
    Owen Daley, Respondent, v. Thomas Brown and Others, Appellants.
    
      Master and servant — inference that a foreman had not notice of a rule —^ to whom notice of a rule made by tne master should be given.
    
    In an action brought to recover damages for personal injuries, occasioned by an engine shifting its place, the court considered that it might be'inferred that a rule of the master requiring that the boom, attached to a derrick used in connection with the engine, be lowered when the engine required adjustment, in order to lessen the strain upon it, was not communicated to the foreman of the gang in which the plaintiff was acting in moving the engine back to the place from which it had shifted, where all the defendants were examined as witnesses in the case and gave^o evidence that the rule was communicated to the foreman. ,
    
      In such a case, the fact that the engineer operating.the engine was informed of the rule does not relieve the master from liability, where, in order to lower the boom, the men, under the direction of the foreman, were required to provide supports for the boom when lowered, and it appears that the suggestion that the boom should be lowered was actually made by the engineer to the foreman, ■who failed to direct it to be done.-
    Adams, J., dissented.
    Appeal by the defendants, Thomas Brown and others, from, a judgment of the Supreme Court, in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Erie on the 11th day of February, 1899, upon the verdict of a jury, rendered by direction of the court, specific questions having been submitted to the jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 11th day of February, 1899, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    In 1897 and 1898, the defendants, as copartners, were engaged as contractors in excavating a large dry dock in the city of Buffalo. In this business they had seven stationary engines, which operated seven different hoisting derricks of different sizes and capacities. These engines were placed upon wooden sills about ten feet from the sills of the derricks. Two braces or shores, consisting of timber about six by six, were placed between the sill of the engine and the sill of the derrick. The main cables which supported the weight of the boom of the derrick ran through the top of the mast of the derrick to a drum which was attached to the engine. When the bucket of the derrick was loaded a considerable weight rested uj)on these cables, and through them caused considerable tension upon the drums and engine with which the drums were connected. Without the bucket the weight of the boom caused a pull upon the drum and the engine of more than a ton. The braces described were there presumably to prevent this tension from drawing the engine toward the derrick.
    Upon the morning of the 26th of January, 1898, one of these engines became shifted out of position. The engineer .thereupon called to his assistance Finnegan, the foreman of a gang of men at work in the ditch from which they were excavating. Finnegan came to the engine with four men, and attempted to shift the engine back in place. In the original shift one of these braces had been misplaced, but one remained in position. After some futile attempts Finnegan ordered the other brace to be knocked out, and ordered his men, one of whom was this plaintiff, to get in between the derrick and the engine, and with their crowbars pry the engine into place. Meanwhile, the boom upon the derrick was at an angle of forty-five degrees, which caused a pull upon the engine. The weight of the engine and its attachments was about four tons. The day was cold. The ground was frozen and icy. In attempting to put the engine back in place, after the second brace was knocked out, the engine shunted toward the derrick and the plaintiff’s leg was caught between the sill of the engine and the sill of the derrick and crushed, so that thereafter it was required to be amputated: For this injury the plaintiff has sued.
    The engine was in charge of one Thompson, a competent licensed engineer. Heither his competency, nor the competency of Finnegan, who was in charge of the men in the excavation, was questioned.
    The court submitted to the jury the following questions, which were answered as indicated after each question :
    
      “ 1. Did the nature of the work require the defendants to make a rule that the boom be lowered before moving or shifting the engine ? Yes.
    
      “ 2. Did the defendants make such a rule ? Yes.
    
      “ 3. If so, did they communicate it to the engineer? Yes.
    " 4. Did the engineer have authority, and was it his duty to superintend and direct the work of shifting the engine? Ho. .
    “ 5. Was the engineer negligent in superintending and directing or in' failing to superintend and direct the manner of doing the work of shifting the engine ? Ho.
    “ 6. Did the foreman have authority and was it his duty to superintend and direct the work of shifting the engine? Yes.
    
      “7. Was the foreman (Finnegan) negligent in superintending and-directing or in failing to superintend and direct, the manner of doing the work of shifting the engine? Yes-.
    . “ 8. If such a rule was made did due care and caution on the part, of the defendants for the protection of their employees require that it should have been communicated to the foreman ? ' Yes.
    19. Did the defendants inform the plaintiff of the dangers of his employment? Ho. " .
    “ 10. Did the defendants sufficiently instruct the plaintiff as to ¡his duties to enable him, in the exercise of proper care and caution, to avoid injury, except from dangers that could not have been reasonable foreseen by the defendants or were incident to the business ?■ No.
    “11. Was the danger, from which the injury resulted, known to the plaintiff, or open and obvious ? No.
    “12. Was the place in which the plaintiff was working at the. time of receiving the injury, under the conditions and circumstances-surrounding the work, a safe place in which to do such work ? No,-
    “ 13. Did the exercise of reasonable care and caution, on the part of the defendants for the safety of their employees, require that such a rule as- is referred to in the first question to be made and communicated to the plaintiff? No.
    “ 14. What was the immediate cause of the engine moving forward? Was it the removal of the remaining brace or the lifting of the front of the engine, or both ? The lifting of the east end of the-engine after the removal of the remaining brace, together with the. strain on the engine occasioned by the weight of the boom.
    “ 15. Did the plaintiff exercise that care and caution for his own safety that a man of ordinary prudence, with the knowledge possessed by the plaintiff, would have exercised under like circumstances ? ' Yes.
    “ 16. Did the defendant Brown see and observe that the engine was being moved without the lowering of the boom in time to have-stopped the performance of the work in that manner? No.
    “ 17. Would the accident have happened had the boom been lowered ? No.
    “ 18. What damage has the plaintiff sustained in consequence of the injuries complained of ? $4,000.”
    Thereafter the court directed judgment to be entered in behalf of the plaintiff.
    Other facts appear in the opinion.
    
      Tracy C. Becker, for the appellants.
    
      August Becker, for the respondent.
   Smith, J.:

In the final decision of the case the court properly-held that the defendants’ liability must rest upon their failure to provide and properly promulgate rules for the guidance of their employees. The direct cause, of this accident was the shunting of this engine towards the derrick. This was caused by knocking out the brace while the engine was subject to the pull of the weight of the boom which had not been lowered. If the failure to lower the boom before knocking out this brace was the negligence either of Thompson or Finnegan alone, it cannot support this action. Their part in the readjustment of this engine was, so far, a detail of the work as to be the part of a fellow-servant. In thus directing they did not represent, the master. So, also, the failure to inform the servant of the danger of his position could not be imputable to the master, because the place of danger was one made dangerous by the negligence of a fellow-servant.

The theory of the trial court, however, upon which this judgment was directed, was that the defendants had failed to fulfill a duty which they owed to the plaintiff in failing properly to promulgate rules which were reasonably necessary for the safety of their employees. The court has held that in the prosecution of this work, the defendants should properly have made a rule which should require employees to lower the boom upon the derrick whenever the engine was in any way moved; that such a rule should have been promulgated to those in charge of'‘the work and under whose directions the engines were to be moved; that Finnegan was the foreman of the work and the superintendent under whose charge this engine was adjusted; that such rule was not communicated to Finnegan, and that the failure properly to promulgate this rule was the cause of the injury for which the defendants have been made liable.

The defendants contend, first, that this was not a case in which a rule was required; second, that there is nó evidence that the rule ■ Was not communicated to Finnegan; third, that Finnegan was not in charge of the work, and that the promulgation of such rule to the engineer was sufficient.

First. It will not be contended that the master' is in all cases required to promulgate a rule which, if obeyed, will protect the servant. Such a requirement would be unreasonable, and would require the master to anticipate all possible accidents to his employees. We apprehend that the general duty of a master is to use reasonable care to avoid, accidents that may reasonably be anticipated. This is the test upon which his liability is based for an injury from defective machinery or from a failure to provide a safe place to work. In determining whether an accident might reasonably have been .anticipated from a failure to promulgate a rule it is important to •consider the nature of the work, the frequency or infrequency of a situation which would call for the application of the rule, the nature •of the cause of the accident — was it one which a foreman in the •exercise of ordinary prudence would be expected to. guard against without any rule ?

In the case at bar, however, the defendants would seem to have ■foreclosed these considerations. They themselves have made a rule tó provide against this class of accidents. ' It further appears that -other contractors have made a similar rule. These facts are some •evidence of its necessity — sufficient, we think, to authorize the sub.mission of this question to the determination of the- jury.

/Second. It was assumed upon the trial that this rule was not communicated to Finnegan, the foreman. While there is no evidence of •that fact, all of the defendants were upon the stand, and the plaintiff is entitled to what inference may be drawn from the fact that' they gave no evidence that .the rule was communicated to the foreman, while it was explicitly shown that it was communicated to the -engineer. The defendants were silent while these specific questions were submitted to the jury and upon the decision of the court then .announced, which assumed the fact that such rules were not communicated to Finnegan, the defendants made no suggestion of a ■want of proof, which, if then made, could in the discretion of the •court have been supplied. Under these circumstances, thfe defendants cannot now be heard to say that the case was lacking in this proof. (Todd v. Nelson, 109 N. Y. 324.)

Third. The third contention of the defendants presents a more •difficult question. We think the jury was authorized to find that in the general work, including the readjustment of this engine, the ■engineer was under the orders of the foreman, Finnegan. Finnegan had control of the men. They were subject to his orders whether they were at work in the ditch or in the moving of the engine. The boom was raised or lowered by the engineer at his direction or at the -direction of one of his men. The engine was one of the instruments for the accomplishment of the work which he was supervising. If .the raising or lowering of this, hoom were an act which .called for the service of the engineér alone, our impressions would -be clear that the promulgation of this rule to the engineer only would be required. But this the engineer could not do alone.. When the boom was lowered it was required to be supported. This required the assistance of the foreman, and his direction. At folio 360. the engineer swears: I was running the engine. I couldn’t lower that boom without I sent three or four men out there to put blocks under the boom, that is, when it laid on the ground. I couldn’t have lowered the end of it and let it rest on the car. The object of putting the blocks under the boom was to prevent its springing out of shape*, as it was such a long b.oonr. You see the way them wings was out on the sides of it; you ¡had, to- have it level.”. It will thus be seen that the lowering of the- boom must have been done under the charge of Finnegan, who provided the men to place the supports. This-fact is emphasized by what actually occurred, to wit, a suggestion by the engineer that the boom be lowered, and the neglect of the foreman to have it lowered; Under these circumstances we cannot say, as a matter of law, that the promulgation of this rale to the engineer was enough. " The jury might well have said that had the foreman, known of- this requirement, this accident would have been prevented. The conclusion we reach, therefore, is that the case was properly submitted to the jury, and we find no reason for disturbing: the judgment which was- directed thereupon.

All concurred/ except Adams, J., dissenting.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.  