
    In the Matter of the Final Accounting of the Executors of Charles J. Hayden, deceased.
    
      Court of Appeals,
    
    
      February 24, 1891.
    Affirming 54 Hun, 197.
    1. Will. Flection.—In order to deprive a devisee or legatee of property rightfully his own, and raise a case of election under a will, a clear and decisive intention of the testator must be manifested by the will itself to dispose unconditionally of that which did not belong to him.
    2. Same.—No clear intention to this effect was held to be shown in this will.
    2. Fxecutor and Administrator. Commissions.—Interested persons, not parties to an agreement for extra compensation to an executor, are not bound thereby.
    Same.—An executor cannot receive from an estate any greater compensation for his services than the statutory commission, however meritorious or extraordinary his services may be.
    5. Same.—An executor, who resigns before final execution of trust, is not entitled to commissions upon the corpus of the estate under the provisions of § 2736 of the Code. This section does not apply to such a case.
    Appeal from a judgment of the general term of the supreme court.
    Judgment affirmed on opinion of Justice Barker at general term.
    The following is his opinion:
    
      George F. Yeoman, for J. P. Varnum, administrator, etc., appellant.
    
      Marsenus H. Briggs, for Charles A. Hayden and Esther Hayden, respondents.
   Barker, P. J.

This proceeding comes before this court upon cross appeals from a decree of the surrogate’s court of Monroe county, adjusting and settling the accounts of Charles A. Hayden and Ella L. Williams, as resigning executors of the last will and testament of Charles J. Hayden, deceased. The appeal of the administrator, J. P. Varnum, is for the purpose of reviewing the question of the right of Esther Hayden to retain upwards of $10,000 paid her upon policies of insurance upon the life of the testator, who was her husband.

Charles J. Hayden died April 9,1888, leaving an estate of upwards of $250,000 in value. By the second clause of his will, he made the following provisions for his wife, to wit:

“ Second, I give, bequeath and devise to my beloved wife, Esther Hayden, for and during the time of her natural life, the sum of forty thousand dollars ($40,000), including the proceeds of any and all insurance policies on my life, payable to her or otherwise. * * * I direct that said sum of $40,000 be invested by my executors in good bonds and mortgages on real estate in accordance with the savings banks laws, or invested in accordance with the laws governing trustees or the approval of the surrogate; and that the income shall be paid to my wife semi-annually, by my executors during her life.”

In the same clause the testator gives his wife the homestead, household furniture, and makes some other directions not material to consider here, and ends that clause of his will by directing that “ the foregoing bequests and devises to my wife for and during her natural life are in lieu of dower, but if the use and income thereof shall be insufficient for her reasonable support and comfort in her station of life I direct that my executors shall pay any deficiency from any other property.”

Later in the will the testator by a sixth clause directed his executors to invest “ in all respects as directed by the foregoing bequests to my wife for life, and to hold in addition to such bequests and devises to her, and in reserve, at least the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), during her life, and to pay the income thereof semi-anually as follows: Such proportion, if any, as may be needed for additional income to provide a comfortable and proper support for her in her station of life as directed in the second section of his will, and the residue of such income, if any, in equal shares among my three residuary legatees and devisees, namely, my son Charles, my daughter Ella, and my daughter Maud. I direct the principal of such fund in reserve shall, after the death of my wife, and the payment of all my debts, and the expenses of settling my estate, and all claims hereby created, fall into and become a part of the property hereinafter bequeathed and given to my said three remaining legatees.”

The testator’s will contains a clause disposing of the residue of his estate, one-third to his son Charles A. Hayden, one-third to his daughter Ella Williams, for life, with a remainder over to her children, and one-third to her granddaughter Maud Bush, for life, with the remainder to her children.

Some time prior to the death of the testator, he had taken out insurance policies upon his life, represented by four different policies, amounting in the aggregate to fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000), three of which policies, amount-ting to $10,000, were payable to Esther Hayden, the wife of .the deceased, and the other to his executors, administrators or assigns.

It is contended by the administrator with the will annexed, that the proceeds of the policies of insurance which were by the terms thereof made payable to Esther Hayden, the wife, and which she had received from the insurance companies issuing the policies, should be paid over by her to the administrator with the will annexed upon the theory that the will makes the $10,000 insurance moneys a part of the estate of the testator, and that the provisions which the testator made for his wife were given and accepted by her in lieu of any rights she might have in- the moneys in question, and that by electing to stand by the will she thereby relinquished any right to the insurance moneys in question. The equitable doctrine of election is invoked against her.

It is contended by the administrator with the will annexed, that by the express terms of the will thte $10,000 in question is made a part of the téstator’s estate by the provisions of the sixth clause of the will, which has been previously quoted. It is argued that the language of that clause saying, “I direct the principal of such fund in reserve shall, after the death of my wife, and the payment of all my debts, and the expenses of settling my estate, and all claims hereby created, fall into, and become part of the property hereinafter bequeathed and given to my said residuary legatees,” applies to the $40,000 in the second clause of the will.

We are of the opinion, however, that the “ fund in reserve,” in regard to which the direction is made, is the additional $10,000 over and above the forty thousand dollars previously mentioned in the will, and by said sixth clause directed to be set aside as a “ fund in reserve.” This we are confident is the natural and proper construction of the clause, and this construction is supported by the residuary clause : I give, bequeath and devise all the rest, residue and remainder of my property in three equal shares.” The residuary clause only disposes of what belonged to the testator himself, and cannot be held to make any disposition of what was his wife’s. Matter of Accounting of Frazer, 92 N. Y. 250.

The insurance moneys in question belonged to Mrs. Hayden. They were absolute property, and she is entitled to retain and control the same, unless by electing to take under the will she becomes equitably bound to pay them over to the testator’s estate, for it is conceded that she has chosen to abide by the will.

The administrator insists that by the will the testator has attempted to dispose of property not his own, and at the same time given a benefit to the person to whom the property belongs, and that she must make good the testator’s attempted

or the devise under the will within the rule laid down in Leonard v. Steele, 4 Barb. 21; Havens v. Sackett, 15 N.Y, .365.

If seems well settled, however, in order to deprive a devisee or legatee of property rightfully his own and to raise a • case of election under a will, a clear and decisive intention of the testator must be manifested by the will itself to dispose unconditionally of that which did not belong to him. Havens v Sackett. 15 N. Y. 365; Hill v. Mills, 28 Barb. 459; Sheldon v. Bliss, 8 N. Y. 35; Redfield on Wills, vol. 2, p. 352, par 21, subd. 13-16.

Can there be found in the will under consideration any such clear intention ? We think not. The surrogate happily expressed our own views when he said “ the second clause of the will indicates his intention that the insurance moneys shall form a part of the sum of forty thousand dollars to be invested for her benefit during her life, and also expresses his wishes as to the form of investment, but nothing more; and it is to be observed in this connection that the widow is one of the executors who are directed to make the invest- ' ment of them; and that his direction as to the mode of investment did not therefore necessarily contemplate her parting with the control and custody of the fund or the securities with which it might be put,”

At the very most, the testator’s will but gave to the person already entitled to its enjoyment the income of certain moneys without expressly making disposition of the principal sum upon her death. Under such circumstances this court is of the opinion that the surrogate rightfully refused to direct Esther Hayden to pay over the insurance moneys to the administrator with the will annexed, especially when the testator expressly declared that the provisions made in the second clause of his will were simply in lieu of dower, and not in consideration of her relinquishing her property right to the insurance moneys.

It is contended that the surrogate erred in the disallowing a charge of $2,083.33 made by the executor, Charles A. Hayden, for salary in conducting the furniture business of the testator from his death to the date of the executor’s retirement from his trust. By the will of the testator his executors were authorized in their discretion to continue for a year the business of the manufacture and sale of furniture in which the testator was engaged at the time of his death. It appears Charles A. Hayden was familiar with the business, and at the time of his father’s death was largely conducting the same, under an arrangement with his father by which he was to receive a salary of $5,000 a year for his services, and that after his father’s death his co-executors agreed to pay him at the same rate for continuing the business for the benefit of the estate. The charge made by him was upon that basis for the time he continued to manage the business.

If the persons making the agreement for this compensation were the only persons interested in the estate, they doubtless would not be heard to question the propriety of the charge, but the objection to it is made by infants who were not parties to the agreement, and upon their objection the charge was disallowed.

An executor cannot receive from an estate any greater compensation for his services than the statutory commission, however meritorious or extraordinary his services may be. Collier v. Munn, 41 N. Y. 143; Clinch v. Eckford, 8 Paige, 412; Morgan v. Hannas, 13 Abb. Pr. N. S. 361; Betts v. Betts, 4 Abb. N. C. 435.

It is, however, claimed that within the rule laid down in Lent v. Howard, 89 N. Y. 169, the executors should receive extra compensation. In that case, however, the services rendered were notin the line of the executor’s duty,while here the will expressly authorized a continuance of the business by the executors, and it was, in fact, continued by them as such, and in exercising their discretion to continue the business for the benefit of the estate the executors were but doing a duty they owed their trust and the parties interested in it. While the rule in this and in other special cases may work a hardship, nevertheless it is on. the whole a salutary and wise provision, and the surrogate committed no error in enforcing it in this case.

The surrogate’s decree in adjusting the commission of the executors denied commissions to Mrs. Hayden and to Mrs. Williams, and allowed one-half commission to the executor, Charles A. Hayden, upon the personal estate, namely $155,973.33, being the amount of the inventory and the income thereon. It is insisted on behalf of the counsel for the executor, Mrs. Hayden, that she is entitled by virtue of the provisions of § 2736 of the Code of Civil Procedure to whole commissions upon $155,973.33, and on the other hand it is contended by the counsel for the administrator that the executors, having resigned their trust before the final execution of their duties imposed on them by the will, are entitled to no commission upon the corpus of the estate. This contention, we think, is the law. The rule is laid down in the Matter of Jones, 4 Sandf. Ch. 615; followed and approved by this court in the Matter of Allen, 29 Hun, 7. It is difficult to see how the executors in this case can legally claim any commissions on the body of. the estate.

It appears here that the executors voluntarily resigned their trust and an administrator with the will annexed was appointed in their place. The one-half commission given by statute for receiving is to be allowed only on the accounting when the trust fund is finally paid over and the trust discharged, and if for any reason the trustee does .not perform the duty, his right to the commission is not complete.

As said in the Matter of Allen, 29 Hun, 9 : “If he (i.e., the resigning trustee) is allowed commissions on the corpus of the estate, a precedent will be set which will authorize his successor to take the like course under like circumstances, and the process may be repeated without limit, so that the estate may be depleted by taking from it a full commission on the capital (which exceeds $100,000 in value) whenever one of the trustees is permitted to resign for his convenience.” To the same general effect is the case of Matter of Baker, 35 Hun, 272.

We think, therefore, that the surrogate erred in allowing the executor, Charles A. Hayden, one-half commission on the uninventoried value of the personal estate, and the increase thereon.

It appears that there was received and paid out in the payment of debts and legacies $12,577. 26, and that there was received and paid out in the management and conduct of the business $58,844.36. As to the first of the sums, the will was fully executed, and full commission should be allowed. Matter of Allen, 29 Hun, 10.

As to the second amount (namely, $58,844.36) received and disbursed in the management of the business, more difficulty exists. While it is apparent that the money was received and paid out in the execution of the provisions of the will, and pursuant to the authority given by it, it nevertheless does not appear that from the business any profit or any advantage resulted to the estate. The buying and selling incident to the conduct of a manufactory or other business is at best a species of reinvestment of the trust funds. If commissions were to be allowed each time a stock in trade as purchased, or sold, it is quite probable, as well as possible, for a case to arise where the executor’s commission would largely consume the. body of the estate, especially where the stock in trade is rapidly turned over, and no great profit is realized from the transactions. It is quite manifest that the claim for commissions on the $58,844.36 was properly disallowed.

It has been further argued that inasmuch as the personal estate of the testator exceeded the sum of $100,000 in value, that under the provisions of § 2736 of the Code of Civil Procedure the executor, Charles A. Hayden, is entitled to three full commissions, he having done all the labor in managing the estate. Inasmuch as we have already held that the executors having resigned before executing are not entitled to commissions on the body of the estate, the only question remaining is whether three full commissions are to be allowed on the $12,577.26 received and paid out in the payment of debts and legacies, or whether the commission allowed on that sum shall be confined to one full commission to the executor handling that sum.

■ Section 2786 of the Code provides for commissions where the trust has been fully administered. It evidently has no application to a ease where the trust is not executed, and the executors resigned before their duties are finished.

In such a case we think no executor has the right to claim either for himself, or for his associate executors, the three cominissions allowed by the section, and where one full commission is allowed on $12,577.26 he is receiving all the law can give.

The decree appealed from should be modified by. disallowing half commissions on the item of $155,973.88 and by allowing one full commission upon $12,577.26 to the executor, Charles A. Hayden, and as so modified the decree is affirmed, without costs to either party of this appeal.

Dwight and Macomber, JJ., concur.  