
    In the Matter of the Application of The Board of Street Opening and Improvement of the City of New York, for and on Behalf of the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York, Relative to Acquiring Title, Wherever the Same has not been Heretofore Acquired, to Fox Street or East One Hundred and Fiftieth Street (Although not yet Named by Proper Authority), from Robbins Avenue to Prospect Avenue, in the Twenty-third Ward of the City of New York, as the Same has been Heretofore Laid Out and Designated as a First-Class Street or Road. The Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York and The Mount Morris Real Estate Association, Appellants. John McCann and Others, as Executors and Trustees of John McConvill, Deceased, and Frank Yoran, Respondents.
    
      Damages in street opening proceedings — nominal where lots have been sold abutting on the land sought tobe taken, indicated on a map to.be a street — dedication of land as a street— acceptance necessary — discontinuance by the commissioner of highways—failure to ¿pen and work.
    
    A person who purchases a lot in reliance upon a map and deed prepared by his vendor indicating that the lot borders upbn what purports to be, but is not, an open street, acquires an easement in the entire street; and where such street is subsequently taken for the public use the vendor is only entitled to nominal damages, as the added burden of the public easement is only a nominal and technical addition to the private easement already existing therein.
    A dedication of land for use as a public street may be revoked if it is not accepted by the public within a reasonable time; what is a reasonable time depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case. ■ -
    In 1851 one Morris, the owner of a tract of land, filed, in the office of the clerk e of the town in which the land was situated, ,a map thereof upon which certain streets were delineated. So far as appeared the public did nothing showing its acceptance of the dedication of the streets delineated on the map, and about 1857, upon the application of one Whitlock, who had succeeded to Morris’ title, the commissioner of highways of the town made an order discontinuing a portion of such streets on the ground that they had become useless and unnecessary. Bach of the deeds in the chain of title prior to about 1873 contained a recital that the land conveyed was “subject, nevertheless, to the use thereof by the public as heretofore granted and dedicated by said Morris,” but in the subsequent deeds of the property this recital was omitted.
    
      In a proceeding instituted by the city of New York to. take the land embraced in tlic streets, included in the order of discontinuance, for the public use, it was
    
      Held, that whatever rights the public had in such streets had been extinguished;
    That, if the order discontinuing, such streets was ineffective, because- the streets had not been opened and worked, it necessarily followed that the dedication of the streets had not been accepted by the public; that in any event,, the order of discontinuance was a refusal to accept the dedication;
    - That the fact that the- trustees-of the town filed a map in 1871 delineating the-streets included in the-order of discontinuance, did not operate to'restore to -.- the public the rights which it -had lost either by the order of discontinuance or by its neglect or refusal to.accept the dedication;
    'That- as the- streets in question had not been opened or worked within six years immediately prior or subsequent to 1871, they had-ceased to be highways for any purpose'by virtue of chapter 311 of the Laws of 1861.'
    Appeal ■ by The Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty -of the City of New York from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 4th day of May* 1897, denying- the application of The Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York to confirm the- report of commissioners of estimate and assessment, except from that part thereof which reads as follows.: “And it is, on motion of Francis M. Scott, Esq., counsel to the corporation, attorney for The Mayor, Aldermen and Common- x alty of the City of New York,
    • “ Further ordered, that -the said report, with respect to the awards' made for the other parcels of land to be acquired in this proceeding, be and the same is hereby confirmed.”
    Also an appeal by The Mount Morris Real Estate.Association-, owner-of the premises known and designated in the commissioners’ report as and by'the damhge number 21, from so much of said order as confirms the said commissioners’ report of the award for the said • damage number 21. , ,
    
      John P. Dunn, for the appellant, The City of New-York.
    
      Truman H. Baldwin, for the appellant, Mount Morris Real Estate Association.
    
      Barclay E. V. McCarty, for the respondents, executors,, etc., of John McConvill, deceased.
    
      Charles V. Gabriel, for the respondent Yoran.
   McLaughlin, J.:

This proceeding was instituted on behalf of the city of New York to acquire title to land included'within the boundaries of a street theretofore known as Fox street, or One Hundred and Fiftieth street, and to award damages to the respective owners for the land taken. Commissioners of estimate and assessment were appointed, and in the preliminary report made by them they awarded to the respondents, the executors and trustees of John McConvill, deceased, the sum of $7,200, but in the final report the commissioners reduced this amount to $4,200, the reduction being made by reason of the determination of the commissioners that the public had an easement or right of way over that portion of the premises included within the street claimed by the McConvill estate, which reduced the damages to which the respondents were entitled for the land taken to the extent of the value of such right or easement.

A motion was subsequently made to confirm the final report of the commissioners, and after a hearing duly held the court, at Special Term, refused to confirm such report so far as the same' related to the award to the McConvill estate, upon the ground, as appears from the opinion of the learned justice sitting at Special Term, that “ the commissioners adopted an erroneous basis in arriving at an assessment; that the owners are entitled to have the value of the real estate free from the right-of-way of the public or of the " private owners, awarded to them,” and it directed that the report be returned to the commissioners for amendment and correction. From, the order thus made the City of New York and the Mount Morris Real Estate Association have appealed.

In order to determine whether the commissioners did in fact adopt “ an erroneous basis in arriving at an assessment,” it is necessary to determine whether the city of New York had an easement or right of way over the land in question, or whether the entire title in and to such land was in the McConvill estate. This determination can only be made by an examination of the conveyance by or through which the McConvill testate claims title, as well as the acts of owners of this land and proceedings by which an easement is alleged to have been acquired by the city. There is no substantial dispute as to the facts, the question presented being principally one of law.

In 1851 Grouvernem* Morris owned a large tract of land which included the, land within the boundaries of the street, the title to which is involved in the subject-matter here under ■ consideration. .In that year Morris "filed a map of his land in the town clerk’s office, designating it: “ "Map of East Morrisania.” • Upon this map different streets were indicated, and among others Uncás ánd Pontiac streets, which correspond respectively to streets designated'. in. the record before us as Fox and Beck streets. Between 1853 ánd" 1857 various ;p'arcels of this land were conveyed to one Benjamin- Whit-, lock,- and he in the latter part of the year 1857 had acquired title to all of the land now claimed by the McOonvill estate. During1 or prior to the year 1873 one John McOonvill acquired all of the. land and any and all interest therein previously held by Whitlock." All of the conveyances prior to the one under- which McGonVill acquired his title contain a recital that the land was "so conveyed1 “ subject, nevertheless, to the use thereof by the public as heretofore granted and dedicated by said Morris.” There was no such recital in the deed to McClonvili.

In 1857 (the exact date is somewhat uncertain) Whitlock, then having the entire title, made an application to the commissioners of highways of the town of Morrisania to discontinue "Uncas- and Pontiac streets from the line of an old stone wall located1 upon: the westerly boundary of his land and what is how known "as the “ McOonvill Tract,” ' upon the ground that said streets have become useless and unnecessary.” In pursuance of this application the commissioners of highways of that town summoned certain freeholders in the manner provided by statute to determine and certify whether-the portions.of the streets mentioned in Whitlock’s - application had in fact become useless and unnecessary. After a hearing duly had for-that purpose, such freeholders certified that the-portibns of the streets mentioned in the application were useless' and unnecessary, and the commissioners of highways thereupon on-the, 26th of August, 1857, made and filed in the town clerk’s office an order, discontinuing Uncas .and Pontiac streets in so far. as - they .passed through the land of Whitlock. This order was regularly made in the,manner.pointed out by statute, and we think the "legal -effect of it was to divest the public of any and all right which it- had theretofore, acquired by the .act of Morris in .filing his map, or which it then had in or to the land included within the boundaries of the streets so far- as the same were designated and mentioned in Whit-lock’s application.

In this connection it is urged by the corporation counsel that the order .of discontinuance was ineffectual, inasmuch as the portions of the streets sought to be discontinued had not then been opened and worked,- and inasmuch as they had .not been opened and worked they could not be discontinued. In other words, the contention is that, under the statute then in force, a street or highway could not be discontinued as an old one until it had been opened and worked, and to sustain this contention the case of People ex rel. Miller v. Griswold (67 N. Y. 59) is cited. There is' some force in.the contention. It is difficult to see how a street or highway which has never been opened or worked can be discontinued as an old one, unless the original occasion for it has ceased by reason of the opening of another highway or street, or unless there has been a material change as to its necessity. (People ex rel. Clark v. Commissioners, 1T. & C. 193.) We are, however, unable to see how this affects, or indeed has any bearing, upon the question here presented. ‘ If it be held that Eneas and Pontiac streets were not in fact discontinued by the order referred to, inasmuch as they had not been opened and worked, then it necessarily follows that the attempt made by Morris to dedicate the land covered by so much of these streets as were sought to be discontinued was ineffectual for that purpose. To constitute a valid dedication of land to the public two things are required: The intent of the owner of the land to dedicate it, and an acceptance by the public of the land dedicated, and the act of the latter is just as necessary for the complete legal dedication as the intent of the former. Here it may be conceded that Morris intended in 1851 to dedicate the land covered by these streets to the public, but the record is absolutely barren of anything which shows or tends to show that the public did anything looking towards an acceptance of that dedication until 1857, when the proper authorities, by an order duly made as already indicated, discontinued the streets, and it matters not whether the order was sufficient to effect a legal discontinuance, because whatever may be said as to that it certainly must be held that it was sufficient as indicating a refusal on the part of the public to accept from Morris the land which he intended to dedi cate to it. It must, therefore, we think, be held that whatever' rights the. public had in and to the land included within the boundaries of these streets, were, by the order made and filed by the commissioners of highways in 1857, either extinguished or relinquished.

But it is suggested by the corporation counsel that the act of the trustees of the town of" Morrisania in filing the map which they did in 1871, including certain streets, among others the ones indicated on the map filed by Morris in 1851, was an acceptance at that time of the dedication by Morris. It is unnecessary to consider what. effect this act of the trustees had upon the streets indicated on the Morris map and not included in the order of discontinuance made by the commissioners of highways in 1857. It certainly did not have the effect of restoring to the public that which it had lost either by the .order of discontinuance or by its own neglect or refusal to accept the land offered to it. Xor is there any force in the suggestion for another reason. The filing of the map of 1871 could not constitute an acceptance of an offer made by Morris in 1851.. The portion of the street in question had not, prior to 1871, been opened and worked, nor was it opened and worked as a street for more than six years immediately subsequent to. 1871. Chapter 311 of the Laws of 1861 provided that every public highway and private road already laid out and dedicated to the use of the public that shall not have been opened and worked within six years from the time of its being so laid out, and every such highway hereafter to be laid out that shall not be opened and worked within the like period, shall cease to be a road for any purpose whatever * * * and all highways that have ceased to be traveled or used * * "x" for six years shall cease to be a highway for any purpose * * *. The pro 7isions of this act shall apply to every public highway' and private road laid out and dedicated to the use of the public within the Slast six years and to every such highway hereafter to be laid out.” At the time of the passage of this act and for more than six years thereafter the land, the title to which is now involved,' was subject .to the provisions of the statute just quoted, and even though it be conceded that' the dedication made by Mon-is was accepted by the public, it nevertheless lost whatever right it had in such land by its failure to open and- work the street within the time specified in the statute; and it must, therefore, be held that it had ceased to be a highway for' any purpose whatever and that the public by reason thereof lost all right or interest therein. But, as already indicated, the dedication made by Morris never became effectual. It was not such a dedication as vested an easement in the public. A dedication, to be effectual, must within a reasonable time be followed by an acceptance, and the owner of the land, if the dedication be not accepted within a reasonable time, may recall it. Indeed he may recall it at any time before the rights of the public have attached. What is a reasonable time must of course depend upon the particular facts and circumstances of ea.ch case. (Lee v. Village of Sandy Hill, 40 N. Y. 442.) The fact that Morris in 1851 filed a map upon which he showed the street in question did not bind him or any one claiming under him to an irrevocable dedication of that street to the pjiblic unless the public availed itself of his act within . a reasonable time, which, under the facts here presented, it did not do.

The map filed by Morris in 1858 of course has no effect upon the question presented, because at that time he had parted with the title to and had no interest in the land which the city now seeks to take.

The foregoing consideration leads us to the conclusion that the learned justice at Special Term was correct in holding that the commissioners of estimate and assessment adopted an erroneous basis for the award made to the McConvill estate. .The owners of the land of that estate are entitled to have an award made to them for the value of the land taken free from the right of way of the jiublic in and to the street, and for that reason the report was properly returned by the Special Term to the commissioners for amendment and correction. Having reached this conclusion, it is unnecessary to consider whether, title was acquired by the McConvill estate by adverse possession.

This brings us to the consideration of the only remaining question, and that is the one presented by the appeal taken by the Mount Morris Real Estate Association. In the preliminary report the commissioners award to that association the sum of $8,100 for Fox street between Prospect and Union avenues. This award was made upon the .assumption that. this association owned the fee of Fox street unincumbered by any easement or right of way of the owners of other lots bordering thereon. Objections were made to the report by the respondent Yoran, and at a hearing before the commissioners testimony was introduced on his behalf to the effect that there were easements or rights of way over the land of the association, in his favor, as well as in favor of others who held land situate or bordering upon Fox street, the title to which had been acquired from the association.

Upon this testimony the commissioners reduced the award to the association from $8,100.to $1,180, and in their final report awarded to the association the latter sum. The Special Term confirmed the report of the commissioners in this respect, and it is from this portion of the order that the association has appealed.

The facts. involved in the appeal tahen by the association are briefly as follows: On the 30th of April, 1891, the association became the owner of certain land bordering upon Fox street, between Prospect and Union avenues, and desiring to dispose of this land the association, in • 1892, prepared a map, upon which the land was laid out into small lots bordering upon certain streets, among others Fox street. It advertised these lots for sale at public auction at a time and place "specified, and upon a map prepared for the information of bidders Fox street was shown as an open street, and four lots, two on the northerly and two on the southerly side of it, were indicated as being bounded by or bordering upon that street. At the sale the two lots on the southerly side of the street and bn the northerly side of it were sold, and the conveyance given by the association described the land conveyed as running along the northerly ” (or southerly) “ side of Fox street.” The fourth lot was not sold, and it seems that the title to it.is still owned by the association.

Giving to the conveyances made by the association to the purchasers of lots from it the most favorable construction possible so far as the association is concerned, and assuming that by the terms of these conveyances the association intended to reserve to itself the fee of Fox street in front of the premises conveyed, it must, nevertheless, be held that its grantees, inasmuch as the lands were described as bordering upon that street, which was shown as an open street, "acquired an easement or right of way .over the street between Prospect and Union avenues.

The cases of Lord v. Atkins (138 N. Y. 184) and Matter of Adams (141 id. 297) are in point.- In the former case the" court said : “ It is well settled that when the owner of land lays it out into distinct lots, with intersecting streets or avenues, and sells the lots with reference to such streets, his grantees or successors ■ cannot afterwards be deprived of the benefit of having such streets kept open. When, in such a case, a lot is sold, bounded by a street, the purchaser and his grantees have an easement in the street, for the purposes of access, which is a property right.”

In the latter .case the court said : “ The .rights which the several grantees of lots on both sides of this strip of land thus acquired impressed upon it all the characteristics of a public street, though it may not have been completely dedicated by the owner to that purpose, or accepted by the public authorities as a highway. This servitude thus impressed upon the land could not be extinguished except with the concurrence and by the united act of every person who owned a lot bounded by the street. The commissioners, therefore, could only award the owner the value of the public easement proposed to be taken, deducting therefrom the value of the private easement which already incumbered the property, and we have held that in such cases the owner’s damages are nominal only, as the added burden is itself but technical and nominal. (In re Village of Olean v. Steyner, 135 N. Y. 341.) ” (See, also, White’s Bank of Buffalo v. Nichols, 64 N. Y. 65; Holloway v. Southmayd, 139 id. 390; Story v. New York El. R. R. Co., 90 id. 144; Haight v. Littlefield, 147 id. 338; Hennessy v. Murdock, 137 id. 317.) The preliminary report awarded damages to the association upon the theory that it was the owner of the entire street, unincumbered by any easements or rights of way therein by the owners of other lands bordering thereon. This was clearly erroneous. The grantees of the association not only had a right of way over the street in front of t' 3 premises conveyed to them respectively, but they .also had a right of way over the entire street from Union to Prospect avenues, including that portion of it which passed in front of the lots still owned by the association, and the city could only deprive them of this right by awarding to them full compensation therefor. The association is, as already indicated, the owner of one lot bordering upon Fox street, and it is, therefore, entitled to be compensated for the injury which it sustains by the taking of Fox street. (Matter of One Hundred & Seventy-third St., 78 Hun, 487.) The award made is a substantial one, and upon the record before us we are unable to say that it is not a fair one.

It follows that the order of the Special Term is right and must be affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements to each respondent on the appeal.

Van Brunt, P. J., O’Bbien, Ingeaham and Hatch, JJ., concurred.

Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements to each . respondent on the appeal.  