
    Sheila ALFORD, Plaintiff, v. PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL, Defendant.
    Civil Action No. 13-cv-1817 (KBJ)
    United States District Court, District of Columbia.
    Signed July 25, 2014
    
      Donald M. Temple, Donald M. Temple, P.C., Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.
    Eric William Gunderson, Farrell & Gun-derson, Columbia, MD, for Defendant.
   MEMORANDUM OPINION

KETANJI BROWN JACKSON, United States District Judge

This is the second action that Plaintiff Sheila Alford (“Plaintiff’ or “Alford”), a paraplegic who requires the use of a wheelchair, has filed against her former employer, Defendant Providence Hospital (“Defendant” or “Providence”), challenging the termination of her employment as an office worker at Providence Hospital. Alford filed the instant complaint on November 20, 2013, alleging that her termination on January 7, 2011, and also Defendant’s alleged refusal to provide a reasonable accommodation for her disability, violated her rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12112-12117 (2014). (Amended Compl. (“Compl.”), ECF No. 3, ¶¶ 37-51.) In the prior action, which was filed in this district in November of 2011, Alford argued that this same termination violated her rights under the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a) (2014), and its local counterpart, the District of Columbia Family and Medical Leave Act (“DCFMLA”), D.C.Code § 32507 (2014), but the court concluded that Providence had terminated Alford for a legitimate reason and therefore granted summary judgment in Defendant’s favor. See Alford v. Providence Hosp. (“Alford I”), 945 F.Supp.2d 98, 108 (D.D.C.2013), aff'd, No. 13-7096, 561 Fed.Appx. 13 (D.C.Cir.2014).

Presently before this Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, in which Providence argues that res judi-cata bars consideration of Alford’s complaint. (See Def.’s Mot. To Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 8.) This Court concludes that, because Alford could have brought the instant ADA claims in her prior lawsuit, the doctrine of res judicata precludes her from bringing them now. Accordingly, this Court will GRANT Defendant’s motion to dismiss. A separate order consistent with this opinion will follow.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

This is the second case that Alford has filed against Providence alleging that her termination and related events constituted employment discrimination. See Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 98-111. Most of the relevant facts have already been detailed at length in Alford /, see id. at 101-03, so this Court will not reiterate them here in their entirety. For the purposes of the instant decision, however; a brief summary follows.

Alford worked as a secretary at Providence Hospital from July of 1983 until her termination on January 7, 2011. (Compl. ¶¶ 2, 25.) • Since 1991, she has been a paraplegic and, as a result, has needed to use a wheelchair. (Id. ¶ 2.) From August of 2009 through March of 2010, Alford took unpaid leave to recover from an injury to her hand that she suffered at work. Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 101; see also Amended Compl. (“Alford I Compl.”), Alford I, No. 11-02121 (D.D.C. Oct. 25, 2012), ECF No. 20. On April 2, 2010, just days after her return to the office, Alford injured her shoulder, head, and neck at work. Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 101. She took additional leave to recover from this second injury before returning to work once again on May 7, 2010. Id. at 101-02 & n. 1.

Months later, on December 3, 2010, Alford went to the emergency room after reporting shoulder pain in the same shoulder that she had injured in April. See id. at 102. On December 7, Alford saw her doctor and requested further leave until December 14 even though that doctor had approved her to return to work on the condition that she not lift anything over ten pounds. Id. Between December 15, 2010, and January 7, 2011, Alford visited that same doctor and several others who all approved her to return to work subject to similar weight-lifting restrictions. Id. at 102-03. Notably, these weight-lifting restrictions prohibited Alford from lifting her 48-pound wheelchair. Id. at 102. Providence determined that Alford could not load her wheelchair into and out of her car, which made it difficult for her to get to work. Id. at 103. Because there was an “operational need” to fill her position, Providence terminated Alford effective January 7, 2011. Id. Alford alleges that she repeatedly contacted Providence to try to return to work in late December of 2010 and throughout January of 2011, but that Providence did not answer her inquiries until it notified her of her termination on January 25, 2011. (Compl. ¶¶ 19, 20, 24-26, 29.)

B. Procedural History

Following her termination, Alford filed two different complaints. On June 19, 2011, Alford filed an administrative. complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), alleging that her termination and associated events constituted disability discrimination in violation of the ADA. (Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 9, at 2; EEOC Charge of Discrimination (“Charge of Discrimination”), Ex. A to Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 8-2, at 1.) Months later, on November 8, 2011, Plaintiff filed the Alford I complaint, contending that the very same termination and related events violated her rights under the FMLA and the DCFMLA and gave rise to tort liability under D.C. law. (See Pl’s Opp’n. at 2.) See also Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 103.

On March 29, 2013, while Alford I was still pending in the district court, the EEOC issued a Letter of Deterihination in Plaintiffs administrative ADA case, finding reasonable cause to believe that Providence had discriminated against her on the basis of her disability when it failed to provide her with a reasonable accommodation and instead terminated her. (Compl. ¶¶ 31-33; EEOC Letter of Determination (“Letter of Determination”), Ex. 2 to Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 10-4.) On April 18, 2013, the EEOC began an attempt to resolve the dispute through out-of-court conciliation between Alford and Providence. (Compl. ¶ 35; see also EEOC Proposed Conciliation Letter (“EEOC Conciliation Letter”), Ex. 3 to Pl’s Opp’n, ECF No. 10-3.) Meanwhile, on May 23, 2013, the Alford I court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendant. See Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 111.

Alford alleges that, on August 20, 2013 — several months after resolution of the FMLA and DCFMLA claims in Alford I — the EEOC finally determined that its efforts to conciliate Plaintiffs ADA complaint were unsuccessful and issued a right-to-sue notice. (Compl. ¶ 36.) Alford then filed the instant ADA complaint in federal court in November of 2013. Defendant moved to dismiss on February 10, 2014. (See Def.’s Mot. at 1.) The motion is now fully briefed and ripe for consideration.

11. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Standard For A 12(b)(6) Motion To Dismiss

A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C.Cir.2002). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citation omitted). The plausibility standard is satisfied “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citation omitted). “In deciding whether to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim, the court must treat the complaint’s factual allegations— including mixed questions of law and fact — as true and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in the plaintiffs favor.” Epps v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd., 719 F.Supp.2d 7, 13 (D.D.C.2010) (citing Holy Land Found. For Relief & Dev. v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 156, 165 (D.C.Cir.2003), and Browning, 292 F.3d at 242).

When res judicata bars a claim, it is subject to dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). See RSM Prod. Corp. v. Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer U.S. LLP, 800 F.Supp.2d 182, 189 (D.D.C.2011) (“Res judicata is an affirmative defense that is usually pled in a defendant’s answer, but courts have also allowed parties to assert the defense in a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” (citation omitted)). A defendant may raise the res judicata defense in a 12(b)(6) motion “where [it] can be established from the face of the complaint, matters fairly incorporated within it, and matters susceptible to judicial notice.” Lewis v. DEA 777 F.Supp.2d 151, 159 (D.D.C.2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted). When ruling on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) on res judicata grounds, a court may take judicial notice of its own record, public records from other proceedings, and documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by reference in the complaint, including administrative complaints and orders. See Laughlin v. Holder, 923 F.Supp.2d 204, 209 (D.D.C.2013) (taking judicial notice of documents attached to or incorporated into the complaint, including administrative complaints and documents); Hemphill v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 605 F.Supp.2d 183, 186 (D.D.C.2009) (taking judicial notice of public records from other proceedings (citation omitted)); Sieverding v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 847 F.Supp.2d 75, 81 (D.D.C.2012) (taking judicial notice of a court’s own records (citation omitted)).

Here, Alford did not attach any documents to her complaint, but both parties attached documents to their briefing on the instant motion to dismiss. Providence included Alford’s administrative charge of discrimination alleging an ADA violation (see Charge of Discrimination, Ex. A to Def.’s Mem., ECF No. 8-2), which this Court may consider as the plaintiffs administrative complaint, see Laughlin, 923 F.Supp.2d at 209. Alford attached various documents generated during the EEOC’s administrative review of her claims, which this Court may consider because Plaintiff specifically referenced them in the complaint. See id. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 31-33 (letter of determination); id. ¶ 35 (letter of proposed conciliation); id. ¶ 36 (right to sue letter).) Finally, this Court may consider the facts and public records of Plaintiffs earlier case, Alford I. See Hemphill, 605 F.Supp.2d at 186.

B. The Doctrine of Res Judicata

Res judicata “bars relitigation of claims or issues that were or could have been litigated in a prior action.” Alaska Forest Ass’n v. Vilsack, 883 F.Supp.2d 136, 141 (D.D.C.2012) (citing Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892, 128 S.Ct. 2161, 171 L.Ed.2d 155 (2008)); see also Brown v. Mabus, 892 F.Supp.2d 115, 118 (D.D.C.2012) (noting that res judicata prevents parties from “relitigating in a separate proceeding any ground for relief which they already have had an opportunity to litigate[,] even if they chose not to exploit that opportunity, and regardless of the soundness of the earlier judgment.” (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)). The doctrine thus bars “parties from contesting matters that they have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate [and] protects their adversaries from the exposure and vexation attending multiple lawsuits, conserves judicial resources, and fosters reliance on judicial action by minimizing the possibility of inconsistent decisions.” Apotex, Inc. v. FDA, 393 F.3d 210, 217 (D.C.Cir.2004) (quoting Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153-54, 99 S.Ct. 970, 59 L.Ed.2d 210 (1979)). However, res judicata “does not preclude claims based on facts not yet in existence at the time of the original action ... [and] does not bar a litigant from doing in the present what he had no opportunity to do in the past.” Drake v. FAA, 291 F.3d 59, 66-67 (D.C.Cir.2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Put another way, res judicata “does not prevent parties from later bringing claims that would have been utterly impracticable to join in an earlier suit or those that could not have been anticipated when the first suit was filed.”' Velikonja v. Ashcroft, 355 F.Supp.2d 197, 201 (D.D.C.2005) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

“Res judicata has two distinct aspects — claim preclusion and issue preclusion (commonly known as collateral es-toppel) — that apply in different circumstances and with different consequences to the litigants.” Nader v. Democratic Nat’l Comm., 590 F.Supp.2d 164, 168 (D.D.C.2008) (citing NextWave Pers. Commc’ns, Inc. v. FCC, 254 F.3d 130, 142 (D.C.Cir.2001), and Novak v. World Bank, 703 F.2d 1305, 1309 (D.C.Cir.1983)). “[C]laim preclusion forecloses all that which might have been litigated previously, while issue preclusion prevents the relitigation of any issue that was raised and decided in a prior action.” Ficken v. Golden, 696 F.Supp.2d 21, 32 (D.D.C.2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Claim preclusion, which “embodies the principle that a party who once has had a chance to litigate a claim before an appropriate tribunal usually ought not to have another chance to do so[,]” SBC Commc’ns Inc. v. FCC, 407 F.3d 1223, 1230 (D.C.Cir.2005) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), is at issue here. In the D.C. Circuit, claim preclusion bars a subsequent lawsuit if there has been prior litigation “(1) involving the same claims or cause of action, (2) between the same parties or their privies, and (3) there has been a final valid judgment on the merits, (4) by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Vilsack, 883 F.Supp.2d at 141-42 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting NRDC v. EPA, 513 F.3d 257, 260 (D.C.Cir.2008)).

With respect to whether two lawsuits involve the same “claims or cause of action,” see id. at 141, “it is the facts surrounding the transaction or occurrence which operate to constitute the cause of action, not the legal theory upon which a litigant relies.” Crabbe v. Nat’l Self Serv. Storage, 955 F.Supp.2d 1, 4 (D.D.C.2013) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Page v. United States, 729 F.2d 818, 820 (D.C.Cir.1984)). Thus, claim preclusion bars subsequent complaints arising from the same set of facts, even if the complaints bring claims under different statutes, or different legal theories. Vilsack, 883 F.Supp.2d at 142 (quoting Kremer v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 481 n. 22, 102 S.Ct. 1883, 72 L.Ed.2d 262 (1982)); see also Mwabira-Simera v. Sodexho Marriott Mgmt. Servs., 786 F.Supp.2d 395, 397 (D.D.C.2011) (“A cause of action, for the .purposes of res judicata, comprises all rights of the plain-, tiff to remedies against the defendant with respect to all or any part of the transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which the action arose.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Polsby v. Thompson, 201 F.Supp.2d 45, 50-51 (D.D.C.2002) (“[E]ven though one group of facts may give rise to different claims for relief, upon different theories of recovery, there remains a single cause of action.” (citation omitted)).

To determine whether the facts of each lawsuit are similar enough to qualify as the same “cause of action,” the D.C. Circuit instructs courts to use a “transactional test” that looks at whether the claims arise from the same “nucleus of facts.” Apotex, 393 F.3d at 217 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To make this determination, courts consider “whether the facts [from each case] are related in time, space, origin, or motivation, whether they form a convenient trial unit, and whether their treatment as a unit conforms to the parties’ expectations or business understanding or usage.” Id. (quoting I.AM Nat’l Pension Fund v. Indus. Gear Mfg., Co., 723 F.2d 944, 949 n. 5 (D.C.Cir.1983)). Importantly, claim preclusion “does not only bar claims that were [actually] brought in a finally adjudicated suit; it also ‘forecloses all that which might have been litigated previously.’” U.S. ex rel. Folliard v. Synnex Corp., 798 F.Supp.2d 66, 77-78 (D.D.C.2011) (emphasis in original) (quoting Nat’l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 949). In practice, this means that if the plaintiff could have included, but did not include, certain facts in his initial lawsuit, he may not bring a second action stemming from those facts. See Nat’l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 949; Folliard, 798 F.Supp.2d at 77-78.

III. ANALYSIS.

Providence argues that res judicata bars Alford’s ADA claims because she should have brought them in Alford I. (See Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 8-1 at 2-6.) Alford responds that res judicata does not apply because she could not have litigated the instant claims in Alford I, since (1) that case was decided while the instant ADA claims were still pending before the EEOC (see Pl.’s Opp’n. at 7-9), and (2) this case arises, in part, from facts that were not available to the Alford I court (see id. at 3-4).

Despite Alford’s protests, this Court concludes that claim preclusion bars Plaintiffs complaint in its entirety. Three of the elements of the D.C. Circuit’s test for claim preclusion are easily satisfied: (1) Alford and Providence are parties to both suits, and (2) the federal district court is one of competent jurisdiction that (3) resolved Alford I on a grant of summary judgment, which is a final judgment on the merits. (See Compl. ¶¶ 2-4.) See Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 104-11. Thus, the only element at issue is whether the claims in Alford I and the instant matter involve the same cause of action.

Applying the D.C. Circuit’s “transactional test” to the case at bar, see Apotex, 393 F.3d at 217, it is clear beyond cavil that the FMLA and DCFMLA claims that Plaintiff litigated in Alford I and the ADA claims alleged here constitute the same “cause of action.” Both sets of claims turn on the same series of events that the Alford I court already considered in reaching its conclusion that Plaintiffs termination was lawful: (1) Alford’s workplace injury of April 2, 2010; (2) Defendant’s allegedly unlawful conduct between December 2010 and January 2011; and (3) Alford’s termination effective January 7, 2011. See Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 101. In fact, in the instant complaint Plaintiff repeats— sometimes verbatim — many of the factual allegations in the Alford I complaint. (Compare Compl. ¶¶ 6-10, 16-29 with Alford I Compl. ¶¶ 11, 14, 16-17, 20-32.)

What is more, the court in Alford I touched on the very issues at the heart of the instant matter — to wit, the weightlifting restrictions doctors had imposed and whether Plaintiff could get to work and perform her job. See Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 108 (finding that “because she could not lift her wheelchair, Ms. Alford could not transport herself and could not come to work [and] ... stopped going to work”; therefore, “[t]he Hospital had a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating [ ] Alford[.]”). Although some of the facts on which the claims rely differ slightly — e.g., Alford I largely depended on the number of days Plaintiff took off from work, while the instant claims turn more on whether there were any accommodations that would have allowed Alford to perform her job — other circuits have found that claim preclusion bars ADA claims arising from the same core set facts that were litigated or could have been litigated in prior FMLA lawsuits. See, e.g., Hodges v. Publix Super Mkts., Inc., 372 Fed.Appx. 74, 76-78 (11th Cir.2010); Howard v. Inova Health Care Serv., 302 Fed.Appx. 166, 182 (4th Cir.2008); Churchill v. Star Enters., 183 F.3d 184, 190-91 (3d Cir.1999). In short, Alford cannot recycle the same set of facts pertaining to her termination and present them clothed in a different legal theory. Because the facts of the two cases at issue here are nearly identical in “time, space, origin, [and] motivation,” and certainly would have “form[ed] a convenient trial unit[,]” Apotex, 393 F.3d at 217, they constitute the same “cause of action” for the purposes of claim preclusion.

Plaintiff nonetheless insists that this case presents a different “cause of action” because it involves some new facts that were not included in Alford I. She offers two sets of facts that she contends are unique to the instant complaint: factual allegations about her ability to disassemble her wheelchair into smaller, more lightweight pieces so that she could actually get to work (see Pl.’s Opp’n at 2-3); and the administrative proceedings pertaining to her ADA claims, in particular the EEOC’s determination that there was reasonable cause to believe that Providence had discriminated against Alford on the basis of her disability (id. at 4-5; see also Letter of Determination at 3). Certainly, the facts pertaining to Alford’s ability to disassemble her wheelchair were available to her during Alford I, so Plaintiff could have used those facts to litigate her ADA claims at that time. See Nat’l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 949; Folliard, 798 F.Supp.2d at 77-78. The EEOC’s Letter of Determina-; tion likewise fails to stave off the preclu-sive effect of res judicata for two reasons. First, the EEOC issued the letter while Alford I was still pending; thus, Plaintiff could have raised it in the prior litigation. (See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 (record citation omitted).) Moreover, even if Plaintiff did not learn about the Letter of Determination until after Alford I was resolved, the letter itself is of little consequence to proving a case of disability discrimination, since it is the facts of Providence’s alleged discrimination- — not the EEOC’s view of the evidence — that gives rise to Alford’s ADA claim. See Hodge v. United Airlines, 821 F.Supp.2d 180, 197 (D.D.C.2011). Thus, the instant complaint does not allege new facts that could not have been raised during Alford I, so the two cases present the same “cause of action.” See Nat’l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 949; Folliard, 798 F.Supp.2d at 77-78.

Plaintiffs next contention — that the ADA’s mandatory exhaustion requirements provide an escape hatch from claim preclusion on the grounds that she could not have brought her ADA claims in Alford I because those claims were still winding their way through the EEOC administrative process — fares no better. (See Pl.’s Opp’n at 7-11.) Cf. Nat’l Pension Fund, 723 F.2d at 949 (noting that claim preclusion only applies to claims that “might have been litigated” in the prior action); Folliard, 798 F.Supp.2d at 77-78 (same). To be sure, ADA claims are subject to certain administrative exhaustion requirements that do not apply to the claims in Alford I. In particular, Plaintiffs may not file ADA claims in federal court without first receiving a right-to-sue notice from the EEOC. See Dahlman v. AARP, 791 F.Supp.2d 68, 74-75 (D.D.C.2011); see also 42 U.S.C. § 12117. And the EEOC must issue a right-to-sue notice upon the plaintiffs request at any time after 180 days from filing of the administrative complaint or after determining its inability to bring a civil charge. Adams v. District of Columbia, 740 F.Supp.2d 173, 186 (D.D.C.2010) (internal citations omitted); see also 29 C.F.R. § 1601.28(a)(1). Unlike the ADA, the FMLA and DCFMLA have no exhaustion requirements, which means that a plaintiffs claims under-these statutes are ripe for adjudication immediately upon the adverse employment action. See Cruz-Packer v. District of Columbia, 539 F.Supp.2d 181, 190 (D.D.C.2008) (no administrative exhaustion under the FMLA); Jackson v. Wilkes Artis, 565 F.Supp.2d 148, 152 n. 4 (D.D.C.2008) (same under the DCFMLA). Accordingly, Alford chose to proceed straight to court on her FMLA and DCFMLA claims, and she now contends that claim preclusion would unfairly punish her for not bringing her ADA claims before the EEOC determined that conciliation with Defendant was no longer possible; in other words, although she could have litigated all of her claims together in- Alford I — a point Plaintiff appears to concede (see Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 n.2 (noting that Alford could have requested a right-to-sue letter in January 2012))' — she should not be required to do so given the administrative exhaustion requirements and the fact that she did not actually receive a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC until August 20, 2013. (See Compl. ¶ 36.)

The facts alleged in the complaint and existing law belie Plaintiffs argument, for they make clear that Alford did not have to stand by idly awaiting a right-to-sue notice from the EEOC. A plaintiff in Alford’s position who has certain claims that might be presented in federal court while parallel claims arising out of the same cause of action are making their way through the EEOC’s administrative review channels at the same time has three options: (1) file the EEOC complaint, await its outcome, and then file all the claims simultaneously in the same complaint in district court; (2) file one administrative complaint and one complaint in federal court, then seek to stay the latter pending the outcome of the former; or (3) file both the .EEOC complaint and the federal district court complaint, request a right-to-sue notice after 180 days, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(l), then seek to amend the federal complaint to include the additional claims. See Robinson v. District of Columbia, No. 99-1694, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14476, at' *12 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2000) (holding that res judicata barred the plaintiffs claims because he had the latter two options available to him (citations omitted)); see also Howard, 302 Fed.Appx. at 182 (noting that the plaintiff could have gone through the administrative process before filing any in-court complaint). Alford chose none of these alternatives, and she cannot now be heard to complain that it is somehow unfair to conclude that she missed her opportunity to bring the claims that worked their way through the EEOC process into federal court.

A court in this' district addressed this scenario in Robinson v. District of Columbia, No. 99-1694, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14476 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2000). In that case, the plaintiff filed a complaint with the EEOC alleging that his employer, the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department (“MPD”), had discriminated against him on the basis of his race, color, and personal appearance under Title VII by ordering him to cut his hair. Id. at *2. While that complaint was pending before the EEOC, the plaintiff filed suit against the MPD in federal court, alleging violations of various statutory and constitutional rights. Id. at *3 (citation omitted). As here, while the federal case proceeded through litigation, the EEOC issued a Letter of Determination finding probable cause to believe that the MPD had discriminated against the plaintiff. Id. at *4. After the 180-day window had passed, instead of requesting a right-to-sue letter, the plaintiff waited to see if the EEOC would file a civil action on his behalf. Id. at *3-5. Meanwhile, the plaintiffs first case ended in a judgment for the defendant. Id. The EEOC issued a right-to-sue letter three weeks later. Id. at *5. The Robinson court concluded that res judicata barred the plaintiffs second action because he could have either sought a stay of his first case pending the outcome of the administrative process or requested his right-to-sue notice after 180 days had passed and amended his federal-court complaint accordingly. Id. at *12-14.

So it is here. After her termination, Alford could have filed Alford I, requested a stay pending the outcome of the EEOC process, and amended her Alford I complaint at a later date; or, had Alford preferred to litigate sooner and chosen to forego the benefits of the EEOC process, she could have requested a right-to-sue notice in January of 2012, while Alford I was still in discovery, and sought to amend the district court complaint to add the ADA claim. (See Pl.’s Opp’n. at 3 n.2.) See Robinson, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14476, at *3-5. Alternatively, Alford could have kept her litigation powder dry, awaiting completion of the EEOC process, and then filed all of the claims in the same complaint in federal district court. See Howard, 302 Fed.Appx. at 182. Given the options at her disposal and the availability. of the necessary facts, Alford certainly could have sought .to consolidate all of her legal claims in a single action; and it was her responsibility to do so to avoid preclusion. See Churchill, 183 F.3d at 191 (noting that plaintiffs “should organize litigation that they are pursuing to avoid claim preclusion”). In other words, like the plaintiff in Robinson, Alford “did not have to sit on [her] rights[,]” and having chosen to do so, she “cannot now escape the consequences.” Robinson, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14476 at *13.

Undaunted, Alford makes a final attempt to distinguish her case from Robinson on the grounds that she was not simply awaiting an EEOC determination, but rather had chosen to participate in EEOC proceedings aimed at conciliation. (See Pl.’s Opp’n at 7.) In the Court’s view, this fact makes matters worse for Alford, not better, because it means that she was actively engaged in settlement negotiations about claims that were simultaneously being litigated in federal court. Perhaps Alford reasoned that this “race to the finish” approach to final judgment would benefit her bottom line because she could get an offer from Defendants in the negotiations process and compare that sum to the amount that a jury might be willing to award. But the litigation process is not to be used as a hedge against the possibility of a less-than-satisfactory outcome at the bargaining table. And, in any event, because conciliation is not a mandatory procedure from the standpoint of exhaustion of remedies, Alford still retained the option (which she should have exercised) to request a right-to-sue notice in order to bring her ADA claims into the ongoing litigation in federal court. Cf. Hill v. Metro. WMATA, 231 F.Supp.2d 286, 292-94 (D.D.C.2002) (noting that, regardless of the status of the EEOC’s investigation, a plaintiff may request a right-to-sue notice and file a civil suit so long as 180 days have passed). Although Alford tries to characterize the procedural course of this case as one in which she chose the “legislatively and judicially favored method of relying on administrative processes” over resorting to litigation in court (see Pl.’s Opp’n. at 8 (citing Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 432 U.S. 355, 368, 373, 97 S.Ct. 2447, 53 L.Ed.2d 402 (1977))), the truth of the matter is that, whether motivated by greed, risk-aversion, or something else, she opted to sit on the sidelines and allow Alford I to proceed all the way to summary judgment instead of proactively taking control of her claims.

In the final analysis, it also important to note that Alford is not the only party with interests at stake in these cases; rather, Providence, as the defendant in both lawsuits, has a right of protection from “repetitious litigation involving the same causes of action[.]” Jenson v. Huerta, 828 F.Supp.2d 174, 179 (D.D.C.2011). There was little reason for Alford to believe that Providence would cooperate in the EEOC conciliation process while defending itself in a parallel federal lawsuit based on the same exact facts. Cf. Occidental Life Ins. Co., 432 U.S. at 368, 97 S.Ct. 2447. Even so, nothing in the text of the ADA or the FMLA suggests that conciliation provides an exception to claim preclusion, see Churchill, 183 F.3d at 192-94, and, indeed, allowing such a rule could encourage plaintiffs to manipulate the EEOC process simply to bring two separate suits against their employers. Just as in Robinson, Alford is not spared from res judicata merely because she allowed her ADA claims to meander through the administrative process. Alford took no steps to preserve her claims, and the facts presented compel only one result: claim preclusion bars the instant complaint in its entirety.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, this Court concludes that claim preclusion bars Alford’s claims. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion to dismiss. 
      
      . While this is Alford's second action against Providence arising out of her termination, it is actually her third lawsuit against this defendant: in 2007, while Alford was still a Providence employee, she filed suit alleging that Defendant had violated her rights under the ADA when it did not select her for a position to which she had applied. See Alford v. Providence Hosp., 791 F.Supp.2d 168, 169 (D.D.C.2011). The court granted summary judgment for Defendant in this non-selection action on June 14, 2011. Id. at 175.
     
      
      . Page numbers throughout refer to those automatically assigned by the Court's electronic filing system.
     
      
      . Specifically, in Alford I Plaintiff brought five counts alleging that Providence: (1) interfered with her FMLA rights in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1); (2) interfered with her DCFMLA rights in violation of D.C.Code § 32-507(a); (3) unlawfully retaliated against her in violation of her rights under both the FMLA, 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(2), and the DCFMLA, D.C.Code § 32-507(b)(l); (4) committed tortious intentional misrepresentation in violation of D.C. law; and (5) committed negligent misrepresentation in violation of D.C. law. Alford I, 945 F.Supp.2d at 104-05, 108-10. Plaintiff initially filed Alford I in D.C. Superior Court, but Providence removed the case to D.C. District Court. See Notice of Removal, Alford I, No. 11-2121, (Nov. 29, 2011), ECF No. 1.
     
      
      .Conciliation is an informal procedure in which an EEOC investigator works with the claimant and the employer to fashion an appropriate remedy. See Resolving a Charge, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Comm’n, available at www.eeoc.gov/ employers/resolving.cfm (last visited July 25, 2014).
     
      
      . There is a discrepancy in Alford’s description of the timing of the end-of-conciliation letter: in the complaint, Alford alleges that the EEOC issued this letter on August 20, 2013, but in her opposition, Alford states that the EEOC issued a letter advising her that conciliation had failed on May 14, 2013. (Compare Compl. ¶ 35-36 with Pl.’s Opp'n. at 4.) This Court will accept as true the timing allegation in the complaint but notes that the different date would not change the outcome.
     
      
      . Plaintiff initiated this action on November 19, 2013, but filed the instant complaint (which is the first amended complaint) the very next day. (See Compl. at 1.)
     
      
      . In her opposition, Plaintiff contends that the decision in Alford I was neither "final” nor "on the merits,” but this Court finds neither of these arguments persuasive. With respect to finality, Plaintiff contends that Alford I was not final when she filed the instant complaint because it was wrongly decided and still pending appeal in the D.C. Circuit. (See Pl.'s Opp’n at 2-3) But a judgment’s accuracy has no bearing on the application of claim preclusion, see City of Arlington, Tex. v. FCC, — U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 1863, 1869,-L.Ed.2d -(2013), and in any event, the D.C. Circuit recently upheld the Alford I decision on appeal. Alford v. Providence, 561 Fed.Appx. 13, 13-14, 2014 WL 3013741, at *1 (D.C.Cir. 2014) (per curiam). Second, Alford argues that the grant of summary judgment in Alford I was not “on the merits” as claim preclusion requires, see Pailes v. U.S. Peace Corps, 783 F.Supp.2d 1, 6 (D.D.C.2009), because the court based its opinion, in part, on credibility determinations. (See Pl.’s Opp'n at 4 ("It appears ... that the lower court rendered its decision on credibility issues as opposed to the merits.”).) While the Alford I court granted summary judgment in part based on its finding that Plaintiff's testimony was not credible because she had contradicted herself in recounting the events surrounding her termination, see Alford, 945 F.Supp.2d at 107, the fact that the court mentioned credibility is of no consequence, as it is well established that summary judgment — whatever its basis — constitutes a final judgment on the merits for the purposes of claim preclusion. Prakash v. Am. Univ., 727 F.2d 1174, 1182 (D.C.Cir.1984); Lans v. Adduci Mastriani & Schaumberg L.L.P., 786 F.Supp.2d 240, 303 (D.D.C.2011); see, e.g., Lindsey v. District of Columbia, 609 F.Supp.2d 71, 77 (D.D.C.2009) ("[The D.C. District Court] granted summary judgment in the defendants’ favor. That ruling is binding on the plaintiff under the doctrine of res judi-cata.” (internal citation omitted)). While Alford cites Vorhees v. Time Warner Cable, 109 F.Supp.2d 384, 387 (E.D.Pa.2000), for the proposition that a decision on summary judgment does not trigger res judicata dismissal of a later action, Vorhees clearly limited its holding to cases where the plaintiff took affirmative steps to avoid claim preclusion by seeking to consolidate her claims. Id.
      
     
      
      . Specifically, the complaint in the first-filed action in Robinson alleged race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, civil rights deprivation under 42 U.S.C. § 1985, and violation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb. See Robinson, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14476, at *3.
     
      
      . In the Robinson plaintiff's first action, the cojirt granted summary judgment to the defendant on several of the claims, while a jury reached verdict in favor of the District on the others. See Robinson, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14476, at *4-5.
     