
    Kermit D. BRIDGES, on behalf of himself and a class of persons similarly situated and on behalf of American Power System Retirement Savings Plan (formerly known as the American Electric Power System Employees Savings Plan) and Central and South West, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
    No. 06-4100.
    United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
    Argued: July 27, 2007.
    Decided and Filed: Aug. 15, 2007.
    ARGUED: Edwin J. Mills, Stull, Stull & Brody, New York, New York, for Appellant. Alvin James McKenna, Porter, Wright, Morris & Arthur, Columbus, Ohio, Michael J. Chepiga, Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett, New York, New York, for Appel-lee. Robyn M. Swanson, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae. ON BRIEF: Edwin J. Mills, Stull, Stull & Brody, New York, New York, for Appellant. Alvin James McKenna, Fred G. Pressley, Jr., Porter, Wright, Morris & Arthur, Columbus, Ohio, D. Michael Miller, American Electric Power Service Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, Michael J. Chepiga, George S. Wang, Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett, New York, New York, for Appellee. J. Matthew Cal-loway, United States Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae.
    Before: SILER and COOK, Circuit Judges; and REEVES, District Judge.
    
    
      
       The Honorable Danny C. Reeves, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
    
   OPINION

COOK, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Kermit Bridges appeals a district court order denying his motion for class certification and dismissing his claims without prejudice. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

I

Plaintiff Kermit Bridges worked for Defendant American Electric Power Company, Inc. (“AEP”) and participated in the American Electric Power System Retirement Savings Plan (“Plan”), a “defined contribution” plan under section 3(34) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1102(34). One of the investments to which Plan participants could allocate their contributions was the AEP Stock Fund, which consisted almost entirely of AEP stock.

According to the complaint: (1) between 1998 and 2002, AEP secretly engaged in various reporting and energy-trading abuses; (2) these practices caused AEP’s stock price to be artificially inflated; (3) when the market learned of these abuses in 2002, AEP’s stock price dropped precipitously; and (4) this correspondingly devalued the AEP Stock Fund. In 2003 Bridges brought an action under ERISA § 502(a)(2), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2), and the court consolidated several related cases and appointed Bridges lead plaintiff. The complaint alleged that the company breached its fiduciary duty to Plan participants, ERISA § 404, 29 U.S.C. § 1104, by (1) continuing to offer the AEP Stock Fund to Plan participants despite knowing that AEP stock was artificially overvalued, and (2) failing to disclose the alleged abuses to participants so they could make informed investment decisions.

AEP moved to dismiss, arguing that Bridges had not complied with Fed. R.Civ.P. 23.1, which imposes various obligations on the representative plaintiff “[i]n a derivative action brought by one or more shareholders or members to enforce a right of a corporation.” The district court denied the motion, reasoning that Rule 23.1 does not apply to this type of action. In re AEP ERISA Litig., 327 F.Supp.2d 812, 820-21 (S.D.Ohio 2004). Bridges sold his Plan holdings in 2004. In 2005 Bridges moved for class certification. The district court denied the motion, reasoning that Bridges lacked standing because he ceased to be a “participant” in the Plan after divesting himself of his holdings in 2004. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2) (establishing that only the Secretary of Labor, a participant, a beneficiary, or a fiduciary may bring a civil action to enforce a fiduciary’s duties under 29 U.S.C. § 1109). The district court thus dismissed Bridges’s claims, and Bridges appealed.

II

Under ERISA § 404, a fiduciary owes strict duties to a plan and its participants. See 29 U.S.C. § 1104. If a fiduciary breaches these duties, he is personally liable to compensate the plan for any losses resulting from his breach. 29 U.S.C. § 1109. ERISA § 502(a)(2) provides, however, that only certain actors may sue a plan fiduciary to enforce these duties: the Secretary of Labor, participants, beneficiaries, and fiduciaries. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2). This case turns on whether Bridges is a “participant” in the Plan, a question of “statutory standing” (not Article III standing). See, e.g., Coan v. Kaufman, 457 F.3d 250, 256 (2d Cir.2006) (“Although [courts] have referred to a plaintiffs status as a ‘participant’ under ERISA as a question of ‘standing’ ... it is a statutory requirement, not a constitutional one.”). The interpretation of ERISA is a legal question this court reviews de novo. E.g., Bartling v. Fruehauf Corp., 29 F.3d 1062, 1072 (6th Cir.1994).

The parties agree that Bridges had standing until the moment in March 2004 when he liquidated his Plan holdings. The dispute in this case centers on whether Bridges’s selling of his holdings extinguishes his “statutory standing” by ending his status as a “participant” in the Plan. ERISA defines a “participant,” in relevant part, as “any employee or former employee of an employer ... who is or may become eligible to receive a benefit of any type from an employee benefit plan.” ERISA § 3(7), 29 U.S.C. § 1002(7). In Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, the Supreme Court construed the statutory term “participant” to mean “employees in, or reasonably expected to be in, currently covered employment, or former employees who ‘have ... a reasonable expectation of returning to covered employment’ or who have ‘a colorable claim’ to vested benefits.” 489 U.S. 101, 117, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989) (citations omitted). Thus, as the Seventh Circuit recently recognized in a virtually identical case that asked whether the term “participant” “include[s] former employees who have cashed out of their [defined contribution] plan benefits,” “the question comes down to whether, if the plaintiffs win their case by obtaining a money judgment ..., the receipt of that money will constitute the receipt of a plan benefit.” Harzewski v. Guidant Corp., 489 F.3d 799, 804 (7th Cir.2007). Following the Seventh Circuit’s lead, we answer this question of first impression, id. at 806, in the affirmative and hold that a former employee like Bridges has “participant” standing despite having “cashed out” his defined-contribution plan, id. at 804. We find persuasive that court’s thorough analysis of the statutory standing issue and will not attempt to improve upon it.

Ill

AEP also argues that this court could affirm the district court on the independent ground that Bridges is not an “adequate” class representative. AEP briefed this issue in resisting the motion for class certification, but the district court ultimately decided the motion on standing grounds. In our view, the best course is a remand for district court consideration of the question, so that this court can exercise, if necessary, meaningful abuse-of-discretion review. See Stout v. J.D. Byrider, 228 F.3d 709, 717 (6th Cir.2000) (reviewing an “adequacy” determination for abuse of discretion).

rv

For these reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings. 
      
      . In general, the Sixth Circuit applies the “zone of interests” test to determine whether a plaintiff has statutory standing under ERISA. See Astor v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 
        7 F.3d 533, 538-39 (6th Cir.1993) (citing Hughes v. Gen. Motors Corp., 852 F.2d 568 (6th Cir.1988) (unpublished)). But Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989), as we will discuss infra, provides a more specific formulation for cases involving the statutory standing of former employees. For a discussion of the "zone of interests” test in the context of ERISA "participant” standing, see also Harzewski v. Guidant Corp., 489 F.3d 799, 803-04 (7th Cir.2007).
     
      
      . The Third Circuit recently reached the same conclusion. Graden v. Conexant Sys. Inc., 496 F.3d 291, 294 (3d Cir.2007).
     
      
      . We share the Seventh Circuit's frustration with the parties’ excessive citation of non-precedential district-court cases and acontex-tual citation of appellate cases. Harzewski, 489 F.3d at 806. In particular, we note that we found none of the Sixth Circuit cases cited by the parties helpful to resolving this case. These include Morrison v. Marsh & McLennan Cos., Inc., 439 F.3d 295 (6th Cir.2006), Swinney v. General Motors Corp., 46 F.3d 512 (6th Cir.1995), Brunet v. City of Columbus, 1 F.3d 390, 399 (6th Cir.1993), Drennan v. Gen. Motors Corp., 977 F.2d 246, 250 (6th Cir.1992), and Teagardener v. Republic-Franklin Inc. Pension Plan, 909 F.2d 947, 948 (6th Cir.1990).
     