
    Marek BORKOWSKI, Rufus Alfred Ayers and Steven Wood, Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. F/V MADISON KATE, Sea Ventures, LLC, and F/V Holdings, Inc. d/b/a Sea Adventures, LLC., Defendants, Appellees.
    No. 09-1311.
    United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
    Heard Dec. 9, 2009.
    Decided March 19, 2010.
    
      John J. Bromley, with whom David B. Kaplan and The Kaplan/Bond Group, were on brief, for appellants.
    Rachelle R. Green, with whom Byron L. McMasters and Duffy & Sweeney, LTD, were on brief, for appellees.
    Before LYNCH, Chief Judge, LIPEZ and HOWARD, Circuit Judges.
   HOWARD, Circuit Judge.

The appellants in this maritime matter are three commercial fishermen who served aboard the F/V Madison Kate on a fishing voyage from Stonington, Connecticut in March 2006. Contrary to the requirements of federal maritime law, there was no written agreement memorializing the terms of appellants’ employment. Upon return to port, each of the fishermen and the other crew members was paid a portion of the boat’s net proceeds, consisting of the value of the trip’s catch, less various expenses and the owner’s share. Their payments were made pursuant to what is known in the fishing industry as the “lay-share system,” under which the net proceeds are divided up into “shares” that are then awarded, in whole or part, to crew members depending on, among other things, their experience and performance. Appellants Wood and Borkowski each received a full share; appellant Ayres received a three-quarter share. The fishermen sued, claiming violations of federal maritime law and state wage laws. After an abbreviated bench trial, the district court awarded Ayres an additional quarter-share; Wood and Borkowski received no damage award. The fishermen claim on appeal that the district court committed legal error in limiting their damages. Although we employ somewhat different reasoning than did the district court, we affirm the judgment.

I.

In May 2007, appellants filed suit against the F/V Madison Kate and its owner Sea Ventures, LLC. Their four-count complaint alleged: 1) violation of 46 U.S.C. § 10601, which requires, inter alia, that fishermen’s wage agreements be in writing; 2) violation of 46 U.S.C. § 11107, which limns damages for unlawful seaman engagements; 3) egregious conduct warranting punitive damages; and 4) violation of Massachusetts wage laws, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149, §§ 148, 150. A bench trial was scheduled for January 2009. At the conclusion of opening statements, however, the parties agreed to waive any further trial proceedings and allowed the district court to rule based on the parties’ pretrial memoranda, their opening statements and related legal arguments, and certain trial exhibits. In short order, the court issued a written decision awarding appellant Ayers $557.87, the difference between what he was paid and a full-share. All other claims were rejected. This timely appeal followed.

II.

The relevant facts are not in dispute. Indeed, it was the lack of factual dispute that led the district court to suggest the truncated procedure. Sea Ventures readily conceded that it violated 46 U.S.C. § 10601’s requirement that the owner of a fishing vessel “make a fishing agreement in writing with each seaman employed on board.” Thus, the only issue before the district court was appellants’ damages.

The district court accepted Sea Ventures’ argument that the appellants’ exclusive remedy for violation of 46 U.S.C. § 10601 is 46 U.S.C. § 11107, which provides as follows:

An engagement of a seaman contrary to a law of the United States is void. A seaman so engaged may leave the service of the vessel at any time and is entitled to recover the highest rate of wages at the port from which the seaman was engaged or the amount agreed to be given to the seaman at the time of the engagement, whichever is higher.

Here, there was no verbal agreement regarding appellants’ wages. Nor did appellants offer any evidence about the “highest rates of wages” at the Stonington port. The only record evidence of “Stonington wages” is a “settlement sheet,” which details the gross proceeds of the voyage’s catch, the expenses subsequently deducted from the gross, and the distribution of shares among the crew. Because Borkowski and Wood each received a full-share, which the plaintiffs agree is the “highest rate of wages” on the record, it was agreed below that only Ayres would be entitled to compensation under § 11107. The district court awarded Ayres $557.87, raising his compensation from a three-quarter share to a full share.

The district court awarded no further damages, holding that “ § 10601 is a liability statute, and § 11107 is its [exclusive] companion remedy statute.” Appellants argue that their remedy is not limited to the compensation outlined in § 11107. Instead, they ask for an application of maritime common law to supply additional compensatory and punitive remedies for violation of § 10601. We review the district court’s interpretation of the statute de novo. Boston & Maine Corp. v. Mass. Bay Transp. Auth., 587 F.3d 89, 98 (1st Cir.2009). As it turns out, we are not required to decide whether the remedy set forth in 46 U.S.C. § 11107 is the exclusive remedy for violations of 46 U.S.C. § 10601, nor do we decide whether federal maritime law preempts application of the Massachusetts wage law. Rather, we affirm on the basis that plaintiffs have failed to prove any other measure of compensatory damages or any entitlement to punitive damages.

III.

The foundation of appellants’ damage claim is that “[c]ommercial seamen have historically been treated as wards of the court, enjoying special protections because they are vulnerable to exploitation by their employers at sea.” Kurtz v. Comm’r, 575 F.3d 1275, 1277 (11th Cir.2009). Appellants argue that the district court’s damage limitation runs counter to the maxim that “ ‘[legislation for the benefit of seamen is to be construed liberally in them favor.’ ” Doyle v. Huntress, 419 F.3d 3, 9 (1st Cir.2005) (“Doyle II”) (quoting McMahon v. United States, 342 U.S. 25, 27, 72 S.Ct. 17, 96 L.Ed. 26 (1951)).

Before we analyze appellants’ argument, we note that pinning down the precise nature of their damage claim has proven somewhat elusive. While their trial memorandum specifically asked that each appellant be awarded one-seventh of the $120,806 gross proceeds from the voyage it was silent as to whether those damages were compensatory or punitive in nature. And though them appellate brief seeks the same monetary result and refers to their damage formulation as a “maritime law punitive measure,” counsel at oral argument stated that appellants are seeking both compensatory and punitive damages, with compensation represented by disallowing Sea Ventures to keep funds improperly deducted for expenses and the remainder of the award constituting punishment. Although either theory — compensatory or punitive — leads to the same monetary outcome, each requires a different analytical path. We will explore both theories.

A. Compensatory damages

Beyond the agreed-upon damage award Ayres received pursuant to § 11107, appellants argue that they are entitled to compensatory damages equal to their share of the amount of expenses deducted by the owner without the written agreement required by § 10601.

In holding that § 11107 is the exclusive remedy for the violation of § 10601, the district court relied in large part on the following language from Doyle II: “[Wjhere the fishermen have already received a lay share portion of the proceeds from the fishing voyages they participated in, there does not appear to be any other real remedy for the vessel owners’ failure to comply with § 10601, absent § 11107.” 419 F.3d at 14. The appellants argue that this language is dicta, as the exclusivity of § 11107 was not before us in Doyle II. The appellants may be right that we have not previously explicitly resolved this exclusivity issue, but we need not do so here, either. The appellants’ claim stalls for a much simpler reason — lack of evidence.

To the extent the compensatory relief sought under § 10601 is premised on the claim that Sea Ventures improperly deducted expenses, there is no evidence upon which any fact-finder could conclude that the deductions were improper, other than counsel’s say-so, through the use of descriptors such as “incorrect,” “fraudulent,” and “things the seamen had never paid before.” Indeed, the record reflects that appellants conducted little or no discovery below to gather evidence that might buttress such a claim. By contrast, in Harper v. U.S. Seafoods, L.P., No. C00-1610P, 2003 WL 25674101 (W.D.Wash. April 8, 2003), the plaintiff-fisherman presented an expert witness and sought discovery from several non-party vessel owners about wages and employment agreements.

Moreover, as a result of the agreement between the district court and parties’ counsel, none of the appellants testified, either in person or through deposition transcripts. Thus, even if appellants’ theory is correct, and additional compensatory remedies exist under § 10601 for failure to memorialize the expenses to be deducted or the crew members’ shares, the lack of evidence as to how such deductions should be made or how such shares should be divvied up is fatal to appellants’ compensatory claim. See Astro-Med, Inc. v. Nihon Kohden Am., Inc., 591 F.3d 1, 13 (1st Cir.2009) (damages may not be recovered if purely speculative).

B. Punitive damages ■

While not directly addressed, implicit in the district court’s ruling was its rejection of appellants’ claim for punitive damages.

As an initial matter, federal courts sitting in admiralty have the power, at least in some circumstances, to award common-law punitive damages to supplement statutory remedies. Atlantic Sounding Co., Inc. v. Toumsend, — U.S.-,-, 129 S.Ct. 2561, 2567, 174 L.Ed.2d 382 (2009); Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, — U.S. -,---, 128 S.Ct. 2605, 2619-21, 171 L.Ed.2d 570 (2008). At the same time, however, “[t]he prevailing rule in American courts also limits punitive damages to cases ... of enormity, where a defendant’s conduct is outrageous, owing to gross negligence, willful, wanton, and reckless indifference for the rights of others, or behavior even more deplorable.” Baker, 128 S.Ct. at 2621 (citations and footnote omitted).

Appellants argue that Sea Ventures should be punished for intentionally violating § 10601 and as a deterrent against future misconduct. We disagree. It is undisputed that Sea Ventures’ violation of the writing requirement was unknowing and commonplace. Under appellants’ theory, because “ignorance of the law is not an excuse,” any violation of § 10601’s writing requirement is intentional and therefore warrants punitive damages. Punitive damages do not, however, automatically follow a statutory violation. Ignorance of the law sometimes can be an excuse when it comes to punitive damages. See, e.g., Kolstad v. Am. Dental Assoc., 527 U.S. 526, 536-37, 119 S.Ct. 2118, 144 L.Ed.2d 494 (1999). Simply put, not all intentional behavior constitutes “reckless indifference for the rights of others.” Baker, 128 S.Ct. at 2621. We need not here decide what conduct might support a punitive damages award. It is enough to say that Sea Ventures’ violation of its statutory obligation — an obligation of which it was unaware — cannot support an award of punitive damages. Here, appellants were paid under a lay-share system that “is not illegal or unjust.” Doyle v. Huntress, 474 F.Supp.2d 337, 344 (D.R.I.2007) (“Doyle III”). As in the Doyle line of cases, “[t]he violation of § 10601 was not that the seamen were not paid, but that they were not given fixed written employment contracts before each trip.” Doyle IV, 513 F.3d at 337. Against this legal and factual backdrop, we find nothing in the record that supports an award of punitive damages.

C. Massachusetts Wage Act

The district court ruled that Sea Ventures’ failure to abide by § 10601’s writing requirement did not constitute a failure to pay appellants’ “wages earned,” and was thus not a violation of the Massachusetts’ Wage Act, Mass. Gen. L. ch. 149, §§ 148, 150. In so ruling, the district court did not reach the disputed issue of whether the state law was preempted by federal maritime law. On appeal, however, appellants address only the undecided preemption issue that was assumed in them favor. They never engage the district court’s reasoning and conclusion that there was no violation of Massachusetts law. As such, we consider any argument that the district court wrongly decided the merits of the wage claim to be waived. See Sonoran Scanners, Inc. v. Perkinelmer, Inc. 585 F.3d 535, 545 n. 7 (1st Cir. 2009) (failure to sufficiently brief issue on appeal constitutes waiver) (citing United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir.1990)).

IV.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Costs to appellees. 
      
      . The record reflects that the voyage yielded approximately 17,250 pounds of scallops, sold for seven dollars per pound, resulting in a gross of $120,806. Expenses totaled $48,663.
     
      
      . A full share totaled $2,231.48. After certain deductions, Borkowski was paid $1,984.48. Wood received $1,829.48, and Ayres received $1,420.61.
     
      
      . Sea Ventures, as the fishermen’s employer, is the proper party in interest. We therefore refer to the appellees collectively under this name.
     
      
      . Such written agreements must contain the period of their effectiveness, the terms of any wage, share or other compensation arrangement, and any other agreed terms.
     
      
      .Sea Ventures asserted below that it was unaware of the writing requirement until it was contacted by appellants' counsel approximately one month after the voyage at issue here. The record also reflects that appellants, experienced fishermen, had never entered into any written fishing agreements. Appellants' counsel stated at oral argument that the writing requirement was uniformly ignored at the Stonington port.
     
      
      . Even within the generally hospitable environs of maritime common law, however, “[s]eamen aboard fishing vessels ... have traditionally borne greater responsibility for themselves and their provisions than those aboard other commercial vessels.” Kurtz, 575 F.3d at 1277.
     
      
      . One-seventh of the $120,000 gross yields roughly $15,500 per appellant, after deducting the amounts they’ve already been paid.
     
      
      . Appellants' counsel at oral argument alluded to the fishermen’s deposition testimony that none would have embarked on the voyage had they been aware of the abstemious wages that awaited them. As noted, however, no such testimony was placed in the record. See also Doyle v. Huntress, 513 F.3d 331, 337-38 (1st Cir.2008) (“Doyle TV”) (rejecting as “sheer speculation” fishermen's testimony that they would not have gone on trips had they known their shares beforehand).
     
      
      . Baker also discussed appropriate ratios of punitive damages to compensatory damages as limiting factors in punitive awards. 128 S.Ct. at 2633. Given our decision, we do not reach this issue.
     
      
      . Appellees' costs are awarded pursuant to Fed. R.App. P. 39 and L.R. 39. Appellees' Motion for Attorneys’ Fees, Damages and Costs is denied in all other respects.
     