
    Roland BALDWIN v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia
    Record No. 0740-17-4
    Court of Appeals of Virginia, Alexandria.
    July 17, 2018
    Melissa Hasanbelliu, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
    Rachel L. Yates, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
    Present: Judges Petty, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata
   OPINION BY JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY

Roland Baldwin pled guilty to one count of sending a written threat to kill or do bodily injury in violation of Code § 18.2-60. On appeal, Baldwin argues that the trial court allowed, and considered, improper testimony at sentencing and in the victim impact statement before giving Baldwin the maximum sentence permitted by statute. Finding no error, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

Baldwin was convicted in 2012 for making a written threat to kill or do bodily injury to M.T.; he was sentenced to five years, with four years suspended. Approximately two months after his release, Baldwin's four-year suspended sentence was revoked when he violated his probation by violating a protective order. The protective order prohibited contact with M.T., the victim of the written threats for which Baldwin was convicted. Baldwin violated the protective order by waiting near an organization he knew M.T. visited often (the Center). When he began walking toward M.T.'s van, approaching to within one hundred feet, several people from the Center helped M.T. escape.

After Baldwin's suspended sentence had been revoked, Baldwin wrote new letters which contained threats against M.T., her daughter, and the Center. Baldwin's letters included the following excerpts:

People at the [Center] I will never forget what you have done. You have awaken the evil beast inside me. I have nothing to lose. Don't try me. This is between me and [M.T.]. Trust me, next time I won't let no one get in my way. I will achieve my objective by any means necessary; I promise. I have a new family now. Signed, 666. [January 28, 2013]
Enjoy yourself while you can. If I was [M.T.] and [her sister], I would try to crawl back into my mother's womb when I get out. A great darkness is coming. I can't hear-I can't wait to hear your screams, I can promise you that. All hail the great dragon. Signed, 666. [February 8, 2013]
Satan is great. All I think about is what [M.T.] did to me and what she took from me. So I am going to take everything from her. She will be living the same hell I am but much much worse. Her soul belongs to me. [M.T.]'s nightmare is just beginning. See you all in hell. All hail the great dragon. Signed, 666. [February 22, 2013]
I have one year left, which I'm very glad. After having 5 years of my life taken away from me for words I didn't mean.... What [M.T.] did to me was very evil. Waiting 2 months to call the police to tell them I was at the bus stop waiting to do my resume at the library. I had long forgotten her then. But I remember [M.T.] now! [M.T.] and the entire [Center] should be on its knees praising God I won't make a very bad decision when I get out! [March 30, 2015]

In 2016, when Baldwin finished serving his sentence for the 2012 threat, but before he was released, he was arrested and charged with making a written threat to kill or do bodily harm against M.T. through the letters referenced above. Baldwin pled guilty to the charge, and he does not challenge his conviction on appeal. He challenges the trial court's consideration, during the sentencing phase of his trial, of M.T.'s statements regarding Baldwin's first conviction for making written threats to her.

According to M.T.'s victim impact statement and testimony, she met Baldwin at the Center and had dated him a few times. The Center is a gathering place for vulnerable and homeless individuals, and M.T. often took her severely handicapped daughter there. It provided her and her daughter a support network. M.T. ended the relationship with Baldwin when he began sending her threatening text messages. She stated that Baldwin "ended up sending twenty-five explicit death threats describing how he was going to brutally kill [M.T.], [her] severely handicapped daughter, [her] sister and others to punish [M.T.] for ending contact and ignoring his pleas to give him a 2nd chance." According to M.T., Baldwin described how he "staked out" the Center every day, watching for her van. He said he would have a gun so he could murder her, her daughter, and anyone from the Center who interfered. M.T. explained that on her first visit to the Center after Baldwin was released in 2012, Baldwin was waiting across the street from the Center just as he had described. When he saw her van, he began walking towards her and got within one hundred feet, in violation of the protective order to stay at least one thousand feet away. It terrified M.T. that even after a year of incarceration, Baldwin was stalking her in the manner he had described in his threats.

In his subsequent threats, Baldwin blamed M.T. for reporting his violation of the protective order. M.T. explained that she found the later threats more terrifying than the first ones because prior to his arrest Baldwin only knew M.T.'s first name, and Baldwin said he was "hunting" her. M.T. hoped she could hide. However, when M.T. reported Baldwin's violation of the protective order, Baldwin received through case documents M.T.'s personal contact and identification information. Baldwin then sent letters to M.T.'s sister's home enumerating personal details about M.T. that he had uncovered, including M.T.'s prior residences, her work resume, her parents' names and address, where she has her car repaired, where she vacations, and even the hospital in which M.T. gave birth to her now-adult daughter. Additionally, Baldwin wrote in one letter details of how he would use the newly acquired information to track her down and harm her and her family. M.T. wrote in her victim impact statement that one of Baldwin's statements at issue in this offense, "Trust me, next time I won't let no one get in my way! I will achieve my objective by any means necessary! I promise!", was more terrifying "in light of his long history of death threats written with similar wording; it's horribly clear to us what he means."

M.T. explained that because of the history of escalating threats from Baldwin, she was compelled to take painful measures to protect others. She left a job she loved at a preschool in order to protect the children from potential harm. She stopped volunteering at the Center in order to protect the people there, which was a painful emotional loss to her. M.T. was terrified because "in spite of his felony conviction for [prior] death threats, [Baldwin] has continued to send similar unwanted letters and threats throughout his incarceration featuring many of these alarming themes."

Baldwin pled guilty to writing the threats. Baldwin objected to the victim impact statement submitted by M.T., and her testimony at sentencing, arguing that her reference to the substance and effect of prior threats to M.T., for which he had previously been convicted, were not admissible testimony under the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, we review de novo the application of statutory provisions.

Harvey v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 280, 283, 777 S.E.2d 231, 233 (2015). "We apply the plain meaning of the language appearing in the statute unless it is ambiguous or applying the plain language leads to an absurd result." Id. at 285, 777 S.E.2d at 234 (quoting Commonwealth v. Amos, 287 Va. 301, 305-06, 754 S.E.2d 304, 306-07 (2014) ). Additionally, we recognize that "[c]ircuit court judges are vested with broad discretion in admitting evidence, and can be expected to exercise that discretion to exclude evidence that does not aid the court in the sentencing phase." Id. at 286-87, 777 S.E.2d at 235 (internal citation omitted). "Such weighing is left to the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal, absent an abuse of discretion." Id. at 287, 777 S.E.2d at 235 (quoting Teleguz v. Commonwealth, 273 Va. 458, 482, 643 S.E.2d 708, 723 (2007) ).

"In 1995, in recognition of the concern for the victims and witnesses of crime, the General Assembly enacted the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act, Code §§ 19.2-11.01 -11.4." Rock v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 254, 258, 610 S.E.2d 314, 315 (2005). The purpose of the Act is "to ensure that the full impact of crime is brought to the attention of the courts of the Commonwealth; that crime victims and witnesses are treated with dignity, respect and sensitivity; and that their privacy is protected to the extent permissible under law." Id. at 258, 610 S.E.2d at 315-16 (quoting Code § 19.2-11.01(A) ). Under the Act, a victim must be given the opportunity "to prepare a written victim impact statement prior to sentencing of a defendant...." Code § 19.2-11.01(4). "If prepared by someone other than the victim," the victim impact statement shall include six factors. Code § 19.2-299.1. If the victim testifies in court to the impact of the crime, "[t]he court shall limit the victim's testimony to the [six] factors set forth in clauses (i) through (vi) of subsection A of § 19.2-299.1." Code § 19.2-295.3.

While providing for victim impact testimony, " Code §§ 19.2-295.3 and 19.2-11.01(B) do not limit the admission of [other] relevant evidence." Rock, 45 Va. App. at 263, 610 S.E.2d at 318.

Both Code § 19.2-295.3 and the factors it references from Code § 19.2-299.1 expressly apply to victim impact testimony. They do not, by their text or by implication, preclude a trial court from considering testimony from a victim at the sentencing hearing about the underlying facts of the crime, provided that the trial judge concludes, within his broad discretion, that such evidence would help the court fashion an appropriate sentence.

Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 285-86, 777 S.E.2d at 234. Moreover, "[t]he court must take into account a wide range of information, including the defendant's remorse or lack thereof, in determining 'a sentence that best effectuates the criminal justice system's goals of deterrence (general and specific), incapacitation, retribution and rehabilitation.' " Smith v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 357, 363, 499 S.E.2d 11, 14 (1998) (citation omitted). "Consideration of a defendant's attitude 'plays an important role in the court's determination of the rehabilitative potential [and future dangerousness] of the defendant.' " Id. (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Howry, 127 Idaho 94, 896 P.2d 1002, 1004 (Idaho Ct. App. 1995) ). Thus, "the circumstances of the individual case will dictate what evidence will be necessary and relevant, and from what sources it may be drawn."

Rock, 45 Va. App. at 262, 610 S.E.2d at 318 (quoting Beck v. Commonwealth, 253 Va. 373, 384, 484 S.E.2d 898, 905 (1997) ).

Baldwin acknowledges that the record of prior convictions and probation violations was properly before the court as part of the presentence report. Moreover, Baldwin acknowledges that this Court recognized in Harvey, that the code sections pertaining to victim impact testimony do not preclude a court from considering a victim's testimony regarding the underlying facts of the crime if such evidence would help the court fashion an appropriate sentence. See Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 285-86, 777 S.E.2d at 234. Nevertheless, Baldwin argues that M.T.'s testimony regarding the underlying facts of Baldwin's prior convictions on related crimes, where she was a victim, was inadmissible. We disagree.

Here, M.T.'s testimony regarding the underlying details of Baldwin's prior convictions was relevant in "ensur[ing] that the full impact of [Baldwin's] crime [was] brought to the attention of the court[ ]." Code § 19.2-11.01(A). In the context of the guilt phase of a trial, this Court has previously held,

Where a course of criminal conduct is continuous and interwoven, consisting of a series of related crimes, the perpetrator has no right to have the evidence "sanitized" so as to deny the [factfinder] knowledge of all but the immediate crime for which he is on trial. The fact-finder is entitled to all of the relevant and connected facts, including those which followed the commission of the crime on trial, as well as those which preceded it; even though they may show the defendant guilty of other offenses.

Currier v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 605, 615, 779 S.E.2d 834, 838-39 (2015) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 519, 526-27, 323 S.E.2d 572, 577 (1984) ). We see no reason that this principle would not apply with the same force during the sentencing phase of a trial. Far from being an isolated event, Baldwin's threats in the current offense were part of an ongoing pattern of threatening and psychologically tormenting this particular victim. Therefore, Baldwin's prior relationship with M.T., including his threats to her and his violation of the protective order, provided the context for the current offense. Furthermore, M.T. had the statutory right to "identify the nature and extent of any physical or psychological injury suffered by [her] as a result of the offense." Code § 19.2-299.1(iii). M.T.'s testimony regarding her disabled daughter and the early relationship with Baldwin explained why the progressive nature of the threats made them more terrifying to her. M.T.'s testimony that Baldwin became "more specific about how, when and where he would kill [her] and what weapon he would use" explained the amplified impact of the later threats, which showed Baldwin was still determined to carry out this threats. M.T.'s victim impact statement specifically linked the details of Baldwin's prior crimes against her to the psychological impact of the current offense:

It terrifies me that in spite of his felony conviction for these death threats, Baldwin has continued to send similar unwanted letters and threats throughout his incarceration featuring many of these alarming themes. I asked Mr. Baldwin to leave us alone on August 3, 2011. Yet four years into his sentence for threats of death or bodily injury, Mr. Baldwin was still making terrifying written statements from behind bars that strike fear into my heart and cause me and many in the community to fear for the safety and lives of me, my profoundly disabled daughter, my sister, my parents, and all the communities in which I am involved.

(Name of daughter omitted). Additionally, M.T.'s victim impact statement used the details of the prior crimes to explain the amplified effect of the current offense:

Here is the crux of why I find this second crime so much more terrifying and serious than the first. There is one big difference, a life or death difference. Prior to his arrest, Mr. Baldwin knew only the first names of me and my daughter. We had gone on only a handful of dates. That's all he knew. He couldn't carry out his threats because he couldn't find me. That's the one thing we had going for us. He wrote about how he was hunting me, how it was only a matter of time before he found me, and revealed several incidents in which he had successfully mined information from unwitting mutual acquaintances about my whereabouts. The information was correct and we actually had a couple of near misses. It was very scary.
The only thing standing in the way of our murders was our anonymity. That's gone now. The price my family has paid for reporting Mr. Baldwin's crimes to the police, is that he's been able as a suspect and defendant, to learn our identities. In these new threats, Mr. Baldwin has let us know that this changes everything. While turning him in gained my family and our community five years of safety, it gained him our identities. I burst into tears when I learned that Mr. Baldwin had been provided with the very information he needed to hunt us down and murder me and the people I hold most dear. I tried desperately to get that information redacted to save our lives. I hadn't known that was going to happen but it was too late. I can't describe the feeling of seeing my innocent sister's name in his writing in letters he then sent from jail. I can't describe the sorrow I felt.

Indeed, M.T. described how Baldwin taunted her with the information and detailed how he would use it to hunt her down when he was released.

A primary purpose of the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act is "to ensure that the full impact of crime is brought to the attention of the courts of the Commonwealth." Code § 19.2-11.01(A). M.T.'s testimony brought to the attention of the court the scope of Baldwin's written threats, especially the increasingly specific and personal nature of the threats. See Holcomb v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 339, 349, 709 S.E.2d 711, 716 (2011) (finding that although "[t]o the casual observer the [written statements] may have seemed somewhat innocuous," the "specificity demonstrate[d] appellant's hostility towards [the victim]" because he "coupled each of these references with desires to violently retaliate against [the victim]

and her family"). Thus, M.T.'s references to Baldwin's prior threats, and her explanation of why the threats in the current offense were more terrifying, ensured that the trial court was aware of the full impact of Baldwin's current offense.

Moreover, M.T. had a statutory right to testify to "any change in [her] personal welfare, lifestyle or familial relationships as a result of the offense." Code § 19.2-299.1(iv). M.T. referenced Baldwin's prior actions to explain her need to give up a job she loved in order to protect children from Baldwin's threatened violence. She explained the change in her relationship with her daughter and her sister, and especially her increased fear on their behalf, when Baldwin threatened to harm them as a way to hurt her. The threats of the current offense against the Center caused M.T. to give up her volunteer work at the Center in an effort to protect the people there from Baldwin. She testified that this was a painful loss. M.T.'s testimony regarding her history with Baldwin ensured that the court understood M.T.'s well-founded fear that Baldwin might find her and harm those she loved as well.

As a whole, M.T.'s written victim impact statement and testimony were articulate summaries of the history of Baldwin's threats against her and alerted the trial court to the full psychological impact of the current offense. To the extent that M.T.'s testimony did not fall squarely under the Code provisions permitting victim impact testimony, the statements were still admissible if they were relevant information for sentencing. See Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 285-86, 777 S.E.2d at 234 ("[The code sections] do not, by their text or by implication, preclude a trial court from considering testimony from a victim at the sentencing hearing about the underlying facts of the crime, provided that the trial judge concludes, within his broad discretion, that such evidence would help the court fashion an appropriate sentence."); Rock, 45 Va. App. at 263, 610 S.E.2d at 318 (" Code §§ 19.2-295.3 and 19.2-11.01(B) do not limit the admission of [other] relevant evidence."). "The court must take into account a wide range of information, including the defendant's remorse or lack thereof, in determining 'a sentence that best effectuates the criminal justice system's goals of deterrence (general and specific), incapacitation, retribution and rehabilitation.' " Smith, 27 Va. App. at 363, 499 S.E.2d at 14. "Consideration of a defendant's attitude 'plays an important role in the court's determination of the rehabilitative potential [and future dangerousness] of the defendant.' " Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Howry, 896 P.2d at 1004 ).

Here, the written threats that form the basis for this offense did not occur randomly or in isolation. The current threats were part of a multi-year campaign by Baldwin to terrorize M.T. The details of Baldwin's prior conduct against the same victim were part of the "wide range of information" needed to effectuate an appropriate sentence. See id. The trial court was required to take into account Baldwin's lack of remorse, as evidenced by testimony that Baldwin blamed the victim for his incarceration, continued to make threats, and vowed revenge. Incapacitation is a recognized purpose of incarceration. See id. Baldwin's taunting of M.T. with the revelation that he had obtained her personal information and his declaration that he would enjoy her screams when he hunted her down, supported the trial court's conclusion that incapacitation was an important purpose of incarceration in this case.

Moreover, the trial judge, by virtue of his training and experience, is presumed to have separated the permissible victim impact evidence from any potentially prejudicial statements, if any, concerning sentencing and to have considered only the former. The record amply supports the conclusion that this was done in this case and that the trial court's judgment was not made in an arbitrary manner.

Beck, 253 Va. at 386, 484 S.E.2d at 906. "A judge, unlike a juror, is uniquely suited by training, experience and judicial discipline to disregard potentially prejudicial comments and to separate, during the mental process of adjudication, the admissible from the inadmissible, even though he has heard both." Eckhart v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 213, 216, 279 S.E.2d 155, 157 (1981). The record reflects that the judge was aware of the need to separate admissible from inadmissible testimony.

CONCLUSION

Clearly, Baldwin's prior convictions were admissible and relevant during sentencing as part of a pre-sentencing report. However, to restrict the victim's reference to the previously adjudicated threats to the cold record would be to sanitize the facts of the case and ignore the foundation of terror that Baldwin constructed prior to the current offense. Such restriction would be the antithesis of the goal of the Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act, which is to ensure that the victim has the opportunity to convey to the court the full impact of the crime. Baldwin's prior detailed threats amplified the psychological injury M.T. suffered from the current offense. M.T. was entitled to identify these details to the court. Details about the prior threats also provided vital information for the trial court's determination of a proper sentence. Finding no abuse of the trial court's consideration of M.T.'s testimony and victim impact statement, we affirm.

Affirmed. 
      
      Baldwin was convicted of violating the protective order and sentenced to 360 days in jail with all but one day suspended.
     
      
      These excerpts from Baldwin's letters were proffered by the Commonwealth prior to Baldwin's guilty plea. There were additional excepts proffered that did not include threatening material. The letters themselves were not admitted into evidence, and the victim, M.T., referenced in her testimony other excerpts from letters and texts she received from Baldwin before and during this time period. Baldwin did not deny writing any of the excerpts attributed to him.
     
      
      Code § 19.2-299.1 provides in part,
      If prepared by someone other than the victim, it shall (i) identify the victim, (ii) itemize any economic loss suffered by the victim as a result of the offense, (iii) identify the nature and extent of any physical or psychological injury suffered by the victim as a result of the offense, (iv) detail any change in the victim's personal welfare, lifestyle or familial relationships as a result of the offense, (v) identify any request for psychological or medical services initiated by the victim or the victim's family as a result of the offense, and (vi) provide such other information as the court may require related to the impact of the offense upon the victim.
      Nothing in the plain text of the statute limits what a victim may include in his or her own victim impact statement. The trial court has the discretion to determine which parts of the victim's impact statement are relevant and therefore admissible. Harvey, 65 Va. App. at 286, 777 S.E.2d at 235.
     
      
      Baldwin does not argue that the details provided by M.T. about the prior crimes are incorrect, and Baldwin had the opportunity to challenge the written victim impact statement and to cross-examine M.T. when she testified.
     