
    In the Matter of Port Washington Union Free School District, Appellant, v Port Washington Teachers Association, Respondent. Port Washington Union Free School District, Respondent, v Port Washington Teachers Association, Appellant.
    Argued June 7, 1978;
    decided July 13, 1978
    
      POINTS OF COUNSEL
    
      Jerome H. Ehrlich for appellant in the first above-entitled case.
    I. The court below misapprehended the issues. (Matter of Board of Educ. v Yonkers Federation of Teachers, 40 NY2d 268; Board of Educ. v Bellmore-Merrick United Secondary Teachers, 39 NY2d 167; Matter of National Cash Register Co. [Wilson], 8 NY2d 377; Matter of Maye [Bluestein], 40 NY2d 113.) II. Imperative provisions of law warrant affirmance of Special Term’s order staying arbitration. (Board of Educ. v Associated Teachers of Huntington, 30 NY2d 122; Syracuse Teachers Assn, v Board of Educ., 35 NY2d 743; Matter of Susquehanna Val. Cent. School Dist. at Conklin [Susquehanna Val. Teachers’ Assn.], 37 NY2d 614; Matter of Union Free School Dist. No. 2 of Town of Cheektowaga v Nyquist, 38 NY2d 137; Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., 40 NY2d 774; Herman v Board of Educ., 234 NY 196; Matter of Legislative Conference of City Univ. of N. Y. v Board of Higher Educ., 31 NY2d 926; Matter of New York City Schools Bds. Assn, v Board of Educ., 50 AD2d 826, 39 NY2d 111; Matter of Board of Educ. v Yonkers Federation of Teachers, 40 NY2d 269.) III. The collective bargaining agreement between the district and the teachers could not have delegated the board’s power over educational affairs. IV. The arbitration should be stayed because the performance sought would be in violation of the contract. (Matter of Macy & Co. [National Sleep Prods.], 39 NY2d 268; Matter of Marchant v Mead-Morrison Mfg. Co., 252 NY 284.)
    
      David N. Stein and James R. Sandner for respondent in the first above-entitled case.
    I. There is no statutory or decisional law or other public policy which would bar the instant arbitration. (Steelworkers v American Mfg. Co., 363 US 564; Board of Educ. v Associated Teachers of Huntington, 30 NY2d 122; Syracuse Teachers Assn. v Board of Educ., 35 NY2d 743; Matter of Port Washington Union Free School Dist. v New York State Public Employment Relations Bd., 52 AD2d 927.) II. The parties have agreed to submit this controversy to arbitration. (Board of Educ. v Bellmore-Merrick United Secondary Teachers, 39 NY2d 167.)
    
      David N. Stein and James R. Sandner for appellant in the second above-entitled case.
    I. As-found by the court below the grievance and arbitration clause of the subject collective bargaining agreement is broad. (Board of Educ. v Cracovia, 36 AD2d 851; Matter of Board of Educ. v Yonkers Federation of Teachers, 40 NY2d 268; Board of Educ. v Lakeland Federation of Teachers, Local 1760, Amer. Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, 42 NY2d 853; Rochester City School Dist. v Rochester Teachers Assn., 41 NY2d 578.) II. A broad arbitration clause, such as the one at bar, creates a presumption of arbitrability. (Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Co., 363 US 574; Steelworkers v Enterprise Corp., 363 US 593; Board of Educ. v Associated Teachers of Huntington, 30 NY2d 122; Matter of Associated Teachers of Huntington v Board of Educ., 33 NY2d 229; Communications Workers of Amer. AFL-CIO v New York Tel. Co., 327 F2d 94; Strauss v Silvercup Bakers, 353 F2d 555; District 50, United Mineworkers of Amer. v Chris-Craft Corp., 385 F2d 946.) III. The subject clauses of the collective bargaining agreement are not illegal and unenforceable, and therefore this arbitration is not barred by public policy. (Matter of Board of Educ. v Yonkers Federation of Teachers, 40 NY2d 268; Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., 40 NY2d 774; Board of Educ. v Bellmore-Merrick United Secondary Teachers, 39 NY2d 167; Matter of Legislative Conference of City Univ. of City of N. Y. v Board of Higher Educ., 31 NY2d 926; Matter of Board of Educ. v Levittown United Teachers, 53 AD2d 902, 42 NY2d 904.) IV. The agreement clearly provides that these grievances are arbitrable.
    
      Charles D. Maurer and Jerome H. Ehrlich for respondent in the second above-entitled case.
    I. Arbitration of the grievances herein is not authorized by the terms of the Taylor Law. 
      (Matter of Susquehanna Val. Cent. School Dist. at Conklin [Susquehanna Val. Teachers’ Assn.], 37 NY2d 614; Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., 40 NY2d 774; Board of Educ. v Areman, 41 NY2d 527; Matter of Union Free School Dist. No. 2 of Town of Cheektowaga v Nyquist, 38 NY2d 137; Honeoye Falls-Lima Cent. School Dist. v Honeoye Falls-Lima Educ. Assn., 59 AD2d 1042; Matter of Downey, 72 Misc 2d 772; Herman v Board of Educ., 234 NY 196; Matter of Legislative Conference of City Univ. of N. Y. v Board of Higher Educ., 31 NY2d 926.) II. The district did not agree to arbitrate the issues raised by the grievances. (Honeoye Falls-Lima Cent. School Dist. v Honeoye Falls-Lima Educ. Assn., 59 AD2d 1042; Board of Educ. v Lakeland Federation of Teachers, 42 NY2d 853; Lehman v Dobbs Ferry Bd. of Educ., 66 Misc 2d 996; Rochester City School Dist. v Rochester Teachers Assn., 41 NY2d 578; Matter of Civil Serv. Employees Assn. v County of Steuben, 50 AD2d 421; County of Ontario v Civil Serv. Employees Assn., Ontario County Ch., 76 Misc 2d 365, 46 AD2d 738; Matter of Howard & Co. v Daley, 27 NY2d 285; South Colonie Cent. School Dist. v Longo, 43 NY2d 136.) III. The collective bargaining agreement between the district and the teachers could not have delegated the board’s power over educational affairs. IV. The orders staying arbitration should be affirmed because the performance sought would be in violation of the contract. (Matter of Macy & Co. [National Sleep Prods.], 39 NY2d 268; Matter of Marchant v Mead-Morrison Mfg. Co., 252 NY 284.)
   OPINION OF THE COURT

Wachtler, J.

In both cases consolidated on this appeal the teachers associations demanded arbitration of related grievances covered by specific provisions of its collective bargaining agreement with the school district. Although an arbitrator would concededly be empowered to interpret those provisions of the contract, the school district commenced these proceedings to stay arbitration on the ground that the relief sought by the association, if granted by the arbitrator, would be against public policy. Because a stay in either case would foreclose any remedy for alleged violations of procedural guarantees as well as substantive rights said to be afforded under the contract, the appeal itself raises policy questions of importance to the arbitration process.

In 1973 the parties entered into a collective bargaining agreement covering a five-year period. Article II A of the agreement sets up a number of joint committees, comprised of administrative and association representatives, to consider and make recommendations on various subjects including evaluations for advanced status, extra assignments and curriculum development. The article states that "a recommendation of any joint committee * * * shall be advisory * * * and may be accepted or rejected, in whole or in part, by the Superintendent.”

The agreement further provides for a resolution of grievances including: "a complaint by an instructional employee that (1) there has been as to him a violation, misinterpretation or inequitable application of any of the provisions of this Agreement.”

The final step in the grievance procedure provides for submission to arbitration: "A grievance dispute which was not resolved at Step 2 under the grievance procedure may be submitted by the aggrieved party to an arbitrator for a binding ruling if it involves the application or interpretation of this Agreement. The arbitrator shall have the power only to interpret what the parties to the Agreement intended by the specific clause in the Agreement which is at issue.” The committee system apparently broke down on a number of occasions.

In the first case the school district implemented an educational program without first submitting it to the committee. In addition the district instructed its representatives on the committee not to participate in any discussion or vote with respect to the educational program. The teachers association filed a grievance claiming that this conduct on the part of the school district violated the terms of the agreement by not following the contractually prescribed procedures. They claimed that the agreement required the district to submit any change of this nature to the committee and also required the district representatives to participate in discussion and deliberation concerning the new educational program before its implementation.

The teachers ultimately sought arbitration and demanded that the district: "Cease and desist from the implementation of programs that have not been approved in the [sic] accordance with procedures set forth in Article II, a. that the District direct its administrators who are Committee members, to participate in the deliberations and voting of the Professional Growth & Curriculum Committee.”

The district commenced this proceeding to stay arbitration claiming that the relief demanded would, if granted, deprive the school district of its control over the curriculum and thereby violate public policy.

The Appellate Division held that contrary to the district’s position, a permanent stay of arbitration would not be warranted by the mere possibility that the demand’s additional request for termination of "unapproved” programs, if granted following arbitration of the dispute, might be subject to vacatur under CPLR 7511 on the ground that the arbitrator exceeded his power.

In the second case the school district successfully sought to stay arbitration of related grievances involving similar unilateral actions by the superintendent, here his reduction of certain extracurricular activities and assignments purportedly for economic reasons. But in this case the demand for relief went further, in essence requesting annulment of the contested unilateral action, plus restoration of the eliminated activities and back pay for teachers affected by the cutbacks. The majority below granted a stay on the assumption that the association’s demand could only be granted by either giving the joint committee on extracurricular programs a right of prior approval or by requiring the district to maintain the status quo until a properly constituted joint committee was to arrive at a recommendation for the superintendent’s further consideration. In the Appellate Division’s view this would be an impermissible delegation of supervisory responsibility in either event (see Education Law, § 1709).

Arbitration should be permitted to proceed in both cases. It is conceded in these cases that there is a dispute over the meaning or interpretation of the agreement and that the controversy is therefore arbitrable under the agreement. The school district’s sole contention is that arbitration should be stayed because the relief demanded if granted would violate public policy.

The courts may intervene in a dispute which the parties had agreed to arbitrate where the arbitrators could not grant any relief without violating public policy (Board of Educ. v Areman, 41 NY2d 527); however that power to intervene is restricted. In the present context it is generally limited by the principle, that although a school district’s authority under the decisional and Education Law may not be bargained away or otherwise delegated, "[f|or purposes of our review, the violations of the procedural and substantive aspects of the [contested contract provisions] must be treated discretely” (Matter of Candor Cent. School Dist. [Candor Teachers Assn.], 42 NY2d 266, 271; see, also, Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., 40 NY2d 774, 778). For example while we have held that a board of education may not surrender its ultimate responsibility for making tenure decisions or restrict its exclusive right to terminate probationary appointments at the close of the probationary period, on the other hand "the bargained-for right to supplemental procedural steps preliminary to the board’s final action to grant or to withhold tenure is not to be rendered a nullity because of the board’s right to deny tenure without explanation” (Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., supra, p 778).

In applying this concept to other claims of improper delegation first raised in judicial proceedings to stay arbitration of otherwise arbitrable disputes, it becomes necessary to consider the fact that labor arbitrators, even in the public sector, are "not strictly limited to remedies requested by the parties” (Board of Educ. v Bellmore-Merrick United Secondary Teachers, 39 NY2d 167, 172); on the contrary, arbitrators in this context are in the final analysis empowered to "do justice and the award may well reflect the spirit rather than the letter of the agreement” (Rochester City School Dist. v Rochester Teachers Assn., 41 NY2d 578, 582; Lentine v Fundaro, 29 NY2d 382, 386).

For these reasons in both cases at bar, even though the full scope of relief in precisely the form demanded by the teachers association might, if granted in toto by the arbitrator, ultimately lead to an award which would be subject to vacatur this consideration does not, standing alone, justify judicial interference with the arbitration process at this stage. The arbitrator’s broad power to fashion appropriate relief may therefore not be presumed in advance to necessarily entail public policy conflicts discernable in the abstract by the courts. It follows that where the relief sought is broader than any enforceable remedy that may prospectively be granted but may also be adequately narrowed to encompass only procedural guarantees, as in these cases, a stay of arbitration on policy grounds is premature and unjustified.

The arbitration demands at issue here cannot be said to lead inexorably to the delegation problems urged by the school district. Far from interfering with matters of educational policy, appropriate enforcement of the advisory procedures to which the school district committed itself in both of the cases now before us may well signal instead the advancement of these goals and at the very least the resolution of pending controversies in the forum agreed upon by the parties. Should the arbitrator’s exercise of remedial discretion end in perceived policy conflicts, review by the courts will not have to rest on speculation or assumption.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division in the first case captioned on this appeal should be affirmed and in the second reversed, without costs, and the motion for a permanent stay of arbitration denied.

Chief Judge Breitel

(concurring). I concur for different reasons.

The issue on these appeals is whether the demands for arbitration raise public policy questions of such dimension that only the courts, and not arbitrators, may be permitted to resolve them. Since it is concluded that the public policy questions raised are not of such magnitude, arbitration should proceed in both cases, and stays should be denied. Hence, there should be an affirmance in the first case and a reversal in the second.

Involved in each case is the arbitration provision in the identical collective bargaining agreement between the school district and the teachers association. A grievance is defined as: "a complaint by an instructional employee that (1) there has been as to him a violation, misinterpretation or inequitable application of any of the provisions of this Agreement or (2) that he has been treated unfairly or inequitably by reason of any act or condition which is contrary to established Board policy or is contrary to established practice governing or affecting employees, except that the term 'grievance’ shall not apply to any matter as to which (1) a method of review is prescribed by law, or by any rule or regulation of the State Commissioner of Education having the force and effect of law, or (2) the Board of Education is without authority to act.” As the third step of its grievance procedure, the agreement provides: "A grievance dispute which was not resolved at Step 2 under the grievance procedure may be submitted by the aggrieved party to an arbitrator for a binding ruling if it involves the application or interpretation of this Agreement. The arbitrator shall have the power only to interpret what the parties to the Agreement intended by the specific clause in the Agreement which is at issue.” Emphatically, the agreement does not include a broad arbitration clause. That term, a term of art, applies most often in the commercial context, and broad clauses are much less commonly found in collective bargaining agreements (compare the clause above with the one involved in Matter of Exercycle Corp. [Maratta], 9 NY2d 329, 332-333).

In each case, the teachers association seeks arbitration of a grievance with the district.

In the first case, the dispute is over application of a provision in the agreement establishing a joint committee, with members drawn from both administration and faculty, to "serve as a clearing house for ideas and suggestions for curriculum changes” and "to recommend to the Superintendent modifications of present educational programs”. Recommendations of the committee, as with all joint committees under the collective bargaining agreement, were to be "advisory” only, and could be accepted or rejected by the superintendent of schools.

In late 1974, the board of education directed the superintendent to implement a new educational program significantly affecting the curriculum in the high school. A teacher member of the joint committee brought the matter before the committee, but the administration members believed the matter inappropriate for the committee’s consideration. The teacher members formulated their own recommendation to the superintendent, but the administration members refused to vote on it, contending that, since the recommendation was not jointly developed, it was not appropriate for submission to the superintendent. The new program was implemented on February 1, 1975, and the teachers association filed a grievance. The subsequent demand for arbitration seeks tp have the district "cease and desist from the implementation” of programs not "approved” by the committee, and to have the district direct the administration members to participate in the committee’s deliberations and voting.

The grievances in the second case involve the district’s elimination of existing extracurricular programs and replacement with other programs without submitting the changes to the joint committee on extra assignments for its approval. This committee, too, is only advisory by the terms of the collective bargaining agreement. The association’s three separate demands for arbitration request restoration of the old programs and cancellation of the new, with payment of lost compensation to teachers adversely affected by the changes in programs.

Supreme Court, in four separate orders issued by three different Judges, stayed arbitration of all the demands in the two cases. The same Appellate Division, with different panels, reversed in the first case and directed the parties to proceed to arbitration, but affirmed in the second case.

Quickly rejected should be the contention that the grievances asserted do not fall within the terms of the arbitration clause. It matters not in these cases that the arbitration clause is not a broad clause, for the submitted grievances, without question, involve "the application or interpretation of this Agreement.” Thus, the principal question is one of public policy.

It is settled law that arbitrators will not be permitted to decide disputes involving strong public policy in violation of law, however derived. But the public policy involved must, indeed, be substantial, for otherwise the freedom to resort to voluntary arbitration as an alternative forum for the resolution of disputes would be thwarted by endless attempts to invoke one purported public policy or another. Thus, even in governmental matters, including public schools, where public concern may be greatest, only rarely may public policy be invoked to stay arbitration (see Matter of Susquehanna Val. Cent. School Dist. [Susquehanna Val. Teachers’ Assn.], 37 NY2d 614, 616-617). In some sense, of course, almost every issue in public or private arbitration will involve some degree of "public policy”, however minimal.

It is not only in governmental matters that a strong public policy will limit the scope of arbitration, however broad the arbitration clause. Thus, for example, contract questions involving substantial issues of antitrust law, regulated directly by statute, may be resolved only by courts, not by arbitrators (Matter of Allied Van Lines Corp. [Hollander Express & Van Co.], 29 NY2d 35, 41-43; Matter of Aimcee Wholesale Corp. [Tomar Prods.], 21 NY2d 621, 626-630). Similarly, for another example, the issue of usury in lending agreements will not be permitted to go to arbitration (Durst v Abrash, 22 AD2d 39, 40-43, affd 17 NY2d 445). And, in custody matters, courts will review the actions of arbitrators notwithstanding an agreement between the parents to settle the custody matter by arbitration (see Schneider v Schneider, 17 NY2d 123, 127-128; compare Sheets v Sheets, 22 AD2d 176, 178, with Nestel v Nestel, 38 AD2d 942, 943; see, also, Hirsch v Hirsch, 37 NY2d 312, 315-316). This is so because no device will be enforced if it will offer the opportunity to frustrate explicit prohibitions of illegal or gravely immoral conduct, or displace nondelegable judicial authority.

Arbitration, despite or because of its many merits, provides a framework for dispute resolution far different from the traditional litigation framework. Arbitrators are permitted to apply their own "law or equity”. They are not restricted by legal rules of evidence. Perhaps most important, an arbitration award may not be vacated for errors of law or fact made by the arbitrators. (Matter of Associated Teachers of Huntington v Board of Educ., 33 NY2d 229, 235; Matter of Raisler Corp. [New York City Housing Auth.], 32 NY2d 274, 282-283; Lentine v Fundaro, 29 NY2d 382, 385-386.) This is so even if the award indicates that the arbitrators ignored or misapplied accepted rules of law (see Matter of Schine Enterprises [Real Estate Portfolio of N. Y.], 26 NY2d 799, 801). Thus, it must be with caution that a demand for arbitration should be approached to assure that, by use of arbitration, no strong public policy will be frustrated.

Not every issue asserted to be one of public policy, however, requires that arbitration be stayed. The public policy must be a strong one, amounting to gross illegality or its equivalent. Unless the illegality or other strong public policy has a readily identifiable source in the statutes or common-law principles, it is unlikely to be the kind of public policy that will result in a stay of arbitration (cf. Matter of Susquehanna Val. Cent. School Dist. [Susquehanna Val. Teachers’ Assn.], 37 NY2d 614, 616-617, supra; Syracuse Teachers Assn. v Board of Educ., 35 NY2d 743; Board of Educ. v Associated Teachers of Huntington, 30 NY2d 122, 129-130). Not to be confused with these grave matters, unsuitable and impermissible for resolution by arbitration, are the far more numerous matters in which the public may take a general interest and be affected. Arbitrability of disputes in this broader range of matters is not forbidden by strong public policy.

Any dispute involving a public enterprise involves issues of some public interest and concern. But it should be obvious that most of these issues do not involve strong public policies that would or should prevent arbitration. Instead, for the issue to be nonarbitrable, it must generally involve some statutory or constitutional duty or responsibility so important that the public agency will not be permitted to delegate it (see Board of Educ. v Areman, 41 NY2d 527, 532-533). Thus, the awarding of tenure to public school teachers is not arbitrable (Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., 40 NY2d 774, 776-777). To repeat, this is not because teacher tenure is a matter of public interest, but because the statutes provide that tenure decisions are to be made by the educational authorities (Education Law, §§ 2509, 2573, 3012, 3013).

Because - of the broad powers of the arbitrators once a demand proceeds to arbitration, a demand, if attacked on public policy grounds, must be evaluated before it is permitted to go to arbitration. If the demand presents only issues beyond the scope of arbitration, whether for reasons of strong public policy or otherwise, it is subject to a stay of arbitration under CPLR 7503. And, as noted later, where a strong policy affects an arbitration award even that award will be subject to judicial oversight.

Difficulties arise, however, when the demand for arbitration combines arbitrable issues with those that are beyond the scope of arbitration. When the issues are severable, of course, arbitration may be stayed with respect to some issues while it proceeds as to others (see Matter of Allied Van Lines Corp. [Hollander Express & Van Co.], 29 NY2d 35, 41-44, supra). In this manner, the parties’ agreement to arbitrate may be preserved to the extent consistent with public policy.

When issues of strong public policy are inextricably intertwined with the other issues raised by the demand, solution is difficult. To be sure, censoring the issues the arbitrators may consider is not favored (see, e.g., Matter of Paver & Wildfoerster [Catholic High School Assn.], 38 NY2d 669, 677; Matter of Transpacific Transp. Corp. [Sirena Shipping Co.], 9 AD2d 316, 320, affd 8 NY2d 1048; Matter of Spectrum Fabrics Corp. [Main St. Fashions], 285 App Div 710, 714, affd 309 NY 709). Nevertheless, as discussed earlier, the courts will undertake the difficult task when required by strong public policy, however derived (see Durst v Abrash, 22 AD2d 39, 40-43, affd 17 NY2d 445, supra; Matter of Aimcee Wholesale Corp. [Tomar Prods.], 21 NY2d 621, supra).

It is not generally permissible when issues of strong public policy are involved to allow the demand to proceed to arbitration subject to subsequent review by the courts on application to vacate the award (CPLR 7511). As noted earlier, the arbitrators have broad powers to apply their own substantive and procedural rules during the arbitration. Once the demand has gone to the arbitrators, the courts may not examine the deliberative processes that led to the award. Thus, unless the award on its face demonstrates that the arbitrators have exceeded their powers, a court may not, on motion to vacate an award, be able to ascertain whether strong public policy issues were considered and decided by the arbitrators. (See Matter of Aimcee Wholesale Corp. [Tomar Prods.], 21 NY2d 621, 626-627, supra.) To assure that issues of illegality and similar strong public policy remain outside the purview of arbitration, consideration of those issues on motion to stay arbitration is' appropriate.

Of course, when the only issue of strong public policy or illegality is the arbitrators’ power to grant a particular remedy, a stay of arbitration is not necessary. While arbitrators may not grant tenure to teachers, a dispute over tenure may nevertheless proceed to arbitration for resolution of arbitrable issues, subject to vacatur only if the arbitrators exceed their power by awarding tenure to the aggrieved teacher (Matter of Candor Cent. School Dist. [Candor Teachers Assn.], 42 NY2d 266, 271-272; Matter of Cohoes City School Dist. v Cohoes Teachers Assn., 40 NY2d 774, 778, supra; see, also, Garrity v Lyle Stuart, Inc., 40 NY2d 354, vacating an award of punitive damages- because of absence of power in the arbitrator to provide such a remedy).

Turning to the cases at bar, it should be evident that the public policy questions raised by the school district do not raise issues of illegality or similar strong public policy requiring stay of arbitration.

The school district contends that its statutory duty ”[t]o have in all respects the superintendence, management and control of the educational affairs of the district” prevents the board from delegating to the joint committees a right of approval of the changes in programs (Education Law, § 1709, subd 33). But the statutory provision does not foreclose the district from concluding, as a matter of educational policy, that curricular and extracurricular changes should be made only with the advice or approval of the teachers for the limited term of the collective bargaining agreement. Whether wise or not, such a policy decision does not contravene the statute, nor does it violate any other strong public policy, however derived (cf. Matter of Susquehanna Val. Cent. School Dist. [Susquehanna Val. Teachers’ Assn.], 37 NY2d 614, 616-617, supra). Undoubtedly, a different question, and perhaps a different result, would be presented if the school board would attempt by collective bargaining agreement or otherwise to restrict the freedom of school superintendence for a protracted period beyond its term of office (cf. Matter of Board of Educ. v Yonkers Federation of Teachers, 40 NY2d 268, 275).

Moreover, it is not for the court to decide whether the school district did, in fact, delegate rights of approval to the joint faculty-administration committees. It is for the arbitrators to interpret the language of the collective bargaining agreement.

It is interesting and significant that in its briefing on these appeals the teachers associations never contended that the joint committee’s recommendations would be more than advisory. However, "advisory” and other words in dispute, although they might be interpreted otherwise by the court, may be interpreted by the arbitrators as they see fit, but hopefully with integrity and respectful of the language of the agreement directed to them in making their determinations. Arbitrators may choose to do justice by whatever means they see fit, so long as they do not exceed their powers.

It is also for the arbitrators to decide what remedies, if any, might be appropriate even if the committees were only to be advisory, but were improperly prevented from advising. The arbitrators certainly have the power to fix an appropriate remedy for any violation by the district of procedural provisions of the collective bargaining agreement (Matter of Candor Cent. School Dist. [Candor Teachers Assn.], 42 NY2d 266, 272, supra).

To recapitulate, issues of strong public policy, usually amounting to illegality, may not be decided by arbitrators. The principle is not, however, of broad application, for many issues in which the public has a significant interest are unquestionably subject to arbitration. Although to justify a stay of arbitration the strong public policy involved need not be drawn from statutory or decisional prohibitions, the policy must emanate from some authoritative source. Generally, oblique reference to unparticularized statutory provisions of management and control does not authorize a stay of arbitration.

Accordingly, I concur in result that the arbitration should proceed in each case.

Judges Gabrielli, Jones, Fuchsberg and Cooke concur with Judge Wachtler; Chief Judge Breitel concurs in result in a separate opinion in which Judge Jasen concurs.

In Matter of Port Washington Union Free School Dist. v Port Washington Teachers Assn.: Order affirmed, without costs.

In Port Washington Union Free School Dist. v Port Washington Teachers Assn.: Order reversed, etc. 
      
       Arbitrators are not free to be arbitrary even if, because their awards are not subject to judicial review for errors of law and fact, the courts may not oversee their determinations. It is because of the unreviewability of arbitration awards that agreements with arbitration provisions may restrict the scope of arbitration, or on the contrary, leave the arbitration provision more or less broad, but still by other provisions instruct the arbitrators on the standards they are to follow. In the latter instance, the only sanction is provided by the integrity of the arbitrators. It is notable that the arbitration provisions of the instant collective bargaining agreement instructed: "The arbitrator shall have power only to interpret what the parties to the Agreement intended by the specific clause in the Agreement which is at issue” (p 416).
     