
    TPTCC NY, INC., et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. RADIATION THERAPY SERVICES, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellees, Cicero Consulting Associates VCC, Inc., et al., Defendants.
    No. 11-2248-cv.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Dec. 30, 2011.
    
      Michael B. Miller & LaShann M. DeAr-cy, of counsel, Morrison & Foerster LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
    Allan J. Arffa, Andrew C. Finch, & Patrick J. Somers, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants-Appellees Radiation Therapy Services, Inc., Radiation Therapy Services Holdings Inc., 21st Century Oncology, LLC, New York Proton Management LLC, The New York Proton Center, Norton L. Travis.
    Robert D. Owen & Peter Ligh, Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellee Oppenheimer & Co., Inc.
    PRESENT: JOSÉ A. CABRANES, ROSEMARY S. POOLER, RICHARD C. WESLEY, Circuit Judges.
   SUMMARY ORDER

Plaintiffs-appellants TPTCC NY, Inc., The Proton Institute of NY, LLC, and N.Y. Medscan LLC appeal from the May 17, 2011 judgment of the District Court dismissing their federal claims under the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 and 2, and the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., as well as their numerous state law claims for breach, of an alleged joint venture agreement, unjust enrichment, misappropriation of confidential information and trade secrets, unfair competition, breach of fiduciary duty, tortious interference with contract, and breach of contract. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

Although the plaintiffs’ notice of appeal purports to challenge the District Court’s Opinion and Order, which dismissed the entire Amended Complaint with prejudice, the plaintiffs “specifically appeal the portion of the district court’s Opinion and Order exercising supplemental jurisdiction over and dismissing on the merits plaintiffs’ state law claims.” Notice of Appeal, TPTCC NY, Inc. v. Radiation Therapy Services, Inc., No. 10-cv-7097 (JSR), ECF No. 72. Because the plaintiffs have abandoned their federal claims on appeal, see Reply 3, we consider only the District Court’s dismissal of the state law claims.

As a general matter, federal district courts have supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims “that are so related to claims in the action within such original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Supplemental jurisdiction is traditionally “a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiffs right.” United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). Thus, a district court “may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction” if it “has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). We review a district court’s decision to exercise supplemental jurisdiction for abuse of discretion. See Valencia ex rel. Franco v. Lee, 316 F.3d 299, 305 (2d Cir.2003); see also Sims v. Blot, 534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir.2008) (explaining that the term of art “abuse of discretion” includes errors of law).

In deciding whether to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, a federal court should consider and weigh “the values of judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity.” Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350, 108 S.Ct. 614, 98 L.Ed.2d 720 (1988). “When the balance of these factors indicates that a case properly belongs in state court, as when the federal-law claims have dropped out of the lawsuit in its early stages and only state-law claims remain, the federal court should decline the exercise of jurisdiction by dismissing the case without prejudice.” Id. (footnote omitted). Although there is no “mandatory rule to be applied inflexibly in all cases,” it is clear that “in the usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial,” the balance of factors will weigh in favor of declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Id. at 350 n. 7, 108 S.Ct. 614.

In this case, the District Court adverted to the Cohill factors in deciding to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, and then proceeded to dismiss the remaining state law claims with prejudice. The District Court based its exercise of jurisdiction on “the complexity of plaintiffs’ allegations, as well as the considerable time and energy the parties have expended thus far litigating those allegations before this Court.”

Upon a review of the record and the arguments of counsel, it is clear that this action was in its infancy at the time of the District Court’s decision. A little more than five months elapsed between the filing of the original Complaint on September 16, 2010 and the February 24, 2011 order of the District Court dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims. Although the District Court had issued an expedited discovery schedule, the parties had yet to produce any documents, confer to resolve issues regarding the scope of document discovery, or notice a single deposition.

Based on the preliminary stage of the litigation and the substantial divergence between the federal and state law claims at issue, we are persuaded that “this case is ‘the usual case in which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial’ such that ‘the balance of factors to be considered ... judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity ... will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims.’ ” Kolari v. N.Y.-Presbyterian Hosp., 455 F.3d 118, 119 (2d Cir.2006) (omissions in original) (quoting Cohill, 484 U.S. at 350 n. 7, 108 S.Ct. 614). We hold that, on these facts, the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction was an abuse of discretion.

Furthermore, we note that the District Court may have erred in dismissing some of the plaintiffs’ state law claims. Without undertaking an exhaustive analysis here, and thereby prejudging any state court proceedings to follow, we doubt whether the District Court properly decided the plaintiffs’ breach of’ contract claim against Oppenheimer & Co., Inc.

CONCLUSION

The judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED with respect to the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ federal law claims, which have been abandoned on appeal, REVERSED with respect to the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ state law claims, and REMANDED solely for the entry of an order dismissing the state law claims without prejudice. 
      
      . The Opinion and Order referenced in the Notice of Appeal was entered on May 16, 2011; final judgment was entered on May 17, 2011.
     