
    The People of the State of New York, Plaintiff, v. George Firth, Defendant.
    (Supreme Court, Herkimer Special Term,
    December, 1914.)
    Title — action to determine claim to certam lands within state forest preserve — who may claim — evidence of possession — constitutional law — Tax Law, § 123 — jurisdiction — who are necessary parties — when sale by comptroller void.
    An action to compel the determination of a claim of title to certain lands within the state forest preserve in Herkimer county was tried at an Equity Term of the court, neither party demanding a jury trial. Plaintiff claimed title under two deeds, one from the comptroller as the result of a tax sale in 1881, and the other from individual grantors in 1889. Defendant claimed under a tax sale for a school tax for eighty-seven cents assessed against the property in 1898 which was bid off by E for three dollars and sixty-four cents to whom the usual . certificate of purchase was given and who assigned it to S to whom the comptroller issued a tax deed, the conveyance being subject to all claims of every name which the people of the state had thereon. The property was conveyed to defendant in 1911 by a deed which was recorded as well as all prior conveyances. The answer put in issue the material allegations of the complaint, an alleged payment to the state of the amount bid for the property which it still retained; that defendant upon his purchase paid a stated sum for the property; that plaintiff had not tendered back the amounts paid by either the original purchaser or the defendant; that S was a necessary party, and that defendant purchased the property without any notice or knowledge of the invalidity or defects in the conveyance from the comptroller. For a further defense defendant alleged that the original assessment was valid; that the deed to S from the comptroller was recorded more than two years prior to the conveyance to defendant; that the time for the redemption of the sale expired on a certain date, naming it, and that more than five years from the expiration period allowed by law for the redemption of said sale had elapsed before the commencement of the action. It appeared in evidence that the comptroller’s notice that he was in possession of the wild, vacant and forest lands located in Herkimer county was published in a newspaper in said county pursuant to section 13 of chapter 711 of the Laws of 1893, and that such notice among other parcels included the premises in question. Held:
    That as the forest, fish and game commission was in the actual as well as the constructive possession of the property in question for the period provided by section 1638 of the Code of Civil Procedure the action was properly brought thereunder.
    Defendant having put his deed on record, plaintiff being in constructive possession, as alleged in the complaint, was justified in bringing the action,' as one who has legal title to land need not be in actual possession thereof in order to maintain such action.
    The trial having proceeded as if the action were in equity, defendant’s objection that the court was without jurisdiction and that the case should be sent to a Trial Term comes too late after the trial; the action of each party in noticing the ease for trial at an Equity Term must be deemed an election to have the case so tried.
    S was neither a necessary nor proper party to the action as the title of defendant was exactly the same as that of S under his tax deed; moreover under said section 1638 it would be improper to make any other a party than the one claiming title thereto.
    The action of the comptroller in selling the property in question, the title to which had been in plaintiff for a long time and had become a part of the forest preserve of the state, was absolutely void and contrary to the express prohibition of the Constitution of the state and the duty of the comptroller as provided by statute in making sales of property assessed against the state.
    Under section 123 of the Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908, as amended in 1897) it was the duty of the comptroller to bid in for the state any and all lands liable to be sold at any tax sale held by him.
    A contention that plaintiff before bringing the action should have paid or offered to pay the amount paid by the original purchaser of the premises, or what was paid by defendant r,o his grantor, is of no avail to defendant for the reason that the action is governed by a particular statute and has been held to be one at law and not in equity.
    Action to compel the determination of claim to real property.
    Thomas Carmody, attorney-general (John 0. Bates, of counsel), for plaintiff.
    Bronner & Ward, for defendant.
   Purcell, J.

The plaintiff brings this action under section 1638 of the Code of Civil Procedure to compel the determination of a claim made by the defendant to certain lands in the town of Wilmurt, Herkimer county, N. Y., within the forest preserve of the state of New York. The action was tried as being one of equity at a term where no jury was present and without any demand being made by either party for a trial by jury.

The plaintiff makes title to the property in question through two deeds, one executed by the comptroller of the state of New York to the people of the state of New York, as a result of a tax sale in 1881, which was recorded in Herkimer county April 6, 1887, in book of deeds 131, at page 257, and the other by deed from Erastus Darling and George N. Ostrander and wives, dated March 6, 1889, and recorded in said county December 26, 1889, in book 170 of deeds, at page 169; while the defendant claims under a tax sale for a school tax of eighty-seven cents assessed against'the premises in 1898, which was bid off by one Henry Bank for three dollars and thirty-four cents, to whom the usual certificate of purchase was given and who assigned it to one Jerome Somers, to the latter of whom the comptroller of the state of New York on January 10, 1908, issued a tax deed, which provided that the conveyance “ was subject to all claims of -pvery name, which the People of the State of New York have thereon.” Subsequently several conveyances of the property were made until it came to the defendant by deed dated December 22, 1911, which was recorded in said clerk’s office on November 8, 1912, in book 212 of deeds, at page 253. All of said prior conveyances were duly recorded. The answer puts in issue the material allegations of the complaint, alleges payment to the state of the amount bid for the property which it still retains; that the defendant, upon his purchase, paid $200 for the property; that the plaintiff has not tendered back the amounts paid by either the original purchaser or the defendant; that said Somers is a necessary party, and that the defendant purchased said property without any notice or knowledge- of the invalidity or defects in the conveyance from the comptroller. For a further defense, the defendant alleges that the original assessment was valid; that the deed executed to Somers by the comptroller was recorded more than two years prior to the conveyance to the defendant; that the time for the redemption of the 1905 sale expired January 1,1907, and that more than five years from the expiration of the period allowed by law for the redemption of the 1905 sale had elapsed before the commencement of the action.

It appears further by the evidence that the comptroller’s notice that he was in possession of the wild, vacant and forest lands located in Herkimer county was published in the Dolgeville Herald, a newspaper published in said Herkimer county, pursuant to the provisions of section 13, chapter 711 of the Laws of 1893, and that such notice, among other parcels, included the premises in question.

I think the action is properly brought under said section 1638 of the Code of Civil Procedure as, under the statutes and decisions relating to the subject of possession, the forest, fish and game commission was in the actual, as well as constructive, possession of the property in question for the period provided by the said section of the Code.

While such an action has been decided to be one of law instead of equity, the trial, as stated, proceeded as if in equity, no objection having been made by either - party to that course, although it seems now that defendant’s counsel makes the point that the court is without jurisdiction, and that the action should be sent to a Trial Term. Having tried the case without objection, as stated, I think this objection comes too late. Code Civ. Pro., § 1009; MacKellar v. Rogers, 109 N. Y. 468, 472; 2 Rumsey Pr., 219-221. Besides this, each party noticed the case for trial at the term stated, for which no jury could be drawn and the notice which carried the cause there, I think, must be deemed an election to have thé case so tried.

The defendant having placed his deed on record of the premises in question, which were conceded on the trial to be wild, unoccupied forest lands from which some timber had been cut, and the plaintiff being in possession as stated, I think the plaintiff was justified in-bringing the action.

Even if it should be finally held that the plaintiff’s possession is only a constructive one, as alleged in the complaint, I think the action to- determine title in a case of this character can be successfully maintained as one who has the legal title to land need not be in the actual possession thereof in order to maintain the action. Neale v. Walter, 128 App. Div. 827; Whitman v. State of New York, 85 id. 468, 471.

It would seem, however, that the question of possession has been finally settled in favor of the plaintiff by the cases of People v. Turner, 145 N. Y. 451; People ex rel. Forest Commission v. Campbell, 152 id. 51, 57; People ex rel. Lake Placid Co. v. Williams, 145 id. 34, 41.

I do not think that Jerome Somers was either a ■ necessary or proper party defendant to the action. That, question was determined adversely to the defendant’s contention in Merritt v. Smith, 50 App. Div. 349, and I do not find that the ruling pf the court in that case has been disturbed. Certainly the rights of Somers, if he had any, were not prejudiced for failure to make him ¿ defendant and if he desired to become one he should have taken the proper steps to do so. The issue here can be decided without making Somers a party, as the title of the defendant is exactly the same as was that of Somers under his tax deed. If he were a party here no additional element of title would be involved, as the only question for decision is as to the validity and effect of the tax deed executed to him by the comptroller. Moreover, I think that under section 1638 of the Code it would be improper to make any other a party than the one or ones claiming title to the property.

Coming now to the real question of the case, I am clearly of opinion that the action of the comptroller in selling the property in question, the title to which had for a long time been in the plaintiff and had become a part of the forest preserve of this state, was absolutely void and contrary to the express prohibition of the Constitution of the state and the duty of the comptroller, as provided by statute, in making sales of property assessed against the state. N. Y. Const., art. 7, § 7; Laws of 1900, chap. 20, § 216; Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908, as amd. by Laws of 1897, chap. 233), § 123; Wells v. Johnston, 171 N. Y. 324; Raquette Falls Land Co. v. International Paper Co., 41 Misc. Rep. 357; affd., 181 N. Y. 540.

Moreover, it is provided by statute that in case of the sale of the lands of the state, liable to be sold at any tax sale held by the comptroller, it is his duty to bid in for the state any and all such lands Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908, as amd. by Laws of 1897, chap. 233), § 123.

The land in question being in Herkimer county and the title to it having been acquired by the state under the provisions of the several statutes upon the subject became a part' of the forest preserve. Indeed, this was not disputed upon the trial or submission of the case. See Conservation Law (Laws of 1911, chap. 646; Laws of 1912, chap. 444), § 50. Said section 50 of the Conservation Law was previously section 34 of the Forest, Fish and Game Law.

As I understand the law to be, tax deeds under which the state derives title are not now open to attack in any way after they have been recorded for more than two years prior to a tax sale, as is the case here. Tax Law (Laws of 1909, chap. 62'), § 132. Indeed, no attempt to attack the deeds under which the plaintiff claims title has been made.

The contention that the plaintiff before bringing the action should have paid or offer to pay the amount paid by the original purchaser for the premises, or what was paid by the defendant to his grantor, is of no avail to the defendant for the reason that the action is governed by a particular statute which the courts have held to be one of law and not of equity. Besides the defendant has paid no money -to the state and he has no special interest in the amount paid by his remote grantor. But, even if the action was in equity, I am of opinion that it would not have been necessary to pay back or tender the money paid at the tax sale for the reasons already stated.

Other questions were discussed by the learned counsel for the respective parties to which I do not deem it necessary to refer, as I have come to the conclusion that the sale by the comptroller was absolutely void for the reasons already pointed out.

Judgment is ordered for the plaintiff in accordance with the relief demanded in the complaint, but as the parties treated the action as one in equity, and the defendant, through the action of a state officer, has met with some loss and expense in the exercise of discretion, costs are withheld.

Judgment accordingly.  