
    Gouverneur et al. v. National Ice Co., (two cases.)
    (Supreme Court, General Term, Second Department.
    
    September 8, 1890.)
    1. Waters and Water-Courses—Fond or Stream.
    A body of water about half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide in the broadest part, fed by two streams, which has no current, and the bed of which is shaped like the bowl of a spoon, with a depth of 16 feet in places, and a sluggish outlet, 4 feet in depth, is a pond or lake, as distinguished from a stream or river. Pratt, J., dissenting.
    2. Boundaries—Land Abutting on1 Fond.
    A deed of land bordering on a non-navigable lake or pond, commencing at a known monument on the shore of the pond, and running thence “along said pond to the outlet thereof, ” conveys only the land to low-water mark and not to the center of the pond. Disapproving Ledyard v. Ten Nyck, 36 Barb. 125.
    3. Adverse Possession—Cutting Ioe.
    Cutting ice on a pond, and occupying a part of the surface with men and horses for this purpose during a few weeks of every winter, is not sufficient possession or occupation to constitute an adverse possession, which will, in 20 years, ripen into a title.
    4. Estoppel—In Pais.
    The owner of the land under the water of a pond is not estopped to deny the right of an adjoining owner to take ice from the pond, by reason of the expenditure of money on such adjoining premises, for the purpose of the business of cutting ice from the pond, where the owner of the pond did not know of such expenditure, and the adjoining owner has not been influenced by the conduct of the owner of the pond.
    Appeal from special term, Putnam county.
    Two actions by Mary M. Gouverneur and others against the National Ice Company in assertion of their right and title to the premises in question, which may be generally described as the lands under water and the water of Croton lake or Hinckley pond in Putnam county, a natural pond or lake about half a mile long, and a little less than a quarter of a mile wide, in its broadest part, oval in shape, and covering somewhat over 45 acres. The bed of the lake is shaped like the bowl of a spoon, deepest in the middle, where it is about 16 feet deep, and shoaling towards the shore on all sides, and is so shaped that if the lake were drained below the depth at which either the inlets enter it or the outlet leaves it, there would remain a body of water of substantially the shape and nearly the size of the lake at present. "This lake or pond was included in a large tract of land, embracing Putnam county, patented to Adolph Philips by King William IH., in 1697; and the plaintiffs are the heirs at law and successors in interest, through divers descents, devises, and conveyances of said Adolph Philips. The plaintiffs and their ancestors, by a series of deeds, made between 1796 and 1845, conveyed away all the land around the pond. Defendant claims that it and its predecessors in interest have cut and gathered ice on this pond for the New York market every winter since the winter of 1850-51, while owning and occupying land bordering on the pond, and while haying, since 1854, also a quitclaim deed to the pond itself, as a separate parcel from the upland, described as “a certain pond called ‘Croton Lake’ or ‘Hinckley Pond,’ in the town of Patterson,” etc. A part of the time they have loaded the ice directly onto the cars from the pond, and sent it to market. At other times, particularly since 1867, they have stored it in ice-houses built by them on a small lot of land owned by them west of the pond, but separated from the pond by the land of the New York & Harlem Railroad. With the exception of a short distance at the north-east corner of the pond, and the portion on the west side occupied and owned by the New York & Harlem Railroad Company, the defendant owns the entire shore line of the pond, having purchased from the adjoining owners for the purpose a strip 10 feet wide along the shore on the east side and south end. The further facts appear in the opinion. The defendant claims (1) that the deeds given by the plaintiffs and their ancestors to the land around the pond conveyed the land to the center of the pond; (2) that the defendant had acquired title to the pond and the lands under the water of the pond by adverse possession; (3) that defendant had acquired a prescriptive right to cut ice on the pond; (4) that the plaintiffs were estopped from denying defendant’s right to cut ice on the pond by reason of the expenditures made by the defendant for the purposes of its ice business on its lands at the pond. There was judgment for defendant, and plaintiffs appeal.' '
    Argued before Dykman, Pratt, and Cullen, JJ.
    
      Warner & Trayer, (John De Witt Warner and E. A. Brewster, of counsel,) for appellants. Close & Robertson, (Calvin Frost and B. A. McBride, of counsel,) for respondent.
   Dykman, J.

The defendant claims the right to Hinckley pond, and has appropriated the same to its own use for thepurpose of gathering ice from its surface for commercial purposes, and two actions have been commenced against it by the plaintiffs, one for the recovery of the premises, and the other for the recovery of damages for their unlawful invasion. The pond is a small natural lake bounded on the east and west by mountains, and on the north and south by very low swamps. It is fed by two streams from the south, one of which is a little brook at the south-west corner that empties into the swamp, and loses .its identity there, before it reaches the pond. The other is at the south-east corner, constituting a small, well-defined stream at its mouth. The outlet is Muddy brook at the north-east corner, and that is a lazy, sluggish brook, running to the north with very little descent. The pond is shaped like the bowl of a spoon, and is 16 feet deep in places, while the outlet is 4 feet deep. It has no thread, and possesses none of the characteristics of a stream. There is no current, and can be none; and the finding of the trial judge on that subject is against the evidence and against the possibility. With two small streams from opposite points comingfrom a low swamp, and a slow outlet on the north-east corner only 4 feet deep, and a pond 16 feet deep in the center, there can be no current and no thread. There is, of course, a general movement of the water towards the outlet, but it is imperceptible, and the pond is not the widening or spreading out of a stream, and it is not the confluence of two streams, because one of the streams from the south never reaches the pond in the shape of running water. Neither was the pond ever called “Muddy Brook.” That notion is insinuated into the points of the respondent on this appeal, and seems to have been imbibed by the judge, but it is entirely erroneous. The conception was extracted from a deed of conveyance from Margaret Ogilvie to Abner Crosby for 200 acres of land on the east side of the pond, the boundaries of which, beginning at a hickory tree 20 chains and 34 links east of Muddy brook, have this for the third course, to-wit: “North, sixteen degrees west, four chains and seventy-nine links to Muddy brook,”—but that this language indicates the outlet, and not the pond, is shown conclusively by the words immediately following, which are: “And down the same as it runs until it bears due west from the aforesaid hickory,”—the place of beginning. Moreover, in the year 1813, a deed of conveyance" was made by the same family to Joshua and Samuel Mabie for land on the west side of the pond, which contained this language in the description of the premises after reaching the pond on the west side: “Then northerly along said pond to the outlet thereof,—that is, Muddy brook,”—showing that the pond and the brook were not identical. Neither of these subjects, however, are important in the solution of the problem presented by this appeal. The paramount and controlling question is whether the plaintiffs own the bottom of the pond, and a complete understanding of that dispute will require the statement of some facts. Hinckley pond was included in the grant of land from King William the Third to Adolph Philips, dated June 17, 1697, and then for the first time the title was vested in an individual owner. Let there be no mistake about the character of this body of water. It is a pond, and not a stream of water, and the rules of law applicable to streams will have no application to this case. The trial judge has found that “the premises in question consist of the water, and land under water, of a natural pond or lake, sometimes called • Hinckley Pond,’ and sometimes called • Croton Lake,’ and are about half a mile long, and a little less than a quarter of a mile wide in the broadest part, oval in shape, and covering over 45 acres.” He also found as follows: “The premises in question are a natural pond or basin, the confluence of two streams, Muddy brook, and East inlet, flowing into it at the southerly end, with an outlet, Muddy brook, at the northerly end.” The plaintiffs in this action are the successors of the patentee, and if the title to the land in dispute has not passed from the family the premises belong to them. The predecessors of the plaintiffs have sold and conveyed all the land surrounding the pond to different persons by deeds which describe the premises they convey with precision, and in most cases by exact courses and distances; and with but one exception, when the lines run along the pond, they are by compass directions between monuments on the sidé of the pond, like this: “Beginning near the south side of a large rock on the west side of Hinckley pond; thence running south, sixteen degrees west, three chains and sixteen links along said pond; thence south, nine degrees west, four chains and sixty links to a pine-tree stump.” The exception to the boundaries by courses and distances is found in the deed to Joshua and Samuel Mabie already mentioned, and in that deed the course is northerly along the pond.

It is now the insistance of the defendant that each of the deeds for the land bordering upon this water operated to convey the land to the center of the-pond, and, therefore, the plaintiffs have no title to the land covered by its waters. Pausing here for a moment, in view of such contention, it becomes appropriate to inquire whether the predecessors of the plaintiffs ever lost the title to the bed of this pond. The owners conveyed a portion of land by definite boundaries, and there is nothing in the deeds to denote an intention to buy or sell any land not included within the boundaries expressly defined, and there is no principle of law to justify the grantee in going béyond the boundary line and taking another parcel. He cannot claim by force of his grant, and, if the doctrine for which the defendant contends is to prevail, the acquisition by construction and operation of law might exceed what was obtained by express grant. It is a fundamental principle of law that one parcel of land not mentioned in a deed cannot pass as an appurtenant to another distinct parcel expressly granted by precise and definite boundaries. If all the parcels of land conveyed around this pond by the predecessors of the plaintiffs were protracted, according to the description in the deeds, all the land called for by his deed would be allotted to each grantee, and the pond would remain; and thus it is demonstrated that the premises in question were not embraced in the deeds, but are excluded therefrom by the terms of the descriptions, which manifests a plain intention to grant and receive a specified quantity of land specifically described. There is nothing in these deeds to indicate that the parties intended more than they said, and the presumption of lawis that the title remains in the original proprietors until such presumption is overcome. There is no rule of the common law that half of a stream shall pass by a grant of the adjacent land. All the law does is to indulge a presumption in favor of a shore owner, in the absence of evidence. The claim of the defendant is interposed by virtue of the common law, butthatsystem of jurisprudence has been much modified in its application to our lakes, because in England it was confined to navigable rivers, and the sea. We can indulge no inference for the purpose of enlarging the grants of the plaintiffs’ predecessors, for the law makes no intendment concerning such grants. The grantees take to the lines prescribed by the deeds, and their limits can be extended ho further by construction. Presumption is never entertained to enlarge an estate, and a deed cannot be made to operate on property which one party did not intend to purchase, and the other party did not intend to sell. We must not deceive ourselves because the land in question is covered with water. We aré dealing with private rights alone, unembarrassed by any questions of sovereignty. -We have a natural, unnavigable, fresh-water pond, in which the state has no rights, whose bed is private property, the owner of which has made grants of land on its borders bounded by the pond, and the naked question now under consideration is whether the grantees, by force of such grants, have acquired title to. the bed of the pond. The land so covered with water was owned by the an-, cestors of the plaintiffs, and it was the subject of private ownership, like other land. That proposition lies under the shadow of a great name, for Lord Hale, in his treatise De Jure Maris, said; “One man may have the river, and the others the .land adjacent.” Being such owners they might sell and convey the same, or they might sell and convey the land adjoining, and in neither case would the deed carry more land than it described. The water over this land does not change it in respect to its ownership. There were many lakes in the land included in the Philips patent, but the land which they covered all passed to the patentee, and the title to all the other land unconveyed has vested in these plaintiffs, and why not this also? It has never been conveyed, and there is no principle of law which will appropriate it unconveyed. The law makes no contracts and no deeds between parties, and it can make none. It simply enforces those which are made according to their terms, and it goes no further.

Thus far our examination has proceeded upon the legal effect of the grants of land around the pond, and our conclusion upon principle is that these deeds convey only the land which they described, and the title of the grantees therein extended to the water, and no further. But if the case is to be decided upon authority, the result will be the same. The case of Wheeler v. Spinola, 54 N. Y. 378, was so nearly like this as to be an authority, for there the land was bounded by the pond, and it was held that a boundary upon se natural pond carries title to low-water mark only, and Judge Earl, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “Neither can the rule as to riparian ownership be applied to this pond which is applied to ordinary fresh-water streams. A boundary upon it does not carry title to its center, but only to low-water mark. Such is the rule as to boundaries upon natural ponds and lakes.” Such is the doctrine of the court of appeals at this time, so far as any expression of that court has reached the public. The case of Smith v. Rochester, 92 N. Y. 463, depended upon many questions and considerations not involved in Wheeler v. Spinola, and this latter case was not referred to, and the inference is that the court did not intend to take any departure from the law as there laid down. The head-note in the Rochester Case is unsupported and misleading. In the Massachusetts case of Waterman v. Johnson, 13 Pick. 265, Chief Justice Shaw said: “A large natural pond may have a definite low-water line, and then it would seem to be the most natural construction, and one which would be most likely to carry into effect the intent of the parties, to hold that land bounded upon such a pond would extend to low-water line, it being presumed that it is intended to give to the grantee the benefit of the water, whatever it may be, which he could not have upon any other construction.” In the case of Commissioners v. People, 5 Wend. 447, Chancellor Walworth, in his opinion, said: “The principle itself [the common-law rule] does not appear to be sufficiently broad to embrace our large fresh-water lakes and inland seas, which are wholly unprovided for by the common law of England.” In the ease of Bradley v. Rice, 13 Me. 201, it was held that where the 'land in a conveyance was bounded by a pond of water the grant extended only to the margin of the pond, and expressions of thesame purport are found in Kingman v. Sparrow, 12 Barb. 206, and Railroad Co. v. Valentine, 19 Barb. 491. “When land is conveyed bounding upon a lake or pond, if it is a natural pond, the grant extends only to the-water’s edge. ” Ang. Water-Courses, § 41. “Where the. boundary given is a natural pond or lake of fresh water, the boundary line will, it seems, run along-the low-water mark of the pond, though other cases speak only of the water’s edge.” 3 Washb. Real Prop. p. 443, § 47. The writer refers to many cases in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont as authority for the-statement in the text. In the case of Child v. Starr, 4 Hill, 382, Chancellor Walworth lays down the following rules respecting the bed of a river, and they .are also applicable to a fresh-water natural pond. “The bed of a private-river is a substantive matter of grant, and can only pass as such. It can never pass as incident or appurtenant to a grant. It is land, and land cannot be incident or appurtenant to land. A conveyance of one acre of land can never be made by any legal construction to carry another acre by way of incident or appurtenance to the first. That land, and that land only, which, is expressly embraced in and forms the subject-matter of a grant, passes under it.” Again he said in the same opinion: “But there is no presumption against direct proof, nor any prima facie intendment in the presence of an express grant; such grant fixes it°s own limits, and determines the rights of ' the parties under it. ” In the ease of Ledyard v. Ten Eyck, 36 Barb. 125, the land of the defendant was bounded on the west and south by the lake and outlet thereof, and the judge who wrote the majority opinion said: “The deed would have the usual legal effect, and, as an appurtenant, would carry along the land under water to the center; at all events, it would carry the right to the land filled in where the water was shallow, immediately in front of the defendant’s premises.” That statement is antagonistic to all the authorities and expressions of writers and judges, and is manifestly erroneous. It has never been followed or referred to in any subsequent case, and In this case of Wheeler v. Spinola, supra, the court of appeals bestowed upon it the charity of its silence. It may also be said that the theory of the defendant respecting the division of the bottom of the pond between the riparian owners is not susceptible of practical application. Under that theory the lateral limits of each owner must be lines running perpendicular to the shore, and extending to the center, giving the same width at the center as on the shore; and so the owners on the sides would take the land to the center of the pond, and leave nothing for the owners upon the ends, who have the same right to run to the center as the owners on the sides. The position of the defendant, therefore, falls under condemnation of both principle and authority. This examination is sufficient to dispose of the claim of the defendant that the grants of the plaintiffs’ predecessors' of the land around the pond extended to the center.

The second defense introduced by the defendant is less meritorious than the first. Assuming what is very doubtful,—that the deeds upon which the claim to an adverse possession is founded are sufficiently definite and certain to form a basis for such a claim,—there has been no possession or occupation under them such as the law requires to constitute an adverse possession. There has been neither cultivation nor improvement, and no protection by inclosure, and there has been no use for the supply of fuel or fencing timber for any purpose. Neither was there any improvement of any part of the premises so that the other portions can be deemed to have been occupied for the same length of time as the part improved, and without some or one of these the land is not deemed to have been possessed for the purpose of constituting an adverse possession. Code Civil Proc. § 370. The rule of law respecting partial occupancy applies to land used in one body, according to the custom of the country, but has no application to this case. No part of this land was inclosed or occupied, and such use as was made of the shore at the south-west corner was neither permanent nor continuous. Moreover the procurement of deeds from persons not shown to be the owners, and an entry such as was made under them in this case, is entirely insufficient to initiate a claim to an adverse possession. Beach v. Mayor, etc., 45 How. Pr. 368; People v. Livingston, 8 Barb. 255; Sharp v. Brandon, 15 Wend. 597.

Again, the predecessors of the plaintiffs, being the owners of the land, were at all times constructively in the possession thereof, unless it was in the actual hostile occupation of another, under a claim of title, (Bliss v. Johnson, 94 N. Y. 242,) and the defendant shows no occupation of the land at any time. Taking ice from the surface of the water was no occupation of the land. It was akin to a profit taken from the soil of others, and even that was repeated but once a year; but the claim of a right to take ice from the pond can only be sustained by a prescription, and such a claim cannot be sustained as a prescriptive right, because it cannot exist separately from an ■estate, to which it is attached. Roe v. Strong, 107 N. Y. 360, 14 N. E. Rep. 294; Pearsall v. Post, 20 Wend. 123; Ang. Tide-Waters, 272; 2 Greenl. Ev. § 540; Gould, Waters, § 25. In the case of Wheeler v. Spinola, supra, it wtas held that the cutting of salt grass, annually, upon an uninclosed lot for 20 years, was insufficient to constitute a possession adequate to confer title, and that was manifestly a much stronger case than this. In the pa§9 of Miller v. Downing, 54 N. Y. 631, it was' held that a person who maintains a wood-pile upon a vacant lot for 30 years acquired no title thereby.

Another principle of law is that a fee will not be implied from user where an easement would secure the privilege enjoyed. Roe v. Strong, 107 N. Y. 359, 14 N. E. Rep. 294; Gould, Waters, § 22. In no respect, therefore, have the acts done upon the premises in dispute responded to the requirements of the statute, or been sufficient to constitute a possession which can be deemed adverse.

Neither are the plaintiffs estopped from the assertion of their legal rights, because they were never aware of the expenditures of money upon or near the premises, and neither the defendant nor its predecessors have been influenced by any conduct of the plaintiffs, or those under whom they claim. Moreover the trial judge has found that no considerable expenditures for permanent improvements were made upon the premises in question. Our examination has proceeded far enough to show that the judgment appealed from is erroneous, although there are other important and interesting questions involved which we do not examine or decide. The judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event. '

Cullen, J., concurs.

Pratt, J.,

(dissenting.) These two actions depend upon the same ques tian. One of them is in ejectment, and the other is for trespass. The primary inquiry in each is whether or not the plaintiff owned the premises in question at the commencement of the actions. The Zooms in quo is a pond in Putnam county, sometimes known as “Hinckley Pond,” and again as “Croton Lake,” and there is ground in the evidence for the statement that the pond was sometimes known as “Muddy Brook, ” although the latter name has for many yeará been applied exclusively to the outlet. The learned trial judge, upon conflicting evidence, has found that there is a slig t current running through this so-called pond from its inlets to its outlet; It is a natural basin,—a widening of two small streams at and below their confluence; but the evidence, we think, justifies the inference that it is and must be classed as a water-course, and our conclusion is that it was properly treated as such. It is non-navigable except for small row-boats or skiffs. The plaintiffs’ ancestors undoubtedly owned the land about this so-called pond, and by various conveyances, bounded in part by the pond, have conveyed away the whole, or substantially all, of the adjacent upland. They say, however, that because these various conveyances run “to the pond,” or to some monument on the land at the water, and thence along the pond, sometimes by given courses and distances, and sometimes without any, but generally to some other monument on the bank, and thence away from the water, and so about to a place-of beginning, the water edge is therefore a boundary on that side, so that the water and the land under water have never, as they claim, been conveyed, and are still owned' by them. The learned trial judge, in view of all the facts submitted to him, has held that these conveyances run to the center or thread of the stream, of which the pond is only a part. We conclude that this is the correct view. It has been so clearly put in the opinion delivered at the trial-term, that, notwithstanding the exceedingly ingenious, exhaustive, and plausible argument of plaintiff’s counsel, it is unnecessary to do more than express-our concurrence in the conclusions there expressed. The plaintiffs are undoubtedly correct in the position that, generally speaking, fixed monuments-are conclusive when referred to in grants. But the case of a monument on the bank of a stream seems an exception to that rule, unless it clearly and affirmatively appears that it was the purpose to exclude the water, and land under it, to the thread of the water-course. The authorities cited, and tliosetherein referred to, clearly show that, where a grant of land is bounded by a non-navigable natural water-course, it extends to the thread of the stream, notwithstanding the fact that the courses and distances run to specified monuments on the bank. This is because of the fact that it is impracticable, if not impossible, in specifying such a boundary, to set it up or fix a monument at the exact line in the water, especially at the thread of a stream. There are one or two deeds which at first blush might seem to form exceptions to the application of this general rule, but, taking the grants of plaintiffs’ ancestors, together with all the other facts and circumstances, especially the great delay in asserting the theory upon which plaintiffs rely, and also in view of the great outlay which defendants and others engaged in like pursuits-have made on this pond for business purposes, we think that it is now too late for plaintiffs to claim that the water and the land under water of this pond was not included in these grants. This history shows, or at least strongly tends to show, acquiescence in this construction of these grants. We do not deem it necessary to examine any of the other questions.  