
    The People, Resp’t, v. Michael J. O’Connell, App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, First Department,
    
    
      Filed May 18, 1894.)
    
    1. Evidence—Homicide.
    On the trial of an indictment for manslaughter, conversation between the defendant and the deceased as to the cause of her death is admissible.
    2. Homicide—Proof of cause of death.
    In the absence of any other cause, proof of a cause sufficient to produce death will sustain a finding that death resulted therefrom.
    Appeal from a judgment of conviction for manslaughter in the second degree.
    
      Chas. W. Broohe, for app’lt; John B. Lindsay, for the People.
   Van Brunt, P. J.

The defendant in this action was convicted upon indictment charging him with manslaughter, in having, on the 11th of Mayj 1890, willfully and maliciously caused the death of one Julia Ward, otherwise known as Julia O’Connell. The testimony was that the defendant and the deceased were apparently living together as man and wife at Mo. 301 East Thirty-third ■street, in the city of Mew York, occupying a bedroom in apartments rented by James King and wife, from some time in April, 1890, until May of the same year, when he killed her.

In considering the points which have been raised upon this appeal, it is not necessary to recite in detail the testimony which was offered. It will be sufficient to say that evidence was introduced showing that a scuffle had taken place between the defendant and a brother in-law of James King, to which attention was directed by the calling of the deceased for help, which scuffle was ended by the intervention of James King, who took his brother-in-law out of the room. The defendant remained in his bedroom, and the deceased and some other persons were sitting in the kitchen, which was a room near the bedroom, and the deceased was telling the others what had occurred. The defendant, during the recital, came in, and made a grab for the hair of the deceased, caught her by the back of the neck, and dragged her into her room, where he gave her a kick on the left side in the region of the stomach, she falling between the bedstead and a dressing case. The deceased was helped from the floor, and shortly after went to bed, and subsequently died from a miscarriage on the Thursday following the assault, which occurred on a Sunday.

It is urged that the court erred in permitting a witness to testify to what she beard the deceased say to the defendant upon the Tuesday preceding her death. The evidence is as follows: “ Q. Did you hear Mrs. O’Connell say anything to him on that Tuesday' ? A. I heard her say he was the cause of her death; that she knew she would never get over it. That was in his presence. Q. What were the exact words? (This was objected to. Objecjection overruled, and exception taken, and the question substantially repeated.) A. I heard her say he was the cause of her death. Q. Use her exact language. A. ‘ Mike, you are the cause of my death.’ Q. Anything else? A. Mo, sir; not that I remember.”

She further stated that this was all she heard her say. When asked, “ What did he say to that ? ” she answered, “ He said lie was sorry for what he done. If he had not been intoxicated, he would not have done it.” This evidence seems to have been, clearly competent. The charging' of a defendant with a crime, and his manner, demeanor, and speech, have always been received as competent evidence on the question of his guilt or innocence.

It is further urged that the court erred in permitting the witness Ellen Eiordan to testify to a conversation which occurred six months prior to the death of the deceased, and which did not in any manner relate to any threat upon the part of the deceased, or to any matter which could be the subject of the charge contained in the indictment, or have any relation thereto.

The evidence was admitted entirely without objection; and in any event we do not see but that it was competent, as it showed the circumstances under which the parties were living together, and the disposition which this defendant had exhibited towards the deceased upon previous occasions by his own confession. One of the ingredients of the crime depended upon is the willfullness of the assault, and the condition of mind of the defendant towards the deceased was certainly an element which the jury had a right to consider, and their previous intercourse necessarily threw light upon such questions.

It is further urged that the court erred in permitting the witness to testify to the occurrence on the Tuesday preceding the death of the deceased, and to statements alleged to have been made by the witness to the defendant at that time. The question which was objected to was entirely competent. The witness and the defendant met on this Tuesday after the assault, and she was asked : “Wlmt talk did you have there? ” An objection to this question was overruled, and the witness went on and answered ; another question was put and answered; and then a motion was made to strike it all out, which motion was granted. Tlius, if any of the testimony was incompetent (which that which was answered to the question first objected to does not appear to be), it was cured by the granting of the motion to strike it out.

It is further urged that the court erred in overruling the motion to advise the acquittal of the defendant at the close of the people’s case, upon the ground that there was no evidence tending to show that the kicks or blows administered to the deceased by the defendant occasioned the miscarriage which was the immediate cause of her death. And attention is called to the provisions of § 181 of the Penal Code, which provides that “no person can be convicted of murder or of manslaughter, unless the person alleged to have been killed and the facts of the killing by the defendant as alleged are each established as independent facts, the former by direct proof and the latter beyond a reasonable doubt.” It ajapears that the deceased was examined by two physicians prior to her death, and that one physician found bruises on the abdomen and some on her limbs, and that another physician, who saw the body immediately after death, observed marks on some parts of the abdomen. The physician who performed the autopsy testified to having found bruises on the right leg and thigh, but found no evidence of any blow on the stomach. He further testified that a light blow would probably have disappeared in a day or two, and he did not think a severe blow on the abdomen would be as apt to leave a mark as upon the limbs, because the tissues would be so soft that they would not show any marks. He further testified that the violence testified to by the witness would have been sufficient to cause the miscarriage, in the absence of any other attributable cause. Another physician concurred as to the probable effect of the violence used by the defendant in bringing about the miscarriage. This evidence was uncontradicted, except as to the possibility suggested by the counsel for the defendant on cross-examination, of the miscarriage being brought on by some cause-other than that shown by the evidence. It is clear that a cause sufficient to produce a result being proven, and no other cause being shown to have existed, is a sufficient basis for the conclusion that the result arose from the known cause, rather than from some cause the existence of which there is not the slightest evidence to establish. If, when a sufficient cause to produce a given result is proven, it is necessary to negative every other possible contingency which might produce the same result, conviction for crimes of violence would certainly be a rarity. There was not only evidence which justified the jury in finding that this assault was the cause of the miscarriage, but the evidence absolutely compelled such a conclusion; and no man could arrive at any different result who was guided by ordinary experience.

It is further urged that the learned judge who presided at the trial erred in charging the jury as follows : How, gentlemen, to convict a person of homicide, two things must be shown. There must be direct evidence that there was a person killed. That evidence has been introduced here. This woman is dead.

The use of the language in the paragraph, “ There must be direct evidence that there was a person killed,” undoubtedly was a lapsus linguae upon the part of the learned judge, to which his attention was in no manner called. If it had been, it would undoubtedly have been corrected, and is nothing like as formidable a mistake as that which is contained in the citation of the section to which the learned judge had reference, in the points of the counsel for the appellant. The provision of the section is: “ Ho person can be convicted of murder or manslaughter, unless the person alleged to have been killed and the facts of the killing by the defendant as alleged are each established as independent facts, the former by direct proof and the latter beyond a reasonable doubt.” Pen. Code, § 181.

The evident intention of the court was to quote the language of the section, namely, that there must be direct evidence of the death of the person alleged to have been killed, and not that there must be direct evidence that there was a person killed, because he goes on and quotes the second subdivision, which is to the effect that the jury must be satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant was guilty of causing the death. As has been observed, all that the court had intended to charge the jury was that the first proposition had been established, namely, that the person alleged to have been killed was dead; and that is all tiiat his language imported.

Upon an examination of the whole case, it appears that this defendant was guilty of a most brutal and unprovoked assault; that such had been his conduct towards this woman on previous occasions; and that the penalty which he received for his brutality not only did not exceed that which it merited, but by no means equaled it.

The conviction should be affirmed.

All concur.  