
    (Chancery. Local Law.)
    Kerr et al. v. Watts.
    The decision of this Court, in Jlfastie r. Watts, 6 Crunch, 148. re* vised and confirmed.
    Who are necessary parties in equity.
    The. rule applied in equity to the relief of bona fide purchasers without notice, is not applicable to the case of purchasers of military land warrants under the laws of Virginia.
    Such purchasers are considered as affected with notice by the record of the entiy, and also of the surrey; and subsequent purchasers are considered as acquiring the interest of the person making the entry; so that purchasers under conflicting entries are considered as purchasing under distinct rights, in which case the rule, as to innocent purchasers, does not apply.
    The principié, that only parties, or privies, or' purchasers pendente lile, are bound by a decree in equity, how applied to this case.
    The surveys actually' made on the military land warrants of Virginia, have not the force of judicial acts, , or of acts done by the deputa- ,' tions of officers as general agents of the continental officers. •
    Appeal .from the Circuit Court of Ohio.
    Ferdinando O’Neal was owner of a Virginia military warrant for 4,000 acres of land, dated the 17th of Juty, 1783, and employed Nathaniel Massie, a deputy surveyor, to locate it, and to survey and return the plats.
    John Watts purchased the right of O’Neal, and on the 7th of January, 1801, paid Massie 50 pounds in full satisfaction for locating and surveying the warrant.
    On the 3d of August, 1787, Massie made an entry on part of O’Neal’s warrant for 1,000 acres. On the same day an entry had “been made for 1,000 acres for Robert Powell, which was purchased by Massie.
    On the 27th of January, 1795, Massie made an entry in his own name for 2,366 acres, and the bill, filed in the Court below by the respondent, Watts, against the appellants, Kerr and others, charges, that on the 26th of April, 1796, Massie fraudulently made a survey for O’Neal, for 530 acres, purporting to be made upon his said entry of 1,000 acres; but, in fact, on different land, having fraudulently appropriated to himself the land covered by O’Neal’s entry, by surveys made on Powell’s and his own entries, having purchased Powell’s warrant and entry before the surveys were made.
    The bill further states, that Massie had obtained grants upon his survey.
    Watts commenced a suit in Chancery against Massie in the State Court of Kentucky, claiming a conveyance of the legal title, and proceeded to a final hearing upon the merits, in the Circuit Court of Kentucky, to which it had been removed ; which last Court, in the November term, 1807, made an interlocutory decree, in favour of Watts, and directed the proper surveyor to lay off the several entries in the manner pointed out in that decree, and to report to the Court in order to a final decree in the premises.
    The cause was finally decided by a decree directing Massie to convey the 1,000 acres to Watts according to certain metes and bounds reported, and to deliver possession, &c.; and upon performance of. the decree by Massie, Watts was directed to transfer to him 1,000 acres of O’Neal’s warrant.
    Massie appealed to this Court, where the decree of the Circuit Court was affirmed, at February term, 1810.
    
    Massie refused, to convey or deliver possession when demanded; and in the mean time part of the property recovered had been laid out into lots of the town of Chilicothe, and the bill charges the appellants, and others, who were made defendants in the present suit, with having in possession, respectively, part of the complainant’s property, and claiming to hold the same by titles derived tinder Massie.
    The record of the proceedings in Kentucky, and in the Supreme Court, were referred to, and made part of the bill in this case.
    The entries before mentioned are as follows:
    “ No. 503: Captain Robert Rowell enters 1,000 acres of land, &c. Beginning at the upper corner on the Scioto of Major Thomas Massie’s entry, No. 480, running up the river 520 poles, when reduced to a straight line, thence from the beginning with Massie’s line, so far that a line parallel to the general course of the river shall include the quantity.”
    “ No. 509: Captain Ferdinand O’Neal enters 1,000 acres, &c. Beginning at the upper corner on the Scioto of Robert Powell’s entry, 503, running up the river 500 poles, when reduced to a straight line, and from the beginning with Powell’s line, so far that a line parallel with the general course of the river will include the quantity.”
    
      
      “ No. 2462: Nathaniel Massie enters 2,366 acres, &c. on the bank of Scioto, corner to Robert Powell’s* survey, No. 503, thence with his line south 43 east 293 poles; south 80 east to the upper back corner of Thomas Massie’s survey, No. 480, thence with his line south 10 west, to Paint Creek, thence up the creek to the corner of Thomas Lawes’ survey, thence with his line, and from the beginning up the Scioto to the lower corner of Daniel Stull’s survey, thence with his line so far that a line south 10 west, will include the quantity.”
    But these entries depended on one which preceded them on the entry book, made by Thomas Massie, as follows:
    “ No. 480: 1787, August 3d. Thomas Massie enters 1,400 acres, &c. Beginning at the junction of Paint Creek with the Scioto, running up the Scioto 520 poles when reduced to a straight line, thence off at right angles, with the general course of the river so far that a line parallel thereto will include the quantity.”
    This Court, in the case referred to, decided, that Thomas Massie’s survey ought to commence at the mouth of Paint Creek ; and that the upper corner on the river should be placed at the termination of a right line at the distance of 520 poles, and the survey extended out at right angles with the general course of a right line supposed from the beginning to the upper corner : and that, from the upper corner of Thomas Massie’s survey, a point on the river, at the distance of 520 poles on a right line should be ascertàhied for the upper corner of Powell's, and that the real course. of a right line from Thomas Massie's corner to Powell's upper corner, should be considered as a base from which Powell's survey should be-extended by lines at right anglestherewith, except only so far as. the lower line might interfere with Thomas ~assje~~ property.
    February 15th.
    The survey ~f O'Néal to depend upon the same p~iucipIes in relation to the survey of Powell.
    • The' object ~t the present suit was to carry into execution against the defendants, who have acquired Massie's title, the decree against him in Kentucky, affirmed in this Court.
    The Court below, by their decree, gave relief against each, fOr the specific property claimed by the answer of each, construing the entries according to the principles: of the former decision, except in varying the complainant's survey, by a decision that a piece of land : called an Island in the river, was part of the main shore ivh~nthe entries were made, and included.as a part of the bank.
    The defendants all submitted to the decree, except Kerr, Doolittle, Joseph Kirkpatrick, sea. Joseph Kirkpatrick, jun., and the heirs of James Johnston,. who appealed to this Court.
    The Attorney- Generat and Mr. Scott, for the appellants,
    argued, (L) that the survey made for Powell ought to be established, because made ~mder the superintendance of officers to whom the State of Virginia had deputed the sovereign and exclusive authority to regulate uch surveys, similar to the powers of commissioners to adjust pre-emption rights: and that their determination was conclusive* being an inseparable condition annexed to the grant from the State. The existence and power of these agents has been recognised .'by the Court. (2.) The appellant, Kerr, is an innocent purchaser without notice, who holds the legal estate with superior equity* and therefore cannot be disturbed by the alleged equity of Watts. The cause having been set down for hearing on the-bill and answers, his answer is conclusive evidence as to every fact which it states: and it does state that at the filing of the bill he had the legal title; and that before either party purchased, the entries had been surveyed, and become matters of record. ' A survey returned and recorded is notice. He is not affected by -the supposed fraud of Massie, in making Powell’s survey. Massie was only one of several mesne purchasers of Powell’s rights; and.if Pówell, the originalNholder, was innocent, a subsequent purchaser under him has a right to the shield of his innocence, even though such purchaser had notice. Nor is the appellant a lite pendente purchaser, because the former suit was brought in Kentucky, out of the jurisdiction where the land lies. The rule is borrowed from the common lawand its analogies must, therefore, be pursued* A verdict and j udgment at law, or a decree in equity, affecting the title to land, are local in their nature. The lis pendens must be on the question of title directly, and not incidentally. The principle is confined to-those who attempt: to originate a title pendente lite; and is never extended to those who had acquired a title previously, and who.ought, therefore, to have been máde parties to the lis pendens. Its policy is to prevent-the parties from alienating, and thus evading the.justice of the Court. Even if the appellant had no legal title, but had only the better right to call for it, he could not be affected in ecviity by the pendency of the former suit. Nor is he bound as privy to the former decree. No person can be bound as such, who ought to have been made a party: as to all who ought to have.been parties, such, a decree is considered as a fraud. Those only" are privies, who- acquire this interest subsequent to1 the institution of the suit, by the decree in which they are sought to be affected. Besides, the question here is substantially different from that which arose hr the former, case. There it was as to the.responsibility of an agent to his. principal, for an alleged fraud. Here it is as to the dispossession of a bona fide purchaser.
    Mr. Doddridge and Mr. Hardin, contra,
    .stated that they should not examine the correctness of the decision in the former case, hor the question whether the appellants Were bound by the decree against Massie, under whom they claim ; since, whether they were bound by it as a res judicata or not, the Court would not change the application of the former adjudication, unless the appellants showed themselves tobe purchasers fora valuable.consideration without notice; or unless the respondent had been guilty of spme gross negligence. The defence of being a purchaser without notice, can. never be set up by or against one claiming under a different original title. It is admitted to be. the general rule, that where the cause is set down for a hearing on the bill and answer, the answer of the defendant is conclusive : but where the answer proceeds upon the ground of making, the. defendant an innocent purchaser, and the records, &c. made part of the bill, show that he cannot be such, there the law charging him with notice from the registry, forms an exception to the rule. The title of the respondent is an imperfect legal title ; and his claim being a matter of record, cannot be treated as a latent equity, for negligence in prosecuting which he shall lose his property. In the system of land laws which has been established in this country, land titles commence by a record, and the very first step confers an inchoate legal title.
    
      March 16th.
    
    
      
      
         6 Cranch 148.
    
    
      
       2 Ventr. 365. 3 Ch. Cas. 135.
    
    
      
      
         Wallace v. Anderson, 5 Wheat. Rep. 291.
    
    
      
      
        Wheat. Dig. Dec. tit. Chancery, pl. 142. Leeds v. Mar. Ins. Co. 2 Wheat. Rep. 380.
    
    
      
      
         3 Binney's Rep. 118.
    
    
      
       2 Atk. 242. 11 Ves. 478, Sugd. Vend. 438.
    
    
      
       2 P. Wms. 482.
    
    
      
      
         2 Vern. 599.
    
    
      
      
         1 Binney’s Rep. 217. 2 Binney 40. 455. 3 Binney, 114.
    
   Mr. Justice Johnson

delivered the opinion of the Court.

This cause has its origin in the case decided in this Court between Watts and Massie, in the year 1810.

Former decision in this case revised and confirmed.

Hole in Eqtoity as to who are necessary parties, how far applicable to this case.

That suit came up from the Kentucky District, and was prosecuted there because Massie, the defendant, then resided in that State, and either was, or was supposed to be, actually seised of the land in question.

Since that decision, it has been ascertained that the present defendants are in possession of the land, or the greater part of it; and Massie also having changed his residence to Ohio, this suit has become necessary, both to enforce the former decree against him, and to obtain relief against the actual possessors of the land.

In the course of discussion, the Court has been called on to review its decision in Watts and Massie, arid it has patiently heard, and deliberately considered, the able and well-conducted argument ou this subject. But, after the maturest reflection, it adheres.to the opinion that, whether the case be viewed with reference to the time, intent, and meaning of the calls, to analogy to decided cases, or convenience in the voluntary adoption of a principle of the most general application ; that laid down in the case of Watts and Massie, for running the lines of the land called for, cannot be deviated from. So far, therefore, ás Massie himself, and his privies in estate, are concerned, Watts is now entitled to the full benefit of that decision.

But there are various other defendants, and several, grounds of defence assumed in this case, which are unaffected by the decision referred to.

It is contended, in the first place, that there is a radical defect of parties. That the representatives of O'Neal and Seott,~throughwhoth the complainant éláims, and those of Powell and Thomas Massie, supposed to be. hostile to his interests, ought to. have been made parties.

~rinc~p~e applied to the re~ lief of bone fide purchasers without notice, not applicable to this case.

On this point there may be `given one general answer. No one• need be made a party complainant in whom there exists no jr rest, and no one party defendant from whom not~ung is demanded. Watts rests his case upon the averment .that all the interests once vested in O'Neal and the Seots, now centre in bimself~ and, provided he can recover the land now In possession of those actually made defendants, he is contented• ~afterwards to meet the just claims of any Others who are not made defendants. No rights w~1l be affected by his recovery, but those of the actual defendants, and those claiming through them. As to the supposed . interference of the lines ordered. to be surveyed, with those of Thomas Massie, or Powell, the former is merely hypothetical by way of reference, or imaginary; and' the latter is only asserted on the ground that Massie had, acquired all• the interest in Powell's survey that Powell ever had. There was therefore nothing to demand of Powell, as the `case is exhibited by the record. . It must be subject to these modifications, that the obiter dict~im~ of the Court, in the case of Simms and Guthrie, is to be understood.

It is next contended, in behalf of Ker~, an ci several other defendants, that they claim through purchasers who were bona Jide purchasers without notice, fQr a valuable ~onsideration. And at first view it would seem, that the principles so often applied to the re lief of innocent purchasers, are applicable to the case of these defendants, wherever the facts sustain the defence. But it. will n~ do at this day, to apply this principle to the case of purchasers of military land-warrants, derived under the laws of Virginia. in all the Courts in which such cases have come under review, the purchasers have been considered as affected by the record notice of the entry, and also of the survey, such as it legally ought to be made, as incident to, or bound up in the entry. It is altogether a system sui generis, and subsequent purchasers are considered as acquiring the interest of the entror, and not necessarily that of the State. So that purchasers under conflicting entries are considered as purchasing under distinct rights, in which case the principle here contended for does not apply; since the ignorance of a purchaser of a defective ti - tie, cannot make that title good, as against an independent and better right. rilbese principles may safely be laid hold of, to support a doctrine which, however severe occasionally in its operation, was perhaps indispensable tè the protection of the interests acquired under military land-warrants, wh~n we take into .consideration the facility with which such interests might otherwise, in all cases, have been defeated by early transfers.

The former decree, how far ~`ouclusiye in die nresent case.

It is further contended, that the defendants are not bound by the decree in the case of I'Vatts and Massie, becauseneither parties, nor privies, nor pen-dente lite purchasers. - - -

That those who come not into this Court, in any one of those characters, are not subject to the direct and binding efficacy of an adjudication, is unquestionable. But it is not very material as to the principal question in this case, whether the parties are to be. affected -by the former adjudication directly, or by the declared adherence of this Court to the doctrines established in that case. The consequence to the parties on the merits of the case is the same.

But in one view it'is material, and that is with regard to the proof of the exhibits, through which Watts, the complainant, deduces his title through the Scots from O’Neal.. As Massie, in the former case, (the record of which is made a proof of this,) acquiesced in this deduction of Watts’ title; we are of opinion that it is, as to him and his privies in estate, a point conceded. As to parties and privies, the principle cannot be contested ; and as to pendente lite purchasers, .it is not necessary to determine the question, since the only defendants who have appealed from the decision below, to wit, Kerr, the Kirkpa-tricks, Doolittle, and the Johnsons, claim under purchases made long anterior to this scrip, in Kentucky.

Those defendants certainly were entitled to a plenary defence, and where they have, by their answers, put the complainant upon proof of his allegátions, as to his deduction of title, the question arises, whether it appears from the record that the deduction of title was legally proved.

There can be no doubt that this question passed sub silentio in the Court below, but it does not appear from any thing on the record, that the point was waived ; and we are not at liberty to look beyond the record for the evidence on which the deduction of title was sustained.

Although we entertain no doubt, that exhibits may, on the trial, be proved by parol testimony, yet a note on the minutes, or on the exhibit, became indispensable to transmit the fact to this Court; and as the case furnishes no such memorandum, we must consider the assignments through which Watts derived his title from O’Neal, as not having been established by evidence. Such was thb decision of this Court in the case of Drummond v. M'Gruder.

But Kerr is the only one of these appellants who has expressly put the complainant on proof of his title. The rest of the appellants having passed over this subject without any notice in their answer, the question is, whether they waived their right to call for evidence to prove these exhibits. We are of opinion they have not ,* and that the complainant is always bound to prove his title, unless it be admitted by the answer.

There are two principles of a more general nature, of which all the appellants claim the benefit, and which, as the cause must go back, will require consideration..

It is contended, that Nathaniel Massie was the. acknowledged agent of both O’Neal and Watts, and that the complainant is precluded by his acts done in that capacity. This argument is resorted to, as well to. fasten on Watts the survey madg in bis behalf above the town of Chilicothe, as a relinquishment of all claim to a location at the place now contended for in his behalf. But in neither of these views-can this Court apply this principle in favour of the defendants; for, it follows from the principles established for surveying O'Neal's entry, that the survey made by Massie on O'Neal's entry, was illegal and void;, and, certainly, ~when employed in locating the entries made in favour of Powell and himself, Massie' was not acting as the agent of O'Neal or Watts, but as the agent of Powell, or, in fact, in his own behalf. The survey, on which this argument. rests, was at best but partial; and .it is conclusive against it to observe, that the powers of Massie, as agent of Watts, were limited to the entry and mechanical acts of the survey. The recording of. that survey, and all those solemn acts which give, it legal validity, it does not appear that his powers extended to. Watts n&~er recognised that survey, or assumed the obligatory effects of it by any act of his own, and in fact, in the event, (though not a material circumstance to the result we rome to,) it has since been a~certa~ned that it was not only made off Watts's entry, but on land appropriated by another.

Surveys under the military land warrants of Virginia have not the effect on a res judiscata

But it has been contended, also, that all these surveys actually made on the military, land warrants of Virginia, derive the authenticity and force of judicial acts, or of acts done by the general agents of the continental officers respectively, from the superintending and controlling powers vested in the deputã-tions of officers. as the law denominates them, appointed by themselves to superintend the appropriation of the military reserves set apart for their. use. It is to be presumed, it is contended, that every survey made by their authorized surveyors, was made under, their control and direction. This Court does not feel itself authorized to raise any such presumption.. The-powers actually exercised by those commissioners, wefe limited to very few objects. The surveying of. entries: at a very early period, became a judicial subject. And the commissioners, or rather, deputations of, officers, never assumed a right to adjust the .conflicting, interests of individuals Upon the. locating .and surveying of such entries. To appoint surveyors, to. superintend and direct the drawing of lots fpr precedence among the locators, to direct the surrey for officers and soldiers not present or not represented, and to determine when the good lands, bet veen the Cumberland-and Tennessee should be ,exh usted,/comprehended all the powers With which they/were,vested.. As individual agents capable; of binding ,théir principals, they appear in one case, and only; one, which was . when the officer or soldiér was. absent and unrepresented And as to. judicial powers, there is no provision of the act that vests them with a semblance of such a power, unless it be to judge of the. right of priority as determihed by lot. But here, also,- they appear more properly in the character of ministerial officers'discharging a duty without the least latitude of judgment or dis-. cretion. Their powers in nothing resemble that of the Courts of Commissioners established through the back counties of Virginia. As to the subjects submitted to the boards so constituted, (of which military warrants were no part,) those boards were expressly vested with judicial power. But the powers of the deputations of officers were purely ministerial. Ánd'ií it be admitted, that they might have exercised the power of defining the principles on whioh surveys should have been made, vet it is certainly incumbent • on him who would avail himself of that power, to show that it was exercised, and to bring himself within the rules prescribed by their authority.

Decree reversed as to these appellants, and sent back- for further proceedings.  