
    In the matter of The People, ex rel. James D. McClelland, vs. Joseph Dowling and Richard Kelly, Justices &c.
    A mandamus should not issue for trifling reasons; nor when there is another adequate remedy.
    And although a party may be remediless except by that writ, it does not necessarily follow that it should be issued. The application for it rests in the sound discretion of the court, which will grant or refuse it according as the issuing or withholding it will best promote the ends of justice.
    Even if it were proper to grant the writ, when an attorney is debarred by a subordinate court, without authority, to compel it to permit him to practice in such court, yet a refusal to listen to the relator, in a single case, or a declaration that the justices would not allow him to practice in such court, cannot alone be regarded as debarring him, and therefore will not justify the writ.
    In the absence of any record evidence of an order debarring the relator, at least a determined and persistent refusal to hear him, upon proper demand, when business gave him a right to be heard, must be shown before the motion can be successful.
    An illegal debarment must be shown, either by an order duly made and entered, dr by acts which practically work debarment.
    Where the only act of the court, of which the relator complained, related to a single case, which was ended before a mandamus was applied for; Seld that his general rights not being affected by the order made in that case, there was nothing pending in which he had any interest that could give him a standing in court to ask for the writ.
    The court should hesitate long before attempting to control, by mandamus, the action of magistrates who, even though they have exceeded the strict limits of their authority, were acting for the highest interests of the profession and the public, and deserve the greatest commendation and support. Per Cabdozo, J.
    11HIS was an application for a mandamus to compel the . defendants, justices of the court of special sessions in the city of Hew York, to permit the relator to practice, as an attorney at law, in the courts held by them.
   Cardozo, J.

It is very well settled, in this State, that a mandamus will not be issued when there is another adequate remedy, but that the converse of that is not invariably true. Therefore, although, except by that writ, a party may be remediless, that does not necessarily require that the writ should issue; but the application for it rests in the sound discretion of the court, which will grant or refuse it, according as the issuing or withholding it will best promote the ends of justice. Guided by these simple rules, there can be no difficulty in disposing of this motion. It is plain that a mandamus should not issue.

The case fails to disclose any personal malevolence towards the relator, but very ■ clearly shows that Justice Dowling and his associate, Justice Kelly, have long set themselves against a system which has become so notorious that none of us can shut our eyes to its existence— a system which drives many reputable lawyers from courts which formerly were graced by the learning and character of such men as the Hoffmans, the Grahams, the Bradys, the Blunts, the Sandfords, and the O’Conors of our profession, and which should be honored by their legitimate successors, but who feel that the class against whom the action of the respondents is directed, bring practice in the criminal courts into disrepute. Hntil this shameless conduct shall cease, and the disreputable practitioners • are driven from among us, I see no safety for those of the poorer classes who are charged with crime, before the'inferior criminal tribunals; unless, as I trust will be done, the legislature shall interfere, and provide for the employment by the county of some reputable lawyer to protect that unfortunate class of citizens, just as we now protect the rights of the rest of the people of the State, by employing a public prosecutor.

If, in efforts directed against a system, and a class, to guard the practice of the profession against the unworthy, an innocent individual should occasionally suffer temporarily, it is to be deplored, but I should still hesitate very long before attempting to control, by mandamus, the action of magistrates who, even if it be conceded that they have exceeded the strict limits of their authority, are acting for the highest interests of the profession and the public, and deserve the greatest commendation and support. • I think sound judicial discretion demands that, without passing upon the question of power in the court below, I should say that I will not interfere by this extraordinary remedy, believing that it is better for the public that some temporary inconvenience and loss should be borne, even by a perfectly innocent individual, than that purposes so worthy should be at all thwarted by the action of this court; especially when I can say, as I do to this relator, that I have confidence that when, on a proper occasion, his rights are presented to the magistrates, they will be fully respected, without the necessity of any interposition by this court.

That confidencé I derive, in this instance, not only from the reputation of the magistrates, but from the spirit pervading the opposition to this motion, which displayed itself, among other things, in the kindly invitation by the respondents’ counsel to the relator, throughout the case, to present a further affidavit in respect to the charge against him by the woman Hock. The relator, under that invitation, did, at a late stage of the proceedings, make an affidavit much more explicit than that which he presented to Judge Dowling, and exhibiting the matter in a different light from that in which it first appeared; and I do not doubt that if he had originally respectfully presented that to the magistrate, it -would have been regarded as satisfactory.

When I see such a disposition to afford opportunity to the relator to place himself aright, I think I cannot err in saying that he can safely trust the justice of the magistrates, and that to them he should be remitted.

These views would dispose of the present application, and therefore I shall not consider the question of the power claimed to exist in the court below, to suspend a lawyer from practice, temporarily, until the charges against him can be reported to this court for its action. But there are other conclusive reasons why this motion should be denied.

If it be conceded that the writ should go when an attorney is debarred, by a subordinate court, without authority, which is the most that can be claimed, still this, application should not be granted, because a case of debarring is not made out. The most that can be pretended

is, that on a single occasion—in Wood’s case—the magistrates refused to hear the relator, and that subsequently they stated that they would not allow him to practice in

i that court. But this does not amount to a debarring of ; the relator; and since the Wood case, he has had no business in the court, and has made no attempt to appear and practice there.

If it be assumed that the court of special sessions is only a court of record for some purposes, and that all its orders need not be formally entered in the minutes of its proceedings before they are to be considered perfect—as to which it is unnecessary to, and therefore I do not, express any opinion—still, something more than a mere statement by the magistrates, that they would not, in future, permit the relator to practice, made when the latter had no business before the court, demanding that he should be heard, should appear.

¡ This writ should not issue for trifling reasons. A refusal i to listen to the relator, in a single case, cannot alone be regarded as debarring him, and therefore would not justify it. It might be a mere ebullition of temper, from which no human being is exempt, engendered, perhaps, by some trifling circumstance or feeling, for which a writ of mandamus would be a very inappropriate remedy.

But the conclusive answer to the application is, that the only act of the magistrates shown, related to but one case, which was ended before this proceeding was initiated, and therefore, his general rights not being affected, there is nothing pending in which the relator has any interest which can give him a standing in court to ask for a mandamus.

In the absence of any record evidence of an order debarring the relator, at least a determined and persistent refusal to hear him, upon proper demand, when business gave him a right to be heard, must be shown, before the motion can be successful. In other words, an illegal debarment must be shown, either by an order duly made and entered, or by acts (not mere words) which practically work debarment.

Even if the remarks attributed to the justice were made by him, I am not at liberty to say that when the relator duly, on some proper occasion when he has business entitling him to it, asks recognition of his license to practice, it will not be accorded to him.

I have no right to presume that a magistrate will not perform his duty, even though he may have hastily or thoughtlessly expressed himself as to what his course would be, at a time when he was not called upon to act judicially. Until some act towards putting into execution the determination which the respondents are alleged to have expressed, to exclude the relator from practice, has been done, I must presume that none such will occur; and if not, a mandamus should not go to oblige them to retract language which they may have uttered.

Until dereliction from duty on the part of a magistrate clearly and positively appears by something more solemn than mere wmrds, which may be spoken to-day and disregarded to-morrow—something more practical than a mere declaration of an intent as to the future, which may be formed now, and changed before the time to put it in execution arrives—something in respect to a subject like the present, at least like, for instance, as I have already said, a determination to exclude the relator from practice, exhibited either by an order duly entered, or by persistent refusals in cases where the relator was retained, and appeared and claimed Ms rights, or by some act of the justice, manifesting such a determination, I think no case for this extraordinary remedy is made.

[New York Special Term,

July 6, 1869.

Motion denied.

Cardozo, Justice.]  