
    UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Matthew LaVILLA, Clarkson Auto Electric, Inc., Gerald Fretto, Defendants-Appellants, Anthony Fretto, James Noto, Daniel Streff, Thomas Randall, Daniel Larocco, Edward Hawkins, David Dailey, Randy Van Steen, Defendants.
    Nos. 12-3493-cr, 12-3495-cr, 12-3512-cr.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Jan. 29, 2014.
    
      Bradley E. Tyler, Assistant United States Attorney, for William J. Hochul, Jr., United States Attorney for the Western District of New York, Rochester, NY, for Appellee.
    Joseph M. Latona, Office of Joseph, M. LaTona, Esq., Buffalo, New York; Matthew R. Lembke, Cerulli, Massare & Lembke, Rochester, New York; and Michael J. Tallón, Michael J. Tallón, P.C., Rochester, NY, for Defendants-Appellants.
    PRESENT: DENNY CHIN, SUSAN L. CARNEY and CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY, Circuit Judges.
   SUMMARY ORDER

Defendants-appellants Matthew LaVilla, Gerald Fretto, and Clarkson Auto Electric, Inc. (“CAE”) were indicted below for conspiracy to commit mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1349; mail fraud, id. §§ 1341 and 2; and conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, id. § 1956(h). Fretto and LaVilla were additionally indicted for engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from unlawful activity. Id. §§ 1957 and 2. The indictment seeks, inter alia, forfeiture of assets under 18 U.S.C. §§ 981(a)(1)(C) and 982(a)(1), as well as 28 U.S.C. § 2461(e).

Defendants appeal from the order of the district court (Siragusa, J.) entered August 16, 2012, denying their application for (1) the release of seized bank accounts to pay for counsel and (2) the production of materials relied upon by a government witness at a hearing held pursuant to United States v. Monsanto, 924 F.2d 1186 (2d Cir.) (in banc), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 943, 112 S.Ct. 382, 116 L.Ed.2d 333 (1991). The district court adopted the reasoning of Magistrate Judge Payson, who conducted the hearing and issued the decision and order initially denying defendants’ motion for the release of their assets.

On appeal, defendants argue primarily that (1) the government failed to establish probable cause that they committed the crimes charged in the indictment or that their assets are forfeitable and (2) the Federal Rules of Evidence should have been applied at the Monsanto hearing. We address these arguments in turn, assuming the parties’ familiarity with the facts, procedural history, and issues for review.

1. The Probable Cause Determination

When an ex parte pretrial restraint is placed on a defendant’s assets, thereby restricting his ability to retain counsel of choice, that defendant must be afforded “an adversary, post-restraint, pretrial hearing as to probable cause that (a) the defendant committed crimes that provide a basis for forfeiture, and (b) the properties specified as forfeitable in the indictment are properly forfeitable.” Monsanto, 924 F.2d at 1203. Probable cause exists where the totality of the circumstances suggests a “fair probability,” and not necessarily a “hard certaint[y],” that the defendant committed the crime alleged. Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d 139, 156 (2d Cir.2007) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)); see also In re Seizure of All Funds in Accounts in Names Registry Pub. Inc., 68 F.3d 577, 580 (2d Cir.1995).

Reviewing the district court’s probable cause determination de novo and its factual findings for clear error, United States v. Walsh, 712 F.3d 119, 123 (2d Cir.2013), we conclude that the government established probable cause that (a) defendants committed the crimes alleged in the indictment and (b) the seized bank accounts are traceable to those crimes and thus subject to pretrial restraint.

a. Evidence of the Crimes Alleged in the Indictment

The government alleges that the defendants arranged for Xerox mechanics to place purchase orders with CAE, on behalf of Xerox, for parts that Xerox did not need. According to the government, the Xerox mechanics provided defendants with used parts that belonged to Xerox. Defendants then repackaged those parts as new and sent them back to Xerox to fill the purchase orders. At the Monsanto hearing, the government presented sufficient evidence to establish probable cause to support these allegations.

Relying on information obtained from former CAE employees and a former Xerox mechanic, IRS Special Agent Erin Sta-cer testified that Anthony Fretto visited Xerox almost daily to acquire boxes of used parts, unloaded them at CAE, and instructed CAE employees to repackage the parts as new to be delivered back to Xerox the next day. Agent Stacer also obtained incriminating business records from both CAE and Xerox that showed that: between 2002 and 2007, CAE ordered significantly fewer new parts from its suppliers than it delivered to Xerox; in 2006, the five Xerox mechanics allegedly involved in the scheme each ordered considerably more parts from CAE than other mechanics, despite roughly equal workloads; in 2007, Xerox’s Corporate Security intercepted five boxes delivered to Xerox by Anthony Fretto and found used parts that were marked and billed as new parts; and Xerox’s orders for new parts plummeted after its relationship with CAE ended.

Agent Stacer testified that CAE employees informed her that LaVilla directed and personally participated in the repackaging of parts. She also testified that the Xerox mechanics who placed the fraudulent purchase orders often went to Gerald Fretto’s house to pick up various goods as compensation for their participation in the scheme. She also testified that a former CAE employee stated that LaVilla yelled at him “to stop marking the parts, the Xerox parts that he was repackaging.” That employee informed Agent Stacer that he noticed that the same parts were being repackaged and resent back to Xerox, and he thus began marking the parts to track how many times this was occurring.

This testimony and the corroborating business records established probable cause that defendants committed the crimes that were the basis of the forfeiture allegations.

b. Evidence of the Forfeitability of the Bank Accounts

Agent Stacer presented a thorough accounting of defendants’ bank accounts, revealing that the seized bank accounts were traceable to the allegedly ill-gotten proceeds from the scheme. On appeal, defendants make no argument suggesting otherwise. Consequently, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding sufficient probable cause here to sustain the pre-trial restraint on defendants’ assets.

2. Applicability of the Federal Rules of Evidence

Agent Stacer noted at the Monsanto hearing that before the hearing she reviewed her notes and memoranda of witness interviews, her grand jury testimony, and spreadsheets she prepared based on bank and Xerox records. Defendants argue that the magistrate judge erred by denying their request during the hearing for the production of those documents, contending that the magistrate judge should have applied Rule 612 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which governs the production of writings used to refresh a witness’s memory. We reject defendants’ arguments.

Assuming Rule 612 applies to Monsanto hearings, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting defendants’ request for the production of documents that Agent Stacer reviewed before testifying. When a witness reviews a document to refresh her memory before testifying—as Agent Stacer did here—a district court has discretion to order the production of that document “if the court decides that justice requires” production. See Fed.R.Evid. 612(a)(2), (b). We have previously identified Congress’s concern regarding the unwarranted and premature disclosure of evidence in criminal pretrial proceedings. See Monsanto, 924 F.2d at 1197-98. Here, defendants failed to establish that justice required the disclosure of Agent Stacer’s notes and other materials where the Agent was present at the Monsanto hearing for cross examination by defense counsel and her affidavits had previously been produced to the defendants. Thus, the magistrate judge’s decision not to order the production of the documents sought by the defendants was reasonable.

We have considered all of defendants’ remaining arguments and conclude that they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the order of the district court. 
      
      . Neither the parties nor the district court raised the issue below of whether 18 U.S.C. § 982 authorizes the pretrial restraint of assets. See United States v. Razmilovic, 419 F.3d 134, 136, 138-40 (2d Cir.2005). Accordingly, we assume that Section 982 permits the pretrial restraint of assets for the purposes of this case.
     
      
      . Anthony Fretto — a co-owner of CAE, father to Gerald Fretto, and also a defendant named ín the indictment — owns assets subject to the seizure order, but does not join in this appeal.
     