
    Lynn B. HARGIS, Appellant v. Allen HARGIS, Appellee
    No. CV-17-771
    Court of Appeals of Arkansas, DIVISIONS III & IV.
    Opinion Delivered October 17, 2018 Rehearing Denied December 5, 2018
    Tripcony, May & Associates, Little Rock, by: James L. Tripcony, for appellant.
    Taylor & Taylor Law Firm, P.A., Little Rock, by: Andrew M. Taylor and Tasha C. Taylor, for appellee.
   BRANDON J. HARRISON, Judge

As recited more fully in a companion case to this appeal, Hargis v. Hargis , 2018 Ark. App. 469, 561 S.W.3d 336, the circuit court entered an order in February 2017 and decided a dispute, which Colonel Allen Hargis filed, over how much military-retirement money Lynn Hargis was entitled to receive from the property-settlement agreement the divorcing couple signed in 2009. A separate and subsequent order awarding Col. Hargis $18,000+ in attorney's fees against Ms. Hargis was entered. This appeal addresses the circuit court's decision to make Ms. Hargis pay Col. Hargis's attorney's fees. And the narrow issue presented-as we have framed it-is whether Ms. Hargis was denied a sufficient opportunity under the rules of civil procedure to oppose the fee request before the circuit court decided it. The answer is yes.

I.

In March 2017, Col. Hargis timely moved for attorney's fees pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 54(e)(2) and Ark. Code Ann. § 16-22-308. Attached to the colonel's motion was an affidavit from his attorney that detailed $18,325 in attorney's fees. Col. Hargis had also hired Col. Mark Sullivan to testify as an expert on military-retirement law during the main dispute over the parties' property-settlement agreement. (For more of that history the reader must turn to the companion case.) Suffice it to say that Col. Sullivan charged $15,871.20 for his services as a testifying expert witness.

Ms. Hargis timely opposed the motion. She argued, among other things, that the statute did not apply to a domestic-relations case and that Col. Hargis's "financial abilities" "far exceed[ed]" hers. She asked the court to either deny the motion outright or set a hearing so she could develop the parties' respective financial pictures and abilities to pay fees.

On April 27, the court ordered Ms. Hargis to pay Col. Hargis's attorney's fees (minus an offset) but disallowed the expert fee:

1. Allen Hargis is the prevailing party in an action based in contract to enforce a Property Settlement Agreement. He is also the prevailing party on Defendant's Counter-Motion to "interpret" a contract.
2. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-22-308 allows the trial court to award attorney fees to the prevailing party in contract actions. ARCP rule 54 provides that a demand for attorney fees be made by Motion.
....
4. [Col. Hargis] is awarded attorney fees incurred with Lance B. Garner in the amount of $18,325.00. This judgment is offset against the $5,210.55 awarded to [Lynn Hargis] previously for past COBRA payments. The balance due and owing to [Col. Hargis] is $13,114.45 with post-judgment interest[.]

After the order was entered, Ms. Hargis moved "for relief pursuant to Ark. R. Civ. P. 59," extended her time to appeal the fee order under Ark. R. App. P.-Civ. 4(a)-(b) (2017), and argued that she had a due-process right to appear and oppose Col. Hargis's motion for fees. The motion was deemed denied in the circuit court. Ms. Hargis timely appealed the proper orders.

In this court, Ms. Hargis presses that the circuit court was required to hold a hearing on Col. Hargis's motion so she could present evidence of the parties' relative "financial abilities." Being denied that opportunity, she says, was a procedural due-process violation under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

II.

Several legal overtones resonate in this case, but for simplicity's sake we focus on the one best tuned to a civil case involving a routine request for attorney's fees: the rules of civil procedure. They amply embody and advance, for this case's purposes, the basic tenet that a party must be sufficiently heard in opposition to an adversary's attorney-fee request before an award issues. This court avoids climbing a constitutional mountain if it can traverse a procedural hill instead.

Turning to Rule 54, which Col. Hargis himself invoked to seek fees, subsection (e)(3) states that if a party asks, then a circuit court "shall afford an opportunity for adversary submissions with respect to the motion in accordance with Rule 43(c) or Rule 78" after a request for attorney's fees has been made. Ark. R. Civ. P. 54(e)(3) (2017). Shall almost universally means must in legal parlance. Prescott Sch. Dist. v. Steed , 2018 Ark. App. 424, at 2, 559 S.W.3d 759 ("The word 'shall' when used in our rules of civil procedure is construed to mean that compliance is mandatory."). We have no reason to deviate from the common understanding. Given that Col. Hargis moved for fees, and Ms. Hargis asked that she be allowed to present opposing evidence, the circuit court was required to permit "an opportunity for [an] adversary submission[ ]".

What does that phrase mean for Rule 54 purposes? Rule 43(c) tells us that when a motion is based on facts that are not of record, then the court may receive affidavits or direct that it will decide the matter on oral testimony or deposition. Ark. R. Civ. P. 43(c) (2017); see also Ark. R. Civ. P. 78(c) (2017) ("Unless a hearing is requested by counsel or is ordered by the court, a hearing will be deemed waived[.]"). So Rule 54(e)(3)'s phrase "an opportunity for adversary submissions" ties to Rule 43(c)'s declaration that, when a motion is based on facts, then the circuit court must receive (1) affidavits that the parties submit, (2) deposition testimony, or (3) oral testimony.

Paper or people. Those are the options. The circuit court may suggest that the parties pursue one option over another. The court, in our view, could order one option over another, assuming a party's evidentiary submission was not unduly limited or curtailed by the choice. For example, a circuit court might prefer "paper" evidence by way of affidavits or a deposition transcript instead of receiving live-witness testimony under Rule 43(c)'s "oral testimony" option. Which avenue is best calibrated to do the most good, in the most timely and efficient manner for all involved, is the circuit court's ultimate decision to make. An important threshold question is whether the motion is predicated on facts that need to be placed in the record for the first time or whether the record needs further development before the motion can be fairly decided. A motion for attorney's fees is one based in facts; and Ms. Hargis's timely plea that she be allowed to present evidence on the parties' relative financial positions and abilities to pay fees is likewise a fact-based point.

Our dissenting colleagues suggest that "we may presume that the trial court found the relative financial abilities of the parties to be far outweighed by the other Chrisco factors, rendering the taking of evidence on this factor unnecessary." But why make that crucial presumption? Nowhere did the circuit court's order recite that it considered any factors discussed in Chrisco v. Sun Industries, Inc. , 304 Ark. 227, 800 S.W.2d 717 (1990). Applying the suggested presumption would only inject guesswork into the key issue on appeal. We know from the companion case's record ( Hargis v. Hargis , 2018 Ark. App. 469, 561 S.W.3d 336 ) that the circuit court only decided a narrow contract-interpretation dispute over a nearly decade-old property-settlement agreement. It was not the initial divorce case. When the court decided the contract dispute it had, at best, a limited and potentially quite uncertain picture of the parties' financial situations since they divorced. In other words, the parties did not develop and present a comprehensive evidentiary case to the circuit court regarding their respective financial positions in either the companion case or this one. Because nothing can be reliably gleaned about either Col. Hargis's or Ms. Hargis's actual and current financial positions-from any record that was before the circuit court and is now before us-the dissenting opinion must necessarily suggest that we presume potentially important, but as yet unknown, facts. We respectfully decline to do so.

Regarding the minimum of process owed to a party who opposes a fee request, we find some guidance from our supreme court in Stilley v. James , 347 Ark. 74, 60 S.W.3d 410 (2001). There the circuit court, without a hearing, notice, or an opportunity to defend, and before the time to respond to the motion had expired, granted attorney's fees to a prevailing party in a contract case. The losing party argued that his due-process rights were violated when the court granted the motions absent a written response or a hearing. Id. at 79-80, 60 S.W.3d at 414. The supreme court affirmed. The critical point for this case's purpose is that, in Stilley , the circuit court held another hearing after the fee motion had been filed and allowed, at that time, the appellant to object to the award of costs and attorney's fees. In other words, although a "separate" hearing on the fees issue was not held, the party opposing the request was permitted to argue his case during a hearing.

Ms. Hargis received less. She was, however, entitled to more given her timely request; but not an "exhaustive" amount more. See Collins v. Collins , 2015 Ark. App. 526, at 3. Having pulled at the thread of how much is enough, we should emphasize that the Rule of Reason is the parties' guide here. The evidence parties should expect a circuit court to receive (in either written or oral form) will, naturally, depend on the complexity of the parties' case for fees, the particular points to be made, the amount and sort of relevant information already in the record (if any), what the applicable law requires the court to consider, and last but by no means least-the circuit court's preferences given the circumstances and its calendar. We therefore make no attempt to prescribe any formulae for calculating an answer to the "how much is enough process" query. Parties should simply confine their fee-related disputes to presenting all the information necessary to make their arguments well enough and clearly enough. Nothing less, nothing more.

When Ms. Hargis requested a hearing, she triggered one of the two primary options available to her under Rules 54(e), 43(c), and 78(c). Consequently, she should have been permitted to pursue her preferred "oral testimony" option, unless the circuit court ordered her to present evidence in an acceptable written form like affidavits. But Ms. Hargis was not directed away from an oral evidentiary submission and toward a written evidentiary submission, and a substantial attorney-fee award was entered against her in the meantime.

III.

We hold that, pursuant to the Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure, Ms. Hargis should have received a more fulsome opportunity to be heard in opposition to Col. Hargis's motion for attorney's fees and costs. Consequently, the circuit court's order dated 27 April 2017 is reversed and the case remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.

Abramson, Virden, Murphy, JJ., agree.

Gladwin and Klappenbach, JJ., dissent.

N. Mark Klappenbach, Judge, dissenting.

I dissent from the majority opinion because (1) the majority opinion has made extensive arguments for Lynn and has crafted remedies that she did not request on appeal; (2) the trial court is not required to hold a hearing on attorney-fee requests in domestic-relations proceedings; and (3) Lynn was not denied an opportunity to respond in resistance to the request for attorney's fees. I would affirm the trial court's award of attorney's fees to Allen for prevailing on his motion to enforce the property-settlement agreement.

Allen filed his motion for attorney fees on March 8, 2017. On March 21, 2017, Lynn filed a response objecting to an award of attorney's fees to Allen, claiming that Allen's financial abilities far exceeded hers, that the trial court should consider their relative financial abilities, and that she was entitled to a hearing on that factor. Lynn did not append an affidavit of financial means or other affidavit to explain her or Allen's financial situation. On April 6, 2017 (sixteen days later), the trial court issued a letter opinion in which it awarded Allen attorney's fees. A formal order followed. Lynn subsequently filed a "Motion for Relief" asking in the alternative that she be given a hearing on the motion for fees because she had been "denied her constitutional procedural due process right to appear and be heard in opposition" to Allen's motion, specifically with regard to their relative financial positions. Lynn's "Motion for Relief" was deemed denied. This appeal followed.

It is important to note that Lynn's argument in her appellate brief is limited to her general assertion that she was denied an opportunity to present evidence on the relative financial abilities of the parties in violation of procedural due process. Lynn did not cite to any Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure in her appellate brief. Even so, the majority opinion recognizes that Ark. R. Civ. P. 43(c) provides that in considering motions, the trial court "may hear the matter on affidavits" or on oral testimony or deposition. "May" is a permissive word, not a mandatory word; a motion hearing is discretionary with the court.

Lowder v. Gregory , 2014 Ark. App. 704, 451 S.W.3d 220. The majority opinion also cites Stilley v. James , 347 Ark. 74, 60 S.W.3d 410 (2001), as supporting its position that a hearing was required in this instance. Not only did Lynn not cite this case, it does not support the majority's position. In Stilley , the appellant argued that the trial court had violated his procedural due-process rights when the trial court acted on an attorney-fee request before the time to respond to the fee request had expired. The supreme court held that it would not consider the merits of this argument because the appellant failed to cite any convincing legal authority in support of that argument, and it was otherwise not apparent without further research that the argument was well taken. Even more to the point, there is no question that the trial court in the present case acted after it had received Lynn's response, not before. Lynn was clearly not deprived of an opportunity to respond.

Equally concerning, the majority opinion "make[s] no attempt to prescribe any formulae for calculating an answer to the 'how much is enough process' query." The majority refuses to answer the only question Lynn presented, which was whether she was entitled to a hearing on Allen's attorney-fee request. The majority reverses and remands "for a more fulsome opportunity to be heard" by the trial court conducting a hearing or by the judge ordering Lynn to provide evidence in the form of affidavits. Notably, Lynn does not seek an opportunity to present affidavits; she wants a hearing. Thus, the majority is crafting a potential remedy that she does not request on appeal.

The basic law on attorney-fee requests in domestic-relations cases is pertinent to consider. The circuit court has inherent power to award attorney's fees in domestic-relations proceedings, and whether the trial court should award fees and the amount thereof are matters within the discretion of the trial court. Vice v. Vice , 2016 Ark. App. 504, 505 S.W.3d 719. No statutory authority is required in this case. Id. An analysis of the Chrisco factors when considering attorney's fees applications is no longer required in domestic-relations cases. Id. Due to the trial court's intimate acquaintance with the record and the quality of services rendered, we usually recognize the superior perspective of the trial court in assessing the applicable factors. Id. The relative financial abilities of the parties is a consideration in domestic relations cases when an attorney-fee request is made, but this factor is not determinative. James v. Walchli , 2015 Ark. App. 562, 472 S.W.3d 504. Additionally, our court presumes, in the absence of a showing to the contrary, that the trial court acted properly and made the findings of fact necessary to support its judgment. Morris v. Knopick , 2017 Ark. App. 225, 521 S.W.3d 495. Indeed, we may presume that the trial court found the relative financial abilities of the parties to be far outweighed by the other Chrisco factors, rendering the taking of evidence on this factor unnecessary.

In sum, the circuit court is not required to hold a hearing on motions for attorney's fees in domestic-relations cases under existing precedent, and the relative financial position of the parties is a consideration but is not determinative. The majority has developed Lynn's argument for her on appeal in order to reverse, which we are not to do. See Cummings v. Boyles , 242 Ark. 923, 415 S.W.2d 571 (1967) ; Dale v. White , 2018 Ark. App. 172, 545 S.W.3d 812. "We do not reach out and find an unargued issue on which to reverse a trial court." White v. Winston , 302 Ark. 345, 349, 789 S.W.2d 459, 461 (1990). The majority has not answered the only question that Lynn raised on appeal, which was whether due process required that she be afforded a hearing on Allen's attorney-fee motion. The trial court did not deprive Lynn an opportunity to respond to Allen's request for attorney's fees; she did respond. Lynn failed to support her response with an affidavit, which she could have done. For all the foregoing reasons, Lynn has failed to demonstrate that she was denied procedural due process. Consequently, Lynn has failed to demonstrate reversible error. I respectfully dissent.

I am authorized to state that Judge Gladwin joins in this dissent. 
      
      Whether this case is best characterized as a contract case at law, or one in which the parties sought to enforce in equity an agreement intimately tethered to their divorce, has significant and varied implications at many levels. The record vacillates on the characterization point, and the legal authorities urged and arguments made have further complicated the issue. These are two reasons why we have focused on the rules of civil procedure at this time.
     
      
      Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (bold original): shallvb. (bef. 12c) 1. Has a duty to; more broadly, is required to < the requester shall send notice> < notice shall be sent>. • This is the mandatory sense that drafters typically intend and that courts typically uphold. 2. Should (as often interpreted by courts) < all claimants shall request mediation>. 3. May < no person shall enter the building without first signing the roster>. • When a negative word such as not or no precedes shall (as in the example in angle brackets), the word shall often means may. What is being negated is permission, not a requirement. 4. Will (as a future-tense verb) < the corporation shall then have a period of 30 days to object>. 5. Is entitled to < the secretary shall be reimbursed for all expenses>. • Only sense 1 is acceptable under strict standards of drafting.
     
      
      Verbatim, the rule states, "When a motion is based on facts not appearing of record, the court may hear the matter on affidavits presented by the respective parties, or the court may direct that the matter be heard wholly or partly on oral testimony or deposition." Ark. R. Civ. P. 43(c).
     