
    Abraham Lent and The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Brooklyn, Respondents, v. George C. Tilyou, Appellant.
    
      Xeasing of land for places of amusement —an electric light company may not lay conduits in streets which lead to the leased land, but have not been accepted as public highways — the question of dedication is one of fact — use by the public does not make a private way a public highway.
    
    An owner of a tract of land, Who lays out walks through the same and leases portions of the tract abutting upon such walks to various individuals, who maintain on the premises leased by them places of public amusement, to which the public have, for thirteen years, obtained' access by means of the walks, is not obliged to allow an electric lighting company to lay conduits and other apparatus under the walks for the purpose of enabling the electric light company to supply one of the lessees with electric lights, where it appears that the private walks were never dedicated, or at least never accepted, as public highways.
    The question whether there has been a dedication and- an acceptance of land for the purpose of a public highway is one of fact. Mere dedication, without acceptance, does not constitute a public highway. The dedication of land for highway purposes may be partial or special.
    A private way opened by the owners of the land through which it passes for their own use does not become a public highway merely because the public are also permitted for many years to travel over it.
    Appeal by the defendant, George 0. Tilvou, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the Kings County Special Term and. entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Kings on the 16th day of July, 1904, granting an injunction pendente lite.
    
    
      Thomas F. Magner [Henry E. Heistad with him on the brief], for the appellant.
    
      Charles A. Collin, for the respondents.
   Jenks, J.:

The plaintiffs are an electric lighting corporation, and Lent, who is a would-be customer. In order to furnish light to Lent or any other customers who might apply, this corporation sought to lay down conduits, tubes and other apparatus in certain ways known as the Bowery, Tilyou’s walk and Kensington walk. Lent is the lessee of the premises which' abut upon the Bowery. It is practically undisputed that these three ways are walks made and maintained by the defendant or by a company which he controls over private property of which parts have been leased to various persons, as in Lent’s case, for places of amusement, and of which a large part has been kept and maintained by the defendant and liis said company for like purposes. The public has used these ways ’ or walks for access to these various places of amusement. ■ The Bowery has existed about thirteen years. The defendant asserts that none other has ever exercised authority or asserted any jurisdiction over these ways, that he or his company has laid them down and maintained them; that such use by the public has been under the permission of the said defendant and the other said owner; that lie has personally improved the Bowery at large outlay that he and the other said owner have always held the ways as private property, and in evidence thereof, in every year, for a time, they have excluded the public from the Bowery by barrier. The defendant refused permission to the plaintiff corporation to lay down its conduits and tubes in these ways and thereupon this action was brought to restrain the defendant from any interference. .An injunction pendente Ute was granted, and this appeal is by the defendant from the order of injunction.

The learned and able counsel for the respondents concedes that the appellant is the owner of the legal and equitable title to all that part of the Bowery between the westerly terminus of the company’s conduit and Lent’s premises, and that the said Bowery and the said walks “ have never been acquired by the city or dedicated so as to become streets in the legal sense but he asserts that Lent, with other occupants, “received their grants or leases, as the case might be, bounded by such streets or with such streets in physical existence at the time.” He asserts that the plaintiff corporation “bases its right to extend its conduits * * *. solely by reason of its employment by the said plaintiff-respondent Abraham Lent, and by other occupants of premises abutting upon the Bowery, Kensington walk and Tilyou’s walk.”

It is contended that the reasoning in Thousand Island Park Association v. Tucker (173 N. Y. 203, 209) is applicable. In that case, the plaintiff, a camp meeting or summer (park association, had leased lots, and it was held that as against the plaintiff, the errand of Tucker, a farmer who supplied certain lessors of the lots with poultry and vegetables, was lawful; Cullen, J., saying: “ But however this may be, the lots leased were laid out on a map and plan of the park showing the streets and roads. By leasing the lots as designated on such maps, the plaintiff thereby dedicated the land in the streets and roads to the use of the lot lessees, and any one using a road for access to the premises of such lessee on the latter’s request can justify his presence there as against the plaintiff under such dedication.” The cases may be discriminated. Tucker, incidentally to the errands of his business, merely used the road for access as he had' the right to do in common with the public. _ Naturally, he simply passed and repassedalong.it as his business required. The ease at bar would be analogous if the plaintiff sought' to use the way to carry lamps to Lent, or to deliver illuminating oil to him. But the plaintiff does not seek any such occasional use of the way in common with the public, but a permanent physical invasion thereof pro tanto, to the permanent physical exclusion of the, defendant. The passing to and' fro of Tucker was like unto the user of the public which was contemplated by the defendant in this case. But in permitting the public to use this way for access to the various places, the defendant did not thereby contemplate such use as the plaintiff would make of the land within the ways. In Eels v. A. T. & T. Co. (143 N. Y. 133, 139, 140), the court, per Peckham, J., say : “ Still, the primary l'aw of the' highway is motion, and whatever vehicles are used, or whatever method of transmission of intelligence is adopted, the vehicle must move and the intelligence be transmitted by some moving body which must pass along the highway, either oil or over, or perhaps under it,. but it cannot permanently appropriate any part of it.” And again, speaking of a highway: “It is not a place which can be permanently and exclusively appropriated to the use of any person or corporation, no matter what the business or object of the latter might be. It was because the highway was permanently, and, to some extent, exclusively appropriated by the elevated railroads that it was held their erection, without the consent of the abutting owners, was illegal. (Story v. Railroad Co., 90 N. Y. 122.) ” In Bloomfield, etc., Gas-Light Co. v. Calkins (62 N. Y. 386, 389, 390) the court, speaking of the- laying of gas - pipes in a country highway, say: '“ The use of the highway thus sought to. be maintained is -different, more injurious and liable to produce far greater damages to the owner of the fee than mere passing or repassihg, and the pecuniary loss occasioned by the exercise of such a power must necessarily be far more extensive and unlimited in its character. It would be beyond an ordinary trespass on the land, or an appropriation of the surface of the soil. It would interfere materially with the freehold and the enjoyment of the fee, to án extent greatly exceeding anything which was ever contemplated or intended, when the land was appropriated for the ordinary purposes of a highway. The right to the fee, to the fruits of the soil, and to carry, water' in pipes under the highway, which are laid dowp as expressly reserved (3 Kent, supra ), would be taken away, diverted and appropriated for the purposes of a corporation, without compensation and contrary to the clear and manifest original design contemplated by the laying out of the highway, and the intention of the owner of the fee, when he parted with his interest.”

It is also contended that the grant or lease of lots in this territory includes a corresponding grant or lease of the private street for all street purposes, and that this principle assures the right of the plaintiff to lay its conduits in these ways. We are cited to Palmer v. Larchmont Electric Co. (158 N. Y. 231). I think that the cases are not analogous. The plaintiff corporation asserts its right because it is asked to supply light to Lent and others in their own premises. In Palmer’s Gase {supra) the court recognizes the distinction made in Calkins’ Gase {supra), that a gas light company could not lay its pipes in a country highway without compensation to the owner of the abutting land where its pipes were not used for lighting the highway through which the company sought to lay its ¡lipes. Galkins’ case was approved in Eels v. A. T. & T. Co. (supra) and in Van Brunt v. Town of Flatbush (128 N. Y. 50, 55). And the basic proposition for the judgment in Palmer’s case is that the owner of a fee in a country highway “taken, opened and dedicated” for the public use, is entitled to no further compensation after the territory has become thickly settled and the highway has become a street, and hence the necessity for lighting the street has come, which requires the erection of poles and the stringing of wires, inasmuch as such lighting was a necessary street purpose, and so was not an additional burden without the implied contemplation of the parties at the time the land was “ taken and dedicated to highway purposes.” It is not contended that these walks were ever taken, opened and dedicated” or “taken and dedicated” to highway purposes. Indeed, as I have pointed out, the learned counsel for the respondents states in his printed points that the said Bowery and said walks have never been acquired by the city or dedicated so as tobecomestreets in the legal sense.” Whether there has been a dedication and an acceptance is a question of fact. (Flack v.

Village of Green Island, 122 N. Y. 107.) I think that upon this record the intent of the defendant and those in common interest was merely to lay down these walks and to maintain them so that the pedestrial public might use them for access to the various places of amusement in this territory.- And I think that no act of his or of those- in common interest, or of their predecessors, lias had tlie legal effect, in view of the other circumstances, to assure any other or greater rights in these ways to any person or corporation, public or private. It is well-settled that “ a private way opened by the owners of the land through which it- passes for their own use does not become a public highway merely because the public are also permitted for many years to travel over it.” (Speir v. Town of New Utrecht, 121 N. Y. 420, 430.) And even though a leasing of these lands under a description of these ways amounted to such a dedication, as was declared in the Thousand Island Parle Association Case (supra), mere dedication, without acceptance, does not constitute a public highway. (People v. Underhill, 144 N. Y. 316, 324; Palmer v. Palmer, 150 id. 139; City of Buffalo v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co., 68 App. Div. 488.) It has been held that there may be a partial or special dedication. (Gerard Titles [4th ed.], 750, citing cases.) The opinion of Gibson, C. J., in Gowen v. Philadelphia Exchange Co. (5 Watts & Serg. 141) is pertinent to the facts in this case. (See, too, Poole v. Huskinson, 11 M. & W. 827.) So far as any previous like occupancy of the walks is concerned the owners were not absolutely estopped from a revocation. (Gerard Titles, 755, and authorities cited.) There is no proof that for the- full enjoyment of his property, the lessee absolutely depends' upon electric light to be furnished by this corporation, and, therefore, the question of the full contemplated enjoyment under the lease of the premises need hot be considered. It seems a drastic proposition that a lessee of premises upon a way or road over private land, which may have been thrown open or even dedicated by the owners to the public for purposes of access, may, by a request upon a lighting corporation that it furnish him -light for his premises, thereby secure for the corporation, against the will of the said owner, the right to enter upon and permanently occupy that way by its tubes and conduits to such extent as may be necessary to furnish electric light for such purposes. Practically there would be no limit to the network of conduits at the caprice of the tenant, or from the choices of the different tenants, or no limit to the disturbances of the street as tenants came and went. • '

A judgment after trial may differ from the preliminary relief justified by this record. (Mills v. United States Printing Co., 99 App. Div. 605, 608, and cases cited.) But I am of opinion that this injunction pendente lite should not stand.

Hirschberg, P. J., Bartlett, Rich and Miller, JJ., concurred.

Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion for injunction denied, with costs. 
      
      
        Story v. New York Elevated R. R. Co.— [Rep.
     
      
       See 3 Kent Comm. 433, 433.— [Rep.
     
      
       See 4th ed.— [Rep.
     