
    American Exchange National Bank, Respondent, v. The Woodlawn Cemetery, Appellant.
    First Department,
    June 7, 1907.
    Corporation — transferable certificates issued by cemetery association to persons from whom "it acquired lands — conversion thereof by executive officer to secure personal loan — when corporation liable to innocent holder for value on grounds of estoppel and negligence. •
    A rural cemetery incorporated under chapter 133 of the Laws of 1847 and-the acts amendatory and supplementary thereto may, although not expressly "auth’or- . ized by statute, issue certificates of shares in the corporation transferable only on the books of the company on surrender thereof to persons from whom the " corporation acquired its lands in payment therefor, which certificates are to he deemed personal property.
    
      When officers of such corporation who are authorized to sign and issue new certificates in the place of certificates surrendered for cancellation-, sign such certificates in blank and intrust them to the comptroller and chief executive officer of the corporation to be delivered to persons who surrender certificates for transfer.' and he fills in his own name as holder and pledges the, certificates as collateral security for. a personal loan,, the pledgee,-taking the same in good faith and without knowledge, has a right to presume that certificates regular on their face -were issued in place of a like number of certificates which had been surrendered and canceled:
    Such, certificates though not strictly speaking negotiable instruments are endowed with some features of negotiability, and in the hands, of an innocent purchaser for .value are not subject to all equitable defenses existing between prior own-' ers; and the corporation though not liable on the certificates as such, is estopped, under the circumstances, from asserting as against an innocent holder that the certificates were an overissue which its officers and agents were without authority to put into circulation.
    The liability of the corporation is based upon the doctrine of respondeat superior; ' the corporation being liable for damages sustained through the wrongful act of -its officers in the discharge of duties intrusted to them although they departed ¡from their instructions and acted for themselves.
    Liability may. also be based- upon the negligence of the corporation in failing, to supervise and inspect its records which would have disclosed that, the certificates-issued as aforesaid were not-issued in the place of certificates surrendered. Under such circumstances the defense, of ultra vires is not available. ■
    Recovery by the pledgee cannot be defeated upon the theory' that he was put . upon inquiry by reason of the fact that the certificates were not consecutively numbered, or because the comptroller of the company filled in his own name ■ as owner. ,
    Neither can a recovery be defeated upon, the ground that the pledgee-' was- negligent in not having the stock registered, -if the facts show it had no reason to , suspect the title of the pledgor. .
    Sgott, J,, dissented, with opinion. .
    Appeal by the defendant, The Woodlawn Cemetery, from a judgment of .the Supreme Court m favor of the plaintiff for $47,890.74, entered in the office of the clerk of the. county of Eew Tork on the 7th day of June, 1906, upon the report of á referee, to whom it was referred to hear, try and determine the issues. •
    
      George. A. Strong [William S. Opdyke with him on the brief], for the. appellant.
    
      Benjamin N. Cardozo [Edgar J. Nathan with him on the brief], for the respondent.
   Laughlin, J.:

Plaintiff obtained and held as collateral to the indebtedness of one Caleb B. Knevals to it three certificates of shares purporting to have been issued by the defendant, which had been fraudulently diverted by Knevals while he was its vice-president and “ Comptroller or Chief Executive Officer.” This action was brought upon the theory that the certificates were void, on the ground that they constituted an unauthorized over issue of shares, but that plaintiff, as an innocent holder, is entitled to recover the damages it has sustained on the ground that they were caused by the wrongful acts of the officers or agents of the defendant, and that as against such cause of action, the defendant is estopped from asserting that the certificates were issued without authority dr wrongfully diverted, notwithstanding the fact that they are void and unenforcible as certificates because they are in excess of the authorized issue.

The material' facts are not controverted. The plaintiff -is a national bank. . The defendant is a domestic cemetery corporation, organized and existing under the provisions of chapter 133- of the Laws of 1847, entitled “ An act authorizing the incorporation of rural cemetery associations” and the acts amendatory thereof and supplementary thereto.' On tlie 3lst day of May, 1864, shortly after its incorporation, the defendant purchased,and obtained con-" veyances of certain lands situate in the county of "Westchester, comprising a tract of 307.51 acres, for cemetery purposes, upon agreement to pay therefor to the owners, who numbered seventeen, one-half of the proceeds of all sales of lands or plots quarter-annually, and that the right to such proceeds should be represented by 1.2,500 equal shares to- be distributed among the owners according to their respective interests which Were therein -specified. The- defendant thereafter prepared for execution and delivery to the owners in fulfillment of the agreement, certificates certifying that the holder was entitled to a specified number, according to their respective proportions, of “shares in the Woodlawu Cemetery transferable only .on the books of the cemetery association- upon the surrender ” thereof, and caused the same tó be delivered-to the persons entitled thereto. The agreement under which the lands were purchased provided that one or more certificates should be issued to each owner for his shares and “ said shares shall be personal property and may be "transferable by the said persons.or their legal representatives, on the books of the party of the first "part, * * * the same as stock is usually transferable ; ” and further provided as follows: “ This agreement shall be binding upon the parties hereto, and upon the successors of the party of the first part (Woodlawn Cemetery), and the. executors, administrators and assigns of the parties of the second part (the owners), and upon all persons hereafter holding any of the said shares whether parties hereto or not.”

Said Caleb B. Knevals was one of the original incorporators of the defendant and one of the owners of the lands conveyed to it and as such owner was 'entitled to and received certificates for shares representing his proportionate interest. On the 26th day of May, 1869, he was elected vice-president of the defendant, and on the 13tli day of September, 1871, he was appointed “ Comptroller or Chief' Executive Officer,” and he continued to hold said office •and position and had general charge of the- affairs of the. defendant until August 2, 1899.. In the year 1893 William A. Booth was president, and Charles P. Knevals was assistant treasurer of the defendant; and they were authorized to sign and issue new certificates in place of certificates surrendered for cancellation.- They signed a certificate, dated April 3,1893, being No. 624, and another dated April 8, 1893, being No. 606, and a third dated July 19,1893, being No. 612, in blank as to the number of shares and in blank as to the owner, and left the same with said Caleb B. Knevals to be. filled out as to the number of shares and owner and to be delivered to the person entitled thereto on the surrender of certificates for transfer and cancellation. Shortly thereafter and during the same year said Caleb B. Knevals, without authority and without the surrender of any certificate for transfer or cancellation, and ■ without transfer to him on' the books of the company or otherwise, of any outstanding certificate, wrote his own name in these certificates as the owner, and he likewise filled in the number of shares as follows: One hundred each in certificates Nos. 624 and 606 and twenty-four in certificate No. 612. By these "fraudulent acts of Knevals the total number-of shares-of the defendant was increased from 12,500 to 12,724: With the. exception of the dates and number of shares these certificates were all in the same form and. were like the genuine certificates issued by the defendant. It will suffice, therefore, to set forth one of these certificates. Certificate No. 624 was as follows:

“ Whole Number of Shares, 12,500.
No. 624. 100 Shares.
The Woodlawn Cemetery.
Organized ( ) Dec. 29th, 1863.
“ This certifies that Caleb B. Knevals is entitled to One Hundred, shares in The Woodlawn Cemetery, transferable only on the books of the Cemetery Association, upon the surrender of this certificate.
“ In testimony whereof the Woodlawn Cemetery have caused this Certificate to be signed by their President and Countersigned by their Treasurer, in the City of New York, this 3rd day of April, 1893.
“ Countersigned
' “CHAS. P. KNEVALS, Asst. Treasurer.
“ WM. A. BOOTH, President.”

He attached to each certificate a sheet of paper — being the printed form of power of attorney provided by defendant for use in connection with genuine certificates — on which he had written, in a printed blank power of attorney, the number of shares to correspond with the certificates and had executed the power of attorney in blank. The date of the execution of the power of attorney attached to_pertificate No. 624 was the-same as the date of the certificate; but the power of attorney relating to certificate No. 606 purports to have-been executed on the 10th of April, 1895; as no point is made of this it is probable that there is a clerical error in tiie printed record arid that the year is 1893, and that relating to certificate No. 612 purports to have been executed on the 26th of October, 1893.

During.the same year that these certificates were issued, or shortly thereafter, said Caleb B. ‘Knevals pledged them to the plaintiff as security for a loan and he subsequently redeemed them. The officers of the plaintiff were familiar with the signatures of the officers of the defendant .who signed the certificates and knew that they were genriine. Genuine certificates in the defendant- appear to have been pledged, bought and sold as if they were certificates of stock in a business corporation. They were very, valuable and had a market value which was somewhat irregular. The - plaintiff frequently loaned money upon their security; and although its officers were not actually familiar with the agreement or provisions of the statute under which the certificates were issued, they'knew that the defendant was a cemetery corporation and that it from time to time and at regular intervals credited the shares with dividends or moneys which made them valuable; and it understood from information derived from the president of. the,.defendant that they were probably worth $20.0 per share. - On or about the 20th day of .November, 1900,, said Knevals again applied to plaintiff for a loan of $36,000 on these spurious certificates. The application was granted forthwith, the loan to be' payable on demand, it being understood that it would be repaid within a short time as Knevals expressed the intention of selling some of the shares, with interest at the rate of five -per centum, and on the day following Knevals appeared at the bank with a messenger of the Trust Company of New York who produced the certificates. The president of the plaintiff examined and recognized them as those upon which the bank had previously made a loan to Knevals and accepted them. Plaintiff delivered a check for the amount of the loan to the order, of Knevals,. who thereupon indorsed it in blank and delivered it to the messenger of "the trust company which collected the same. Interest was paid on this loan Mayp, 1901; but the entire principal and interest, since that date remain' unpaid. The president of' tlié bank knew said Caleb B. Knevals’ handwriting, but did not notice at the time that the blanks had been filled in by him.' The trial court •found that the plaintiff took the certificates .in' good faith and with- ' out notice or knowledge of the facts upon' which their invalidity depends. The- bank held no other security for the indebtedness and said Knevals died leaving a bankrupt estate.

Tlie issue of these spurious certificates to Knevals was entered on . the books of the defendant at the time he filled in- the' blanks; and an examination of the certificate book of shares of the defendant at anytime thereafter would have revealed the fact that they had been issued without the surrender of' any outstanding certificate, and that there had been an. unauthorized over- issue of . shares. . The plaintiff did not own any shares in defendant, and neither was familiar with the contents of its records nor had access thereto. It does not appear that the other officers' or shareholders of the defendant exercised any supervision over said Caleb B, Iinevals or examined the books or discovered this over issue of shares or took any steps to have the certificates canceled or to warn or protect those dealing in such shares against these spurious certificates, although they had been issued and outstanding about seven years before the plaintiff accepted the same the last time as security for this loan. The latter part of November, 1901, interest not having been paid on the loan since May first that year, the plaintiff, with a view to having the stock transferred to its name and ■ obtaining any dividends apportioned to the shares, presented the certificates to the Fourth National Bank, which was defendant’s agent for the transfer and registration of certificates, and requested that the certificates be transferred to. its name. The request was refused upon the ground that the certificates constituted “ an over issue of the shares of the cemetery.” Plaintiff thereupon offered to surrender the certificates to the defendant without transfer or requiring the issue of new certificates upon payment of the amount it had loaned thereon, with interest, which offer was declined, upon the same ground. A like offer was renewed on the trial arid was declined.

. At the time of such, refusal by the defendant the market value in the city of New York of genuine shares in defendant was $160 per share, and their market value had equaled that sum- at all times since plaintiff last accepted the certificates in pledge.The issuance of the certificates to landowners in payment for the land was fairly contemplated. and authorized. The statute under which defendant was incorporated required cemetery associations to appropriate and apply one-half, at least, of the proceeds from the sales of the lots to the payment of the purchase price of the lands, and to use the residue in improving the cemetery grounds (Laws of 1817, chap. 133, § 7), and authorized the cemetery associations to agree with the owners from whom lands should be purchased to pay therefor one-half of the proceeds from the sales of cemetery lots. (Laws of 1853, chap. 122, § 1.) It was manifest that the period during which such an agreement would continue would be quite indefinite; and that it would likely be very' long. Evidently it was impracticable to give back a.purchase-money mortgage, conditioned for the payment to the owners of one-half the proceeds of the sale of lots, with a provision for releasing lots from time to time as they were sold, from, the1 lien of the mortgage. That would have necessitated obtaining.a release from each mortgagee upon every sale of a burial lot. There being many owners, such course would be. inconvenient and expensive, and it was inevitable that in time it might be difficult to obtain releases from all of the mortgagees promptly, and that the number of those interested in .the mortgage would increase •by succession or devolution of interest, and that the rights of infants, who could not release without "application to the court at least would soon become involved. The. practical scheme was, therefore, to declare, by mutual agreement of all parties in interest, that the claims of the owners against the cemetery association should be deemed personal property and should be represented by shares according to their respective interests substantially in the form of capital stock as was done. The certificates' thus issued as evidence of the claims or- shares of the respective owners, although not ■ expressly authorized by statute, were quite similar, so far as the legal questions here presented are .concerned, to certificates at that time authorized to be issued by such cemetery associations, to refund existing lawful indebtedness, including their indebtedness for lands purchased for cemetery purposes, which, certificates were declared to be personal property, and it' was evidently contemplated that they should be freely circulated, for it was expressly provided by statute that, they should be transferable by delivery (Laws of 1860, chap". 163, §§ 1, 2j 3), .and in exchange therefor, the Legislature subsequently authorized the issue of certificates of stock (Laws of 1879, chap. 107, §§ 1,2,3). The Legislature having left it to the parties to prescribe the form-of the , agreement and how the interests of the landowners should be evidenced, I am of opinion that, in view of .the facts pointed out, it cannot be said "that the issuance of the certificates to represent the. interests of the landowners was not authorized. The plaintiff was doubtless chargeable with knowledge of the statutory powers and duties of the ' defendant. Assuming that it .was also chargeable, constructively, with knowledge of the scheme devised for issuing certificates of-shares and facilitating the transfer thereof, still it had no means of knowing from time to time who were the owners of the shares, ' excepting as represented.by-the defendant by the issuance of certifir cates. The defendant evidently deemed it advantageous to issue these certificates iri form to enable the owners to readily transfer them, and it is probable that it was contemplated- that they would be bought and sold upon the market, and pledged as security for loans, as was" subsequently done. It may be that the plaintiff could have discovered from the public records who were entitled to certificates originally ; but it is manifest that any one accepting one of these certificates in pledge or taking title thereto was obliged to rely on the fact that the certificate had been issued by the defendant and was outstanding. The issuance of a certificate by the defendant after the original certificates had all been issued, was in effect a distinct representation and assurance to any one taking the same in pledge, or taking title thereto, that it had been duly issued in place of a certificate for a like number of shares which had been duly surrendered and canceled so that the total authorized issue of shares was not increased thereby. (Holbrook v. New Jersey Zinc Co., 57 N. Y. 616.) This was the scheme devised by the defend-' ant and the execution of which it intrusted to its officers. The certificates in question were prepared by the.defendant and .placed in the hands of its officer authorized to issue them in place of - any certificates that might be surrendered for cancellation. They were signed by the duly authorized officers of. the defendant and-were identical in form with those duly issued. They were then placed in the hands of Knevals, the comptroller and chief executive officer of the defendant, with authority to fill them out and to issue them. ■These certificates were something more than mere promises to pay money, which might be subject to all equitable defenses. They are not, strictly speaking, nor are ordinary certificates of stock, negotiable instruments (Knox v. Eden Musee Co., 148 N. Y. 441, 454), but since defendant intended that they shoiild. be transferable by delivery like certificates of stock with power of. attorney for execution in blank or giving the name of the transferee, they properly fall within thé rule applicable to certificates of stock, giving them some of. the features of negotiability, rather than . that applicable to strictly non-negotiable securities which even in .the hands of innocent purchasers for value are subject to all equitable defenses existing between the original parties. (Rapps v. Gottlieb, 142 N. Y. 164; Zander v. N. Y. Security & Trust Co., 178 id. 208.) They represented an equitable interest of the vendors in the land and the .defendant intended that, they should be available for 'negotiation, and in issuing them it knew that it was representing to third parties who might purchase the same or advance money thereon, that the person to whom- they were'issued . had an interest in the proceeds of the sales of the lots.represented by the part of the shares specified in the certificate. There was ho agreement to pay absolutely or any particular ’sum or at a' fixed time. . The agreement to pay was from the proceeds of sales of burial lots: On dissolution of. the corporation there can be no doubt' that the holders would have had an interest in the proceeds of sale under judicial process: It has' been held that they have an interest in the award made in condemnation proceedings, where part of the cemetery, lands are lawfully taken for public purposes. ■ (Whittemore v. Woodlawn Cemetery, 71 App. Div. 257.) The defendant had no authority to issue certificates in excess of the' issue authorized, and, consequently, these three certificates are not enforcihle as such. It is argued that since the defendant was without authority to issue certificates in excess of the authorized issue, it cannot be held liable even though it assumed to authorize their issuance, or even.though its officer, to whom it delivered the certificates with authority to issue them, thereby leaving it to him to determine . when their issuance would be warranted, exceeded .his authority and diverted them to his own use. It is quite clear, -of course, that if the defendant Would not be liable had it issued these certificates' to Iinevals, with the understanding that' he was to appropriate them' to his own use, it cannot be liable for his wrongful act in diverting them. It does not. follow, however, that the defendant is relieved from liability by7 the mere fact that the certificates were in excess of the lawful issue. . The defendant may, not- have had authority to issue the certificates, but it had power to injure innocent third parties, and it may be liable to them in damage's, even though not liable on the certificates as such. (Vought v. Eastern Building & Loan Assn., 172 N. Y. 517, 518.) . The certificates are similar, so far as the question here presented is concerned, to stock certificates ■ the issuance of which is a continuing representation that the party ■ to whom issued; was rightfully entitled thereto, and the defendant having vested its agents with authority which might be and was abused to the prejudice of third parties, who were not aware of the limitation upon his authority to put the certificates in circulation, took the'risk and must bear the loss resulting from the wrongful diversion of the certificates. (New York & New Haven R. R. Co. v. Schuyler, 34 N. Y. 30; McNeil v. Tenth National Bank, 46 id. 325; Holbrook v. New Jersey Zinc Co., 57 id. 616; Bruff v. Mali, 36 id, 200; Goshen Nat. Bank v. State, 141 id. 379; Bank of Batavia v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co., 106 id. 195; Hanover Bank v. American Dock & Trust Co., 148 id. 612; Fifth Ave. Bank. v. Forty-second St. & G. S. F. R. R. Co., 137 id. 231; Matter of Jones, 172 id. 575.) Moreover, it appears that the defendant trusted implicitly in Knevals, and, during a period of many years, it either failed to supervise or inspect the records showing the cancellation of old and the issuance of new . certificates which had been issued in blank and intrusted to him for delivery, or having discovered the wrongful diversion it took no steps to have the certificates surrendered and canceled, or to notify those whom it knew to be or had reason to believe were dealing in : the securities. It was not shown when defendant discovered that Knevals wrongfully diverted the certificates; but evidence tending to show that it was before plaintiff made the last .loan on them was excluded on objection of counsel for the defendant. It appears, however, that the defendant’s records at all times from the issuance of these certificates until the plaintiff made the second loan thereon, nearly seven years thereafter, showed that they were issued without the surrender of other certificates for cancellation, and constituted an over issue. The facts, therefore, bring tlie case clearly within the principle of the Schuyler fraud cases, so called, and, kindred authorities, where it is held that a corporation. is liable on principles of agency and estoppel, to innocent purchasers or pledgees, for the damages sustained through the wrongful acts of its officers im the discharge of duties intrusted to them, where they were authorized to act, and, instead of acting for the interests of the company and within their authority, departed from their instructions and acted for themselves, and for its negligence in failing to discover such wrongful acts within a reasonable time and take steps to- prevent imposition on third parties. (New York & New Haven R. R. Co. v. Schuyler, supra; Vought v. Eastern Building & Loan Assn., supra; Trustees, etc., v. Smith, 118 N. Y, 641.) If this had been merely a fraudulent issue, and not an over issue of certificates, to a’ party not entitled thereto, made by an officer or agent authorized tb issue certificates to' a party entitled thereto, and the third party had taken the same by purchase or in pledge innocently and without negligence, the defendant would have been obliged, upon principles of estoppel, to recognize them as valid and issue genuine stock therefor, or admit the purchaser or pledgee to all the lights of certificate holders. (2 Thomp. Corp. §.§ 1493, 1494; 1 Cook Corp. [5th ed.] §§ 292, 293; Jarvis v. Manhattan Beach Co., 53 Hun, 362; S. C., 75 id. 100; affd., 148 N. Y. 652.) There is no difference in principle between liability(for a fraudulent under issue and a ' fraudulent over issue by officers authorized to issue certificates, for the rule is based on the doctrine of respondeat superior. (Nowack v. Metropolitan St. R. Co., 166 N. Y. 440; Ring v. Long Island Real Estate Exchange, 93 App. Div. 442, 447; Miners & Merchants’ Bank v. Ardsley Hall Co., 113 id. 202, 203.) Ultravires would-be no defense to this action for damages if the certificates had been issued by the corporation itself, nor is it a defense where they were issued by its agents having authority to issue them, although not to issue them to Knevals-; for in so far as the public are concerned^ reliance must be placed on the issuance as a representation that the essential facts which would authorize their issue existed. (Allen v. South Boston R. R. Co., 150 Mass. 204; Jarvis v. Manhattan Beach Co., supra.) In addition to the cases already cited as sustaining the doctrine that the issuance of the certificates was a representation to the public that the party in whose name they were issued was the true owner, the decisions that representations made to a rating - commercial agency by a merchant with respect to his property may be relied upon by third parties are in. point. (Eaton, Cole Burnham Co. v. Avery, 83 N. Y., 31; Tindle v. Birkett, 171 id. 520.)

It is claimed that the plaintiff was negligent in not discovering that the certificates were not consecutively numbered, but it Was shown that' it is not unusual. or a circumstance of sus-' picion ..to see a certificate of stock in circulation of an earlier date of' a lower number than another. There is no • force in' the suggestion that as matter of law the plaintiff should. have discovered and have had its suspicions aroused by the fact that' the name of the owner of the certificates was filled in by Knevals. (Titus v. President, etc., G. W. Turnpike Road, 61 N. Y. 237; Clinton Nat. Bank v. Nat. Park Bank, 37 App. Div. 601; affd., 165 N. Y. 629, and Isham v. Post, 141 id. 100.) The evidence is. that this was not noticed at the time, and. that if it had been, it would not have attracted especial attention, in view of. the genniner ness of the signatures, for the reason that blanks in certificates are often filled in by interested parties.

It is also contended that the plaintiff should have surrendered the certificates and have had the stock transferred to its name on the hooks of the company, but in taking certificates of stock in pledge that does,not appear to have been customary unless-requested by the customer.

Finally, it is claimed that the bank was negligent in not having the stock registered. It appears that on or about the 14th day of October, 1899, shortly before this loan was made, the defendant duly designated the Fourth Eational Bank registrar and transfer agent of certificates. The president of the plaintiff testified that the registration of stdck is an additional verification of the genuineness of the certificates; that is the very purpose and object of registration.” A question of fact was presented as to whether the president or cashier or the acting loan clerk in this transaction, which was conducted' by him and the president, had notice that transfers could be registered, and the court has found in favor of the plaintiff on that issue. It appears that plairitiff’s loan clerk, who, however, was absent at the time of this transaction, and perhaps another employee of the plaintiff, were aware that the Fourth Eational Bank had been appointed transfer agent and registrar by the defendant. They acquired this knowledge in acting for customers of the bank and without the authority or direction of its officers, and it is .not clear that the bank would be chargeable in this transaction with the knowledge thus acquired by them; but however that may be, the plaintiff was not obliged as matter oflcm to have these certificates registered.- The trial court was justified in finding that the plaintiff,- lcnowing-the genuineness of the signatures to those certificates, and having made a loan to Knevals thereon many years before, had no reason to suspect his title and was not guilty of negligence in not having them registered.

It follows that the judgment should'be affirmed, with costs.

Patterson, P. J.," and Ingraham, J., concurred ;■ S'cott¡ J.? dissented'. '

Ingraham, J. (concurring) :

.1 concur with Hr. Justice Laughlin. While it is clear that this instrument 'was not in any sense a negotiable instrument it was a certificate issued by the corporation or its authorized officers which certified to the existence of a fact upon which the plaintiff relied, and under these circumstances the defendant is estopped from denying the existence of that fact. It seems to me that the case is directly within the principle established in Jarvis v. Manhattan Beach Co. (148 N. Y. 652 and the cases there cited), and that, being estopped from denying the facts upon the faith of which plaintiff ■ advanced ■ its money, the defendant was liable.

Scott, J. (dissenting):

■ While I freely concede that the question involved in this appeal is a close one and the considerations, advanced by Mr. Justice Laughlin for an affirmance of the judgment are very persuasive, I cannot avoid a feeling that to affirm it is to give effect rather to the form than to the real nature of the certificates issued by the defendant, Irrespective of the form in which the certificates were dráwn they were not certificates of stock, but merely promises to pay in the future. The defendant had no capital stock and could have none, and' if in issuing certificates in the form which it adopted it had attempted to create capital stock or to issue certificates representing capital stock it would have undertaken to do that which it had no legal capacity to do. The plaintiff cannot and does not, as ' I understand, base atty claim to a recovery'upon the proposition that it was misled by the1 form of the certificate into believing that the defendant was a stock corporation • and ■ that the certificates represented actual stock. The defendant’s incapacity to issue stock and its obligation to pay to the persons from whom it had purchased lands one-lmlf of the receipts from sales of lots as received, were •matters of record incorporated into the statute of the State and. in .. dealing with apparent obligations issued by defendant the plaintiff was chargeable with notice and knowledge of the statutory limitations and extent of defendant’s powers. The certificates were nothing more than promises to pay in the future, and in this respect are similar in legal effect, though not in form, to. the certificate of deposit involved in Zander v. N. Y. Security & Trust Co. (178 N. Y. 208) to which the Court of Appeals denied the attribute of negotiability. There appears to' me to be a well-marked distinction between the case now under consideration and those relied upon by the learned referee below and by Mr. Justice Laughlin, of which New York & New Haven R. R. Co. v. Schuyler (34 N. Y. 30) is a leading and typical case. That distinction I find in the fact that the false instruments in all these cases'purported to be certificates such as the companies had the power and authority to issue and, if genuine, were negotiable. Hence, the principle of implied' agency was held, to be applicable. The Court of Appeals has, however, expressly refused to extend the doctrine of these cases where the agent has undertaken to do an act not within the scope of either his actual or apparent authority. (Manhattan Life Ins. Co. v. Forty-second St. & G. S. F. R. R. Co., 139 N. Y. 146; Knox v. Eden Musee Co., 148 id. 441.) If the certificate in the present form is to be regarded, with reference to its form, as a certificate of stock, it was a certificate of a character, which the defendant had no power to issue, and which, consequently, its officers had no actual or apparent authority to issue. If, on the other hand, it is to be regarded in its true light as'a promise to pay in the future, it possesses neither inherently nor in form any of the attributes of negotiability, for it bears upon its face the qualifying words transferable only on the books of the Cemetery Association upon the surrender of this certificate,” which correspond to the words which, in the Zanden case, were held to impress upon the certificate of deposit the quality of' non-negotiability. ■ If the plaintiff relies upon some supposed negligence in issuing the certificate to Knevals, the Statute of Limitations constitutes an effectual answer, because the negligence, if there be any, of which the plaintiff can complain, happened when the certificates were given to Knevals. In my opinion, the judgment should be reversed, with costs, and the complaint dismissed.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  