
    James M. Constable and Others, Respondents, v. Matthew Hardenbergh, Defendant; George H. Kelley and Others, Appellants.
    
      General assignment — the retention by the assignors of $500 for their necessities is evidence of fraud.
    
    In an action brought by judgment creditors to set aside an alleged fraudulent general assignment, it appeared that when the assignment was made the liabilities of the assignors were about $70,000 and the assets about $42,000, and the cash on hand was about $834, §300 of "which the assignors used to pay bills, and about §500 of which they retained, being told by the assignee that they might take any reasonable sum which they needed for their necessities. Ho mention was made in the schedules of the retention of this sum, and none of the creditors were notified of the fact.
    
      Held, that while such a retention of the assets "was not necessarily fraudulent, yet under the circumstances the court was warranted in finding that the assignment was made in fraud of creditors.
    Appeal by the defendants, George H. Kelley and others, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiffs, entered in the office of the clerk of the county óf New York on the Jth day -of November, 1895, upon the decision of the court rendered after a "trial at the New York Special Term setting aside a general assignment for the benefit of creditors made by Hardenbergh & Co. to Hugo Hirsh.
    
      Selden Bacon and Henry S. Rasquin, for the appellants.
    
      Jesse S. Epstein, for the respondents.
   Rumsey, J.:

This is a judgment creditor’s action, brought to set aside a general assignment ripon.the ground that it was made with the intent to hinder, delay and defraud creditors. Several distinct frauds were alleged by the plaintiffs in the complaint, but only one of them was found by the court.

The facts were that Hardenbergh & Co., on the 18th of July, 1893, made a general assignment to one Hirsh, preferring certain creditors. Their liabilities were about $70,500; and their'assets were $42,437. At the time of the assignment the firm, had in cash in the store about $834. They used something over $300 of that to pay some bills, and there remained in the neighborhood of $500, which was taken possession of by the assignors upon 'the advice and with the consent of the assignee. It was not delivered to the assignee; no mention of it was made in the schedules, and none of the creditors were notified of the fact that it had been taken. There was no dis^ pute about the way in which it came to be taken. It was testified! to by the assignee, who said that he told them that they might take* any reasonable stun that they needed for their necessities, and that upon that advice they acted and did' take it. The court found, that on the morning of the execution of the assignment,, ajid in contemplation thereof, the assignors, with the approval of the assignee, intentionally drew out from the assets of said firm and appropriated to their own use over $500, upon the pretense that they needed that amount of money-to purchase necessaries for their families'; -that the assignors intentionally and fraudulently concealed and omitted the said sum of money from the schedule which purported to com tain a full. and. true statement of all the assets of the firm; that these intentional acts on the part of the assignors were a fraud upon their creditors and operated to hinder, delay and defraud them in the collection of their debts. And as a conclusion of law, the court found that the assignment was fraudulent and void and that it should be set aside.

The appellants do not object that the evidence is not sufficient to warrant this finding. The complaint they make is that the fraudulent intent of the assignors in retaining the money was not found as a fact, but was deduced as a conclusion of law from the retaining of the assets. It is quite true that the mere fact that an assignor, at the time of making his assignment, retains a portion of the assets in his possession is not, as a matter of law, conclusive upon the question of fraud. It may be explained, and if the explanation is such as to satisfy the tribunal which passes upon the facts that there was no fraudulent intent on the part of the assignor, the assignment will not be set aside oh account of it. Such was the case of Fay v. Grant (53 Hun, 44), where the plaintiff proved that the assignors retained certain inconsiderable sums of money out of the firm propeity; but the assignors gave evidence to show that it was done under a mistaken notion of their rights, and without any intent to defraud, and as soon as their attention was called to their mistake they paid back the money, and thereupon the case was submitted to the jury, who found that there was no fraudulent intent in doing the act. But while such retaining of assets is not necessarily fraudulent, if it is unexplained or is connected with suspicious circumstances, it is sufficient to warrant a finding that the assignment, in connection with which it was made, was made' with intent to defraud, and to set it aside. (Coursey v. Morton, 132 N. Y. 556.) In that case it was held that the intentional withholding and secreting by the assignor of assets of a substantial value from the possession of the assignee, is a fraud upon the rights of creditors of the assignor, and renders a general assignment for the benefit of creditors void. That is precisely the condition of affairs here as found by the court. This money was a substantial portion of the assets. In addition to finding that it was retained in contemplation of the assignment, the court found that it was fraudulently concealed and omitted from the schedule, and that it was done intentionally," and that it operated to defraud creditors, which was undoubtedly the case. The rule that a man is necessarily presumed to intend the natural consequences of his acts, which was laid down in Coursey v. Morton (supra), warranted the court, in this case, in finding that these acts of the assignors, whichwere fraudulently done find operated to defraud, were done with the intent to defraud, and in deducing that intent as a necessary conclusion from the findings .of fact. ■ ■ '■

There is no -error in the judgment, and it must be affirmed, with hosts.

. Yan Beunt, P., J., Baeeett, Williams and Patterson, Jj., .concurred.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  