
    WRIGHT et al. v. SWAYNE, District Judge.
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    Oct. 18, 1911.)
    1. Mandamus (§ 26) — Subjects or Relief— Inferior Courts.
    Mandamus to an inferior court lies only respecting a purely ministerial act.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Mandamus, Cent. Dig. § 62; Dec. Dig. § 26.]
    2. Mandamus (§ 50) — Subjects of Relief-New Trial.
    Unless a trial judge’s action in granting a new trial is void, mandamus does not lie to control his action, though the ruling be not justified under the law.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Mandamus, Cent. Dig. § 97; Dec. Dig. § 50.]
    S. Mandamus (§ 50) — Judicial Acts — New Trial — Validity of Order.
    Under Rev. St. 1895, art. 1872, prohibiting more than two new trials, except where there is misconduct of the jury, or they have erred in law, an order granting a third new trial generally is not void, so as to permit mandamus to control the trial judge’s action; there being-grounds in the motion under which a third new trial would be proper.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Mandamus, Cent. Dig. § 97; Dec. Dig. § 50.]
    Mandamus by Cornelius Wright and others against James W. Swayne, District Judge.
    Writ denied.
    Harris, Harris & Young, J. C. Smith, and Ben M. Terrell, for relators. Lattimore, Cummings, Doyle & Bouldin, for respondent.
    
      
      For other oases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep’r Indexes
    
   RAMSEY, J.

On July 25, 1911, a petition, for mandamus was presented to this court in the above cause during vacation. The petition was directed to be filed, and the clerk was ordered to issue citation to respondent, requiring him to answer on the first day of the present term . of the court, and show cause, if any he had, why the writ of mandamus should not issue as prayed for. The respondent made answer at some length, as will hereinafter appear, and the question was argued at the bar of this court by both relator and respondent, and able and exhaustive briefs were filed by counsel representing both parties.

We have concluded that under the case as made the petitioners are not entitled to the writ asked. In view of the importance of the question, however, as well as out of respect to learned counsel, we have thought it proper to write our views at some length, and, in order to make the opinion of value as a precedent, as well as to make it easily understood, it is necessary to give some detailed statement of the case, the questions involved, and how they arose.

The controversy arose in cause No. 28,337, in the Seventeenth district court of Tarrant county, entitled L. A. Wright et al. v. Cornelius Wright et al. The suit, as the issue finally developed, mainly involved 320 acres of land near Ft. Worth, known as the Thomas McCann survey; the plaintiffs in the suit in the district court claiming that the said land was the community of James I. Wright and his third wife, Julia (McKassen) Wright, while the defendants in the said suit contend that said land was the separate property of their father, James I. Wright. There were three trials of the case in the district court, all resulting in a finding substantially in favor of the defendants therein, and that the property was the separate property of James I. Wright. The first of said trials was had in October, 1909, and a new trial was granted on the motion of plaintiffs, assigning many errors of law committed by the court during the trial, on the ground that the findings of the jury were contrary to and unsupported by the evidence, and also •because of newly discovered testimony. The case was again tried in June, 1910, with the assistance of a jury, with the same result. Again the plaintiffs filed their motion for a new trial, in which they urged, that the court had, in the course of the trial, committed many errors of law to their prejudice, and also made the contention that the verdict of the jury, in respect to many of the issues submitted to them, was against the weight, or unsupported by, the evidence. This motion was granted. On the third trial had in the spring of this year, the same result, in effect, was reached. For the third time, plaintiffs filed their motion for a new trial. This motion is both lengthy and elaborate, and presented, as grounds for a new trial, not less than 30 specifications of error claimed to have been committed by the court, and, as a basis for the new trial requested, also attacked the verdict of the jury. This motion, as the other’ two had been, was stoutly resisted by the defendants.

Among other things, they urged, as they now claim, that the trial court, having already granted two new trials, was without authority to grant a third motion, and upon this the petitioners base their contention that the act of the court in undertaking to grant said third motion for a new trial was not only wholly unauthorized, but that such action was without authority of law, and that same was and is void. They further aver that, since a judgment was by the court, on the findings of the jury on the third trial, entered of record in the minutes of said court, the court should have granted their application thereafter made to name commissioners to partition the property in accordance with the rights of the parties as therein adjudged, and proceed to execute said judgment; and this proceeding is, in substance, a petition to this court to direct, by mandamus, the district court so to proceed. The order of the court on the first amended motion for a new trial is general, and merely directs and orders that same be granted. The order of July 2, 1910, granting the second motion for new trial, recites, among other things, that, “the court being of the opinion that the jury erred in the matter of the law, and that their verdict in reference to the Thos. McCann survey is unsupported by any evidence and contrary to the law, it is ordered that the motion be granted.”

The order granting the third motion is quite general, and merely recites that the court, “after hearing said motion and being fully satisfied,” etc., the motion is granted. The petitioners further aver that if said last action of the trial court be sustained that it wbuld operate as a total denial of the rights vouchsafed to them under the Constitution and laws of this state; that they have no remedy by appeal against such unauthorized action, and that such action of the court in continually granting new trials is a gross injustice and hardship upon them, which it was the purpose of the law to prevent, and that said last order purporting to grant a new trial is a nullity, and that under the law there remained nothing for the trial court to do, except to execute and carry out the judgment rendered and entered by it on such third trial; that commissioners to partition the property, not having been appointed and named at the time of the entry of the original judgment, and the said court having then and later refused to do so on proper application, it is within the power, and on the case made it is the duty, of this court by peremptory mandamus to direct that same should be done.

James W. Swayne, judge of the Seventeenth district court, who is complained against, filed his answer in due time and resisted the granting of the mandamus sought. In his answer he interposed a formal general demurrer and two special exceptions, in substance, as follows: (1) That the petition shows on its face that the trial court had granted the new trials because of error committed by said court in the introduction and admission of testimony of J. W. Wright concerning transactions of his deceased father, James I. Wright. (2) That the motion to appoint commissioners to partition said property was filed at a subsequent term of the court to that at which the case was tried, and subsequent to the term at which the motion for new trial was granted, and that the granting of the motion to appoint commissioners necessarily required the setting aside the order granting a new trial, which, having been entered at a former term, became final and beyond the control of the court.

.In addition to a general denial, the said Swayne further answered, in effect, that he had grahted the third new trial because, on a full discussion and a more careful consideration, he had become convinced that he had committed error in admitting certain testimony eoinplained of in the motion for a new trial as to transactions with James I. Wright, the original owner of the property in suit, and that such error was In respect to a material issue in the case, and one vyhich materially influenced the jury against the plaintiffs, and that his action in granting such third new trial was not in contravention of article 1372, Revised Statutes 1893, which provides that “not more than two new trials shall be granted to either party in the same cause, except when the jury have been guilty of some misconduct or have erred in matter of law.”

Both the petition for mandamus and the answer of respondent are very lengthy and elaborate, and contain and refer to many exhibits, orders, entries, judgments, and other matters deemed essential to fully present the case; but it is believed that the above statement is a sufficiently full summary of the more important facts essential to indicate clearly the question to be decided.

It is a rule of universal application that this court would have no authority to issue the writ of mandamus to an inferior court, except in respect to the performance of a purely ministerial act. We are without power in a direct proceeding, such as this, to direct such court as to how it should proceed, or to control such court in respect to a matter involving the exercise of its judgment and discretion. We would be and are wholly without authority and power to grant the mandamus in this case, unless we should determine and hold that the action of the district court in undertaking to grant said motion for a new trial is absolutely void in law, and that the same is wholly of no effect. If we should so determine, it is not doubted or denied that petitioners would be entitled to the due execution of the judgment in their favor, and, if the court should willfully refuse to execute its own judgments according to their true intent and effect, we would have the authority, and it would be our duty, to direct it to proceed to execute the judgment and sentence of the law. Unless, however, the action of the court in undertaking to grant, and in granting, such third motion for new trial is wholly and absolutely void, then we are powerless to act, and this without reference to' whether the ruling of the court in granting such motion was or was not justified under the law.

This brings us to the question as to whether the action of the court in granting a third motion for new trial was wholly void. This involves, to some extent, a construction of article 1372 of our Revised Statutes, above quoted. It will be seen that in the order granting the second motion for a new trial it is in terms recited: “Because the jury erred in a matter of law, and that their verdict in reference to the Thos. Mc-Cann survey is unsupported by the evidence and contrary to law.” The judgments granting the motions on the first and third trials are general, and on their face assign no particular reason for granting the motion. In view of the language in the order of the court granting the second motion for a new trial, it is not clear that under any fair construction of the statute that the action of the court on the judgment last rendered is wholly invalid. But, however this may be, it seems clear under the settled holding of this court, and under-the general rule obtaining in practically every jurisdiction in this Union, except West Virginia, that the action of the court, whatever may he or has been its wisdom, was not in a legal sense void. The purport and effect of the statute above deferred to was to deny to the trial court the right, where it had committed no error of law, to grant more than two new trials to any person. This statute was based on the idea, and proceeds on the principle that, where, under proper directions and on a trial intrinsically fair, the jury has twice found the issues of fact in favor of a party to a suit, it should not be within the power of the trial court to set aside their verdict. It is clear that this statute was intended to better assure litigants the right of trial by jury. If it were permitted to the courts to set aside verdicts of juries, without limitations or restrictions, they might, in effect, by their action in continually and continuously granting motions for new trials, absolutely render nugatory the right of trial by jury granted by the Constitution; and it has become the unbroken rule of construction everywhere that statutes,' such as ours, were passed with this intent and purpose, and that the limitations in respect to granting motions for a new trial had no reference to cases where the court itself had committed a material error in the trial of such cause.

The general rule is well stated in 29 Cyc. p. 731: “Statutes providing that not more than two new trials shall be granted to the same party are usually construed as limiting the number of new trials that may be allowed on the ground that the verdict is not sufficiently supported by the evidence, or is contrary to the evidence, and not as limiting the number that may be ordered for errors in the charge of the court, for error in the admission or rejection of testimony, for misconduct of the jury, and the like. Similar statutes in other states are construed either to limit the number of new trials grantable for any of the causes named in the statutes, or grantable for any causes whatever. Statutes providing that not more than one new trial shall be granted to a party, except where the triers of fact have erred in matters of law, or the jury has been guilty of misconduct, limit the number of new trials that may be ordered on the weight of the evidence, but not the number that may be granted for the excepted causes, or for errors of law in the rulings and instructions of the court. McShane v. Sanderson, 108 Mo. 316, 18 S. W. 912; State v. Horner, 86 Mo. 71; Harrison v. Cachelin, 23 Mo. 117; Boyce v. Smith, 16 Mo. 317; Ramsey v. Hamilton, 14 Mo. 358; Hill v. Deaver, 7 Mo. 57; O’Neil v. Young, etc., Seed, etc., Co., 58 Mo.App. 628; Nicol v. Hyre, 58 Mo. App. 134; Lovell v. Davis, 52 Mo. App. 342; State v. Edwards, 36 Mo. App. 425; Wright v. Adams, 12 Mo. App. 376; Collins v. Ballow, 72 Tex. 330 [10 S. W. 248]; Rains v. Hood, 23 Tex. 555; Missouri, etc., R. R. Co. v. Johnson (Tex. Civ. App. 1898) 49 S. W. 265. New trials ordered by appellate courts for causes within the statutes are to be counted in determining whether trial courts may grant further new trials, but not new trials ordered by appellate courts on other grounds.”

. This rule has received the sanction of this court in the case of Collins v. Ballow, 72 Tex. 330, 10 S. W. 248, where it is said: “We deem it unnecessary to consider other questions presented by appellant, as none of them are of importance in view of the conclusion we have reached. Article 1372 of the Revised 'Statutes provides that: ‘Not more than two new trials shall be granted to either party in the same cause, except when the jury has been guilty of some misconduct or have erred in matter of law.’ Ap-pellees have brought up a separate transcript, from which it appears that three verdicts have been returned and judgments entered in their favor, two of which have been set aside and new trials granted by the court below on motions of appellant. It also appears that appellant did not allege in either of his motions upon which new trials were granted that the jury had been guilty of misconduct, or had erred in matter of law. Ap-pellees insist that under this state of the case the statute above quoted applies, and that the verdict and judgment are conclusive of appellant’s rights. We do not so construe the statute. We understand it to mean that, where the court has committed no errors, either in rulings upon the trial or in giving the law of the case to the jury, and the jury have followed the law so given, and have not been guilty of any misconduct, no more than two new trials can be granted to either party. But, so long as the trial court commits errors in its rulings upon the trial, or in giving the law to the jury, or the jury disregards the law when correctly given, and the trial court on proper motion refuses to grant a new trial, the injured party has the right to appeal to this court for redress, and if it appears that errors have been committed by the court, or the jury prejudiced to the rights of the appellant, a new trial will be granted, notwithstanding two new trials have been granted to the complaining party in the court below.”

This rule is laid down in Trott v. West, 10 Yerg. 499, 500, wherein the Supreme Court of Tennessee say: “This statute means that, where the facts of the ease have been fairly left to the jury upon a proper charge of the court, and they have twice found a verdict for the same party, each of which having been set aside by the court, if the same party obtained another verdict in like manner, it shall not be disturbed. But this act did not intend to prevent the court granting new trials for error in the charge of the court to the jury for error in the admission of or rejection of testimony, ox-misconduct of the jury, and the like; citing Turner v. Ross, 1 Humph. 16; East Tenn. & R. Co. v. Hackney, 1 Head, 170.”

So, in Knoxville Iron Co. v. Dobson, 15 Lea (Tenn.) 409-416, this language is used: “This court has uniformly held that the statute was intended to limit the power of the court over the findings of fact by the jury upon regular proceedings and a correct charge. If the court in the same case has set aside, upon the motion of the same party, the verdict of two juries, upon the ground that the evidence is not sufficient to sustain them, the power of the court is at an end to grant another new trial to the same party upon the facts or merits. The statute does not prevent the granting of new trials for errors committed by the court, or for misconduct which may vitiate the verdict, as is in effect held in Randall v. Collins, 58 Tex. 231, Gibson v. Hill, 23 Tex. 77, Austin v. Talk, 26 Tex. 127, and Wilson v. Gordon, 20 Tex. 572.

We think there is no merit in the proposition that, since the judgment entered, granting the third motion for a new trial, does not, in express terms., indicate that it was granted on a ground authorized by statute, we should therefore assume and hold that it was without authority of law; on the contrary, we think that we should hold that the action of the court should be referred to and based upon some of the many grounds set out in the motion upon which, as matter of law, it was justified in granting the motion. It ought not lightly to be assumed, in respect to any district judge of this state, that he would grant a motion for a new trial for a reason, or under circumstances, prohibited by law, but rather, in respect to such an officer, we should assume that he had followed the law; and it should be held, where the record is silent, that in a case where a motion contained many grounds on which a new trial was permitted to be granted, and on which it ought to be granted, that he had based his decision upon some ground of the motion which he could lawfully do, and that his action should be referred to such ground.

Besides, in this case, it distinctly appears from the answer of Judge Swayne that he did grant the third motion for new trial because of errors of law committed by himself. It he had committed errors of a substantial character, materially injuring and to the prejudice of the plaintiff, he ought to have granted their motion. The facts set up by Judge Swayne in this particular are substantially undenied, and must be accepted as true. A very careful investigation, consultation, and discussion of the case has failed to convince us that petitioners are entitled to the relief sought, and the mandamus prayed for is therefore denied. All present and concurring. ,  