
    Richard Tyler DICKENS, Individually and as Special Executor for the Estate of Sharon Kenyon, Appellant, v. ASSOCIATED ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, P.C., Appellee.
    No. 04-0973.
    Supreme Court of Iowa.
    Jan. 27, 2006.
    
      Christopher Kragnes, Sr., and Tiffany Koenig of Kragnes, Tingle & Koenig, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
    Loree A. Nelson and Barry G. Vermeer of Gislason & Hunter, L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellee.
   WIGGINS, Justice.

Richard Tyler Dickens' filed a medical negligence action individually and on behalf of the estate of his deceased wife, Sharon Kenyon, against her health care providers including Associated Anesthesiologists, P.C., and its employees, Dr. John C. Jabour and Rebecca Meyer, seeking damages in connection with Sharon’s death. The district court dismissed lab-our and Meyer with prejudice after Dickens failed to serve them with an original notice within ninety days after filing his petition. After the dismissal of labour and Meyer, the district court granted Associated Anesthesiologists’ motion for summary judgment on the grounds the dismissal of labour and Meyer precluded litigation on the claims against Associated Anesthesiologists. The court of appeals affirmed the district court’s judgment. Because the dismissal of labour and Meyer did not preclude Dickens’ action against Associated Anesthesiologists, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals, reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

In his petition, Dickens alleged his wife died as a result of the negligence of various defendants, including anesthesiologist labour, certified registered nurse anesthetist Meyer, and their employer Associated Anesthesiologists. Dickens served Associated Anesthesiologists with an original notice. Associated Anesthesiologists filed a timely answer, labour and Meyer claimed Dickens did not properly serve them with an original notice, and they filed a motion to dismiss for Dickens’ failure to serve them within ninety days after filing his petition as required by Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.302(5) Dickens did not resist the motion. The court granted the motion and entered an order dismissing the action against labour and Meyer with prejudice.

Associated Anesthesiologists then filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that the dismissal of labour and Meyer was an adjudication on the merits warranting dismissal of their employer, Associated Anesthesiologists. After Associated Anesthesiologists filed its motion for summary judgment, Dickens’ original counsel, leff Carter, withdrew from the case due to a conflict. Dickens’ new counsel resisted the motion for summary judgment and filed an affidavit signed by Carter supporting the resistance. The affidavit stated Carter had conversations with Associated Anesthesiologists’ counsel regarding the motion to dismiss in which he agreed not to resist the motion to dismiss and agreed to a voluntary dismissal of labour and Meyer, based on “the agreement with [Associated Anesthesiologists’] counsel that there was no difference substantively to the case because [Associated Anesthesiologists] was responsible for [labour’s and Meyer’s] actions and [labour and Meyer] would be available as witnesses in this matter.”

Associated Anesthesiologists filed a response to the resistance and attached an affidavit of its counsel. Counsel’s affidavit stated that after the time had expired to file a resistance to the motion to dismiss, she had a conversation with Carter. She stated Carter indicated he was not concerned about the court dismissing labour and Meyer because Associated Anesthesiologists would still be in the lawsuit. She denied making any statements that lab-our’s and Meyer’s dismissal would not have a bearing on Associated Anesthesiologists’ liability. She acknowledged that she wrote a letter to ludge Robert Wilson, with a copy to Carter, noting that the motion to dismiss was unresisted and asking for a ruling on the motion. A month and a half went by without a ruling on the motion. Per the instructions of the judge’s clerk, she sent a second letter to Judge Wilson, with a copy to Carter. This letter contained an unsigned order dismissing the case against Jabour and Meyer with prejudice, which Judge Wilson signed.

Prior to the ruling on the motion for summary judgment, Dickens’ second counsel withdrew because she left the private practice of law. Dickens’ third and current counsel filed a motion for order nunc pro tunc requesting the court to correct the prior order dismissing the action against Jabour and Meyer with prejudice because the dismissal should have been without prejudice under rule 1.302(5). Dickens filed this motion ten months after the court filed the order dismissing the case. Associated Anesthesiologists, Jabour, and Meyer resisted this motion.

The district court granted Associated Anesthesiologists’ motion for summary judgment and denied Dickens’ motion for order nunc pro tunc. The court concluded the dismissal of Jabour and Meyer was not voluntary; therefore, it was an adjudication on the merits pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.946 precluding the action against their employer, Associated Anesthesiologists, on the theory of respon-deat superior. The court further concluded an order nunc pro tunc would be improper not only because the intent of such an order is to correct clerical errors rather than alter judicial conclusions, but also in view of the time delay between the dismissal and the filing of the motion for order nunc pro tunc.

Dickens filed an application for interlocutory appeal. We denied the application. Dickens then dismissed the remaining defendants from his action without prejudice and filed his notice of appeal.

We transferred the case to our court of appeals. The court of appeals affirmed the district court’s granting of Associated Anesthesiologists’ motion for summary judgment and its denial of Dickens’ motion for order nunc pro tunc. Dickens sought further review, which we granted.

II. Issue.

The dispositive issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in granting Associated Anesthesiologists’ motion for summary judgment. Consequently, we will not discuss the district court’s denial of the motion for order nunc pro tunc.

III. Scope of Review.

Dickens does not claim a genuine issue of material fact exists to preclude summary judgment. Rather, he claims the district court erred in concluding the ruling dismissing Jabour and Meyer was an adjudication on the merits preventing him from proceeding against Associated Anesthesiologists. Thus, the only issue on appeal concerns the legal consequences of Jabour’s and Meyer’s dismissal. “Our review of a granting or denying of .a motion for summary judgment is for correction of errors at law.” City of Cedar Rapids v. James Props., Inc., 701 N.W.2d 673, 675 (Iowa 2005).

IV. Analysis.

Dickens premises Associated Anesthesiologists’ liability on the doctrine of respondeat superior. Under this doctrine, the employer is vicariously liable for the negligent acts of its employees. Brosamle v. Mapco Gas Prods., Inc., 427 N.W.2d 473, 475 (Iowa 1988). The doctrine gives the injured party the right to sue the employer with or without joining the employee as a party to the action. Id. One of the limitations of the doctrine is that the employer has no liability unless the employee. is liable. Peppmeier v. Murphy, 708 N.W.2d 57, 63-64 (Iowa 2005); Brosamle, 427 N.W.2d at 475. Therefore, we must decide if the employees’ dismissal precludes litigation on Dickens’ claims against their employer.

Generally, a valid and final personal judgment rendered in favor of a defendant is a bar to another action by the plaintiff on the same claim. Peppmeier, 708 N.W.2d at 63; Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 19 (1982). An exception to the general rule exists when the judgment is a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction. Burlington N. R.R. v. Bd. of Supervisors, 418 N.W.2d 72, 75 (Iowa 1988); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 20(l)(a). This exception will apply even if the dismissal specifies it is with prejudice. Charchenko v. City of Stillwater, 47 F.3d 981, 985 (8th Cir.1995); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 20 cmt. d; accord Dep’t of Revenue v. Ryan R., 62 Mass.App.Ct. 380, 816 N.E.2d 1020, 1023 (2004); Trujillo v. Acequia de Chamisal, 79 N.M. 39, 439 P.2d 557, 559 (Ct.App.1968). The Restatement (Second) of Judgments explains the rationale for the exception in one of its comments. The comment provides:

A court in dismissing on any of these grounds [for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for nonjoinder or mis-joinder of parties] may specify that its decision is “with prejudice” or “on the merits,” or words to that effect. While there are instances in which a court may have discretion to determine that a judgment of dismissal shall operate as a bar ... a judgment may not have an effect contrary to that prescribed by the statutes, rules of court, or other rules of law operative in the jurisdiction in which the judgment is rendered. Thus in a jurisdiction having a rule patterned on Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction, for improper venue, or for nonjoin-der may not be a bar regardless of the specification made. And even in the absence of such a rule, a dismissal on any of these grounds is so plainly based on a threshold determination that a specification that the dismissal will be a bar should ordinarily be of no effect.

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 20 cmt. d.

The Restatement position is consistent with our case law governing when the dismissal of an employee has a preclusive effect on an action against the employer under a theory of respondeat superior. In one of our cases, the district court granted the employee’s motion for summary judgment. Peppmeier, 708 N.W.2d at 61. The employer claimed the ruling on the motion for summary judgment exonerating the employee was a final bar as to the liability of the employee and res judicata as to the claim against the employer. Id. at 61, 64. There we held a summary judgment is a final bar as to the liability of the employee; therefore, it is res judicata in favor of the employer and the plaintiff could not proceed with her action against the employer. Id. at 66.

In another case, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed an employee with prejudice, stating they did not intend to dismiss their claims against the employer. Brosamle, 427 N.W.2d at 474. The employer claimed the dismissal of the employee was an adjudication on the merits as to the claim against the employee and was res judicata as to the claim against the employer. Id. There we held the voluntary dismissal of the employee with prejudice was not res judicata and plaintiffs could proceed with their action against the employer. Id. at 474, 476. In reaching this conclusion, we agreed with the reasoning of the Montana Supreme Court when it said:

“We conclude that the better rule is that dismissal of a defendant ‘with prejudice’ does not release other defendants who may be liable under a theory of respon-deat superior, unless the document intends to do so, or the payment is full compensation, or the release expressly so provides. This [conclusion] ... reflects the tactical reality of dismissals of less than all defendants in multi-party tort litigation. It also reflects the inappropriateness in modern practice of an interpretation which finally disposes of substantive issues based on a technical misstep by counsel.”

Id. at 476 (alterations in original) (citation omitted).

Applying these principles to the facts of this case, the dismissal of Jabour and Meyer does not preclude Dickens from going forward with his claims against Associated Anesthesiologists even though the district court included the words “with prejudice” in its dismissal. Prior to January 24, 1998, our rules of civil procedure did not include a time limit for serving an original notice. Our case law presumed a delay in service beyond 120 days after the filing of a petition was abusive. See Henry v. Shober, 566 N.W.2d 190, 192 (Iowa 1997) (finding a 169-day delay to be presumptively abusive); Alvarez v. Meadow Lane Mall Ltd. P’ship, 560 N.W.2d 588, 591 (Iowa 1997) (finding a 159-day delay to be presumptively abusive). Our case law further held that if the delay in service was presumptively abusive and not justified, the court must dismiss the suit. Henry, 566 N.W.2d at 192; Alvarez, 560 N.W.2d at 591. At that time, a dismissal for abusive delay of process was an adjudication on the merits and barred refiling of the same action. Becker v. Becker, 603 N.W.2d 627, 628 (Iowa 1999).

Effective January 24, 1998, we amended our rules of civil procedure to provide:,

If service of the original notice is not made upon the defendant, respondent, or other party to be served within 90 days after filing the petition, the court, upon motion or its own initiative after notice to the party filing the petition, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant, respondent, or other party to be served....

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.302(5) (emphasis added). The adoption of rule 1.302(5) overruled our prior case law. Consequently, an action filed and dismissed for failure to serve the original notice in a timely manner after the effective date of this amendment is not a dismissal on the merits.

Dickens filed his petition in August 2002. Although the district court signed an order provided by defense counsel that included the words “with prejudice,” factually the district court dismissed Jabour and Meyer from the suit because Dickens failed to serve them within the ninety-day time limit of rule 1.302(5). In other words, the district court dismissed Jabour and Meyer from the lawsuit because the lack of service precluded the court from obtaining personal jurisdiction over them. Rule 1.302(5) specifically provides such a dismissal is not a dismissal on the merits. Under our case law and the Restatement, a dismissal for lack of jurisdiction is not res judicata and is not the type of dismissal that would preclude Dickens from proceeding-on his claims against Associated Anesthesiologists. See Burlington N. R.R., 418 N.W.2d at 75; Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 20(l)(a). Accordingly, the district court should- not have granted Associated Anesthesiologists’ motion for summary judgment.

V. Disposition.

Because the dismissal of Jabour and Meyer did not preclude the litigation of Dickens’ claims against Associated Anesthesiologists, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals, reverse the judgment of the district court, and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND CASE REMANDED. 
      
      . The motion cited Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.302(6). We renumbered this rule as rule 1.302(5), effective February 1, 2003. All references in this opinion will be to rule 1.302(5).
     
      
      . When we adopted this amendment in 1998, we numbered it as Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 49(f). Effective February 15, 2002, we renumbered it as rule 1.302(6). Effective February 1, 2003, we renumbered it as rule 1.302(5).
     