
    SECURITIES INVESTOR PROTECTION CORPORATION, Plaintiff, v. BERNARD L. MADOFF INVESTMENT SECURITIES LLC, Defendant. Irving H. Picard, Trustee for the Liquidation of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, Plaintiff, v. Andrew H. Cohen, Defendant.
    Adv. Proc. No. 08-01789 (SMB) (Substantively Consolidated), Adv. Proc. No. 10-04311(SMB)
    United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York.
    Signed April 25, 2016
    
      See also 2016 WL 1695296.
    
      BAKER & HOSTETLER LLP, Attorneys for Plaintiff, 45 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York 10111, David J. Sheehan, Esq., Nicholas J. Cremona, Esq., James H. Rollinson, Esq., Of Counsel
    LEWIS & McKENNA, Attorneys for Defendant, 82 E. Allendale Road, Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, Paul Z. Lewis, Esq. Gregory S. Goett, Esq. Of Counsel, LOEB & LOEB LLP, 345 Park Avenue New York, New York 10154, Gregory Schwed, Esq., Of Counsel, BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP, 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, District of Columbia 20006 Richard A. Kirby, Esq., Of Counsel, MILBERG LLP One Pennsylvania Plaza, 49th Floor New York, New York 10119 Matthew A. Kupillas, Esq. Of Counsel, DENTONS US LLP, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020-1089, Carole Neville, Esq., Of Counsel
    PRYOR CASHMAN LLP, 7 Times Square, New York, NY 10036, Richard Levy, Jr., Esq. Of Counsel, Attorneys for Proposed Intervenors
   SIPA Liquidation

MEMORANDUM DECISION DENYING MOTION TO INTERVENE OR TO PARTICIPATE AS AMICUS CURIAE

STUART M. BERNSTEIN, United States Bankruptcy Judge:

By a separate decision of this date, the Court issued post-trial proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law (the “Recommendation”) recommending that the District Court enter a final judgment in favor of the plaintiff,. Irving H. Picard (“Trustee”), Trustee for the SIPA Liquidation of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC (“BLMIS”) and against the defendant Andrew H. Cohen, in the sum of $1,143,461. A few days before the-trial, the defendants in fifty-seven adversary proceedings (the “Proposed Interve-nors”) initiated by the Trustee moved to intervene as a matter of right or by permission, or alternatively, to participate as amicus curiae in this adversary proceeding. (Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Intervene on Limited Common Legal Issues, dated Oct. 9, 2015 (the “Motion”) (ECF Doc. #61).) In the aggregate, they are represented by five law firms: Loeb & Loeb LLP (the “Loeb Defendants”), Milberg LLP (the “Milberg Defendants”), Pryor Cashman LLP (the “Pryor Defendants”), Baker & McKenzie LLP (the “Baker Defendants”) and Den-tons U.S. LLP (the “Dentons Defendants”).

This was not your typical intervention motion. The Proposed Intervenors did not seek to augment the factual record, but rather, wanted to argue (or more accurately, reargue) in favor of the antecedent debt/value defense discussed in the Recommendation. With a few exceptions, each Proposed Intervenor participated in one or more of three prior omnibus proceedings involving the antecedent debt/value issue, either directly or by joinder in the motions filed by other defendants. In addition, several of the Proposed Interve-nors moved unsuccessfully to certify an interlocutory appeal from the Antecedent Debt Decision.

The Declaration of Nicholas J. Cremo-na, Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 17f 6, in Support of Trustee’s Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Movants’ Motion to Intervene, dated Oct. 29, 2015 (“Cremona Declaration”)- (ECF Main Case Doc. # 11927), at Exhibit B, includes a breakdown of the prior proceedings in which each Proposed Intervenor participated.

1. All but one of the twenty-two Den-tons Defendants, America-Israel Cultural Foundation (Adv.Proc. No. 10-05058), participated in the Greiff decision, and that defendant participated in the Antecedent Debt Decision, the motion to certify an interlocutory appeal from the Antecedent Debt Decision and the Omnibus Good Faith Decision.

2. All sixteen of the Milberg Defendants were parties to the Greiff decision, and fourteen of the sixteen also participated in the Omnibus Good Faith Decision. Two Milberg Defendants, Gary Albert (Adv.Proc. No. 10-04966) and the Joseph S. Popkin Revocable Trust (Adv.Proc. No. 10-4712), were parties to the Omnibus Good Faith Decision as well as the Greiff Decision and the Antecedent Debt Decision.

3. All but one of the Pryor Defendants, Stanley Plesent (Adv.Proc. No. 10-04375), were parties to the Greiff decision, and Plesent was party to the Antecedent Debt Decision and the motion to certify an interlocutory appeal from that decision. In addition, five of the Pryor Defendants also participated in the Omnibus Good Faith Decision.

4. The six Loeb Defendants were parties to the Antecedent Debt Decision and the motion to certify an interlocutory appeal from that decision.

5. Of the five Baker Defendants, only one, Lowery (Adv.Proc. No. 10-04387), was a party to any of the antecedent debt/value decisions. Richard Kirby, Esq., the attorney at Baker that represents these defendants, had successfully moved to withdraw the reference on the antecedent debt/value defense on behalf of five clients, including Lowery. (See Order, dated May 10, 2012, Ex. A, Nos. 67, 155, 176, 178, 179 (EOF (DC) Doc. #107.) There is no explanation for why the other four Baker Defendants sat on the sidelines and did not participate in any of the prior proceedings. In any event, their counsel has taken advantage of the chance to make all of his arguments in support of the antecedent debt/value defense which are the same for every defendant.

The Recommendation explains how the prior omnibus proceedings resulted in adverse determinations to the participating defendants regarding the antecedent debt/value issue. They resulted in. interlocutory orders and the District Court denied the motion to certify an appeal from the Antecedent Debt Decision. Consequently, the Proposed Intervenors other than the four Baker Defendants have already had their day in court and must await a final judgment in their cases before asking the Second Circuit to decide the question. The four Baker Defendants can still raise the antecedent debt/value issue in their own cases, but given the history of the case, the prospects for success are not good in this Court and, probably, the District Court.

The Proposed Intervenors now seek to succeed where the motion to certify the interlocutory appeal failed. They want to bypass their own cases, intervene in Cohen’s adversary proceeding, and appeal an adverse final judgment to the Second Circuit. They have also raised the specter that they will seek to intervene in every trial that precedes their own for the same reason. Their Motion is denied for the reasons that follow.

DISCUSSION

A. Intervention as of Right

1. Introduction

Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule 24”), made applicable to this adversary proceeding by Rule 7024 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, governs intervention. Rule 24(a) addresses intervention as a matter of right, and provides, in pertinent part:

On timely motion, the court must permit anyone to intervene who:
(2) claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.

In order to intervene as of right under Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(a)(2), an applicant .must (1) file a timely application, (2) show an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject matter of the action, (3) demonstrate that the ability to protect that interest may be impeded or impaired by the disposition of the action, and (4) show that the interest is not protected adequately by the parties to the action. United States v. State of New York, 820 F.2d 554, 556 (2d Cir.1987); accord New York News, Inc. v. Kheel, 972 F.2d 482, 485 (2d Cir.1992); accord Brennan v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 260 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir.2001). The inquiry under Rule 24(a)(2) is a flexible one, 6 Daniel R. Coquillette, et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 24.03[l][b], at 24-23 (3d ed. 2015) (“Moore”), and the factors should “be read not discretely, but together.” United States v. Hooker Chems. & Plastics Corp., 749 F.2d 968, 983 (2d Cir.1984). “A showing that a very strong interest exists may warrant intervention upon a lesser showing of impairment or inadequacy of representation. Similarly, where representation is clearly inadequate, a lesser interest may suffice as a basis for granting intervention.” Id. Nevertheless, the movant must make some showing as to each element because the “[failure to satisfy any one of these requirements is sufficient grounds to deny the application.” United States v. State of New York, 820 F.2d at 556; accord Credit Suisse Sec. (USA) LLC v. Tracy, No. 14 Civ. 8568(NRB), 2015 WL 170241, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2015), aff'd, 812 F.3d 249 (2d Cir.2016); Louis Berger Grp., Inc. v. State Bank of India, 802 F.Supp.2d 482, 487 (S.D.N.Y.2011).

The plaintiff argues that the Proposed Intervenors have failed to satisfy all four elements.

2. Timeliness

“Among the factors to be taken into account to determine whether a motion to intervene is timely are: (a) the length of time the applicant knew or should have known of his interest before making the motion; (b) prejudice to existing parties resulting from the applicant’s delay; (c) prejudice to applicant if the motion is denied; and (d) presence of unusual circumstances militating for or against a finding of timeliness.” United States v. State of New York, 820 F.2d at 557. The most significant criterion is whether the delay in moving for intervention has prejudiced any of the existing parties. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Mitlof 193 F.R.D. 154, 160 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (quoting United States v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 62 F.R.D. 530, 541-42 (S.D.N.Y.1974)).

The Motion is timely, although the reasons for its timeliness cut against granting it. With the exceptions noted, the Proposed Intervenors have unsuccessfully litigated the antecedent debt/value issue once, twice, and in some cases, three times. They do not expect a different outcome here, and possibly, in the District Court. (Motion at 1-2 (“Customers recognize that prior decisions by the District Court and this Court in the motion to dismiss context have held that customer-defendants are entitled to assert the “value” defense only in the amount of the net nominal dollars deposited.”).) Having already presented their arguments to this Court and the District Court without success, they are looking for a shortcut to the Second Circuit. They cannot get that review through their own cases because their cases are not ready for trial. (See id. at 2 (“Customers seek to be heard before this Court decides the issue as a threshold to further review, in order to assure that all relevant theories of the defense and related matters are considered at all levels.”).) If the Court grants intervention and the District Court adopts the Recommendation and enters a final judgment against Cohen, they will appeal that judgment to the Second Circuit and bypass their own adversary proceedings.

The District Court previously refused to expedite Second Circuit review when Judge Rakoff denied the motion to certify the Antecedent Debt Decision for interlocutory appeal. SIPC v. BLMIS (In re BLMIS), 987 F.Supp.2d 309 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). Several of the Proposed Interve-nors, including all the Loeb Defendants, participated in those proceedings. (Cre-mona Declaration, Ex. B.) The Motion represents an effort to succeed where the certification motion failed. In addition, the Proposed Intervenors are now contemplating filing the same intervention motion in another trial ready adversary proceeding, Picard v. Auerbach Revocable Trust (In re BLMIS), Adv. Proc. No. 10-04891. On February 22, 2016, they wrote to the Court requesting a conference to address “how our clients may be heard on those common legal issues, which transcend the Auerbach case and apply equally to their adversary proceedings and the many other actions brought by the Trustee against innocent customers.” (Letter from Richard Levy, Jr., Esq., et al. to the Court, dated Feb. 22, 2016 (ECF Adv. Proc. No. 10-04891 Doc. # 67).) The common issues included the antecedent debt/value defense. (Id.) The Proposed Intervenors went on to state that-they “would prefer not to have to seek formal intervention each time an adversary proceeding against another innocent customer reaches the point of being scheduled for trial,” because it adds considerable legal expense and duplication of effort, and proposed that the Court establish procedures to address common issues.” (Id.) They seem to have forgotten that they already participated in one or more omnibus motions that addressed common issues, including the antecedent debt/value defense.

Nevertheless, the Motion is timely under the criteria discussed above. The Proposed Intervenors had no reason to seek to intervene prior to trial, or more aptly, the post-trial briefing. They did not participate in the development of the eviden-tiary record, and their admitted goal is to argue the antecedent debt/value defense before the Second Circuit regardless of who prevails in the District Court. Nor is there prejudice to the Trustee since he must address the same arguments made by Cohen. Accordingly, although the Proposed Intervenors admit that their intervention motion in this and other trial ready cases will add “considerable legal expense and duplication of effort,” the Court concludes that the Motion is not untimely.

3. Interest

A proposed intervenor does not have to assert a property interest, but rather “an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action.” Brennan v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 260 F.3d at 130 (quoting Rule 24(a)(2)). “The ‘interest’ required by Rule 24(a)(2) has never been defined with particular precision,” Sec. Ins. Co, of Hartford v. Schipporeit, Inc., 69 F.3d 1377, 1380 (7th Cir.1995), but at a minimum, it must be a “significantly protectable interest,” Donaldson v. United States, 400 U.S. 517, 531, 91 S.Ct. 534, 27 L.Ed.2d 580 (1971), that is direct and substantial. Washington Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Mass. Mun. Wholesale Elec. Co., 922 F.2d 92, 97 (2d Cir.1990). “An interest that is remote from the subject matter of the proceeding, or that is contingent upon the occurrence of a sequence of events before it becomes colorable, will not satisfy the rule.” United States v. Peoples Benefit Life Ins. Co., 271 F.3d 411, 415 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Washington Elec. Coop., 922 F.2d at 97.) “A claim based only on an indirect economic effect of some action is rarely considered the same as a protectable right or interest sufficient to justify intervention.” 6 Moore § 24.03[2][b], at 24-32.

The Proposed Intervenors do not have a “significantly protectable interest” in the transaction that is the subject matter of the Trustee’s adversary proceeding against Cohen. The adversary proceeding seeks to claw back the fictitious profits that Cohen withdrew from his own BLMIS account. The Proposed Intervenors do not have an interest in that account. Furthermore, a determination adverse to Cohen will not result in a judgment against the Proposed Intervenors, or one that will bind the Proposed Intervenors. Instead, they conflate the separate requirements under Rule 24(a)(2) that they have an interest and that their interest may be impeded or impaired. Their conclusion: they are entitled to intervene as of right because an adverse judgment against Cohen will impair their ability to defend their own actions based on stare decisis, (Motion at 7 (“The Second Circuit further has held that even when a pending action may not directly bind a proposed intervenor, intervention as of right is required if ‘there is a substantial likelihood that the claims and interests of the proposed intervenors ... may be adversely affected at least by principles of stare decisis, arising out of the final judgment to be entered in this case.’ ” (quoting Oneida Indian Nation of Wis. v. New York, 732 F.2d 261, 265 (2d Cir.1984)).)

If stare decisis were the sole criteria under Rule 24(a)(2), there would be an intervention free for all. Any person whose interests might be impaired or impeded by an adverse decision in an unrelated litigation could intervene as of right. There are many Ponzi scheme bankruptcies pending around the nation, including the Southern District of New York, that raise the same antecedent debt/value issue asserted by the Proposed Intervenors. For example, in Bayou Group, the Bankruptcy Court rejected the defendants’ arguments that the payment of fictitious profits constituted the satisfaction of an antecedent debt for contractual or statutory interest, Bayou Superfund, LLC v. WAM Long/Short Fund II, L.P. {In re Bayou Grp., LLC), 362 B.R. 624, 635 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2007), or value under Bankruptcy Code § 548(c). See Bayou Accredited Fund, LLC v. Redwood Growth Partners, L.P. {In re Bayou Group, LLC), 396 B.R. 810, 843 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2008), aff'd in part and rev’d in part on other grounds, 439 B.R. 284 (S.D.N.Y.2010).

Under their theory of Rule 24(á), the Proposed Intervenors would have the absolute right to intervene in the Bayou Group fraudulent transfer litigations and appeal an adverse decision to the Second Circuit because its ruling on these legal issues would be stare decisis on the District and Bankruptcy Courts in the Circuit. 18 Moore § 134.02[2] at 134-26.2. (“[T]he doctrine of stare decisis applies to other courts owing obedience to that court.”). An adverse ruling on the antecedent debi/value issue by the Second Circuit in the Bayou Group case would have the same effect on the Proposed Intervenors as an adverse ruling by that Court in Cohen’s case.

Furthermore, the numerous authorities they cite, (see Motion at 6-9; Reply Memorandum of Law In Support of Motion to Intervene on Limited Common Legal Issues, dated Nov. 11, 2015 (“Reply ”), at 8-10 (ECF Doc. # 69)), do not hold that the effect of stare decisis gives them a significantly protectable direct and substantial interest relating to the transaction that is the subject of the Cohen lawsuit. In each case, the interest requirement was undisputed or separately satisfied, and the courts discussed stare decisis, if at all, in connection with the other requirements of Rule 24(a)(2). For example, in Stone v. First Union Corp., 371 F.3d 1305 (11th Cir.2004) and United States v. Oregon, 839 F.2d 635 (9th Cir.1988), the parties agreed that the proposed intervenors had an interest relating to the property or transaction that was the subject of the action, Stone, 371 F.3d at 1309, or there was “no question that the applicants have an interest relating to the facility which is the subject of the action.” Oregon, 839 F.2d at 637. The portions of the opinions cited by the Proposed Intervenors addressed whether stare decisis might impede or impair those interests, a separate question. Stone, 371 F.3d at 1309-10; Oregon, 839 F.2d at 638-39. Likewise, in Hooker, 749 F.2d 968, which involved an environmental suit brought by the Government, the principal dispute concerned the adequacy of representation. See id. at 975. The Court concluded that representation was adequate because the Government was suing on behalf of its citizens, id. at 984, and “a greater showing that representation is inadequate should be required.” Id. at 985. Similarly, in Oneida Indian Nation of Wisconsin v. State of New York, 732 F.2d 261 (2d Cir.1984), the proposed intervenors asserted a direct interest in the ownership of the very land that was the subject of the civil action, and the District Court had concluded that they alleged a sufficient interest in the subject land. Id. at 264. The District Court nevertheless denied intervention but the Second Circuit reversed ruling “there is a substantial likelihood that the claims and interests of the proposed intervenors concerning the disputed lands may be adversely affected at least by principles of stare decisis, arising out of the final judgment to be entered in this case.” Id. at 265.

The Oneida Nation Court cited New York Pub. Interest Research Grp., Inc. v. Regents of the Univ. of the State of New York, 516 F.2d 350 (2d Cir.1975), another authority mentioned by the Proposed In-tervenors. There, a group of pharmacists sought to intervene in an action seeking to enjoin the enforcement of a regulation that prohibited the advertisement of prescription drug prices. The Court first concluded that the proposed intervenors had an interest in the transaction because the same regulation affected their economic interests as well as the profession and the way that pharmacists conducted their business. Id. 351-52. The Court then ruled that the “disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede their ability to protect their interests” because of “the possible stare decisis effect of an adverse decision.” Id. at 352.

In Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. Mitlof, 193 F.R.D. 154 (S.D.N.Y.2000), the plaintiff-insurer (“Hartford”) brought a declaratory judgment action against its insureds and additional insureds, arguing that it had no duty to defend or indemnify the defendants for liability arising out of a marine accident. The additional insureds (the “Nyack Defendants”) had their own policy with Reliance, but the Hartford policy provided their primary insurance coverage. The District Court granted Reliance’s motion to intervene as a right, stating that Reliance “clearly has an interest in the determination of whether or not Hartford is obligated to defend, and, if necessary, indemnify the Nyack Defendants.” Id. at 160. If the Hartford policy is not void, Hartford, must provide the defense, and the limits of that policy must be exhausted before Reliance was obligated to cover any judgments. Conversely, if the Hartford policy is void, Reliance alone must bear the costs. Id.

Del. Trust Co. v. Wilmington Trust, N.A., 534 B.R. 500 (S.D.N.Y.2015) con- ' cerned a dispute relating to the allocation of cash collateral payments among three groups of lien creditors. One of the lien agents brought a contract action to determine the appropriate method of allocation. The complaint named the agent for one of the other groups of lien holders, but apparently, the third group of lien holders was not made a party. The District Court granted the intervention motion, without opposition, made by two members of the latter group. The District Court stated that they had significant interests relating to the appropriate method for allocating the cash collateral payments and no pther party represented their interests, or could adequately advocate their position. Id. at 510.

In N.J. Carpenters Health Fund v. Residential Capital, LLC, No. 08 CV 8781(HB), 2010 WL 5222127 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2010), the plaintiffs commenced a class action for violations of the federal securities laws relating to misstatements and omissions in seventy-four sets of similar offering documents pertaining to certain. mortgage-backed securities. The plaintiffs had only made purchases in response to six of the offerings, and the District Court dismissed the claims relating to the other offerings based on lack of standing. Id. at *1. The District Court subsequently granted the motion to inter-; vene by those who had purchased pursuant to the other offerings because the interve-nors’ claims arose out of the same transaction or occurrence that was the subject of the pending action, the various offerings had common misstatements and omissions, and although the proposed intervenors did not have an interest in the property that was then the subject matter of the action (the claims relating to their offerings had been dismissed for lack of standing), they had a “direct, substantial and legally pro-tectable” interest relating to the transaction that was the subject of the action. Id. at *4 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Finally, Nuesse v. Camp, 385 F.2d 694 (D.C.Cir.1967) is wholly inapposite. There, a Wisconsin bank challenged the Comptroller of the Currency’s impending action to authorize a rival bank to open a nearby branch' allegedly in violation of federal and state law. The Commissioner of Banks of the State of Wisconsin (“Commissioner”) sought unsuccessfully to intervene in the District Court, but the Circuit Court reversed. Addressing intervention as of right, the Court concluded that the Commissioner had an interest in the transaction. The Court observed that it would not apply Rule 24 literally to atypical cases such as the one before it because such administrative cases “vary from the norm.” Id. at 700 (quoting Textile Workers Union of Am. v. Allendale Co., 226 F.2d 765, 767 (D.C.Cir.1955)). The Commissioner was seeking to intervene to promote a state policy, and “a state official directly concerned in effectuating the state policy has an ‘interest’ in a legal controversy involving the Comptroller which concerns the nature and protection of the state policy.” Id.

In short, the Proposed Intervenors’ contention that the stare decisis effect of an adverse judgment in Cohen gives them an interest relating to the transaction in Cohen lacks merit.

4. Impairment or Impediment

The Proposed Intervenors have also failed to demonstrate that the disposition of the Cohen matter “may as a practical matter impede or impair [their] ability to protect [their] interest^]” because they do not have interests relating to the property or transaction that is the subject matter of this action. Furthermore, the District Court previously rejected Cohen’s antecedent debt/value defense in the Antecedent Debt Decision, and this Court has refused to permit Cohen to reargue the merits of that decision. In fact, virtually all of the Proposed Intervenors, and all of the law firms representing the Proposed Interve-nors, have raised and lost the antecedent debt/value argument in this Court, the District Court, or both. Thus, the rejection of their antecedent debt/value defense is already stare decisis and in most instances law of the case. A recommendation by this Court or a final judgment by the District Court that is adverse to Cohen will not change that.

Instead, the Proposed Intervenors are concerned with the stare decisis effect of a Second Circuit decision in Cohen on their own cases. The Proposed Intervenors have not supported their argument that this concern allows them to intervene in Cohen on an issue that has already been decided against them in their own cases in order to enable them to ■ appeal to the Second Circuit in Cohen’s case.

5. Lack of Adequate Representation

Finally, the applicant must demonstrate that its interest will not be adequately represented. As stated, the Proposed In-tervenors have failed to show that they have interests within the meaning of Rule 24(a)(2) relating to the transaction that is the subject of the Cohen adversary proceeding. But even if they did, they have failed to satisfy this factor.

Although the burden of showing such an inadequacy is minimal, Washington Elec. Coop., 922 F.2d at 98, the Second Circuit has “demanded a more rigorous showing of inadequacy in cases where the putative intervenor and a named party have the same ultimate objective.” Butler, Fitzgerald & Potter v. Sequa Corp., 250 F.3d 171, 179 (2d Cir.2001); accord Wash. Elec. Coop., 922 F.2d at 98; U.S. Postal Serv. v. Brennan, 579 F.2d 188, 191 (2d Cir.1978). “So long as the party has demonstrated sufficient motivation to litigate vigorously and to present all colorable contentions, a district judge does not exceed the bounds of discretion by concluding that the interests of the intervenor are adequately represented.” Natural Res. Def. Council v. New York State Dep’t of Envtl. Conservation, 834 F.2d 60, 62 (2d Cir.1987); see Delaware Trust, 534 B.R. at 509 (“As to the final requirement, adequacy, a proposed intervenor’s interests cannot be ‘identical’ to those of other parties, and cannot be adequately represented by another party.”).

“Where there is an identity of interest, ... the movant to intervene must rebut the presumption of adequate representation by the party already in the action.” Butler, Fitzgerald & Potter, 250 F.3d at 179-80. To rebut the presumption, the movant must provide evidence of collusion, adversity of interest, nonfea-sance or incompetence. Id. at 180; St. John’s Univ. v. Bolton, 450 Fed.Appx. 81, 84 (2d Cir.2011) (summary order) (“ ‘[W]hen there is an identify of interest between a putative intervenor and an existing party to the action,’ a ‘presumption of adequate representation’ attaches in the absence of evidence of collusion, adversity of interest, nonfeasance, or incompetence.’ ”) (quoting Butler, 250 F.3d at 180); accord Chevron Corp. v. Donziger, No. 11 Civ. 0691(LAK); 2011 WL 2150450, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. May 21, 2011). Courts outside the Second Circuit have also considered whether the proposed in-tervenors’ interests “are sufficiently different in kind or degree from those of the named party,” B. Fernandez & Hnos., Inc. v. Kellogg USA, Inc., 440 F.3d 541, 546 (1st Cir.2006), and when absentee parties will be affected or may be bound, “Courts have held that asymmetry in the intensity of the interest can prevent a named party from representing the interests of the absentee.” Glancy v. Taubman Ctrs., Inc., 373 F.3d 656, 675 (6th Cir.2004) (construing Rule 19(b)).

The Proposed Intervenors have asserted the same antecedent debt/value defenses as Cohen, and they and Cohen desire the same outcome. Cohen has vigorously defended this action and pressed the antecedent debt/value defense in this adversary proceeding. The Proposed In-tervenors do not “impugn the competence or diligence of Mr. Cohen’s counsel,” (Motion at 11), and do not accuse Cohen’s counsel of collusion, adversity of interest, nonfeasance or incompetence. Instead, they contend that they have a greater economic incentive and ability to continue the battle. (Id. at 10-11.)

The plaintiff is suing Cohen for more than $1 million which may not seem like much to the Proposed Intervenors but, I suspect, is a great deal to Cohen. He has a substantial incentive to keep fighting. The Proposed Intervenors have aggregated their claims in order to prosecute another omnibus argument, but they have not shown that the interest of any Proposed Intervenor is any greater than Cohen’s. And although Cohen’s counsel has accrued substantial, unpaid legal fees, he has not shown the slightest inclination to withdraw or abandon his zealous advocacy of Cohen’s interests. Finally, they have not identified any arguments that Cohen has failed or refused to make.

Accordingly, I conclude that the Proposed Intervenors have failed to show that their own interests are inadequately represented.

B. Permissive Intervention

Rule 24(b) governs permissive intervention. It provides in pertinent part:

(1) In General. On r timely motion, the court may permit anyone to intervene who:
(B) has a claim or defense that shares with the main action a common question of law or fact.
(3) Delay or Prejudice. In exercising its discretion, the court must consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the original parties’ rights.

For the reasons stated, the Proposed Intervenors’ motion is timely, and they and Cohen share the same antecedent debt/value defense. This, however, is the initial inquiry, not the final one, and the decision to permit intervention under Rule 24(b) is committed to the Court’s discretion. See Washington Elec. Coop., 922 F.2d at 98 (“Reversal of a denial of permissive intervention is only appropriate where the district court exceeds its broad discretion.”). In exercising its discretion, the Court may consider additional relevant factors, including “ ‘the nature and extent of the intervenors’ interests,’ the degree to which those interests are ‘adequately represented by other parties,’ and ‘whether parties seeking intervention will significantly contribute to [the] full development of the underlying factual issues in the suit and to the just and equitable adjudication of the legal questions presented.’ ” Diversified Grp., Inc. v. Daugerdas, 217 F.R.D. 152, 157 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (quoting H.L. Hayden Co. of New York, Inc. v. Siemens Med. Sys., Inc., 797 F.2d 85, 89 (2d Cir.1986)); accord Delaware Trust, 534 B.R. at 509; see 6 Moore § 24.10[2][b], at 24-66 (“In deciding on a motion for permissive intervention, a court will consider whether the movant’s input is likely to make a significant and useful contribution to the development of the underlying factual and legal issues or, alternatively, is likely to be counterproductive.”).

The Proposed Intervenors have had several opportunities to present their antecedent debt/value arguments, those arguments have been rejected, and hearing them again will not add value to the disposition of the antecedent debt/value defense in this Court. In addition, because they and Cohen share the same interests, intervention is unnecessary to protect their rights. See H.L. Hayden Co., 797 F.2d at 88-89. Accordingly, the Court declines in the exercise of its discretion to permit the Proposed Intervenors to intervene.

C. Participation as Amicus Curiae

In the alternative, the Proposed Intervenors seek to participate in this adversary proceeding as amicus curiae. “An amicus is not a party to the litigation, but participates only to assist the court.” United States v. Gotti, 755 F.Supp. 1157, 1158 (E.D.N.Y.1991). “The usual rationale for amicus curiae submissions is that they are of aid to the court and offer insights not available from the parties.” Auto. Club of N. Y., Inc. v. The Port Auth. of N.Y. and N. J., No. 11 Civ. 6746(RJH), 2011 WL 5865296, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 22, 2011). “While there is certainly no requirement that amici be totally disinterested, ‘the partiality of an amicus is a factor to consider in deciding whether to allow participation.’ ” Picard v. Greiff, 797 F.Supp.2d 451, 452 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (quoting Waste Mgmt. of Pennsylvania, Inc. v. City of York, 162 F.R.D. 34, 36 (M.D.Pa.1995)). The decision whether to permit a person to appear as amicus curiae is committed to the Court’s discretion. Id.

In Picard v. Greiff, Judge Rakoff denied a similar motion and the same rationale supports the denial of the Proposed Inter-venors’ alternative request. There, Greiff filed an omnibus motion on behalf of 313 defendants to withdraw the reference, inter alia, on whether the Trustee’s alleged financial stake in the litigations he commenced violated the defendants’ due process rights. (ECF 11 Civ. 3775 Doc. # 1, at 15-17.) Lawrence Velvel moved to file an amicus brief in Greiff s adversary proceeding on the issue. Noting that Velvel was a defendant in his own adversary proceeding brought by the Trustee, Judge Rakoff denied the motion because Velvel “could not provide the Court with ‘neutral assistance in analyzing the issues before it.’ ” Id. (quoting In re Baldwin-United Corp., 607 F.Supp. 1312, 1327 (S.D.N.Y.1985)).

Here, the Proposed Intervenors are defendants in their own adversary proceedings in which they have raised the antecedent debt/value defense. They have also participated in one or more omnibus proceedings in which they have raised the defense. They cannot provide the Court with neutral assistance on the issue, and moreover, Cohen’s counsel has shown that he is capable of litigating the question as well as they can.

Accordingly, the Proposed Intervenors’ alternative request to participate as ami-cus curiae is denied.

Submit order. 
      
      .The Baker Defendants were formerly represented by K & L Gates LLP. The attorney responsible for the matter at K & L moved to Baker, and Baker assumed the representation. This opinion refers to this group as the Baker Defendants without regard which firm was representing them at the time.
     
      
      . The prior proceedings and the decisions arising therefrom are discussed at length in the Recommendation. I assume familiarity with the proceedings and refer to the corresponding decisions as defined in the Recommendation.
     
      
      . “ECF Main Case” refers to the electronic docket in Adv. Proc. No. 08-01789.
     
      
      . "ECF (DC) Doc” refers to the electronic docket relating to the District Court’s case number 12-MC-115.
     
      
      . The Proposed Intervenors argue that "relating to" as used in Rule 24(a)(2) should be read broadly because Picard v. Ida Fishman Revocable Trust (In re BLMIS), 773 F.3d 411 (2d Cir.2014), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 135 S.Ct. 2859, 192 L.Ed.2d 910 (2015) read the phrase "related to” in Bankruptcy Code § 546(e) expansively. (Motion at 8-9.) The Ida Fishman Court was interpreting a phrase in the context of a statute. Its reading of "related to” does not bear on the interpretation of a similar phrase used in Rule 24, especially in light of the ample Second Circuit precedent interpreting Rule 24(a)(2),
     
      
      . Stare decisis refers to “[t]he doctrine of precedent, under which a court must follow earlier judicial decisions when the same points arise in litigation.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1626 (10th ed.2014).
     
      
      . In fact, the Court posed this exact hypothetical to the Proposed Intervenors at oral argument, and their counsel for the Loeb Defendants acknowledged the possibility of their right to intervene:
      THE COURT: Can I ask a question?
      MR. SCHWED: Yes.
      THE COURT: Suppose that trial was scheduled in Bayou (ph)—
      MR. SCHWED: In—
      THE COURT: — in Bayou Ponzi Scheme case—
      MR. SCHWED: Yes.
      THE COURT: — and the same issue arose, would you have the right to intervene in that case?
      MR. SCHWED: Well, it’s possible. I mean, the standards under 24 — and we can go through those. I mean, I'm — we're prepared to file the motion. But I’m certainly happy to just go through the standards.
      
        (Declaration of Gregory Schwed in Support of Motion to Intervene on Limited Common Legal Issues, dated Oct. 9, 2015, Ex. 1, at 11:2-14 (ECF Doc. # 62-1).)
     
      
      . The intervenors in Hooker raised the possibility of stare decisis in connection with their argument that a judgment in the main action would impair or impede their ability to prosecute their own actions. Hooker, 749 F.2d at 973, 974.
     
      
      . Cohen says he supports the intervention because he has limited means to continue the fight, including post-trial proceedings and subsequent appeals. (Defendant Andrew H. Cohen’s Post-Trial Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, dated Dec. 9, 2015, at 9 (ECF Doc. # 74).) Thus far, however, he has zealously defended the Trustee's action.
     
      
      . The Proposed Intervenors accuse the Trustee of selecting Cohen’s case to try first because Cohen, in their view, is a weaker adversary. This was one of approximately 1,000 fraudulent transfer adversary proceedings commenced by the Trustee. The Order (1) Establishing Litigation Case Management Procedures for Avoidance Actions and (2) Amending the February 16, 2010 Protective Order, dated Nov. 10, 2010 ("Litigation Procedures Order”) (ECF Main Case No. 3141) governs the procedures for all of the adversary proceedings, and ultimately, determines when they are trial ready. The Cohen case proceeded to trial more quickly than those against the Proposed Intervenors because it was trial ready under terms of the Litigation Procedures Order while the adversary proceedings involving the Proposed Intervenors' are not.
     
      
      . The District Court ultimately withdrew the reference in Greiff on the antecedent debt/value and Bankruptcy Code § 546(e) safe harbor issues, (Order, dated Sept. 15, 2011 (ECF 11 Civ. 3775 No. 19)), and rendered tire Greiff decision discussed in the Recommendation. This Court subsequently rejected the due process argument highlighted by Greiff in his motion to withdraw the reference. Omnibus Good Faith Decision, 531 B.R. 439, 458-60 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2015). Velvel settled with the Trustee and the adversary proceeding against Velvel was dismissed by stipulation. (Picard v. Velvel, Adv. Proc. No. 10-05412 (ECF Doc. # 27).)
     