
    NICKOLA v MIC GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY
    Docket No. 322565.
    Submitted September 10, 2015, at Detroit.
    Decided September 24, 2015, at 9:00 a.m.
    Leave to appeal sought.
    George and Thelma Nickola brought a declaratory action in the Genesee Circuit Court against MIC General Insurance Company (their no-fault insurer) in April 2005, asking the court to compel arbitration. The Nickolas had been injured when another car struck theirs. After the other driver’s insurer settled with the Nickolas and paid them the limits of his policy, the Nickolas sought underinsured-motorist (UIM) benefits under their policy. MIC denied the claim. The Nickolas then sent MIC a written demand for arbitration of their claim. Although the policy stated that either party could demand arbitration, MIC denied the Nickolas’ demand, stating that it had never agreed to arbitrate and that both parties had to agree before a UIM claim could proceed to arbitration. In November 2005, however, after the Nickolas had brought their lawsuit, MIC stated that it did not object to arbitration. Because MIC had initially denied that arbitration was proper, the Nickolas moved for sanctions against it. The court, Richard B. Yuille, J., entered an order in March 2006, submitting the matter to arbitration, but reserving any ruling on the request for sanctions, instead ordering the Nickolas to provide the court and MIC a list of costs, expenses, and attorney fees, which they agreed to do. The court retained jurisdiction to enforce compliance and make further determinations, orders, or judgments as necessary. Under the policy, each party was to select one arbitrator, and the two arbitrators would then select a third. If they could not agree within 30 days, however, either could request that the court make the selection. The parties named their respective arbitrators soon after the court’s order, but the chosen arbitrators could not agree to the appointment of the third. Neither party took action on the matter for more than six years. During that time the Nickolas died and their son, Joseph G. Nickola (plaintiff) was appointed as personal representative of their estates and substituted as plaintiff in the action. In August 2012, he moved for the trial court to appoint the third arbitrator. The parties finally proceeded to arbitration in October 2013, and the arbitration panel awarded $80,000 to plaintiff for George’s injuries and $33,000 for Thelma’s injuries. The awards were to be inclusive of interest, if any, as an element of the damages from the date of injury to the date of suit, but were not inclusive of other interest, fees, or costs that the court might otherwise allow. In November 2013, plaintiff moved for (1) attorney fees and sanctions because of MIC’s frivolous defense to arbitration, (2) penalty interest under MCL 500.2006, part of the Uniform Trade Practices Act (UTPA) (MCL 500.2001 et seq.) for MIC’s failure to promptly pay UIM benefits, and (3) entry of a judgment against MIC on the arbitration award. The court denied the motion in all respects, but stated that it “affirmed” the arbitration award. With regard to penalty interest, the court found that the UTPA did not apply to a claim for UIM benefits and that even if it did, the claim was reasonably in dispute and not subject to penalty interest. Plaintiff appealed.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    1. Plaintiff argued that the trial court should have granted sanctions against MIC under MCR 2.114 for initially asserting in its filings with the court that arbitration could not be demanded unilaterally under the insurance policy. Neither plaintiff nor the Nickolas ever complied with the trial court’s order to provide proof of their costs and attorney fees, however, even by the date of the 2014 renewed request for sanctions. The failure to comply with that order, despite having had years to do so, was tantamount to a waiver of the issue.
    2. MCL 500.2006(1) provides that an insurer must timely pay its insured, an individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under its insured’s contract of insurance, or a third-party tort claimant the benefits provided under the terms of its policy. If the insurer does not pay the benefits in a timely fashion, MCL 500.2006(4) provides for the imposition of 12% interest on the benefits if the claimant is the insured or an individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under the policy. If the claimant is a third-party tort claimant, however, that interest is imposed if the insurer’s liability for the claim is not reasonably in dispute, the insurer refused payment in bad faith, and a court determined that there was bad faith. Accordingly, MCL 500.2006(4) draws a distinction between a claimant who is the insured or an individual directly entitled to benefits under a policy (a first-party insured) and one who is a third-party tort claimant. UIM benefits are not statutorily mandated but arise solely from the insurance policy. Plaintiff contended that he, as the Nickolas’ personal representative, sought the payment of benefits that were owed directly to them as insureds under an insurance policy. Plaintiff, however, did more than merely make a simple first-party claim. For plaintiff to succeed on his UIM claim, he had to essentially allege a third-party tort claim against the Nickolas’ insurer. MIC, as the insurer, stood in the shoes of the alleged tortfeasor, and plaintiff sought benefits from MIC that arose from the tortfeasor’s liability. Such a third-party tort claim is different in nature from a typical claim for first-party benefits because it will often require proof of the nature and extent of the injuries, proof of the injured person’s prognosis over time, and proof that the injuries adversely affected the injured person’s ability to lead his or her normal life. In addition, a third-party tort claim is designed to compensate a claimant for past and future pain and suffering and other economic and noneconomic losses rather than offering compensation for immediate expenses that are generally associated with a first-party claim. Plaintiffs UIM claim was therefore tied to a third-party tort claim for damages that was, in many respects, fundamentally different from a typical first-party claim. Moreover, the claim was reasonably in dispute, particularly with regard to whether the damages for the Nickolas’ injuries exceeded the amount of the settlement with the other driver. Accordingly, the second part of MCL 500.2006(4) applied, and the trial court did not err by denying penalty interest to plaintiff.
    3. Plaintiff also sought prejudgment interest under MCL 600.6013 from the date of the filing of the complaint in April 2005 until payment of the arbitration award. MCL 600.6013(8) provides that interest on a money judgment recovered in a civil action is calculated from the date of the filing of the complaint on the entire amount of the judgment, including attorney fees and other costs. Plaintiff never raised the issue of prejudgment interest before the trial court, however, and it appeared that the arbitration award had never been reduced to a judgment or paid. Despite the fact that plaintiff expressly sought entry of a judgment on the arbitration award, the trial court did not honor that request and simply “affirmed” the arbitration award. To that extent, the court erred. Because the arbitration award was never reduced to a judgment and the case had not otherwise been dismissed, plaintiff remained entitled to obtain a judgment on the award and could raise the issue of prejudgment interest at that time. MIC further argued that plaintiff was not entitled to prejudgment interest because of his and the Nickolas’ delay in the case. While a court may disallow prejudgment interest for periods of delay that were not the fault of or caused by the debtor, however, it did not appear that all the delays in the case could be assigned to plaintiff and the Nickolas. If plaintiff seeks a judgment on the arbitration award and raises the issue of prejudgment interest at the time, the delays can be a consideration for the trial court but should not at the outset deny plaintiff any claim to prejudgment interest under MCL 600.6013.
    Affirmed in part and remanded for further proceedings.
    
      Bendure & Thomas (by Mark R. Bendure) and John D. Nickola for plaintiff.
    
      Harvey Kruse, PC (by Michael F. Schmidt and Nathan Peplinski), for defendant.
    Before: GADOLA, P.J., and JANSEN and BECKERING, JJ.
   Per CURIAM.

In this action against defendant, MIC General Insurance Company, doing business as GMAC Insurance, concerning underinsured-motorist benefits, plaintiff, Joseph G. Nickola, as personal representative of the estates of George and Thelma Nickola, appeals the June 19, 2014 order denying plaintiffs request for attorney fees and interest. We affirm in part and remand for further proceedings.

I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This case involves a protracted procedural history. The matter arose out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on April 13, 2004. George and Thelma, who were insured by defendant, were injured when an automobile driven by Roy Smith, who was insured by Progressive Insurance Company, struck their automobile. The maximum available coverage on Smith’s auto policy with Progressive was $20,000 per individual involved in an accident. George and Thelma, with defendant’s consent, settled the tort claim, with Progressive paying its client’s policy limits on or about November 21, 2004. Thereafter, they turned to defendant, their no-fault insurer, and sought underinsured-motorist (UIM) benefits. Defendant’s policy with George and Thelma provided UIM coverage in the amount of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident; George and Thelma each sought $80,000, which represented the $100,000 policy limit minus the $20,000 already received from Progressive.

Defendant denied the claim for UIM coverage in February 2005, alleging that George and Thelma could not establish a threshold injury for noneconomic tort recovery under MCL 500.3135. In response to this denial, George and Thelma sent defendant a written demand for arbitration of their UIM claim, consistent with their auto policy. The UIM coverage provision in their policy with defendant provided that if the insurer and the insureds were unable to agree about (1) whether an insured was legally entitled to UIM damages or (2) the amount of UIM damages,

[e\ither party may make a written demand for arbitration. In this event, each party will select an arbitrator. The two arbitrators will select a third. If they cannot agree within 30 days, either may request that selection be made by a judge of a court having jurisdiction. [Emphasis added.]

Despite the fact that the policy stated that either party could demand arbitration, defendant responded to the request for arbitration on March 1, 2005, by denying the demand, stating that it had never agreed to arbitrate and that both parties had to agree to arbitration under the policy before a UIM claim could proceed to arbitration. The reasons for defendant’s denial in the face of the policy’s arbitration clause are not entirely clear from the record.

Defendant’s denial of the request for arbitration prompted George and Thelma to file a complaint for declaratory relief on April 8, 2005, in which they asked the trial court to compel arbitration. In answering the complaint, defendant “neither admitted] nor denie[d] the allegations” raised in the complaint concerning whether one party to its insurance contract with George and Thelma could unilaterally compel arbitration, but admitted that it had denied George and Thelma’s written demand for arbitration. However, in a September 20, 2005 response to a request for admissions, defendant admitted that the arbitration language in the policy stated that either party could unilaterally demand arbitration. And in November 2005, defendant stated that it had “no objection to the matter being submitted to arbitration . . . .”

Because of defendant’s initial denial that arbitration was proper, George and Thelma moved the trial court for sanctions against defendant. They claimed that any assertion by defendant that arbitration was not required under the policy was a “frivolous defense.” Following a hearing on February 14, 2006, the trial court entered an order submitting the matter to arbitration, but reserved ruling on George and Thelma’s request for sanctions in relation to the few-month delay prompted by defendant’s initial opposition to arbitration. Before it would rule on the matter, the court expressly ordered that George and Thelma “shall supply to the Court and to counsel for Defendant its list of costs and expenses, as well as attorney fees[.]” At the motion hearing, George and Thelma’s counsel promised to provide the trial court with this information. The trial court’s written order, dated March 6, 2006, retained jurisdiction to “enforce compliance and/or make any other determination, orders and/or judgments necessary to fully adjudicate the rights of the Parties herein.”

The parties named their respective arbitrators soon after the trial court’s written order, but disagreement over the appointment of a third arbitrator brought the proceedings to a grinding halt. The chosen arbitrators could not agree about whom to appoint as the third arbitrator. Neither party took action on the matter for more than six years, until August 13, 2012, when plaintiff moved the trial court to appoint a third arbitrator. It is unclear from the record what caused this lengthy delay. During this six-year delay, George and Thelma died, leading to the appointment of plaintiff as personal representative of their respective estates.

The parties finally proceeded to arbitration in October 2013, and the arbitration panel awarded $80,000 to plaintiff for George’s injuries and $33,000 for Thelma’s injuries. The awards were to be “inclusive of interest, if any, as an element of damages from the date of injury to the date of suit, but not inclusive of other interest, fees or costs that may otherwise be allowable by the Court.”

On November 25, 2013, plaintiff moved the trial court for (1) attorney fees and sanctions because of defendant’s frivolous defense to arbitration, (2) penalty interest under MCL 500.2006, part of the Uniform Trade Practices Act (UTPA) (MCL 500.2001 et seq.), for defendant’s failure to promptly pay UIM benefits, and (3) entry of a judgment against defendant on the arbitration award. The trial court denied the motion in all respects, but stated that it “affirmed” the arbitration award. With regard to penalty interest, the court found that the UTPA did not apply to a claim for UIM benefits. Further, even if the UTPA did apply, the language “reasonably in dispute” in MCL 500.2006(4) insulated defendant from having to pay penalty interest. Finally, the trial court ruled that the issue of penalty interest should have been heard before the arbitration panel.

II. SANCTIONS UNDER MCR 2.114

Plaintiff argues that the trial court should have granted sanctions against defendant under MCR 2.114 for initially asserting in its filings with the court that arbitration could not be demanded unilaterally under the insurance policy. The trial court’s 2006 order reserved a ruling on attorney fees but required George and Thelma to produce evidence of their attorney fees incurred during the delay caused by defendant’s initial refusal to arbitrate. Specifically, the order stated that “Plaintiff shall supply to the Court and to counsel for Defendant its list of costs and expenses, as well as attorney fees[.]” George and Thelma and plaintiff never complied with that order. Indeed, even when plaintiff made a renewed request for sanctions in 2014, he never complied with the trial court’s 2006 order to provide proof of his attorney fees incurred during the relevant period. Plaintiffs failure to comply with that order, despite having had years to do so, is tantamount to a waiver of this issue. “The usual manner of waiving a right is by acts which indicate an intention to relinquish it, or by so neglecting and failing to act as to induce a belief that it was the intention and purpose to waive.” Cadle Co v Kentwood, 285 Mich App 240, 254-255; 776 NW2d 145 (2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted; emphasis added). Given that plaintiff repeatedly failed to comply with the trial court’s order to provide documentation of his attorney fees for the pertinent period, it is difficult to fault the trial court for failing to award those fees as a sanction under MCR 2.114. Indeed, plaintiff had more than eight years to supply the requested information about fees, but never did so. See Reed Estate v Reed, 293 Mich App 168, 177-178; 810 NW2d 284 (2011) (stating that waiver may be shown by a course of conduct, including neglecting and failing to act in such a manner as to induce the belief that the party failing or neglecting to act has the intent to waive). Plaintiffs failure to act and neglect of the trial court’s mandate is tantamount to waiver. See Cadle Co, 285 Mich App at 254-255.

Plaintiff argues that it was “impossible” for him to determine the amount of attorney fees to which he was allegedly entitled without waiting for arbitration to conclude. This ignores that the trial court, at the February 14,2006 motion hearing, asked for the fees to which plaintiff believed he was entitled at that time. Plaintiffs counsel expressly promised to provide that figure. Plaintiff was to submit costs and fees incurred during the time between when defendant answered the complaint and admitted the mistake. There was never an invitation by the trial court to include in the amount of fees requested those fees incurred even after the matter went to arbitration. Any attempt by plaintiff to obtain additional fees ignored the court’s order. Moreover, the argument ignores the fact that, even when arbitration was over, plaintiff still failed to provide the trial court information about his requested fees.

We also note that plaintiff seeks attorney fees for defendant’s conduct that occurred before George and Thelma filed their complaint in 2005. That is, plaintiff appears to seek sanctions under MCR 2.114 for defendant’s conduct in initially denying the UIM claim. Any argument by plaintiff in this regard is without merit. MCR 2.114(A) applies to “all pleadings, motions, affidavits, and other papers provided for by” the court rules. Defendant’s initial decision to deny arbitration was not a pleading, motion, affidavit, or other paper filed under the court rules. Rather, it was simply a response to plaintiffs request for arbitration. Nothing about that response brings it within the ambit of materials that could subject defendant to sanctions under MCR 2.114.

III. PENALTY INTEREST UNDER THE UTPA

Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by concluding that defendant was not required to pay penalty interest under the UTPA for its failure to timely pay UIM benefits. This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s ruling on a motion for penalty interest under MCL 500.2006(4). Angott v Chubb Group of Ins Cos, 270 Mich App 465, 475; 717 NW2d 341 (2006). Resolution of this issue also requires examination and interpretation of MCL 500.2006(4), which is an issue of law this Court reviews de novo. Id.

UIM benefits are not statutorily mandated; they are an agreement for benefits voluntarily entered into between an insured and an insurer. Dawson v Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co of Mich, 293 Mich App 563, 568; 810 NW2d 106 (2011). The UTPA provides a mechanism to help insureds obtain payment for these and other types of benefits in a timely manner. Griswold Props, LLC v Lexington Ins Co, 276 Mich App 551, 554; 741 NW2d 549 (2007). “MCL 500.2006 provides for imposition of penalty interest for the late payment of a claim . . . .” Id. The statute provides, in pertinent part:

(1) A person must pay on a timely basis to its insured, an individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under its insured’s contract of insurance, or a third party tort claimant the benefits provided under the terms of its policy, or, in the alternative, the person must pay to its insured, an individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under its insured’s contract of insurance, or a third party tort claimant 12% interest, as provided in subsection (4), on claims not paid on a timely basis. Failure to pay claims on a timely basis or to pay interest on claims as provided in subsection (4) is an unfair trade practice unless the claim is reasonably in dispute.
(4) If benefits are not paid on a timely basis the benefits paid shall bear simple interest from a date 60 days after satisfactory proof of loss was received by the insurer at the rate of 12% per annum, if the claimant is the insured or an
individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under the insured’s contract of insurance. If the claimant is a third party tort claimant, then the benefits paid shall bear interest from a date 60 days after satisfactory proof of loss was received by the insurer at the rate of 12% per annum if the liability of the insurer for the claim is not reasonably in dispute, the insurer has refused payment in bad faith and the bad faith was determined by a court of law. [MCL 500.2006(1) and (4).]

MCL 500.2006(4), the penalty-interest provision, draws a distinction between a claimant who is the insured or who is an individual directly entitled to benefits under an insurance contract (a first-party insured) and a claimant who is a third-party tort claimant. The first sentence of Subsection (4) simply states that a first-party insured is entitled to penalty interest if benefits are not paid within 60 days after the insurer obtains satisfactory proof of loss. Griswold, 276 Mich App at 565. As explained by this Court in Gris-wold, “[I]f the claimant is the insured or an individual or entity directly entitled to benefits under the insured’s contract of insurance, and benefits are not paid on a timely basis, the claimant is entitled to 12 percent interest, irrespective of whether the claim is reasonably in dispute.” Id. at 566 (citation and quotation marks omitted). By comparison, the second sentence of Subsection (4), which applies to third-party tort claimants, imposes penalty interest on the insurer only if the claim “is not reasonably in dispute.” Id. at 565-566. Central to plaintiffs argument on appeal is the notion that the language “not reasonably in dispute” in MCL 500.2006(4) does not apply to claims by a first-party insured. Defendant, meanwhile, likens plaintiff to a third-party tort claimant in this claim for UIM benefits, meaning that the language “not reasonably in dispute” in MCL 500.2006(4) applies.

A brief examination of the facts at issue in Griswold is illustrative in resolving this issue. In deciding Griswold, this Court convened a special panel to resolve a conflict over the application of MCL 500.2006(4) and the types of claims to which the criterion of being “reasonably in dispute” applied. The case involved a consolidation of three cases. See Griswold, 276 Mich App at 559. Two cases involved insureds who sought benefits from their respective insurers for water damage. Id. at 559-560. In the third case, the insured’s building was destroyed by a fire, and the insured sought benefits from its insurer for the damage caused by the fire. Id. at 560. In other words, each of the three consolidated cases involved insureds seeking benefits from their own insurers for losses that were directly covered under the respective policies.

Plaintiff contends that he, as the personal representative of the estates of George and Thelma, is seeking payment of benefits that were owed directly to insureds under an insurance policy. As noted, UIM benefits arise solely from the policy. See McDonald v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 480 Mich 191, 194; 747 NW2d 811 (2008) (explaining that “[w]hen an insured is injured by a tortfeasor motorist whose own policy is insufficient to cover all of the insured’s damages, the insured can seek coverage from his or her UIM policy for damages that exceed the tortfeasor’s policy limits”) (emphasis added). At first glance, plaintiffs argument — that he is entitled to penalty interest because he sought benefits that were owed directly to an insured by an insurer and that the language “reasonably in dispute” in MCL 500.2006(4) does not apply — has some appeal in light of Griswold.

However, the instant case is not as simple as Gris-wold. As noted, Griswold involved consolidated cases in which each insurer was directly liable to its first-party insureds for covered losses. Here, while plaintiff is seeking UIM benefits that are provided under the policy, he is doing more than merely making a simple first-party claim, as was involved in Griswold. In order for plaintiff to succeed on his UIM claim, he essentially has to allege a third-party tort claim against his own insurer — or, in this case, against the insurer of George and Thelma, of whom plaintiff is the personal representative. Defendant, the insurer, stands in the shoes of the alleged tortfeasor, and plaintiff seeks benefits from defendant that arose from the alleged tortfeasor’s liability. See Auto Club Ins Ass’n v Hill, 431 Mich 449, 463-466; 430 NW2d 636 (1988) (explaining UIM coverage). See also Rory v Continental Ins Co, 473 Mich 457, 465; 703 NW2d 23 (2005) (explaining that “[ujninsured motorist insurance,” which is substantially similar to UIM insurance, “permits an injured motorist to obtain coverage from his or her own insurance company to the extent that a third-party claim would be permitted against the . . . at-fault driver”). This third-party tort claim is different in nature from a typical claim for first-party benefits, as it “will often require proof of the nature and extent of the injured person’s injuries, the injured person’s prognosis over time, and proof that the injuries have had an adverse effect on the injured person’s ability to lead his or her normal life.” Adam v Bell, 311 Mich App 528, 535; 879 NW2d 879 (2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted). In addition, such a third-party tort claim is designed to compensate a claimant “for past and future pain and suffering and other economic and noneconomic losses rather than compensation for immediate expenses” that are generally associated with a first-party claim. Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). In other words, plaintiffs UIM claim is tied to a third-party tort claim for damages that, in many respects, is “fundamentally” different from a typical first-party claim. See id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).

In Auto-Owners Ins Co v Ferwerda Enterprises, Inc (On Remand), 287 Mich App 248; 797 NW2d 168 (2010), vacated in part on other grounds 488 Mich 917 (2010), this Court recognized that not all claims for penalty interest under MCL 500.2006(4) fit neatly into the Griswold analysis. In that case, the insurer sought a declaratory judgment stating that it had no duty to defend and indemnify its insureds in a third-party tort action based on an exclusion in the insurance policy. Id. at 252. The insureds filed a counterclaim, alleging breach of contract, estoppel, and waiver, and they requested penalty interest under MCL 500.2006(4). Id. The trial court found that there was coverage for the underlying third-party tort claim and awarded penalty interest under MCL 500.2006(4). Id. at 253-254. On appeal, the insureds defended the trial court’s award of penalty interest on the ground that the insurer breached its contract by failing to pay benefits under the insurance policy. Id. at 258. The insureds argued that under Griswold, the issue of penalty interest turned only on the failure to pay benefits and not whether those benefits were reasonably in dispute. Id. at 259. This Court disagreed with the insureds’ argument that the case involved a simple breach of the insurance policy. Rather, in Ferwerda “the breach of contract claim [was] specifically tied to the underlying third-party tort claim.” Id. That situation, reasoned the Court, was “a wholly different situation than that found” in Griswold and other cases that awarded penalty interest for the failure of an insurer to pay first-party claims. Id. at 259-260. As such, this Court held that the language “reasonably in dispute” found in the second sentence of MCL 500.2006(4) applied and precluded an award of penalty interest because the benefits in that case were reasonably in dispute. Id. at 260.

Applying Ferwerda in the case at bar, the trial court did not err by employing the language “reasonably in dispute” found in the second sentence of MCL 500.2006(4) and denying penalty interest to plaintiff. This case does not involve a claim in which the insured simply sought the payment of benefits due directly under an insurance policy. As in Ferwerda, 287 Mich App at 259, the situation in this case “is a wholly different situation than that found” in cases such as Griswold. Rather, the claim for benefits under the UIM coverage is “specifically tied to the underlying third-party tort claim.” Id. Indeed, in the UIM context, defendant is standing in the shoes of the alleged tortfeasor. The fact that the claim for UIM benefits was specifically tied to the underlying third-party tort claim warrants applying the language “reasonably in dispute” found in the second sentence of MCL 500.2006(4). See id. The trial court did not err by applying this standard to plaintiffs claim for penalty interest.

Moreover, contrary to plaintiffs alternative contention on appeal, the claim in this case was reasonably in dispute. Even assuming that plaintiff could establish a threshold injury, plaintiffs UIM claim needed to show that the injuries suffered by George and Thelma exceeded the amount of the settlement with Smith. See McDonald, 480 Mich at 194 (explaining UIM coverage). Given George and Thelma’s respective ages, preexisting conditions, and the nature of the injuries alleged in this case, the amount of damages, if any, that they were entitled to beyond what they received from Smith was a matter of reasonable dispute. Thus, the trial court did not err by denying penalty interest under MCL 500.2006(4).

IV. PREJUDGMENT INTEREST

Lastly, plaintiff seeks prejudgment interest under MCL 600.6013 from the date of the filing of the complaint until payment of the arbitration award. “MCL 600.6013 entitles a prevailing party in a civil action to prejudgment interest from the date the complaint was filed to the entry of judgment.” Beach v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 216 Mich App 612, 624; 550 NW2d 580 (1996) (citation omitted). “The purpose of this statute is to compensate the prevailing party for loss of use of the funds awarded as a money judgment and to offset the costs of litigation.” Farmers Ins Exch v Titan Ins Co, 251 Mich App 454, 460; 651 NW2d 428 (2002). Plaintiff seeks interest under MCL 600.6013(8), which provides:

Except as otherwise provided in subsections (5) and (7) and subject to subsection (13), for complaints filed on or after January 1, 1987, interest on a money judgment recovered in a civil action is calculated at 6-month intervals from the date of filing the complaint at a rate of interest equal to 1% plus the average interest rate paid at auctions of 5-year United States treasury notes during the 6 months immediately preceding July 1 and January 1, as certified by the state treasurer, and compounded annually, according to this section. Interest under this subsection is calculated on the entire amount of the money judgment, including attorney fees and other costs. In an action for medical malpractice, interest under this subsection on costs or attorney fees awarded under a statute or court rule is not calculated for any period before the entry of the judgment. The amount of interest attributable to that part of the money judgment from which attorney fees are paid is retained by the plaintiff, and not paid to the plaintiffs attorney.

Plaintiff is seeking prejudgment interest from the date of the complaint in April 2005 until the date of payment. Plaintiff never raised the issue of prejudgment interest before the trial court. In addition, it does not appear from the record that the arbitration award was ever reduced to a judgment or that the arbitration award has been paid. Under the Michigan arbitration act, circuit courts have jurisdiction to enforce and render judgment on an arbitration award. Former MCL 600.5025. Here, despite the fact that plaintiffs motion expressly sought entry of a judgment on the arbitration award, the trial court did not honor that request. Instead, the court simply “affirmed” the arbitration award, and to that extent, the trial court erred. Because it does not appear that the arbitration award was ever reduced to a judgment, and this case has not otherwise been dismissed, plaintiff remains entitled to obtain a judgment on the award. And when seeking that judgment, because the issue of prejudgment interest was never decided, plaintiff can raise the issue of prejudgment interest at that time. Accordingly, we decline to address the prejudgment interest issue, without prejudice to plaintiffs raising it when he moves for entry of a judgment enforcing the arbitration award. Indeed, at this point, neither the arbitration panel nor the trial court has decided the issue of plaintiffs entitlement to statutory prejudgment interest under MCL 600.6013.

Lastly, on the issue of prejudgment interest, we note that defendant contends that plaintiff should not be entitled to any prejudgment interest because of his— and George and Thelma’s — delays in this case. “[A] court may disallow prejudgment interest for periods of delay where the delay was not the fault of, or caused by, the debtor.” Eley v Turner, 193 Mich App 244, 247; 483 NW2d 421 (1992). However, it is not apparent that all the delays in this case can be attributed to plaintiff. With regard to the six-year delay caused by disagreement over the third arbitrator, defendant is incorrect in stating that the arbitration agreement required the insured, and only the insured, to petition the circuit court to select a third arbitrator in the event of disagreement. Rather, the agreement as embodied in the policy states that “either may request that selection” of a third arbitrator “be made by a judge of a court having jurisdiction.” (Emphasis added.) If plaintiff raises the issue of prejudgment interest at the time he seeks a judgment on the arbitration award, the delays in this case can be a consideration for the trial court, but should not at the outset deny plaintiff any claim to prejudgment interest under MCL 600.6013.

Affirmed in part and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

GADOLA, P.J., and JANSEN and BeckerinG, JJ., concurred. 
      
       George and Thelma were originally the plaintiffs in this action. However, during the pendency of this case, they passed away, requiring that their son, as personal representative, be substituted as the plaintiff. Por ease of reference, we will refer to George and Thelma by name and will use the term “plaintiff’ to refer to Joseph G. Nickola, the personal representative.
     
      
       Although plaintiffs claim of appeal asserts that this appeal of the June 19, 2014 order is an appeal as of right, we do not agree. The order did not dispose of all the claims of the parties, see MCR 7.202(6)(a)(i) (describing final orders); notably, as discussed in more detail later, the order did not resolve plaintiffs request for entry of a judgment on the arbitration award. Moreover, because there is no judgment, the order appealed does not qualify as a postjudgment order awarding or denying attorney fees and costs under MCR 7.202(6)(a)(iv). However, in the interest of judicial economy, we exercise our discretion and treat the claim of appeal as an application for leave to appeal and grant the application. See In re Beatrice Rottenberg Living Trust, 300 Mich App 339, 354; 833 NW2d 384 (2013).
     
      
       As noted, George and Thelma died during the pendency of the instant litigation. According to the record, neither death was caused by injuries suffered in the motor vehicle accident that sparked this litigation.
     
      
       On appeal, defendant attempts to pin the entirety of the delay on plaintiff. However, the arbitration agreement contained in the policy provides that if the arbitrators selected by the parties were unable to agree on a third arbitrator within 30 days, “either may request that selection be made by a judge of a court having jurisdiction.” (Emphasis added).
     
      
       On appeal, plaintiff makes no effort to comply with the 2006 order and has yet to produce evidence of his claimed attorney fees.
     
      
       In Ferwerda, 287 Mich App 248, this Court decided two issues: (1) whether an award of attorney fees was appropriate and (2) whether the imposition of penalty interest was warranted. Our Supreme Court denied leave to appeal with regard to the penalty interest issue, but remanded with regard to the attorney fee issue. Auto-Owners Ins Co v Ferwerda Enterprises, Inc, 784 NW2d 44 (Mich, 2010). Subsequently, the Court vacated this Court’s ruling regarding attorney fees. Auto-Owners Ins Co v Ferwerda Enterprises, Inc, 488 Mich 917 (2010). Thus, this Court’s holding with respect to penalty interest remains good law.
     
      
       The policy’s UIM coverage provision states that “[w]e [the insurer] will pay under this coverage only after the limits of liability under any applicable bodily injury liability bonds or policies have been exhausted by payment of judgments or settlements.”
     
      
       This is not to say that UIM benefits will in all cases be subject to reasonable dispute. For instance, in a scenario in which an accident rendered an otherwise healthy insured a quadriplegic and the tortfea-sor’s insurance policy provided only $20,000 in recovery, there could likely be no dispute that the insured was entitled to UIM coverage.
     
      
       Effective July 1, 2013, the Legislature repealed the Michigan arbitration act, former MCL 600.5001 et seq., and replaced it with the Uniform Arbitration Act, MCL 691.1681 et seq. 2012 PA 370; 2012 PA 371; Fette v Peters Constr Co, 310 Mich App 535, 542; 871 NW2d 877 (2015). The Uniform Arbitration Act “does not affect an action or proceeding commenced or right accrued before this act takes effect.” MCL 691.1713. See also Fette, 310 Mich App at 542. Because George and Thelma filed a complaint for arbitration in 2005, the Uniform Arbitration Act does not apply, and the Michigan Arbitration Act governs. See id.
      
     
      
       In this regard, we note that preaward, prejudgment interest would ordinarily be deemed to have been submitted to the arbitration panel. See Holloway Constr Co v Oakland Co Bd of Co Rd Comm’rs, 450 Mich 608, 618; 543 NW2d 923 (1996) (“The decision whether to award preaward, prejudgment interest as an element of damages is reserved as a matter of the arbitrator’s discretion.”). In this case, there was nothing in the arbitration agreement reserving the issue of preaward, prejudgment interest. However, the arbitration award expressly stated that the arbitration panel awarded interest as an element of damages from the time of the injury to the time the complaint was filed, but did not decide matters pertaining to “other interest.” Prejudgment interest after the filing of the complaint fits into the broad category of “other interest.” Thus, the arbitration panel expressly declined to address the prejudgment interest plaintiff is now seeking. The record contains no indication of why the arbitration panel did not consider any other interest, nor is there any indication that the parties objected to the arbitration panel’s decision in this regard.
     