
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. William E. Hall, Appellant.
    
      Criminal trial — when persons having no business before the court may be excluded from the room— competency, as evidence, of acts and declarations of co-conspirators.
    
    The 6th amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides: “In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury,” applies to the United States courts only.
    Upon the trial of an indictment for extorting money from the complainant by threatening to publicly charge him with the commission of the crime of sodomy, the court may, in the interest of public morals, properly exclude from the court room persons having no business before the court or any connection with the case, except those whom the defendant desires to have present.
    
      Such action of the court is within the spirit of-section 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which confers upon the court the right, in certain actions and proceedings, not including those instituted on account of sodomy, to exclude the general public from the court room.
    Where the particular act of extortion upon which the indictment was based was done in pursuance of a conspiracy between the defendant and three others, the acts and declarations of the defendant’s confederates, in the execution and furtherance of their common design after the act alleged in the indictment, are admissible against the defendant. ' .
    Appeal by the defendant-, William E. Hall, from á judgment of the County Court of Monroe county in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Monroe on the 27th day of .December, 1897, upon the verdict of a jury convicting him of the crime of extortion, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on- the 27th day of December, 1897, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial.
    
      George M. Williams, for the appellant.
    
      S. J. Warren, District Attorney, for the respondent.
   Spring, J.:

The defendant was indicted jointly with three others, but tried alone, charged with extorting $200 from Eev. Father Fidelis C. Oberholzer on the 21st of June, 1897. .The gravamen of the accusation- is that three of the men indicted became acquainted with this Catholic priest, who had quite a sum of money laid . by; that after three or four meetings on' unimportant matters the- present defendant and McIntyre professed that they had caught him in a compromising attitude with the defendant -Williams, and charged him with the disgusting crime of sodomy; that they unsuccessfully tried to extort from him a check for $2,500 ; that on that same evening, which was June eighteenth, by preconcerted arrangement, the ■defendant and Williams and McIntyre went to the residence of Oberholzer and obtained $250 from him, and on June twenty-first $200. The threats used from the first were public exposure by the publication of his alleged crime in the newspapers. The weak old man, if his story be true, succumbed to these threats and paid these sums of money, although repudiating the charge made. The indictmeut is based on the transaction of June twenty-first, and was ■originally against the three named and a Catholic priest named Fitzgerald. The defendant’s proof showed that these sums of money were paid by Oberholzer, but the claim is that it was done voluntarily. It was contended on behalf of the People that the extortion of this money was the result of a conspiracy for that purpose entered into by the four defendants. There was no evidence showing any personal complicity of Fitzgerald in the actual obtaining of the money from the complainant, but there was evidence from which the jury might find the existence of this concerted plan io extort money from Oberholzer, and that Fitzgerald was privy to it, engaged with the others in - its consummation and received his share of the money extorted. Without further discussing the evidence, suffice it to say we are satisfied there is ample evidence in the record to uphold the verdict of the jury.

There had been one trial against McIntyre in the same court, and the county judge presiding knew the filthy character of the testimony which would be presented. After the jury had been secured the court announced that on account of the character of the testimony which it is reasonable to expect from this case, persons who have no business before the court or any connection with this case will be excluded from the court room. I make no exceptions to this rule.” Whereupon the counsel for the defendant asked if this order extended to representatives of the press, and the court said: “ I see no reason why the account of this case should be published.” 'The counsel for the defendant excepted and asked tor a public trial as prescribed by the Constitution- and the bill of rights and the Code, * * * and * f * that any citizen who desires to attend the trial may do so, so long as there is room for him in the -court room.” The following then occurred: The Court: If your client has some especial, friend that he wishes to have sit by him during this trial, I have no objection to such person remaining in the court room; but the disgusting and revolting character of the testimony which was brought out on the last trial is such that the public good requires the exclusion of all spectators during the course of this ■trial, and the court takes-the responsibility of keeping out the crowd. If there is any one you wish to have here as company for your client, that person may remain. Mr. Williams: I quite agree with your honor as to the crowd, but as to the press it seems to me that they should be admitted. I know of no provision which gives the court authority to make the order. The Court: I will assume the responsibility for the order; the sheriff will see that it is executed. [Exception taken by the defendant.] The Court: I hope there will be no misunderstanding about the intention of the court, or the right of the defendant to a public trial. If there is any person - — any particular individual you desire to have in the court room for the protection of your client’s rights, the court has no. intention of excluding any such person, but the- indiscriminate multitude.”

During the trial persons were admitted on the suggestion of the defendant’s counsel, and the court made it plain that any people the defendant desired to attend would not be excluded. The affidavits of the attendants disclosed that at all times during this trial, which occupied six days, there were from ten to fifty persons present in the court room aside from- the witnesses and those actually engaged in the trial. A part of the testimony adduced was reeking in its nastiness and, certainly, if the ruling of the court in excluding those, who from morbid curiosity desired to be present, is not in violation of the law, it should be sustained as it was in the interest of good morals and decency.

While the 6th amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury,” yet it has been held that this amendment applies to the United States courts alone and not to the courts of the State and is not in restriction of the powers of the State governments. (Matter of Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 219 ; Spies v. Illinois, 123 id. 131, 166.)

But it has been embodied in the laws of' each State as one of its fundamental provisions that a speedy and public trial shall be accorded to every person under indictment. .Section 8 of the Code of Criminal Procedure among other things provides: “ In a criminal action the defendant is entitled : 1. To a speedy and public trial.” And section 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure is as follows: “ The sittings of every court within this State .shall be public, and every ; citizen may freely attend the same, except that in all proceedings and trials in cases for divorce on account of adultery, seduction, abortion, rape, assault with intent to commit rape, criminal conversation and bastardy, the court may, in its discretion, exclude therefrom all persons who are not directly interested therein, excepting jurors, witnesses and officers of the court.” .

If a literal interpretation is to be given to these provisions, then the trial judge is utterly without any discretion whatever aside from the excepted cases. Whoever desires to come into court, however revolting may be the evidence adduced, the doors must swing inward to him. School children; the street urchins; girls of immature years,-may drink in and become poisoned by the lustful details wormed from the witnesses. That the protection of a public trial must be given to every defendant charged with a crime is obvious. JSTo court in this nation has ever held otherwise, so far as I am able to ascertain. That principle must be upheld unimpaired, but its retention does not entirely wrest from the trial judge the discretion to conduct the trial in such wise as to be consonant with good morals and common decency and in an orderly manner. If a man is maudlin drunk or a disturber of the decorum that should prevail, the court may order him to be ejected. (Chrisfield v. Perine, 15 Hun, 200 ; affd., 81 N. Y. 622.) If school children are in attendance and the witness begins a recital of a lascivious story, the judge must have the right to exclude these children. A suggestion might accomplish it. If not, the power to expel them must exist. If the court does not possess that power, then it has no right to obtain the result by suggestion. It cannot gain by indirection what it lacks the authority to do directly. If their exclusion is an interference with a legal or constitutional right of the defendant, the vice inheres whether the court room is vacated by the polite intimation of the presiding judge or by his peremptory order.

Courts and text writers have been prone to give a rigid interpretation to the necessity of a public trial, but it is patent that they have not gone to the extent of wholly divesting the trial judge of an intelligent discretion where public decency demands it. Judge Cooley says, in his work on Constitutional Limitations (at p. 379, 6th ed.): “ It is also requisite that the trial b% ■ public. By this is not meant that every person who sees fit shall in all cases be permitted to attend criminal trials, because there are many cases where, from the character of the charge and the nature of the evidence by which it is to be supported, the motives to attend the trial on the part of- portions of the community would be of the worst character, and where a regard to public morals and public' decency would require that at least the young be excluded from hearing and wit. nessing the evidences of human depravity which the trial must nec. essarily bring to light. The requirement of a public trial is for the benefit of. the accused; that the public may see he is fairly dealt with and not unjustly condemned, and that the presence of interested spectators may keeji his triers keenly alive to a sense of their respon-" sibility and to the importance of their functions; and the requirement is fairly observed if, without partiality or favoritism, a reasonable proportion of the public is suffered to attend, notwithstanding that those persons whose presence could be of no service to the accused, and who would only be drawn thither by a prurient curiosity, are-excluded altogether;”

In Abbott’s Trial Brief, Criminal Causes (§ 157), the rule is thus stated : “ The exclusion by the court of all persons other than those interested in the case, where, from the character, of the charge and nature of. the evidence, public morality would be injuriously affected, does not violate the right to a public trial.” (See, also, § 156; Grimmett v. State, 22 Tex. App. 36; State v. Brooks, 92 Mo. 542; 1 Bishop New Crim. Proc. § 959.)

The indictment is supposed to recite the facts, constituting the crime of which the defendant is accused. If, however, the facts are revolting in their obscenity, they need not be 'set out in the indictment, (People v. Kaufman, 14 App. Div. 305.) Publicpolicy requires their suppression as far as may be consistent with the rights of the accused.’

Two things are engrafted -on our Code of Criminal Procedure (§ 8, subd. 1) for the benefit of the defendant — a spee&y trial and a public trial. To make effectual the former requirement thé court must necessarily exercise its discretion. What constitutes a speedy trial is not fixed by the statute in days or months. It depends upon the circumstances of each particular case. It is-left with the court to determine whether that important right has been denied to the defendant. By jiarity of reasoning the court must decide whether or not the defendant has been denied a public trial. That is a term of some elasticity as well as the othei. In a time of political or local excitement, if the trial judge permitted the court room to be packed exclusively with men opposed to the defendant on trial, the trial would not be public in fairness to the defendant. Every seat and all the standing room might be occupied, but • the character- of the spectators present and the friendliness to the accused of those who failed to gain admittance, perhaps through the connivance of the court,‘are to be considered in deciding whether the rights of the defendant have been trampled upon. The exclusion of a dozen school girls or boys of no particular predeliction for the defendant on trial can work no harm to him. The statute is for his benefit, and such an expulsion does not harm or aid him. It is apparent, therefore, that while the defendant is entitled to a public trial, good morals or the exigencies of the situation may make that a relative term without injury to the defendant and without infringement upon the sanctity of the rights granted to him; that such discretion is vested in the presiding judge, and the test is whether or not it has béen abused.

Again, section 5 of the Code of Oivil Procedure, quoted above, distinctly gives the court the power to exclude from the court room all persons “ who are not directly interested therein, excepting jurors, witnesses and officers of the court,” in certain specified cases. It will be observed that the cases enumerated are those in which the testimony is apt to be too indecent for the public to hear. They also include all those of that type which are tried in the courts except in very infrequent instances. The object of these exceptions was in the interest of public morals, and the intent probably was to include all cases in which testimony of an obscene character was likely to be given. Careful as oar lawmakers have always been of the rights of the defendant, by this section the court is expressly vested with the ■ authority to exclude people generally from the trial. The present case is within the spirit of this statute. The reason that warrants the exclusion of the prying curiosity seekers in an action for divorce exists in this action.

The county judge had in mind the necessity of a public trial. He was insistent in stating that any friends of the defendant would be admitted or any one that his counsel suggested. The reason for his order was again and again made plain — that it was in consequence of the salacious details which were to be presented and not with any view of hampering the defendant or creating sentiment adversely to him. We think he possessed a discretion and exercised it wisely. ■

It is contended on behalf of the defendant that it was error to receive evidence of the transactions or ’statements of the original co-defendants occurring after June twenty-first. The evidence justifies the conclusion that these men were engaged jointly with a concerted purpose to filch money from the complainant. This did not' relate solely to the specific offense set out in the indictment, but it was a continuing design to blackmail, and that was carried, on after June twenty-first. It was during the execution of this fell purpose that the acts and declarations now complained of were done or uttered. It-is elementary that the declarations of each conspirator, are admissible against his confederates when they were made during the execution and in furtherance of their common design. (1 Greenl. Ev. [16th ed.] § 184; People v. Peckens, 153 N. Y. 576, 595.)

The extortion of the money charged in the indictment was -one fact, one element, in the general purpose to wrest money from Oberholzer. These conspirators continued to carry out this purpose for several days after the act of extortion, which is the subject-matter of the indictment. Whatever they did, although after this specific offense, during this period is in .the fulfillment of their design, arid is admissible against each one who is proved tó be á confederate. (People v. Peckens, 153 N. Y. 594, 595, supra; Card v. State, 109 Ind. 415, 418; Abb. Trial Brief Crim. Cas. § 547.) Fitzgerald’s connection with the scheme is shown by abundant evidence, so' that his letter comes within the rule 'stated. (Seville v. State, 49 Ohio St. 117.)

We have examined the other exceptions urged by the defendant’s counsel, but do'not deem them of sufficient- importance to call for any separate discussion.

The judgment is affirmed.

•All concurred.

Judgment on conviction and order denying motion for a new trial affirmed, and proceeding remitted to the clerk of Monroe county pursuant to section 547' of the Code of Criminal Procedure.  