
    GLOBAL ENTERPRISES, LLC, Plaintiff, v. MONTGOMERY PURDUE BLANKENSHIP & AUSTIN PLLC, Defendant.
    No. C13-1662 TSZ.
    United States District Court, W.D. Washington, at Seattle.
    Signed Sept. 15, 2014.
    
      John R. Neeleman, Kristin Beneski, Lane Powell PC, Seattle, WA, for Plaintiff.
    Bradley S. Keller, Keith David Petrak, Devon S. Richards, Byrnes Keller Cromwell LLP, Seattle, WA, for Defendant.
   ORDER

THOMAS S. ZILLY, District Judge.

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, docket no. 31. Having considered the motion, all materials filed in support of and opposition thereto, and the arguments of counsel, the Court enters the following Order.

Plaintiff Global Enterprises, LLC (“Global”) alleges that Defendant Montgomery Purdue Blankenship & Austin (“MPBA”) committed professional negligence and breached fiduciary duties owed to Global. MPBA represented Global in one case (the “Richard Stabbert case”), in which MPBA succeeded in having all claims against Global dismissed. Global now seeks to hold MPBA responsible for the outcome of a completely separate case.

Based upon MPBA’s representation of Global in the Richard Stabbert case, Global argues that MPBA also represented Global in a completely separate case (the “EVYA case”). Global was represented in the EVYA case by its long term law firm, Bauer Moynihan & Johnson (“BMJ”) and MPBA appeared in the EVYA case on behalf of Global’s co-defendant, Maritime Management Services, Inc. (“MMSI”). Global also argues that even if MPBA did not represent Global in EVYA, MPBA’s fiduciary duties to Global, arising from the Richard Stabbert case, required MPBA to intervene on Global’s behalf in the EVYA case.

The Court finds Global’s arguments to be completely without merit. The Court has reviewed the entire record and concludes that no reasonable person could believe that MPBA represented Global in the EVYA case. Furthermore, the Court concludes that MPBA’s representation of Global in the Richard Stabbert case did not create a duty to intervene in the EVYA case. For the reasons explained below, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

Background

A. The EVYA Case

The EVYA case arose from a commercial maritime charter between Global and two Mexican companies, which provided for the use of Global’s 270-foot vessel, the Global Explorer. Steuart Dec!., docket no. 44, at ¶ 3. Global hired MMSI to operate the Global Explorer during the charter. Id at ¶ 4. In May, 2006, Frank Steuart, Global’s manager, became aware of issues with the charter, including unsafe diving practices and lack of insurance. Id. at ¶ 6. After several weeks of negotiation to cure the breaches of the charter, Global eventually terminated the charter based on the Mexican companies’ refusal to pay past due amounts. Id. at ¶ 11. Global took the vessel to Dos Bacos, Mexico, and then to Houston, Texas, where the Mexican companies’ equipment was inventoried, packed and shipped back to Mexico. Id. at ¶¶ 14-15.

In January, 2009, the Mexican companies sued Global, Steuart and his wife, MMSI, MMSI’s owner Trevor Stabbert and his wife, and Global employee Per-rusquia. Id. at ¶¶ 16, 18. Steuart and his wife retained the firm of BMJ to represent Global and the Steuarts. Id. at ¶ 16. BMJ, concerned about a potential conflict of interest between Global and MMSI, referred MMSI to Mike Gossler of MPBA, and Stabbert hired Gossler to represent MMSI. Id. at ¶¶ 18-19. Steuart, on behalf of Global, agreed to fully indemnify MMSI and assumed full financial responsibility of the litigation, including paying MMSI’s attorney fees. Id. at ¶ 20.

In addition to representing MMSI, Gos-sler was asked by Steuart to represent Perrusquia, a Global employee. Id. at ¶ 31. Perrusquia and Steuart, on behalf of Global, signed an engagement letter with MPBA setting forth Gossler’s representation. Id. at ¶ 31; Neeleman Deck, docket no. 46, Ex. 27. The engagement letter states that although Global was paying the fees, Perrusquia was the client. Neeleman Deck Ex. 27. Perrusquia was dismissed from the case because he was not properly served. Steuart Deck at ¶ 31.

Following a bench trial in October to November, 2010, the court concluded that Global had terminated the charter in bad faith, and entered judgment against Global for approximately $8.4 million.

B. The Richard Stabbert Case

Richard Stabbert, Trevor Stabbert’s estranged step-father, worked for Global procuring charters. Id. at ¶ 24. In May, 2009, Richard Stabbert filed suit against Global and Steuart, claiming he was owed commissions from charters he procured, including a claim that he lost commissions due to Global’s termination of the EVYA charter, and that he was sued in Mexico over Global’s termination of the charter and forced to pay attorney fees to defend himself. Id. at ¶¶ 25-26. Richard Stab-bert was represented in the case by the same attorneys who represented the plaintiffs in the EVYA ease. Id. at ¶ 25. Ste-uart hired MPBA to represent Steuart and Global in the Richard Stabbert case, signing an engagement letter with MPBA in June, 2009. Id. at ¶ 29; Neeleman Deck, Ex. 25.

C. MPBA’s Role in the EVYA Case

In the EVYA Case, BMJ represented Global Explorer, LLC, Global Enterprises, LLC, and the Steuarts. See BMJ Notice of Appearance, docket no. 36-8, • at 57. MPBA represented MMSI and the Stab-berts. See MPBA Notice of Appearance, docket no. 36-8, at 60. On February 9, 2009, all of these EVYA defendants, through their respective attorneys, signed a Joint Defense Agreement, agreeing to share information jointly without waiving any applicable privilege. Agreement, Neeleman Deck, docket no. 46, Ex. 22.

Prior to trial, Steuart does not recall Gossler or MPBA ever suggesting it had any role in the EVYA ease except as attorneys for MMSI and Perrusquia. Steuart Dep. at 209-210. Furthermore, Steuart admits that he “didn’t have a great deal of interaction,” with Gossler “except specifically on the Stabbert related case, up until the trial.” Id. at 247:22-24.

In September, 2010, more than nineteen months after the EVYA case was filed, and one month before trial, the defendants in the EVYA case met with the Tsongas trial consulting firm (the “Tsongas meeting”). Steuart asserts that Gossler offered substantial recommendations at the Tsongas meeting, id. at 217, but could not recall anything that Gossler said or did at the meeting. Id. at 221. Nevertheless, this is the point where Steuart contends he subjectively believed MPBA had become an attorney for Global in the EVYA case. Id. at 239:4-13; 248. However, Steuart admits that Trevor Stabbert also attended the meeting, that it was appropriate for Stabbert to have his attorney there, and that Steuart did not believe anything was said in the meeting about Gossler’s role changing to something other than separate counsel for MMSI. Id. at 221:24-222:22.

It is undisputed that at trial in the EVYA case, Matt Crane from BMJ appeared on behalf of Steuart and Global, while Gossler of MPBA appeared on behalf of MMSI. Throughout trial, each attorney identified himself as representing his specific client. Each attorney also questioned witnesses and gave closing argument on behalf of his client, despite objection by counsel for plaintiffs in that case that only one attorney should be allowed to question witnesses on behalf of all defendants. See Trial Transcript, Petrak Decl. Ex. D, docket no. 36-1, at pp. 46-48 of 95. During trial, Steuart sent many emails to Crane but never to Gossler. Steuart Dep. at 251-252.

Steuart nevertheless asserts that he believed Gossler was representing Global’s interests in the EVYA case. Steuart Deck at ¶ 32. Steuart based his belief on several facts: (1) Global was ultimately paying all of the attorney fees MPBA billed to MMSI; (2) Gossler attended and participated in the Tsongas meeting; (3) Steuart had a conversation with Crane regarding whether Gossler should attend trial; (4) Gossler was representing Global in the Richard Stabbert case while the EVYA case was ongoing; (5) Steuart would have discussions with Crane and Gossler during breaks; (6) Steuart would ask Gossler for his thoughts on things occurring during trial; and (7) Crane would ask Gossler if he had any thoughts after examining witnesses. Steuart Dep., docket no. 45-6, at 215-218, 225-228.

In addition, Steuart generally claims that Gossler gave him advice regarding the EVYA case and discussed both the EVYA case and the Richard Stabbert case with him. Steuart Deck at ¶¶ 32, 35. Global provides two emails from Gossler to Ste-uart, both dealing solely with the Richard Stabbert case, and mentioning EVYA only to the extent there was a conflict between the trial dates. See Neeleman Deck Exs. 26, 28. In another email, Steuart requests an update on the Richard Stabbert case, and Gossler states that he “filed motions to compel discovery in both cases (on behalf of Trevor and MMSI in the EVYA case and on behalf of Global Explorer in the Richard Stabbert case).” Neeleman Deck Ex. 29 (emphasis added).

It is undisputed that after the EVYA trial concluded, Gossler was involved in settlement discussions on behalf of all defendants in the EVYA case because Crane was involved in another trial and unavailable. There was no formal discussion or documentation regarding Gossler’s increased role. Steuart Decl. at ¶¶ 33-34. Gossler communicated with opposing counsel on behalf of all defendants, and communicated directly with Steuart regarding the settlement discussions. See Neeleman Decl. Exs. 31-35.

Following trial, after settlement negotiations were unsuccessful, Global and MMSI appealed the judgment. Global’s appellate counsel filed an affidavit stating that “Global and MMSI were represented separately in the trial court proceedings, and are separately represented on appeal.” Petrak Decl. Ex. I. The appeal was ultimately unsuccessful and Global satisfied the judgment.

D. Pending Motion for Summary " Judgment

Global brings two claims • against MPBA: (1) professional negligence for failing to advise Global to raise an advice-of-counsel defense and failing to timely disclose rebuttal damages opinion of expert Neal Beaton; and (2) breach of fiduciary duty by failing to disclose MPBA’s conflict of interest. Amended Complaint, docket no. 38.

With regard to the negligence claim, the issue is whether an attorney-client relationship existed between Global and MPBA with respect to the EVYA case. MPBA argues that no such relationship existed because (1) BMJ knew Gossler represented only MMSI, not Global, and BMJ’s knowledge is imputed to Global; and (2) if Steuart subjectively believes that Gossler was Global’s attorney, such a belief was unreasonable. Global argues that an attorney-client relationship existed (1) as a matter of law once Gossler agreed to represent Global in the Richard Stabbert case; and (2) because Steuart reasonably believed Gossler was acting as his attorney in the EVYA case.

With regard to the fiduciary duty claim, Global alleges that “MPBA’s failure to disclose to Global its conflict of interest in representing Global in the related Richard Stabbert litigation constituted a breach of fiduciary duty.” Amended Complaint at ¶ 74. Global argues that MPBA’s fiduciary duties, owed to Global as a result of MPBA’s representation of Global in the Stabbert case, extended to the EVYA case and required MPBA to intervene in the EVYA case to prevent harm to Global. Plaintiffs Supplemental Brief, docket no. 71, at 2.

Discussion

A. Standard of Review

Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to material facts and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). A fact is material if it may affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). To survive a motion for summary judgment, the adverse party must present “affirmative evidence,” which “is to be believed” and from which all “justifiable inferences” are to be favorably drawn. Id. at 255, 257, 106 S.Ct. 2505. When the record, taken as a whole, could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, summary judgment is warranted. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).

B. Whether MPBA was Global’s Attorney in the EVYA Case

1.Formation of Attorney-Client Relationship

Generally, determining whether an attorney-client relationship exists is a question of fact, and summary judgment is proper only if reasonable minds could reach but one conclusion. Bohn v. Cody, 119 Wash.2d 357, 363, 832 P.2d 71 (1992). There is no requirement that a written contract exist; an attorney-client relationship may be implied from the parties’ conduct. Id. The existence of the relationship is controlled by the client’s subjective belief that it exists if the client’s belief “is reasonably formed based on the attending circumstances, including the attorney’s words or actions.” Id.

2.Knowledge of BMJ Attorneys

M PBA first argues that Global, through Steuart, could not subjectively believe that MPBA was its attorney because Global’s attorneys at BMJ knew that MPBA was not acting on behalf of Global, and such knowledge is imputed to Global. Defendant’s Motion at 16-17. The Court is not convinced that BMJ’s knowledge can be imputed to the client, especially where, as here, the client had an independent attorney-client relationship with the attorney. The existence of an attorney-client relationship is based on the client’s subjective belief, not on what the client’s other attorneys knew. The cases cited by MPBA support the general proposition that an attorney’s knowledge is imputed to the client, but none of the cases deal with the situation presented here and are therefore distinguishable. See, e.g. Haller v. Wallis, 89 Wash.2d 539, 547, 573 P.2d 1302 (1978) (Attorney notified client of hearing and attended hearing on client’s behalf, unaware of client’s desire to terminate attorney’s representation. The court held that the actions of the attorney were binding on the client.); Hill v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 90 Wash.2d 276, 279, 580 P.2d 636 (1978) (client waived objection, despite lack of personal knowledge of facts supporting it, because attorney was aware of facts; attorney’s knowledge was imputed to client). The Court holds that BMJ’s knowledge of MPBA’s role is not imputed to Global as a matter of law.

3.Richard Stabbert Representation

Global contends that the Court should hold that an attorney-client relationship existed as a matter of law because MPBA agreed to represent Global in the Richard Stabbert case. Global’s position has no merit. Global essentially argues that once MPBA became Global’s attorney in one case, it automatically became Global’s attorney in the separate, previously filed EVYA case. It is true that once MPBA accepted Global as a client, MPBA could not take a position in any case that would be adverse to Global’s interests. However, not being able to take a position adverse to Global in the EVYA case is different from affirmatively representing Global in the EVYA case.

The Rules of Professional Conduct prohibit a lawyer from representing a client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. RPC 1.7. A concurrent conflict of interest exists if the representation of one client will be directly adverse to another client or if there is a significant risk that the representation of one client will be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client. Id. If a concurrent conflict of interest exists, the lawyer may be able to continue representing both clients if he obtains informed consent from each client. Id.

Here, there was no concurrent conflict of interest because MMSI and Global had no interests that were adverse. If, in its representation of MMSI in the EVYA case, MPBA found it could or should take a position adverse to Global, a conflict would have been presented. However, Global agrees that no conflict ever developed because MMSI and Global’s interests were aligned throughout all stages of the EVYA case. See Plaintiffs Opposition, docket no. 43, at 24. Global’s attorney also conceded at oral argument that there was no conflict of interest. Because no conflict of interest existed, MPBA’s representation of Global in the Richard Stabbert case did not require MPBA to represent Global in the separate EVYA case.

Global cites Mazon v. Krafchick in support of its position. In Mazon, the court held that an attorney could not sue his co-counsel for the prospective fee the attorney would have received but for the co-counsel’s professional negligence, holding that two attorneys serving as co-counsel had duties only to their client, not to each other. See Mazon v. Krafchick, 158 Wash.2d 440, 448, 144 P.3d 1168 (2006). In Mazon, there was no dispute that the two attorneys were acting as co-counsel and representing the client. Therefore, Mazon is distinguishable and is not helpful in determining the issue here, which is whether MPBA was representing Global in the EVYA case.

Global also asserts that MPBA was required to obtain Global’s informed consent if MPBA intended to limit its representation only to the Richard Stabbert case. Pursuant to RPC 1.2, a “lawyer may limit the scope of the representation if the limitation is reasonable under the circumstances and the client gives informed consent.” Global provides no authority in support of its position, and the Court has found no cases on point. The comments to RPC 1.2 indicate that a limitation of representation may be appropriate if the client has limited objectives for the representation, or if the client or attorney wish to exclude specific means to accomplish the client’s objectives. See RPC 1.2 Comment 6. The comments provide examples of a lawyer hired by an insurer to represent an insured limiting representation to matters related to insurance coverage, or a lawyer with a client seeking general legal information for an uncomplicated problem limiting representation to a telephone consultation. RPC 1.2 Comments 6 and 7.

Here, Global and MPBA agreed that MPBA would represent Global in the Richard Stabbert case. There was no limitation of that representation, and MPBA was obligated to fully represent Global in all aspects of that case. Nothing in the comments or in the RPC support Global’s position that MPBA was either required to obtain Global’s informed consent to “limit” MPBA’s representation to the Richard Stabbert case or MPBA would automatically undertake representation of Global in other pending cases against Global.

Furthermore, Global provides no authority for the proposition that MPBA’s duty in the Richard Stabbert case automatically created a duty to Global in the EVYA case. At the time MPBA undertook representation of Global in the Richard Stabbert case, the EVYA case had already commenced and Global was already represented by BMJ. It is not reasonable to require, as a matter of law, that an attorney who agrees to represent a client in a later case automatically represents the client in a previously filed case, especially when the client is already represented in that case.

Finally, Global argues that an attorney-client relationship must be construed broadly because MPBA engaged in a self-interested transaction. Plaintiffs Response at 20. Global argues that because there was no conflict of interest, Global and MMSI could have been represented by one attorney, and the lawyers chose to maximize their revenues by having two law firms representing defendants in the EVYA case. The only case cited by Global involved an attorney involved in a business transaction with a client and is not on point. In the Matter of the Disciplinary Proceeding Against McGlothlen, 99 Wash.2d 515, 663 P.2d 1330 (1983). Here, the record is clear that BMJ recommended separate counsel to resolve a potential conflict of interest. Although no conflict of interest ever developed, that does not make MPBA’s involvement self-interested.

The Court holds that an attorney-client relationship was not created as a matter of law between MPBA and Global in the EVYA case.

4. Steuart’s Subjective Belief

Global finally argues that Steuart reasonably believed that Gossler was acting as Global’s attorney. In contrast, MPBA argues that Steuart understood MPBA’s role as MMSI’s separate counsel and that, even if he did subjectively believe that Gossler was Global’s attorney, such a belief was unreasonable under the circumstances.

The essence of the attorney-client relationship “is whether the attorney’s advice or assistance is sought and received on legal matters,” but an attorney-client relationship is not formed “merely because an attorney discusses the subject matter of a transaction.” Bohn v. Cody, 119 Wash.2d 357, 363-364, 832 P.2d 71 (1992). In Bohn, plaintiff Lucille Bohn met with an- attorney, George Cody, who was representing Bohn’s daughter and son-in-law, the Folletts, in a foreclosure action. Id. at 359, 832 P.2d 71. Cody told Bohn that he represented the Fol lets, and not Bohn, before discussing the situation and agreeing to prepare certain documents that would enable her to pay off the amount due under the contract and receive the deed from the contract vendors. Id. at 360, 832 P.2d 71. After receiving the deed, Bohn learned that IRS liens encumbered the property and the house was eventually sold by the IRS. Id. at 361-362, 832 P.2d 71. Bohn sued Cody for negligence, arguing that she believed Cody was acting as her attorney at all times relevant tp the case. Id. at 362, 832 P.2d 71. The court held that Bohn’s subjective belief was not reasonable and no attorney-client relationship was formed “[i]n light of Cody’s disclaimers of any attorney/client relationship and in light of the Bohns’ inability to show that Cody acted inconsistently with these statements.” Id. at 364, 832 P.2d 71.

Similarly here, in his written communications Gossler made clear that he was acting on behalf of MMSI with regard to the EVYA case and on behalf of Global with regard to the Richard Stabbert case, and Global cannot point to any specific evidence to show that Gossler acted inconsistently with those statements.

With regard to the time prior to trial in the EVYA case, Steuart does not provide any evidence that he believed Gossler was representing Global. Once trial began, Steuart asserts that Gossler would provide him with advice, answer questions, and offer his thoughts on how trial was progressing, but he can point to no specific statements or conversations he had with Gossler. See, e.g., Steuart Dep. at 232:17-233:10, 234:4-14. Merely discussing the trial with Steuart is not sufficient to create an attorney-client relationship. See Bohn, 119 Wash.2d at 364, 832 P.2d 71. Gos-sler’s actions at trial are consistent with his stated role as separate counsel for MMSI. Furthermore, Steuart’s own conduct during trial does not support his asserted belief that Gossler was acting as Global’s attorney. Steuart communicated directly and solely with Crane on issues and concerns he had during trial and Ste-uart did not direct any emails to Gossler, despite Steuart’s expressed belief that Gossler was the more experienced attorney. See Steuart Dep. at 247.

Finally, Gossler’s post-trial conduct is irrelevant, because the “occurrence of subsequent events has no bearing” on the issue of whether Gossler was acting as Steuart’s attorney during trial. See Bohn, 119 Wash.2d at 364, 832 P.2d 71. In Bohn, the plaintiff attempted to rely on a letter the attorney Cody wrote, seeking reissuance of a deed, as evidence of an attorney-client relationship between Bohn and Cody. The court noted that the letter was written four weeks after the conversations forming the basis of the Bohn's’ negligence action and that it gave no indication that Cody was acting as the Bohns’ attorney at any prior time. Id. The court found the letter had no bearing on the issue, because the court was not concerned with whether Cody was acting as the Bohns’ attorney at a later time. Id. Similarly here, Gossler’s role in settlement discussions occurred after trial had concluded and therefore after any alleged negligence had taken place.

The Court finds that reasonable minds could reach only the conclusion that MPBA was not acting as counsel for Global in the EVYA case. MPBA represented MMSI and Perrusquia in the EVYA case, but at no point did Gossler or MPBA undertake representation of Global in that case. The evidence shows that although Gossler communicated with Steuart regarding the Richard Stabbert case, he did not make any statements indicating that he was representing Global in the EVYA case and, when discussing his work on the EVYA case, Gossler indicated that the work was done on behalf of MMSI.

Steuart may have had a “heartfelt feel: ing” that MPBA was acting as Global’s attorneys, Steuart Dep. at 216:19-22, but to establish an attorney-client relationship, the client’s subjective belief must be reasonable. Here, Steuart’s belief is not reasonable in light of the evidence indicating that MPBA was not representing Global in the EVYA case, including Steuart’s own admissions regarding the actions taken by Gossler prior to and during trial. The Court finds that MPBA was not Global’s attorney in the EVYA case and therefore Global’s professional negligence claim must fail.

C. Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claim

“A fiduciary relationship exists as a matter of law between an attorney and client, and the attorney owes the highest duty of fidelity and good faith to the client.” In re Estate of Carl Larson, 103 Wash.2d 517, 520, 694 P.2d 1051 (1985). It is undisputed that MPBA owed Global fiduciary duties arising out of the Stabbert case.

1. Failure to Inform of Conflict of Interest

As alleged in the Amended Complaint, Global’s breach of fiduciary duty claim is based upon MPBA’s failure to inform Global of MPBA’s conflict of interest. Global alleges that:

MPBA would have been required to obtain a waiver of conflict of interest from Global and MMSI before .agreeing to represent Global in the Richard Stab-bert case, and it failed to do so. MPBA’s failure to disclose to Global its conflict of interest in representing Global in the related Richard Stabbert litigation constituted a breach of fiduciary duty.
Amended Complaint at ¶ 74.

Global’s claim is premised on the idea that MPBA cannot act as separate counsel for MMSI unless MPBA is able to take a position adverse to Global’s interests. At oral argument, Global’s attorney explained the argument as follows: the EVYA defendants are in a foxhole together, and in order for Gossler to separately represent MMSI, and not Global and Steuart, Gos-sler had to be free to “stick a bayonet” in Steuart’s heart. Gossler could not stick a bayonet into Steuart’s and Global’s heart, because Global was a client of MPBA, so MPBA must have had a conflict of interest and the failure to disclose the conflict is a breach of fiduciary duty. The Court finds this argument totally without merit.

The parties have all agreed that MMSI and Global’s interests were fully aligned and no conflict existed. Specifically, Global agrees that “there was no conflict of interest between MMSI and Global since Global was fully and completely indemnifying MMSI. And no conflict of interest between those entities ever developed in the case.” Plaintiffs Response at 24. If no conflict existed or ever developed, MPBA had no duty to disclose a conflict of interest, and therefore no duty could have been breached.

Two co-defendants can be separately represented in the absence of a conflict of interest. Defendants may choose to obtain separate representation for a variety of reasons, and the fact that the defendants’ interests are aligned does not mean that each defendant’s attorney automatically represents both defendants. Global’s breach of fiduciary duty claim, as alleged in the Amended Complaint, must fail.

2. Duties Extending from the Richard Stabbert Case

In opposing summary judgment, Global articulates the fiduciary duty claim slightly differently. See Plaintiffs supplemental brief, docket no. 71. Rather than focusing on a conflict of interest, Global argues that MPBA owed Global fiduciary duties, arising from the Richard Stabbert case, and that those duties extended beyond the scope of the Richard Stabbert case and required MPBA to “intervene” in the EVYA case. Id. at 2.

In support of its position, Global cites In re JTS Corp., 805 B.R. 529, 552 (Bankr.N.D.Cal.2003). In JTS, the defendant attorney was hired to finalize a real property transaction and draft a sales contract reflecting the terms of the deal. Id. at 551. The attorney was aware that the client was about to sell the property for $5-$6 million less than appraised value. Id. at 552. The court rejected the attorney’s argument that her representation of the client was limited -only to drafting the agreement. Id. at 551. The court held that the potential harm to the client was reasonably apparent and that the attorney had a duty to inform the client of the possible need for further legal advice. Id.

The JTS case stands for the unremarkable proposition that an attorney who is representing a client in a case should inform the client of possible legal issues in the case that are reasonably apparent to the attorney. The court in JTS did not find that the attorney’s duties extended to a separate case, but rather simply held that the attorney had a duty to inform the client of issues in the very case in which the attorney was representing the client. Here, Global points to no legal issues that MPBA failed to address in the Richard Stabbert case. In fact, it is undisputed that MPBA fully represented Global in the Richard Stabbert case, and ultimately was able to have the claims against Global dismissed in that case. The JTS case does not stand for the proposition that MPBA’s duties to Global extended to the EVYA case.

It is true that an attorney’s fiduciary duties may extend beyond the boundaries of a particular case. For example, RPC 1.7 prohibits an attorney from representing a client if the. representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. Furthermore, RPC 1.9 prohibits an attorney from representing a client if that client’s interests are materially adverse to the interests of a former client, absent informed consent. RPC 1.9 also prohibits an attorney from later revealing information relating to representation of a client, or using information relating to a former client to the disadvantage of that client. These rules all indicate that a lawyer has a fiduciary duty of loyalty and confidentiality, which is not bounded by the scope of the representation. These fiduciary duties prohibit MPBA from taking a position adverse to Global, or revealing information it learned about Global. However, none of the ethical rules or cases cited by Global support the proposition that, as a result of its representation of Global in the Richard Stabbert case, MPBA had a duty to provide counsel in the EVYA case.

The Court holds that because there was no conflict of interest, MPBA did not breach any fiduciary duties owed to Global by failing to disclose a conflict of interest. Furthermore, the Court holds that MPBA’s fiduciary duties, owed to Global in the Stabbert case, did not create a duty to provide counsel in the EVYA case. Global’s breach of fiduciary duty claim fails as a matter of law.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, docket no. 31, and DISMISSES Plaintiffs claims. The Court STRIKES as moot Plaintiffs motion for partial summary judgment, docket no. 57, and Defendant’s motion for partial summary judgment, docket no. 59. The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter judgment in accordance with this Order and to close this case.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . No engagement letter exists relating to MPBA representing Global in the EVYA case. Only two engagement letters were signed: (1) the letter setting forth MPBA's representation of Perrusquia in the EVYA case; and (2) the letter setting forth MPBA’s representation of Global in the Richard Stabbert case. The engagement letters clearly set forth who is being represented and the scope of such representation. See Neeleman Deck Exs. 25 and 27. Steuart admitted that the letters were not confusing. See, e.g., Steuart Dep. at 242:15-22.
     
      
      . Trevor Stabbert and his wife were dismissed from the case prior to trial.
     
      
      . Global was represented in its appeal by the same firm representing Global in this Court.
     
      
      . At the time Defendant's pending motion was filed, the breach of fiduciary duty claim had not yet been added to the operative pleading, and therefore the pending motion explicitly addressed only the first claim. Following oral argument, the Court deemed the motion to encompass both claims and allowed both parties an opportunity to file supplemental briefs regarding the fiduciary duty claim. See Minute Order, docket no. 69. The Court has considered the supplemental briefs.
     
      
      . The Court notes that Global’s appellate counsel also represented to the Washington Court of Appeals that Global and MMSI were separately represented at trial. MPBA argues that this is a binding admission on Global. The Court, in light of its holding herein, need not decide this issue.
     
      
      .Global's foxhole analogy is frivolous on its face. Global would have any attorneys who present a joint defense (while representing different defendants) becoming the attorney for the other parties. The Court considers the "stick the bayonet in the heart” statement to be completely beyond the pale. In the words of John P. Curran, "When I can’t talk sense, I talk metaphor.” John P. Curran, 2 Thomas Moore, Memoirs 170 (1853).
     
      
      . Global did not move to amend its complaint to allege the new theory on the breach of fiduciary duty claim. The Court nevertheless addresses the arguments raised by Global in its supplemental brief.
     
      
      . Global uses the term "intervene” not in the legal sense of intervening as a party to a lawsuit, but rather in the sense of stepping in to the EVYA case and providing counsel to protect Global's interests in the litigation.
     
      
      . Many of the cases cited by Global are similar in nature to JTS. See, e.g. Daugherty v. Runner, 581 S.W.2d 12, 14 (Ky.Ct.App.1978) (attorney, hired to "institute a claim for damages against any and all responsible parties as a result of injuries received” in an automobile accident, found liable for failing to advise client of potential medical malpractice claim); Janik v. Rudy, Exelrod & Zieff, 119 Cal.App.4th 930, 934, 14 Cal.Rptr.3d 751 (2004) (reversing dismissal of complaint, holding that class counsel had a duty to class members to raise an alternative theory of recovery).
     