
    
      In re Accounting of Gerotham W. Cornell.
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed October 2, 1888.)
    
    1. Assignment for benefit of creditors — Obligations and duties of ASSIGNEE.
    The obligations oí an assignee for creditors are those which appertain to voluntary trustees, not acting gratuitously, without compensation. They are bound to exercise that degree of diligence which persons of ordinary prudence are accustomed to use in their own affairs. This duty extends to all the interests committed to his charge and his whole conduct in the management of the trust when called in question, is to be considered in view of the powers which he may exercise in the collection of money and application of the assets, and the general management of the trust. He may he chargeable with a devastavit as well by reason of his neglect as his intentional omission or actual misappropriation or positive fraud. The law exacts not only good faith, but reasonable care and diligence, and he is liable for any loss resulting from a breach of duty to, those interested in the assignments.
    3. Same—Removal of assignee.
    A trustee (or as well an assignee), cannot protect himself against a breach of trust by proof that the beneficiaries of the trust might have intervened and prevented it. But when they have procured the removal of a trustee and thereby terminated his power and authority, and the breach of trust consists in his omission to bring an action, which may still be brought, they cannot by refusing or omitting themselves to act, justly charge the former trustee with consequences which, if they had acted with reasonable diligence, might have been prevented.
    3. Same — Recovery against an assignee for neglect should be restricted to actual loss.
    Under the act, chapter 314 of the Laws of 1858, an assignee for creditors under a general assignment, may assail fraudulent transfers of property made by the assignor prior to the assignment, by action to set them aside. It would be his duty so to do in a proper case, and his negligent omission of this duty would constitute a breach of trust. On an accounting by an assignee under the general assignment act of 1887, the court has jurisdiction to inquire as to the conduct of the assignee, as to every matter involved in the execution of his trust, and as well in respect to the execution of the power conferred upon him by the act of 1858, as other things, and to subject him to liability for any loss to the assigned estate resulting from a culpable neglect to exercise the power conferred by that act. But for such neglect the measure of liability is the loss sustained.
    4, Same—Accounting of assignee.
    On the accounting of the assignee the fact was undisputed that the whole amount of money realized by the assignee from the assigned estate was $7,004.83. The referee charged him with the sum of $71,132.63, principal and interest, merely on the ground of negligence of not getting in assets which the referee found he might have collected, and for not taking prompt measures to recover assets which it was alleged had been fraudulently transferred by the assignor before the assignment. The general term modified the report of the referee reducing the judgment against the assignee to $58,439.71, and as so modified confirmed the report. After considering each and every item charged against the assignee, Held, that radical errors were committed by the referee on the accounting to the prejudice of the assignee, and reversed the judgment unless respondent should consent to take judgment for two items only amounting to about $8,000.
    
      R. A. Parmenter and Edgar L. Fursman, for app’lt; E. Countryman and James Lansing, for resp’ts.
   Andrews, J.

We have examined with care the complicated and perplexing details of evidence on the accounting contained in the voluminous record before us, and its perusal has left a strong impression that a strained construction has been placed by the referee upon many facts and circumstances upon which he has relied to charge the defendant with liability. This court is bound by the findings of the referee upon the facts, so far as they are supported by evidence, and have been confirmed by the general term. But we are of opinion that error was committed by the referee both in respect to facts found and in some cases in his legal conclusions. The fact is undisputed that the whole amount of money realized by the assignee from the assigned estate was $7,004.83. The referee charged him on the accounting with the sum of $71,132.62, principal and interest, merely on the ground of negligence in not getting in assets which the referee found he might have collected, and for not taking prompt measures to recover assets which it is alleged had been fraudulently transferred by the assignor before the assignment.

The general term modified the report of the referee in two respects, reducing the judgment against Cornell to $58,439.71, and as so modified, confirmed the report.

It must be admitted that the evidence discloses many things in the conduct of the assignee m the management of the trust, which exposes him to just criticism. The absence of accurate business methods, his failure to make himself fully acquainted with the condition of the assigned estate and to collect the surplus on insurance policies transferred by the assignors as collateral before the assignment, his omission to take possession of the books of the firm of which he was assignee, or to keep accurate accounts of his proceedings in the trust, his relations with Hiland Carpenter, a son of one of the assignors, and other circumstances disclosed, justify a rigid scrutiny, and in case of doubt created thereby, an adverse conclusion. But in every such case there is danger of injustice, against which it is necessary to guard, and to see that considerations such as we have mentioned are given only their legitimate influence. The referee refused to find that the assignee was guilty of actual fraud, but made findings in numerous instances of gross negligence.

Most of the charges constituting the large aggregate liability adjudged against Cornell, were based upon his acts or omissions in respect to the item of $94,118.16, in the schedule of assets prepared and verified by the assignors, and filed with the assignment March 31, 1876. This item is designated in the schedule, “insurance receivable,” and was the adjusted value of insurance policies on the mill of the assignors, and the stock and materials therein, January 18, 1876, when the mill and its contents were destroyed by fire.

The adjustment of the loss had been made prior to the general assignment to Cornell, which bears date March 17, 1876, and the adjusted amounts were payable in a short time thereafter, and were in fact mainly paid by the insurance companies, in April and May of that year. This item of $94,118.16 was substantially the only asset of much value belonging to Carpenter & Co. at the time of the assignment. But it appeared by the schedule of liabilities prepared and verified by the assignors and filed with the schedule of assets, March 31, 1876, that of these insurance policies an amount aggregating in face value $92,537.93, of the adjusted value of $79,004.25, had been assigned by the assignors to creditors as collateral security prior to their general assignment, the amount assigned to each creditor named in the schedule being stated in connection with the description of the particular debt. The obligations of an assignee for creditors are those which appertain to voluntary trustees, not acting gratuitously, without compensation. They are bound to exercise that degree of diligence which persons of ordinary prudence are accustomed to use in their own affairs. This duty extends to all the interests committed to his charge, and his whole conduct in the management of the trust when called in question, is to be considered in view of the powers which he may exercise in the collection, recovery and application of the assets and the general management of the trust. He may be charge ■ able with a devastavit as well by reason of his neglect as his intentional omission or actual misappropriation or positive fraud. The law exacts not only good faith, but reasonable care and due diligence. Litchfield v. White, 7 N. Y., 438; Matter of Dean, 86 id., 399; 2 Pom. Eq. Jur., § 1066. And he is liable for any loss resulting from a breach of duty to those interested in the assignment.

It will be convenient to consider seriatim the items charged against the assignee by the referee in his report:

.First. The referee charged Cornell with the sum of $8,-282 58. and interest thereon,the amount of insurance moneys not appearing by the schedules to have been transferred by the assignors prior to the assignment, which, as the referee found, Cornell permitted to be collected by and paid to other persons, whereas they should have been collected by him and distributed as a part of the general assets. This charge was stricken out by the general term, and no appeal was taken by the creditors or the new assignee from the general term judgment, and the record is therefore conclusive that this ite'na was improperly allowed by the referee.

Second. The ninety-ninth item in the schedule of debts is as follows : “J. L. Carpenter, Bennington, Vt., $29,586.76 on promissory notes, for money received by us at Pownal, Vt. The same being fully secured by insurance policies amounting to $21,000.” J. L. Carpenter was a brother of the assignors. It was claimed on the accounting, and proof was given tending to show that the alleged debt was fictitious and fraudulent except as to the sum of $6,000 or thereabouts, and the referee so found. The fact that policies of insurance to the amount stated in the schedule "were transferred by the assignors to J. L. Carpenter prior to the assignment was undisputed. The written assignment describing the policies, dated January 24, 1876, was produced. It also appeared that the adjusted amount of these policies was collected of the insurance companies by Hiland Carpenter, as agent for J- L. Carpenter, on or prior to May 15, 1876, and paid by him to J. L. Carpenter, from whom, as Hiland testified, he received, the policies for collection. It also appeared on the accounting that the alleged_ debt to J. L. Carpenter was represented by ten notes signed “R. & A. P. Carpenter,” nine dated October 30, 1873, and one November 3, 1873, and it was claimed that they were given for an indebtedness of the assignors, contracted in Vermont in or prior to 1862, before the firm of R. Carpenter & Co. was formed, which latter firm commenced business at Hoosick, in this state, in 1872. There was no entry of the debt in the books of R. Carpenter & Co. except an entry in the back part of a bill book of four notes, amounting to $5,000 or $6,000, given, as one Markham testified, on a settlement between J. L. Carpenter and his brothers in the fall of 1873, and which, as the witness further testified, represented the whole indebtedness then owing by them to J. L. Carpenter. The referee charged Cornell with the sum of $10,907-35 principal and $5,095.35 interest thereon from September 1, 1876, the principal sum being the excess collected on the insurance policies assigned to J. L. Carpenter over and above his actual bona fide debt as found.

The referee, in his report, after finding that the debt to J. L. Carpenter, stated in the schedule, was false and fictitious except as to the sum of $5,000 or $6,000, proceeds to state the liability of Cornell as follows: “The assignee, Cornell, knew, or with proper diligence could or should have known what did and did not appear on the books of R. Carpenter & Co., but he made no examination or inquiry into the matter, either with reference to the claim of Lyman Carpenter (J. L. C.) or of the transfer to him of said insurance _ policies. He permitted Hiland Carpenter, without objection, to collect and receive the money on all of said policies, amounting to $17,907.35, and to divert a large portion of the same from the uses and purposes of said trust estate.”

We are of opinion that upon the facts found in respect to the transaction and the conduct of Cornell, he was not guilty of culpable negligence in the first instance in permitting J. L. Carpenter to collect and receive the insurance money under his assignment of the policies. The policies were in fact assigned to J. L. Carpenter prior to the general assignment to Cornell. The adjusted amount of the insurance was collected by J. L. Carpentér within a few weeks thereafter. It is not claimed, or at least there is no evidence that prior to the collection of the insurance by J. L. Carpenter, Cornell had any knowledge or notice that the debt mentioned in the schedule was not valid to' the full amount. The entry in the back part of the bill book, which so far as appears, was simply a memorandum of four notes, if it had come to the knowledge of Cornell, would not have disclosed the alleged fraud. The schedule of debts was verified by the assignors in conformity with the statute, and we think the assignee, in the absence of other information or notice, had the right to assume that the schedule was correct.

The decision of the referee is sought to be supported on the additional ground, viz., that as the assignee had notice as early at least as the time of the filing of the petition for his removal in the fall of 1878, that the alleged debt to J. L. Carpenter was fictitious and fraudulent, his omission thereafter to bring suit to set aside the assignment of the policies, and recover the money collected by him beyond the amount of his actual debt, rendered Cornell liable for the sum which might have been recovered, as though such recovery had in fact been had. Under the act, chapter 314 of the Laws of 1858, an assignee for creditors under a general assignment, may assail fraudulent transfers of property made by the assignor prior to the assignment, by action to set them aside. Southard v. Benner, 72 N. Y., 424; Ball v. Slaften, 98 id., 622; Lichtenberg v. Herdtfelder, 103 id., 306. Nor do we entertain any doubt that it would be his duty so to do m a proper case, and that his negligent omission of this duty would constitute a breach of trust. In re Cohn, 78 N. Y., 248.

We are further of opinion that on an accounting by an assignee under the general assignment act of 1877, the court has jurisdiction to inquire as to the conduct of the assignee, as to every matter involved in the execution of his trust, and as well in respect to the execution of the power conferred upon him by the act of 1858, as other things, and to subject him to liability for any loss to the assigned estate resulting from a culpable neglect to exercise the power conferred by that act. But for such neglect the measure of liability is the loss sustained.

Assuming that Cornell was negligent in not instituting a suit against J. L. Carpenter, he is not chargeable with the sum which might have been recovered therein unless the estate has lost that amount through his neglect. Upon principle and in justice, a recovery against him for the neglect should be restricted to the actual loss, or such as may reasonably be inferred from his misconduct. There is nb direct evidence nor any, we think, from which an inference could properly be drawn, that the omission of Cornell to bring suit against J. L. Carpenter, subjected the estate to- the loss of the claim. Cornell was removed as assignee of the court upon application of creditors, and a new assignee appointed in his place by an order of the court, June 8, 1880, He was from that time divested of all interest and power as assignee, and could not thereafter proscute any suit against Cornell. The new assignee succeeded to ah rights before vested in Cornell. It does not appear that the remedy to recover any sum improperly received by Carpenter was at that time in any respect impaired. He could not protect himself under the statute of limitations, for more than eighteen months remained during which an action might have been brought. Nor is there any evidence that by reason of insolvency or other cause the remedy might not have been pursued as advantageously after the appointment of the new assignee as before. In short, the omission of Cornell to bring an action was not shown to have resulted in the loss with which he was charged. Even before the removal of Cornell the creditors might have brought an action in case he had refused to prosecute, joining the assignee as a party. The same remedy was open to them and to the new assignee after that time. It is true that a trustee cannot protect himself against a breach of trust by proof that the beneficiaries of the trust might have intervened and prevented it. But when they have procured the removal of a trustee and thereby terminated his power and authority, and the breach of trust consists in his omission to bring an action, which may still be brought, .they cannot, by refusing or omitting themselves to act, jusjdy charge the former trustee with consequences which, if they had acted with reasonable diligence, might have been prevented.

Third. The referee charged Cornell with the principal sum of $2,139.04, and interest thereon, $909.78, the principal sum being the amount collected by Hiland Carpenter on a policy issued by the Eire Association of Philadelphia.

This was one of the policies assigned to J. L. Carpenter. It would seem that the referee allowed a double recovery in this case. The money collected on this policy was charged against Cornell; first, in charging him with the amount collected by J. L. Carpenter, on insurance policies assigned to him over and above his actual debt, and second, in recharging the sum collected on the policy, as an independent item. The liability of Cornell for this item, is governed by the same considerations to which we have adverted in considering the second item, and as the case stands, the charge was, we think, erroneous.

Fourth. The referee charged Cornell with the amount of two notes, executed by him as accommodation maker for the assignors, discounted and held by the National Exchange Bank of Troy, one for $1,180.62, dated October 12, 1875, and the other for $1,875.00, dated November 23, 1875. The notes were paid by Cornell to the bank after the assignment. The amount charged against Cornell by the referee on account of these notes, with interest, is, $4,559.20.

The referee also charged Cornell with the amount of two notes endorsed by him as accommodation endorser for the assignors, which were also discounted and held by the same bank, one for $2,397.50, dated October 9. 1875, and the other for the same amount, dated October 19, 1875. These notes were also paid by Cornell to the bank after the assignment. The amount charged against Cornell by the referee on account of the two endorsed notes and interest, is $7,154.79. The theory upon which these amounts, aggregating $11,713.97, were charged against Cornell by the referee, was that the notes in question were doubly secured, first, by insurance policies held by the bank, and again by policies held by Cornell, and that Cornell when he paid the notes, repaid himself out of proceeds of policies held by him, without claiming, obtaining or demanding of the bank the surrender of an equivalent amount of the collaterals which it held. It is quite manifest that if the bank held the col-laterals not only for these notes, but for other indebtedness of the assignors sufficient to absorb them, it could require payment from Cornell of the paper of which he was maker or indorser, and on payment being made would be under no obligation to surrender any of the collaterals.

The bank debt is stated in the schedule to be $15,465.80, and was secured by the Walker mortgage for $10,000, and by insurance policies of the face value of $10,000. It was not shown nor is it found that the amount of the bank debt was not accurately stated in the schedule. The Walker mortgage is still held by the bank and nothing has been collected on it, and the evidence is that it had no value. The insurance policies held by the bank, the adjusted value of which was $8,510.62, were so far as appears the only securities (outside of the paper itself), held by the bank for a debt of $15,465.80. Cornell was himself a creditor of the assignors, and his contingent liability on paper made and endorsed for their accommodation, amounts, as appears by the schedule, to $16,125.45. He held insurance policies of the face value of $10,500, of the adjusted value of $8.953. 81, and a $5,000 mortgage as his security Assuming that. Cornell applied the whole of this insurance in payment of his notes held by the bank, there would still remain a debt of the bank of $7,511.99, besides interest, which probably would absorb all the available collaterals held by the bank. We are unable to perceive any just reason for charging Cornell with the liability in question.

Fifth. The referee charged Cornell with the sum of $2, 139.05, principal, and $912.25, interest, the principal sum being the adjusted value of a policy issued by the St. Paul Insurance Company, and which had been assigned to the National Exchange Bank of Troy as collateral security, before the execution of the general assignment. It seems that Cornell after the assignment, to facilitate the collection, assented to the payment of the adjusted value of the policy to the bank. The referee based this charge on the ground that Cornell gave this consent ‘ ‘without inquiry or effort to ascertain the state of the accounts and dealings between said bank and said assignors, and he allowed the bank to appropriate to its own use, although he had paid several thousand dollars to said bank himself upon indebtednes secured by the same collaterals.” We think this charge was erroneous for the reason stated in respect to the items last considered.

Sixth. The referee charged Cornell with $5,020.79, principal, and $2,445.42 interest, on account of three notes on which he was an accommodation indorser for the assignors, two held by banks and one by one Robinson, and which he paid after the assignment, and, as is inferable from the evidence, after suit brought thereon. The ground upon which the referee based this charge was that one George Barker was first indorser, and held collateral securities, the said assignee misappropriating for the purpose (of paying the .notes) the proceeds of insurance policies held in his hands as collaterals.”

The schedule shows a debt to George Barker of $13,-496.48 for wool and accommodation indorsements. It appeared in evidence that -he field insurance policies as collateral of the face value of $11,000, of the adjusted value of about $9,350.

We are not satisfied that the finding of the referee that Cornell misappropriated proceeds of insurance policies in his hands in the payment of these notes, is supported by the evidence.

Some of the considerations stated in regard to the charge growing out of the' payment of the notes to the National' Exchange Bank, are relevant to this item also.

Seventh. The referee charged Cornell with the proceeds of a policy paid to Jewett, a creditor, and also with the value of a policy in the Lycoming Insurance Company. The evidence upon which these charges are based, is very-uncertain and unsatisfactory.

Eighth. The referee charged Cornell with the sum of $1,000 and interest thereon, being the amount collected and received by J. N. Carpenter, a son of the assignor, on sundry small book accounts on the books of the assignors. The schedule shows a debt to J. N. Carpenter for services of $1,628, but makes no mention of collaterals. There was ■evidence that the assignors made a written assignment of the accounts to J. N. Carpenter, as security, prior to their general assignment, which was exhibited to Cornell. It was not shown that the debt was fictitious, nor was the fact that there had been a written assignment of the accounts contradicted, nor was it shown that Cornell had any reason to question the validity of the debt or of the assignment of the accounts.

Ninth. Cornell, as has been stated, collected and received as assignee the sum of $7,004.83. He was charged by the referee with the sum of $3,969.04, as the principal sum remaining in his hands beyond disbursements, and with interest thereon, making an aggregate of $5,397.88. The only question raised in respect to the item arises on the claim that Cornell should have been allowed as a disbursement the sum of $473.95 for taxes and interest paid on account of the mill property, on which Cornell held a third mortgage of $5,000, the incumbrances being much more than the value of the property. We think the referee, under the circumstances disclosed, properly disallowed this credit.

Tenth. The judgment of the referee, as modified by the general term, charges Cornell with $2,846.83, with interest, the amount of surplus remaining on certain insurance policies assigned to creditors of the assignors before the assignment, as collateral security for their debts, and which surplus was collected and appropriated without authority by Hiland Carpenter, with as is found, the consent of the assignee. We think the assignee was justly chargeable with this item. Schultz v. Pulver, 3 Pai., 182; S. C., 11 Wend., 361.

We have reached the conclusion above stated, and are of opinion that radical errors were committed by the referee on the accounting to the prejudice of the defendant. The judgment is reversed and the case is remitted to the supreme court for such proceedings as may be directed, unless the respondent consents to take judgment for the items numbered 9 and 10 in the opinion, in which case the judgment as so modified, is affirmed.

All concur.  