
    Patricia PARKHILL; William Parkhill, v. Lawrence GORDON Patricia Parkhill, Appellant.
    No. 02-4082.
    United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.
    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) Nov. 3, 2003.
    Decided Nov. 3, 2003.
    
      David F. Binder, Raynes, McCarty, Binder, Ross & Mundy, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellant.
    Thomas J. Johanson, Deborah M. Knight, Goldfein & Hosmer, Philadelphia, PA, for Appellee.
    Before: MCKEE and SMITH, Circuit Judges, and WEIS, Senior Circuit Judge.
   OPINION

MCKEE, Circuit Judge.

Patricia Parkhill appeals the district court’s dismissal of her medical malpractice claim against the defendant Lawrence Gordon, M.D. under the applicable statutue of limitations. Parkhill claims that her lawsuit should not be barred because the statute of limitations should have been tolled under Pennsylvania’s discovery rule. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

I.

Well over 20 years ago Patricia Parkill received a medical examination of her left ear by Dr. Lawrence Gordon, an otolaryngologist. Dr. Gordon diagnosed otosclerosis, and recommended that corrective surgery be performed. Parkhill agreed, and on April 5, 1979, Parkhill was admitted to Delaware County Memorial Hospital for a stapedectomy.

On April 6, 1979, Dr. Gordon began the stapedectomy. However, after making an initial incision and exploring the left middle ear, he terminated the procedure. He did not remove the stapes bone nor did he implant a prosthetic device. The hospital discharge report prepared by Dr. Gordon explains that he aborted the stapedectomy because of an apparent aberrant facial nerve. In Dr. Gordon’s professional medical opinion, this condition made the surgery impractical because the location of the facial nerve he thought he observed made further surgical involvement too dangerous.

Not surprisingly, Dr. Gordon now has no recollection of the procedure he performed on Parkhill, but he does not contest the accuracy of the 1979 discharge statement. Parkhill does not remember whether she ever had a post-operative office visit with Dr. Gordon or any other doctor regarding the condition of her left ear.

Parkhill did not seek a second opinion after the aborted surgery and took no steps to purchase a hearing aid for her left ear. At some point in the mid-1980’s, Parkhill began to lose hearing in her right ear. Parkhill’s hearing became progressively worse and in the early 1990’s she purchased a hearing aid without the involvement of a physician.

Finally, in 1998, Parkhill went to see Dr. Kenneth Rosen, an otolaryngologist, for the difficulties she was having with her right ear. Dr. Rosen and his partner, Dr. Todd Rowan, told Parkill that they could not help her with the hearing problem in her right ear.

In December of 2000, Parkhill got an infection in her left ear, the ear that Dr. Gordon operated on twenty-two years earlier. On December 26, 2000, Parkhill was referred to Dr. Marc Rosen, another otolaryngologist. After reviewing a CT scan, Dr. Rosen informed Parkhill that, in his professional opinion, a stapedectomy could be performed to correct her hearing in both ears.

After her meeting with Dr. Rosen, Park-hill decided to obtain a second opinion. She was referred to another otolaryngologist, Dr. Joseph Atkins. Dr. Atkins agreed with Dr. Rosen, and recommended Dr. Thomas Wilcox perform the operation. On April 2, 2001, Dr. Wilcox performed a laser stapedectomy on Parkhill’s left ear. The surgery was a success and Parkhill regained normal hearing in her left ear.

Some twenty-three years after Dr. Gordon aborted the initial stapedectomy on her left ear, Parkhill sued Gordon for medical malpractice alleging he negligently aborted the corrective surgery on her left ear. The district court ruled the statute of limitations barred Parkhill’s lawsuit and entered judgement for Dr. Gordon. This appeal followed.

II.

As noted, Parkhill argues that the statute of limitations should have been tolled under Pennsylvania’s discovery rule and her claim was thereafter not time-barred. More specifically, she claims that the discovery rule should have tolled the statute of limitations, the district court placed too much reliance on her failure to obtain a second opinion because it would not have caused her to learn that the problem in her ear could have been corrected, and Dr. Gordon’s representations to her amounted to fraudulent concealment that also tolled the statute of limitations.

A. The Discovery Rule

As we noted earlier, the parties agree that Pennsylvania law applies and that the applicable statute of limitations is two years. Parkhill’s suit is clearly beyond that period of limitations. However, Pennsylvania’s discovery rule tolls the applicable statute of limitations in certain instances where a plaintiff is unable to learn of his/her injury. Murphy v. Saavedra, 560 Pa. 423, 746 A.2d 92, 94 (Pa.2000). The rule provides that if the injury is not known to the plaintiff, and such knowledge cannot reasonably be ascertained within the statutory period, the limitations period does not begin to run until the discovery of the injury is reasonably possible. Id. Before applying the discovery rule a court must, however, first address “the ability of the injured party, exercising reasonable diligence, to know that she has been injured by the act of another.” Id. (citing Pocono Int’l Raceway v. Pocono Produce, Inc., 503 Pa. 80, 468 A.2d 468, 471 (Pa.1983)) (emphasis added).

The standard of “reasonable” diligence is an objective one. Burnside v. Abbott Labs., 351 Pa.Super. 264, 505 A.2d 973, 988 (Pa.Super.1985). Parkhill must have “exhibited those qualities of attention, knowledge, intelligence and judgment which society requires of its members for the protection of their own interest and the interests of others.” Id. Therefore, Parkhill’s conduct must be evaluated in terms of what she should have known had she acted with reasonable diligence. See Dalrymple v. Brown, 549 Pa. 217, 701 A.2d 164, 167 (Pa.1997).

Here, the district court concluded that Parkhill did not exercise the requisite diligence because a reasonable person would have sought a second opinion within twenty-two years of the critical procedure, since the continuing problems with her hearing. “[A] diligent investigation may require one to seek further medical examination.” Cochran v. GAF Corp., 542 Pa. 210, 666 A.2d 245, 249 (Pa.1995).

Parkhill cites Lewey v. H.C. Frick Coke Co., 166 Pa. 536, 31 A. 261 (Pa.1895), in arguing that she was justified in not seeking a second opinion because she relied on the advice of Dr. Gordon for 22 years after her surgery. In Lewey, the plaintiff relied upon the discovery rule to bring an action in trespass eight years after the defendant had entered his land to subterraneously excavate coal. The Lewey court tolled the statute of limitation reasoning, that “[t]he plaintiff had no knowledge of the trespass upon hi[s] [land] or the removal of his coal and no means of knowledge within his reach.” Lewey, 31 A. at 261.

Here, however, Parkhill obviously knew of the surgery on her left ear, and the means of discovering Dr. Gordon’s error. Parkhill’s substantial hearing loss over the course of the ensuing 22 years and failure to seek further medical attention for such a protracted period distinguish her case from Lewey. Parkhill “continued to suffer substantial hearing loss in her left ear with all its detrimental consequences for her quality of life.” (Appellant’s Brief at 18). Yet, she chose not to seek medical attention or seek a second opinion. Accordingly, she can not now make the showing necessary to correctly invoke the discovery rule.

B. Getting a Second Opinion

Parkhill contends that a second opinion would not have revealed that her hearing could be restored. However, her argument is purely speculative because she did not seek a second opinion nor introduce evidence that doing so would have been futile.

C. The Doctrine of Fraudulent Concealment

Parkill argues that her claim should not be barred by the statute of limitations because Dr. Gordon’s representations constitute fraudulent concealment under Pennsylvania law. “Where, ‘through fraud or concealment, the defendant causes the plaintiff to relax his vigilance or deviate from his right of inquiry,’ the defendant is estopped from invoking the bar of the statute of limitations.” Molineux v. Reed, 516 Pa. 398, 532 A.2d 792, 794 (Pa.1987) (quoting Schaffer v. Larzelere, 410 Pa. 402, 189 A.2d 267, 269 (Pa.1963)); Nesbitt v. Erie Coach Co., 416 Pa. 89, 204 A.2d 473, 475 (Pa.1964). However, “[m]ere mistake, misunderstanding or lack of knowledge is insufficient however, and the burden of proving such fraud or concealment, by evidence which is clear, precise and convineing, is upon the asserting party.” Id. at 794 (citation omitted). The burden of proving fraudulent concealment rested solely on Parkhill.

The district court concluded that Parkhill did not establish Dr. Gordon’s fraudulent concealment, because the evidence only showed that “Dr. Gordon simply expressed his medical opinion that it was not feasible to reconstruct her ear.” (App.10a.) Moreover, the trial court found that Parkhill was “not discouraged from seeking further advice.” Id. On appeal, Parkhill argues that the trial court’s factual finding that she was not discouraged from seeking further advice was clear error. Parkhill testified that Dr. Gordon never told her not to seek out a second opinion. However, she presented no evidence that Dr. Gordon attempted to relax her diligence or suggest that she not seek further medical treatment for her left ear. The only evidence Parkhill puts forth that tends to show she was discouraged from seeking further advice are Dr. Gordon’s reports and representations that the reconstruction of the ear was not feasible. Parkhill presented nothing to allow the district court to conclude that Gordon discouraged her from receiving a second opinion. Therefore, the court’s factual finding is consistent with the record, and its conclusion does not constitute clear error.

III.

For all of the above reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the district court. 
      
      . Otosclerosis is a "growth of spongy bone in the inner ear where it gradually obstructs the vestibular or cochlear window, or both, and causes progressive deafness.” Webster’s Third International Dictionary 1599 (1971).
     
      
      . A stapedectomy involves the removal of the stapes bone in the middle ear and an insertion of a prosthetic device to conduct sound to the inner ear.
     
      
      . The Delaware County discharge report prepared by Dr. Gordon stated:
      It was noted that the middle ear was entirely ossified and there were no ossicles visible. There was an apparent aberrant facial nerve running to the middle ear as well. No reconstruction was possible and the ear was closed and the operation was terminated.
      The events of the operation were described fully to the patient on the first postoperative day with her understanding of the lack of feasibility for the reconstruction of the middle ear. Her condition was good and she was to be followed in the private office.
      (App.301a.)
     
      
      . We exercise plenary review over the district court’s legal conclusions and its application of legal precepts to facts. IBS Financial Corp. v. Seidman & Associates, LLC, 136 F.3d 940, 945 (3rd Cir.1998). The district court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error. Id. It is uncontested that the applicable statute of limitations is two years.
     
      
      . See 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 5524(2).
     
      
      . The trial court's factual findings are reviewed for clear error. IBS Financial Corp. v. Seidman & Associates, LLC, 136 F.3d 940, 945 (3rd Cir.1998). Under the clearly erroneous standard, this court “may reverse only if the findings are unsupported by substantial evidence, lack of adequate evidentiary support in the record, are against the clear weight of evidence or where the district court has misapprehended the weight of the evidence.” Id.
      
     