answer admits the consignment and delivery, and it sets up the assignment to Baring Co., of the cargo shipped on board the Chinese on a prior voyage in 1809, and which cargo is not in question in this suit. Instead, then, of making the deduction out of the cargo shipped in 1810, to satisfy the assignment, there ought to have been no deduction, and the defendants should have been ordered to account for the whole of that last cargo. There were two shipments by the ship Chinese. The one in 1809, amounted to 43,025 dollars and 87 cents, the precise amount of cargo assigned by the plaintiff to Baring &f Co. . The other in 1810, amounted to 64,825 dollars and 65 cents, and this is the one of which the plaintiff seeks an account. In consequence of a mistake, the decree gives I lie plaint iff only one third part, instead of the whole cargo consigned to the defendants, in 1810. The defendants ought to account for the 64,825 dollars and 87 cents, and not merely for the 21,798 dollars and 78 cents. In this respect, the decree ought to be corrected, but in all other respects, it must remain as it is, and none of the objections taken to it, in the petition for a rehearing, are well founded.

Decree accordingly.  