
    MINORITY TELEVISION PROJECT, INC., Plaintiff—Appellant, v. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION; et al., Defendants—Appellees, and Lincoln Broadcasting Company, Intervenor.
    No. 09-17311.
    United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
    Argued and Submitted Nov. 1, 2010.
    Filed April 12, 2012.
    See also, 676 F.3d 869.
    John L. Fitzgerald, Andrew A. August, Pinnacle Law Group, San Francisco, CA, Walter Elmer Diercks, Esquire, Rubin, Winston, Diercks, Harris & Cooke, LLP, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
    
      Samantha Lee Chaifetz, U.S. Department of Justice, Daniel M. Armstrong, III, Associate General Counsel, Federal Communications Commission, William H. Davenport, Kenneth M. Scheibel, Pamela L. Smith, Federal Communications Commission Office of General Counsel, James J. Fredericks, Robert Nicholson, Mark B. Stern, Abby Christine Wright, U.S. Department of Justice, Joel Marcus, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, DC, Melissa Katherine Brown Sladden, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Office of the U.S. Attorney, San Francisco, CA, for Defendants-Appellees.
    Before: NOONAN, PAEZ, and BEA, Circuit Judges.
   MEMORANDUM

Petitioner Minority Television Project (“Minority”) appeals the district court’s dismissal of its as-applied First Amendment challenges to 47 U.S.C. § 399b, as well as its First Amendment challenges to 47 C.F.R. § 73.621(e), the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) order which implements § 399b. Minority further appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the government, which held § 399b’s ban on paid messages by for-profit entities which “promote” services, facilities, or products is not unconstitutionally vague. We affirm.

The district court correctly dismissed Minority’s as-applied challenges to § 399b, as well as its challenge to 47 C.F.R. § 73.621(e). Section 399b was applied to Minority only through FCC orders and regulations, including 47 C.F.R. § 73.621(e). Jurisdiction over challenges to FCC orders lies exclusively in the court of appeals; as such, federal district courts lack jurisdiction over challenges to FCC orders. 28 U.S.C. § 2342(1) (“The court of appeals ... has exclusive jurisdiction to enjoin, set aside, suspend (in whole or in part) or determine the validity of ... all final orders of the Federal Communications Commission.”). See also United States v. Dunifer, 219 F.3d 1004, 1007 (9th Cir.2000) (district courts lack jurisdiction over any challenge to FCC regulations).

Although the Supreme Court has previously reviewed a First Amendment challenge to an FCC regulation which was initially filed in federal district court, see Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Association v. United States, 527 U.S. 173, 119 S.Ct. 1923, 144 L.Ed.2d 161 (1999), the Court in that case did not address — and was not asked to address — whether jurisdiction in the district court was proper. Courts “are not bound by a prior exercise of jurisdiction in a case where it was not questioned and it was passed sub silento. United States v. L.A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc., 344 U.S. 33, 38, 73 S.Ct. 67, 97 L.Ed. 54 (1952).

Section 399b’s prohibition of paid messages intended to “promote” any service, facility, or product of a for-profit entity is not unconstitutionally vague. A statute need not have “mathematical certainty” to survive a vagueness challenge; instead, it may be marked by “flexibility and reasonable breadth, rather than meticulous specificity.” Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 110, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972). The meaning of the term “promote” is clear in the vast majority of circumstances. Where it is not, the FCC — to remove uncertainty — provides declaratory rulings to broadcasters who fear they might run afoul of § 399b. 47 C.F.R. §1.2. A statute may overcome a First Amendment vagueness challenge if a government body provides administrative regulations that “sufficiently narrow potentially vague or arbitrary interpretations of the ordinance.” Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, 455 U.S. 489, 504, 102 S.Ct. 1186, 71 L.Ed.2d 362 (1982).

AFFIRMED. 
      
       This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
     
      
      . We address Minority’s contention that § 399b imposes an unconstitutional content-based restriction on speech in an opinion filed concurrently with this memorandum.
     
      
      . Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, we repeat them here only to the extent necessary to explain our decision.
     