
    Edward Meagher, App’lt, v. Cooperstown & Charlotte Valley Railroad Company, Resp’t.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department,
    
    
      Filed February 15, 1894.)
    
    1 Negligence—Infant.
    A child, nineteen months of age, is not sui juris, and hence not chargeable with negligence.
    
      2. Same.
    It is not negligence per se for the father to leave such child in the care and custody of its mother.
    3. Same.
    The mother is required only to exercise such a degree of care as is reasonable under the circumstances and in her situation.
    4. Evidence—Negligence.
    In an action against a railroad company for negligence in injuring an infant child, evidence as to the distance in which the train can be stopped is admissible.
    Appeal from a judgment dismissing the complaint with costs, and from an order denying a motion for a new trial made on the-minutes of the court.
    
      W. H. Johnson, for app’lt; H. M. Harris, for resp’t.
   Martin, J.

This action was to recover damages .which the plaintiff sustained by reason of an injury to his infant chijd. The-basis of the action was the alleged negligence of the defendant. The plaintiff, with his wife and daughter, who at the time of the accident was about 19 months of age, resided in a house in front of which there was a public highway, and in the rear was the defendant’s railroad. There was a private or farm crossing over the-defendant’s road, used for the purpose of passing from the premises occupied by the plaintiff to the other portions of the farm of which the premises occupied by him formed a part. The plaintiff, at the time his daughter was injured, was absent from his house, attending to the duties of his employment. The child was left in the care and custody of its mother, who was attending to her household work, in which she was assisted by Mrs. Smith, her sister. Mrs. Smith started to go out doors to get some kindling wood, when the mother took the child from the chair in which she was sitting, and told her to go with her aunt, which she did. Unobserved by her aunt, and while she was engaged in splitting kindling wood, the child wandered onto the track of the defendant’s road, which was about 190 feet distant, and was injured by one of its trains. The accident occurred at or near the -crossing,, and within five minutes of the time when the child went out of the house. The evidence tended to show that the defendant failed to keep its barway at this crossing, which formed a part of its railroad fence, in a proper state of repair; th^.t the first and second bars from the ground had been removed, and had not been in place for a considerable period of time ; that the child passed through the barway in going onto the track; that the train stopped at Wilson’s crossing, which was about 2,400 feet from the place of the. accident; that the train approached the crossing where the accident occurred at the. speed of 31 miles an hour ; that the crossing was plainly visible for the distance of 1,250 feet before it was reached; that the day was bright and clear, and the track in good condition ; that the train was light, consisting of an - engine, baggage car, and one-coach only ; that the engineer saw the child when about 600 feet from her. At the trial the plaintiff offered to prove that Mrs. Smith had been accustomed to care for this child. This evidence was objected to, and excluded upon the theory that it was of no consequence. The plaintiff also offered to prove the distance within which such a train could be stopped, which was excluded upon the sole ground that it was a matter upon which expert evidence could not properly be received. To this ruling the plaintiff excepted. At the close of the evidence the defendant moved for a nonsuit on the grounds that the plaintiff had failed to establish negligence on the part of the defendant, that the plaintiff and his wife were guilty of contributory negligence, and that the plaintiff could not maintain this action as father of the child. Thereupon the court said:

“ There is only one question that you need to consider, Mr. Johnson, and that is the negligence of the plaintiff, or at least the negligence of the mother and Mrs. Smith. The testimony is in that regard, of Mrs. Smith, that the child’s mother said to Mrs. Smith, 1 Go out with Aunt Annie.’ She did go out with Aunt Annie, and Aunt Annie commenced splitting up kindling wood from a board, and testified that she forgot about the child, and did not notice that it got away from her. Now how can you reconcile that with the absence of contributory negligence. Non-suit granted.”

To this decision the plaintiff duly excepted. The plaintiff asked to go to the jury upon the whole evidence in the case, and especially upon the question of contributory negligence and the negligence of the-defendant. This was denied, and the plaintiff excepted.

It is manifest that the court nonsuited the plaintiff upon the express ground that he, or rather his wife, was guilty of negligence which contributed to the injury of the child,\ and hence the plaintiff could not recover in this action. The question here presented, then, is, was it negligence per se for the father of this child to leave it in the care and custody of its mother ? Or if it be admitted that he was responsible for the acts of his wife, or that the question of contributory negligence was dependant upon her conduct, then can it be held, as a matter of law, that the mother was guilty of contributory negligence in permitting her child to go into the dooryard with its aunt, who was a married woman, mature in years, and who the plaintiff offered to prove was accustomed to care for this child ? We think not. The child was not sui juris, and hence not chargeable with negligence, Mangam v. Brooklyn Railroad Co., 38 N. Y. 455; Fallon v. Central Park, etc., Railroad Co., 64 N. Y. 13 ; Stone v. Dry Dock Railroad Co., 115 N. Y. 104, 109; 23 St. Rep. 551. The mother was required only to exercise such a degree of care as was reasonable under the circumstances, and in her situation. Under the evidence, whether she exercised such reasonable care was a question of fact, Indeed, if the plaintiff was chargeable with the acts or omissions of Mrs. Smith, the question would still be one of fact to be submitted to the jury. Weil v. Dry Dock, etc., Railroad Company, 119 N. Y. 147; 28 St. Rep. 944; Birkett v. Knickerbocker Ice Co., 110 N. Y. 504, 507; 18 St. Rep. 130 ; Kunz v. City of Troy, 104 N. Y. 344; 5 St. Rep. 642; Ames v. Broadway & S. A. Railroad Co., 4 N. Y. Supp. 803; 24 St. Rep. 818. In the Weil Case the plaintiff, a child two years old, was left in charge of her father in his bakery. While she was behind the counter, he proceeded to make some entries in his books, when she went out of the door and was run over by the street car. All this happened within 10 or 15 minutes after plaintiff’s mother had left her with her father. The plaintiff was nonsuited on the ground of her parents’ negligence, and it was held error, and that the father was only required to exercise such a degree of care as was reasonable in his situation, and under all the circumstances, and whether he did so was a question for the jury. In the Birkett Case it was held that it was not negligence, as a matter of law, for the parents of a bright child, four and one-half years old, living in a crowded locality in a city, with no other place for amusement, to permit the child, with proper instructions and directions against going into the street, to play upon the sidewalk without an attendant, and that whether it was negligence under the particular circumstances -was a question of fact for the jury. In the Kunz Case it was held that it was not per se negligence on the part of a parent to permit a child non sut juris to play in the street, and that it was a question of fact for the jury to determine whether the father was guilty of negligence. In the Ames Case a mother allowed the plaintiff, an infant five years of age, to play in a court, having near and easy access to a street, telling her not to leave the door. The infant went into the street, and was injured through the negligence of the defendant’s servant. It was held that the question whether or not this permission to the infant to play in the court, without continued supervision or protection against her going outside the court into the street, was negligence on the part of the mother, was properly submitted to the jury. Further illustrations of the doctrine of the cases citied may be found in the following cases: Prendergast v. N. Y. C. & H. R. Railroad Co., 58 N. Y. 652; Ihl v. Forty-second St., etc., Railroad Co., 47 N. Y. 317; Bahrenburgh v. Brooklyn City, H. P. & P. P. Railroad Co., 56 N. Y. 652; Mullaney v. Spence, 15 Abb. N. S. 319; Cosgrove v. Ogden, 49 N. Y. 255; Jetter v. N. Y. & H. Railroad Co., 2 Abb.Ct. App. Dec. 458 ; Downs v. N. Y. C. Railroad Co., 47 N. Y. 83; Railway Co. v. Pearson, 72 Pa. St. 169 ; Walters v. Railroad Co., 41 Iowa, 71; Railroad Co. v. Ormsby, 27 Grat. 455; Railroad Co. v. McDonnell, 43 Md. 534; Railroad Co. v. Hanlon, 53 Ala. 70; Railroad Co. v. Bohn, 27 Mich. 503; Railroad Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657; Hydraulic Works Co. v. Orr, 83 Pa. St. 332; Railroad Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401. The general rule is that contributory negligence is a question of fact, and should be left to the jury, unless it so "clearly appears from the circumstances or uncontradicted evidence as to leave no inference of fact in doubt. It is only in very exceptional cases that it can be adjudged as a necessary legal conclusion from the facts found. Thurber v. Harlem B., F. & M. Railroad Co. 60 N. Y. 326; Massoth v. D. & H. Canal Co., 64 N. Y. 529; Sauerborn v. N. Y. C. & H. R. Railroad Co., 69 Hun, 429 ; 52 St. Rep. 784. We are of the opinion that under the evidence the question of contributory negligence was a question of fact, and that the trial court erred in not submitting that question to the jury.

Whether the defendant’s omission to properly maintain the bar-way at the farm crossing could be considered in this case upon the" question of the defendant’s negligence, is not free from doubt. In Keyser v. Railroad Co., 56 Mich. 559, it was held that a railroad company’s neglect to fence its track was for the jury to consider, as bearing upon its liability for an injury done to a child who got upon the track in consequence thereof. See, also, Marcott v. Railroad Co., 47 Mich. 9 ; Morrissey v. Railroad Co., 15 R. I. 271. A contrary doctrine seems to have been held in Walkenhauer v. Railroad Co., 17 Fed. 136, and Fitzgerald v. Railway Co. 29 Minn. 336. But, be that as it may, we think the question of the defendant’s negligence should have been submitted to the jury. Obviously such was the opinion of the trial judge, as he nonsuited upon the express ground of contributory negligence, and stated that it was the only question the plaintiff need consider. As we have already seen, there was evidence that the train stopped 2,400 feet from the place of the accident; that it approached the crossing at the rate ,of 31 miles an hour; that the crossing was in plain sight for 1,250 feet; that the train was a light one, the track in good condition, and the day bright; and that the engineer saw the child when 600 feet distant from her. Moreover, the plaintiff offered to prove the distance within which such a train could be stopped. If this evidence had been admitted, it might have shown that if the engineer had made a proper effort the train could have been stopped after he discovered the child and before reaching her and that she was too young to be conscious of the danger to which she was exposed. With this evidence in the case, the question of the defendant’s negligence would be one of fact, and should be submitted to the jury. Chrystal v. Troy & Boston Railroad Co., 105 N. Y. 164; 6 St. Rep. 833; Spooner v. D., L. & W. Railroad Co., 115 N. Y. 22; 23 St. Rep. 554. We think that that evidence was admissible, and that the court erred in holding that expert evidence upon that subject could not be given, Mott v. Hudson R. Railroad Co., 21 N. Y. Supr. Ct. 345 ; Eckert v. Railway Co., 13 Mo. App. 352 ; Railroad Co. v. Dorsey, 68 Gra. 228, 235 ; Grimmell v. Railway Co., 73 Iowa, 93 ; Whart Ev. § 444. These views lead us -to the conclusion that the judgment should be reversed, and the plaintiff awarded a new trial, when all the evidence bearing upon the question of the defendant’s negligence can be presented.

Judgment and order reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.

All concur.  