
    [S. F. No. 7.
    Department One.
    July 28, 1896.]
    E. R. THOMASSON et al., Appellants, v. GRACE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, Respondent.
    Religious Corporation — Power to Contract — Unauthorized Act of Secretary.—The secretary of a religions corporation has no inherent power to bind the corporation by entering into a contract in its name and behalf for the improvement of a street in front of its corporate property. The authority to make such contract is vested in the trustees of the corporation, and can only be exercised by them in their collective capacity, or by such agents, real or ostensible, as they have accredited, or, by their conduct, are deemed to have accredited.
    Id.—Repudiation of Contract—Acceptance of Benefits.—The corporation cannot be held liable on such unauthorized contract of its secretary, on the ground that it had accepted its benefits, if, in fact, it expressly repudiated the contract, and the work done under it proved wholly worthless.
    Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of the City and County of San Francisco and from an order refusing a new trial. J. M. Troutt, Judge.
    The facts are stated in the opinion.
    
      J. C. Bates, for Appellants.
    
      W. F. Gibson, and D. H. Whittemore, for Respondent.
   Searls, C.

This is special assumpsit upon a written contract to recover from the defendant (a corporation) the sum of four hundred and twenty-five dollars and twenty-five cents, for paving two thousand and twenty-five square feet of Capp street, in the city and county of San Francisco, together with interest, counsel fees, etc., and to foreclose a mechanic’s lien taken to secure the payment thereof.

Defendant had judgment for costs, from which judgment, and from an order denying their motion for a new trial, plaintiffs appeal.

The complaint sets forth a written contract according to its legal tenor and effect, and not hsec verba, whereby several parties, and among them the defendant, severally, and not jointly, agreed with plaintiffs to pay the prices therein mentioned to the latter, for paving the roadway of Capp street, in front of their several lots, the material to be furnished and the work done by said plaintiffs, “all in accordance with specifications on file in the office of the superintendent of public streets,” etc., “ to the satisfaction of the said superintendent of public streets,” etc.

The amended answer of the defendant denies that it entered into the contract, and substantially denies all the material allegations of the complaint, etc.

The court found that defendant was a corporation “organized to provide a place and means for divine worship by its members”; that the board of trustees of said corporation consists of nine persons, including the president, Robert Husband, and the secretary, William H. Codington; that five members thereof constitute a quorum for the transaction of business; that the corporation defendant never entered into the contract, and never authorized or ratified it.

The contract was, in fact, signed by the secretary of defendant, as follows: “Grace Methodist Episcopal, by W. H. Codington, secretary board of trustees.”

There was nothing in the charter or by-laws of the corporation giving any authority to the secretary to enter into contracts without the order of the board of trustees.

The findings proceed at length to detail the circumstances under which the contract was signed, and the action of the board of trustees touching the matter.

The following is a brief synopsis of the facts, as thus found: On the evening of November 2, 1892, after a prayer-meeting, the solicitor of plaintiffs called at the church and found the secretary and two other trustees of the corporation present. He presented the contract, and, after consultation, the secretary, at the suggestion of the two other trustees, signed it.

No meeting or action by the board of trustees was ever had on the subject until the work was performed, when the board met to protest, and did protest, against the manner in which the work was performed and against its acceptance.

A majority of the members composing the board knew the contract had been signed by the secretary before the work was performed, but had no meeting and took no action in relation .thereto until the meeting and action protesting as above stated.

The work was not done according to the contract, “but was constructed of very inferior materials and in a very inferior manner, and is wholly worthless and insufficient, all of which was known to said plaintiffs.”

The superintendent of streets accepted and approved the work, and the board of supervisors repudiated and refused to accept it, as their committee had notified plaintiffs they would do when the work was progressing.

The. court found that the corporation defendant never executed the contract. This finding is supported by the evidence.

The powers which a corporation may exercise are vested in the trustees, and can only be exercised by them in their collective capacity, or by such agents, real or ostensible, as they have accredited, or by their conduct are deemed to have accredited.

The secretary of a religious corporation, like the defendant here, possesses no inherent power to bind the corporation by entering into a contract in its name and behalf.

There is no evidence tending to show that any custom or usage existed whereby the secretary executed contracts in the name of or for the defendant, and hence no inference of authority can be drawn from the previous conduct of the corporation in approving contracts of a similar character, as is frequently done in case of business corporations.

Defendant did not approve the contract, for its first act in the premises as a corporation was to repudiate it.

“A voluntary acceptance of the benefits of a transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations arising from it, so far as the facts are known, or ought to be known, to the person accepting. (Civ. Code, sec. 1589; Borel v. Rollins, 30 Cal. 409; Gribble v. Columbus Brewing Co., 100 Cal. 67, and cases there cited.)

But that doctrine has no application here, for the reason that the defendant neither received nor accepted any benefits from the transaction.

The court finds expressly that the work “is wholly worthless.” Under such circumstances the doctrine of estoppel in pais cannot be invoked.

Under the circumstances noticed all other questions raised become false quantities in the problem, and need not be referred to.'

We recommend that the judgment and order appealed from be affirmed.

Vancliep, 0., and Haynes, C., concurred.

For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.

Harrison, J., Garoutte J., Van Fleet, J.  