
    William J. Parks, as Administrator De Bonis Non, etc., of Erwin L. Coolidge, Deceased, Respondent, v. The City of New York, Appellant, Impleaded with Charles A. Cowen and Joseph G. Miller and Charles A. Holme, Doing Business under the Firm Name and Style of J. G. Miller and Company, Defendants.
    First Department,
    March 16, 1906.
    Negligence—liability of city for injuries received through: collapse of ■ bridge over excavation in sidewalk — notice to police officer is notice ' to city — city joint -tort feasor with landowner making excavation under municipal permit — action against city not barred by prior recovery against contractor erecting bridge.
    The plaintiff’s intestate -was killed hy the collapse of a temporary bridge erected oyer an excavation in the sidewalk which was made under a permit from-the-municipal authorities of the city of New York In an action against said city to recover damages,
    
      Held, that notice to the defendant of the defective condition of the bridge was sufficiently established by the uncontfadicted testimony of a police officer that the bridge had been shaky for.nearly á month prior to its collapse, and that five or six days prior to the accident lie-had, on the complaint of a third person, . .reported the condition of the bridge- at the police station orally, and eighteen! hours before the accident had made, a written, report of the condition;
    That knowledge of such- defect by an officer charged with police powers was knowledge hy the. municipality irrespective of any report thereof by such "officer; _ 1
    
      That when an inspector appointed by the building department of said city has inspected such bridge the city is chargeable with actual notice that the bridge was defe'ctive by reason of the absence of braces.
    
      Held, further, that a municipality which issues a permit to a landowner to make . such excavation in a sidewalk and to erect a temporary bridge thereover, is a joint actor with the owner of the land and is responsible for his default, for a city is bound to see that its streets and sidewalks are kept reasonably safe for public travel;
    That an entry of a prior judgment still unsatisfied against the contractors who built the bridge was not an election to hold them alone responsible or an . abandonment of the cause of action against the city. A plaintiff may sue joint tort feasors jointly or separately, but the satisfaction of a judgment against one is a satisfaction against all;
    That, although a prior judgment against the contractor and the city jointly had been reversed as to the city, and a new trial granted, the fact that the plaintiff retained his judgment against the contractors did not bar a subsequent action against the city.
    Clarke, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendant, The City of New York, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 29th day of July, 1905, upon the verdict of a jury for$25,000, reduced by stipulation to $15,000, and 'also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 23d day of June, 1905, denying the said defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Theodore Connoly, for the appellant.
    
      Joseph H. Choate [William B. Waring of counsel], for the respondent.
   McLaughlin, J.:

There have been two trials of this action. On the first the plaintiff had a verdict against the city of New York and the defendants Miller and Holme for $22,000, but on appeal the judgment was reversed as to the city and a new trial ordered, and also reversed as to Miller and Holme unless the plaintiff stipulated to reduce the ver- • diet to $15,000, in which* case the judgment was affirmed. (Coolidge v. City of New York, 99 App. Div. 175.) The stipulation was made and the verdict accordingly reduced against Miller and Holme to $15,000, upon which judgment was entered. The second trial.was against the city alone and resulted in a verdict against it for $25,000, which, upon motion of the defendant, was reduced to $15,000, and from tire judgment entered for that amount, as well as from an order denying a motion for a new trial, the city appeals.

The evidence on the second was .substantially the same as that offered upon the first trial, except that additional evidence was given tending to establish that the city had actual notice of the defective condition of the sidewalk before the accident occurred. The facts relating to the accident, the construction of the bridge or temporary sidewalk,, its Weakness and final collapse, are fully set out- in the opinion delivered oh the former appeal, and, therefore, it is unnecessary to restate them or -refer to any but the additional bearing on those subject's." On that appeal this court held, Mr. -Justice Ingraham writing the opinion, that there Was evidence from which the jury could find that the braces to make such a struc-' ture safe were omitted, and that it was the absence of- those braces that Caused the structure to fall.” The reversal of the judgr ment, so far as the city was concerned, was upon the ground that it did' not have sufficient notice of this defect. It then appeared that the city did not have actual notice of the defective condition of the' bridge until the morning'of the day the-accident occurred; and this was held to be insufficient to charge the city with a failure to*take precautions to strengthen the bridge.. On the trial which-resulted in the judgment now appealed from, it appeared that" the city had actual notice of the defects several days before' the accident occurred. The witness Baxter, a policeman stationed in that locality at and immediately prior to the- accident, who was not a witness on the first trial, testified in substance that the bridge from the time it was constructed, which was nearly a month before the accident, was shaky and vibrated when walked upon; -that five or six days prior to the accident one Hess called his-attention to its unsafe condition, and advised him to report it to the station house, and at the same time said if. he did not make such report he would do so himself. And he is corroborated by the witness Hess, who testified' that he called Baxter’s attention to the unsafe condition of the-bridge in case a parade should pass there. Baxter further testified that after his attention had been called -to the bridge by Hess, he did, several days before the accident, make an oral' report at the station house to the captain in charge that the bridge was unsafe in case, a parade passed there. .He also testified that he made a written report on the day of the' accident and about eighteeen hours before it occurred. This report was made at twelve-twenty a. m., and the accident occurred about six p. M.

The testimony was uncontradicted. It is severely criticised by appellant’s counsel, but its credibility was for the jury, and- if believed by them, was sufficient to justify a finding that the city had actual notice in time to remedy the defect, and this irrespective of whether or not Baxter made his oral report. Notice to Baxter — a police officer — was notice to the city. (Rehberg v. Mayor, etc., of City of New York, 91 N. Y. 137.) Notice to any officer charged with police powers, irrespective of his rank or grade, is notice to 'the city. (Johnson v. City of Poughkeepsie, 29 App. Div. 16.)

Not only this, but the city had actual notice of the defects from the time the bridge was built until it collapsed. The witness Hamel, an inspector, saw it on several occasions. He was the officer detailed by the defendant’s building department to, and he actually did make several inspections. This was actual notice to the city that the bridge was defective by reason of the absence of the braces referred to. Another fact appearing upon the second, which did not appear upon the first trial, was that the defendant had workmen ready to respond immediately to the call of the police in case of emergency, to remedy defects in structures of this character, and it was a question for the jury, in view of this' fact, whether the city performed its full duty in not resorting to this means of strengthening the bridge after the actual notice was given by Baxter on the morning of the day of the accident.

I do not think it can be said that this verdict is against the weight of evidence, either as to the defective condition of the bridge or as to the city’s having actual notice a sufficient time prior to the accident to have enabled it to have, remedied the defects. But irrespective of any notice the city was liable inasmuch as the jury found the bridge was defective and its verdict was based upon evidence which fairly sustains the same. The law imposes upon a municipality the- duty óf seeing that its streets and sidewalks are kept reasonably safe for public travel. Here the city issued a permit to the owner of the land abutting upon the street to excavate beneath the sidewalk, which necessitated the removal of the sidewalk itself and the erection of a temporary bridge in place thereof. Having issued this permit there was an absolute duty imposed upon the city to see to it that the portion of the street interfered with by reason of the permit was kept reasonably safé Or that a person using it was seasonably warned that he could not rely upon the presumption that it was safe for use. 'The city, by issuing the permit, became a joint actor with the owner of the land in the erection of the bridge and by reason thereof became responsible for'any neglect or fault of the owner in properly erecting the bridge.. The principle is precisely the same as if kti obstruction had,-under a permit, been placed in the street. In Cohen v. Mayor, etc., of New York (113 N. Y. 532) the injury was caused- by- a Wagon which had, been placed in'a public street, under a permit granted by the city, and' it was held- that under such circumstances the city was liable “the . same as if it had itself maintained the nuisance, for .the owner of the wagon was nothing more than an agent through whom, the defendant did this unlawful act-” In Speir v. City of Brooklyn (139 N. Y. 6) the plaintiff was injured by the discharge, of fireworks in a public street, and it was held that if the city directed or authorized the* discharge of the fireworks which caused the injury complained off it was liable; that the mayor had, by permit-, authorized the- fireworks to' be discharged in the street tinder the provisions .of an ordinance which gave- him authority to grant such permit, and, therefore, the city was liable.

A similar question was, before the court in the recent case of Landau v. City of New York (180 N. Y. 48), where the same rule was applied. And in Godfrey v. City of New York (104 App. Div. 357), where a pile of stones had been deposited in the street the day previous to the accident, it was held'that even though the lapse of time was not sufficient/to justify a finding that the city had actual notice of that fact, nevertheless it Was negligent .in not knowing tlie condition of the street and removing the obstruction, inasmuch as the stones were ..piled there under a. permit issued by the .city. Mr. Justice Ingraham, delivering the opinion of the court,-after citing numerous.cases, said: “ These cases establish a -proposition that where a municipal corporation gives a permit to obstruct a street an absolute duty is imposed upon the corporation to see to it that the obstruction is so protected -and guarded that a person using the street and entitled to rely, upon the presumption that it is safe for use, will be warned of the danger in time to avoid injury. By giving the permit it thereby- becomes a joint actor with the licensee in creating the obstruction and the city' thereby becomes responsible for any neglect or default of the licensee in properly guarding, so that persons using the street will not be exposed to unnecessary danger.”

Finally, it is urged that the judgment should be reversed because the plaintiff, by the entry of the judgment against Miller & Holme, elected to proceed against them alone and thereby abandoned his cause of action against the city. I do not understand this to be the law. A plaintiff may sue all joint tort feasors jointly or each óf them separately. If he brings separate actions and has separate recoveries, the satisfaction- of, one judgment satisfies them all. (Livingston v. Bishop, 1 Johns. 290; Thomas v. Rumsey, 6 id. 26; Breslin v. Peck, 38 Hun, 623; Russell v. McCall, 141 N. Y. 437; Palmer v. N. Y. News Publishing Co., 31 App. Div. 212.) Here, the plaintiff elected to proceed against the city and Miller & Holme jointly, and the first trial, as we have already seen, resulted in a judgment against them jointly. The fact that that judgment was reversed as to the city and a new trial ordered did not, because the plaintiff saw fit to reduce the judgment as to Miller & Holme instead of taking a new trial, destroy his cause his action against the city. He could still retain the judgment against Miller & Holme and continue the action, as he did, against the city. A satisfaction of either judgment, however, would be a satisfaction of both. Other errors are suggested but they do not seem to require consideration here.

The judgment and order appealed from, therefore, should be affirmed, with costs.

O’Brien, P. J., concurred; Ingraham and Houghton, JJ., concurred in result; Clarke, J., dissented.

J udgment and order affirmed, with costs.  