
    FRANCIS J. SCHAUB vs. JOHN P. O’FERRALL, JOHN H. BOLAND, PEARL R. OHLE and EDWARD L. KAUFMAN.
    
      Witnesses: staetments in giving testimony not actionable. Conspiracy. False witnesses: action on the case for production of — ; will not lie.
    
    A plaintiff who had been employed as attorney to recover property for his client brought suit against the defendant and the latter’s counsel for loss caused to him, alleging that by means of- false and perjured testimony they had conspired to defeat the action and caused him to fail in recovering the property in which he had an interest by an assignment from his client. Held, that such an action would not lie. p. 135
    An action will not lie against a witness for what he says or writes in giving testimony before a court of justice. p. 138
    An act which, if done by one alone, constitutes no ground of action on the case, can not be made the ground of such an action by alleging it to have been done by and through a conspiracy of several. p. 139
    
      Decided October 25th, 1911.
    
    Appeal from the Superior Court of Baltimore City (Ei/liott, J.).
    The cause was submitted to Boyd, C. J., Briscoe, Pearce, Burke, Pattison, Ur nee, and Stockbridge, JJ.
    
      James Fluegel filed a brief for the appellant.
    
      John P. O’Ferrall filed a brief for the appellee.
   Pattison, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The question presented by this appeal is one of pleading and involves only the sufficiency of the averments of the third amended declaration. To this declaration the defendants demurred, and the Court below sustained -the demurrer and entered judgment for the defendants for costs, from which judgment this appeal was taken.

As we are to determine whether the ruling of the lower Court was correct in sustaining the demurrer to the declaration, it will be well for us to set forth the declaration, which is as follows:

“For that this plaintiff (Schaub) was in the month of September, nineteen hundred and nine, and had been for many years prior thereto, a practicing attorney at law in Maryland and particularly in Baltimore City, where he enjoyed a lucrative practice as a lawyer. That he had been retained by one Margaret A. Boland in the year nineteen hundred and nine, to represent her professionally as her lawyer in a pending divorce case, between her and her husband, the defendant, John H. Boland, and to recover for her a large sum of money and considerable personal property which her husband had covenanted to give her, irrespective of the said divorce case and which said claim for money and personal property due to the said Margaret A. Boland had been by her in part assigned 'to this plaintiff for a valuable consideration. That in a cause then pending in the Circuit Court TTo. 2 of Baltimore City, the said Margaret A. Boland had obtained a divorce from the defendant, John H. Boland, on the ground of his adultery, but had not as yet received from him the moneys and property so due to her as aforestated, in which this plaintiff had an interest. That to recover the same, the said Margaret A. Boland filed a petition in said Court to require the said John 'Ll. Boland to pay the same to her. That the payment of the Same to her had been also guaranteed to her by the joint obligation of the defendant John H. Boland and that of the defendant Edward L. Kaufman, who was then his co-partner in the glass and paint bsuiness in Baltimore City. That the defendants Boland and Kaufman had failed and refused to pay the said moneys or deliver the said chattels to the said Margaret A. Boland or to this plaintiff as her solicitor and lawyer as demanded by him. That the said defendants were represented by a lawyer who is the defendant, John P. O’Ferrall. That the defendant John If. Boland became acquainted and socially intimate with the defendant Pearl R. Ohle, a lewd woman and a prostitute, in the fall of the year nineteen hundred and nine, and introduced her to the defendants, Kaufman and O’Ferrall. That the said John H. Boland did thereupon after unlawfully, wilfully, corruptly and wickedly conspiring with the other defendants in this case to ruin, injure and defame this plaintiff in his profession as a lawyer and particularly as the attorney for the said Margaret A. Boland, threaten him, that if he persisted in pressing her claim as aforesaid against him, that the defendants would injure and ruin the plaintiff in his profession and would have the said prostitute, Pearl R. Ohle, falsely testify in the said pending case of Margaret A. Boland vs. John II. Boland in the Oircnit Court Eo-. 2 of Baltimore City, “that she had seen the plaintiff in the home of his said client in Baltimore City in her bedroom, that the plaintiff and his said client appeared to he affectionate toward each other, and that in the month of September, nineteen hundred and nine, the plaintiff and his said client, had, occupied a bedroom together in a hotel in Eew York City while being registered under tbe name of Tremane, and while the said divorce suit as aforestated was then ] lending in said Court.” That the plaintiff, well knowing that such testimony on the part of the said Ohle would he rank perjury, refused to be swerved' from bis duty as the attorney for the said Margaret A. Boland, and proceeded in the Circuit Court Eo. 2 in the case then pending, to press her said claim as. aforementioned. That the defendant, Pearl R. Ohle, did thereupon in pursuance of said unlawdul, wicked, malicious and corrupt conspiracy and combination with the other defendants herein named, and after she had received various sums of money and presents from the said John LI. Boland, falsely testify to the said matters and things aforementioned in accordance with the threat so made to this plaintiff by the said John H. Boland (and which matters and things, all the defendants knew to be false and unfounded in fact), in the said cause, then pending, for the recovery of the moneys and property so due to the plaintiff’s client, in which he had an interest, in the Circuit Court.Bo. 2 of Baltimore City. That as a result of the said perjury of the said Ohle, in pursuance of said conspiracy, the course of justice was preverted in said cause, and the said avowed and corrupt object of the said conspiracy, was accomplished by the plaintiff being thus injured in his good name, fame and reputation as a practicing lawyer and as the attorney for the said Margaret A. Boland, and he and the said Margaret A. Boland were thereby deprived of the moneys and chattels, which, hut for said foul, corrupt, unlawful and wilful conspiracy, they would,- in the cause then pending in the Circuit Court Bo. 2 have obtained. That in consequence of the said perjury by the said defendant, Ohle, the decree for an absolute divorce that was obtained by the said Margaret A. Boland against the defendant, John H. Boland, theretofore, and in which divorce case this plaintiff had acted as her lawyer and solicitor was set aside, and her bill of complaint was dismissed; and this plaintiff says that thereby he was unjustly caused to suffer in his reputation as a practicing attorney in said cause, and in his profession as a lawyer, and other-wrongs, financial loses, and damages did he thereby sustain.”

The lower Court in sustaining the demurrer held that the facts- alleged in the declaration, if true, do not constitute a valid cause of action. The record, however,- does not disclose the grounds upon which the trial judge based his decision.

It will be seen that the declaration, consisting only of one count, avers that the plaintiff “had been retained by one Margaret A. Boland * * * to represent her professionally as her lawyer in a pending divor.ee case between her and her husband, the defendant, John H. Boland, and to recover for her a large sum of money and considerable personal property which her husband had covenanted to give her * * * and which said claim for money and personal property due to the said Margaret A. Boland had been by her, in part, assigned to this plaintiff for a valuable consideration; * * * That to recover the same the said Margaret A. Boland filed a petition in said Court (iu the divorce proceeding aforesaid) to require the said John II. Boland to pay the same to her. * * * That the defendant, Pearl E. Ohle, did thereupon, in pursuance of said unlawful, wicked, malicious and corrupt conspiracy and combination (such conspiracy and combination being set out in the declaration) with the other defendants herein named falsely testify to said matters and things aforementioned * * * in said cause then pending for the recovery of the money and property so due to the plaintiff’s client in which he had an interest, in the Circuit Court Ho. 2 of Baltimore City. That as a result of tho said perjury of said Ohle, in pursuance of said conspiracy, the course of justice was perverted in said cause * * * and he and the said Margaret A. Boland were thereby deprived of the money and chattels, which, hut for said false, corrupt, unlawful and wilful conspiracy, they would, in the" cause then pending in the Circuit Court Ho. 2, have obtained.”

1. The plaintiff, as shown by that part of the declaration immediately above quoted, seeks to recover iu this suit, by reason of said alleged perjury, the loss alleged to have been sustained by him in his failure to recover for his client from the defendant in that case, and one of the defendants in this case, the alleged money or property of his client, in which, as the declaration herein alleges, he had an interest by assignment from her.

All the authorities we have found are against his right to recover in this suit for such alleged loss. There does not appear to he any conflict of authority on this point.

This Court said in the reeent case of Roschen v. Packard and others, decided at the April Term, 1911, and not yet reported: “The allegations that the appellees made false statements in their answer to the petition for mandamus, and that certain of them committed perjury at the trial of that case, do not state a cause of action. The controverted questions of fact which were in issue in the mandamus case and which were disposed of there, can not again he retried. Upon all the questions involved in that ease, the judgment therein rendered is conclusive upon the plaintiff and the finding of the jury in that case can not be reviewed or inquired into in this suit.” Smith v. Lewis, 3 Johns. 157; Homer v. Fish, 1 Pick. 441; Dunlap v. Glidden and others, 31 Maine, 436.

In the ease of Smith v. Lewis the declaration sets forth a suit brought by Lewis against Smith and others in Connecticut, in which Lewis obtained a judgment. It is then alleged therein that Lewis, in order to prove the matters necessary to maintain his suit, unlawfully and corruptly and with the view and design to deceive the Court and jury and to injure the plaintiff, procured one Stephen Burritt to commit wilful and corrupt perjury by making a deposition altogether false and known to be so by the defendant, and which was given in evidence in the trial, on which evidence, and no other, the plaintiff in the former suit prevailed.

Chief Justice Kent, in passing upon the rulings of the Court below in sustaining the demurrer to the declaration in that case, said: “This suit is an attempt to overhaul the merits of the verdict and recovery in Connecticut. If this be not an effort to try over again the merits of the former recovery, I must be greatly mistaken in my view of the case. * * * It would be against public policy and convenience; it would be productive of endless litigation, and would be contrary to established precedent, to allow the losing party to try the cause over again in a counter suit, because he was not prepared to meet his adversary in the trial of the first suit.”

As was said in the case of Dunlap v. Glidden: uli the judgment was obtained, as contended, by fraud and perjury, the plaintiff has ample remedy by law. The Court which rendered the judgment, upon proof of these allegations, would be bound' to grant a new trial so that upon a further investigation justice might be done. The witnesses, if guilty, might be indicted for perjury, and so might all those be indicted, wlio bad unlawfully conspired together to deprive the plaintiff of his rights, and their conviction would afford the most convincing evidence that a review of the action should take place.”

The plaintiff in this suit, it is true, was not the plaintiff in the former suit, but the alleged loss sustained by him, as stated in this declaration, resulted from his failure to recover for bis client the property and money sued for in such former suit, and in which property and money he had, as he alleges, an interest by assignment from her. The recovery by Scbaub in the former suit was dependent upon the recovery by his client, the plaintiff in such suit. Thus the plaintiff here is governed and controlled by the principles of law stated in the above-mentioned authorities and his right to recover in this suit, for such alleged loss, is thereby prevented.

2. Moreover, whatever may be the liability, if any, of the other defendants in this case for procuring the said Pearl R. Ohle to testify falsely, as it is alleged, to the defamatory words concerning the plaintiff in this case set forth in the declaration, it is clear from all the authorities that no action would lie against the witness, Pearl R. Ohle, even though such testimony was in pursuance of the conspiracy charged against the defendants, including the witness, in this suit.

This Court in the case of Hunckel v. Voneiff, 69 Md. 188, quotes approvingly from Starkie on Slander, in which that author said: “Witnesses, like jurors appear in Court in obedience to the authority of the law, and therefore may be considered, as well as jurors, to be acting in the discharge of a public duty; and though convenience requires that they should be liable to a prosecution for perjury committed in the course of their evidence, or for conspiracy in case of a combination of two or more to give false evidence, they are not responsible in a civil action for any reflections thrown out in delivering their testimony.”.

In the same opinion the Court also quoted from the opinion of the Court in Dawkins v. Rokeby, Law Rep. 8 Queen’s Bench, 255, in which the Court there said: “A long series of decisions has settled that no action will lie against a witness for what he says or writes in giving evidence before a Court of justice. This does not proceed on the ground that the occasion rebuts the prima facie presumption that words disparaging to another are maliciously spoken or written. If that were all, evidence of express malice would remove this ground. But the principle we apprehend is, that public policy requires that witnesses should give their testimony free from any fear of being harassed by an action on an allegation, whether true or false, that they acted from malice.”

After Dawkins v. Rokeby came the case of Seaman v. Netherclift, which is also cited by this Court in the case last referred to, and which was tried before Coleridge, C. J., at nisi prim and afterwards decided by him and Brett, J., in Law Rep., 1 C. P. Div. 540, and subsequently by the Court of Appeal in Law Rep., 2 C. P. Div. 53. The judges who heard the case on appeal said: “If there is anything as to which the authority is overwhelming it is that a witness is privileged to the extent of what he says in the course of his examination. Heither is that privilege affected by the relevancy or irrelevancy of what he says; for then he would be obliged to judge of what is relevant or irrelevant, and questions might he, and are, constantly asked which are not strictly relevant to the issue.”

This Court, in Hunckel v. Voneiff after citing other English authorities, -in which the same principle is laid down, said: “A different view as to the extent of the privilege has been taken by the Courts of many of the States, and it may he conceded that the weight of authority in this country is in favor of a much greater restriction upon the privileges than is sanctioned by the English decisions. But we are not controlled by any decisions of our own Courts, and are at liberty to settle the law for this State according to our best judgment. After a most careful consideration of the subject, we are convinced' that the privilege of a witness should be as absolute as it has been decided to he by the English authorities we have cited, and we accordingly adopt the law on this subject as they have laid it down.”

And in the case of Kimball v. Harman and Burch, 34 Md. 410, this Court said: “It is clear, therefore, as well upon the authority of other cases as that of Savile v. Roberts, 1 Ld. Ravm. 374, that an act which, if done by one alone, constitutes no ground of an action on the case, cannot he made the ground of such action hv alleging it to have been done by and through a conspiracy of several.”

From what we have said, it is clear that no action lies against the defendant Oble. The defects that we have pointed out are sufficient, in our opinion, to render the declaration bad. We will, therefore, affirm the judgment of the Court below in sustaining the demurrer to the declaration.

Judgment affirmed, as per curiam heretofore filed, with costs to the appellee.  