
    674 F.Supp.2d 1371
    Presitex USA Inc., Plaintiff, v. United States, Defendant.
    Public Version
    Court. No. 08-00379
    Dated: January 26, 2010
    
      Peter S. Herrick, P.A. (Peter S. Herrick) for Plaintiff Presitex USA Inc.
    
      Tony West, Assistant Attorney General; Barbara S. Williams, Attorney-in-Charge, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice {Justin R. Miller)', and Chi S. Choy, Office of the Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Of Counsel, for Defendant United States.
   OPINION

I.

Introduction

WALLACH, Judge:

This action arises after nearly three years of correspondence between Plaintiff Presitex USA Inc. (“Presitex”) and United States Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) regarding the classification of certain apparel that Presitex imported from Nicaragua in 2005. Pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(5) of the United States Court of International Trade, Defendant United States (“Defendant”) has moved to dismiss this action “for lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter” and “for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Defendant’s Memorandum in Support of Its Motion to Dismiss (“Defendant’s Motion”) at 1. Because this court lacks jurisdiction over Presitex’s 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) claim and will not exercise whatever jurisdiction it may have over Presitex’s unripe 19 U.S.C. § 4034 claim, Defendant’s motion is GRANTED and this action is dismissed in its entirety.

II.

Background

In September 2005, Presitex filed entry summaries and paid estimated duties of 16.6 percent ad valorem at the Port of Los Angeles-LAX for seven entries (“the subject entries”) of apparel from Nicaragua (“the subject goods”) that it classified under subheading 6204.62.40 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”). See Defendant’s Motion Ex. 1: Entry Summaries for Entry Nos. HSY 1020712-4, HSY 1020612-6, HSY 1020453-5, HSY 1020655-5, HSY 1020663-9, HSY 1020664-7, and HSY 1020671-2 (“Entry Summaries”).

In February 2006, Presitex reclassified the subject goods under HTSUS subheading 9820.11.27 in order to obtain the duty-free treatment provided by the United States-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act, Trade and Development Act of 2000, Title II, P.L. 106-200, 114 Stat. 251 (May 18, 2000) (“CBTPA”). See Defendant’s Motion Ex. 3: Post Summary Adjustment Coversheets for Entry Nos. HSY 1020712-4, HSY 1020612-6, HSY 1020453-5, HSY 1020655-5, HSY 1020663-9, HSY 1020664-7, and HSY 1020671-2 (“Post Summary Adjustment Coversheets”). The Post Summary Adjustment Cover-sheets submitted to Customs for this purpose made legal reference only to HTSUS, CBTPA, and 19 U.S.C. § 1520(c). See Post Summary Adjustment Coversheets. 19 U.S.C. § 1520(c) is a provision concerning reliquidation that Congress had repealed in 2004. See Miscellaneous Trade and Technical Corrections Act of 2004, P.L. 108-429, 118 Stat. 2434 (December 3, 2004).

Customs rejected Presitex’s reclassification by notating the Post Summary Adjustment Coversheets on receipt with “Disagree. Cutting & sewing done in China, so CBTPA does not apply.” Post Summary Adjustment Coversheets. In July 2006, Customs liquidated the subject entries at the original duty rate of 16.6 percent ad valorem. Defendant’s Motion at 3.

In March 2007, Presitex protested Customs’ adjustment decisions on the ground that “cutting & sewing was done in Nicaragua.” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Protest Nos. 2720-07-100148, 2720-07-100149, 2720-07-100150, 2720-07-100151, 2720-07-100152, 272007-100153, and 2720-07-100154 (March 26, 2007). Customs denied each protest on receipt as “[u]ntimely filed”. Id. More than one year later, Presitex filed another protest covering all seven adjustment decisions. See U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Protest No. 2720-08-100289 (May 27, 2008). Customs again denied this protest on receipt as untimely. See id.

In July 2008, Presitex sent a letter to Customs requesting reliqui-dation of the subject entries and “refunds of duty and interest . . . pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d).” Defendant’s Motion Ex. 4: Letter from Peter S. Herrick to Port Director, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (July 17, 2008) (“July 2008 Letter”) at 1. 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) permits reliquidation of qualifying goods in accordance with legislation implementing certain free trade agreements, including the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (“CAFTA-DR”). See 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d); see also infra Part IV.A.

Customs received Presitex’s letter at the Port of Long Beach and treated it as a protest. See July 2008 Letter; Defendant’s Motion at 4. In September 2008, Customs directed Presitex to withdraw the letter and resubmit it at the Port of Los Angeles-LAX, the port at which the subject goods had been entered. See Defendant’s Motion at 5. When Presitex resubmitted the letter that month, Customs returned it with an “insufficiency notice” explaining that Presitex’s two previous protests were untimely and noting a “[p]ossible issue for the Court of International Trade.” Plaintiff’ [sic] Memorandum in Support of Its Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (“Plaintiff’s Response”) Ex. A: Letter from Peter S. Herrick to Port Director, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (September 8, 2008) (“September 2008 Letter”); Plaintiff’s Response Ex. B: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Insufficiency Notice (September 26, 2008). Presitex commenced this action in October 2008 and asserted jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i). See Complaint for Damages (October 27, 2008).

On April 8, 2009, Presitex submitted an “administrative request for the retroactive application of [CAFTA-DR’s] tariff provisions” to the subject entries pursuant to the Customs regulation' implementing 19 U.S.C. § 4034. See Plaintiff’s Ex. E: Letter from Peter S. Herrick to Port Director, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (April 8, 2009) (“April 2009 Letter”) at 1 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 10.625). 19 U.S.C. § 4034 “provides for the retroactive application of [CAFTA-DR] and payment of refunds for any excess duties paid with respect to entries of textile and apparel goods of eligible CAFTA-DR countries that meet certain conditions and requirements.” 19 C.F.R. § 10.625(a). Presitex’s April 2009 request was still pending before Customs as of August 28, 2009. Defendant’s Reply Memorandum in Support of Its Motion to Dismiss (“Defendant’s Reply”) at 7.

The dispute between Presitex and Customs occurred within an evolving legal framework. In August 2005, Congress amended 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) to reflect CAFTA-DR and enacted 19 U.S.C. § 4034. See Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, P.L. 109-53,119 Stat. 462 (August 2, 2005) (“CAFTA-DR Act”). In April 2006, CAFTA-DR entered into force with respect to Nicaragua. See Proclamation 7996 of March 31, 2006 To Implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement" With Respect to Honduras and Nicaragua, 71 Fed. Reg. 16,971 (April 4, 2006) (“Proclamation 7996”); Defendant’s Motion Ex. 6: Press Release', U.S. Trade Representative, Statement of USTR Portman Regarding Entry Into Force of the U.S. — Central America — Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) for Honduras and Nicaragua (March 31, 2006). As a result, Nicaragua no longer qualified as a CBTPA country for the purposes of CBTPA. See Proclamation 7996, 71 Fed. Reg. at 16,971. On January 1, 2009, CAFTA-DR entered into force with respect to Costa Rica, the final state party. See Proclamation 8331 of December 23, 2008 To Implement the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement With Respect to Costa Rica and for Other Purposes, 73 Fed. Reg. 79,585 (December 23, 2008); Press Release, U.S. Trade Representative, Statement of U.S. Trade Representative Susan C. Schwab Regarding Entry into Force of the CAFTA-DR for Costa Rica (December 23, 2008).

III.

Standard Of Review

In deciding a motion to dismiss, “the Court assumes that ‘all well-pled factual allegations are true,’ construing ‘all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmovant.’” United States v. Islip, 22 CIT 852, 854, 18 F. Supp. 2d 1047 (1998) (quoting Gould, Inc. v. United States, 935 F.2d 1271 (Fed. Cir. 1991)).

“Dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is proper if the plaintiff’s factual allegations are not ‘enough to raise the right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).”’ Int’l Customs Prods., Inc. v. United States, 549 F. Supp. 2d 1384, 1389 (CIT 2008) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007)); cf. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009) (“[W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged — but it has not eshow[n]’ — ‘that the pleader is entitled to relief.’”) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)).

When a court’s jurisdiction is challenged, “[t]he party seeking to invoke . . . jurisdiction bears the burden of proving the requisite jurisdictional facts.” Former Employees of Sonoco Prods. Co. v. United States, 27 CIT 812, 814, 273 F. Supp. 2d 1336 (2003) (citing McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189, 56 S. Ct. 780, 80 L. Ed. 1135 (1936)).

IV.

Discussion

Presitex asserts that this court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) and appears to claim two independent legal bases for the customs duty refunds that it ultimately seeks. See Plaintiff’s Response at 2-7. These legal bases are 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d), as implemented by 19 C.F.R. § 10.590, and 19 U.S.C. § 4034, as implemented by 19 C.F.R. § 10.625. Presitex’s claim under 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) fails because it falls outside this court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i). See infra Part IV.A. Presitex’s claim under 19 U.S.C. § 4034 fails because it is not ripe. See infra Part IV.B. Contrary to Presitex’s apparent assertion, nothing in the Customs Modernization Act mitigates either of these threshold deficiencies. See infra Part IV.C.

A

Presitex’s 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) Claim Falls Outside This Court’s Jurisdiction Under 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (i)

19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) permits Customs to “reliquidate an entry to refund any excess duties . . . paid on a good” if the good qualified under the CAFTA-DR Act’s rules of origin “at the time of importation,” the importer files a claim “within 1 year after the date of importation,” and both the entry and the claim meet certain other requirements. 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d); see also 19 C.F.R. § 10.590. Such reliquidation may occur “Notwithstanding the fact that a valid protest was not filed.” 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d). However, the refusal to reliquidate pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) is itself a protestable decision. 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(7). 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) makes no reference to CBTPA. See 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d).

Presitex cannot invoke this court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) in order to challenge the denial of its 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) request. Jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) “may not be invoked when jurisdiction under another subsection of [28 U.S.C. § 1581] is or could have been available, unless the remedy provided under that other subsection would be manifestly inadequate.” Int’l Custom Prods., Inc. v. United States, 467 F.3d 1324, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (quoting Norcal/Crosetti Foods, Inc. v. United States, 963 F.2d 356, 359 (Fed. Cir. 1992)). The “refusal to reliquidate an entry under” 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) is susceptible to the filing of a protest. 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(7). Jurisdiction to review the denial of such a protest is in turn available under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). See 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a); see also Thomson Consumer Elecs., Inc. v. United States, 247 F.3d 1210, 1214 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (discussing exhaustion of administrative remedies). Plaintiff concedes that “the denial of a claim under [19 U.S.C. § 1520(d)] is a protestable decision” and does not dispute the adequacy of this remedy. Plaintiff’s Response at 5. For these reasons, jurisdiction is not available under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i).

Even if Presitex had exhausted its administrative remedies and then commenced an action under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a), its claim under 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) would still fail. The CAFTADR Act’s rules of origin require that a qualifying good originate in “one or more of the CAFTADR countries.” 19 U.S.C. § 4033(b). These countries include Nicaragua “for such time as [CAFTA-DR] is in effect between the United States and that country.” 19 U.S.C. § 4033(n)(2)(B). Presitex imported the subject goods from Nicaragua in August and September 2005. See Entry Summaries. CAFTA-DR entered into effect with respect to Nicaragua in April 2006, more than six months later. See Proclamation 7996, 71 Fed. Reg. at 16,971. Accordingly, the goods did not “qualifyQ under [CAFTA-DR’s] rules at the time of importation.” 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d).

B

Presitex’s 19 U.S.C. § 4034 Claim Is Not Ripe

19 U.S.C. § 4034 requires the liquidation or reliquidation of an entry made prior to CAFTA-DR’s entry into force “with respect to [the country of origin] or any other CAFTA-DR country” if a timely “request therefor is filed . . . that contains sufficient information to enable” Customs to locate or reconstruct the entry and “determine that the good satisfies” certain other requirements. 19 U.S.C. § 4034(a)-(c); see also 19 C.F.R. § 10.625. To be timely, the request must be “filed with the [Customs] port where the entry was originally filed within 90 days after the date of the entry into force of [CAFTA-DR] for the last CAFTA-DR country.” 19 C.F.R. § 10.625(c).

This court has not considered whether, and if so how, the protest provisions of 19 U.S.C. § 1514 apply to the refusal to liquidate or reliquidate an entry under 19 U.S.C. § 4034. Such liquidation or reliquidation is to occur “[n]othwithstanding [19 U.S.C. § 1514] or any other provision of law.” 19 U.S.C. § 4034(a); 19 C.F.R. § 10.625(a). 19 U.S.C. § 1514 references other bases for liquidation and reliquidation as well as a different section of the CAFTA-DR Act, but it is silent as to 19 U.S.C. § 4034. See 19 U.S.C. § 1514(a), (h).

This ambiguity has jurisdictional implications. If the refusal to reliquidate an entry under 19 U.S.C. § 4034 is not a protestable decision, then jurisdiction might exist under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i) to directly review that refusal. But if the refusal is a protestable decision, then jurisdiction would exist under 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a) to review a denial of a protest to that refusal. 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). In that case, as long as the remedy provided by 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a) is not “manifestly inadequate,” jurisdiction would not exist under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i). Int’l Custom Prods., 467 F.3d at 1327 (quoting Norcal/Crosetti Foods, 963 F.2d at 359); see also supra Part IV.A.

Although courts would ordinarily “ask and answer” the question of subject-matter jurisdiction, Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 94, 118 S. Ct. 1003, 140 L. Ed. 2d 210 (1998), this action does not compel determination of the proper jurisdictional basis for a 19 U.S.C. § 4034 claim. Courts may “choose among threshold grounds for denying audience to a case on the merits.” Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malay. Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431, 127 S. Ct. 1184, 167 L. Ed. 2d 15 (2007) (quoting Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 526 U.S. 574, 585, 119 S. Ct. 1563, 143 L. Ed. 2d 760 (1999)). These grounds may be constitutional or prudential in nature, since the “court makes no assumption of law decláring power . . . when it decides not to exercise whatever jurisdiction it may have.” Id. at 428 (quotations omitted), 431.

Supreme Court jurisprudence demonstrates that ripeness is one such ground. See Toca Producers v. Fed. Energy Reg. Comm’n, 411 F.3d 262, 265 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Ripeness is a “justiciability doctrine” that “is drawn both from Article III limitations on judicial power and from prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction.” Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n v. Dep’t of the Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 807-08, 123 S. Ct. 2026, 155 L. Ed. 2d 1017 (2003) (quotations omitted). These prudential reasons include a desire to “protect the agencies from judicial interference until an administrative decision has been formalized and its effects felt in a concrete way by the challenging parties.” Id. (quotations omitted). “[E]ven in a case raising only prudential concerns, the question of ripeness may be considered on a court’s own motion.” Id. at 808 (citations omitted).

“In determining whether an appeal from an administrative determination is ripe for judicial review,” courts look “to (1) ‘the fitness of the issue for judicial decision’ and (2) ‘the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration.’” Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd. v. United States, 529 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148-149, 87 S. Ct. 1507, 18 L. Ed. 2d 681 (1967) (discussing discretionary remedies)).

Presitex’s 19 U.S.C. § 4034 claim, however, does not even satisfy the prerequisite for this two-part test. Prior to April 2009, Customs had no opportunity to make any relevant administrative determination from which Presitex could have appealed, because Presitex did not request reliquidation of the subject entries pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 4034. Any claim based on Presitex’s April 2009 request is not properly before this court, since Presitex filed its complaint in October 2008 and has not sought leave to file a supplemental complaint pursuant to USCIT Rule 15(d). Moreover, any such claim would be inappropriate for. judicial review, as Customs has not yet made a final determination with respect to the underlying reliquidation request. See supra Part II; see also Tokyo Kikai, 529 F.3d at 1362 (discussing the first prong of the ripeness test).

Presitex has not demonstrated that it would suffer hardship if judicial review is withheld. Its April 2009 request was still pending before Customs as of August 28,2009, see supra Part II, and dismissal for lack of ripeness does not preclude recourse to this court upon conclusion of the administrative process, see 13B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure (3d ed. 2004) § 3532.1 (“[I]t should be clear that dismissal for lack of ripeness is not a decision on the merits for purposes of preclusion by judgment.”).

Customs cannot have refused an administrative request that Pres-itex did not make, and this court cannot review an administrative determination that Customs has not yet made. Accordingly, Presitex’s 19 U.S.C. § 4034 claim is not ripe for adjudication.

C

The Customs Modernization Act Does Not Support Presitex’s Claims

The Customs Modernization Act (“Mod Act”), as Title VI of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act is commonly called, made a number of changes to the statutory framework for Customs. See North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Title VI, P.L. 103-182, 107 Stat. 2057 (December 8,1993). It required Customs to provide notice of and an opportunity for comment on certain proposed interpretive rulings and decisions that deviated from past practice or would limit the application of a court decision. See 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) & (d). It also authorized Customs to “make available ... all information, including [that which is] necessary for- importers and exporters to comply with the Customs laws and regulations.” Id. § 1625(e).

The Mod Act accordingly “implement [ed] the concept of ‘informed compliance,’ which is premised on the belief that importers have a right to be informed about customs rules and regulations, as well as interpretive rulings, and to expect certainty that the Customs Service will not unilaterally change the rules without providing importers proper notice and an opportunity for comment.” S. Rep. No. 103-189 at 64 (1993); see also Int’l Custom Prods., 549 F. Supp. 2d at 1390-94; United States v. Optrex Am., Inc., 30 CIT 650, 667-68 (2006); Am. Bayridge Corp. v. United States, 22 CIT 1129, 1144-52, 35 F. Supp. 2d 922 (1998) (subsequent history omitted).

Presitex quotes similar language before asserting that Customs “had the obligation to advise Presitex that it had to invoke section 1520(d) not section 1520(c)” and “had the obligation to inform Pres-itex that its claim must be made under CAFTA-DR.” Plaintiff’s Response at 4. As Defendant replies, however, “Presitex provides no authority for [its] proposition that Customs has an obligation under the Mod Act to inform individual importers of errors in their legal strategy.” Defendant’s Reply at 11 (citing Plaintiff’s Response at 3-4). In the case cited by Presitex, the concept of informed compliance assisted this court’s interpretation of a particular provision of the Mod Act. See Int’l Custom Prods., 549 F. Supp. 2d at 1393-94 (holding in part that a Notice of Action issued by Customs “was an ‘interpretive ruling or decision’ within the meaning of’ 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)). In this action, Presitex neither argues that Customs failed to comply with 19 U.S.C. § 1625 nor explains how the concept of informed compliance is otherwise relevant.

Presitex’s implicit denial of its responsibility to understand its own legal remedies is even less persuasive because “importers are presumed to know the law.” Esso Standard Oil Co. (PR) v. United States, 559 F.3d 1297, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (holding in part that an importer’s reliance on a Customs regulation that had been contravened by statute was a mistake of law rather than a mistake of fact under former 19 U.S.C. § 1520(c)) (quoting V. Casazza & Bro. v. United States, 25 CCPA 184, 188 (1937) and citing Schrikker v. United States, 13 Ct. Cust. App. 562, 565 (1926)); cf. Customs Modernization and Informed Compliance Act: Hearing on H.R. 3935 Before the House Comm. On Ways and Means, Subcomm. On Trade, 102d Cong. 91 (1992) (statement of Comm’r Carol Hallet, U.S. Customs Service), quoted in Precision Specialty Metals, Inc. v. United States, 25 CIT 1375, 1388, 182 F. Supp. 2d 1314 (2001) (“The guiding principle in our discussions with the trade community is that of ‘shared responsibility.’ Customs must do a better job of informing the trade community of how Customs does business; and the trade community must do a better job to assure compliance with U.S. trade rules.”). None of these authorities even imply that Customs is required to act as an importer’s lawyer.

V.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED and this action is dismissed in its entirety. 
      
       Presitex acted through its customs broker up to and including its March 2007 protest and through its counsel from its May 2008 protest onward.
     
      
       A “Post Summary Adjustment coversheet” is the form on which an importer submits a Supplemental Information Letter and Post Entry Amendment (“SIL/PEA”). See Defendant’s Motion Ex. 2: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Submission Changes for Supplemental Information Letters and Post Entry Amendments.
     
      
       This request is also addressed to Customs at the Port of Long Beach rather than at the Port of Los Angeles-LAX. See April 2009 Letter.
     
      
       The parties have not apprised this court of any subsequent developments with respect to Presitex’s April 2009 request.
     
      
       Presitex states that CAFTA-DR entered into force with respect to Costa Rica on January 14, 2009. Plaintiff’s Response at 2. January 14, 2009 is the date on which the U.S. Trade Representative provided notice of its “determination that Costa Rica is an eligible country for purposes of retroactive duty treatment as provided in [19 U.S.C. § 4034].” Determination of Eligibility for Retroactive Duty Treatment Under the Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement, 74 Fed. Reg. 2,142, 2,142 (January 14, 2009).
     
      
       Presitex erroneously conflates these bases. See, e.g., Plaintiff’s Response at 2-3, 4, 5, 6.
     
      
       Plaintiff’s Response contains no argument that the remedy provided by 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) is inadequate. See Plaintiff’s Response.
     
      
       The Supreme Court has identified some of these grounds. See Ruhrgas, 526 U.S. at 577 (personal jurisdiction); Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 101 (Article III standing); Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125, 129, 125 S. Ct. 564, 160 L. Ed. 2d 519 (2004) (prudential standing); Sinochem, 549 U.S. at 429 (forum non conveniens); Tenet v. Doe, 544 U.S. 1, 6 n.4, 125 S. Ct. 1230, 161 L. Ed. 2d 82 (2005) (Totten dismissal), Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S. Ct. 746, 27 Ed. 2d 669 (1971) (Younger abstention), cited in Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 100; Chandler v. Judicial Council of Tenth Circuit, 398 U.S. 74, 90 S. Ct. 1648, 26 L. Ed. 2d 100 (1970) (exhaustion under the All Writs Act), cited in Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 100; see also Ruhrgas, 526 U.S. at 577 (quoting Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 100 (O’Connor, J. concurring) for the proposition that Steel Co. “did not catalog an exhaustive list” of such grounds). In addition, where “the jurisdictional issue and the merits are inextricably intertwined, and the former cannot be resolved without considering and deciding (at least in part) the latter,” this court may “bypassD the jurisdictional question and decidle] the merits.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 219 F.3d 1348, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
     
      
       Other judicial and statutory mandates also limit judicial review of non-final agency action. See, e.g., supra Part IV.A' (noting that jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a)-(h) can preclude jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)); 19 U.S.C. § 4034(c) (conditioning liquidation or reliquidation on the timely filing of a proper request with Customs); 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d) (directing this court to, “where appropriate, require the exhaustion of administrative remedies” in actions relying on 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i), among others); Seafood Exps. Ass’n of India v. United States, 479 F. Supp. 2d 1367 (CIT 2007) (applying the Administrative Procedure Act’s finality requirement to an action relying on 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)) (citing Shinyei Corp. of Am. v. United States, 355 F.3d 1297, 1304-06 (Fed. Cir. 2004)); Precision Specialty Metals, Inc. v. United States, 25 CIT 1375, 1382-83, 182 F. Supp. 2d 1314 (2001) (discussing the doctrine of primary jurisdiction).
     
      
       Presitex asserts without support that its September 2008 request “was filed in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 4034 and 19 C.F.R. § 10.625.” Plaintiffs Response at 6. This assertion appears to reflect Plaintiffs erroneous conflation of 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) and 19 U.S.C. § 4034. See supra n.6. If the assertion is actually an argument that a request under 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) can nonetheless satisfy the requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 4034, this court need not consider it. “fflssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived. It is not enough merely to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to do counsel’s work, create the ossature for the argument, and put flesh on its bones.” Fujian Lianfu Forestry Co. v. United States, 638 F. Supp. 2d 1325, 1350 (2009) (quoting United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990)). Regardless, Presitex’s September 2008 request was unambiguously “a claim for refunds of duty and interest ... pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d).” Defendant’s Reply at 8, 13 (quoting September 2008 Letter). Presitex made no reference to 19 U.S.C. § 4034, 19 C.F.R. § 10.625, or CAFTADR in this request. See September 2008 Letter; Defendant’s Reply at 8, 13. Indeed, it made no such reference in any of its relevant correspondence with Customs prior to commencing this action. See supra Part II. Because the September 2008 request omitted any reference to 19 U.S.C. § 4034 and relied explicitly and exclusively on an entirely different statutory mechanism, it lacked “sufficient information to enable [Customs] ... to determine that the good satisfies the” particular requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 4034. 19 U.S.C. § 4034.
     
      
       Any advice that Presitex “had to invoke section 1520(d)” would have been both incorrect, because 19 U.S.C. § 1520(d) provides no cause of action under the instant facts, see supra Part IV.A, and irrelevant, because Customs “[d]isagree[d]” with Presitex for a reason other than the reference to 19 U.S.C. § 1520(c), see supra Part II (quoting Post Summary Adjustment Coversheets). Moreover, Customs provided notice of its implementation of 19 U.S.C. § 4034 in both the Federal Register and the Customs Bulletin. See, e.g., Dominican Republic—Central America—United States Free Trade Agreement, 73 Fed. Reg. 33,673 (June 13, 2008); Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement, Customs Bulletin and Decisions, Vol. 41, No. 24 at 1-9 (June 6, 2007).
     