
    HOWARD v HOWARD
    Docket No. 323124.
    Submitted May 5, 2015, at Detroit.
    Decided May 19, 2015, at 9:00 a.m.
    Tyronna Howard and Mark Howard (defendant) were divorced in the Wayne Circuit Court in 2006. The divorce judgment granted them joint legal custody of their children, but gave Tyronna primary physical custody, with extensive parenting time to defendant. In April 2013, Tyronna and the children moved in with her brother, Antonio Blackburn. Tyronna died in August 2013. Defendant then filed an emergency ex parte motion to enforce the divorce judgment and have the children returned to him. The court, Charlene Elder, J., set the matter for an expedited hearing on the motion and ordered Blackburn to appear. Defendant had brain tumors and multiple sclerosis and lived in a one-bedroom apartment in an assisted living facility. At various hearings on the motion, he had difficulty answering questions. Defendant’s counsel, however, repeatedly argued that Blackburn lacked standing and should not participate in the proceeding. At the evidentiary hearing on the child custody best-interest factors, defendant did not call witnesses, arguing that the parental presumption was in his favor and that there was no third party with standing who could rebut that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. Blackburn testified, and defendant’s counsel cross-examined him. No other witnesses were presented, and defendant did not testify on his own behalf. The court concluded that most of the best-interest factors in MCL 722.23 (part of the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq.) favored Blackburn and that none favored defendant. The court expressed concerns that defendant would be unable to provide for the care, safety, and welfare of his children and concluded that Blackburn had established by clear and convincing evidence that awarding him custody was in the children’s best interests. Defendant appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    1. While defendant argued that the trial court should not have allowed Blackburn to participate in the proceedings, whether Blackburn had standing was not an issue. Blackburn did not initiate this child custody dispute by filing a petition for custody of the minor children. Rather, defendant initiated this proceeding when he filed his motion seeking judicial intervention after his ex-wife died. As the natural parent, defendant was entitled to a parental presumption over Blackburn in this dispute, even though the children had been living with Blackburn. MCL 722.25(1) provides that if a custody dispute is between a parent and a third person, the court must presume that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the parent unless the contrary is established by clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, once a natural parent initiates a custody dispute with a third-party custodian, the third party has the right to present evidence to support his or her claim that the child’s best interests are served by the continued placement of the child with that third party instead of the natural parent. In any custodial dispute, the child’s best interests, described in MCL 722.23, must prevail.
    2. Defendant also argued that the trial court erred by ignoring the parental presumption and conducting a best-interest hearing. It was clear, however, that the trial court gave proper weight to the presumption favoring defendant as the preferred custodian of the children. Because that presumption may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence that custody with defendant was not in the best interests of his children, the trial court properly conducted a best-interest hearing. To the extent that defendant on appeal challenged the trial court’s obvious concerns regarding defendant’s fitness, his challenge was without merit. A natural parent’s fitness is an intrinsic component of a trial court’s evaluation of the best-interest factors in MCL 722.23, and concerns about parental fitness are of paramount importance in custody determinations. The trial court noted defendant’s obvious mental and physical deficits, as well as the fact that it was defendant’s sister who was speaking for defendant during the proceedings on defendant’s motion and was in fact the one pursuing the matter, rather than defendant. The children’s guardian ad litem indicated that defendant did not know the name of the school his children attended, where they lived, or what day of the week they visited him. Further, when asked how he would care for the children, defendant told the guardian ad litem that the children were big and could take care of themselves. The trial court’s consideration of this and other evidence bearing on defendant’s fitness was a properly focused inquiry on the best interests of the children, and the court did not err by awarding custody to Blackburn.
    Affirmed.
    
      Child Custody — Award to Third Party — Presumption in Favor of Natural Parent — Best Interests of Child.
    The Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., does not authorize a nonparent to create a child custody dispute by filing a complaint in the circuit court alleging that giving custody to the third party is in the best interests of the child; if a natural parent initiates a custody dispute with a third-party custodian, MCL 722.25(1) provides that the court must presume that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the parent unless the contrary is established by clear and convincing evidence; the third party has the right to present evidence to support his or her claim that the child’s best interests are served by the child’s continued placement with that third party instead of the natural parent, but in any custodial dispute, the child’s best interests, as described in MCL 722.23, must prevail.
    
      Helm, Miller & Miller (by Beth Anne Miller) for Antonio Blackburn.
    
      Joshua B. Kay and Sara J. Ginsberg (under MCR 8.120(D)(3)) for Mark Howard.
    Before: TALBOT, C.J., and CAVANAGH and METER, JJ.
   PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals as of right an order granting custody of his minor children to Antonio Blackburn, the brother of his deceased ex-wife. We affirm.

Defendant and Tyronna Howard divorced on November 13, 2006. They had three children, but only the custody of two is at issue here. The divorce judgment granted Tyronna and defendant joint legal custody, but Tyronna primary physical custody of the children with extensive parenting time to defendant. Tyronna fell ill and passed away on August 31, 2013. Before her death in April 2013, Tyronna and her children moved in with Blackburn.

On September 24, 2013, defendant filed an emergency ex parte motion to enforce the divorce judgment and have the children returned to him. Defendant alleged that he had attempted to bring his children home after Tyronna’s death, but Blackburn refused to return them. The trial court set the matter for an expedited hearing on defendant’s motion, ordered defendant to serve Blackburn, and ordered Blackburn to appear.

On October 1, 2013, Blackburn responded to defendant’s motion, indicating that defendant suffered from brain tumors and multiple sclerosis and lived in a one-bedroom apartment in an assisted living facility. Consequently, when she fell ill, Tyronna entrusted the care and custody of her children to her brother, Blackburn. Blackburn alleged that on September 18, 2013, he filed petitions for guardianship and conservatorship for each of the children, and he requested that the trial court “maintain the status quo and allow the minor children to remain with him until the probate court makes a decision on his petitions.”

On October 4, 2013, the trial court held a hearing on defendant’s motion. At the hearing, the trial court learned that defendant’s sister, LaDawne Malone, had power of attorney for defendant, and she admitted that she had “requested an exparte motion.” At that hearing, Malone stated that defendant “wants his custodial rights restored and the children returned to his house.” When the trial court questioned Malone about why defendant was not addressing the court himself, Malone indicated: “[H]e can’t cognitively speak. He has multiple sclerosis. He is not deemed unfit. He is deemed disabled which there’s a big difference.” At that hearing, the trial court placed defendant under oath and asked him if he wanted his children to live with him. Defendant stated: “I want my children. I really do. I love my children. I do.” However, when the trial court asked defendant if he was living in a one-bedroom assisted living facility, he could not answer, but instead looked to Malone for help. Malone requested that the trial court adjourn the matter until she could retain an attorney, and the matter was adjourned.

After defendant retained an attorney, the trial court appointed a guardian ad litem (GAL) for the children. Michelle Mack, the GAL, eventually gave her findings on the record, and both Blackburn’s and defendant’s attorneys questioned Mack, but she was not sworn in as a witness. Mack had interviewed each of the children alone, observed them at home and at school, and observed them visiting with defendant. Mack explained that the children love defendant, but they do not want to live with him because they felt that, due to defendant’s medical conditions, they would be taking care of defendant rather than defendant taking care of them. When Mack questioned defendant, he was unable to tell her where the children went to school or where they lived. When Mack asked defendant how he would care for the children, he told her that the children “were big, they could take care of themselves.”

Defendant’s counsel repeatedly argued that it was inappropriate for Blackburn to participate in the proceedings at all because Blackburn did not have standing in the matter. While the trial court agreed that Blackburn did not have standing, it refused defendant’s requests for a directed verdict or mistrial and overruled his objections on this ground. The trial court noted that it was authorized by the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq., to grant custody of the children to a third party, even one without standing, as long as it found that this was in the children’s best interests.

At the evidentiary hearing on the best-interest factors, defendant refused to call witnesses, arguing that the parental presumption was in his favor and that there was no third party with standing who could rebut the presumption by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court then allowed Blackburn to testify in the proceedings, and he was subject to cross-examination by defendant’s counsel. No other witnesses were presented in this matter, and defendant did not testify on his own behalf.

After this hearing, the trial court engaged in a lengthy analysis under the best-interest factors. The trial court found that Factors (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g), (h), (j), and (Z) favored Blackburn. It found that Factors (f) and (k) favored neither party. It found no factors in favor of defendant. With respect to Factor (Z), the catchall factor, the trial court detailed that the “most influential factor considered by this court to be relevant to this matter is fitness.” The trial court noted that because defendant had not taken the stand or presented any witnesses to testify on his behalf, the trial court was left with its observations, which included that defendant was in a wheelchair, that defendant raised his hand when his name was mentioned in court, and that defendant did not know his own address. The court stated, “Defendant’s counsel rested on the notion that Defendant is their Dad and the kids must be automatically returned or given to him.” The court further stated, “It is by no means this Court’s intention to deprive Defendant of his children, however it is this Court!’] s grave concern that Defendant is unable to provide for the care, safety, and welfare of his children.” The court concluded that Blackburn had established by clear and convincing evidence that awarding him custody was in the best interests of the children. This appeal followed.

Defendant first argues that the trial court impermissibly allowed Blackburn to participate in the proceedings and rebut the parental presumption owed to natural parents under MCL 722.25(1) because Blackburn did not have standing. After reviewing this question of law, we disagree. See Heltzel v Heltzel, 248 Mich App 1, 28; 638 NW2d 123 (2001).

As our Supreme Court explained in Ruppel v Lesner, 421 Mich 559, 565-566; 364 NW2d 665 (1984):

The Child Custody Act does not create substantive rights of entitlement to custody of a child. Rather, it creates presumptions and standards by which competing claims to the right of custody are to be judged, sets forth procedures to be followed in litigation regarding such claims, and authorizes the forms of relief available in the circuit court. While custody may be awarded to grandparents or other third parties according to the best interests of the child in an appropriate case (typically involving divorce), nothing in the Child Custody Act, nor in any other authority of which we are aware, authorizes a nonparent to create a child custody “dispute” by simply filing a complaint in circuit court alleging that giving custody to the third party is in the “best interests of the child.” [Citations omitted.]

Similarly, in Bowie v Arder, 441 Mich 23, 41; 490 NW2d 568 (1992), the Court noted that the Child Custody Act may not be interpreted “as a statutory means by which any interested person has standing to request the circuit court to make a determination of a child’s best interests with respect to the custody of that child.”

Defendant, however, initiated this proceeding. Thus, contrary to defendant’s repeated claims, whether Blackburn had standing was not an issue. Unlike in the cases defendant relies on to support his arguments, Blackburn did not initiate this child custody dispute by petitioning for custody of the minor children. See Bowie, 441 Mich at 48-49; Heltzel, 248 Mich App at 30. Rather, defendant filed this motion seeking judicial intervention after his ex-wife died, requesting that the court return his children, who had been living at Blackburn’s house. And defendant persistently argued that Blackburn could not participate in this proceeding and could present no evidence to contest defendant’s request for physical custody of his children.

It is true that, as the natural parent, defendant was entitled to a parental presumption over Blackburn in this dispute, even though the children had been living with Blackburn. See Hunter v Hunter, 484 Mich 247, 264-265; 771 NW2d 694 (2009). That is, the presumption in favor of an established custodial environment set forth in MCL 722.27(1)(c) yields to the parental presumption set forth in MCL 722.25(1). But it does not follow that Blackburn was precluded from contesting the return of the children to defendant; the parental presumption may be rebutted. See id. at 265. Once defendant filed this action, a “child custody dispute” arose because Blackburn had physical custody of the minor children. And the court had the right to award Blackburn custody of the children if certain circumstances existed. See, e.g., MCL 722.27(1)(a); Hunter, 484 Mich at 279; In re Anjoski, 283 Mich App 41, 62-63; 770 NW2d 1 (2009); Bowie v Arder, 190 Mich App 571, 573; 476 NW2d 649 (1991), aff'd 441 Mich 23 (1992); Hastings v Hastings, 154 Mich App 96, 100-101; 397 NW2d 232 (1986).

Under MCL 722.25(1), if a custody dispute is between a parent and a third person, “the court shall presume that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the parent or parents, unless the contrary is established by clear and convincing evidence.” (Emphasis added.) By the plain language of the statute, a third party is entitled to present'evidence for the purpose of contesting the parent’s claim that the best interests of the child are served by awarding custody to the parent. Further, in Heltzel, 248 Mich App at 27, we held:

[C]ustody of a child should be awarded to a third-party custodian instead of the child’s natural parent only when the third person proves that all relevant factors, including the existence of an established custodial environment and all legislatively mandated best interest concerns within [MCL 722.23], taken together clearly and convincingly demonstrate that the child’s best interests require placement with the third person.

Thus, again, it is clear that once a natural parent initiates a custody dispute with a third-party custodian, the third party has the right to — and indeed must — present evidence in support of that party’s claim that the child’s best interests are served by the continued placement of the child with that third party instead of the natural parent. “[I]n any custodial dispute the child’s best interests, described within MCL 722.23, must prevail.” Id. Accordingly, defendant’s argument that the trial court erred when it allowed Blackburn to participate in this proceeding and present evidence in support of his claim that defendant should not have custody of the children is without merit.

Defendant also argues that the trial court erred when it ignored the parental presumption and conducted a best-interest hearing. We disagree that the trial court ignored the parental presumption. It is clear that the trial court gave proper weight to the presumption favoring defendant as the preferred custodian of the children; however, that presumption may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence that custody with defendant was not in the best interests of the children. See Hunter, 484 Mich at 265. As our Supreme Court explained in Bowie, 441 Mich at 52, “the Legislature standardized the criteria for resolving child custody disputes by requiring the circuit court to evaluate eleven factors in making its determination of the best interests of a child.” See also MCL 722.23. In this case, Blackburn had been entrusted with physical custody of the children and contested defendant’s request for custody on the ground that placement with defendant was not in the best interests of the children. To resolve the competing claims of Blackburn and defendant in this custody dispute, the trial court properly conducted a best-interest hearing. See Frowner v Smith, 296 Mich App 374, 386; 820 NW2d 235 (2012).

Defendant also argues that the trial court erred “when it failed to apply the parental presumption and forced him to carry the burden of persuasion throughout the proceedings against him.” We disagree with defendant’s characterization. As already discussed, a best-interest hearing was properly conducted and Blackburn was properly permitted to present evidence in an attempt to rebut the presumption that the children’s best interests required physical custody with defendant. To the extent that defendant challenges the trial court’s obvious concerns regarding defendant’s fitness, that challenge is without merit. As noted in Hunter, 484 Mich App at 270, “a natural parent’s fitness is an intrinsic component of a trial court’s evaluation of the best interest factors in MCL 722.23.” And “concerns about parental fitness are of paramount importance in custody determinations.” Id. at 271. In this case, the court noted defendant’s obvious mental and physical deficits, as well as the fact that it was defendant’s sister who was speaking for him and pursuing this matter rather than defendant. The GAL also indicated that defendant did not know the name of the school that his children attended, where they lived, or the day of the week that they came to visit him. Further, when asked how he would care for the children, defendant told the GAL that the children “were big, they could take care of themselves.” The trial court’s consideration of this and other evidence bearing on defendant’s fitness was a properly focused inquiry on the best interests of the children. See id.

Affirmed.

Talbot, C.J., and CAVANAGH and METER, JJ., concurred. 
      
       The record does not reflect whether Blackburn’s petitions for guardianship and conservatorship were ever heard by the probate court.
     
      
       Because defendant has not argued that the trial court’s findings under the best-interest factors were against the great weight of the evidence, we will not detail the trial court’s findings.
     
      
       MCL 722.23(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (g), (h), (j), and (1).
      
     
      
       MCL 722.23(f) and (k).
     
      
       MCL 722.23(l).
     
      
       The term “child custody dispute” is used broadly throughout the Child Custody Act, and its meaning includes any action or situation involving the placement of a child. Sirovey v Campbell, 223 Mich App 59, 68; 565 NW2d 857 (1997).
     
      
       We note and reject defendant’s claim in Ms brief on appeal that “under the court’s logic, virtually any third party who has a parent’s children under Ms roof can sustain a claim for custody over a parent’s objection.” TMs statement is a mischaracterization of the third party’s burden. See Heltzel, 248 Mich App at 27.
     