
    
      In re CALLAHAN.
    1. Criminal Law — Sentence por Felony — Legislature—Courts.
    The legislature has exclusive power to determine the length of imprisonment for a felony, a power not subject to judicial supervision, the function of the eourt being only to impose sentence under and in aceord with the statute.
    2. Same — Sentence—Statutes—Discretion op Court.
    Imposition by a eourt of a sentence for crime is the performance of a ministerial function with discretion confined to the limits permitted by statute.
    
      References por Points in Headnotes
    '1, 2] 15 Am Jur, Criminal Law § § 459, 460, 507.
    '3] 15 Am Jur, Criminal Law § 512.
    '4' 15 Am Jur, Criminal Law § 464 et seq.
    
    ’6] 15 Am Jur, Criminal Law § 469.
    
      3. Same — Parole—Commencement of New Sentence- — Statutes. '
    A statutory provision that sentence for a felony committed while on parole shall commence at the expiration of the prior sentence is within the legislative power and not violative of those conferred on the judicial braneh of government (PA 1937, No' 255, eh 3, § 8).
    4. Same — Deferment of Commencement of Sentence for Crime Committed While on Parole.
    An order by the parole board suspending the commencement of a 1940 sentence for a crime committed while on parole from a. 1931 sentence until the 1931 sentence had been served was unnecessary, since such deferment was pursuant to the mandatory provision of the statute then in force (PA 1937, No ¿55, eh 3, §8).
    5. Constitutional Law — Courts.
    Courts determine questions of constitutionality. ' '
    6. Criminal Law — Consecutive Sentences — Statutes—Good Time.
    A prisoner who was sentenced for consecutive terms, the last having been received during the life of a former is entitled'to have his new maximum term computed by adding the máxi-mums of his previous terms pursuant to provision of currently applicable statute, less statutory good time and such special good time as may have been or .hereafter may be allowed him (PA 1953, No 232, §§ 34, 38, as amended by PA 1955, No 107).
    7. Habeas Corpus — Sentence—Good Time.
    Discharge of prisoner, confined under sentence for consecutive terms, under writ of habeas corpus is hold in abeyance until it is determined whether or not his maximum terms less statutory good time and special good-time allowances entitle him to release, where record fails to disclose all pertinent facts relative to special good-time allowances (PA 1953, No 232, § § 34, 38, as amended by PA 1955, No 107).
    Original petition by Donald E. Callaban for writ of babeas corpus, with ancillary writ of certiorari, directed to Department of Corrections to test validity of continued imprisonment on several sentences for robbery armed.
    Submitted July 31, 1956.
    (Calendar No. 46,751.)
    Determination of propriety of continued imprisonment February 28, 1957.
    Writ of habeas corpus held in abeyance pending computation of statutory and special good-time allowances against maximum sentences, as determined.
    
      Donald E. Callahan, in propria persona.
    
    
      Thomas M. Kavanagh, Attorney General, Edmund E. Shepherd, Solicitor General, and Daniel J. O’Hara, Assistant Attorney General, for defendant.
   Dethmers, C. J.

Having allowed habeas corpus and the ancillary writ of certiorari, we proceed to inquire into the legality of plaintiff’s continued imprisonment.

Four times plaintiff was convicted of felonies, the last 3 committed while on parole. His third conviction was of robbery armed for which sentence was imposed on September 30,1931, of imprisonment for 15 to 50 years. While on parole from that sentence he again committed the crime of robbery armed for which he was sentenced on July 5, 1940, to a prison term of 10 to 30 years. It is defendant’s contention that under PA 1937, No 255, ch 3, § 8 (CLS 1940, § 17543-48, Stat Ann 1946 Cum Supp § 28.2108), plaintiff was required to serve the remainder of the 1931 sentence before he could begin to serve the 1940 sentence; that the 1931 sentence was suspended on February 2, 1953, and that, accordingly, plaintiff began serving his 1940 sentence as of that date and that, therefore, the 1940 sentence has not yet been fully served and plaintiff is not entitled to release.

Plaintiff contends that the 1937 act was unconstitutional and violative of Constitution 1908, art 4, § 2, because it provided for invasion of the judicial province by an agency of the administrative branch of government in that it permitted the parole board to order a judicially imposed sentence to commence, contrary to tbe terms of tbe mittimus, at a date later tban its imposition, namely, after bis prior sentence had been served. On tbe basis of tbat claim of unconstitutionality plaintiff says tbat bis 1940 sentence began to run when imposed, tbat tbe minimum of bis 10-to-30-year term bas expired and tbat, if due credit be given for applicable good-time allowances, even tbe maximum was fully served by July 5, 1955.

Tbe legislature bas exclusive power to determine tbe length of imprisonment for a felony. Tbat pow.er is not subject to judicial supervision, the function of tbe court being only to impose sentence under and in accord with tbe statute. In re Doelle, 323 Mich 241; People v. Harwood, 286 Mich 96, and cases therein cited. In so doing tbe court performs a ministerial function with discretion confined to tbe limits permitted by tbe statute. In re Duff, 141 Mich 623; In re Evans, 173 Mich 25. Accordingly, tbe provision of tbe act here in question, providing tbat a sentence for a felony committed while on parole shall commence at tbe expiration of service of tbe prior sentence, is within tbe legislative power and not violative of those conferred by tbe Constitution on tbe judicial branch of government. Nor may it be said tbat tbe statute bestows a judicial function on tbe parole board. Its order suspending commencement of tbe 1940 sentence until tbe 1931 sentence bad been served was unnecessary because tbe suspension was automatic under tbe statute. Deferment of service of tbe 1940 sentence was not occasioned by tbe action of tbe parole board but by tbe mandatory provision of tbe statute. Canfield v. Commissioner of Pardons and Paroles, 280 Mich 305. Tbat statute must be read into tbe 1940 sentence. In re Duff, supra. Anything in tbe sentence to tbe contrary was surplusage and a nullity. In re Evans, supra. We are not impressed by plaintiffs ‘contention tbat tbe legislature evideuced a recognition of the unconstitutionality of the 1937 act by repeal of the provision in question and enactment of PA 1954, No 100, which provides that the sentencing judge may determine whether the second sentence shall commence forthwith or after expiration of the term of the previous sentence. There is no authority for that theory. At all events, courts determine questions of constitutionality and we hold the 1937 act valid. It follows that plaintiff is not entitled to release under the 1940 sentence on the theory that it began running as of the date of its imposition and expired not later than July 5,1955.

"We come to consideration of a more serious problem. Plaintiff urges that he is entitled to release under PA 1953, No 232, §§ 34 and 38 (CLS 1954, §§ 791.234, 791.238, Stat Ann 1954 Eev §§ 28.2304, 28.2308). Section 38 provides, in part:

“Any prisoner committing a crime while at large upon parole and being convicted and sentenced therefor shall be treated as to the last incurred term, as provided under section 34 of this act.”

Section 34 provides, in part:

“Every prisoner sentenced to an indeterminate sentence and confined in a State prison or reformatory, when he has served a period of time equal to the minimum sentence imposed by the court for the crime of which he was convicted, less allowances made for good time and special good time, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the parole board.

“In case the prisoner is sentenced for consecutive terms, whether received at the same time or at any time during the life of the original sentence, the parole board shall have jurisdiction over the prisoner for purposes of parole when he shall have seiwed the total time of the added minimum terms, less the good-time credit allowed by statute. The maximum terms of the sentences shall be added to compute the new maximum term under this provision and discharge shall be issued only after the sum total of such maximum sentences has been served less the good time credit the prisoner may earn or may be awarded by appropriate order; unless the procedure of parole shall intervene and discharge issue upon satisfactory completion of said parole, in which case the maximum term shall be discharged.”

Defendant reasons that the 1953 act, effective as of October 2d of that year, is of no avail to plaintiff, first, because, at all events, he would not be entitled to release at the expiration of his minimiim term, as computed under that act, because, as determined by the parole board on September 22, 1955, in denying him parole, he has recidivistic traits mating his parole undesirable; and, second, because the provisions of the statute for computing his maximum term by adding the máximums of his consecutive sentences are inapplicable here because on the effective date of the act plaintiff was serving only his 1940 sentence after having been discharged by the board, on February 2, 1953, from the remainder of the maximum of his 1931 sentence. Defendant says that, therefore, he was not serving consecutive sentences and, accordingly, there were no máximums to add. This reasoning we reject. The board’s act of grace of February 2,1953, discharging plaintiff from the 1931 sentence, cannot have the effect of stripping him of benefits under the 1953 act. On its effective date plaintiff was not in prison solely by reason of the 1940 sentence, service of which he would have completed long before were it not for the existence of the prior sentence of 1931. It was the fact that there were consecutive sentences that occasioned plaintiff’s continued-presence in prison after July 5,1955, when his maximum under the 1940 sentence would have expired after application thereto of statutory good-time allowances. Plaintiff is, in the language of the 1953 statute, a prisoner who was sentenced for consecutive terms, the last having been received during the life of a former and, therefore, the provisions of the statute for computing a new maximum term by adding the máximums of his previous terms must be followed.

We hold, therefore, that when the total of plaintiff’s maximum terms, less statutory good time and such special good time as may have been or hereafter may be allowed him, has been served he shall be entitled to release. The record fails to disclose all the pertinent facts relative to special good-time allowances. For that reason the writ of habeas corpus will be held in abeyance pending prompt determination by defendant of special good-time allowance and computation of the total maximum term remaining unserved, if any, after such allowance. If, on that basis and under our view of the law as herein announced, plaintiff is entitled to his release, he1 should be released forthwith. If he is not on that-basis entitled to immediate release, he should be held until he is so entitled and then released, or sooner if the parole board should so determine. The case is remanded for further or amended return, to be made promptly, concerning the matters indicated, after which such order will be entered here as then may be necessary to effectuate our holding herein.

Sharpe, Smith, Edwards, Kelly, Carr, and Black, JJ., concurred.

Voelker, J., took no part in the decision of this case. 
      
       This act added section 7a to chapter 8 of PA 1927, No 175 (CLS 1954, § 768.7a, Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1030 [1]).
     
      
       This section was also amended by PA 1955, No 107. — Reporter.
     