
    UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Joseph M. BENEDETTI, Defendant, Appellant.
    No. 05-1033.
    United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
    Heard Dec. 8, 2005.
    Decided Dec. 23, 2005.
    
      Thomas More Dickinson, with whom Barry Zone was on brief, for appellant.
    
      Donald C. Lockhart, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Robert Clark Corrente, United States Attorney, and Lee Vilker, Assistant United States Attorney, were on brief, for appellee.
    Before SELYA, Circuit Judge, STAHL, Senior Circuit Judge, and LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.
   SELYA, Circuit Judge.

On March 10, 1999, a federal grand jury sitting in the District of Rhode Island charged defendant-appellant Joseph Benedetti with being a felon in possession of a firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The appellant evaded arrest until July 2, 2003, when he was finally found in Florida.

Following the appellant’s enforced return to Rhode Island, a five-day trial ensued. The jury found the appellant guilty. The district court, over the appellant’s contemporaneous Blakely objection, see Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004), sentenced him in accordance with the federal sentencing guidelines.

In this timely appeal, the appellant asserts that a pair of errors marred the proceedings below: (i) the district court abused its discretion when it allowed the government to introduce evidence of his flight to Florida and (ii) the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), vindicated his Blakely objection and entitles him to resentencing.

We conclude that the district court committed no trial error and that the Booker error, even though preserved by the appellant’s Blakely objection, was harmless. Accordingly, we affirm the appellant’s conviction and sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

We rehearse the relevant facts in the light most hospitable to the verdict. United States v. Mercado, 412 F.3d 243, 245 (1st Cir.2005).

On the night of November 19, 1998, five Rhode Island state police troopers arrived at the appellant’s small apartment, search warrant in hand, and knocked on the door. The appellant began to open the portal, but quickly slammed it shut when he learned who was on the other side. The troopers forced entry, subdued the appellant, ascertained that no one else was on the premises, and executed the warrant.

The search revealed a number of utility bills bearing the appellant’s name and address and no evidence suggesting that any other person was living in the apartment. When the search extended to the top drawer of a dresser in the apartment’s lone bedroom, the troopers found, among the usual haberdashery (underwear, socks, and the like), a loaded .380 caliber handgun, small amounts of cocaine and marijuana, and some pills. No underwear or socks were found in any other location within the apartment.

After reading the appellant his Miranda rights, see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), a trooper confronted him regarding the fruits of the search. At that point, the appellant admitted: “Everything in the apartment is mine.” The trooper then inquired specifically as to the ownership of the gun. The appellant replied: “[T]he gun’s mine too.” He further acknowledged that he was the only person residing in the apartment.

The discovery of the handgun resulted in a referral of the case to federal law enforcement authorities. On Wednesday, March 10, 1999, .the grand jury handed up a one-count indictment charging the appellant as a felon in possession of a firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Two days later, attorney Paul DiMaio telephoned Waing Chau, an agent of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. After identifying himself as the appellant’s lawyer, DiMaio inquired as to whether the district court had issued an arrest warrant for his client. Chau replied in the affirmative and assented to DiMaio’s subsequent request that the appellant be permitted to self-surrender on Monday, March 15.

Monday arrived, but the appellant did not. Instead, DiMaio called Chau and informed him “that Mr. Benedetti would not be surrendering [because] he was gone.” The appellant remained at large for over four years. He was eventually arrested on July 2, 2003, when government agents found him living in Florida under an assumed name. He was then returned to Rhode Island to face the pending indictment.

As the parties geared up for trial, the government indicated that it planned to introduce evidence of the appellant’s abscondment. Nonplussed by this prospect, the appellant filed a pretrial motion in limine. Following a hearing, the district court, ruling ore sponte, concluded that the probative value of the evidence was substantially outweighed by “the risk of unfair prejudice, the time that would be consumed in exploring [it], and the risk that the jury may be confused as to ... the real issue” in the case. The court found it plausible that the appellant, although innocent, might have fled because he feared that he would be unjustly convicted. Given this possibility, the chance that the jury might be tempted to convict the appellant simply because he fled created what seemed to the court at that time to be an unacceptable risk of unfair prejudice. Hence, the court excluded the flight evidence pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 403 (providing in pertinent part that relevant evidence may be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by ... waste of time”).

Even though the court granted the motion in limine, it apparently was cognizant that it did not have a full picture of the factual scenario. Accordingly, the court confined its exclusionary ruling to the government’s case in chief. The court took pains to remind the parties that the ruling was subject to change and that the matter could be revisited if the evidence at trial unfolded in a manner that altered the variables inherent in the Rule 403 algorithm.

The appellant stipulated that he had a prior felony record and that the gun had traveled in interstate commerce. Thus, the only triable issue was whether the appellant possessed the .380 caliber handgun. During the government’s case in chief, two of the troopers who participated in the search testified anent their findings and the appellant’s admissions. In cross-examining these officers, defense counsel made repeated references to the fact that the events to which they testified had occurred almost five years prior to the time of trial. In his opening statement, made at the start of the defense case, counsel reiterated that point.

The defense case was built on the premise that the gun found in the apartment did not belong to the appellant but, rather, to the appellant’s friend, Kenneth Bellucci. Bellucci testified that the appellant had allowed him to live in the apartment temporarily, that all the items discovered in the top dresser drawer were his, and that the appellant was not aware of the presence of the handgun. Bellucci explained that, by coincidence, he had moved out of the apartment on the very day that the troopers arrived. Although he took most of his possessions with him, he left behind his underwear, socks, drugs, and gun.

The defense then called Linda DiBona, the appellant’s ex-wife. DiBona testified that Bellucci moved in with her after departing from the appellant’s hearth and that she overheard a telephone call between the two men in which Bellucci admitted that the gun was his. In that same call, Bellucci apologized profusely to the appellant and promised to “make it right.”

During DiBona’s direct examination, the government sought permission to cross-question DiBona regarding her knowledge of the appellant’s flight. Noting that the in limine ruling only precluded the government from introducing evidence of flight in its case in chief, the court recalibrated the scales. In doing so, it identified three material sets of circumstances that had changed subsequent to the time of its original in limine ruling. First, defense counsel’s repeated references to the lengthy interval between the discovery of the weapon and the time of trial had created an inference of “trumped up charges” that the government should be allowed to rebut. Second, the fact that the appellant presumably knew from the outset that Bellucci and DiBona were prepared to exonerate him strengthened the inference that his flight indicated a consciousness of guilt. Third, witnesses close to a defendant who possessed exculpatory evidence normally would come forward immediately if they knew that their friend had been falsely accused. Because Bellucci and DiBona had not, the court believed that their knowledge of the appellant’s flight would be relevant to an assessment of their credibility. Emphasizing these new insights, the court ruled that the government could present flight evidence to impeach defense witnesses and, as part of its rebuttal case, to establish a consciousness of guilt.

In announcing this ruling, the court made clear that the witnesses were free to deny knowledge of the appellant’s flight and that the appellant was free to adduce evidence suggesting an innocent purpose for his abrupt departure. The significance of the flight evidence, the court said, was ultimately a question of fact for the jury to determine. And, finally, the court invited the appellant to propose cautionary jury instructions for the court’s consideration.

The government proceeded to cross-examine DiBona (herself a former police officer) regarding her knowledge of the appellant’s flight. Although she had previously been in the habit of seeing or speaking with the appellant at least once every few months, she indicated that she neither saw nor heard from him during the more than four-year period of his absence. She denied knowing that the appellant had been living in Florida. To justify her failure to apprise the authorities of the overheard telephone conversation, she explained that she assumed that Bellucci had come forward and that the charges against her former husband had been dropped.

The government declined the court’s invitation to recall Bellucci for cross-examination along similar lines. In its rebuttal case, Chau testified about securing the 1999 arrest warrant, his telephone conversations with the appellant’s former attorney, and the appellant’s eventual apprehension in Florida. During the course of Chau’s testimony, the court, acting on its own initiative, gave a cautionary instruction explaining that the government was trying to establish that the appellant had evinced a consciousness of guilt, but that it was up to the jury to determine what inference, if any, to draw from the testimony. The court also reminded the jury that the appellant was charged only with a firearms offense, not with fleeing from the law. Neither side objected to these instructions.

In its closing argument, the government again referred to the appellant’s flight and urged the jury to infer consciousness of guilt. The defense argued that such an inference would be unwarranted. In charging the jury, the court reiterated that the government bore the burden of showing that the appellant had intentionally fled and that flight does not create a presumption of guilt but, to the contrary, may be completely consistent with innocence. The jury found the appellant guilty as charged.

At the disposition hearing, the appellant objected to the government’s sentencing recommendation. He posited that the Supreme Court’s decision in Blakely precluded the court from mechanically applying the federal sentencing guidelines. After considering the parties’ Blakely arguments, the lower court concluded that, under the circumstances at hand, it did not matter whether Blakely applied because “the sentence that the Court would impose under the guidelines would be exactly the same sentence as the Court would impose if one assumes that Blakely holds the guidelines unconstitutional.” The court then made a series of guideline calculations that culminated in placing the appellant at a total offense level of 22 and in criminal history category V. Those integers yielded a guideline sentencing range (GSR) of 77-96 months. The court imposed a top-of-the-range incarcerative sentence (96 months). In doing so, it reiterated “that whether the guidelines apply or don’t apply, the sentence that I would impose would be the same.”

II. ANALYSIS

We divide our analysis into segments corresponding with the appellant’s two assignments of error.

A. Admission of Flight Evidence.

Flight evidence is controversial and must be handled with care. Given an adequate factual predicate, however, evidence of a criminal defendant’s flight is generally thought to be probative of his or her consciousness of guilt. See, e.g., United States v. Zanghi, 189 F.3d 71, 83 (1st Cir.1999); United States v. Grandmont, 680 F.2d 867, 869 (1st Cir.1982). As a precursor to admissibility, the government must present sufficient extrinsic evidence of guilt to support an inference that a defendant’s flight was not merely an episode of normal travel but, rather, the product of a guilty conscience related to the crime alleged. See United States v. Otero-Méndez, 273 F.3d 46, 53 (1st Cir.2001); Zanghi, 189 F.3d at 83. Because flight may be consistent with innocence as easily as with guilt, this precursor helps ensure that a jury does not infer guilt based solely on a defendant’s meanderings.

Even if the government makes the requisite showing, admissibility is not automatic. Flight evidence is subject to exclusion under Rule 403. Otero-Méndez, 273 F.3d at 53. A district court is afforded considerable leeway when determining whether evidence of a defendant’s flight is accompanied by a sufficient factual predicate. The court is afforded similar latitude in determining whether the evidence passes the Rule 403 balancing test. Consequently, we review such decisions only for abuse of discretion. See id.; see also Freeman v. Package Mach. Co., 865 F.2d 1331, 1340 (1st Cir.1988) (cautioning that “[o]nly rarely — and in extraordinarily compelling circumstances — will we, from the vista of a cold appellate record, reverse a district court’s on-the-spot judgment concerning the relative weighing of probative value and unfair effect”).

In this case, the government adduced a sufficient factual predicate. The court had available to it, from the government’s proffer, enough extrinsic evidence to furnish circumstantial badges of guilt. That evidence included Chau’s account of the unfulfilled promise of self-surrender, police testimony that the appellant after initially resisting the search had admitted owning the gun, the fact that no one else lived in the apartment, and the absence of any underwear or socks other than those found in close proximity to the weapon.

The appellant nevertheless claims that the district court’s midtrial decision to allow evidence of flight, after having ruled in limine that the government could not use that evidence, constituted reversible error. The appellant, ably represented, starts this line of advocacy with a suggestion that the flight evidence was only “marginally relevant.” The district court disagreed. It found that the evidence had probative value (and, therefore, was relevant, see Fed. R.Evid. 401) in three respects: (i) establishing the appellant’s consciousness of guilt; (ii) rebutting any suggestion that the government fabricated the charge; and (iii) impeaching defense witnesses. As we explain below, these findings are adequately supported by the record.

In our view, the tipping point is that the court found the flight evidence to have probative value in two areas that were not apparent at the time of the in limine ruling. For one thing, in cross-examining the government’s witnesses, defense counsel made repeated references to the nearly five-year gap between indictment and trial. These references set the stage for an inference that the government had spent the intervening time “trumping up” charges against the appellant. Evidence of the appellant’s flight provided an alternate explanation for the lapse in time.

For another thing, the flight evidence turned out to have probative worth for evaluating the credibility of the defense witnesses. If someone in the position of Bellucci or DiBona knew that his or her friend, unjustly accused, had fled the jurisdiction, it would be reasonable to expect that person to come forward in an effort to clear the friend’s name. Neither Bellucci nor DiBona did so. Thus, allowing the government to inquire as .to whether either of them had knowledge of the flight (and, if so, why he or she held back) made perfect sense. See, e.g., Mercado, 412 F.3d at 248.

Over and above relevance, the appellant attempts in various ways to establish that the district court abused its discretion in deciding to admit the evidence. First, he attacks what he characterizes as the court’s about-face: he asserts that he suffered unfair prejudice when the court, after having granted his pretrial motion in limine, “reversed” that decision in the middle of the defense case. This argument collapses o'f its own weight.

It is settled law that in limine rulings are provisional. Such “rulings are not binding on the trial judge [who] may always change his mind during the course of a trial.” Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753, 758 n. 3, 120 S.Ct. 1851, 146 L.Ed.2d 826 (2000); accord Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41, 105 S.Ct. 460, 83 L.Ed.2d 443 (1984) (noting that in limine rulings are always subject to change, especially if the evidence unfolds in an unanticipated manner). Here, moreover, the additional evidence made available to the court gave it a fresh coign of vantage. So viewed, the court’s midtrial decision to allow use of the evidence cannot fairly be characterized as an overruling of its original order.

Relatedly, the appellant asserts that the court’s change of position caused unfair surprise and thereby undermined the defense’s trial strategy. That assertion rings hollow. By its explicit terms, the in limine ruling excluded the flight evidence only from the government’s case in chief. The carefully circumscribed nature of the order undercuts any claim of unfair surprise. See Thudium v. Allied Prods. Corp., 36 F.3d 767, 769-70 (8th Cir.1994). Whether or not the appellant anticipated that the court would take a different view of the flight evidence after the government rested is beside the point. Mere surprise is insufficient to ground a Rule 403 challenge. See O’Rourke v. E. Air Lines, Inc., 730 F.2d 842, 855 n. 21 (2d Cir.1984). It is only unfair surprise against which litigants must be protected.

This brings us to the appellant’s final point. Without further elucidation, the appellant broadly contends that he was prejudiced by (i) the cross-examination of DiBona regarding her knowledge of the appellant’s flight; (ii) Chau’s testimony anent the proposed self-surrender; and (iii) the prosecutor’s references to flight during summation. This contention is unpersuasive. Although this evidence likely worked to the appellant’s detriment, Rule 403 is concerned not with prejudicial evidence, but with unfairly prejudicial evidence. See United States v. Moreno Morales, 815 F.2d 725, 740 (1st Cir.1987); see also Veranda Beach Club Ltd. P’ship v. W. Sur. Co., 936 F.2d 1364, 1372 (1st Cir.1991) (explaining that “trials were never meant to be antiseptic affairs” and that “it is only unfair prejudice, not prejudice per se, against which Rule 403 guards”). Evidence is generally deemed unfairly prejudicial if it has an undue tendency to prompt a decision by the factfinder on an improper basis. See Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180, 117 S.Ct. 644, 136 L.Ed.2d 574 (1997).

In the case at hand, the appellant’s resistance to the execution of the search warrant, his admissions on that occasion, and the unfulfilled promise of self-surrender formed a sufficient factual predicate for the introduction of the flight evidence. This predicate substantially diminished the possibility that the jury might infer guilt solely on the basis of the appellant’s flight. To cinch matters, the court’s cautionary instructions, twice repeated, mitigated any risk that the jury might give the flight evidence undue weight. See United States v. Candelaria-Silva, 162 F.3d 698, 706 (1st Cir.1998) (finding danger of unfair prejudice quelled by a comparable instruction). For these reasons, we conclude that the risk of unfair prejudice stemming from admission of the evidence of flight was slight, and that the district court acted within the encincture of its discretion when it made the challenged midtrial ruling.

B. Sentencing.

As was the case in United States v. Booker, the district judge applied the then mandatory guidelines and “imposed a sentence higher than the maximum authorized solely by the jury’s verdict.” 125 S.Ct. at 769. The Booker error is not that the judge determined facts that increased the sentence beyond that authorized by the verdict but, rather, that the judge did so under a mandatory guidelines system. United States v. Antonakopoulos, 399 F.3d 68, 75 (1st Cir.2005). The appellant preserved his claim of Booker error when he argued that a rote application of the guidelines transgressed the principles enunciated by the Blakely Court and, therefore, that a mandatory guidelines system was unconstitutional. See id. at 76 (“The argument that a Booker error occurred is preserved if the defendant below argued ... Blakely error or that the Guidelines were unconstitutional.”).

A preserved claim of Booker error is reviewed for harmlessness. United, States v. Vdzquez-Rivera, 407 F.3d 476, 489 (1st Cir.2005). Under that standard, the sentence must be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing unless the government carries the weighty burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the sentencing error did not adversely affect the defendant’s substantial rights. United States v. Meléndez-Torres, 420 F.3d 45, 51 (1st Cir.2005); Vázquez-Rivera, 407 F.3d at 489. To clear that hurdle, the government must convince the reviewing court that a more lenient sentence would not have eventuated had the sentencing court understood that the guidelines were advisory rather than mandatory. See Meléndez-Torres, 420 F.3d at 51; see also Antonakopoulos, 399 F.3d at 77 (explaining that the substantial rights determination depends upon whether the mandatory nature of the guidelines lengthened the defendant’s sentence). This is a daunting standard — but not one that defies achievement.

In this instance, we conclude, without serious question, that the government has succeeded in carrying its heavy burden. To begin, the district court expressly declined to grant discretionary downward departures or to sentence at the nether reaches of the applicable GSR. More importantly, the court explained why the top of the GSR produced a just result in this case and, on multiple occasions, explicitly related that it would impose the same 96-month sentence even if it had discretion to disregard the guidelines entirely. The court vouchsafed, for example, that such a sentence was “exactly the same sentence” that it would levy if “the guidelines [were] unconstitutional.”

Given the starkness of these facts, we are convinced that the sentencing court would not have imposed a lesser sentence under an advisory guidelines regime. Accordingly, the Booker error here does not require a remand for resentencing. See Meléndez-Torres, 420 F.3d at 51-52; cf. United States v. Carpenter, 403 F.3d 9, 14 (1st Cir.2005) (refusing to remand in connection with unpreserved claim of Booker error when sentencing judge declared he would impose the same sentence even if given discretion to do otherwise). Indeed, if the sentencing judge’s statements in this case do not suffice to satisfy the government’s burden, it would be difficult to conceive of a ease including a preserved Booker error in which remand would not be obligatory.

The appellant has one last string to his bow. He asseverates that, in all events, his sentence must be vacated because the lower court failed to give specific consideration to the sentencing factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). This asseveration derives from Booker; in its remedial opinion, the Booker Court explained that, along with treating the guidelines as advisory, sentencing courts acting in the aftermath of Booker also must account for the factors enumerated in section 3553(a). See 125 S.Ct. at 764-65. Additionally, the Booker Court instructed appellate tribunals to review such sentences for reasonableness. See id. at 765-66.

While these directives are relevant to all sentences imposed post-Booker, review for reasonableness based on the factors enumerated in section 3553(a) is not applicable to sentences, like this one, imposed pr e-Booker but heard on appeal post -Booker. See Vázquez-Rivera, 407 F.3d at 490 (holding reasonableness standard inapplicable when reviewing preBooker sentence); see also United States v. Guzmán, 419 F.3d 27, 32 (1st Cir.2005) (rejecting argument that pr e-Booker sentence should be vacated because the district court failed to account for the section 3553(a) factors). Given these authorities, the appellant’s fallback argument fails.

III. CONCLUSION

We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above, we hold that the appellant has shown no legally cognizable basis for disturbing either his conviction or his sentence.

Affirmed. 
      
      . We note in passing that, were surprise a genuine problem, "the granting of a continuance is a more appropriate remedy than exclusion of the evidence.” Fed.R.Evid. 403 advisory committee’s note. In this case, the appellant requested a recess to regroup after the midtrial ruling, and the district court granted the request.
     
      
      . These factors include:
      (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed — (A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; (C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and (D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment ...; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for ... the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable category of defendant as set forth in the guidelines ...; (5) any pertinent policy statement ...; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records ...; and (7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
      18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
     