
    SOLOMON v HIGHLAND PARK CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION
    Opinion of the Court
    1. Damages — Mitigation—Words and Phrases.
    Mitigation of damages is the machinery by which the law seeks to encourage the avoidance of loss; the doctrine protects not just the rights of contracting parties, commercial litigants, tort victims or tortfeasors but rather, the rights of all society.
    2. Municipal Corporations — Labor Relations — Police Officers— Wrongful Discharge — Damages—Mitigation—Words and Phrases — Statutes.
    A municipality may benefit from the doctrine of mitigation of damages where it has wrongfully discharged a policeman and the policeman is entitled by statute to reinstatement with full back pay; the municipality may reduce the policeman’s damages by whatever sums he earned or could have earned in other employment following discharge; the terms "full pay for the entire period”, "all back pay” and any variations thereof, in a statute or court order, are all subject to the adopted common law doctrine of mitigation of damages and mean "net back pay” (MCLA 38.514).
    3. Officers — Public Officers — Nature of Classification — Words and Phrases.
    A public officer is an executive among those involved in government; he is distinguished from an employee by the greater importance, dignity and independence of his position, in being required to take an official oath, and perhaps to give an official bond, in the liability to be called to account as a public offender for misfeasance or nonfeasance in office, and usually, in the tenure of his position.
    References for Points in Headnotes
    [1] 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages § 200.
    [2, 4] 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages § 70 et seq.
    
    [3] 63 Am Jur 2d, Public Officers and Employees § 1.
    Distinction between public office and employment. 140 ALR 1076.
    
      Concurrence by M. F. Cavanagh, J.
    4. Municipal Corporations — Police Officers — Wrongful Discharge — Damages—Mitigation.
    
      The general rule that a wrongfully discharged employee is entitled to damages equal to back pay less the amount of wages earned from other employment during the period of discharge is applicable to a municipal police ofñcer who was wrongfully discharged.
    
    Appeal from Wayne, George E. Bowles, J.
    Submitted May 12, 1975, at Detroit
    (Docket No. 19487.)
    Decided September 22, 1975.
    Leave to appeal denied, 396 Mich —.
    Pursuant to an order of remand of the Court of Appeals, reported at 47 Mich App 536, William Solomon was entitled to back pay from the City of Highland Park. On remand a circuit judge ordered a certain amount of back pay to be paid. Defendant Civil Service Commission, City of Highland Park, appeals from the amended judgment by leave granted.
    Reversed and remanded.
    
      Robert W Larin (Denison, Devine, Porter & Bartush, of counsel), for plaintiff.
    
      Ralph A. Modad and George W. Moore, for defendant.
    Before: T. M. Burns, P. J., and M. F. Cavanagh and O’Hara, JJ.
    
      
       Former Supreme Court Justice, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment pursuant to Const 1963, art 6, § 23 as amended in 1968.
    
   O’Hara, J.

This case is before us a second time by reason of our order of remand reported at 47 Mich App 536, 541; 209 NW2d 698 (1973):

"Plaintiff is entitled to back pay from September 30, 1969, the date all pending indictments against him were dismissed.
"Reversed, no costs.
"All concurred.”

On remand the issue raised was how much "back pay” plaintiff was entitled to. The circuit judge entered a judgment in the amount of $49,-922 plus some $9,601.71 in interest. Subsequently, an amended judgment was entered. The latter judgment did not affect either of the above two provisions.

From this judgment defendant filed a motion in this Court.

The motion was treated as an application for leave to appeal from the amended judgment and leave was granted.

Plaintiff-appellee contends this question is res judicata because the decision in 47 Mich App 536, supra, ordered back pay. We think not. The question is not whether appellee is entitled to back pay but how much back pay. The determination of that issue is implicit in the order of remand.

Thus we come to the first of the two essential legal questions. Is appellant city entitled to the benefit of the doctrine of mitigation (or otherwise stated, whether the City of Highland Park may reduce the amount of damages recoverable by the plaintiff by whatever sums the plaintiff has earned or could have earned in other employment following his discharge as a policeman)?

The precise statutory language which is the source of the present controversy is as follows:

"In event that the civil service commission fails to justify the action of the removing officer then the person sought to be removed shall be reinstated with full pay for the entire period during which he may have been prevented from performing his usual employment * * * (Emphasis supplied.) MCLA 38.514; MSA 5.3364.

It would avail nothing to cite copiously from the impressive number of cases cited pro and contra in the parties’ briefs and discuss the nuances of the various statutes, ordinances and classes of employees involved. Judge (now Justice) Levin said it all in Hamtramck Civil Service Commission v Pitlock, 44 Mich App 410, 414-415; 205 NW2d 293 (1973):

"He is further entitled to back pay for the entire period of wrongful discharge, amounting to normal wages which he would have received while working in his regular employment, less wages actually earned during that period. "(Emphasis added.)

By this opinion we are not bound as our panels may and not infrequently do disagree. However, by the holding in Shiffer v Gibraltar Schools, 393 Mich 190; 224 NW2d 255 (1974), we are bound. It is a majority opinion of the Supreme Court.

"Having in mind the pattern of like remedial legislation * * * , we cannot ascribe to the Legislature a purpose of awarding such large amounts without regard to actual economic loss * * * .” (Emphasis supplied.) 393 Mich at 199.

The Shiffer opinion, quoting from McCormick, Damages, § 33, p 127, took considerable care to explain the rationale of the mitigation doctrine and its broad applicability to a multitude of different situations. We quote the relevant portions:

"The rights protected by the mitigation doctrine are not just those of contracting parties, commercial litigants, tort victims or tortfeasors but, rather, the rights of all society: 'Legal rules and doctrines are designed not only to prevent and repair individual loss and injustice, but to protect and conserve the economic welfare and prosperity of the whole community.’
"Mitigation of damages is, thus, the 'machinery by which the law seeks to encourage the avoidance of loss’.” 393 Mich at 198.

We note further that the concluding portion of the order of remand contained the following instructions:

"(i) to deduct from the 'salary’ Shiffer would have earned all wages he actually earned .that he would not have earned if he were employed as a teacher, and (ii) to consider any evidence the school district offers that Shiffer, through exertion of proper efforts, could have earned more.” 393 Mich at 209.

We are aware of the split in holdings among the other states, but we perforce follow our Supreme Court. We read this to be that the terms "full pay for the entire period”, "all back pay” and any variations thereof are all subject to the Michigan adopted common law doctrine of mitigation and mean "net back pay”. See Shiffer, supra.

However, plaintiff asserts one other basic argument. He claims that since he is a policeman he is a "public officer” and as to him the mitigation doctrine does not apply. In this contention we also take a contrary view.

A public officer in the general everyday acceptance of the term is a special classification of those involved in government at what may be described as in an executive classification, whether his elevation to that status is elective or appointive. His compensation is fixed by legislative action, state or local. He does not collectively bargain for his wages or working conditions, and in no case that we know of are his duties and the standard of performance therefor agreed on by labor contracts. We think this is what Chief Justice Cooley meant by what he said in 1879:

"An office is a special trust or charge created by competent authority. If not merely honorary, certain duties will be connected with it, the performance of which will be the consideration for its being conferred upon a particular individual, who for the time will be the officer. The officer is distinguished from the employee in the greater importance, dignity and independence of his position; in being required to take an official oath, and perhaps to give an official bond; in the liability to be called to account as a public offender for misfeasance or non-feasance in office, and usually, though not necessarily, in the tenure of his position.” Throop v Langdon, 40 Mich 673, 682-683 (1879).

We recognize authority to the contrary but we opt to follow what we think was the thrust of his definition. If appellee as a policeman is a "public officer” of Highland Park, then every state policeman is a "public officer” of the State of Michigan. We reject the contention.

Under the mandate of Shiffer, supra, we reverse and vacate the modified judgment granting lost pay without mitigation.

We remand the cause to. the trial court for determination of "net loss of pay” under the authority of Shiffer.

We retain no jurisdiction and award no costs, a public question.

T. M. Burns, P. J., concurred.

M. F. Cavanagh, J.

(concurring). I am in agreement with the result and reasoning of the majority but believe further discussion on the question of the applicability of the doctrine of mitigation is warranted.

The majority analysis relies primarily upon Shiffer v Gibraltar Schools, 393 Mich 190; 224 NW2d 255 (1974), and Hamtramck Civil Service Commission v Pitlock, 44 Mich App 410; 205 NW2d 293 (1973), to establish the proposition that a back pay recovery must be subject to mitigation by subtracting wages actually earned. Plaintiff asserts, however, that these cases are not applicable to the present facts since they did not involve public employees. His argument is that a wrongfully discharged public officer is entitled to full back pay without the application of the doctrine of mitigation. See People ex rel Benoit v Miller, 24 Mich 458 (1872), Wilkinson v Common Counsel of City of Saginaw, 111 Mich 585; 70 NW 142 (1897), Newberry v Smith, 157 Mich 181; 121 NW 746 (1909).

This conclusion is supported by dictum in Parker v Township of West Bloomfield, 60 Mich App 583; 231 NW2d 424 (1975). That opinion concluded that a local police officer was, as a public employee, entitled to full back pay without subtracting wages actually earned — if there was a statutory provision entitling him to back pay. Although plaintiff’s discharge was wrongful in that case, the defendant township had not adopted the civil service system or the provisions of MCLA 38.514; MSA 5.3364. Thus, since there was no statutory provision for full back pay, it was unnecessary to determine the applicability of the doctrine of mitigation.

In another context, it has been held that a member of a police department is a public officer. Blynn v Pontiac, 185 Mich 35, 42-43; 151 NW 681 (1915). Blynn, however, involved an officer’s cláim for workmen’s compensation. The classification was relevant only for the purpose of determining the benefits of an "employee” as provided for in the city charter.

I conclude that the facts of the present case are considerably different than both Parker and Blynn. The general rule that a wrongfully discharged employee is entitled to damages equal to back pay less the amount of wages earned from other employment during the period of discharge is more properly applicable. See Edgecomb v Traverse City School District, 341 Mich 106, 116-117; 67 NW2d 87 (1954). 
      
       We note that our holding here is in some respects arguably at variance with Parker v Township of West Bloomfield, 60 Mich App 583; 231 NW2d 424 (1975).
     