
    UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff—Appellee, v. David A. KAYE, Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 06-5277.
    United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
    Submitted: May 30, 2007.
    Decided: July 6, 2007.
    
      Peter D. Greenspun, Melinda L. Van-Lowe, Greenspun, Davis & Leary, P.C., Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant. Chuck Rosenberg, United States Attorney, Edmund P. Power, Assistant United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee.
    Before NIEMEYER, KING, and SHEDD, Circuit Judges.
    Affirmed by unpublished PER CURIAM opinion.
    Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
   PER CURIAM:

David A. Kaye appeals his convictions after a bench trial of coercion and enticement of a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) (2000), and travel with intent to engage in illicit sexual contact with a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b) (2000), and his resulting seventy-eight month sentence. Kaye claims the district court erroneously: (i) denied his pre-trial motion to dismiss the indictment; (ii) excluded evidence at trial he claims was exculpatory; and (iii) denied his Fed.R.Civ.P. 29 motion for judgment of acquittal based on the sufficiency of the evidence. We affirm.

At 3:50 a.m. on August 7, 2005, Kaye, a fifty-four year old resident of Maryland, initiated Internet contact under the screen name “REDBD” with an individual with the screen name “MadC Radl992.” Upon contact, Kaye immediately inquired whether “MadC Radl992” was thirteen years old, to which “MadC Radl992” responded in the affirmative and informed Kaye he lived in Herndon, Virginia. When “MadC Radl992” inquired whether Kaye could not sleep, Kaye responded he was “prowling for young men.” During this communication, Kaye and “MadC Radl992” electronically exchanged photographs. “MadC Radl992” emailed Kaye a photograph of a young male and Kaye emailed sexually explicit photographs of himself posing nude and engaging in fellatio with another male.

Unbeknownst to Kaye, “MadC Radl992” was really an adult, Sean O’Connor. O’Connor was an undercover operative with Perverted Justice, an online organization dedicated to exposing adults who use the Internet to seek sexual activity with children. During his online chat with “MadC Radl992,” Kaye also communicated by telephone with a person he believed to be “MadC Radl992,” but who was really a twenty-four-year-old woman named Alison Shea, another undercover operative with Perverted Justice.

Between August 7, 2005 and August 17, 2005, Kaye communicated via instant messaging with “MadC Radl992” several times, each time discussing sexually explicit topics and sexual acts Kaye and “MadC Radl992” could perform on one another. The two also planned to meet when “MadC Radl992’s” father would not be home, and on August 17, 2005, Kaye traveled from Maryland to Herndon, Virginia to meet “MadC Radl992.”

Upon entering the Herndon, Virginia home, Kaye was met by NBC Dateline correspondent, Chris Hansen, who immediately conducted an interview of Kaye. When asked by Hansen what he was doing there, Kaye responded “[n]ot somethin’ good.” Upon questioning why he came to the home, Kaye responded “[u]m, that I don’t wanna be ... look this isn’t good.” Shortly thereafter, Kaye stopped the interview and left the home.

Kaye subsequently contacted America Online to inquire how he could remove “all aspects of the screen name REDBD from his computer.” Kaye also inquired of his employer’s computer network manager how he could remove personal items from his computer. After receiving the information from the manager, Kaye asked if “there was any way that [she] could guarantee nobody would find” the information. Kaye’s employer later gave Kaye’s computer to law enforcement and forensic analysis revealed a portion of the chat with “MadC Radl992,” the pictures Kaye sent to him, and driving directions to the Herndon, Virginia home.

Kaye claims the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment because: (i) Kaye could not be convicted of a violation of § 2422(b) since he interacted at all times with an adult and not a thirteen year old boy; (ii) § 2422(b) unconstitutionally criminalized Kaye’s protected speech; (iii) § 2423 unconstitutionally criminalized Kaye’s right to travel; and (iv) Perverted Justice’s failure to record Shea’s telephone conversation with Kaye required the indictment be dismissed. We review a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the indictment made before trial de novo. See United States v. Loayza, 107 F.3d 257, 260 (4th Cir.1997).

Kaye argues he could not be convicted of a violation of § 2422(b) because the Government did not prove he was guilty of § 18.2-370 since his victim was not a child under fourteen years of age. Kaye’s argument is meritless. Under § 2422(b), it is unlawful for a person, “using ... any facility or means of interstate ... commerce ... [to] knowingly persuade[ ], induce[ ], enticef ] or coerce[ ] any individual who has not attained the age of 18 years, to engage in ... any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, or attempt[ ] to do so ...” See 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) (2000). To obtain a conviction under § 2422(b), the Government must also prove that the additional elements of Va.Code Ann. § 18.2-370, which makes it unlawful for an individual to take indecent liberties with a child, were satisfied.

Kaye argues that because it is undisputed he interacted with adults rather than a child, his behavior did not violate § 18.2-370, and therefore could not violate 18 U.S.C. § 2422. Because the Virginia Supreme Court explicitly ruled in Hix v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 335, 619 S.E.2d 80, 83-87 (2005), that the absence of an actual child has no bearing on the crime of attempt under § 18.2-370, we conclude the district court correctly rejected Kaye’s argument.

We also reject Kaye’s arguments that §§ 2422 and 2423 are unconstitutional as applied to him. Because these arguments were made in a supplemental memorandum filed long after the motions deadline set by the district court pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(c), and after oral argument on Kaye’s motion to dismiss the indictment took place, the district court dismissed them as untimely. In rejecting Kaye’s supplemental arguments, the district court also noted it nonetheless found Kaye’s arguments meritless. On appeal, Kaye argues only that the district court erred in its ruling on the substance of his arguments, but does not challenge the district court’s finding the supplemental arguments were untimely. Accordingly, we conclude Kaye has abandoned any challenge to the dismissal of his arguments by the district court. See United States v. Al-Hamdi, 356 F.3d 564, 571 n. 8 (4th Cir.2004) (“It is a well settled rule that contentions not raised in the argument section of the opening brief are abandoned.”). In any event, we have carefully reviewed the district court’s alternative reasoning that §§ 2422 and 2423 are constitutional as applied to Kaye, and would reach the same conclusion.

Kaye also argues the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment for spoliation of evidence because Perverted Justice’s failure to record a telephone conversation between Shea and Kaye prevented Kaye “from playing the true, complete and accurate telephone conversation and proving that he was lead to believe, by the speaker’s voice, that he was speaking with an adult.” Kaye’s argument is meritless.

In his motion to dismiss the indictment for spoliation of evidence, Kaye conceded, as he does on appeal, that dismissing an indictment for “spoliation of evidence is a drastic remedy that typically requires that bad faith be proven.” Cole v. Keller Indus., Inc., 132 F.3d 1044, 1047 (4th Cir. 1998). Kaye, however, neglects to identify any bad faith on the part of Perverted Justice.

Moreover, to the extent Kaye argues he was denied due process by Perverted Justice’s failure to record the conversation, this argument similarly fails because law enforcement, not a private actor, must have acted in bad faith before the destruction of evidence will constitute a due process violation. See Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57-58, 109 S.Ct. 333, 102 L.Ed.2d 281 (1988). Because there was no showing that Perverted Justice acted at the direction or under the control of law enforcement, the district court correctly found that “[a]ny deficiency in the evidence can be remedied during cross-examination at trial and considered by the fact-finder.”

Kaye next claims the district court erred in excluding evidence of an instant message chat he had with Gregory Brain-er, another Perverted Justice operative, after the Perverted Justice sting operation. Kaye claims the chat was a prior consistent statement that should have been allowed after Kaye was cross-examined by the Government and his intention regarding the solicitation questioned, or in the alternative, that the chat log should have been excepted from hearsay under the residual exception because it was inherently trustworthy. Because the conversation post-dated the sting operation, lacked indicia of reliability, and since its admission would have far-reaching ramifications, the district court found the evidence to be inadmissible hearsay. The decision of a district court to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Young, 248 F.3d 260, 266 (4th Cir.2001). This court will find such abuse of discretion only if the district court’s evidentiary ruling was arbitrary or irrational. See United States v. Achiekwelu, 112 F.3d 747, 753 (4th Cir.1997). Because Kaye’s chat with Brainer took place in January or February 2006, five or six months after the Perverted Justice sting operation, Kaye’s motive to fabricate an exculpatory explanation for his conduct arose before Kaye’s chat with Brainer. Accordingly, we conclude the district court did not err in excluding evidence of the chat between Kaye and Brainer.

Kaye’s final contention is that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal because the Government produced insufficient evidence regarding Kaye’s intent to engage in unlawful sexual acts with a minor and to travel in interstate commerce for that purpose. We review the denial of a Rule 29 motion de novo. See United States v. Alerre, 430 F.3d 681, 693 (4th Cir.2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1113, 126 S.Ct. 1925, 164 L.Ed.2d 667 (2006). We conclude there was sufficient evidence to establish Kaye intended to engage in unlawful sexual acts with a minor and to travel in interstate commerce for that purpose.

A review of the trial transcript leaves little room to doubt that Kaye communicated with “MadC Radl992” believing he was a minor, that his communications were an attempt to lure “MadC Radl992” into engaging in unlawful sexual acts with him, and that Kaye traveled from Maryland to Herndon, Virginia intending to lure “MadC Radl992” into engaging in sexual acts with him. As the district court found, the chat logs of Kaye’s conversations with “MadC Radl992” established Kaye first complimented “MadC Radl992” on being “cute” and “sweet,” then made “blatant, aggressive sexual advances” toward him by suggesting various forms of oral and manual sexual stimulation.

We conclude the evidence also established Kaye believed he was communicating with a thirteen-year-old boy. During Kaye’s first chat with “MadC Radl992,” Kaye immediately inquired whether “MadC Radl992” was only thirteen, likely inferring his age from the inclusion of “1992” in his screen name. In addition, Kaye repeatedly referred to “MadC Radl992” as “young” and being only thirteen years of age during their chats, and the chats often centered around whether and when “MadC Radl992’s” father was home. This conclusion is bolstered by the manner in which Kaye reacted upon entering the Herndon, Virginia home.

Although Kaye claims the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction because he thought “MadC Radl992” was an adult and did not travel to Herndon to engage in sexual acts with him, we conclude the district court’s disregard of this testimony was a credibility determination that should not be disturbed on appeal. See United States v. Lomax, 293 F.3d 701, 706 (4th Cir.2002). As the district court explicitly stated, it “did not find Defendant’s testimony to be credible in its assessment of his veracity, demeanor, cadence, tenor, and inflection of his voice as well as the consistency of his answers on cross examination.” Accordingly, we conclude the district court correctly denied Kaye’s Rule 29 motion.

Based on the foregoing, we affirm Kaye’s convictions and sentence. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED. 
      
      . A violation of § 18.2-370 occurs when “any person eighteen years of age or over, who, with lascivious intent, knowingly and intentionally” takes indecent liberties with "any child under the age of fifteen years.” Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-370. Taking indecent liberties with a child includes proposing "that any such child expose his or her sexual or genital parts to such person”, "feel or fondle the sexual or genital parts of any such child”, perform "an act of sexual intercourse” or "entice[s], allure[s], persuade[s], or invite[s] any such child to enter ... [a] place, for any of the[se] purposes.” Va.Code Ann. § 18.2-370.
     