
    John G. Kinkele et al., Appellants, v. Emma Giles Wilson, Respondent.
    (New York Common Pleas — General Term,
    June, 1894.)
    By the will of a testator the entire income of his estate was given to his wife so long as she remained unmarried, and in case of her remarriage .an annuity of §2,000 was directed to be paid to her, the estate itself being devised to plaintiffs and others subject to such provisions. By a codicil it was provided that “in addition to the provisions” for the widow in the will, there was given to her “ all my household goods and furniture absolutely, as and for her own property and to be at her own disposal; and also I do give, devise and bequeath to my wife in fee simple all the equal third of my real estate,” such gifts to take effect whether she remarried or not. It also revoked the devise in the will and gave the same to the plaintiffs in equal shares, “ saving and except- . ing therefrom the one equal third part of my real estate * * !'~ which I have herein given, devised and bequeathed to my said wife.”' Held, that the widow took the third devised to her by the codicil subject to its proportionate share of the annuity.
    Appeal by plaintiffs from a judgment in favor of defendant, entered upon the report of a referee.
    Action for an accounting for moneys received.
    
      C. P. & W. M. Buckley, for appellants.
    
      George Burnham, Jr., for respondent.
   Bookstaver, J.

Henry 0. Giles died April 27, 1887, leaving a last will and testament and a codicil thereto, both of which were duly admitted to probate in this county. George B. Patterson, one of the executors named in the will, qualified as such and has taken charge of the estate, which consisted of a small amount of personal property and the premises known as-Nos. 163, 165 and 175 Canal street, in this city. Emma Giles, the defendant herein and the widow of Henry C. Giles, remanded February 1, 1891. The executor did not know of this until some months after it took place, and paid her th& entire income of the estate up to May 1, 1891. Since that time he has paid her at the rate of $2,000 per annum, and the remainder of the income is -still in his hands. Plaintiffs seek an accounting by the defendant for all the moneys received by her since her remarriage, and that she pay over to each of • them one-third of the net income of the estate since that time, less the sum of $2,000. Whether the action will lie or not depends upon the construction to be given to certain portions of the will and codicil. The testator in Sis will, after providing for the payment of his debts and funeral expenses, directed that the rents and income of his estate should be paid to’his wife Emma, the defendant herein, “ so long during her natural life as she shall remain my widow and unmarried.” If she should remarry he directed that the sum of $2,000 annually should be paid to her at specified periods during her life. Subject to this provision for his widow, he gave, devised and bequeathed his estate in equal shares to certain relatives, including the plaintiffs. ' The will also provided that the above-named provisions for testator’s wife should be in lieu of dower and every other right or interest she might have in the estate.

By the codicil the testator changed his will as follows: “ In addition to the provisions which in and by my said will I have made for the benefit of my beloved wife, Emma Giles, I do give and bequeath unto her all my household goods and furniture absolutely, as and for her own property and to be at her own disposal: And also I do give, devise and bequeath unto my said wife in fee simple all the' one equal third of my real estate,” etc., “and these gifts are to take effect whether or not she shall remarry after my death, if she shall survive" me.” He then revokes his devise to certain nieces, and continues, “ hereby declaring that it is my will that my brother' William P. Giles and my nephew John G. Kinkele shall take' in equal shares the portion of my estate which in and by my said will is given, devised and bequeathed to them and to my said two nieces, saving and excepting therefrom the one equal third part of my real"estate and the household goods and furniture, which I have herein given, devised and bequeathed to-my said wife Emma Giles.”

Appellants contend that since the remarriage of the respondent they are each entitled to one-third of the net annual income of the estate, after deducting $2,000 awarded the widow annually by the will, while respondent contends that she is entitled to one-third of the entire net income of the estate and to $2,000 more. In other words, if the entire net income of the estate were $6,000 she would be entitled to $4,000, while the devisees of two-thirds of the estate would be entitled to only $1,000 each.

¡Respondent bases this contention on the language of that part of the codicil before quoted, and insists that the whole of the first part of it should be read as one sentence, and that inasmuch as the first clause gives the household goods and furniture to the respondent absolutely as and for her own property, to be at her own disposal,” so the second clause, connected, as she claims, by the words “ and also,” devised one-third of the real estate to her in like manner, i. e„, as and for her own property, to be at her disposal. But this seems to us to be a very inartificial and forced construction of the sentence. Had this been the intention of the testator the natural construction of the sentence would have been to have placed the words “ absolutely as and for her own property, and to be at her own disposal ” after both the gift and the devise, so that they would have controlled both clauses of the sentence. While it is true, as respondent contends, that the word “ also ” has the meaning of “ in like manner,” it more frequently means “too, further, in addition to” (Imperial Dictionary, Webster’s Dictionary, ad lim verba); and this we think the plain and natural meaning in the sentence under consideration. Thus read the whole sentence is plain and unambiguous. The first clause, commencing witli “in addition to,” gives the personal property to the widow absolutely; the second clause, commencing “ and also,” devises one-tliird of the realty to her in addition to the personalty, but subject to whatever charge there was upon the whole realty, the change of language from “in addition to” to “and also” being made to avoid the repetition of the same words and not because the meaning had changed. So far on the theory that all was intended as one sentence, but this, we think, was not the intention. ■Some error has crept into, the codicil as it stands. The gift of the personal property is separated from the devise of the realty by a colon, while the And ” in the devising clause is written with a capital letter. No ordinary copyist, and certainly no one capable of drafting a will, would write the conjunction and ” with a capital in the middle of a sentence,' any more than he would “ if ” or “ or.” It is far more likely that the copyist, through error or mere inadvertence, put two •dots where one should have been written, than that he should have written and ” with a capital A. If this is so, then we have two complete sentences, one containing a gift to the widow absolutely, free from all charges, and the other a devise •subject to any charge then existing on the realty.

The respondent also insists that the use of the words in •addition to ” frees the devise of the one equal third of the real estate to her from the charge on the remainder of the real ■estate. But, as we have before shown, these words only mean that the widow was to have something in addition to the $2,000 left her by the will in case of her remarriage. This •additional something was, first, personal property, which the testator was careful to provide should be free from every ■charge by giving it to her absolutely in every event; and, second, one-third of the realty, which he devised without any •such provision.

Nor do we think that the words “ in fee simple ” at all aid respondent's contention.. Fee simple is defined by Bouvier to be “ a pure estate of inheritance, not restrained by any heirs nor subject to any condition or collateral determination, except the law of escheat.” Vol. 2, p. 215. The word “ simple ” adds no meaning to the word “ fee ” standing by itself. But it excludes all qualification or restriction as to the persons who may inherit it as heirs, thus distinguishing it from fee tail, as well as from an estate which, though inheritable, is subject to conditions or collateral determination. 1 Washb. Beal Prop. 51. The phrase does not mean that the fee is to be absolutely free from all incumbrances or charges. The words would have been apt and appropriate had the real estate been mortgaged for two-thirds of its value. But in that event no one would have argued that these words released the widow’s share from the incumbrance of the mortgage, and why should they from the charge to pay the widow’s annuity ?

No one will dispute but that the $2,000 annuity was by the will expressly charged on the whole estate left by the testator. This charge, as we have before shown, was expressly removed from the personal estate. It is a general rule that a codicil will not operate as a revocation beyond the clear import of its language, and that an expressed intention to make an alteration in a will in one particular negatives by implication an intention to alter it in any other respect. Wetmore v. Parker, 52 N. Y. 450; McLoskey v. Reid, 4 Bradf. 334. Applying this rule to the case under consideration, we cannot escape the conclusion that the respondent’s one equal third of the real estate given her by the codicil remains subject to the charge imposed by the will. As before shown, this charge is not expressly removed by anything contained in the codicil, while the personal property is expressly freed from it. By the will the testator gave his entire estate to the appellants ■and two nieces in equal shares, charged, however, with the payment of the entire income to respondent until her death ■or remarriage, and on her remarriage subject to the payment of the annuity of $2,000. By the codicil the testator revokes ■every gift and devise to the two nieces named in the will, and after giving his household goods and furniture to the respondent he gives her “ in fee simple all the one equal third part of my real estate,” making no mention of the charge, and then gives to the appellants, “in equal shares, the portion of my estate which in and by my said will is given, devised and bequeathed to them and my said two nieces, * * * saving •and excepting therefrom the one equal third part of my real estate and the household goods and furniture which I have herein given” to respondent. No other alterations are made by the codicil, and in it the testator expressly confirms his will except as altered. By the codicil, were it not for the exception of one-third in the widow’s favor, the whole of the real estate would have gone to the appellants. In that case there could have been no question but that the whole would have been charged with the annuity to her. But if the codicil gives one-third of the real estate so charged to her, how can it be argued that the mere gift of property charged with an annuity discharges it? Again, the words equal third part, used throughout the codicil to designate that portion of the real estate given to the respondent, we think extremely significant. What is respondent’s one equal third part equal to, if not'fo the third part of each of the appellants? Yet if her contention is sound, how unequal these equal thirds are; hers being free and clear, and each of the other two equal thirds not only charged with one-third of the annuity, but surcharged with one-lialf of one-third more. We, therefore, conclude that the charge still remains upon the entire real estate, including respondent’s portion. A much stronger case than the one now under consideration was decided adversely to respondent’s contention in Redfield v. Redfield, 126 N. Y. 466. In this case real estate was devised to three persons, M., J. and L., charged with the payment of an annuity to testator’s wife. By a codicil the devise was changed by striking out J. and L. and leaving all to M. alone, subject to the same provisions and conditions contained in the will to be kept and performed by M. alone. By a later codicil testator devised said premises to M. and L. equally as tenants in common, no reference being made to the annuity for the wife. Held, that under the last •codicil the land was devised to AI. and L. subject to the annuity / that the fact that no reference was made in the last codicil to the condition upon which the premises were devised in the will and the first codicil did not show an intent to devise it free and clear from the charge of the annuity or to charge it upon the interest of M. alone. The fact that the gift and devise to the respondent in the codicil is to take effect whether or not she shall remarry does not free the real estate from the charge. The respondent takes no further or other estate than she would have received if these words had not been used.

In this case the fee in the respondent is no more absolute than the fee in the appellants. She did not have an absolute life estate so that it would merge in the one equal third of the fee devised to her. If the devise of one equal third in the codicil had been to a stranger no one would have thought of arguing that it was not subject to respondent’s annuity, and the fact that both are to the same person cannot alter the case.

We, therefore, decide that the judgment appealed from must be reversed, but as all the facts are substantially uncontradicted, it is not necessary that the respondent should be ordered to account for the moneys received by her. Justice will be attained if a judgment is entered in accordance with the foregoing opinion and the following statement of the account between the parties :

which should be paid her, and the remainder of the rents, $1,125.15, to each of the appellants. They to have the costs of this appeal and the costs of the action up to final judgment, to be paid out of the income of the estate.

Bischoff and Pryob, JJ., concur.

Judgment reversed and judgment directed in accordance with the opinion.  