
    702 P.2d 787
    J.K. MERRILL & SON, INC., an Idaho corporation, Plaintiff-Counterdefendant-Appellant, v. R.G. CARTER, aka Ronald G. Carter, and La Rae Carter, husband and wife, Defendants, and C & J Corporation, an Idaho corporation; Rjay Lloyd, Defendant-Counterclaimant, and Rjay Lloyd, Chartered, now known as Lloyd & Joyce, Chartered, an Idaho professional corporation, Defendants-Counterclaimants-Respondents.
    No. 15436.
    Supreme Court of Idaho.
    June 17, 1985.
    
      W. Anthony Park and Michael F. Burkett, Jr., Boise, for plaintiff-counterdefendant-appellant.
    Bradley B. Poole, Boise, for defendantscounterclaimants-respondents.
   BISTLINE, Justice.

The case before us hinges on a proper interpretation and application of I.C. § 28-9-402(1). The issue to be decided is whether a photographic copy of the debtor’s signature on a security agreement which is stapled to a financing statement not signed by the debtor is sufficient to perfect a security interest in collateral.

The facts, not in dispute, are found well-portrayed in Judge Carey’s decision. On November 30, 1979 plaintiff J.K. Merrill & Son, Inc., loaned $20,000 to Ron Carter. Mr. Carter executed and delivered his promissory note for that amount to Merrill. Interest on the note accrued at 20 percent per annum. On December 14, 1979 Merrill loaned an additional $45,000 to Mr. Carter. Mr. Carter executed and delivered his promissory note for that amount to Merrill. Interest on the second note also accrued at 20 percent per annum. To secure payment of both notes, C & J Corp. (whose sole shareholder and president at that time was Mr. Carter) executed and delivered to Merrill on December 18, 1979 an assignment of all its interest in a limited partnership known as “Creekside Development.” The C & J Corp. name did not appear on the notes.

The purpose of the loans to Mr. Carter was to provide money for payment of obligations which C & J Corp. owed under certain provisions of the Creekside Development Partnership agreement. The evidence does not show whether the funds were used for that purpose.

On June 16, 1980 Mr. Carter paid Merrill $25,000, on July 3,1980 he paid an additional $5,000. No further payments were made. Merrill sued Mr. and Mrs. Carter on the notes and received a default judgment in the instant civil action on August 31, 1982 in the total amount of $101,210.42, which included unpaid principal, interest, costs, and attorney fees. No action to execute on this judgment has been taken.

Rjay Lloyd, Chartered, a Boise law firm (now known and hereinafter referred to as Lloyd & Joyce), was at all relevant times the trustee for the George T. Davis, P.A., Employee Profit Sharing Plan and also the trustee for the Twin Falls Tractor and Implement Employee Profit Sharing plan. On or about April 24 or 25, 1980, the Davis Plan, through Mr. Lloyd as trustee, loaned $42,000 to Mr. Carter in return for Mr. Carter’s executed and delivered promissory note for that amount. Interest on the note accrued at 29V2 percent per annum. To secure payment of the note, Mr. Carter-executed and delivered to the Davis Plan on April 25, 1980 an assignment of all his stock in C & J Corp. and all of his interest in the Creekside Development Limited Partnership Agreement. This assignment made no mention of the prior assignment to J.K. Merrill.

On May 23, 1980 the Twin Falls Plan, through Mr. Lloyd as trustee, loaned $50,-000 to Mr. Carter in return for Mr. Carter’s executed and delivered promissory note for that amount to the Twin Falls Plan. Interest on this note accrued at 30 percent per annum. No security was given for this note. No payments were made by Mr. Carter on the Davis note or on the Twin Falls note. The C & J Corp. name did not appear on either of those notes.

On May 7, 1981 Lloyd & Joyce paid $50,-000 into the Twin Falls Plan. The Twin Falls Plan, through Mr. Lloyd as trustee, in return assigned all of its interest in the Twin Falls note to Lloyd & Joyce. On May 8, 1981 Lloyd & Joyce paid $42,000 to the Davis Plan. In return, the Davis Plan, through Mr. Lloyd as trustee, assigned to Lloyd & Joyce all of its interest in the Davis note and all of its interest in the assignment executed and delivered by Mr. Carter to secure that note. Lloyd & Joyce then filed a lawsuit against Mr. and Mrs. Carter, Case No. 76577. The Lloyd & Joyce complaint apparently alleged that the obligation of the note was Carter’s individually, and hence Carter was individually liable. Lloyd & Joyce obtained a default judgment in the amount of $122,055.60, including the principal on the notes and attorney’s fees in the amount of $30,000, but were not awarded any interest, which presumably was not pleaded and prayed for.

The Lloyd & Joyce judgment in Case No. 76577 was recorded with the Ada County Recorder on January 8, 1982. On January 19, a writ of execution was issued and notices of garnishment dated January 28, 1982 were served on the general partners in Creekside Development. Each partner answered that it did not have any property of the Carters nor did it owe anything to the Carters. Each partner indicated, however, that C & J Corp. was a former limited partner in Creekside Development to which Creekside Development might owe an obligation in an unliquidated amount.

A writ of execution was also served on Mr. Carter with instructions to the sheriff to levy upon Mr. Carter’s ownership interest in C & J Corp. On April 16, 1982 Mr. Carter executed a lost stock certificate affidavit with respect to his C & J Corp. stock and instructed C & J Corp. to reissue his stock in the name of Lloyd & Joyce, Chartered. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Carter formerly was the sole shareholder of C & J Corp., but, in 1980, Carter assigned all of his C & J Corp. stock to the Davis Plan, which in turn assigned it to Lloyd & Joyce in 1981.

While Lloyd & Joyce was attempting to collect on its judgment of January 8, 1982 through the issuance of the writ of execution on January 19, 1982, Merrill on January 19 filed with the Secretary of State a financing statement covering the limited partnership interest in Creekside Development assigned to it by C & J Corp. two years earlier. It was signed by Merrill as creditor, but it was not signed by the debt- or, Ron Carter, or by C & J Corp. Attached to the financing statement was a photocopy of C & J Corp.’s assignment to Merrill dated December 18, 1979. This copy had not been re-executed as a duplicate original, but was a photocopy displaying Mr. Carter’s signature in his corporate capacity. An identical filing was made with the Ada County recorder on March 1, 1981.

Unable to realize any satisfaction of its judgment against the Carters in Case No. 76577, Lloyd & Joyce then sued C & J Corp. for payment of the assigned Davis and Twin Falls Tractor notes — Civil Case No. 78297. The record does not contain the complaint and we are unable to divine the legal theory upon which Lloyd & Joyce sued C & J Corp. as a debtor liable for the Carter notes. Obviously, however done, it was an action which would go by default. At this time, Lloyd & Joyce owned all of the stock in C & J Corp., pursuant to Mr. Carter’s lost stock certificate affidavit of April 16, 1982. On May 26, 1982 Lloyd & Joyce obtained a default judgment in Case No. 78297 against C & J Corp. for $93,241, including costs and attorney’s fees of $1,200. The default judgment also provided Lloyd & Joyce with a charging order against C & J Corp.’s partnership interest in Creekside Development. Presumably, the complaint, a copy of which is not in the record, alleged a legal theory under which it could pray for a charging order. This resulted in Lloyd & Joyce obtaining a default judgment against the C & J Corp. of which it was the only shareholder. A writ of execution was issued in Case No. 78297 on January 31, 1983. A notice of garnishment thereafter was served on the general partners in Creekside Development. Each partner answered that it did not have any property of C & J Corp., but that C & J Corp. was a former limited partner in Creekside Development to which Creekside Development might owe an obligation in unliquidated amount, “payable at some future date.”

At trial, the parties disagreed over the effect of the photocopy of the security agreement stapled to the financing statement not signed by the debtor. The trial court concluded that “the photocopy of the debtor’s corporate signature on the photocopy of the security agreement does not satisfy the signature requirement of I.C. Section 28-9-402; the copy itself must be actually signed to be effective.” R., p. 103. The district court cited as authority for this proposition Sommers v. International Business Machines, 640 F.2d 686 (5th Cir. 1981). The trial court also determined that the signature deficiency was not a minor error. Sommers, supra; see also I.C. § 28-9-402(8). Thus, the court concluded that the assignment from C & J Corp. to Merrill was an unperfected security interest in C & J Corp.'s interest in Creekside Development. The trial court ultimately held that as a lien creditor, under I.C. § 28-9-301(3), Lloyd & Joyce had priority over the appellant’s unperfected security interest in C & J Corp.’s interest in Creek-side Development.

We are not persuaded to the same reading of I.C. § 28-9-402 which the district court applied, but hold that J.K. Merrill’s security interest in Creekside Development was properly perfected prior to Lloyd & Joyce’s acquisition of a judgment against C & J Corp.’s interest in Creekside Development. Our reasoning is as follows.

In order to perfect a security interest a creditor must file a financing statement in the appropriate office, either with the Secretary of State or with the county where the collateral is located, or both. I.C. § 28-9-401. The financing statement must contain certain information to be sufficient to perfect a security interest. The formal requisites are set forth in I.C. § 28-9-402(1):

One exception to the above-stated requirement is listed in I.C. § 28-9-402(1). This exception allows for the filing of a security agreement in lieu of a financing statement if certain conditions are met:

Formal requisites of financing statement — Amendments—Mortgage as financing statement. — (1) A financing statement is sufficient if it gives the names of the debtor and the secured party, is signed by the debtor, gives an address of the secured party from which information concerning the security interest may be obtained, gives a mailing address of the debtor and contains a statement indicating the types, or describing the items, of collateral.
A copy of the security agreement is sufficient as a financing statement if it contains the above information and is signed by the debtor. A carbon, photographic or other reproduction of a security agreement or a financing statement is sufficient as a financing statement if the security agreement so provides or if the original has been filed in this state.

The question before us today centers on our interpretation of the “signed by the debtor” language in the above-quoted language of I.C. § 28-9-402(1). Does the “signed by the debtor” language mean that a photocopy of the original security agreement which was signed by the debtor can be filed, or does it mean that a photocopy of the security agreement must be freshly resigned by the debtor before the filing is sufficient to perfect a security interest? We conclude that the “signed by the debt- or” language of I.C. § 28-9-402 means only that the security agreement had been signed by the debtor and a photocopy of that document is sufficient to perfect a security interest. The “signed by the debt- or” language does not require that the signed photocopy of the security agreement be impressed with an original signature when filed in order to perfect a security interest.

We are guided in our decision by I.C. § 28-1-201(39) wherein “signed” is defined to include “any symbol executed or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing.” The Official Comment further explains:

39. “Signed.” New. The inclusion of authentication in the definition of “signed” is to make clear that as the term is used in this Act a complete signature is not necessary. Authentication may be printed, stamped or written; it may be by initials or by thumbprint. It may be on any part of the document and in appropriate cases may be found in a billhead or letterhead. No catalog of possible authentications can be complete and the court must use common sense and commercial experience in passing upon these matters. The question always is whether the symbol was executed or adopted by the party with present intention to authenticate the writing.

We examined the meaning of “signed” in Paloukos v. Intermountain Chev. Co., 99 Idaho 740, 588 P.2d 939 (1978), and concluded that a printed business name which was the heading of the form satisfied the signature requirement. The focus of our analysis in Paloukos was whether the symbol was executed with the intention to authenticate a document. Id. at 744-45, 588 P.2d 939. We are persuaded that the signing of the security agreement by the debtor indicates a present intention to authenticate the document. The fact that the document is later photocopied does not detract from the “present intention to authenticate” at the time of the signing.

We are cognizant that there is a split of authority pertaining to the function of the signature requirement under the UCC § 9-402. Courts and commentators have construed the signature requirement for a financing statement as serving dual functions: notice and authentication. In re Plummer, 6 UCC Rep.Serv. 555 (DCED Mich.1969); In re Pischke, 32 UCC Rep. Serv. 349, 11 B.R. 913 (Bank.E.D.Va.1981); Henson, Secured Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code, § 4-9 (2d ed. 1979); White and Summers, Uniform Commercial Code, § 23-16 (2d ed. 1980); Anderson, Uniform Commercial Code, § 9-402:18 (2d ed. 1971). Much of the authority used in the analysis of the signature function consists of attorney general opinions from various states. See footnotes to Anderson, supra, at § 9-402:18. Moreover, there is no consensus among the opinions in their understanding of the function of the signature requirement, whether it be notice or authentication. Likewise, there is no consensus as to whether a photographic copy of a signed original is to be deemed “signed” for the purpose of filing under Article 9. Ops.Atty.Gen. (Ill.1963), 1 UCC, Rep.Serv. 672; Ops.Atty.Gen. (Ala.), 4 UCC Rep.Serv. 130; Ops.Atty.Gen. (Ky.) No. 63-623, July 16, 1963. Contra, Ops.Atty.Gen. (Mo.) 3 UCC Rep.Serv. 552; Ops.Atty.Gen. (Alaska) June 14, 1979.

For the purposes of our analysis today, we assume that the signature requirement of 9-402 serves the twin functions of notice and authentication. Moreover, we consider these two functions to be equally important, although they have two quite different purposes. Our understanding of the differing purposes is set forth below, and guides our decision in the instant case.

Notice is one of the fundamental purposes of the Article 9 filing system. The filed documents are designed to give potential creditors warning that a prospective debtor has used certain collateral as security in another transaction, hence the specific collateral is not available as free and clear collateral for another transaction. The notice purpose of a financing statement was clearly stated in Henson, supra, at 64: “The purpose of a financing statement is simply to give notice to the world that designated parties have entered into a secured transaction covering the described collateral. The details must be learned from the parties.” See also White and Summers, supra, at 937. The filing serves only to put the world on further inquiry.

While an inked original signature provides notice of the security interest, a photographic copy of the signature provides just as much notice. The type of notice contemplated by the Uniform Commercial Code was inquiry notice — details regarding the secured transaction must be discovered from the parties. We fail to perceive how a photographic copy of a signature provides any less notice than an inked signature; hence we must conclude that a “copied” signature provides adequate notice to potential creditors.

The authentication purpose of the signature of the debtor is derived from § 1-201(39) wherein “signed” is defined to include “any symbol executed or adopted by a party with the present intention to authenticate a writing.” Section 9-402 requires the filing statement be signed by the debtor, thus courts interpret §§ 1-201(39) and 9-402 to mean that a financing statement without the debtor’s signature is not authenticated, hence the unsigned financing statement does not perfect a security interest. In re Plummer, supra; In re Pischke, supra. We agree that an unsigned financing statement with nothing more does not perfect a security interest. The question remains, however, whether a signed security agreement attached to the unsigned financing statement can validate the filing and perfect the security interest. We are convinced that a signed security agreement appended to an unsigned financing statement can be used to meet the signed-by-the-debtor requirement of § 9-402(1). Practical considerations and fair commercial practices dictate our result.

When a debtor signs a security agreement he intends the collateral covered by the agreement to secure the transaction. A creditor uses the filing system to protect his interest in the collateral. It inures to the benefit of the creditor, not the debtor, to file the financing statement. The debt- or’s signature on the filing statement is an acknowledgment, or authentication, of the financing statement — it is a public statement that the debtor’s property, the collateral, is encumbered. Lack of the debtor’s signature suggests there is some question whether or not the described collateral is covered by a security agreement. Thus, a financing statement, unsigned by the debt- or, with nothing more, is insufficient to perfect a security interest in collateral because there is no acknowledgment, or authentication, by the debtor that the collateral truly is subject to a security interest. However, when the security agreement, signed by the debtor, is appended to the financing statement, it is clear that the debtor has acknowledged the existence of the security agreement covering the collateral. Any result which suggests that a signed security agreement appended to an unsigned financing statement does not authenticate the existence of a security interest is simply inconsistent with logic and reason. We conclude that a security agreement signed by the debtor and appended to an unsigned financing statement meets both the notice and authentication concerns inherent in the “signed by the debtor requirement” for financing statement in § 9-402(1).

We must now decide if a photographic copy of the security agreement, including a photocopy of the signature of the debtor, is sufficient to validate a financing statement. Unpersuaded by the Fifth Circuit’s conclusion to the contrary, Sommers, supra, we hold that the photocopy of the signature on the security agreement appended to a financing statement is adequate to perfect a security interest.

We perceive there are only two reasons to hold that a photocopied signature is inadequate: one is concern that the signature has been forged or that the security agreement itself has been altered in the photocopying process. We do not take this concern lightly, but conclude that the proper resolution of a problem of this nature is through traditional methods of challenging fraud or forgery, not by declaring imperfect an otherwise valid security interest. The second risk of photocopied signatures or documents is that overreaching creditors will unjustifiably tie up a debtor’s collateral by filing financing statements, unsigned by the debtor, with photocopied security agreements which are incorrect or have been fabricated. We are not persuaded that this is a serious problem. White and Summers addressed this issue when they said:

Presumably one policy which calls for a debtor’s signature is the fear that some nasty creditor will cast a shadow over all of the debtor’s property by filing a financing statemént. Whether such creditors run loose in any numbers in the commercial jungle we do not know. Certainly creditor overreaching is possible. White & Summers, supra, § 23-16, p. 954 (footnote omitted).

We think the judicial system is well-prepared to deal with any overreaching or fraudulent transactions of this nature. Any creditor searching the records who doubts the validity of the security agreement can contact the parties and examine the original security agreement to see if it is identical to the one on file. Moreover, any party so desiring can satisfy himself that the security agreement was actually signed by the debtor.

Modern business practices dictate the use of photocopied documents. The use of photocopy machines is so commonplace that we cannot ignore the realities of contemporary commercial transactions. In fact, most persons in their daily lives use copies of documents as often, if not more so, than the original itself. For certain, in the commercial and business world use of photocopies is widespread. Substantiating reason for recognizing the use of photocopied documents is found in the purposes provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code itself. Section 1-102 reads in part:

Purposes — Rules of Construction-Variation by agreement. — (1) This act shall be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies.
(2) Underlying purposes and policies of this act are
(a) to simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions;
(b) to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage and agreement of the parties;
(e) to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.

Moreover, the Comment to the Official Text provides further support for our decision today.

Purposes of Changes:

1. Subsections (1) and (2) are intended to make it clear that:
This Act is drawn to provide flexibility so that, since it is intended to be a semi-permanent piece of legislation, it will provide its own machinery for expansion of commercial practices. It is intended to make it possible for the law embodied in this Act to be developed by the courts in the light of unforeseen and new circumstances and practices. However, the proper construction of the Act requires that its interpretation and application be limited to its reason.

Clearly, we are required under I.C. § 28-1-102 to recognize the use of photocopied documents as part of modern commercial transactions.

Other authorities recognize that a photocopy of an original should be considered a “signed” copy in most circumstances. See 69 Am.Jur.2d Secured Transactions § 387 (1973). A footnote to this section suggests that the draftsmen intended to recognize duplicate reproduction:

99. The Uniform Commercial Code draftsmen are apparently of the opinion that a carbon impression, photocopy, or other duplicate or reproduction of a financing statement, bearing or showing the signatures of the. parties thereto, would be sufficient under Uniform Commercial Code § 1-201(39). See Report No. 2 of the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code 254. Id.

We are persuaded that the photocopy of the security agreement signed by the debt- or stapled to the financing statement is sufficient to perfect the security interest.

Our decision today is buttressed by a 1980 Idaho Bankruptcy Court ruling construing I.C. § 28-9-402(1). In re Door Supply Center, Inc., 3 B.R. 103 (Bank.D. Idaho 1980). In Door Supply the financing statement contained four names typed into the debtor’s box, including the bankrupt’s, but was signed by two persons as individuals with no indication they were signing as officers of the corporate bankrupt. In reviewing this circumstances, the bankruptcy court held that the defect in the debtor’s signature was not fatal to perfect the security interest. The court stated:

Technically, the bankrupt’s signature on the financing statement should have been signed by an officer of the bankrupt in his representative capacity, but ease law holds that if a diligent creditor who checked the Financing Statement would have been put on notice of the existence of a claimed lien by the corporate creditor, a defect in the debtor’s signature is not fatal. Plemens v. Didde-Galser, Inc., 244 Md. 556, 224 A.2d 464 (1966).
Id. at 106.

One further factor which has persuaded us today to recognize the photographic copy of the security agreement as meeting the “signed” requirement is that in the case before us the respondent, is a lien creditor, not a reliance creditor. Respondent was in no way misled by the documents on file with the Secretary of State’s office regarding the existence or nature of appellant’s security, interest. Under this circumstance it would be unfair to defeat a prior-in-time security interest because of an overly restrictive reading of the statute. We do not believe the Code was intended for use in such a manner. Furthermore, I.C. § 28-9-402(8) provides: “(8) A financing statement substantially complying with the requirements of this section is effective even though it contains minor errors which are not seriously misleading.” Nothing in the filing in the case before us was in any way misleading to the respondent.

The photocopy of the security agreement, including a photocopied signature, was sufficient to perfect appellant’s security interest. The decision of the district court ruling that appellant’s security interest was not properly perfected is reversed. The cause is remanded to the district court for entry of judgment in favor of appellant.

Costs to appellant. No attorney’s fees awarded on appeal.

DONALDSON, C.J., and McFADDEN, WALTERS and SWANSTROM, JJ. (Pro Tem), concur. 
      
      . Merrill’s complaint, filed on March 16, 1982, in addition to pursuing its claim on the Carter notes and assignment, also brought in as party-defendants the C & J Corp. and Rjay Lloyd, Chartered, now known as Lloyd & Joyce, Chartered. These defendants were brought in for reasons which will hereinafter appear.
     
      
      . Only the judgment is in the record, not the complaint. In answering Merrill’s complaint in this action, which in Ada County District Court was No. 78026, as a second affirmative defense, Lloyd & Joyce observed that Ron Carter’s execution of the notes to Merrill was an individual, not a C & J Corp., obligation.
     
      
      . As owner of the collateral, C & J Corp. would also be a "debtor" as defined by I.C. § 28-9-105(d), but it would not become an obligor on the note itself.
     
      
      . I.C. § 28-9-301(3) reads as follows:
      (3) A "lien creditor” means a creditor who has acquired a lien on the property involved by attachment, levy or the like and includes an assignee for benefit of creditors from the time of assignment, and a trustee in bankruptcy from the date of the filing of the petition or a receiver in equity from the time of appointment.
     
      
      . For ease of reference the UCC sections referred to will be abbreviated to their article and section number. The reader is referred to Idaho Code Title 28 for the version of the Uniform . Commercial Code adopted by Idaho.
     
      
      . It is noteworthy that the Code has never required a statement be manually subscribed. Henson, supra, at 77.
     
      
      . Not before us today is the case where neither the financing statement nor the appended security agreement was signed by the debtor. However, under § 9-402 lack of signatures on both documents clearly results in an unperfected security interest.
     