
    COUNTY OF MORRISON, Respondent, v. Virginia R. (Jean) LITKE, Appellant.
    No. C1-96-815.
    Court of Appeals of Minnesota.
    Jan. 14, 1997.
    
      Dan T. Ryerson, James T. Martin, Gisla-son, Martin & Varpness, P.A., Edina, for Appelant.
    Conrad I. Freeberg, Morrison County Attorney, Kris H. Davick-Halfen, Assistant County Attorney, Little Fals, for Respondent.
    Considered and decided by LANSING, P.J., and HUSPENI and NORTON, JJ.
   OPINION

HUSPENI, Judge.

A jury determined that respondent was entitled to recover from appelant for pubic assistance that appelant’s mother had wrongfuly obtained prior to her death. Ap-pelant moved for a new trial or judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV); this motion was denied and judgment was entered. Because appelant was not the recipient of the wrongfuly obtained assistance, we reverse.

FACTS

Appelant Virginia Litke is one of 12 chl-dren of the late Frank Krol, who died in 1993, and Margaret Krol, who died in 1995. Prior to their deaths, the Krols on two occasions distributed sums of money to their chldren: in December 1989 each chid received $2,000, and in January 1990 appelant received $10,000 and her sister, Janet Litke, received $14,000. The two sisters paid their parents seven percent interest on these amounts, which they distributed to their siblings in 1992. Ultimately, each of the 12 chldren received or retained $2,000 and became responsible for paying the seven percent interest on that amount.

Appelant was appointed power of attorney for Margaret Krol. In this capacity, appellant appled to respondent Morrison County for pubic assistance for Margaret Krol when she moved to a nursing home in 1991. On the applcation, appelant disclosed neither the December 1989 nor the January 1990 distributions the Krols had made to their chldren. Margaret Krol was found elgible for pubic assistance.

Morrison County brought this action against appelant personaly under Minn. Stat. § 256.98, aleging that both the December 1989 and the January 1990 distributions were not gifts but undisclosed loans, that these amounts were therefore avalable to Margaret Krol for her care, and the county was entitled to reimbursement for her care in the amount of $45,244.97.

The jury found that the December 1989 distributions of $2,000 to each chid were gifts, but that the January 1990 distributions of $10,000 to appelant and $14,000 to her sister Janet Litke were loans. The jury also found that appellant wilfuly made a false statement to aid Margaret Krol in obtaining pubic assistance, that Margaret Krol received pubic assistance in an amount greater than that to which she was entitled, and that $24,000, the amount of the 1990 distributions, would adequately compensate Morrison County.

Appelant moved for a new trial or in the alternative for JNOV, arguing that Minn. Stat. § 256.98 (1994) permits a cause of action only against the recipient or the recipient’s estate and, therefore, the county had no cause of action against appelant under that statute. The motion for JNOV or a new trial was denied, and judgment for respondent was entered. Appelant chalenges that judgment.

ISSUE

Did Morrison County have a cause of action against appelant under Minn.Stat. § 256.98?

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

The parties agree that the facts are not in dispute here and that the only issues on appeal are issues of law. Where material facts are not in dispute, a reviewing court need not defer to the trial court’s application of the law. Hubred v. Control Data Corp., 442 N.W.2d 308, 310 (Minn.1989). “The granting of a judgment notwithstanding a jury verdict is a pure question of law.” Edgewater Motels, Inc. v. Gatzke, 277 N.W.2d 11, 14 (Minn.1979). A reviewing court is not bound by and need not give deference to a trial court’s decision on a purely legal issue. Frost-Benco Elec. Ass’n v. Minnesota Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 358 N.W.2d 639, 642 (Minn.1984).

Minn.Stat. § 256.98 provides:

Subdivision 1. Wrongfully obtaining assistance. A person who obtains, or attempts to obtain, or aids or abets any person to obtain by means of a willfully false statement or representation, by intentional concealment of a material fact, or by impersonation or other fraudulent device, assistance to which the person is not entitled or assistance greater than that to which the person is entitled, or who knowingly aids or abets in buying or in any way disposing of the property of a recipient or applicant of assistance without the consent of the county agency with intent to defeat the purposes of sections 256.12, 256.72 and 256.871, and chapter 256B, or all of these sections, is guilty of theft and shall be sentenced pursuant to section 609.52, subdivision 3, clauses (2), (3)(a) and (c), (4), and (5).
Subd. 4. Recovery of assistance. The amount of assistance determined to have been incorrectly paid is recoverable from the recipient or the recipient’s estate by the county or the state as a debt due the county or the state or both in proportion to the contribution of each.

(Emphasis added.) Appellant argues that Morrison County has no cause of action for recovery against her because she is neither the recipient nor the recipient’s estate. We agree.

Minn.Stat. § 256.98, subd. 1, lists four groups who may be prosecuted for theft: those who obtain assistance to which they are not entitled, those who attempt to obtain assistance to which they are not entitled, those who aid or abet another to obtain assistance to which that person is not entitled, and those who knowingly aid or abet in buying or in any way disposing of the property of a recipient or applicant of assistance. Clearly appellant would be liable to prosecution as having aided and abetted her mother to obtain assistance to which she was not entitled. Subdivision 4 of the statute, however, limits recovery in a civil action to “the recipient or the recipient’s estate.” Had the legislature wanted to include recovering from aiders and abettors of recipients, it could have done so. Where a statute enumerates persons or things to be affected by its provisions, there is an implied exclusion of others. Maytag Co. v. Commissioner of Taxation, 218 Minn. 460, 463, 17 N.W.2d 37, 40 (1944). Here the statute enumerated the recipient of unlawful aid and the recipient’s estate; there is an implicit exclusion of other entities and this court cannot change that exclusion. See Martinco v. Hastings, 265 Minn. 490, 497, 122 N.W.2d 631, 638 (1963) (“[i]f there is to be a change in the statute, it must come from the legislature, for courts cannot supply that which the legislature purposely omits or inadvertently overlooks.”).

The statute provides a right of action against recipients and their estates; it does not provide a right of action against aiders and abettors. “A statute does not give rise to a civil cause of action unless the language of the statute is explicit or it can be determined by clear implication.” Flour Exch. Bldg. Corp. v. State, 524 N.W.2d 496, 498 (Minn.App.1994), review denied (Minn. Feb. 14, 1995) (citations omitted). Flour Exch. Bldg, declined to imply a private cause of action for owners or lessors of historical buildings under the leasing preference statute. Id. at 499. Morrison County had no cause of action against appellant under Minn. Stat. § 256.98; appellant was therefore entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict. See Stubbs v. North Mem’l Med. Ctr., 448 N.W.2d 78, 80-81 (Minn.App.1989) (it is not the function of the court of appeals to establish new causes of action, even when such actions have merit), review denied (Minn. Jan. 12,1990).

DECISION

Minn.Stat. § 256.98, subd. 4, provides for recovery from recipients or their estates; it neither expresses nor implies a recovery from those.who may have aided or abetted the recipients. We reverse the denial of appellant’s motion for JNOV.

Reversed. 
      
      . Appelant and her sister Janet married two brothers, Arvin and Erwin Litke.
     
      
      . In view of our determination that the trial court's denial of JNOV must be reversed, we need not address appellant's argument that Morrison County's recovery should be limited by Minn.Stat. § 256B.0595, subd. 2 (1994), providing that recovery by local agencies for unreported transfers of funds by those receiving long-term care is limited to "the cost of long-term care services provided during the period of ineligibility, or for the uncompensated amount of the transfer, whichever is less.” We note, however, that this statute pertains to gifts or uncompensated transfers, not to loans, and that the jury determined the $10,000 transferred to appellant was a loan.
     