
    Erie Railroad Company, Respondent, v. Mary Anna Steward and Others, Appellants.
    
      Eminent domain—the appeal by the defendant must be from the final order, not from the judgment.
    
    The defendants in a condemnation proceeding, instituted under the Condemnation Law (Code Civ. Proc. §§ 3357-3384), cannot appeal from a judgment condemning the property entered in favor of the plaintiff, pursuant to the provisions of section 3369 of the Code of Civil Procedure; they can review such judgment only by appealing from the final order, as provided by section 3375 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
    Motion by the plaintiff, the Erie Railroad Company, to dismiss, on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, an appeal taken by the defendants from a judgment condemning certain lands and appointing commissioners to ascertain the compensation to be made' to the owner; also a motion to dismiss such appeal for a failure to serve the papers as required by the rules of the court.
    
      Taylor & Seymour, for the appellants.
    
      Charles F. Brown, for the respondent.
   Sewell, J.:

This proceeding was instituted by the respondent under the Condemnation Law (Code Civ. Proc. chap. 23, tit. 1, §§ 3357-3384). The issue joined was tried at' a Special Term, the usual judgment was entered, and from that judgment the defendants appealed.

It is a special proceeding and not an action. (Matter of South Market Street, 80 Hun, 246; Matter of Rafferty, 14 App. Div. 55.) Special provision is made by this statute for the trial of the issues raised by the petition and answers, for a decision, judgment and final order, and for appeals therefrom. The whole proceeding forms an independent and complete system of procedure specially created by the'Legislature for the condemnation of real property. There is no provision of the statute permitting an appeal from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff in such a proceeding. The only express authority for an appeal from the judgment directed to be entered is section 3376 of the Code, which■ provides: “If a trial has been had and judgment entered in.favor of the defendant, the plaintiff may appeal therefrom to the appellate division of the supreme court within the time provided for appeals from judgments by title four of chapter twelve of this act, and all the provisions of said chapter relating to appeals from judgments shall apply to such appeals; and on the hearing of the appeal the appellate division may affirm, reverse or modify the judgment, and in case of reversal may grant a new trial, or direct that judgment be entered in favor of the plaintiff. If the' judgment is affirmed, costs shall be allowed to the respondent, but if reversed or modified, no costs of the appeal shall be allowed to either party.”

The only other statutory provision for an appeal in this proceeding is containéd in section 3375, which provides that “ Appeal may be .taken to the appellate division of the supreme court from the final order, within the time provided for appeals from orders by title four of chapter twelve of this act; and all the provisions of such chapter relating to appeals to the appellate division of the supreme court from orders of the special term shall apply to such appeals. Such appeal will bring up for review all the proceedings subsequent to' the judgment, but the judgment and proceedings antecedent thereto may be reviewed on such appeal, if the appellant states in his notice that the same will be brought up for review.” There is nothing in the provisions of this chapter' which directly or by necessary implication takes away the power of this court to review any exercise of discretion by the Special Term in these proceedings, and this power of review was asserted in Matter of Brooklyn Elevated R. R. Co. (87 Hun, 88); Manhattan R. Co. v. O'Sullivan (6 App. Div. 571, 575), and Matter of Trustees of New York & Brooklyn Bridge (137 N. Y. 95), where the authority of the General Terms to review an order of the Special Terms setting aside the report, was distinctly affirmed, the court holding that it was not intended to limit the ordinary review of Special Term orders in these proceedings, and that such limitations cannot be implied from the direct authority to appeal from a final order. -

The question of the construction of this statute with reference to the right of the defendant to appeal from the judgment entered in favor of the plaintiff pursuant to the provisions of section 3369 has not been discussed or expressly decided in any reported case. In Matter of Broadway & Seventh Ave. R. R. Co. (69 Hun, 275) a demurrer to the petition was overruled, and the opinion states that an order was made “appointing commissioners of appraisal, and from such order this appeal is taken.” It does not appear that a judgment was entered in that proceeding, and it may be that the decision of the court was expressed in the form of an order. However that may be, the right of a defendant to appeal from an interlocutory judgment, entered pursuant to the provisions of section 3369, was apparently not considered. All the court decided in that case, as to the right of appeal, was that the general provisions of the Code are applicable to these proceedings so far as they are not inconsistent, and that by section 1356 an appeal may be taken from an order affecting a substantial right made in a special proceeding.

In the ease of Village of Champlain v. McCrea (165 N. Y. 264) no motion was made in the Supreme Court to dismiss the appeal. The only question considered or decided by the Court of Appeals in reference to the right of appeal was whether the order appealed from was a final order within the meaning of the Constitution (Art. 6, § 9) and subdivision 1 of section 190 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and, therefore, appealable as a matter of right to that court.

The Legislature apparently intended,, by the provision for a review of the judgment and all proceedings upon an appeal from the final order, that the determination, of the court upon the question of the plaintiff’s right to condemnation should be. conclusive until the entry of the final order, when the proceeding is finally concluded, unless it is in favor of the defendant, in which case the judgment also has the effect of ending the proceeding in the sense that the plaintiff can go no farther without appealing. The statute simply gives an appeal at the close of the proceeding to the party aggrieved by the particular determination then authorized to be made; if in favor of the defendant, from the judgment by the plaintiff; if in favor of the plaintiff, from the final' order by the party aggrieved. The effect of these provisions is to give to each party one appeal from a determination. They prevent appeals piecemeal, and are in harmony with the general provisions of the Code relating to appeals which give the right of appeal only to the party aggrieved by the judgment. (Code Civ. Proc. § 1294; Hooper v. Beecher, 109 N. Y. 609; Village of Canandaigua v. Benedict, 13 App. Div. 600.)

If the Legislature has omitted making any provision for" such an appeal, it is clear that none can be taken, for the right of appeal is entirely statutory, and can be taken only from such judgments as are designated expressly or impliedly by the statute authorizing the appeal. (Garczynski v. Russell, 75 Hun, 512.)

The Code permits appeals (1) from judgments finally determining actions, (2) from orders finally determining special proceedings, and (3) from -orders made, in such an action or special proceeding.

This “ judgment ” is not a judgment or an order in an action, and this leaves the appellants no ground tó stand upon here, unless they can show that it is an order in a special proceeding. Ho valid reason seems to exist why this word “ judgment ” should not be construed according to its natural and ordinary signification. It cannot be doubted that the Legislature had the right to direct a judgment to be entered during' the progress of a special proceeding, or to authorize an appeal therefrom by- either party, and no reason is urged why it should be construed to be an order.

That it is a determination of the court entered as a judgment in a legal proceeding, in which only the amount of the damages and costs is reserved, is obvious. It adjudges and determines the rights of the parties and is conclusive in. its character as to all questions litigated or which might have been litigated in the proceeding. If in favor of the defendant, it determines that the plaintiff is not entitled to condemnation, and if in favor of the plaintiff, it adjudges that condemnation of the real property described is necessary for the public use, and that the plaintiff is entitled to take and hold the same for that purpose. It appears from a consideration of the whole chapter that the Legislature intended to make a distinction between judgments and orders. Provision is made in one section for the entry of a judgjnent, in another for an order, while other sections provide for an appeal from each. There is no doubt or uncertainty in regard to the intention of the lawmakers; the language of each section is clear and explicit, and neither can be altered or enlarged so as to include the other or any term not within its spirit or purpose. It is time that a judgment is defined to be a determination of the rights of the parties in the action (§ 1200); and subdivision 20 of section 3343 provides that in. construing the Code the word judgment ” refers to a judgment in a civil action. But section 3343 also provides that this rule of construction is to be observed only when a contrary intent is not expressly declared in the provision to be construed, or is not plainly apparent from the context, thereof. It is “ plainly apparent ” that the word " judgment ” in this section of the Condemnation Law was not intended to refer to a judgment in a civil action, from the fact that the Code has in - express language provided for just such a determination in a special ^proceeding for the enforcement of that judgment and an appeal therefrom. It is also to be observed that the Condemnation Law • was not made a part of the Code of Civil Procedure until 1890, ■ and as it was thereby intended to prescribe a method of procedure in a particular class of cases (§ 3383 of the Code), its provisions are to be regarded as exceptions to the general and earlier provisions of the Code when they are necessarily inconsistent. (Matter of Murray Hill Bank, 153 N. Y. 199, 210; Buffalo Cemetery Assn. v. City of Buffalo, 118 id. 61, 65; Lyddy v. Long Island City, 104 id. 218, 222; Excelsior Petroleum Co. v. Lacey, 63 id. 422, 426.)

I am of the opinion that the determination directed to be entered upon the decision of the judge or referee is an interlocutory judgment ; and as there is no general provision of the Code relating to appeals from such judgments in special proceedings, the provisions of this law are exclusive, and the defendants can only review the judgment appealed from by appealing from the' final order, as provided by section 3375 of the Code.

Without considering the other questions presented, my conclusion, therefore, is that the .appeal herein should be dismissed, with ten dollars costs. 1

All concurred.

Motion to dismiss appeal granted, with ten dollars costs. Appeal from order granting stay of proceedings dismissed, without costs. .  