
    James J. Gallagher, Appellant, v Benjamin V. Lambert et al., Respondents.
    Argued October 19, 1989;
    decided December 14, 1989
    
      POINTS OF COUNSEL
    
      Daniel J. Kornstein, Marvin Wexler and Wayne O. Alpern for appellant.
    I. Respondents’ manipulation of the stockholders’ agreement violated the fiduciary duties they owed to appellant. (Pepper v Litton, 308 US 295; Alpert v 28 Williams St. Corp., 63 NY2d 557; Schwartz v Marien, 37 NY2d 487; Case v New York Cent. R. R. Co., 15 NY2d 150; Kavanaugh v Kavanaugh Knitting Co., 226 NY 185; Clark v Pattern Analysis & Recognition Corp., 87 Misc 2d 385; People v Concord Fabrics, 83 Misc 2d 120, 50 AD2d 787; Public Serv. Mut. Ins. Co. v Goldfarb, 53 NY2d 392; Botany Indus. v New York Joint Bd., Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 375 F Supp 485, judgment vacated on other grounds sub nom. Robb v New York Joint Bd., Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 506 F2d 1246; Matter of Dobbs Ferry Union Free School Dist. [Dobbs Ferry United Teachers], 90 Misc 2d 819.) II. Wholly aside from their fiduciary obligations, respondents owed, and breached, a duty of good-faith performance. (Kirke La Shelle Co. v Armstrong Co., 263 NY 79; Van Valkenburgh, Nooger & Neville v Hayden Publ. Co., 30 NY2d 34; Rowe v Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 46 NY2d 62; Wood v Duff-Gordon, 222 NY 88; Shepard v Spring Hollow, 87 AD2d 126; Brookfield Indus. v Goldman, 87 AD2d 752; Copy-Data v Toshiba Am., 582 F Supp 231, revd on other grounds sub nom. Sklut Hide & Furs v Prudential Lines, 755 F2d 923, 474 US 824; Zimmer v Wells Mgt. Corp., 348 F Supp 540.) III. In any event, the contract here did not permit respondents to act as they did. (Lacks v Fidelity & Cas. Co., 306 NY 357; Jacobson v Sassower, 66 NY2d 991; Alpert v 28 
      
      Williams St. Corp., 63 NY2d 557; Van Dyke Prods. v Eastman Kodak Co., 12 NY2d 301; Ciofalo v Vic Tanney Gyms, 10 NY2d 294; Lemmon v Cedar Point, 406 F2d 94; Coleman v Graybar Elec. Co., 195 F2d 374; Matter of Pace Photographers [Rosen], 71 NY2d 737.)
    
      Catherine Samuels and Lynn E. Judell for respondents.
    I. This court’s decision in Ingle v Glamore controls this case. (Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales, 73 NY2d 183; Weisman v Awnair Corp., 3 NY2d 444; Lemmon v Cedar Point, 406 F2d 94; Coleman v Graybar Elec. Co., 195 F2d 374; Matter of Pace Photographers [Rosen], 71 NY2d 737.) II. Plaintiffs causes of action are barred by Murphy v American Home Prods. (Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293; Keating v BBDO Intl., 438 F Supp 676; Carlson v Viacom Intl., 566 F Supp 289; Bevilacque v Ford Motor Co., 125 AD2d 516; Landorf v Glottstein, 131 Misc 2d 432, 127 AD2d 1016; Sabetay v Sterling Drug, 69 NY2d 329.) III. As a matter of law, plaintiffs claims are precluded by the stockholders’ agreement. (Securities Commn. v Chenery Corp., 318 US 80; Bevilacque v Ford Motor Co., 125 AD2d 516; Coleman v Taub, 638 F2d 628; Jenkins v Haworth, Inc., 572 F Supp 591; Allen v Biltmore Tissue Corp., 2 NY2d 534; Matter of Pace Photographers, 133 AD2d 829; Isaacson v Beau Label Corp., 93 AD2d 880; Concord Auto Auction v Rustin, 627 F Supp 1526; Keating v BBDO Intl., 438 F Supp 676.) IV. As a matter of law, appellant’s employment termination does not constitute a minority shareholder freeze-out. (Matter of Kemp & Beatley [Gardstein], 64 NY2d 63; Matter of Wiedy’s Furniture Clearance Center Co., 108 AD2d 81.) V. Appellant’s cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty should be dismissed for failure to meet basic pleading requirements. (Greenbaum v American Metal Climax, 27 AD2d 225; Greenberg v Acme Folding Box Co., 84 Misc 2d 181; Lanzi v Brooks, 54 AD2d 1057, 43 NY2d 778; Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293.) VI. Appellant’s claims should have been dismissed for failure to meet the burden on a motion for summary judgment. (Fender v Prescott, 101 AD2d 418; Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557; Twining, Nemia & Hill v Read Mem. Hosp., 89 AD2d 432; Hendries, Inc. v American Express Co., 35 AD2d 412; Oates v Marino, 106 AD2d 289; Fried v Bower & Gardner, 46 NY2d 765.) VII. As a matter of policy, the opinion by the court below should be affirmed. (Coleman v Taub, 638 F2d 628; St. Louis Union Trust Co. v Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 562 F2d 1040, 435 US 925; Alpert v 28 Williams St. Corp., 63 NY2d 457; Sabetay v Sterling Drug, 69 NY2d 329.)
   OPINION OF THE COURT

Bellacosa, J.

Plaintiff Gallagher purchased stock in the defendant close corporation with which he was employed. The purchase of his 8.5% interest was subject to a mandatory buy-back provision: if the employment ended for any reason before January 31, 1985, the stock would return to the corporation for book value. The corporation fired plaintiff prior to the fulcrum date, after which the buy-back price would have been higher.

We must decide whether plaintiffs dismissed causes of action, seeking the higher repurchase price based on an alleged breach of a fiduciary duty, should be reinstated. We think not and affirm, concluding that the Appellate Division did not err in dismissing these causes of action by summary judgment because there was no cognizable breach of any fiduciary duty owed to plaintiff under the plain terms of the parties’ repurchase agreement.

Gallagher was employed by defendant Eastdil Realty as a mortgage broker from 1968 to 1973. Three years later, in 1976, he returned to the company as a broker, officer and director, serving additionally as president and chief executive officer of defendant’s wholly owned subsidiary, Eastdil Advisors, Inc. Gallagher was at all times an employee at will. Still later, in 1981, Eastdil offered all its executive employees an opportunity to purchase stock subject to a mandatory buyback provision, which provided that upon "voluntary resignation or other termination” prior to January 31, 1985, an employee would be required to return the stock for book value. After that date, the formula for the buy-back price was keyed to the company’s earnings. Plaintiff accepted the offer and its terms.

On January 10, 1985, Gallagher was fired by Eastdil Realty. He did not and does not now contest the firing. But he demanded payment for his shares calculated on the post-January 31, 1985 buy-back formula. Eastdil refused and Gallagher sued, asserting eight causes of action. Only three claims, based on an alleged breach of fiduciary duty of good faith and fair dealing, are before us. The trial court denied defendants’ motion for summary judgment on these claims, stating that factual issues were raised relating to defendants’ motive in firing plaintiff. The Appellate Division, by divided vote, reversed, dismissed those claims and ordered payment for the shares at book value. That court then granted leave and certified the following question to us: "Was the order of this Court, which modified the order of the Supreme Court, properly made?”

The parties negotiated a written contract containing a common and plain buy-back provision. Plaintiff got what he bargained for — book value for his minority shares if his employment in the corporation ended before January 31, 1985. There being no basis presented for the courts to interfere with the operation and consequences of this agreement between the parties, the order of the Appellate Division granting summary judgment to defendants, dismissing the first three causes of action, should be affirmed and the certified question answered in the affirmative.

Earlier this year, in Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales (73 NY2d 183), we expressly refrained from deciding the precise issue presented by this case. There, the challenge was directed to the at-will discharge from employment and was predicated on a claimed fiduciary obligation flowing from the shareholder relationship. Relying principally on Sabetay v Sterling Drug (69 NY2d 329, 335-336) and Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp. (58 NY2d 293, 300), we held that "[a] minority shareholder in a close corporation, by that status alone, who contractually agrees to the repurchase of his shares upon termination of his employment for any reason, acquires no right from the corporation or majority shareholders against at-will discharge. ” (Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales, 73 NY2d, supra, at 188 [emphasis added].) However, we cautioned that "[i]t is necessary * * * to appreciate and keep distinct the duty a corporation owes to a minority shareholder as a shareholder from any duty it might owe him as an employee. ” (Id., at 188.)

The causes before us on this appeal are based on an alleged departure from a fiduciary duty of fair dealing existing independently of the employment and arising from the plaintiff’s simultaneous relationship as a minority shareholder in the corporation. Plaintiff claims entitlement to the higher price based on a breach flowing from Eastdil’s premature "bad faith” termination of his at-will employment because, he asserts, the sole purpose of the firing at that time was to acquire the stock at a contractually and temporally measured lower buy-back price formula.

The claim seeking a higher price for the shares cannot be neatly divorced, as the dissent urges, from the employment because the buy-back provision links them together as to timing and consequences. Plaintiff not only agreed to the particular buy-back formula, he helped write it and he reviewed it with his attorney during the negotiation process, before signing the agreement and purchasing the minority interest. These provisions, which require an employee shareholder to sell back stock upon severance from corporate employment, are designed to ensure that ownership of all of the stock, especially of a close corporation, stays within the control of the remaining corporate owners-employees; that is, those who will continue to contribute to its successes or failures (see, Kessler, Share Repurchases Under Modern Corporation Laws, 28 Fordham L Rev 637, 648 [1959-1960]). These agreements define the scope of the relevant fiduciary duty and supply certainty of obligation to each side. They should not be undone simply upon an allegation of unfairness. This would destroy their very purpose, which is to provide a certain formula by which to value stock in the future (Allen v Biltmore Tissue Corp., 2 NY2d 534, 542-543). Indeed, the dissenters in Ingle itself acknowledged that employee shareholders would be precluded from complaining about the terms of an otherwise enforceable buy-back provision (Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales, 73 NY2d, supra, at 192, n 1).

Gallagher accepted the offer to become a minority stockholder, but only for the period during which he remained an employee. The buy-back price formula was designed for the benefit of both parties precisely so that they could know their respective rights on certain dates and avoid costly and lengthy litigation on the "fair value” issue (see, Coleman v Taub, 638 F2d 628, 637). Permitting these causes to survive would open the door to litigation on both the value of the stock and the date of termination, and hinder the employer from fulfilling its contractual rights under the agreement. This would frustrate the agreement and would be disruptive of the settled principles governing like agreements where parties contract between themselves in advance so that there may be reliance, predictability and definitiveness between themselves on such matters. There being no dispute that the employer had the unfettered discretion to fire plaintiff at any time, we should not redefine the precise measuring device and scope of the agreement. Defendant agreed to abide by these terms and thus fulfilled its fiduciary duty in that respect.

The dissenting opinion uses a number of rhetorical characterizations about the defendant and about what we are deciding or avoiding to decide, none of which, we believe, require response, because our holding and rationale rest on the application of fundamental contractual principles to the plain terms in the parties’ own stock repurchase agreement.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs, and the certified question answered in the affirmative.

Hancock, Jr., J.

(concurring). I agree that the complaint should be dismissed. I believe that this court’s holding in Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales (73 NY2d 183) and an analysis of the Ingle complaint which the court dismissed require dismissal of the claim asserted here (see, id., at 192-193 [Hancock, Jr., J., dissenting]; see also, verified complaint in Ingle, appellant’s appx, at A37-A38; appellant’s brief, at 28 ff).

Kaye, J.

(dissenting). By proceeding, as if inexorably, from Sabetay to Ingle to Gallagher, the court avoids confronting plaintiffs true claims and unnecessarily weakens traditional protections afforded minority shareholders in close corporations. I therefore respectfully dissent.

I.

To begin at a point of agreement, this case is significantly different from Ingle v Glamore Motor Sales (73 NY2d 183). As the majority acknowledges, this case presents "an alleged departure from a fiduciary duty of fair dealing existing independently of the employment” that was not present in Ingle (majority opn, at 566).

In Ingle we reached only the corporation’s duty to plaintiff as an employee, carving out and reserving for another day any question of the duty a corporation might owe an employee as a shareholder, which was not in issue. The court was careful to note that Mr. Ingle had already accepted full payment for his shares without reservation; while his complaint referred to a fiduciary duty owed him as a shareholder, the only interest he asserted in the litigation was in his job. In its succinct opinion the court took pains to emphasize at least six separate times that its concern was only with Mr. Ingle’s employment, not in any sense with the duty a corporation owes to a minority shareholder, or with undervaluation of shares (73 NY2d, at 187, 188, 189).

Here, plaintiff does question the duty the corporation owes him as a shareholder. He does contend that the corporation undervalued his shares and that it did not offer a fair price for his equity interest. Indeed, that is the only question he raises; he does not challenge defendant’s absolute right to terminate his employment. Yet despite careful identification and recognition in Ingle of the different considerations such a question would present, now that the question is before us the court finds that the very same answer and the very same rationale are wholly dispositive, with no analysis of the fiduciary obligation owed plaintiff.

The court’s insistence that the rationale of Ingle and the other at-will employment cases must be carried over — lock, stock and barrel — even to the fiduciary obligations owed minority shareholders in close corporations, plainly represents an extension of the law to a different jural relationship. I believe this is wholly unwarranted.

II.

A fuller statement of the facts portrays both plaintiff’s true claims and the error of summary dismissal of his complaint.

Before he was dismissed on January 10, 1985, plaintiff (James V. Gallagher) was an officer and director of both defendant Eastdil Realty, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Eastdil Advisers, Inc. Eastdil Realty is a closely held real estate investing banking firm. Defendant Lambert is its founder, principal shareholder and chief executive officer. The other defendants are officers and shareholders of the corporation.

Gallagher was first employed by Eastdil Realty as vice-president, from 1968 to 1973, when he left to start his own firm. He returned as a consultant in 1976, and was soon offered a full-time position as vice-president at a base salary of $60,000. In 1978, Gallagher was appointed president and chief executive officer of the newly created Eastdil Advisors, and he was elected to Eastdil’s board of directors in 1980. As Gallagher’s responsibilities increased, his salary and bonuses rose commensurately and steadily — from $135,000 in 1979 to more than a million dollars for the fiscal year ending on January 31, 1984.

In 1981, a number of executives of Eastdil Realty were offered the opportunity to purchase shares of class B nonvoting stock in the company. Gallagher bought 4% — 40 shares— at $100 a share. Lambert continued to own all of the voting stock. In connection with his purchase of shares, Gallagher executed a stockholders’ agreement that contained a mandatory repurchase provision, For a period of two years "commencing with the voluntary resignation or other termination of any class B stockholder’s employment with the company,” the company had a right to reacquire the shares. The agreement set the repurchase price at book value.

In mid-1983, Eastdil implemented a recapitalization plan. All of the voting stock was to be retired, and the nonvoting shares increased and redistributed, and then converted into voting common stock. As Gallagher alleges, the recapitalization was no act of charity by the corporation; it was a response to a mass exodus of valued employees, and an effort to forestall further defections by offering financial incentives to continue with the corporation at least to year-end.

In summer 1984, Gallagher received 8.5% of Eastdil’s stock, becoming the third largest shareholder, and he executed an amended stockholders’ agreement. The agreement continued to provide for mandatory repurchase at book value upon "voluntary resignation or other termination” of employment. But it also stipulated that after January 31, 1985, the buy-out price would be calculated by an escalating formula based on the company’s earnings and the length of the shareholder’s employment. According to Gallagher, the new buy-out price represented "golden handcuffs” designed to induce employees to remain on, at least until January 31, 1985.

On January 10, 1985 — just 21 days before the new valuation formula became effective — Gallagher was fired and Eastdil invoked its right to repurchase his stock at book value. According to Gallagher, book value for the shares was $89,000; the price under the new valuation formula would have been around $3,000,000.

After Gallagher’s refusal to deliver his shares at book value, and defendants’ refusal to pay the higher value, Gallagher began this damages action for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of a duty of good faith and fair dealing, and other alleged wrongdoing. For nearly a year defendants conducted discovery of plaintiff — including a very extensive deposition — and then sought summary judgment; plaintiff had no discovery whatever. The trial court denied defendants’ motion, noting factual issues concerning defendants’ motive for firing plaintiff, and that it "would clearly be an injustice to grant * * * defendants’ motion, when plaintiff has had no disclosure at all.” A divided Appellate Division reversed; dismissed plaintiffs causes of action for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of a duty of good faith and fair dealing; granted defendants specific performance of the amended stockholders’ agreement; and granted plaintiff leave to appeal to this court on a certified question.

III.

Gallagher alleges that defendants had no bona fide, business-related reason to terminate his employment when they did — assertions we must accept as true on this summary judgment motion. He charges that defendants fired him for the sole purpose of recapturing his shares at an unfairly low price and redistributing them among themselves.

These claims put in issue an aspect of the employee-shareholder relationship that we have not previously considered in our at-will employment cases. Plaintiff claims that defendants, the holders of a majority of the corporate stock, breached distinctly different duties to him by manipulating his termination so as to deprive him of the opportunity to reap the benefits of a "golden handcuffs” agreement, and for no other reason than to effect repurchase of his shares at less than their fair value. In short, plaintiff claims defendants breached two duties related to each other but conceptually unrelated to his at-will employment status: (1) a duty of good faith in the performance of the shareholders’ agreement, and (2) a fiduciary obligation owed to him as a minority shareholder by the controlling shareholders to refrain from purely self-aggrandizing conduct. Neither claim is foreclosed by plaintiff’s status as an at-will employee.

If plaintiff were a minority shareholder, but not an employee, defendants would be barred from acting selfishly and opportunistically, for no corporate purpose, as he alleges they did. The controlling stockholders in a close corporation stand, in relation to minority owners, in the same fiduciary position as corporate directors generally, and are held "to the extreme measure of candor, unselfishness and good faith.” (Kavanaugh v Kavanaugh Knitting Co., 226 NY 185, 193.) Although, without more, the courts will not interfere when parties have set the repurchase price at book value (Allen v Biltmore Tissue Corp., 2 NY2d 534, 542-543), here plaintiff asserts there was more. The corporation agreed, commencing January 31, 1985, to pay a higher price, said to be more reflective of the true value of defendant’s shares. Defendants’ invocation of the pre-January 31 repurchase price was adverse to plaintiffs interests as a minority stockholder, and therefore subject to a standard of good faith under the foregoing principles.

Directors and majority shareholders may not act "for the aggrandizement or undue advantage of the fiduciary to the exclusion or detriment of the [minority] stockholders.” (Alpert v 28 Williams St. Corp., 63 NY2d 557, 569 [citing cases].) Nor is it considered a legitimate corporate interest if the sole purpose is reduction of the number of profit-sharers, or ultimately "to increase the individual wealth of the remaining shareholders” (id., at 573). Yet that is precisely what we must assume defendants’ motive was, and this court now sanctions such conduct.

Defendants’ broad interpretation of the "other termination” language of the repurchase clause amounts to an assertion that plaintiff agreed to waive substantial rights he might otherwise have possessed as a minority shareholder. However, in the absence of evidence that plaintiff knowingly assented to such a waiver, I cannot agree that the general language of the clause unambiguously expresses an understanding that the option could be exploited for the sole personal gain of the controlling shareholders in derogation of their fiduciary obligations to minority shareholders. Notably, the repurchase clause contains no reference to plaintiff’s at-will employment status and no reservation of defendant’s right to discharge plaintiff for any reason at all.

Moreover, defendants’ interpretation denies that defendants themselves had any duty of good faith in connection with the shareholders’ agreement. We have said that "there is an implied covenant that neither party shall do anything which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract, which means that in every contract there exists an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.” (Kirke La Shelle Co. v Armstrong Co., 263 NY 79, 87.) This general rule does not apply to at-will employment relationships, as "it would be incongruous to say that an inference may be drawn that the employer impliedly agreed to a provision which would be destructive of his right of termination.” (Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 NY2d 293, 304-305.) It does not follow, however, that there can be no covenant of good faith implicit in the shareholders’ agreement that gives rise to obligations surviving termination of the employment relationship.

Assuming plaintiff’s claims about the purpose of the amendments to be true, the expectations and relationship of the parties, as structured by the shareholders’ agreement, dictate an implied contractual obligation of good faith, notwithstanding that there is none in their employment relationship (see, Wakefield v Northern Telecom, 769 F2d 109 [2d Cir]). A covenant of good faith is anomalous in the context of at-will employment because performance and entitlement to benefits are simultaneous. Termination even without cause does not operate to deprive the employee of the benefits promised in return for performance.

But the alleged "golden handcuffs” agreement is different. An implied covenant of good faith is necessary to enable the employee to receive the benefits promised for performance. As one court noted, "an unfettered right to avoid payment * * * creates incentives counterproductive to the purpose of the contract itself in that the better the performance by the employee, the greater the temptation to terminate.” (Wake-field v Northern Telecom, supra, at 112-113; Note, Exercising Options to Repurchase Employee-Held Stock: A Question of Good Faith, 68 Yale LJ 773, 779 [1959].)

Finally, defendants’ construction of the agreement not only is inconsistent with the purpose alleged by plaintiff but also would authorize the forfeiture by plaintiff of significant benefits he claims to have all but earned through his service. Contracting parties surely may agree to terms that are inimical to their interests. But provisions purporting to authorize forfeitures should be strictly construed (3 Corbin, Contracts § 552, at 212), and absent contractual language that permits no other reasonable interpretation, "such provisions will be construed to prevent arbitrary action in reliance on them.” (Lemmon v Cedar Point, 406 F2d 94, 97 [6th Cir 1969].) Here, the language relied upon by defendants cannot be deemed so clear as to unambiguously constitute an agreement by plaintiff to cede the fiduciary duties owed him as a shareholder and relinquish his entitlement to a higher price for his stock solely for defendants’ pecuniary benefit.

IV.

Denial of summary judgment would deprive defendants of no legitimate expectation or right, contractual or otherwise. Under the law, they remain free to terminate plaintiffs employment as agreed; they remain free to buy back his stock at book value as agreed — so long as there is a corporate purpose for their conduct. What controlling shareholders cannot do to a minority shareholder is take action against him solely for the self-aggrandizing, opportunistic purpose of themselves acquiring his shares at the low price, and they cannot do this because in the law it means something to be a shareholder, particularly a minority shareholder.

Because the majority gives no credence whatever to plaintiffs independent status as a shareholder, and because the majority now needlessly extends the at-will employment doctrine yet another notch, to diminish the long-recognized duties owed minority shareholders, I must dissent.

Judges Simons, Alexander and Titone concur with Judge Bellacosa; Judge Hancock, Jr., concurs in a separate opinion; Judge Kaye dissents and votes to reverse in another opinion in which Chief Judge Wachtler concurs.

Order affirmed, etc. 
      
       The majority’s premise that certainty would be undermined, and "costly and lengthy litigation on the 'fair value’ issue” would ensue (majority opn, at 567) simply is without basis. No one proposes a valuation proceeding, or any other uncertainty. The only issue is which of the two values fixed in the agreement should apply.
     