
    ERIKSEN v. McWHORTER.
    (No. 2512.)
    (Supreme Court of Texas.
    May 2, 1917.)
    1. Public Lands <S^173(6) — School Lands— Substituted Purchasers — Necessity — Settlement.
    Under Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, art. 5436, stating the requisites of possession by a substituted purchaser of school lands, where the necessary three years’ residence was uncompleted when a substituted purchaser acquired the land, it was necessary that he become an actual and bona fide settler thereon, and that he continue to be such until completion of the three-year period.
    [Ed. Note. — Eor other cases, see Public Lands, Cent. Dig. §§ 547, 548.]
    2. Public Lands @=ol73(6) — School Lands— Sub stituted Purchasers — Necessity—Settlement — “Actual Settlement.”
    The words “actual settlement” in such section do not require the purchaser’s continuous and unbroken personal presence upon the land, but merely mean that the settlement must be by the purchaser, and not his agent or proxy, and that it must be actual, and not constructiva or virtual.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Public Lands, Cent. Dig. §§ 547, 548.
    Eor other definitions, see Words and Phrases, Second Series, Actual Settlement.]
    S. Public Lands <⅜=3173(6) — Settlement on Public Land.
    Plaintiff purchased school lands from a purchaser from the state before the expiration of the three years’ occupancy by the latter. Plaintiff’s wife immediately went on the land, made her home thereon, but plaintiff did not personally go thereon for over two months and was not there continuously after that time. Held, that the court cannot say as a matter of law that there was not a sufficient settlement by the plaintiff within Vernon’s Sayles’ Ann. Civ. St. 1914, art. 5436, requiring substituted purchaser to file the conveyance or transfer together with an affidavit that he desires to purchase the land for a home and has in good faith settled thereon, and the finding of the jury is conclusive.
    [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Public Lands, Cent. Dig. §§ 547, 548.]
    Error to Court of Civil Appeals, Eighth Supreme Judicial District.
    Trespass to try title .by Ed Eriksen against S. D. McWhorter. To review judgment (151 5. W. 624), plaintiff brings error.
    Reversed.
    A. S. Plawkins, of Phoenix, Ariz., for plaintiff in error. Jno. B. Howard, of Pecos, and 6. B. Smedley, of Austin, for defendant in error.
   PHILLIPS, C. J.

The question presented by the case is that of the validity of the settlement by Eriksen, the plaintiff in error, upon certain school land of which he was the substitute purchaser from the State. This is the third appeal of the case. Judgments adverse to Eriksen have been twice reversed by the Court of Civil Appeals for the Second District. 62 Tex. Civ. App. 295, 132 S. W. 847; Id., 143 S. W. 245. Upon the third trial, before a jury, he prevailed. On the appeal judgment was rendered against him by the Court of Civil Appeals for the Eighth District.

Eriksen purchased the land in March, 1908, trading in his former home in another county, worth about $3,000.00, and giving, as the balance of the purchase price, some money and about $3,000.00 in notes. In October, 1908, his purchase was forfeited by the Commissioner of the General Land Office “for failure to reside on the land as required by law.” The land was afterwards awarded by the Commissioner to McWhorter.

The necessary three years residence upon the land had not been completed when Eriksen ficquired it. In purchasing the land, it was necessary, therefore, that he become an actual and bona fide settler upon it, and that he continue to be such a settler for the time necessary to constitute the three year period. Article 5436, Revised Statutes, 1911. The requirement of the law does not mean that the purchaser’s continuous and unbroken personal presence upon the land is necessary. Bustin v. Robison, 102 Tex. 526, 119 S. W. 1140. But it does^nean that the settlement must be by the purchaser himself, and not by an agent or proxy; that it must be actual, and not constructive or virtual. Hardman v. Crawford, 95 Tex. 193, 66 S. W. 206. It means what the term, “actual settlement,” itself best expresses, such personal use of the land, in the first place, as plainly evidences the purchaser’s establishment there, in good faith, of his place of permanent abode, and such personal occupancy thereafter as clearly preserves its character as the place of such abode.

Eriksen was a married man and the head of a family at the time of his purchase of the land. His family consisted of his wife, several children, all grown, apparently, except one boy, about seventeen years of age, and a'young nephew. He was a blacksmith in the town of Midland. He had no home. He had not previously acquired any land from.the State. 1-Iis investment in the land represented, as he testified, all that he had. The evidence leaves no doubt that he purchased the land for the purpose of making a home upon it. He did not, himself, immediately go upon the land, nor until possibly two months after its purchase. However, he had his wife immediately settle upon it. The young nephew went with her. She carried household effects for living purposes and materials for the improvement of the land, all furnished by Eriksen., With the assistance of the nephew and a hired man she at once began the building of a house, which she personally helped to erect, the construction of fences, the digging of a tank, etc. The minor son was upon the land some of the time and assisted in a part of this work. Mrs. Eriksen occupied the land as the home of herself and husband from the time of its purchase to the date of the forfeiture, with occasional trips into Midland for provisions and supplies. Her longest absence from it was a two months stay in Midland, beginning the latter part of August, after she had occupied and worked upon the land since .March. This absence, according to her testimony, was for some necessary purpose. Eriksen paid all the expenses incurred in the improvement of the place, maintaining his wife and the others of the family on the place. He remained in Midland, working at his trade for the purpose, as was testified, of earning the money with which to pay for the improvement of the place and provide sustenance for his wife and those with her there. About two months after the purchase he went out to the land, and remained about two weeks. During this time he worked upon it, building fences, hauling water, etc. He was there at subsequent times, two, or possibly, three times, all told, remaining two or three weeks each time, and while there worked about the place, assisting in its improvement. According to his testimony he regarded the land as his home, and had no other home.

It cannot be held as a matter of law, under these circumstances, that Eriksen was not an actual bona fide settler upon the land. The evidence gives us no impression of subterfuge on his part, or an attempt to hold the land without his own actual settlement. It reflects, we think, an honest effort to establish a home there for himself and family. His investment of his former home in the land is one evidence 0⅛ this. His situating his wife upon the land is another. There could be no better proof of such intention than the fact that by a common understanding she went there and. attempted through improvement, though crude 'and primitive, to give it the semblance and character of a home. Her occupancy is not to be disregarded, or treated as, at best, a mere constructive occupancy by Eriksen. It is rather to be viewed as a proper means of effecting his own settlement. It was not only indicative of a purpose to establish upon the land his place of abode, but was of itself proof that he had there established it. Placing her upon the land and providing a house for her occupancy.were in themselves acts of settlement performed by Eriksen. It is the wife who, primarily, gives a home its character. One of the best evidences of the establishment of the husband’s home at a particular placfe is his making it the place of her habitation. Under the circumstances of the case, it is difficult to disassociate the settlement of Mrs. Eriksen from that of Erik-sen himself. As held in Willingham v. Eloyd, 32 Tex. Oiv. App. 161, 73 S. W. 831, it may be considered as a settlement by both of them. Eriksen occupied the land at different intervals, working about the place, and giving evidence that he regarded it as his home. His occupancy was not continuous, nor of prolonged duration; but his continuous presence upon the land was not necessary to its remaining the place of his residence. In the state of the proof, the question was one of fact. It was concluded by the finding of the jury.

The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed and that of the District Court is affirmed.

HAWKINS, J., being disqualified, did not sit in this case. 
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