
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Henry C. Lein, Appellant.
    Fourth Department,
    July 9, 1912.
    Crime — grand larceny — obtaining town moneys through conspiracy with contractors — evidence — corroboration of accomplice—acts constituting larceny or embezzlement — prosecution on either charge.
    Evidence on the trial of an indictment against a town supervisor, the custodian of sewer funds, for grand larceny in signing the warrant for the payment of a fraudulent claim made by the contractors, and in conspiring to defraud the town, examined, and held, sufficient to sustain a conviction.
    The evidence of an accomplice was sufficiently corroborated so as to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime.
    Although the defendant might have been convicted of larceny in the form of embezzlement, his conviction of grand larceny charged in the common-law form was proper.
    When the same, acts constitute larceny at common law and embezzlement under the statute, the offender may be prosecuted on either charge at the option of the People.
    Appeal by the defendant, Henry CL.Lein, from a judgment of the Supreme Court, rendered against him on the 19th day of April, 1910, convicting him of the crime of grand larceny in the first degree.
    
      John W. Ryan, for the appellant.
    
      Guy B. Moore, Herbert B. Lee and Wesley C. Dudley, for the respondent.
   Kruse, J.:

The defendant was indicted by the grand jury of Erie county upon two counts: 1. Accusing him of the crime of grand larceny committed on the 10th day of April, 1908, at the city of Buffalo, in that county, in stealing $2,690 in money, the property of the town of West Seneca, charged in the form of common-law larceny. 2. Of -criminally receiving as stolen property the same money.

At the close of the People’s case the second count was dismissed, but the several motions made during the progress of the trial to dismiss the first count were denied and the defendant was convicted of larceny upon that count.

The money which the defendant was convicted of stealing was paid upon a fraudulent claim made by the contractors for extra work in connection with the construction of a sewer system for the town of West Seneca. Henry C. Lein, the defendant, was the supervisor and custodian of the' fund. Lawrence Savage, of Lawrence Savage & Co., the contractors, was one of the principal characters in the conspiracy to defraud the town. Savage had been tried and found guilty of the crime of grand larceny, but had not been sentenced at the time of the trial of this case, and was called by the prosecution and gave testimony of the conspiracy. Upon his testimony the conviction of Lein largely rests.

The town funds had been deposited in the Union Stock Yards Bank of Buffalo. Savage had made several attempts to have this fictitious claim allowed, but had been unsuccessful. Finally, on March 26, 1908, a claim for $3,375.92 was allowed to the contractors, the balance of them claims for extra work, and an order or check was drawn on the bank, dated that day, for that amount, drawn in the name of the town as maker and executed by the supervisor and town clerk.

After that, as the story is related by Savage, John W. O’Gonnor, a young lawyer and one of the justices of the peace of the town, and a member of the town board, about the fourth to the seventh of April, as Savage states, came to Savage and said that the boys needed some money up there at West Seneca; to which Savage replied that he did not know how it could be arranged and that he would have a talk with the supervisor and see him in a day or two. Savage says he met O’Connor again two or three days or three or four days before the tenth of the month, and that he (Savage) and O’Connor went to Lein’s house in Gfardenville and met Lein; that they talked' about the concrete in the well; that O’Connor said there was a way of getting some money; “‘You know,’.he said, ‘you have been turned down. That estimate on the well for extra concrete has been turned down and the engineer will never allow it, and we might as well divide that up among the.boys.’ ” To which Lien replied, ‘“Yes, pluck all the apples on the tree while they are ripe.’” That O’Connor called up Murphy, the town engineer, on the telephone and Savage says he heard O’Connor tell Murphy that he was going to send a couple of men down there and that anything those men would tell him, had to go; and that about three minutes thereafter Lein called up Murphy on the phone and told him that he was going to send down a couple of men, and anything those men might tell him was coming from the board and he was to get busy and do what he was told.

O’Connor and Savage left Lein’s place and afterward met Evans, an attorney who represented the contractors. Savage and Evans saw Murphy at his office in Ellieott Square, in Buffalo. Evans told Murphy that the boys were getting kind of hungry and wanted some money. Murphy said, “How do you intend to raise any money ? ” Evans said, “ Why, we intend to raise some money on an estimate for that concrete in the well.” Murphy said, “Then in other words you want to steal it from the townEvans said, “No, I would not put it that way.”' Murphy said, “Well, * * * if them fellows want any money, want me to do anything crooked, they had better get another engineer.” But Savage says that after some further-talk, Murphy agreed to make the estimate and took a piece of paper and figured out an estimate. But Murphy did not hand the estimate to Savage or Evans at that time.

On the 9th day of April, 1908, a meeting of the town board and the highway commission was held, at which were present Lein, the supervisor, Cosgrove, the town clerk, O’Connor, Ott and two other justices of the peace, besides the highway commissioner. A certificate made by Murphy, the engineer, was produced at that meeting, dated April eighth, recommending-that $2,690 be paid to the contractors to pay extra items, which, as therein stated, he had carefully audited and found to be due them. A motion was made and carried at that meeting that a warrant be drawn as recommended.

On the evening of that day Lein called up Savage on the telephone and wanted him to go to Murphy’s office, but it was finally -agreed to meet the next day about noon, and the meeting was. held accordingly. At.that meeting Lein, the supervisor, Cosgrove, the town clerk, Murphy, the town engineer, and Savage were present. The engineer’s certificate of April eighth was produced, and Savage was asked to sign the name of the contractors, which he did. Savage also signed a receipt as requested. Then Lein asked Savage to sign, the check or. warrant, which Savage refused to do. The check or warrant is as follows:

“ West Seneca, N. Y., April 10, 1908.
“West Seneca Sewer Fund,
“Sewer District No. One.
“Pay to the order of Lawrence Savage ,& Oo. or Bearer Twenty-six hundred and Ninety Dollars ($2,690), and charge to account of Town of West Seneca.
“H. 0. LEIN,
“E. H. Cosgrove, Supervisor.
“ Town Clerk.
“Union Stock Yards Bank, Buffalo, N. Y.”

The warrant or check was handed to Murphy, the engineer, and Was indorsed by him, but not by Lawrence Savage & Co., the payee, and was eventually paid by the Union Stock Yards Bank. As will be seen it is payable to the order of Lawrence Savage & Co. or bearer.

Savage and Lein went out together and met Murphy at the corner of Swan and Main streets, outside the Third National Bank. Murphy went into- the bank and came out with a paper box, and the three, Savage, Lein and Murphy, went to the Prudential Building, where Evans had his office. Savage and Murphy went into Evans’ office. Lein did not. The. money was counted there. Savage, Murphy and Evans were present. Evans handed Murphy $250, and said that he, Evans, was not to get anything out of it; that it was all to go to the boys out there. Murphy does not seem to have been quite satisfied. Savage says Murphy made a little kick about it; said it was not enough, but he left the office with the $250. Evans handed a parcel to Savage and told him to meet Lein at a certain saloon or restaurant. He went there, handed the money to Lein, who took it, went into the toilet, came out to the table and handed Cosgrove a parcel, and after dinner there they separated. Savage states that he did not get any of the money. Other testimony and circumstances in corroboration of the testimony of Savage will be referred to later.

Upon these facts it is very clear that the defendant was guilty of grand larceny.

1. The defendant challenges the testimony of Savage as unworthy of belief and contends that in any event, Savage being an accomplice, his testimony is not sufficiently corroborated by such other evidence as tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime as the law requires. (Code Grim. Proc. § 399.)

Murphy or Cosgrove were not sworn as witnesses, but both OUonnor and Evans denied having had any such conversations or taken part in any transactions such as testified to by Savage. O’Connor admitted that he was present at the meeting of the town board on March, twenty-eighth and knew about the warrant, and presumes, as he states, that it was a settlement in full to that time for all extra work. He also admits being present at the meeting of April ninth and that he voted to pay the $2,690 extra, notwithstanding the certificate of the engineer and the resolution of the board of March twenty-eighth relating to balance for extras, his explanation being that he was not on the job and did not know whether the contractors had performed the $2,690 worth of extra work between March twenty-eighth and April ninth. Evans denies that there was ever any conversation about raising money for the boys. He states that Savage never came to his office bringing a package of money, that no money was counted or divided there and no such transactions as testified to by Savage ever took place.

It is very clear that the claim was fraudulent and that the money was obtained thereon under such circumstances as to constitute larceny, and there aré many circumstances which connect the defendant with the crime. Lein must have known that this claim was fictitious or at least.the jury could well so find. There had been no order in writing for the extra work upon which the claim was ostensibly based. He was present at the meetings of the board on March twenty-eighth and April ninth and.knew that the certificate of the engineer upon which the order of March twenty-eighth was issued was the balance for extras. Although he was not sworn on his own trial, his testimony before the grand jury upon the charge against Savage and as a witness on the trial of Savage showed that he was present at those two meetings; that the warrant of April ninth for $2,690 was in his handwriting; that the town clerk signed the warrant in Murphy’s office and that Murphy and Savage were present; that Savage signed the receipt and that Lein had with him the engineer’s certificate of April eighth upon which the warrant was issued, and that the warrant was paid out of the sewer fund by the Union Stock Yards Bank.

Lein was present when the verdict of guilty was announced against Savage, and Savage testifies that after such announcement he walked toward Lein, who was shaking his head, and that Lein said: “Lawrence, stick, stick. * * * We will do all we can for you.” The deputy sheriff corroborates Savage to the extent that he saw Savage lean over the rail and talk with Lein, but he did not hear the conversation.

That same afternoon Savage went to the district attorney and made a statement. Thereafter, at the suggestion of the district attorney, an interview was arranged between Savage and Lein at Goetz’ saloon. There is no doubt but that there was such a meeting. It is testified to by the proprietor, the waiters and a police officer, as well as others. In fact Ott, who was present and testified as a witness for the defendant, concedes that there was such a meeting. The dispute arises over what took place. Savage and his brother, Neil; testify that after they got into the compartment, in the saloon, Savage said:. “Henry, you know damned well you fellows got this money, and I never got none of it, and what are you going to do ? ” To which Lein replied: “I know you didn’t, Lawrence,-and we will do all we can to get you out of it.” An appeal was talked about, and Lein asked how they could help him (Savage). Savage told them the only way they could help him was' an appeal, to which Lein replied that he would do all he could to pay for a lawyer, and a lawyer by the name of Keeler was spoken of. Savage’s brother went out ostensibly to see the lawyer. Ott said that he would like to help Savage, but he was in straightened circumstances. Savage’s brother, Neil, returned and reported that the lawyer wanted $200, and Lein said, “My God, that is a lot of money,” and asked Neil to go back and see if he would not take a little less. Neil made a pretense of going back to the lawyer, and returned, saying that the lowest he would take was $150. Lein said he would give a 'check for $100, and have O’Connor and Evans get $50, saying that he wondered if the fellow (referring to the lawyer) would take his check, and Neil said yes, and Ott said he had better not write any checks. Ott said: “ Don’t do that, Henry; don’t write no check.” Then Lein stated that he would go over to Weed’s and get his check cashed for $100, and he came back and threw the money on the table, and said, Get busy;” telling him never to mention that he gave him the money,

■The cashing of the check is corroborated by the person in Weed’s store who cashed it, and the money itself was turned over, to the district attorney and produced on the trial of the action.

Ott was sworn and testified to this meeting, but denied that the conversation between Lein and Savage took place, respecting who got the money. He also testified that Lein did not say that they would do all they could for him, and denied that he told Lein not to give his check, or that Lein cautioned Savage never to mention that he gave him the money. He admitted, however, that Lawrence Savage spoke of being in hard luck and asked Lein to loan him $200; that Lein stated that he would loan him $100; that Lein asked Savage whether he should give him a check and Savage said to give him the currency, and that Lein went out and got the currency.

I think it unnecessary to go further into the details of the evidence. I think the testimony of Savage was sufficiently corroborated within the rule to which I have referred.

2. But it is contended on behalf of the defendant that if he was guilty at all it was of larceny, in the nature of. embezzlement, while the offense charged in the indictment is that of common-law larceny for the felonious taking and carrying away of the money; and so it is urged there is a fatal variance between the proof and the indictment; that the crime which the proof tends to establish was not charged in the indictment and the offense which was charged was not proven.

Among the general duties of" the supervisor the Town Law provides that he shall receive and pay over all moneys raised therein for defraying town charges, except as therein prescribed. (Town Law [Gen. Laws, chap. 20; Laws of 1890, chap. 569], § 80, subd. 1; now Town Law [Consol. Laws, chap. 62; Laws of 1909, chap. 63], § 98, subd. 1, as amd. by Laws-of 1909, chap. 491.) And the town hoard is authorized to audit claims against the-town. (Town Law of 1890, § 162, as amd. by Laws of 1906, chap. 505; now Town Law of 1909, § 133, as amd. by Laws of 1910, chap. 316.) The supervisor, in a sense, is its treasurer. (Bridges v. Board of Supervisors of Sullivan Co., 92 N. Y. 570.) This sewer system was constructed under the provisions of chapter 816 of the Laws of 1895, which, although a general act, was evidently intended more particularly to meet the needs of this town. It constituted the supervisor, town clerk, justices of the peace and commissioner of highways of the town a hoard with certain powers, among others, to construct sewers, and provides for meeting the expense of the improvement by issuing and selling certificates of indebtedness. The act specifically requires that all moneys derived from such sale shall be kept as a separate fund by the supervisor, and all orders for the payment of such moneys shall be made by authority of the board and shall he signed by the supervisor and town clerk, and shall specify on the face thereof the improvement and fund on account of which the same shall be drawn.” (Laws of 1895, chap. 816, § 40; now Town Law of 1909, § 498.) As has been stated, the moneys raised under this' act had been deposited in the Union Stock Yards, Bank, but payments could only be made by authority of the board and upon warrants signed by the supervisor and town clerk.

While the crimes formerly classed as embezzlement and obtaining property by false pretenses now fall within the definition of larceny (Penal Code, § 528; now Penal Law, § 1290), this indictment does not so charge the offense. But in this connection it should also be remembered that a person who abets or aids another in the commission of a crime is a principal. (Penal Code, § 29; now Penal Law, § 2.) While this warrant was sufficient upon its face to withdraw the moneys from the bank it was for a fictitious and fraudulent claim, and the certificate of the engineer, the resolution of the hoard and the warrant were merely a trick or device to obtain possession of the money. If Lein himself had gone to the bank with this warrant and drawn the money, put it in his pockets and then invited Savage and Murphy to pick his pockets .and steal the money, he could no more effectually have aided and abetted in the commission of the crime than he did, in the way in which it was done. A custodian of money or property who aids another in feloniously taking and carrying it away, so as to constitute common-law larceny on the part of the person who actually takes it, is equally guilty with the taker. ' It is possible .that. Lein might have been convicted of larceny in the form of embezzlement, but as is pointed out in Bishop on Criminal Law, the same act may sometimes amount, to larceny at common law and embezzlement under the statute, and when it does the offender may be prosecuted upon either charge at the option of the People. (2 Bishop Or. Law [8th ed.], §§ 328, 329.)

The same question as to the form of the indictment was raised and decided against the defendant in People v. Neff (122 App. Div. 135; affd., 191 N. Y. 210). While Neff was not the custodian of the money, he was the officer who executed the fraudulent warrant upon which the county treasurer drew his checks Upon the bank where the money was deposited, and by means of which the money of the county in that case was wrongfully paid out; and it was held that defendant there was properly convicted upon an indictment for common-law larceny.

Other points are urged upon our attention by defendant’s counsel, relating to rulings upon questions of evidence, exceptions to the charge and refusals to charge as requested. Without entering into a discussion of each of them I think it sufficient to say that they would not justify a reversal.

The jury, who saw the witnesses and"heard their testimony, reached the conclusion that the defendant is guilty, and we cannot, say that the verdict is against the evidence.

The judgment of conviction must, therefore, be affirmed.

All concurred.

Judgment of conviction affirmed.  