
    McLaughlin v. McCrory.
    Decided February 13, 1892.
    1. State—Land-titles.
    
    A State possesses the power to provide for the adjudication of titles to real estate within its limits as against non-residents who are brought into court by publication only.
    2. Equity—Jurisdiction in rem—Land.
    
    A court of equity in this State is empowered by statute to annul a deed and establish title to land within its jurisdiction by mere force of its decree, and to that extent its action is in rent.
    
    3. Constructive service—Local action.
    
    A suit to cancel a fraudulent deed of land and revest title in the plaintiff is an action “ for the recovery of real property, or of an estate or interest therein,” within sec. 4994 Mansf. Dig., which must be brought in the county where the land lies, and may be prosecuted against a non-resident defendant by publication {id., sec. 5005).
    CERTIORARI to Woodruff Circuit Court in chancery.
    Matthew T. Sanders, Judge.
    
      J. C. Hawthorne for petitioner.
    1. The judgment is void for want of jurisdiction over the person of the petitioner. This was not brought for the recovery of land or any interest therein (Mansf. Dig., sec. 4994, sub-division 1), but to cancel title or remove a cloud, and is transitory, and the court must have jurisdiction of the person. 6 Cranch, 148; 18 How., 263 ; 42 Ark., 446; 4 Pet., 466; 9 Wall., 812 ; 95 U. S., 714; 6 Whart. (Pa.), 392. See also 47 Ark., 86.
    • 2. The decree of a State court for the removal of a cloud upon title to land in the State rendered against a citizen of another State cited by publication only, as directed by local statutes, is no bar to an action by him in the United! States courts to recover the land against the former plaintiff, no U. S.,‘151; 72 Iowa, 245; 17 Fed. Rep., 873 ; 27^,355;. 35 id., 86. Generally, if not universally, equity jurisdiction is exercised in personam and not in rem, and depends upon the control of the parties, and not upon the place where the land lies ; and a bill to remove a cloud or cancel a deed for fraud is a proceeding in personam.zxíá not in rem; and, in the absence of express provisions of the statute, the proceeding in rem by publication is void. 3 Sandf. Chy., 185 ; 7 N. Y, Ch. (Co-op.), 818; 20 Tex., 334; noU. S., 151.
    
      W. R. Coody for appellee.
    The venue is local. Mansf. Dig., sec. 4994. Non-rtsidents may be proceeded against by publication; and the courts act in rem. Ib., secs. 4989, 4992, 4993; Acts 1887, page S3; 42 Ark., 446; Mansf. Dig., sec. 3953; 3S Ark., 181.
   Cockrill, C. J.

This is a petition to this court for a writ of certiorari presented by McLaughlin to quash a judgment against him, rendered by the Woodruff circuit court. Mc-Crory was the judgment plaintiff. He filed his complaint against McLaughlin, alleging that the latter had obtained from him through fraud a deed to lands lying in Woodruff county, of which he, McCrory, was the owner.

The facts in relation to the fraud were spcifically set forth, It being made to appear that McLaughlin was a non-resident of the State, he was summoned by warning order. He failed to appear; the court found that the allegations of the complaint were true ; adjudged the cancellation of the deed which McCrory had executed, and that the title be revested in him. McLaughlin now seeks to quash that judgment, arguing that the court could act in personam only in cancelling his title, and that, as it did not have jurisdiction of his person, the judgment is void. To sustain that contention, he relies upon the case of Hart v. Ransom, 110 U. S., 151. The syllabus of that case is misleading. It is to the effect that “a decree of a State court for the removal of a cloud upon the title of land within the State, rendered against a citizen of another State, who had been cited by publication only, as ■directed by the local statutes, is no bar to an action ” by the non-resident defendant to recover the land in ejectment from the plaintiff in the suit prosecuted upon service by publication.

The conclusion announced in the syllabus is correct only where there is an absence of legislation conferring power -upon the courts where the lands lie to exercise jurisdiction upon citation by publication, as in the nature of a proceeding in rent. Anciently, courts of equity exercised jurisdiction exclusively over the person of the defendant, refusing to interfere with or act upon the corpus of his estate. Pickett v. Ferguson, 45 Ark., 212. It is not probable that any such court is now so confined in its jurisdiction. If, however, the court which enters the decree in a given case is authorized to act therein in personam only, it acquires no jurisdiction by publication to grant relief. That is well .settled, and that is the full extent to which it can be said the authority of the decision goes in Hart v. Sansom.

Judge Brewer reviews the cases upon this subject in Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S., 316, and announces for the court that the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States coincide with the decisions of the various State courts in maintaining that a State possesses the power “to provide for the adjudication of titles to real estate within its limits as against non-residents who are brought into court only by publication,” even though a court of equity where the defendant is found might be competent to force him to execute a release of his claim of title. That is the settled law. If it be conceded then that a suit to set aside a deed* upon the ground that it was obtained by fraud is one that a court of equity could entertain by acting upon the person of the party who committed the fraud without regard to the situs ■of the land, it is only necessary to ascertain ' whether the Woodruff circuit court has been empowered to divest title by force of its decree upon citation by publication.

Since 18^7 the following provisions, found in Mansfield’s u/ ° * Digest, have been the law of this State: “ In all cases where the court may decree the conveyance of real estate, or the delivery of personal property, they (it) may, by decree, pass the title of such property without any act to be done on the part of the defendant, where it shall be proper, and may issue a writ of possession, if necessary, to put the party in possession of such real or personal property, or may proceed by attachment or sequestration.” Sec. 3953. “ When an unconditional decree shall be made for a conveyance, release or acquittance, and the party required to execute the same shall not comply therewith, the decree shall be considered and taken to have the same operation and effect, and be as available as if the conveyance, release or acquittance had been executed conformably to the decree.” Ib., sec. 3954.

So far then from being confined to acting in personam, the courts of this State are empowered to annul a deed and establish title to lands within their jurisdiction by mere force of their decrees. To that extent their action is in rem.

Jones, McDowell & Co. v. Fletcher, 42 Ark., 422, 446-7.

The code of civil procedure contemplates that every action which can be maintained by personal service of process may be maintained against a non-resident by publication, if property can be found upon which to exercise jurisdiction. It abolishes all forms of action (Mansf. Dig., sec. 4914-15), and provides generally that a civil action may be commenced by filing a complaint and issuing a summons for personal service, or by publishing a warning order where the defendant isa non-resident. Ib., secs. 4967, 4975, 4989. If constructive service is resorted to, the action may be brought in any county where property of the defendant is found, unless it is one of the actions made local by the statute. Mansf. Dig., sec. 5005. Among these are actions "for the recovery of real property or of an estate or interest therein,” which must be brought in the county where the land lies. Ib., 4994. Now if it be true that a court of equity may cause a deed to be cancelled by acting in personam as in a transitory action, it is certain that when it attempts to accomplish that result by the force of its own decree, it acts in rem. Jones, McDowell & Co. v. Fletcher, 42 Ark., sup. That is the common reason given for defeating the decree in those cases where the court, having jurisdiction of the person of a defendant, attempts by the mere force of its decree to •divest his title to lands lying beyond its jurisdiction—as in -another State. In such a case the decree cannot have effect because the land which it purports to act upon is not within the jurisdiction of the court. Carpenter v. Strange, 141 U. S., 87; Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S., sup.; Davis v. Headley, 7 C. E. Green, 115 ; Cooley v. Scarlett, 38 Ill., 316; Burnley v. Stevenson, 24 Ohio St., 474. Because the decree in this ■case does operate upon the land, the action was local, and •comes within the meaning of and is controlled by the section of the statute last quoted. In the case of Jones, McDowell & Co. v. Fletcher, 42 Ark., supra, it was ruled that that section is broad enough to cover, all actions at law or -in equity where the judgment or decree is to operate in rem.

As the court was empowered to cancel a deed obtained by fraud by acting upon the land, and as the statute authorizes the prosecution of an action for that purpose against a non-resident by publication, nothing is wanting to sustain the decree in question. The petition must therefore be disimissed.

It is so ordered.  