
    Christina Splitters', App’lt, v. The State op New York, Resp’t.
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed January 17, 1888.)
    
    II. Canals—Actions against state for injuries by negligence—Boar» OF CLAIMS.
    An action or claim on behalf of a citizen cannot be maintained against the state, for injuries occasioned by the negligence of its agents, except where it has by voluntary legislative enactment assumed such liability. Such liability for damages for injuries received from canals of the state in their use or management has been assumed by the state, by virtue of chap. 321, of the laws of 1870, and the same remedy is given against the state for the injuries referred to, which then existed against individuals and corporations for similar injuries. The jurisdiction given in this Law of 1870, to the canal appraisers, was afterwards transferred to the board of claims, and is now exercised by it.
    2. Same—Negligence—What necessary for maintenance of action.
    It is essential to the maintenance of such a cause of action that it should appear that the defendant owed such duty to the plaintiff, which it has omitted to discharge, and which was the cause of injury to the testator.
    8. Same — Duty of state as to tow-path bridges — Liability of state for injuries.
    The plaintiff’s intestate was drowned at West Troy by walking off the tow-path of a side cut running to the Hudson river from the Erie canal, and falling into a certain channel. At the place of the accident the towpaths on either side of the channel were connected with each other by a swing bridge built by the state for the purpose of affording a safe passage over the channel for teams and persons having occasion to use it in the prosecution of the business of navigating the canal This bridge was frequently required to be swung open to afford passage for boats. The tow-paths and bridge were built entirely on land of the state acquired for the exclusive purpose of being used in connection with the navigation of the canals. A public street, in West Troy, ran along by the side of the tow-path and terminated near the bridge. No public highway existed on the other side between the channel and river. A ferry company had for some years run ferry boats across the Hudson river and used a landing on the premises of the state some 500 feet from the said bridge, but it had never received permission from the state to do so. Persons using this-ferry had for some years been accustomed to pass over the bridge, when it-was in position, in going to and crossing from the ferry without being obstructed by the state in so doing. On the night of the accident, the bridge, which was left in its place at the close of the day, had been pushed out of its place about two-thirds of its width by the pressure of a passing canal boat. The intestate, who had been drinking, started, with the purpose of taking the ferry by crossing said bridge, but walked from' the abutment into the channel and was drowned. When this bridge was opened by the pressure of boats, or otherwise, in the night time there was. no one, who was employed to swing the bridge back to its place. At one time the state was accustomed to fasten this bridge at night, with a chain and pin which had become broken and for over a year such fastening had not been used. In an action to recover damages for the death of the intestate, held, that the state was not liable. That it owed no duty to the public to build this bridge or keep it in repair so as to make passage over it saf#and secure at all times. That no one had a right to suppose from the mere existence of a tow-path bridge, that the state undertook the duty of keeping it in place at all times for the use of the general public.
    4. Same—Statute as to use ov tow-path.
    The statutes of the state make it a misdemeanor for citizens, other than those navigating the canals, to use its tow-path for the passage over then of horses, catile or other live animals (1 Itcv. Stat. [7th ed.j, 697, § 101), and every citizen has notice that the state is jealous of the use of its canal property except for the purposes of canal navigation.
    5. Same.
    The ferry company, by building its ferry house on state lando, and the sidewalk from it to the bridge over the channel, did not thereby impose any duty on the state towards the public using such ferry, to facilitate or render safe the passage to it.
    8. Same—Contributory negligence.
    It appeared that the intestate had, at several timés, used the bridge previous to this occasion, and knew its location, structure and purpose. It also appeared that there was sufficient light in the vicinity to disclose its actual situation if any attempt to discover it had been made. There was no evidence that the intestate made any effort to see whether the bridge was in position or not. Meld, that he was guilty of contributory negligence.
    7. Same—Board op claims—Court op appeals—Ho power to review FINDINGS OP PACT—LAWS 1888, CHAP. 205, § 10.
    The court of appeals have no power to review a finding of fact made by "the board of claims, and, if there is any evidence to support either of the findings, they must affirm the award appealed from.
    Appeal from a decision of the board of claims dismisgingthe claim for damages upon findings of fact, holding, first, that the deceased was guilty of contributory negligence in producing the accident; and, second, that the state owed no duty to the public to keep the bridge in repair, and that it was not guilty of negligence in omitting to keep it securely fastened during the night.
    
      James Lansing, for app’lt; Charles F. Tabor, deputy attorney-general, for resp’t.
   Ruger, Ch. J.

The plaintiff’s intestate was drowned at West Troy by walking off the tow-path of a side cut running to the Hudson river from the Erie canal and falling into a channel connecting the canal with the Mohawk basin, an adjunct thereof. At the place of the accident the tow-paths on either side of the channel were connected with each other by a swing bridge built by the state for the purpose of affording a safe passage over the channel for teams and horses, employees, drivers and persons having occasion to use it in the prosecution of the business of navigating the canal. This bridge was very frequently required to be swung open to afford passage to and from the basin by boats, scows and other craft, and the time consumed in such passages varied from five minutes to one-half an hour. The tow-paths and the bridge we^e built entirely upon the land of the state and formed no part of any public street or highway. The title to such land was acquired by the state for the exclusive purpose of being used in connection with the navigation of the canals and for no other purpose whatever. A public street, known as Union street,- in the village of West Troy, ran along by the side of the tow-path and terminated near the bridge or basin. No public highway existed on the other side between the channel and the Hudson river. The bridge was a wooden structure about sixty feet long and sixteen wide, with a narrow walk and railing extending along the north side next to the basin, and was operated by hand power by means of a lever, which was moved by one person with great difficulty. It was situated about one hundred feet east of the lock which connected the river with the side cut and afforded a passage-way for employees at the lock to and from West Troy. A ferry company had for some years ran ferry boats across the Hudson river between West Troy ana the city of Troy, and used a landing on the premises of the state in West Troy, some five hundred feet to the west of the bridge described. It did not appear that it had ever received permission from the state to so use its lands.

Persons using this ferry from the northern part of West Troy had for some years been accustomed to pass over the bridge when it was in position, in going to and crossing from the ferry, and it did not appear that they had ever been obstructed by the state in so doing, except that in the years 1878 and 1879, a line of posts and chains had been erected by the state, separating Union street from the towpath, and running down near the bridge in such a manner as effectually to prevent teams from passing from the street upon the bridge. This obstruction was, after it had existed two or three years, substantially broken down and destroyed by strangers, and after that time teams, as well as foot passengers, were accustomed to pass over the bridge in going and coming from the ferry. A year or two before the accident the ferry company constructed an elevated foot-bridge over this channel for the accommodation of persons using the ferry. It had also constructed a plank sidewalk running from the ferry landing on the west to the foot-bridge over the channel.

_ The evidence tended to show that on the night of the accident the tow-path bridge had been pushed out of its place about two-thirds of its width by the pressure of a passing canal-boat which had been thrown against it by the force of the current running from the canal into the basin. This left only about four feet in width of the bridge connected with the tow-path and affording a passageway across the channel. On the evening of October 11, 1885, at about half-past seven o’clock, the intestate, with a companion, left a saloon in West Troy, where they had been drinking together, for the purpose of taking the ferry for Troy. They proceeded down Union street side by side until they reached the bridge, when one of them passed safely upon it, but the other walked from the abutment into the channel and was drowned.

Although the night was described as being quite dark, the evidence tended to show that there was a lighted kerosene lamp on the bridge, and five or six other lighted lamps, both gas and kerosene, within from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet from the bridge. It appeared that both the deceased and bis companion had been old residents of Troy; had frequently crossed this bridge, and were acquainted with the ferry and its approaches. The evidence also tended to show that at one time the state was accustomed to fasten this bridge at night with a chain and pin, which had become broken, and for over a year such fastening had not been in use. A person was employed by the state to tend the bridge during the day, but it was his custom to leave work every night at six o’clock, and from that time until morning no one had ever been in attendance at the bridge. It was also shown that the bridge was not only frequently open to permit the passage of boats through the channel, but that it was quite common to have it opened by the pressure of boats drawn into the channel by the current running in that direction, or from other causes. When this occurred in the night-time there was no one who was employed or assumed to perform the duty of swinging the bridge back to its place.

The plaintiff claims that the state, having for a long time permitted the public, without objection, to use the bridge in going to and from the ferry, was guilty of negHgence in not securing the bridge at night, so that it could not be displaced by passing boats or other causes.

The board of claims dismissed the claim for damages upon findings of fact holding, first, that the deceased was guilty of contributory negligence in producing the accident, and, second, that the state owed no duty to the public to keep the bridge in repair, and that it was not guilty of negligence in omitting to keep it securely fastened during the night.

As we have no power to review a finding of fact made by the board of claims, it follows that, if there is any evidence to support either of the findings, we must affirm the award appealed from. Section 10, chap. 205, Laws of 1883.

It is well settled that no action or claim on behalf of a citizen can be maintained against the state for injuries occasioned by the negligence or malfeasance of its agents, except where it has by voluntary legislative enactment assumed such liability. Lewis v. State, 96 N. Y., 71.

It is claimed by the appellant that such liability has been assumed by the state by virtue of chapter 321, of the Laws of 1870, and we are of the opinion that the claim is well founded. Sipple v. State, 99 N. Y., 284.

By that act claims against the state for injuries received by any person or corporation for damages alleged to have been sustained by them from the canals of the state, or from their use or management, or arising or resulting from the negligence or conduct of any officer of the state having charge thereof, are authorized to be heard and determined by the board of canal appraisers, but no award shall be made unless the facts proved would establish a legal liability against an individual or corporation in a court of justice.

The plain implication from this language is, that it was intended to give the same remedy against the state for the injuries referred to which then existed against individuals and corporations for similar injuries. The jurisdiction given in the Law of 1870, to the canal appraisers was after-wards transferred to the board of claims and is now exercised by it.

In order therefore to see what claims are authorized to be made against the state by this statute it is necessary to refer to the cases authorizing similar actions against individuals and corporations. Since 1847 it has been substantially provided that the executor or administrator of a decedent who has left him or her surviving a husband, wife or next of kin, may maintain an action to recover damages for a wrongful act, neglect or default, by which the decedent’s death was caused, against a natural person or corporation which would have been liable to an action in favor of the decedent by reason thereof if death had not ensued. Chap. 450, Laws of 1847; § 1902, Code of Civil Procedure. The cause of action here referred to is one which did not exist previous to the Act of 1847 (chap. 450), and is given directly in the cases specified to an executor or an administrator.

This cause of action is not derivative but accrues directly to the executor or administrator and no question as to the survivorship of the cause of action arises. The question in the case, therefore, is whether the facts proved would create a cause of action against a natural person or corporation. It is essential to the maintenance of such a cause of action, that it should appear that the defendant owed some duty to the plaintiff which it has omitted to discharge, and which was the cause of injury to the intestate.

In Nicholson v. Erie R. W. Co. (41 N. Y., 529), it was said that “ negligence consists in the commission of some lawful act in a careless manner, or in the omission to perform some legal duty to the injury of another. It is essential in the latter case to establish that the defendant owed at that time some specific, clear, legal duty to the plaintiff or the party injured.” The remarks of Judge Earl in the same case are quite pertinent to the question here. He says, “It cannot be doubted from the evidence that he (the deceased) had an implied license to cross at that point, and hence that he was lawfully there. He was not there by invitation of the defendant, not in the business of the defendant but for his own purpose on his way home. While he was lawfully there he had no right, as against the defendant, to be there. It could at any time have revoked the license and then he could not have crossed at that point without being a trespasser. The cars were lawfully upon the branch track and the defendant had the right to have them there. The defendant owed the intestate no active duty. It owed him no duty whatever except such as every citizen owes another. It had no right intentionally to injure him and would be liable if it needlessly or carelessly injured him while performing its own business. It owed him a duty to abstain from injuring him either intentionally or carelessly, but it did not owe him the duty of active vigilance to see that he was not injured while upon its land, merely by permission, for his own convenience.” The learned judge refers to and comments upon the cases of Gautret v. Egerton (2 Law Rep. C. P., 371); Southcote v. Stanley (1 Hurl. & N., 247); Hounsell v. Smyth (7 C. B., 729), and Smith v. Dock Co. (3 Law Rep. C. P., 326), which are particularly applicable to the question under discussion here.

It was said by Judge Andrews, in Larmore v. Crown Point Iron Co. (101 N. Y., 394; 1 N. Y. State Rep., 43), that “there is no negligence, in a legal sense, which can give a right of action unless there is a violation of a legal' duty to exercise care. The duty may exist as to some persons, and not as to others, depending upon peculiar relations and circumstances.”

The circumstances of this case relieve the State from any claim that the injury proceeded from any act of commission on its part, or that of any of its agents, or from the charge of malfeasance in the erection of a structure dangerous in itself, which, from its operation or use, might give rise to reasonable apprehension of danger to bystanders or travelers. The state had erected a bridge which was sufficient and safe, so far as appears, for the purposes for which it was intended. It had, upon this occasion, left it, at the close of the day, in the situation in which it had been usual and customary to leave it, and it had been displaced, leaving the situation dangerous to careless and inattentive persons, by the wrongful act of a stranger. We can see in this no violation of duty on the part of the state.. It owed no duty to the public to build this bridge, to keep it in repair, or to rebuild it in the event of its destruction. It could keep it up or let it decay at its own pleasure, and made itself liable to no one in either event, except perhaps to persons navigating its canals by its invitation.

The whole claim of the appellant rests upon the assumption that the state owed a duty to all persons using its tow-

Eath for their own purposes, whether with or without cense or permission, to keep it in such repair as to make passage over it safe and secure at aE times, both day and night. o

We do not think that such a claim is tenable. The state has simply built a tow-path and bridge upon its own land for the use of persons navigating its canals. It. had raised no structure which was not necessary for this purpose, and the purpose of the bridge was obvious from its location and connection with the tow-path to aE persons who came in its vicinity. No enticement or allurement to people generaEy to pass over the bridge was held out, except such as any bridge upon private lands holds out, and no one had a right to suppose from the mere existence of a tow-path bridge that the state undertook the duty of keeping it in place at all times for the use of the general public. Indeed the statutes of the state make it a misdemeanor for citizens, other than, those navigating the canals, to use its tow-path for the passage over them of horses, cattle, or other live animals (1 R. S. [7th ed., 697], § 181), and every citizen had notice‘that the state was jealous of the use of its canal property except for the purposes of canal navigation.

What obligations the ferry company assumed by building its ferry house on state lands and the sidewalk from it to the bridge over the channel it is unnecessary to discuss, but it is quite certain that it did not thereby impose any duty on the state towards the public using such ferry to facilitate or render safe the passage to it.

The consideration of this branch of the case may be concluded by an extract from the opinion of Judge Andrews in Larmore v. Crown Point Iron Co. (supra), which is directly in point upon the question involved here: “The duty of keeping premises in a safe condition even as against a mere licensee may also arise where affirmative negligence in the management of the property or business of the owner would be likely to subject persons exercising the privilege theretofore permitted and enjoyed, to great danger. The case of running a locomotive without warning over a path across the railroad which had been generally used by the public without objection, furnishes an example. Barry v. N. Y. C. and H. R. R. R. Co., 92 N. Y., 289; Beck v. Carter, 68 id., 283. The cases referred to proceed upon definite and intelligible grounds, the justice of which cannot be reasonably controverted. But in the case before us there were no circumstances creating a duty on the part of the' defendant to the plaintiff to keep the whimsey in repair, and consequently .no obligation to remunerate the latter for his injury. The machine was not intrinsically dangerous; the plaintiff was a mere licensee; the negligence, if any, was passive and not active, of omission and not of.commission.”

We are, also, of the opinion that the evidence did not show that the decedent was free from the imputation of contributory negligence. The burden of proof upon this question rests primarily upon the party injured and it is a part of the claimant’s case to show affirmatively that his own carelessness did not contribute to the injury. We cannot see anything in the evidence to show that the decedent exercised the least care or precaution in attempting to cross the bridge; on the contrary the circumstances tend to show that he was heedless and inattentive to a culpable degree. A person, being familiar with the situation, who deliberately attempts to cross a swing bridge over a dangerous stream in the night time, without observing whether it was open or not, seems to us to be fairly chargeable with negligence. The obvious purpose of this bridge was that it should be opened at irregular intervals and for indefinite periods. The evidence shows that it was frequently opened from various causes and at all times of day and night. The decedent had at several times used the bridge previous to this occasion and knew its location, structure and purposes. He had no right, on a dark night, to attempt to cross it, upon an erroneous assumption that it was in a position to be crossed safely. No signal was ever employed to notify the public of its existing position, and travelers there had always been required to use their own observation to determine whether it was open or shut. It is quite probable from the evidence that there was sufficient light m the vicinity to disclose its actual situation if there had been any attempt to discover lb; and the inference is irresistible that the decedent walked off the abutment, without the slightest effort to see whether the bridge was in position or not.

We think the evidence tended to support the charge of contributory negligence.

We are, therefore, of the opinion that the findings of the board of claims were sustainable upon both of the grounds, and that the award should be affirmed, with costs.

All concur.  