
    Martin Rothbarth and Others, Appellants, v. Felix Herzfeld and Others, Respondents.
    First Department,
    December 31, 1913.
    Parties'— when defendant not entitled to have another joined as plaintiff— when new plaintiff cannot be substituted or joined under section 756 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
    Where, in an action by a firm to recover moneys alleged to have been used by their agent, without authority, to speculate in stock through the defendants as brokers, with knowledge of the latter, the defendants learn for the first time during the trial that the plaintiffs have made a composition agreement with certain creditors, and have assigned this and other causes of action to trustees to receive and distribute the proceeds, they are not entitled either under section 453 or 756 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to have the trustees joined as parties plaintiff.
    
      It seems, that a new plaintiff cannot be substituted or even joined with the original plaintiff under section 756 of the Code of Civil Procedure, upon the application of the defendant, in opposition to the original plaintiff and the person sought to be substituted or joined.
    Appeal by the plaintiffs, Martin Rothbarth and others, from an order of the Supreme Court, made at the New York Special Term and entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 14th day of November, 1913, granting defendants’ motion to bring in additional parties plaintiff.
    
      George H. Engelhard, for the appellants.
    
      Bernard Naumburg, for the respondents.
   Scott, J.:

Plaintiffs, a German firm doing business in Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany, and also in the city of New York, were represented in that city by one Adolph Rothbarth, who held their power of attorney. They kept accounts in two New York city banks, the Mercantile and the Liberty, upon both of which said Adolph Rothbarth had authority to draw checks in plaintiffs’ name. The defendants are, or were, stockbrokers. The plaintiffs’ claim is that Adolph Rothbarth used plaintiffs’ funds with which to speculate in stocks through defendants as brokers, and that defendants knew that the moneys paid to them by Adolph Rothbarth for the purposes of speculation were plaintiffs’ funds and that said Adolph Rothbarth had no authority to use said moneys for such purposes. The action is now on trial before a referee.

In the course of the trial defendants learned, for the first time, that in December, 1910, plaintiffs had made a composition agreement with four of their creditors, to wit, Fannie Rothbarth, their mother, a Frankfurt bank, and the Mercantile and Liberty Banks of New York city. By this agreement they undertook to pay twenty per cent of their indebtedness to each of said creditors in cash, and to give notes for forty per cent thereof, such notes to be payable out of the proceeds of any recoveries which might be had in this and certain other similar actions against other defendants, and to be payable only out of such proceeds. To secure these notes they agreed to execute and did execute to George H. Engelhard and Hjalmar H. Boyesen, as trustees, assignments of this and the other causes of action, in trust to receive the sums realized therefrom and to pay over such sums in accordance with the composition agreement. By the terms of the assignment the trustees are to have no voice in the conduct or settlement of the action, but are merely empowered to receive the proceeds when realized, and to distribute them. Upon ascertaining the fact of this assignment defendants moved that Engelhard and Boyesen be substituted as parties plaintiff. They opposed, as did the plaintiffs, but the motion was granted to the extent of joining them as plaintiffs. Both plaintiffs and the trustees appeal. The principal reason urged by defendants why the order should be affirmed is that they have, as they think, grounds for a separate defense, or counterclaim by way of setoff against the two New York banks for whose benefit the assignment of the cause of action was made, but not against the other creditors. These grounds, stated briefly and without any attempt at technical accuracy, are that one of the banks ratified the wrongful acts of Adolph Rothbarth by accepting from defendants a portion of the proceeds of his speculations, and, as to both banks, that if defendants are compelled to pay plaintiffs they will have a cause of action over against the banks for having accepted and honored Adolph Rothbarth’s unauthorized checks. It is far from clear that either of these defenses would be available even if the action had originally been brought by Engelhard and Royesen, or if they should remain parties plaintiff, but that question we are not called upon to consider at this time.

The ground upon which the motion was granted, as stated by the learned justice at Special Term, was that “It has been repeatedly held that the Court, in order to dispose of the rights of parties, may direct the bringing in of all the parties having any interest in the proceeding, however remote.” The motion was thus apparently granted under the provisions of sections 452 and 453 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which, however, are not applicable because the court can determine the controversy as between the original parties to the action, without the necessity for importing new parties whose interests have been acquired since the action was commenced. The section of the Code applicable to the present motion is section 756, which provides as follows: “In case of a transfer of interest or devolution of liability, the action may be continued, by or against the original party; unless the court directs the person, to whom the interest is transferred, or upon whom the liability is devolved, to be substituted in the action, or joined with the original party, as the case requires.”

We entertain much doubt whether under this section a new plaintiff can be substituted in an action, or even joined as plaintiff with the original plaintiff, upon the application of the defendant, and in face of the opposition both of the original plaintiff and of the person sought to be substituted or joined as plaintiff. Such is the effect of the decision in Lawson v. Town of Woodstock (37 Hun, 352), although the precise question was not presented. It was directly so held in Packard v. Wood (17 Abb. Pr. 318), and although the later case of De Bost v. Albert Palmer Co. (21 Wkly. Dig. 369)" seems to hold that it lies within the discretion of the court whether such a substitution or joinder shall be made. The case is so inadequately reported that it loses much of its authority from that circumstance. Indeed, it is difficult to see how any one can be compelled, against his will, to become a plaintiff and assume the aggressiveness implied thereby. It is doubtless for this reason that it is provided in section 448 that if the consent of one who ought to be a plaintiff cannot be obtained, he may be made a defendant. For the same reason section 760 provides different modes of procedure in cases arising under section 756 where the application is made (1) by the person upon whom the right or interest has devolved, or (2) where the application is made by a plaintiff, or (3) where the application is made by a defendant. In the latter case, which is the one we are now considering, the remedy provided is to permit the applicant to bring a cross-action, if the protection of his rights demands it. Even if we were disposed to hold, as we are not, that the granting of such a motion as the present rested in the.court’s discretion, we should be of the opinion that such discretion should not be exercised in the present case.

The order appealed from should be reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and the motion denied, with ten dollars costs.

Ingraham, P. J., Olarke, Dowling and Hotchkiss, JJ., concurred.

Order reversed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements, and motion denied, with ten dollars costs.  