
    State, Respondent, vs. City of Milwaukee and another, Appellants.
    
      December 6, 1910
    
    February 21, 1911.
    
    
      Statutes: When affect rights of the state: Claims against county or city: Action by state: Pleading: Demurrer: Fines collected and not paid to state: Liability of county and city.
    
    1. Words of a statute applying to private rights do not affect those of the state. The general business of the legislative power is to establish laws for individuals, not for the sovereign; and when the rights of the state are to be transferred or affected the intention must be plainly expressed or necessarily implied.
    2. The state may maintain an action directly against a county or a city charged with detaining moneys belonging to the state, and is not obliged to pursue its remedy in the manner prescribed by sees. 676-678, 682, 683, Stats. (1898), or by provisions of the city charter, all of which relate to the collection of private claims.
    3. If the complaint is bad, a demurrer to the answer may be sustained as a demurrer to the complaint.
    
      4. In an action by the state against a county and a city, allegations of the complaint that defendants have received to the use of the state and unlawfully detain a certain sum, being the clear proceeds of fines collected, which said sum defendants were legally bound and promised to pay to plaintiff without demand according to the provisions of the constitution and statutes of the state, mean merely that the treasurers of the defendants received such fines and failed to pay them over to the state as required by the constitution and laws.
    5. The county and city are not liable for such default of their treasurers, and can be held liable for the money sued for only upon ■ a showing that they actually received it and used it for legitimate municipal purposes.
    'Appeals from orders of tbe circuit court for Milwaukee county: W. J. TubNeb, Circuit Judge.
    
      Reversed.
    
    Tbe amended complaint alleges that at all tbe times hereinafter mentioned tbe defendant City of Milwaukee was and is a municipal corporation of tbe state of Wisconsin, situated in tbe County of Milwaukee; tbat tbe defendant County of Milwaukee at all times hereinafter mentioned was and is one of tbe county municipal subdivisions of tbe state;
    “Tbat heretofore, to wit, at various times on and between tbe first day of January, 1859, and tbe first day of January, 1909, tbe said defendants have received as tbe clear proceeds of fines imposed and collected within tbe said County of Milwaudcee, for violations of tbe penal laws of said state, the sum of two hundred and twenty thousand seven hundred and thirty-two and forty-eight one-hundredths dollars ($220,132.48) to tbe use of the plaintiff, which said sum of money said defendants were legally bound and promised to pay to tbe plaintiff without demand, according to tbe provisions of tbe constitution and statutes of said state, but which said sum of money tbe said defendants unlawfully detain.”
    Then follow tbe amounts alleged to have been paid to and received by defendants yearly from 1859 to 1909, aggregating $220,132.48. Plaintiff alleges tbat said sums of money are now due and have not been paid, nor any part thereof, and demands judgment for said sum of $220,732.48 witb interest, together with costs and .disbursements of this action.
    The defendant City of Milwaukee answered .setting up several defenses, and among others the statutes of limitation as follows:
    “And for a further defense this defendant alleges that even though the plaintiff might have had a cause of action against the defendant as contained in said complaint, the plaintiff is barred from the prosecution of such action so far as the same is affected by section 4229, Wisconsin Statutes 1898, as amended by chapter 1 of the Laws of Wisconsin for 1905, pursuant to which such action must be commenced within ten years after the cause of action therefor has accrued, and that plaintiff did not commence said action until March 13, 1909.”
    The defendant Gounty of Milwaukee answered, also setting up the statutes of limitation as a separate defense as follows:
    “And for further defense said defendant County of Milwaukee alleges that if said plaintiff ever had a cause of action against said defendant Gounty of Milwaukee as stated in said complaint, said plaintiff is barred from the prosecution thereof so far as the same relates to any fines or penalties collected or paid more than ten years prior to the service of the summons and complaint herein upon the defendant, as provided by section 4229 of the Wisconsin Statutes of 1898, as amended by chapter 1 of the Laws of Wisconsin for 1905.”
    The plaintiff demurred separately to the defenses of the statutes of limitation set up by the defendants Gounty of Milr wauleee and Gity of Milwaukee for want of facts sufficient to constitute a defense, and upon the hearing of the demurrer of plaintiff to part of the answer of the defendant Gounty of Milwaukee said defendant demurred to the complaint for the following reasons: (1) that said complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against said defendant County of Milwaukee; (2) that said plaintiff has not capacity to sue; and (3) that this court has no jurisdietion of the action. The court below overruled the demurrer of the defendant Oounty of Milwaukee to the complaint and sustained the' demurrer of plaintiff to that part of the answers of the defendants Oounty of ■ Milwa/ulcee and Oity of Milwaukee setting up the statutes of limitation. Both defendants appealed.
    Eor the appellant Oity of Milwaukee there was a brief by Daniel W. Moan, city attorney, and W. H. Timlin, Jr., special assistant city attorney, and oral.argument by Mr. Timlin.
    
    Eor the appellant Oounty of MilwavJcee there was a brief by Chas. A. A. McGee, district attorney, and Norman L. Baker, assistant district attorney, and oral argument by Mr. Baher.
    
    Eor the respondent there were briefs by the Attorney General, Bussell Jackson, deputy attorney general, and A. 0. Titus, first assistant attorney general, and oral argument by Mr. Jaclcson and Mr. Titus.
    
   KeRWIN, J.

The defendants assign error in overruling the respective demurrers of the plaintiff to the answers of the defendants as demurrers to the plaintiff’s complaint, and in sustaining such demurrers as demurrers to the answers, also in overruling the demurrer of the defendant Oounty of Milwaukee to the plaintiff’s complaint interposed after the answer was served and upon the hearing of the plaintiff’s demurrers to the answers of defendants. The theory of the court below in overruling the demurrer of the defendant Oounty of Milwaukee was that the objection that the plaintiff failed to proceed according to secs. 676, 677, 678, 682, and 683, Stats. (1898), must be taken by plea in abatement or answer or it is waived, and held that the complaint stated a good cause of action. We need not stop to determine whether the failure to comply with the foregoing sections of the statute could be waived, as held by the court below, in case the action were brought by a private party, because we are of opinion that tbis statute bas no application to tbe cause of action set up in tbe complaint brought by tbe State of Wisconsin. Tbe above statutes do not, either expressly or by necessary implication, refer to tbe state, and it is a general rule that such statutes in general terms do not bind tbe state. Milwaukee v. McGregor, 140 Wis. 35, 121 N. W. 642; U.S. v. Hoar, 2 Mason, 311; Jones v. Tatham, 20 Pa. St. 398; Endlich, Interp. Stats. § 161; Cole v. White Co. 32 Ark. 45; Gilman v. Sheboygan, 2 Black (U. S.) 510. In Jones v. Tatham, supra, the court said (page 411):

“Words of a statute applying to private rights do not affect those of tbe state. This principle is well established, and is indispensable to tbe security of tbe public rights. Tbe general business of tbe legislative power is to establish laws for individuals, not for tbe sovereign; and, when tbe rights of tbe commonwealth are to be transferred or affected, the intention must be plainly expressed or necessarily implied.”

No reason is perceived why tbe foregoing rule should not apply to tbe instant case, and if so tbe state was not obliged to pursue its remedy in tbe manner indicated by tbe statutes above referred to, but could maintain an action directly against tbe municipalities charged with detaining tbe money. Tbe rule is of ancient origin and based upon tbe idea that tbe crown is not bound by a statute unless named in it and that tbe law is prima facie presumed to be made for subjects only. Bishop, Written Laws, § 103, and cases cited. And it is presumed that tbe legislature does not intend to deprive tbe crown of any prerogatives, rights, or property unless it expresses its intention to do so in explicit terms or makes tbe inference irresistible. State v. Kinne, 41 N. H. 238; Bishop, Written Laws, § 103; State v. Garland, 7 Ired. L. (N. C.) 48. Tbe English rule bas been adopted in tbis country. In State v. Kinne, supra, in speaking on tbis subject tbe court said (page 241) : “Such a statute would not have been made bad not tbe rule we have stated been understood to prevail, that the state here, like the crown, in England, is not bound by the provisions of a general statute which affects its prerogatives, rights, or interests, unless expressly named.” Bennett v. McWhorter, 2 W. Va. 441. What has already been said applies as well to the defendant city as to the defendant county, and we therefore conclude that failure to comply with the statutes referred to or the charter provisions respecting collection of claims against cities is not a bar to an action by the State of Wisconsin.

Respecting the position as to whether or not the complaint states a cause of action regardless of the matter before referred to, the question is reached by the plaintiff’s demurrers to the answers of the defendants county and city under the familiar rule that if the complaint is bad the demurrers to the answers reach back to the complaint and may be sustained as demurrers to the complaint. Lawe v. Hyde, 39 Wis. 345; Eaton v. North, 25 Wis. 514; State ex rel. Leiser v. Koch, 138 Wis. 27, 119 N. W. 839. So we reach the question whether the complaint states a cause of action against the defendants.

It is true under our system of pleading and the decisions of this court that pleadings should be liberally construed. But we fail to see how under such rule it can be said that the complaint states a cause of action in the case before us. It merely charges that the defendants received the fines and detained them to1 the use of the plaintiff and which the defendants were legally bound and promised to pay to plaintiff without demand according to the provisions of the constitution and statutes of the state. These allegations, when read in the light of the provisions of the constitution and statutes of this state, clearly mean that the treasurers of the defendants received and detained the fines, and for that act the defendants are not liable. Under the constitution and laws of the state the fines passed into the hands of the city and county treasurers to be paid over to the state. Subd. 5, sec. 715, Stats. (1898), makes it the duty of tbe treasurer of tbe county to transmit to tbe state treasurer a verified statement of all moneys received by bim during tbe year-which were payable to the state treasurer for fines, and pay to tbe state treasurer the amount thereof after deducting the legal fees. It is also made tbe duty of tbe city treasurer, under tbe law, to pay over to tbe county treasurer tbe portion of tbe fines belonging to tbe state. So sucb moneys received by tbe county or city treasurer are not tbe moneys of tbe respective municipalities, and such municipalities cannot be charged with having received or detained them except it be shown that they have used such moneys for legitimate municipal purposes; and tbe allegations that defendants have received sucb fines and are legally bound to pay without demand according to the provisions of the constitution and statutes of the' state simply mean that the moneys were paid to .the treasurers of tbe respective municipalities and that they have failed to account or pay as required by law. Eor sucb default upon the part of the treasurers the municipalities are not liable. Smith v. Barron Co. 44 Wis. 686; Crandon v. Forest Co. 91 Wis. 239, 64 N. W. 847; Wallace v. Menasha, 48 Wis. 79, 4 N. W. 101; Hayes v. Oshkosh, 33 Wis. 314; Vigo Tp. v. Knox Co. 111 Ind. 170, 12 N. E. 305; Gray v. Tompkins Co. 93 N. Y. 603. We think it clear under the constitution and statutes governing this subject that there can be no liability against the defendants or either of them except upon a showing that they received tbe money and actually used it for legitimate municipal purposes. Thompson v. Elton, 109 Wis. 589, 85 N. W. 425; Rice v. Ashland Co. 114 Wis. 130, 89 N. W. 908.

We are of opinion that the complaint fails to state a cause of action, therefore the demurrers of the plaintiff to the respective answers of the defendants should have been sustained as demurrers to the complaint, and the demurrers to that part of the answers setting up the statutes of limitation should have been overruled, for the reason that the complaint fails to state a canse of action in not stating or showing by appropriate allegations that the defendants actually received and used for legitimate municipal purposes the money sued for.

By the Oourt. — The orders appealed from are reversed on both appeals, and the cause remanded for,further proceedings according to law.

TimliN, J\, took no part.  