
    Jamal MAKIEH, Petitioner, v. Eric H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General, Respondent.
    No. 08-2213.
    United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
    Submitted June 4, 2009.
    Decided July 14, 2009.
    
      llana Etkin Greenstein, Jeremiah Friedman, Maureen O’Sullivan, Harvey Kaplan, and Jeanette Kain on brief for petitioner.
    Michael H. Hertz, Acting Assistant Attorney General, and Michelle Gorden Lab-our and Timothy G. Hayes, Office of Immigration Litigation, on brief for respondent.
    Before LYNCH, Chief Judge, EBEL  and LIPEZ, Circuit Judges.
    
      
       Pursuant to Fed. R.App. P. 43(c)(2), Eric H. Holder, Jr., is substituted for former Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey as the Respondent herein.
    
    
      
       Of the Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation
    
   EBEL, Circuit Judge.

Jamal Makieh (“Makieh”) petitions for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA” or “the agency”) dismissing his appeal. The BIA adopted and affirmed the oral decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”), who denied Makieh’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Because we lack jurisdiction to consider Makieh’s challenge as to the asylum issue, and because the IJ’s decision denying withholding of removal and CAT protection was supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole, we DISMISS the petition for review in part and DENY it in part.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Makieh, a Syrian citizen, was born and grew up in Latakia, Syria. Latakia is also home to the family of Syria’s president, Bashar al-Asad, whom the State Department’s Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2005 described as “authoritarian.” While Makieh is fearful of the president’s family and of the Islamic extremism on the rise in his home country, neither he nor any member of his family has ever been harmed by the Syrian government or by anyone else in Syria. In the 1980s, Makieh’s brother, Mohammed, and father, Ahmad, came to the United States. Both subsequently became U.S. citizens. Makieh’s mother and sisters continue to live in Syria; Makieh testified before the immigration court that they do not face any threat of harm-or actual harm-there because “they live a simple life away from people, just family.” In October of 1992, when Makieh was twenty-one years old and facing conscription into the Syrian military, he entered the United States on a non-immigrant (F-1) student visa. That visa authorized him to remain in this country for “duration of status,” or “D/S,” which meant “the time during which [Makieh] [wa]s pursuing a full course of study at an educational institution approved” originally by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”), and later by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(f)(5)(i). Makieh never enrolled in the educational program for which he had been approved.

Remaining in the United States without permission, Makieh lived with his brother and father. In July of 2000, Makieh’s father, who by then had attained permanent resident status through his son Mohammed, filed an 1-130 Immigrant Petition for Relative (the “visa petition”) on Makieh’s behalf. Pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(2)(B), the visa petition named Makieh as the unmarried adult son of a permanent resident. If granted, the visa petition would have made Makieh eligible to apply for adjustment of his residency status to that of lawful permanent resident. See Taing v. Napolitano, 567 F.3d 19, 21 (1st Cir.2009); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1255; 8 C.F.R. § 245.1.

On January 30, 2003, the INS initiated removal proceedings against Makieh. Just over six months later, Makieh married a U.S. citizen, and in June of 2004, she filed a visa petition on his behalf. Before that petition could be adjudicated, however, the couple formally separated, and they divorced in December of 2005. Makieh’s marriage also voided the earlier visa petition filed by his father, because the marriage rendered Makieh ineligible, under the Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”), for consideration as an unmarried adult son of a permanent resident, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(39). Following Makieh’s divorce, Ahmad Makieh filed a second visa petition for Makieh as his unmarried adult son.

Just before his divorce, in October of 2005, Makieh had filed an application for asylum and for withholding of removal, cancellation of removal, and protection under the CAT. At his final hearing before the IJ on the merits of this application, Makieh testified that he had come to the United States to be with his brother and father, and to embrace American freedom and democracy. He also testified, in broad terms, as to his fear of the Syrian government as motivating him to come to the United States. Makieh further testified that he became truly afraid of returning to Syria after the events of September 11, 2001, and the U.S. invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan that followed. The administrative record includes evidence of an increase, since those invasions, in violence perpetrated by Syrian extremists against American interests. That violence included the bombing of the American embassy in Damascus the month prior to Makieh’s final hearing in immigration court.

According to Makieh, because he has spent his “adult life” in the United States, Syrians — especially Islamic extremists— will see him as being “like Americans,” and thus “like a traitor or something.” As a result, he fears for his safety and believes he will be tortured if he returns to Syria. However, Makieh’s father, an American citizen, returns to Syria on a regular basis for holy days; he generally spends several months at a time there before returning to the United States. Ahmad Makieh has never been harmed by the Syrian government or by Islamic extremists. Makieh’s brother, also an American citizen, likewise has returned to Syria on a number of occasions and has not been harmed. Makieh himself has not returned to Syria since he left in 1992. Finally, Makieh, his father, and his brother all testified or averred that Ahmad Makieh would suffer extraordinary hardship if Makieh were removed to Syria, because Makieh is the principal caregiver for his father.

The IJ ruled on Makieh’s application in an oral decision handed down on October 24, 2006. The IJ first denied the application for asylum as untimely, ruling that Makieh failed to file his application within the one-year period, starting from the date of arrival in the United States, mandated by the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). The IJ explained that Makieh was not eligible for consideration of an untimely application because (1) even if the court accepted his contention that changed circumstances in Syria materially affected his eligibility for asylum, Makieh failed to file his application within a reasonable time after learning of those changed circumstances; and (2) Makieh failed to show any other extraordinary circumstances that would justify untimely filing. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D).

The IJ went on to deny Makieh’s application for withholding of removal and for protection under the CAT, finding that Makieh failed to demonstrate a “clear probability” — i.e., that it is more likely than not — that he would be persecuted on the basis of one of five statutorily enumerated grounds, or that he would be tortured. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) (withholding of removal); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b) (same); id. §§ 208.16(c), 208.18 (implementing the CAT); Castillo-Diaz v. Holder, 562 F.3d 23, 27 (1st Cir.2009)(reciting “clear probability” standard for withholding of removal); Sulaiman v. Gonzales, 429 F.3d 347, 351 (1st Cir.2005) (applying same standard for protection under the CAT).

On Makieh’s appeal, the BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision in full, summarizing the decision and adding the observation that Makieh’s alleged unawareness of the availability of asylum did “not qualify for an exception to the 1-year filing deadline” for asylum applications. The BIA dismissed the, appeal on August 21, 2008, and Makieh timely filed his petition for review before this Court.

Makieh seeks review of the following: (1) the IJ’s alleged failure to consider his argument that he is eligible to have his untimely application for asylum considered on the merits because his reliance on his father’s and wife’s petitions for visas on his behalf constituted an extraordinary circumstance; and (2) the IJ’s determination that it is not more likely than not that Makieh would be persecuted or tortured if he were removed to Syria.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Scope and standard of review

In relevant part, § 1252(b)(4) mandates that

(A) the court of appeals shall decide the petition only on the administrative record on which the order of removal is based, [and]

(B) the administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.... 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4). Consistent with the statutory mandate, “[w]e review the BIA’s [or IJ’s] findings of fact under the deferential substantial evidence standard.” Scatambuli v. Holder, 558 F.3d 53, 58 (1st Cir.2009). Under this standard, we will reverse the BIA’s decision “only if a ‘reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’ ” Castillo-Diaz, 562 F.3d at 26 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). This means that we will uphold the decision if it is “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Id. (quotation omitted). We review questions of law de novo. Id.

When, as in this case, the BIA “adopts the IJ’s opinion and discusses some of the bases for the IJ’s decision, we have authority to review both the IJ’s and the BIA’s opinions.” Scatambuli, 558 F.3d at 58 (quotation omitted). Within that review, we should “judge the action of the BIA based only on reasoning provided by the agency, not on grounds constructed by the reviewing court.” Mihaylov v. Ashcroft, 379 F.3d 15, 21 (1st Cir.2004) (quotation, alteration omitted). As a result, “we will remand if the agency fails to state with sufficient particularity ... legally sufficient reasons for its decision.” Id. (quotation omitted).

B. Whether this court has jurisdiction to review the BIA’s, denial of Makieh’s asylum application as untimely

Under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3), we lack jurisdiction to review the agency’s determination that Makieh failed to show extraordinary circumstances that could excuse the untimeliness of his asylum application under § 1158(a)(2)(D). The REAL ID Act provides an exception under which we do retain jurisdiction to review constitutional claims or questions of law. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). However, the agency’s determinations as to timeliness and changed or extraordinary circumstances “are usually factual determinations outside the court’s jurisdiction.” Odmar v. Mukasey, 294 Fed.Appx. 611, 613 (1st Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (citing Hayek v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 501, 506-07 (1st Cir.2006)).

To overcome § 1158(a)(3)’s jurisdictional bar, Makieh must “identify] a legal or constitutional defect in the [agency’s] decision.” El-Labaki v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir.2008). “To trigger our jurisdiction, the putative constitutional or legal challenge ... must be colorable; that is, the argument advanced must, at the very least, have some potential validity.” Pan v. Gonzales, 489 F.3d 80, 84 (1st Cir.2007); see also De Araujo v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 146, 154 (1st Cir.2006).

1. Timing of asylum applications

An alien applying for asylum must “demonstrate[ ] by clear and convincing evidence that the application has been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States” or by April 1, 1997, whichever is later. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(2). However,

[a]n application for asylum of an alien may be considered, notwithstanding [the one-year limitations period], if the alien demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Attorney General either the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application within the [statutory] period.

8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D). An applicant attempting to demonstrate changed or extraordinary circumstances must also demonstrate that he “filed the application ‘within a reasonable period’ given those circumstances.” Oroh v. Holder, 561 F.3d 62, 66 (1st Cir.2009) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4), (5)).

2. Makieh’s petition for review

Before the IJ and BIA, Makieh argued both changed and extraordinary circumstances as reasons he should be eligible for consideration of his untimely filed application for asylum. The IJ determined that even if Makieh were correct that circumstances in Syria changed due to a rise in Islamic fundamentalism after September 11, 2001, Makieh’s 2004 application still was not “file[d] within a reasonable time given those changed circumstances.” Makieh does not challenge that determination in his petition for review.

Makieh also argued before the agency, and argues in his petition for review, that his mistaken reliance on his father’s and wife’s visa petitions constituted an extraordinary circumstance that should make him eligible for consideration of an untimely filed application. Makieh urges that we have jurisdiction to review the IJ’s and BIA’s decisions as to this issue because the agency committed constitutional and legal error by not considering this argument regarding his reliance on the visa petitions. According to Makieh, the IJ and BIA violated his right to due process by failing to “actually adjudicate every claim which he presented].”

3. Analysis

Makieh fails to state a colorable constitutional claim or question of law. See De Araujo, 457 F.3d at 154-55. In his oral decision, the IJ said explicitly that Makieh “has stated that the reason ... he waited [to file the asylum application] w[a]s th[at] in addition to the withdrawn visa petition by his U.S. citizen wife, somer time in 2008, also, the fact that his father' had earlier ■ submitted a visa petition for him in the year 2000.” Having concluded that Makieh did not timely file his application after learning of the changed conditions in Syria after September 11, the IJ went on to make the explicit finding that “[n]o other extraordinary circumstances have been shown in this case, and the Court, thus, finds that [Makieh] is barred from asylum under [INA] Section 208(a)(2)(B).” (Id. at 64.)

As his oral decision makes abundantly clear, the IJ did, indeed, consider Makieh’s argument as to his reliance on the visa petitions. He also made an explicit finding that the evidence Makieh presented failed to demonstrate “extraordinary circumstances,” where Makieh had attempted to characterize his reliance on the visa petitions precisely as an extraordinary circumstance warranting an exception to the timeliness requirement. Furthermore, even if the IJ could have been more exact in linking his finding of no extraordinary circumstances with his acknowledgment of Makieh’s argument as to. the visa petitions, we have made clear that “ ‘[although we expect an immigration judge to make findings on all grounds that are necessary to support his decision, those findings can be either explicit or implicit.’” Pulisir v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 302, 308 (1st Cir.2008) (quoting Rotinsulu v. Mukasey, 515 F.3d 68, 72-73 (1st Cir.2008) in parenthetical). Here, even if we were to conclude that the IJ did not make an explicit finding as to the “extraordinary circumstances” argument, we certainly would conclude that he made an implicit finding in that regard.

Nothing in the record suggests that the agency failed to consider Makieh’s argument with respect to his reliance on the visa petitions, much less that it committed constitutional error in this regard. See Jamal v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 60, 65-66 (1st Cir.2008).

4. Conclusion as to Makieh’s application for asylum

Makieh’s petition for review of the denial of his application for asylum does not present any colorable constitutional claims or questions of law. Consequently, we lack jurisdiction to consider this element of the petition for review..

C. Whether the BIA’s denial of Makieh’s application for withholding of removal and for protection under the CAT is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole

1. Statutory standards for withholding of removal and CAT protection

“Withholding of removal is available if ‘the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in the destination country because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’ ” Sompotan v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 63, 68 (1st Cir.2008) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); alteration omitted). An applicant for withholding of removal may carry his burden of demonstrating this threat to his life or freedom “by demonstrating past persecution, which gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of future persecution, or by showing that it is ‘more likely than not’ that [he] will face future persecution based on one of the [five] statutory grounds.” Limani v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 25, 31 (1st Cir.2008) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1)®, (b)(2)). “Persecution,” in turn, means “mistreatment that extends beyond harassment, unpleasantness, and basic suffering.” Sompotan, 533 F.3d at 68 (quotation, alterations omitted). Finally, “it is critical that the petitioned ] show a nexus between the alleged persecution and one of the statutorily protected grounds.” Id. (quotation omitted). Establishing that nexus requires a demonstration that “it is reasonable to believe that the harm was motivated by a protected ground.” Id. (quotation omitted).

To qualify for protection from removal under the CAT, “an applicant must establish that it is ‘more likely than not that he would be tortured if removed’ ” to the country at issue. Khan v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d 573, 575 n. 2 (1st Cir.2008) (quoting Limani, 538 F.3d at 32; alterations omitted); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2). “‘Torture’ means ‘severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental ... inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.’ ” Limani, 538 F.3d at 32 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1)).

2. The IJ’s and BIA’s decisions and the whole administrative record

The IJ determined that Makieh failed to meet his burden of establishing that it was more likely than not that he would be either persecuted or tortured if he were removed to Syria. The IJ explained that no harm had ever come to Makieh while he was growing up in Syria, that his American-citizen father travels to and from Syria without difficulty or harm, and that Makieh’s “contention that he has lived in this country and thus, is fearful of. returning does not demonstrate a clear probability that he would be persecuted.”

Having carefully reviewed the entire administrative record on which the IJ and BIA based their decisions, we are satisfied that those decisions are amply “supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Castillo-Diaz, 562 F.3d at 26. While the record does contain documents substantiating the recent growth of Islamic radicalism in Syria, those documents — for instance, the Travel Warning issued by the U.S. State Department following the September 12, 2006, bombing of the embassy in Damascus — specifically point to dangers to “Americans” and “American interests.” The administrative record simply does not support Makieh’s claim that he would more likely than not be persecuted because he is a Syrian who has lived in the United States for seventeen years, nor his claim that he more likely than not would be tortured if he were to return to Syria.

3. Conclusion as to Makieh’s application for withholding of removal and for CAT protection

“That the record supports a conclusion contrary to that reached by the [IJ and BIA] is not enough to warrant upsetting the [agency’s] view of the matter; for that to occur, the record must compel the contrary conclusion.” Sompotan, 533 F.3d at 68 (quotation omitted). In this ease, the administrative record does not even support a conclusion contrary to that reached by the agency, much less compel a contrary conclusion. Therefore, we DENY Makieh’s petition for review of the agency’s denial of his application for withholding of removal and for protection under the CAT.

III. CONCLUSION

Because we lack jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of Makieh’s application for asylum, and because the agency’s denial of his application for withholding of removal and for protection under the CAT is supported by substantial evidence on the administrative record as a whole, we DISMISS Makieh’s petition for review in part and DENY it in part. 
      
      . The functions of the INS were transferred to DHS on March 1, 2003. See United States v. Earle, 488 F.3d 537, 539 n. 1 (1st Cir.2007).
     
      
      . Those five grounds are "the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A).
     
      
      . The IJ went on to deny the application for cancellation of removal, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b), finding that Makieh's removal would not create an exceptional and unusual hardship on his elderly father. Under the REAL ID Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B), (D), we lack jurisdiction to review the IJ’s or BIA's discretionary decision to deny cancellation of removal, unless the petitioner raises a color-able constitutional claim or question of law. See Elysee v. Gonzales, 437 F.3d 221, 223 (1st Cir.2006); Bencosme de Rodriguez v. Gonzales, 433 F.3d 163, 164 (1st Cir.2005) (per curiam). Makieh does not seek review of the denial of his application for cancellation of removal.
     