
    CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QUINCY RAILWAY COMPANY v. PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ex rel. DRAINAGE COMMISSIONERS.
    ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS.
    No. 157.
    Argued December 14, 1905.
    Decided March 5, 1906.
    The failure of the state court to pass on the Federal right or immunity specially set up of record, is not conclusive, but this court will decide the Federal question if the necessary effect of the judgment is to deny a Federal right or immunity specially set up or claimed, and which, if recognized and enforced, would require a judgment different from one resting upon some ground of local or general law.
    Under the laws of Illinois the draining of bodies of land so as to make them fit for human habitation and cultivation, is a public purpose, to accomplish which the State may by appropriate agencies exert the general powers it possesses for the common good, and § 401- of the Farm Drainage Act of that State was a proper exercise of the police power of the State. The rights of a railroad company to a bridge over a natural watercourse crossing its right of way, acquired under its general corporate power are not superior and paramount to the right of the public to use that watercourse for the purpose of draining lands in its vicinity in accordance with plans adopted by a drainage commission lawfully consti- • tuted under the Farm Drainage Act.
    Although the opening under a bridge constructed by a raiiroád company may be sufficient at the time to pass all water flowing through the watercourse, there is an implied duty on the part of the company to maintain an opening adequate and effectual for such an increase in the volume-of water as may result from lawful and reasonable regulations established by appropriate public authority from time to time for the drainage of lands on either side of the watercourse.
    Uncompensated obedience to a regulation enacted for the public safety under the police power of the State is not taking property without due compensation, and the constitutional prohibition against the taking of private property without compensation is not intended as a limitation of the exercise of those police powers which are necessary to the tranquility of every well-ordered community, nor of that general power over ' private property which is necessary for the orderly existence of all governments.
    In this'case the proper drainage of the land in the district being impossible without the removal of a railway bridge over the natural watercourse' into which the lands drained and the construction of a bridge with a larger opening -for. the increased volume of water, held, that:
    It is the duty of the railway company, at its own expense, to remove the present bridge, and also (unless it- abandons or' surrenders its right to' cross the creek at or in that vicinity) to erect at its own expense and maintain a new bridge in conformity with regulations established by the Drainage Commissioners, under the authority of the State; and such a requirement, if enforced, will not amount to a taking of private property ■ for public use within the meaning of the Constitution, nor to a denial of the equal protection of the laws.
    This is a contest between certain Drainage Commissioners in Illinois' and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railway Company, as to the validity of a demand made by the former that the latter should, remove the bridge and culvert now maintained by it over Rob Roy Creek, in Kendall County, Illinois, and, if it continues to maintain a bridge and culvert at the same point, that one be substituted that will meet the requirements of a certain plan of drainage adopted by those "Commissioners. -Let us see in what way the dispute', •.arises.
    This suit or proceeding, is based in part on what is known as the Farm Drainage Act of Illinois, iri force July 1, 1885, entitled “An act.to provide for drainage for agricultural and . sanitary purposes, etc.” Hurd’s Ill. Stat. 1901, p. ,712. By that act the Commissioners of Highways in each town, in the several 'counties under township organization, are constituted Drainage Commissioners for all drainage districts in their respective' towns, with power as a body politic to. sue and be sued, contract and be contracted with. Section 1. -Owners of lands are authorized to “drain the same in the general course of natural drainage, by constructing open or covered drains, discharging the same into any natural watercourse, or into any natural depression^whereby the water will be carried into some natural watercourse, or into some drain on the public high- " way with the consent of the Commissioners thereto; and when such drainage is wholly upon the owner’s land he shall not be liable in damages therefor to any person or persons or corporation.” Section 4,
    The act also provided:' “When the case involves a systém of combined drainage in one town, and it is proposed that the cost shall be borne proportionately by the several parties benefited, a petition addressed to the Drainage Commissioners shall be presented to the town clerk, signed by a majority in number of the adult owners of land-lying in a proposed district, and they shall be. the owners in the aggregate of more ■ than one-third of the lands lying in the proposed district, or by the owners of the major part of the land' and who constitute one-third or more of the owners of the land in the proposed district setting forth the boundaries, or a description of the several tracts of land thereof or fractions as usually designated : . . . Said' petition shall state that the lands lying within the boundaries of said proposed district require a combined system of drainage or protection from wash or overflow; that the petitioners desire that a drainage district may be organized, embracing the lands. therein mentioned, for the purpose of constructing, repairing or maintaining a drain or drains, ditch or ditches, embankment or embankments, grade or grades, or all or either, within said district, for agricultural and sanitary purposes, by special, assessments upon the property benefited thereby.” Section 11. Again: “Upon the organization of a drainage district, the Commissioners shall go upon the land and determine upon a system of drainage, which shall provide main outlets of ample capacity for the waters of the district, having in view the future contingencies, as well as the present. . . . The maps and papers showing the final determination, as to the system of drainage, shall be filed in the clerk’s office and be recorded in the drainage record.” Séction 17. Huid’s Rev. Stat. Ill. 1901, 713, 714, 717.
    Section 40^ has, however, a more special application to the present case. It is in these words: “The Commissioners shall have the power and are required to make all necessary bridges and culverts along or across any public highway or railroad which. may, be deemed necessary for the use or protection of the work, and the cost of the same shall be paid out of the road and bridge tax, or by the.railroad company, as the case maybe: Provided, however, notice shall first be given to the road or-railroad authorities to build or construct such bridge or culvert, and they shall have thirty days in which to build or. construct the same, such bridges or culverts shall, in all cases, be constructed so as not to interfere with the free flow of water through the drains of the district. Should any railroad company refuse or neglect to build or construct any bridge or culvert as herein required, the Commissioners constructing the same may recover the cost and expenses therefor in a suit against said company before any justice of the peace or any court having jurisdiction, and reasonable attorney’s fees may be recovered as part of the cost. The proper .authorities of any public road or railroad shall have the right of appeal the same as provided for individual land owners.” Section.404- Hurd’s Rev. Stat. Ill. 1901, 723.
    
      It is contended by the appellees that section 56 of what is known as the Levee Act has a bearing on the case. That section need not, however, be set out, as the Supreme Court of the State adjudged in this case that a District organized under the Farm Drainage Act was subject only to the provisions of that act, and that the Drainage Commissioners could not claim any authority under the other act. Chicago, B, & Q. Ry. Co. v. People of Illinois ex rel &c., 212 Illinois, 103. See also Gatien v. Drainage District, 131 Illinois, 446; Drainage Commissionei's v. Yolke, 163 Illinois, 243; McCaleb v. Coon Run Drainage District, 190 Illinois, 549.
    The present proceeding was instituted in the Circuit Court of Kendall County, Illinois, by the appellees as Drainage Commissioners for the Bristol Drainage District in that county, against the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railway Company. It is a petition for mandamus.
    Besides a general demurrer, the railway company demurred specially upon the ground that a judgment in favor of the Commissioners would take its property for public use without compensation, and therefore without due process of law, as well as denj' to it the equal protection of the laws, in violation of the Constitution of the United States. The demurrer was overruled. The defendant having elected to stand by its demurrer, judgment was rendered ordering a writ of mandamus as prayed for in the petition. That judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Illinois, 212 Illinois, 103, and hence the present writ of error.
    As the case was determined upon the demurrer, the facts are to be taken as alleged in the petition. The case, thus presented, is as follows:
    The Drainage District in question was organized under the Farm Drainage Act above referred to, and contains about 2,000 acres of land on both sides of Rob Roy Creek, across •which are the road and right of way of the railway company. For more, than fifty years before, the District was established, that creek had been, as it now is, a natural watercourse. Prior to June 24, 1903, the Commissioners located a ditch or drain on the line of the creek for the purpose of enlarging its channel or watercourse, and thereby enabling the lands in the Drainage District to be better drained and made more tillable.
    The railway company operated and maintained its road across Rob Roy Creek, not under any specific grant of authority, but under its general corporate power to construct, operate and maintain a railroad. It placed a bridge or culvert twelve by thirty feet at the point where the road crosses the creek. In constructing" a foundation for the bridge or culvert the .company sank or placed in the creek at the point of crossing huge wooden timbers and stones, thereby preventing the deepening and enlarging of the creek by the Commissioners, unless they removed such timbers and stones; and if that be done the result will be the destruction of the bridge or culvert. The present channel or waterway of the creek, under the bridge or .culvert,, is three feet in depth and twelve.feet in width. It is insufficient to allow the natural flow of water in the ditch- or drain proposed to be constructed by the Commissioners. The estimated cost of this ditch or open drain is twenty thousand dollars. The present bridge across the creek does not exceed eight thousand dollars in value, and a new bridge conforming to the' plan of the Commissioners, will cost not exceeding thirteen thousand dollars.
    On the twenty-fourth of June, 1903, the Drainage Commissioners notified the railway company in writing that a bridge was necessary at the point where the company’s right of way would be crossed or intersected by the proposed ditch; that it was necessary to enlarge the opening under the present bridge; that the proposed improvement was to be the waterway of a combined system of drainage established in the vicinity under the charge and direction of the Drainage Commissioners of the District; that the main ditch of"the drainage where it will intersect the company-’s right of way must be of the width of twenty-three feet and of the depth of nine and one-half feet, the bridge constructed to be of the width of twenty-three feet in the clear'at the surface or level of land, and to permit at least sixteen feet in the clear at the bottom of the ditch. The notice stated that the company was required, in pursuance of the statute in such case made and provided, to build and construct such bridge within thirty days from the date of the notice, in default whereof the Commissioners would construct the same at the cost and expense, of the company.
    The company disregarded the notice and failed to build and construct the required bridge or culvert at" the point of intersection with the creek, ’ in accordance with the dimensions specified in the notice, and so as to permit such enlargement of the channel under the bridge as would be sufficient for the natural’flow of water in the proposed ditch or drain.
    The petition averred that a majority of- the lands of the Drainage District were swamp or slough lands, and in their, present condition were not subject to cultivation, but by means of the proposed deepening and enlarging .of Rob Roy Creek, and as a result of the removal of the timbers and stones in the creek and the enlargement and deepening of. the creek, all the lands in the Drainage District would be “greatly improved, and made good, tillable land, subject to cultivation;” that the proposed location of the ditch or drain along the creek was the best route or means for drainage of the District, constituting the only natural watercourse of the Drainage District and affording the only natural outlet or way of drainage of the lands to make therh tillable; that if said improvement and enlargement of the ditch was made and the timbers and stones-removed from the creek, at the point of crossing, all of the lands of the district would be made good, tillable lands for general farming purposes; and that the proposed construction of a ditch or drain along Rob Roy Creek, when completed in accordance with said plans, would “not divert or carry waters which by nature of force of gravity would flow or drain into any other natural watercourse in said Drainage District or the vicinity thereof.”
    The Commissioners allege in their petition that the neglect, failure and refusal of the railway company to remove the timbers and stones it had placed in the creek, and to construct and enlarge the opening under its bridge or culvert, had prevented them from completing the construction of the ditch or drain in accordance with the plans adopted by them; that it was necessary for the use and protection of the proposed drainage work that the opening underneath the bridge or culvert be constructed and enlarged in the manner indicated in order that the lands in the District might be drained in accordance with said plans; which plans “are reasonable for the suitable and proper drainage of said District.”
    The relief asked was a writ of mandamus commanding the railway company to forthwith enlarge, deepen and widen the waterway over and across the company’s right of way across Rob' Roy Creek.
    
      Mr. Albert J. Hopkins, with whom Mr. Robert Bruce Scott and Mr. Chester M. Davis were on the brief, for plaintiff in error:
    Federal questions were raised in the trial court and in the Supreme Court of Illinois which were decided adversely to plaintiff in error, and this court therefore has jurisdiction of the case, and the motion to dismiss the writ of error should be overruled.
    A writ of error lies to this court where the state court orders a writ of mandamus and a Federal question is involved. Hartman v. Greenhow, 102 U. S. 672; McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U. S. 1; M. & St. L. R. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 193 U. S. 53.
    Even though the state court did not, in its opinion, expressly refer to the Federal Constitution, if the judgment of affirmance necessarily denied Federal rights specially set up by defendant,, a writ of error will he to this court. Roby v. Colehovr, 146 U. S. 153; Green B. & M. Canal Co. v. Patten Paper Co., 172 U. S. 58.
    This court has jurisdiction in error over a judgment of the Supreme Court of a State when it necessarily involves the decision of the question raised in that appellate court for the first time, and not noticed in its opinion, whether a statute of the State conflicts with the Constitution of the United States. Arrowsmith v. Harmoning, 118 U. S. 194; Chicago Life Ins. Co. v. Needles, 113 U. S. 574, 579; McCullough v. Virginia, 172 U. S. 102, 116; Chapman v. Goodnow’s Admr., 123 U. S. 540, 548; Green B. & M. C. Co. v. Patten Paper Co., 172 TJ: S. 58, 68.
    Even where this court is left in cloubt by the briefs whether the statute, as construed by the state Supreme Court, was objected to or only its application under the facts of the case, still if the statute was directly attacked in the answer a motion to dismiss the writ of error for want of jurisdiction will be denied, and the court will consider whether the grounds of objection to the statute are substantial and sufficient. M. & St. L. R. R. Co. v. Minnesota, 193 U. S. 53, 61; Detroit &c. Ry. v. Osborn, 189 U. S. 383.
    A Federal question is involved if the effect of the state decision is to construe an act alleged to violate the Federal Constitution, although the state court does not mention the statute. Houston & T. C. R. Co. v. Texas, 177 U. S. 66.
    Defendants in error base their motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Supreme Court of Illinois decided the case upon a non-Federál question. It seems to be conceded, as it must be, that plaintiff in error, both in the trial court and in the state Supreme Court, specially presented a Federal question, but the argument is that the state Supreme Court did not decide this question, but disposed of the case upon an independent ground.
    The drainage district in question is a statutory corporation. It possesses no powers not conferred upon it expressly or by fair implication by the law of its creation or other statutes applicable to it, since such bodies act wholly under a delegated authority and can exercise only such powers as are expressly conferred by their organic laws. C. & N. W. Ry. Co. v. Chi
      
      cago, 148 Illinois, 141, 161; Seeger v. Mueller, 133 Illinois, 86, 94.
    The railway company met. the issue thus presented by the petition by filing in the trial court a general and special demurrer specifically setting up the uncohsjitutionality of the statute, as repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment, in depriving defendant of property without due process of law, and in denying it the equal protection of the láws, and as impairing the obligation of its charter rights.
    There can be no doubt that the record fairly presented á Federal question for review, and under the authority of Erie R. R. Co. v. Purdy, 185 U. S. 148, this court has jurisdiction. See also McCullough v. Virginia and other authorities, supra.
    
    Section 40-2- of the Farm Drainage Act of Illinois, Hurd’s ' Rev. Stat. Ill., 1901, 723, is unconstitutional because it is repugnant tq the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 390; Scott v. Toledo, 36'Fed. Rep;-385 (Jackson, J.).
    Corporations existing for drainage purposes are public corporations, and where property is sought to be taken for the purpose of a ditch it is for a public use, and compensation must be made before property of an individual can be taken for public use. Payson v. People, 175 Illinois, 276. The Farm Drainage Act of 1885 contemplates payment of full damage done, and if it did not it would be unconstitutional as a taking of private property for the public use without compensation. Chronic v. Pugh, 18)6 Illinois, 539, 548. The same rules for ascertaining damages which govern proceedings for the condemning of private property for public use apply to cases arising under the drainage statute. Ginn v. Moultrie Drainage District, 188 Illinois, 305.
    Quasi-public corporations are entitled to claim the protection of the Constitution for their property rights. Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States, 148 D. S. 312; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Pennsylvania Railroad. Co., 195 IT. H. 540. Sec also Illinois Central R. R. v. Bloomington, 76 Illinois, 447; Erie v. 
      Erie Canal Co., 59 Pa. St. .174; C. & N. W. Ry. Co. v. Cicero, 154 Illinois, 656; O. C. & F. R. R. Co. v. Plymouth County,' 14 Gray, 155; M. C. R. R. v. Boston &c. R. R., 121 Massachusetts, 124; Commissioners v. Michigan Central Railroad, 90 Michigan, 385.
    The location and construction of a drainage ditch across the right of way of a railroad company is an appropriation of the company’s property which entitles it to compensation for the value of the interest so taken, and when in the construction of such a ditch it becomes necessary to make ah excavation under -the tracks of the railroad and for the company to incur expense in supporting the tracks or otherwise while the ditch is being constructed, such expense should be taken into account in estimating the damages of the company. ■ L. E. & W. R. Co. v. Commissioners of Hancock County, 63 Ohio St. 23. See also Matter of Tuthill, 163 N. Y. 133, where the drainage law of New York was held unconstitutional.
    Mandamus will not he to compel the owner of a bridge across a watercourse to remove the same so that the stream may be enlarged for drainage purposes. State v. Board of Commissioners, 157 Indiana, 96.
    Section 40-2- of the Farm and Drainage Act of Illinois is unconstitutional because repugnant to the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Smyth v. Ames, 169 U. S. 466, 524.
    It denies defendant equal protection because it seeks out railroad corporations and requires them alone of all individuals or private corporations to build bridges over drainage ditches at their own expense. The Farm Drainage Act makes full provision for assessment and payment of damage in all other cases of individuals or private corporations, and see also section 7X4 of the act.
    The statute in question was passed after the railroad was constructed and its rights had become vested, and to enforce such statute would be to impair the obligation of a contract and thereby tc violate the Federal Constitution. Art. I, sec. 10, par. 1; Cooley, Const. Lim., 721; Bailey v. Philadelphia &c. R. R. Co., 4 Harr. 389; Washington Bridge Co. v. State, 18 Connecticut, 53.
    The doctrine of dominant and servient estates does not apply. Petitioners do not seek to use the watercourse in its natural state, but seek to compel the railway company at its own expense to widen, deepen, and enlarge the channel of the same, and by so doing to take and damage the bridge lawfully erected over said watercourse, and also the land adjacent thereto.
    The servient estate is burdened only by the natural flow of water through the natural channels. Dayton v. Drainage Commissioners, 128 Illinois, 271; Groff v. Aukenbrandt, 124 Illinois, 51. The dominant owner lias no right by artificial means to precipitate unnatural quantities of water upon the lower estate. Hicks v. Silliinan, 93 Illinois, 255. See also Union Drainage District v. O’Reilly, 132 Illinois, 631, 634; Noonan v. Albany, 79 N Y. 470; McCormick v. Horan, 81 N. Y. 86.
    Defendants in error argue that the relief sought in this case is justified under the police power, but it has never been held that a railroad company can be compelled under the police power to remove a bridge lawfully erected over a stream, and to enlarge, widen, and deepen a natural watercourse across its right of way, without compensation, merely for the benefit of a drainage district. Drainage work of the sort undertaken by the district in question has never been justified as a police regulation.
    The constitutional provision is plain that the cost of the drainage work shall be paid for by special assessment upon the property benefited thereby.
    If drainage, work could be done under the police power, no assessment of benefits would be necessary. Proceedings by eminent domain and proceedings under the police power are entirely distinct and separate in character, the one always implying compensation, the other never involving it. 22 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d eel'., 916.
    No provision for compensation would have been made in the constitution if it had been intended that drainage work should be justified under the police power.
    Drainage for the purpose of private advantage, such as improving the quality of the land' or rendering it more productive or fit for cultivation, cannot be justified under the police power. Kinnie v. Bare, 68 Michigan, 625, 628. Lands cannot be permanently appropriated for drains for the benefit of other lands under the police power-of the State or otherwise without compensation. Matter of Cheesebrough, 78 N. Y. 232.
    The drainage district, being a statutory corporation, has no common law powers. If there was a common law duty of the railroad company to restore the stream to its former state, or to such state as not unnecessarily to impair its usefulness, there is no allegation that it has violated any such duty. To compel it to do the work directed in the writ of mandamus is to deprive it of its rights under the Federal Constitution, whether such writ is sought to be justified under a statute or under the common law.
    
      Mr. John K. Newhall and Mr. John M. Raymond for defendants in error:
    No Federal question was raised in the trial court or in the Supreme Court of Illinois, which was decided'against the title, right, privilege or immunity set up or claimed by the plaintiff in error.
    To give this court jurisdiction of a writ of error to a stale court, it must appear affirmatively not only that a Federal question was presented for decision by the state court, but that its decision was necessary to the determination of the cause, and that it was actually decided adversely to the party claiming a right under the Federal laws or Constitution, or that the judgment as rendered could not have been given without .deciding it.
    
      It is likewise settled law that where the record discloses that if a question- has been raised and decided adversely to a party claiming, the benefit of a provision of- the Constitution or laws of the United States, another question not Federal has also b.een raised and decided against such party, and the decision of the latter question is sufficient, notwithstanding the Federal question, to sustain the judgment, this court will not review the judgment. Eustice v. Bolles, 150 U. S. 361; Hale v. Akers, 132 U. S. 554; Hopkins v. McLwre, 133 U. S. 380; 'Fowler v. Lamson, 164 U. S. 252..
    Where the state court based its judgment not on a law-raising a Federal question,' but on an independent ground this court will not take jurisdiction of the case, even though it might think the decision of the state court an unsound one. Desaussvre v. Gaillard, 127 U. S. 216. This court has no jurisdiction of a judgment in a state court, in which a Federal question was not decided and in which in the view which the court below took of the case, such a decision was not necessary. McManus v. O’Sullivan, 9.1 U. S.' 578. It is not enough to give this court jurisdiction over the judgment of a state court for a record to show that a Federal question was argued or presented to that court for decision.
    It must appear that the decision of a Federal question was necessary to the determination of the cause and that it was actually decided, or that the judgment as rendered could not have, been given without deciding it. Brown v. Atwell, 92 U. S. 327.
    In the State of Illinois it is the common law duty of a railroad, when it constructs its railway across any stream of water, to restore such stream or watercourse to its former state, or to such a state as not unnecessarily to have impaired its usefulness, and keep such crossing in repair. Ligare v. City of Chicago, 139 Illinois, 46; 0. & M. Ry. Co. v. Thillman, 143 Illinois, 127.
    This duty of restoration and provision for keeping such crossing in repair, and constructing the necessary culverts or sluices for the necessary drainage, is a continuing duty; and if by the increase of population, establishment of lawful drainage districts, or other causes, the crossing becomes inadequate to meet the new and altered conditions of the country, it is then the duty of the railroad to -make such alteratioris as will meet the present necessities of the public. C. & N. W. Ry. Co. v. City of Chicago, 140 Illinois, 309; Ohio & Miss. R. R. Co. v. McClellan; 25 Illinois, 140; C., R. I. & P. R. R. Co. v. Mojfit, 75 Illinois, 524; People v. C. & A. R. R. 'Co., 67 Illinois, 118; III. Cent. Ry. Co. v. Wollenberg, 117 Illinois, 203'; Cleveland v. City Council of Augusta, 43 L. R. A. 638 (Ga.)'; State v. St. Paul, M. & N. Ry. Co., 35 Minnesota, 131; A., T. & S. F. R. R. Co. v. Henry, 45 Pac. Rep. 576 (Kansas); Cook v. Boston & Lowell É. R. Co., 133 Massachusetts, 185; L. E, & W..R. R. Co. v. Smith, 61 Fed. Rep. 885; State of. Indiana v. L. E. & W. R. R. Co.; 83 Fed. Rep. 284.
    An obligation to keep up a crossing- imposed as a condition of a right to cross a highway must be regarded as necessarily attaching to whatever person or corporation may be the owner of the road as long as the right is exercised. It is a continuing condition inseparable from the enjoyment of the franchise. People v. C. & A. R. R. Co., 67 Illinois, 118.
    Where authority is conferred upon a railroad company to cross any stream of water in the line of its road, coupled with the duty to restore the stream so crossed to its-former state, or such state as not to unnecessarily impair its usefulness, it was held to apply to streams not navigable as well as to those that were navigable, as legislative authority was as necessary to cross the one as the other. C.,R. I: & P. R. R. Co. v. Moffit, 75 Illinois, 524.
    When a franchise is granted to construct ways or streets across a waterway, there is no implied right to destroy the waterway, but it must be so bridged that its use will not be unnecessarily impaired. Ligare v. City of Chicago, 139 Illinois, 46.
    The legislature of the State of Illinois have enacted a statute declaratory of the common law duty of railroads in crossing waterways, which duty is coupled with its authority to construct bridges or culverts over waterways. Rev. Stat. Ill., cl. 5, sec. 19, ch. 114.
    Sec. 40-2' of the Farm Drainage Act of Illinois is declaratory of the common law, is conclusively a reasonable police • regulation, and is valid and constitutional as applied to t§e case at bar.
    Federal courts follow state decisions as to the rights and liabilities respecting surface water as a matter of local law. Walker v. AC, M. & S. P. R> R. Co., 165 U. S. 593'.
    In Illinois it is the common law duty of plaintiff in error in constructing a bridge or culvert across a natural watercourse to anticipate that upper riparian proprietors may, by artificial drainage, increase the flow in such natural watercourse. K. & 8. R. R. Co. v. Horan, 131 Illinois, 288.
    A railroad constructing its road over a watercourse must make suitable bridges, culverts or other provisions for carrying off the water effectually. Angelí on "Watercourses, 7th eel., § 465b. The duty imposed by statute upon such company to restore the stream crossed to its former state, or to restore it so as not to impair its usefulness, exists also in the absence of statutory requirements. Pierce on Railroads, 203; O. & M. R. R. Co. v. Thillman, 143 Illinois, 127.
    The petition alleged that the proposed construction of the drain by defendants in error when completed in accordance with the plans, would not carry waters, which by force of gravity would flow into any other natural watercourse in such drainage district.
    The. petition alleged that the opening underneath the present bridge or culvert was of insufficient capacity to allow of the natural flow of water in the drain which is proposed to be dug.
    Clause 5, section 19, of chap. 114, the Railroad Act, and section 40-2 of chap. 42, Farm Drainage Act, Revised Statutes of Illinois, are valid constitutional enactments, being simply reasonable police regulations, and apply with equal force to corporations wliose roads are already built, as well as to those thereafter constructed. I. C. Ry. Co. v. Woücnberg, 111 Illinois, 203; C. & N. 17. Ry. Co. v. Chicago, 140 Illinois, 309; People v. C. & A. R. R. Co., 67 Illinois, 118.
    Railroad corporations being the recipients of special privileges from the State, to be exercised in the interest of the public, and assuming the obligation to transport all persons and merchandise upon like conditions and at reasonable rates, their business is deemed affected with a public use, and to the extent of that use is subject to legislative regulations.
    Requiring that the burden of a service deemed essential to the public, in consequence of the existence of the railroad corporations, and the exercise of privileges obtained at their request, should be borne by- the corporations in relation to whom the service is rendered, and to whom it is useful, is neither denying to them the equal- protection of the laws nor making any unjust discrimination against them, all railroad corporations in the State being treated alike in this respect. Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta R. R. Co. v. Gibbes, 142 U. S. 386. Railroads are .public highways, and in their relations as such to the public are subject to legislative supervision and the police power of the State. C. & N. W. R. R. Co. v. Chicago, supra.
    
    The inhibition of the Constitution of the United States upon the impairment of the obligation of contracts, or the deprivation of property without due process or of the equal protection of the laws by the States, are.not violated by the legitimate exercise of legislative power in securing the public safety, health and morals.
    There is no unjust discrimination and no denial of the equal protection of the laws in regulations applicable to all railroad corporations alike; nor is there necessarily such denial, nor an infringement of the' obligations- of contracts in the imposition upon them in particular instances of the entire expense of the ■ performance of acts required in- the public interest.
    The adjudication of the highest court of a State that a law 'enacted in the exercise of the police power of the State, to protect the public from danger is valid, will’not be reversed by this court, ón the ground of an infraction' of the Constitution of the United States. N. Y. & N. E. R. R. Co. v. Town of Bristol, 151 U. S 556.
    It may be assumed that it is a power coextensive with self-protection, and is not inaptly termed "the law of overruling necessity.” C. &'N. TT. R. R. Co..v. City of Chicago, supra; Lake View-v. Rose Hill Cemetery Co., 70 Illinois, 191. ' '
    It is well settled that neither a natural person nor a corporation can claim damages on account of being compelled, to render obedience to a police regulation, destined to secure the common welfare. C. & A. R. R. Co. v. J. L. & R. R. Co., 105 Illinois, 388.
    • In granting a charter to a private corporation the State does not part with its powers to enact proper police regulations operating upon such corporations, the same as upon natural persons; and these bodies accept their charters upon the implied condition that they are to exercise their rights subject to the power of the State to regulate their action as it may individuals. Ohio '& Miss. R. R. Co. v. McClellan, 25 Illinois, 140.
    It is in the power of the State to require local improvements to be made which are'esspntial to the health and prosperity of any community within its borders. To this end it may provide for the construction of canals for draining marshy and malarious districts and of levees to prevent inundations. Hagar v. Reclamation District, 111 U. S. 701.
    Since the amendment to the Illinois constitution adopted - in 1878, the Illinois court has held that corporations formed for'drainage purposes are public corporations. Heffner v. Cass & Morgan Counties, 193 Illinois, 439.
    The right of drainage through a natural watercourse is the natural easement appurtenant to the land of every individual through whose lands such natural watercourse runs, and every o\yner of land along such watercourse is obliged to take notice of the natural easement possessed by other owners along the same watercourse. C., B. & Q. Ry. Co. v. The People ex rel. &c., 212 Illinois, 103.
    A natural watercourse' is not required to be used only in its natural state, but may be imp'roved either by being deepened or widened by artificial means or by the construction along its course of a channel or drain for the purpose of more effectually •carrying off the surface water from the land.. The construction of such improvement docs not create a substantively new watercourse, nor amount to an abandonment of the natural watercourse. Lambert v. Allcorn, 144 Illinois, 313.
    The right to drain upon and over lower or servient lands' without making compensation for such privilege is the same whether the dominant land is the farm of an individual owner or is a public highway.
    The public represented by defendants in error, - have the right to have the surface water, falling or coming naturally upon the district in question, to pass off the same through the natural channel, and over the right of way of plaintiff in error, and have the right to construct ditches or drains for the purpose of carrying such surface water into the natural channel, even though the water thus carried across the right of way is thereby increased. Graham v. Keene, 143 Illinois, 425; K. & S. R. R. Co. v. Horan, 131 Illinois, 288. This is one of the inevitable results experienced in the drainage and improvement of land, which the development of the country cannot always permit to remain in a state of nature. Ribordy v. Murray, 177 Illinois, 134.
   Mr. Justice Harlan,

after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

1. The first question is one of the authority of this court to review the judgment below. As we have seen, the railway company insisted in the court of original jurisdiction that the statute .under which the Drainage Commissioners proceeded could not be applied in this case without taking its property for public use without compensation, and therefore depriving it of property without due process of law, or without denying to it the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Com-stitution of the United States. The judgment of the trial court was adverse to that view. In the Supreme Court of the State the railway company, by its assignments of error, preserved its objection, based on constitutional grounds. That court did not, in words, refer to the Constitution of the United States, and its opinion concluded: “Entertaining the views above expressed, and founding our conclusion upon the rights and duties of the parties as found in the common law, we deem it unnecessary, to pass upon the constitutionality of section 40J of the'Farm Drainage Act.”

The contention is that as the state court based its judgment on the common law duty of the railway company, and not expressly on any Federal'ground, it cannot be said that there was any denial of the Federal right claimed by the company; consequently, it is argued, this court is without jurisdiction to reexamine the final judgment. Rev. Stat. § 709.

Undoubtedly, the general rule is that where the judgment of the state court rests upon an'independent, separate ground of local or general law, broad enough or sufficient in itself to cover the essential issues and control the rights of the parties, however the Federal question raised on the record might be determined, this court- will affirm or dismiss, as the one course or the other may be appropriate, without considering that question. But it is equally well settled, that the failure of the state court to pass on the Federal right or immunity specially set up, of record, is not conclusive, but this court will decide the Federal question if the necessary effect of the judgment is to deny a Federal right or immunity specially set up or claimed, and which,-if recognized and enforced, would require a judgment different from one resting upon some ground of local or general law. And such plainly was the effect of the judgment., in .this case. , If, as the railway company contended, the proposed action of the Drainage Commissioners would deprive, it of property without due process of law and also deny to it the equal protection of the. laws, then a-judgment should have been rendered for the company. And that result could not be avoided merely by silence on the. Federal question and by placing the judgment on some principle of the common law. The constitutional grounds relied on must, if sustained, displace or supersede any principle of general or local law which, but for such grounds, might be sufficient for the complete determination of the rights of the parties. The claim of a Federal right or immunity specially set up from the outset went to the very root of the case and dominated every part of it. If that claim be valid, then the law is for the railway company; for, the supreme law of the land must alwaj's control. Therefore .a failure to recognize such Federal right or immunity, and the decision of the case on some ground of general or local law, necessarily has the same effect as if the claim.of Federal right or immunity had been expressly denied.' That claim having, then, been distinctly set up by the company, and being broad enough to cpver the entire case, it may not be ignored, and this court cannot refuse to determine whether the alleged Federal right exists and is protected by the Constitution of the United States. If the case had been decided in favor of the railway company on some ground of local or general law, then the claim of a Federal, right would have, become immaterial, and we could not have reexamined the judgment. But the decision was otherwise and was, in law, a denial of the claim of a Federal right.

For .these reasons we are of opinion that this court has jurisdiction to reexamine the final judgment of the state court so far as it involved the Federal right or immunity specially set up by the railway company.

2. The concrete case arising upon the petition and the demurrer is this: A public corporation, charged by law with the duty of causing a large body of lands, principally swamp and slough lands, to be drained and made capable of cultivation, has, under direct legislative authority, adopted a reasonable and. suitable plan to accomplish that object. That plan requires the enlarging and deepening of the channel of a natural watercourse running through the District, which is the only natural outlet or way of drainage of the lands of the District— the best and only practicable mode by which the lands can be made tillable. But that plan cannot be carried out unless the .timbers and stones in the creek — placed there by the railway company when it constructed the foundation for its present bridge — are removed. The timber and stones referred to cannot, however, be removed without destroying the foundations of the present bridge and rendering it necessary (if the railway compan)'' continues to operate its road, which w.e ássuine it intends to do) to construct another bridge With an opening underneath wide enough to permit a channel sufficient to carry off the water of the. creek as increased in volume under the drainage system adopted by the Commissioners.

The. contention of the railway company is that, as its present bridge was lawfully constructed, under its general corporate power to build, construct, operate and maintain a railroad, in the county and township aforesaid, and as the depth and width of the channel under it were, sufficient, at the time, to carry off the water of the creek as it then flowed, and now flows — -the foundation of the bridge cannot be removed and its use of the bridge disturbed, unless compensation be first made or secured to it in such amount as will be sufficient to meet the expense of removing the timbers and stones from the creek and of constructing a new bridge of such length and with such opening under it as the plan of the Commissioners requires. The company insists that to require it to meet these expenses out of its own funds will be, within the meaning of the Constitution, a taking of its property for public use without- compensation, and, therefore, without due process of law, as well as a denial to it of the equal protection of the laws.

The importance of these questions will justify av reference to some of the adjudged cases; referring first to those recog-nrzing the distinction between an incidental injury to rights of private property resulting from the exercise of governmental powers, lawfully and reasonably exerted for the public good, and the taking, within the meaning of the Constitution, of private property for public use.

In Transportation Co. v. Chicago, 99 U. S. 635, 642, which involved a claim for damages directly resulting from the construction by the city of Chicago of a tunnel under Chicago River, whereby for a very long time the plaintiff was prevented from using its dock and other property for purposes of its business; in Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623, 669, which related, in part, to the lawful prohibition by the State of the use of- private property in a particular way, whereby its value was materially diminished, if not practically destroyed; in N. Y. & N. E. Railroad Co. v. Bristol, 151 U. S. 556, 567, 571, which involved the question whether a railroad company could be required, at its sole expense, to remove a grade crossing which it had lawfully established and used and to establish another crossing at a different place; in Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 226, 252, in which one of the questions was whether it was a condition'of the exercise by the State of its authority to regulate, the use. of property, owned by individuals or corporations, that- the owner should be indemnified for the damage or injury resulting from the exercise of such authority for. legitimate public purposes; in Gibson v. United States, 166 U. S. 269, 271, 276, in which the' owner of a farm on an island in the Ohio River, at which there was a-landing, sought to recover compensation for the injury done to the farm by reason of.the construction'by the United States of a dike for the purpose of, concentrating the water-flow in the main channel of the river; and in Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U. S. 141, 164, which involved the question whether the United' Statfes- was required to compensate an owner of land fronting on a public navigable river, when his access from the shore to the navigable part bf such river was permanently obstructed by a pier erected in the river under the authority of Congress for the purpose of.improving navigation; — in each of those cases, this court recognized the principle that injury may of ten. come to private property as the result of legitimate governmental action, reasonably taken for the- public good and for no other purpose, and yet there will be no taking of such property within the meaning of the constitutional guarantee against the deprivation of property without due process of law, or against the taking of private property for public use without compensation. To this class belongs the recent, and as we think, decisive case of New Orleans Gas Light Co. v. Drainage Commission, 197 U. S. 453, to be hereafter adverted to in another connection. In this class may also be placed Mills v. United States, 46 Fed. Rep. 738. That was the case of an improvement by the United States of the navigation of Savannah River, which resulted in so raising the water in that river as to make it impossible to prevent the flooding of adjacent rice fields that were ordinarily and naturally drained 'into the fiver, and rendering it necessary that expense be incurred in order to provide new drainage from those fields into a back river, where the water levels were suitable. In commenting upon that case, this court said, in United States v. Lynah, 188 U. S. 445: “Obviously there was no taking of the plaintiff's lands, but simply an injury which could be remedied at an expense, as alleged, of $10,000, and the action was one to recover the amount of this consequential injury. The court rightfully held that it could not be sustained.” See also Bedford v. United States, 192 U. S. 217, and Manigault v. Springs, 199 U. S. 473.

We refer also, as having direct application here, to some of the cases, familiar to the profession, that recognize the possession by each State of the power, never surrendered to the Government' of the Union, of guarding and promoting the public interests by reasonable police regulations that do not violate the constitution of the State or the Constitution of the United States. Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1; Railroad Co. v. Husen, 95 U. S. 465, 472; Patterson v. Kentucky, 97 U. S. 501, 503; Morgan v. Louisiana, 118 U. S. 455, 464; Hennington v. Georgia, 163 U. S. 299, 308, 309; N. Y., N. H. & H. Railroad Co. v. New York, 165 U. S. 628, 631.

We assume that the drainage statute in question is entirely consistent with the constitution of Illinois. It is so regarded by the Supreme Court of the State, and' that is all-sufficient in this case. We assume, also, without discussion — as from the decisions of the state court'we may properly assume— that the drainage of this large body of lands so as to make them fit for human habitation and cultivation, is a public purpose,, to accomplish' which the- State may by appropriate agencies exert the general powers it possesses, for the common good.' By the removal of water from large bodies of land, the state court has said, and by “the subjection of such lands to cultivation they are made to bear their proper proportionate burden to the support of the inhabitants and commerce of the State. Their value is increased, and thereby their contribution in' taxes to the state and local governments is increased.” C., B. & Q. Ry. Co. v. The People, 212 Illinois, 103, 119. It is conceded that this public purpose cannot be certainly and effectively attained except through the plan adopted by the Drainage Commissioners.. Further, the regulations against which the railway- company invokes the.Constitution have a real, direct, and obvious relation to the public objects sought to be accomplished by them; in no sense are they arbitrary or unreason-, able. Indeed, it is admitted that the plan of the Commissioners is appropriate and the best that can be devised for draining the lands in question. But the railway company, in effect, if not in words, insists .that the rights, which it asserts in. this case are supérior and paramount to any that the public has to use the watercourse in Question for the purpose of draining the lands in its vicinity, although such watercourse was in existence, for the benefit of the public, long before the railway company constructed its bridge. This contention cannot, however, be sustained, except upon the theory that the acquisition by the railway company of a right of way through the lands in question, and the construction on that right of way of a bridge across Rob Roy Creek at the point in question, carried with it a surrender by the State of its power, by appropriate agencies, to- provide for such use of that natural watercourse as might subsequently become necessary or proper for the public interests. If the State could part with such a power, held in trust for the public — which is by no means admitted — it has not done-so in any statute either by express words or by necessary implication. When the railway company laid the foundations of its bridge in Rob Roy Creek it did so subject to the rights of the public in the use of that watercourse, and also subject to the possibility that newr circumstances and future public necessities' might, in the judgment of the State, reasonably require a material change in the methods used in crossing the creek with cars. It may be — and wre take it to be true — that.the opening under the bridge as originally constructed was sufficient to pass-all the water then or now flowing through the creek. But the . duty of the company, implied in law, was to maintain an opening- under the bridge that would be adequate and effectual for such an increase in the volume of w’atbr as might result from lawful, reasonable regulations established by appropriate public authority from time to time for the drainage of lands .on either side of the creek. Angell, on Watercourses, 6th ed. 640, § 4666.

The Supreme Court of Illinois said in this case: “The right of drainage tlir-ough a natural watercourse or a natural waterway is-a natural easement appurtenant to the land of every individual through whose land such natural watercourse runs, and evéry owner of land along such watercourse is obliged to take notice of the natural easement possessed by other owners along the same watercourse.” Again, in the same case: “Where lands are valuable for cultivation, and the country, as this, depends so mucji upon agriculture, the public welfare demands that the lands shall be drained, and in the absence of any constitutional provision in relation to such laws they have been sustained,-' upon high authority, as the exercise of the police power. ” Further: “ A natural watercourse being a natural easement, is placed upon the .same ground, in many respects as to the pubjic right, as is a public highway. At the common law, if a railroad or another highway crosses a natural watercourse or a public highway, such highway or railroad must be so constructed across the existing highway or waterway, and so maintained,, that said highway or waterway, as the case may be, shall not only subserve the demands of the public as they exist at the time of crossing the same, but for all future time. . . . The great weight of authority is, that where there is a natural waterway, or where a highway already exists and is crossed by a railroad company under its general license to build a railroad, and without any specific grant by the legislative authority to obstruct the highway or waterway, the railroad company is bound to make and keep its crossing, at its own expense, in such condition as shah meet all the reasonable requirements of the public as the changed conditions and’ increased use may demand. ” The court said that the implied authority of the company to build its present bridge was coupled with its common law duty “to build its bridge over the natural watercourse, with a view of the future as well as the present contingencies and 'requirements of such watercourse, and with the further implied provision that there remained in the State, whenever the public welfare required it; the right to. regulate its use..” Still further: “The subject [the draining of lands] was deemed of such importance that the people, by section 31 of Article IV of the Constitution of 1870, conferrecfupon the General Assembly plenary powers in making provision for drainage for agricultural and sanitary purposes, and pursuant to that power the General Assembly passed the act under which the appellees are proceeding/ declaring that the- organization should be for agricultural and sanitary purposes. The Drainage Districts organized, as are the appellees, under that law are invested with the right of eminent domain and the power of taxation, upon the theory that they are public utilities and are held to be quasi public corporations. In their organic character they do not represent merely the individual property owners or themselves, but they represent the State in carrying out its policy, as found in the common law and declared by its constitution and statutes. It has been so often said that it need only be adverted to here, that corporations such as appellant do not hold their property and exercise their franchises strictly in a private right, but that from the nature of their business and their relation to society they are public corporations in a sense and are subject to public control and regulation, though with their grant of power to traverse the State with their lines of railroad it cannot be said that their right of private property attaches to every highway and watercourse over which their roads may ]pe constructed. To so hold would render such enterprises, which are .designed for the benefit of the State, obstacles to its progress and a menace to its general welfare. . . . Of course, in the exercise of the right of the public interest, as against such corporations, the demand must be reasonable and must clearly appear to be for the public welfare. In this case .it is not'questioned that the improvement of Rob Roy Creek, as proposed, is necessary for the proper drainage of -the lands comprising the Drainage District.' The petition alleges that such enlargement is necessary and that the. same cannot be earriéd on.with the obstructions placed in the bed of said creek by appellant. This the appellant does not deny.” C. B. & Q. Ry. Co. v. The People, 212 Illinois, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118.

In Ohio & Miss. R. R. Co. v. McClelland, 25 Illinois, 140, 144, it was said — indeed, all the cases hold — that “the power to enact police regulations, operates upon all alike;” that that “power is incident to and part of government itself, and need not be expressly reserved, when it grants rights or property to individuals or corporate bodies, as they take subservient to that right. ”

A case quite in point is that of Kankakee & Seneca R. R. Co. v. Horan, 131 Illinois, 288. That was ah action against a railroad company to recover for damage from the backing of water upon plaintiff's land by reason of an insufficient culvert constructed by it for the passage of water from a certain natural watercourse. The contention of the company was that the culvert when constructed was sufficient for the flow of water at the time, and that.it was not bound to make such provision as was necessary for an increase of water in the slough subsequently, arising from the drainage into' it of the lands along its course. Upon this point the Supreme Court of Illinois saidr “We do not subscribe to this doctrine. The Parker slough was a watercourse, and it was the legal right of any one along its line for miles above the railroad, where the water naturally shed toward the slough, to drain into it, and no one "below, owning land along the slough, would have any legal remedy against such person so draining the water into the. slough above him, for any damage done to his inheritance by means of an increased flow of water caused thereby. In other words, the slough was á legal watercourse for the drainage of all the land the natural tendency of which was to cast its surplus Water, caused by the ’ falling of rain and snow into it; and this, whether the flow was increased by artificial means or not. It would seem legitimately to follow that the railroad company; in providing a passageway for the slough, was bound to anticipate and provide for any such legal increase of the waterflow. If it did not, it was doing a wrong and legal injury to any one situated like the appellee, who received injury in consequence of. a failure on its part to do its duty.” See also the following Illinois cases: People v. Chicago & Alton R. R., 67 Illinois; 118; Chicago, Rock Island, & Pacific R. R. Co. v. Moffit, 75 Illinois, 524; Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co. v. City of Chicago, 140 Illinois, 309; Ohio & Miss. Ry. Co. V. Thillman, 143 Illinois, 127; Frazer v. City of Chicago, 186 Illinois, 480, 486.

Many cases in other courts are ‘to the same general effect. They negative the suggestion of the railway company that the adequacy of its bridge and the opening under it for passing the water of the creek at the time the bridge was constructed determines its obligations to the-public at all subsequent periods. In Cooke v. Boston & Lowell R. R., 133 Massachusetts, 185, 188, it appeared that a railroad company had’ statutory authority to cross a certain highway with its road. The statute provided that if the railroad crossed any highway it should be so constructed as not to impede or obstruct the safe and convenient use of the highway. And one of the contentions of the company was that the statute limited its duty and obligation to provide for -the wants of travelers at the time it exercised the privilege granted to it. • The court said: “The’Legislature intended to provide against any obstruction of the safe and convenient. use of the highway, for all time; and if, by the increase of . population in the neighborhood, or by an increasing use of 'the highway, the crossing which at the outset was adequate is no longer so, it is the diity bf the railroad corporation to make such alteration as will meet the present needs of the public who have occasion to use the highway. ” In Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co. v. Cluggish, 143 Indiana, 347, the court said (quoting from Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co. v. Smith, 61 Fed. Rep. 885): “The. duty of a railroad to restore a stream or highway which is crossed, by the line of its road is a, continuing duty; and'if, by the increase of population or other causes, the crossing becomes •inadequate to meet the new and altered conditions of the country, it is the duty of the railroad to make such alterations as will meet the present needs of the public. ” So; in State of Indiana v. Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co., 83 Fed. Rep. 284, 287, which was the case of an overhead crossing lawfully constructed on one of the streets of a city, the court said: “ If, by the growth of population or otherwise, the crossing has become inadequate to meet the present needs of the public, it is the duty of the railroad company to remedv the defect by restoring the crossing so that it will not unnecessarily impair the usefulness of the highway.”

The cases to which we have referred are in accord with the declarations of this court in the recent case of New Orleans Gas Light Co. v. Drainage Commission, 197 U. S. 453. That case would seem to be decisive of the question before -us. It there appeared that a gas company had acquired an exclusive right to supply gas to the city of New Orleans and its inhabitants through pipes and mains laid in the streets... In the exercise of that right it had laid its pipes in the streets. ' Subsequently a Drainage Commission, proceeding under statutory authority, devised a system of drainage for the city, and in the- execution of its plans it became necessary to change the location in sonde places of the mains and pipes, laid by the gas company. The contention of that^ company was that it could not be required, at its own cost, to shift its pipes and mains so as to accommodaté. the drainage system; that to require it to do so would be a taking of its property for public use without compensation, in violation of the Constitution of the United States. This court said: “The gas company did not,acquife any specific location in the streets; it was content with the general right to use them, and when it located its pipes it was at the risk that they might be, at some future time, disturbed,- when the State might require, for a necessary public use, that changes in location be made. . .. . There is nothing in the grant to the gas^ company, even if it- could legally be done, undertaking to limit the right of The State to establish a system of. drainage in the streets. We think whatever -right the gas company acquired' was subject, in so far as the location of its pipes was concerned, to-such further regulations as might be required-in thé interest of the public, health and welfare. These views are amply sustained by the authorities. National Water Works Co. v. City of Kansas, 28 Fed. Rep. 921, in which the opinion was delivered by Mr. Justice Brewer, then Circuit Judge; Gas Light & Coke Co. v. Columbus, 50 Ohio St. 65; Jamaica Pond Aqueduct Co. v. Brookline, 121 Massachusetts, 5; In re Deering, 93 N. Y. 361; Chicago, Burlington & Q. R. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U. S. 226, 254. In the latter case it was held that uncompensated obedience- to a regulation enacted for the public safety under the police power of the State was not taking property without due compensation. In our view, that is all there is to this case. The gas company, by its grant from the city, acquired no exclusive right to the location of its pipes in the streets, as chosen by it, under a generaFgrant of authority to use the streets. . The city made no contract that the gas company should not be disturbed in the location chosen. In the exercise of' the police poWer of the State, for a purpose highly necessary in- the promotion of the public health, it has become necessary to change the location of the pipes of the gas company so as to accommodate them to the new public work. In complying with this requirement at its own expense-none of the property of the gas company has been taken, and the injury sustained is damnum absque injuria.”

The learned counsel for the railway company seem to think that the adjudications relating to the police power of the State to protect the public health, the public morals and the public safety are not applicable, in principle, to cases where the police power is exerted for the general well-being of the community apart from any question of the public health, the public morals or the public safety. .Hence, he presses the thought that the petition in this case/ does not, in words, suggest that the drain- • age in question has anything to do with the health of the Drainage District, but only avers that the system of drainage adopted by the Commissioners will reclaim the lands of the District and make them tillable or fit for cultivation. We cannot assent to the view expressed by counsel. We hold that the police.power of a State embraces regulations designed to promote the public convenience or the general prosperity, as well as regulations designed to promote the public-health, the public morals or the public safety. Lake Shore & Mich South. Ry. v. Ohio, 173 U. S. 285, 292; Gilman v. Philadelphia, 3 Wall. 713, 729, Pound v. Turck, 95 U. S. 459, 464; Railroad Co. v. Husen, 95 U. S. 470. And the validity of a police regulation, whether established directly by the State or by some public body acting under its sanction, must depend upon the circumstances of each case and the character of the regulation, whether arbitrary or reasonable and whether really designed to accomplish a legitimate public purpose. Private property cannot be taken without compensation for public úse under a police regulation relating strictly to the public health, the public morals or the public safety, any more than under a police regulation having no relation to such-matters, but only to the general welfare. The foundations upon which the power rests are in every case the same. This power, as said in Village of Carthage v. Frederick, 122 N. Y. 268, has always been exercised by municipal corporations, “by making regulations to preserve order, to promote freedom of- communication and to facilitate the transaction of business in crowded communities. Compensation has never been a condition of its exercise, even when attended with inconvenience or peculiar loss, as each member of a community is presumed to be benefited by that which promotes, the general welfare. ” The constitutional requirement of due' process of law, which embraces compensation for private property taken for public use, applies in every case of the exertion of governmental power. If in the execution of any power, no matter what it is, the Government, Federal or state, finds it necessary to take private property for public use, it must obey the constitutional injunction to make or secure just compensation to the owner. Cherokee Nations v. Southern Kansas Railway, 135 U. S. 641, 659; Sweet v. Rechel, 159 U. S. 380, 399, 402; Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States, 148 U. S. 312, 336; United States v. Lynah, 188 U. S. 445. If the means employed have no real, substantial relation to public objects which government may legally accomplish; if they are arbitrary and unreasonable, beyond the necessities of the case, the judiciary will disregard' mere forms and interfere for the protection of rights injuriously affected by such illegal action. The authority of the courts to interfere in such cases is beyond all doubt. Minnesota v. Barber, 136 U. S. 313, 320. Upon the general subject there is no real conflict among the adjudged cases. Whatever conflict there is arises upon the question whether there has been or will be in the particular case, within the true meaning of the Constitution, a “ taking ’’ of private property for public use. If the injury complained of is only incidental to the legitimate exercise of governmental powers Tor the public good, then there is no taking of property for the public use, and a right to compensation,-on. account of such injury,-does not attach under the Constitution. Such is the present case. There are, unquestionably, limitations upon the exercise of the police power which cannot, under any circumstances, be ignored. But the clause prohibiting the taking of private property without compensation “is not intended as a limitation of the exercise of those police powers which are necessary to the-..tranquility of every well-ordered community, nor of that general power lover' private property which is necessary for the' orderly existence of all governments. It has always been held that the legislature may make police regulations, although, they may interfere with. the full enjoyment of private property and though no cómpen-•sation is given. ” Sedgwick's Stat. & Const. Law, 434.

■ It remains to deal with a particular aspect of the case. The opening -under the present bridge, wc assume .from the record, was sufficient, when the bridge was constructed, to pass all the water naturally flowing in the creek from lands in that locality. It is sufficient if the channel of the river be left as it is now. The Commissioners demand, however, as they may rightfully do in the public interest, a larger, deeper and wider channel in order to accommodate the increased volume of water in the creek that will come from the proposed plan of the Commissioners. But that is a matter which concerns the public, not the railway company. The duty of the company will end when it removes the obstructions which it has placed in .the way of enlarging, deepening and widening of the channel. It follows, upon principles of justice, that while the expense attendant upon the removal of the present bridge and culvert and the timbers and stones placed by the company in the creek, as well as -the expense of the erection of any new' bridge which the company may elect to construct in order to conform to the plan of the Commissioners, should be borne by the railway company, the expense attendant merely upon the removal of soil in order to enlarge', deepen and widen the channel must be borne by the District. The expense to be borne by the District and the railway company, respectively, can be ascertained by the state court in some appropriate way, and such orders made as will be necessary to facilitate the execution of the plan of the Commissioners.

Without further discussion we hold it to be the duty of the railway company, at its own expense, to remove from the creek the present bridge, culvert, timbers and stones placed there by it, and also (unless it abandons or surrenders its right to cross ' the creek at or in the vicinity of the present crossing) to erect at its own expense and maintain a new bridge for crossing that will conform to the regulations established by the Drainage Commissioners, under the authority of the State; and such a requirement if' enforced will not amount to a taking of private property for public use within the meaning of the Constitution, nor to a denial of the equal protection of the laws.

' Leaving "it to the state court to give effect to these views Inappropriate orders and subject to the above qualifications, the decree of the state court is

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice Holmes,

with whom agreed Mr. Justice White and Mr. Justice McKenna, concurring.

I.concur in the main with the judgment of the court. I agree that the public authority has a right to widen or deepen a channel if it sees fit, and that.ány cost that the railroad is put to in rebuilding a bridge the railroad must. bear. But the public must pay for the widening-or deepening, and I think that it does not matter whether what it has to remove is the original earth or some other substance, lawfulty put in the place of the" original earth. Very likely in this case the distinction is of little importance, but it may.be hereafter. I suppose it to be plain, as my brother Brewer says, that, if an expense is thrown upon the railroad unlawfully, its property is taken for public-use without due' compensation. Woodward v. Central Vermont Railway Co., 180 Massachusetts, 599.

I am authorized to say that my brothers White and McKenna agree with my view.

Me. Justice Brewer,

dissenting.

The question in this case is a narrow one, yet of profound importance, and, involving, as in my judgment it does, a grievous wrong to owners of private property, I am constrained to dissent. Conceding the regularity of the proceedings and the power of the State to drain the lands in the Drainage District, and if necessary therefor to compel the .building of a new and enlarged bridge over Rob Roy Creek, I dissent from the conclusion that the State may cast the entire cost of such rebuilding upon.the railroad company.

It appears from the petition which was demurred to, and whose allegations of fact must therefore be taken as true, that the Drainage District consists of about 2,000 acres on both sides of Rob Roy Creek; that a majority of the lands of said Drainage District are swamp or slough lands, and under natural cofidi- ■ tions not subject to cultivation, but by drainage will all be greatly improved and made good tillable lands. The railroad company has lor forty years maintained a bridge or culvert Over Rob Roy Creek which has answered and does answer all its purposes and necessities. The cost of the ditches and drains in the Drainage District in accordance with the plans adopted by the Commissioners is estimated at $20,000. ■ The railroad bridge or culvert across the creek does not exceed in value $8,000, and a new bridge or culvert can be constructed at a cost of not exceeding $13,000. The drainage act provides for an appraisement of the damages done to any tract by the construction of the proposed work, and a judgment in1 favor of the owner against the Commissioners of the District for that amount. It also provides for an assessment of the benefits to the different tracts, upon the basis of which assessments taxes are to be levied to pay for the construction and maintenance of the drainage system. In other words, any damage done to any particular tract by the construction of the drainage system is to.be paid to the owner of that tract; if a private individual, and the tracts which are benefited are to be charged with the cost in proportion to the amount of benefit received. Section 40| of the drainage act then provides:

“The Commissioners shall have the power and are required to make all necessary bridges and culverts along or across any public highway or railroad which may be deemed necessary for the use or protection of the work, and the cost of the same shall be paid out of the road and bridge* tax, or by the railroad company, as the case-may be: Provided, however, notice shall first be given to the road or railroad authorities to build or construct such bridge or culvert, and they shall have thirty days in which to build or construct the samé; such bridges or culverts shall, in all cases, be constructed so as not to interfere with the free flow of water through the drains of the district. Should any railroad company refuse or neglect to build or construct any bridge or culvert as herein required, the Commissioners. constructing the same may recover the cost and” expenses therefor in a suit against said company befóre any justice of the peace or any court having jurisdiction, and reasonable attorney’s fees may be recovered as part of the cost. The proper authorities of any public road or railroad shall have the right of appeal the same as provided for individual land owners. ”

According to this, if any bridge or culvert on any public highway is- needed in order, to perfect the drainage S3rstem, the cost' of it is to be paid out of the public funds; but if a bridge or culvert is required on a railroad, the cost of it must be paid by the railroad company. And this is arbitrary, without any ap-praisement of benefits or damages.

Now, the property of a railroad company is private property. It cannot be taken for public uses without just compensation. True, it is used by the owners' in performing the. quasi public work of transportation, but it is not given up to public uses generally.' It is not devoted to education or the improvement of farm lands, or, indeed, any other use than that of transportation. If taken therefrom and devoted to other public uses ■it is the taking of private property for public uses. That, this can. be done may be conceded, but only upon ju§t compensation.

When private property is taken for public uses compensation must be paid. That is the mandate of the Federal Constitution and of that of nearly every State in the Union. Independently of such mandate, compensation would be required. In 2 Kent, p. 339 (12th. ed.), it is said:

' “A provision for compensation is a necessary attendant on the due and constitutional exercise' of the power of the lawgiver to deprive an individual of his property without his consent; and this principle in American constitutional jurisprudence is founded in natural equity, and is laid down by jurists as an acknowledged principle of universal law.” See also cases cited in the note; especially Gardner v. Village of Newburgh, 2 Johns. Ch. 162, 166.

In Sinnickson v. Johnsons, 17 N. J. L. (2 Harr.) 129, 145; referred to approvingly by this court in Pumpelly v. Green Bay Company, 13 Wall. 166, 178, and Monongahela Navigation Company v. United States, 148 U. S. 312, 324, it was said:

“This power to take'private property reaches back of all constitutional provisions; and it seems to have been considered a settled principle of universal law that the right to compensation is an incident to the exercise of that power: that the one is so inseparably connected with the other, that they may be said to exist not as separate and distinct principles, but as parts of one and the same principle. ”

If this be true when the taking is for that which is solely a public use, how much more true is it when the taking is largely for the benefit of private individuals, and at best only incidentally for the benefit of the public? Now the sole purpose of this proceeding, as admitted by the demurrer, was the transformation of these swamp and untillable lands into good tillable lands; in other words, to that extent, increasing -the value of the farms in the hands of their private owners. While the statute under which these proceedings were had contemplates drainage for agricultural and sanitary purposes, there is nothing in this record to show that any sanitary result was contemplated, and the only object disclosed is the direct beneficial result to the owners of 'these swamp lands. There is not the slightest intimation that the health, morals, or safety of the community will be promoted, or is intended to. be promoted, by the drain- ■ age. I quote the exact language of the petition:

“And the petitioners aver that the aforesaid location of the ditch-or drain along the said Rob Roy Creek was for the purpose of enlarging the channel or watercourse of the aforesaid Rob Roy Creek, and thereby enabling the land in said drainage district to be better drained and render the soil in said district more tillable.
* % * % * *
“And your petitioners aver that-a majority-of the lands of said Drainage District are what is known, as swamp or slough land, and under the present condition are not subject to cultivation, but by means of the proposed deepening and enlarging of said Rob Roy Creek,' as herein described, and as a result of the removal of said timbers and stones in said Rob Roy Creek, at the place aforesaid, and of the enlargement of and deepening of said Rob Roy Creek, all of the lands in said Drainage District will be greatly improved, and made good, tillable land subject-to cultivation.’’

If it be a principle of natural justice that private property shall not be taken for public purposes without just compensation, is it not equally a principle of natural justice that no man shall be compelled to pay out money'for the benefit of the public without any reciprocal compensation? What difference in .equity does it make whether a piece of land is taken for public uses or so many dollars for like purposes? Cary Library v. Bliss, 151 Massachusetts, 364, 378, 379; Woodward v. Central Vermont Railway Company, 180 Massachusetts, 599, 603.

But it- is said that this is done under the police power of the State, and that that can be exercised without any provision for compensation. It seems to me that the- police power has -become the-refuge of every grievous wrong'upon private property. Whenever any unjust burden is cast upon the owner of private property which cannot be supported under the power of eminent domain or that of taxation, it is referred to the police power. But no exercise of the police power can disregard the constitutional guarantees in respect to the taking of private property, due process~and equal protection, nor should it override the’demands of natural justice. The question in the case is not how far the State may go in compelling a railroad company toxexpend money in increasing its facilities for transportation', but how far it can go in charging upon the company the cost of improving farms along the line of its road.

Again, it will be perceived that by the- section quoted, if, in consequence of the drainage, a bridge or culvert is required on any public highway its'cost is paid out of the public funds, but whenever a .bridge or culvert is required along or across a railroad the company is charged with the cost. In the one casé the public pays and -in the other a private owner. It is not pretended that the railway is in any way benefited by the drainage: Its property is not improved, its revenues are not increased. The reconstruction of the bridge or culvert is not needed by it in its work of transportation. It has used its present bridge for over forty years, meeting in that time all the demands of the public for transportation. So that, receiving no benefit, it is.charged with the cost of reconstruction, about $13,000, fin order to improve the valué of the lands belonging to private owners in this, Drainage District, when if a highway crossed- at the same plaée and a new bridge or culvert was required the cost of it would be paid out of the public funds. I cannot conceive how this can be looked upon as “ the equal protection of the laws. ”

Further, even under the conclusion reached by the court, the plaintiff in error should recover its costs and, in accord with the common practice in this court, the order should be that the judgment be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with our opinion. Stanley v. Schwalby, 162 U. S. 255, 282. Why should it be compelled to- pay- two or three hundred dollars in costs when it has shown that-the .decision below placed an improper charge upon it, the amount of which is not disclosed and which, may be a very substantial sum?

I am, therefore, constrained to dissent from both- the opinion and judgment. -  