
    The PEOPLE of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Demario D. REED, Defendant-Appellant.
    NO. 4-17-0090
    Appellate Court of Illinois, Fourth District.
    Opinion filed March 27, 2019 Modified upon denial of Rehearing May 8, 2019
    James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Alexander G. Muntges, of State Appellate Defender's Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
    Jay Scott, State's Attorney, of Decatur (Patrick Delfino, David J. Robinson, and Linda Susan McClain, of State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor's Office, of counsel), for the People.
   JUSTICE CAVANAGH delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

¶ 1 After an evidentiary hearing, the Macon County circuit court denied postconviction relief to defendant, Demario D. Reed, who is serving a prison sentence of 15 years for armed violence ( 720 ILCS 5/33A-2(a), 33A-3(a) (West 2014)). He appeals, arguing that newly discovered evidence he presented to the court in the postconviction hearing proved, clearly and convincingly, that he actually was innocent of armed violence despite his earlier negotiated guilty plea to that offense.

¶ 2 Because the validity of defendant's guilty plea is undisputed on appeal, we hold, de novo , that he remains bound by his guilty plea and that his claim of actual innocence cannot be entertained. See People v. Pendleton , 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473, 308 Ill.Dec. 434, 861 N.E.2d 999 (2006) ; People v. Cannon , 46 Ill. 2d 319, 321, 263 N.E.2d 45 (1970). Therefore, we deny defendant's petition for rehearing, and we affirm the judgment.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 In count I of the information, the State alleged that on September 23, 2014, defendant committed armed violence in that while armed with a shotgun, he knowingly possessed cocaine (an amount less than 15 grams).

¶ 5 In April 2015, defendant appeared with appointed defense counsel, who announced:

"MR. WHEELER: Judge, the defendant is going to offer to enter a plea of guilty to Count I of [Macon County case No. 14-CF-]120[5], be sentenced to the Illinois Department of Corrections for a period of 15 years. * * * The remaining charges [ (in Macon County case Nos. 14-CF-903 and 14-CF-1206) ] will be dismissed.
THE COURT: [Defendant], you heard what your attorney said. Is that your understanding of the plea agreement?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes."

¶ 6 The circuit court then recited count I to defendant and told him the minimum and maximum punishments for the offense it alleged, armed violence. The court further admonished him:

"THE COURT: If you plead guilty, you would be giving up your right to a trial of any kind by a judge or a jury . You would be giving up the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses who would testify against you in court during your trial. By pleading guilty, you would be giving up the privilege against self-incrimination and the presumption of innocence. You would be giving up the right to subpoena witnesses to come into court to testify for you and to present any defenses you might have to this charge , and by pleading guilty, you would be giving up the right to require the [S ]tate to prove you committed this offense beyond a reasonable doubt . Do you understand the rights you are giving up by pleading guilty?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Do you have any questions about your rights this morning?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
THE COURT: Are you telling me you wish to give up your rights and plead guilty?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes." (Emphases added.)

Then, at the court's request, defendant signed a jury waiver.

¶ 7 Next, the circuit court requested a factual basis. The prosecutor responded:

"MS. DOMASH: The [S]tate would present the testimony of Officer Daniels of the Decatur Police Department. Officer Daniels would testify that he observed this defendant on September 23rd of 2014 on a porch in Decatur, Illinois. He observed the defendant flee upon sight of him. The defendant was running oddly. When he entered the house, he located a shotgun and cocaine. The defendant was located in a bedroom, and the shotgun had the defendant's DNA [ (deoxyribonucleic acid) ] on it."

¶ 8 After the prosecutor provided that factual basis, defendant confirmed to the circuit court that no one had forced him, in any way, to plead guilty and that the plea agreement was the only promise ever made to him in return for his proposed guilty plea. He also denied having any questions about his "rights, the possible sentences, or anything else." The court then asked defendant a final time:

"THE COURT: Are you telling me you wish to continue to plead guilty this morning?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes."

¶ 9 Finding a factual basis for the guilty plea to count I and further finding the guilty plea to be knowing and voluntary, the circuit court accepted the guilty plea and sentenced defendant to imprisonment for the agreed-upon term of 15 years. (The parties also had agreed to proceed immediately to sentencing, to waive a presentence investigation report, and to have the pretrial bond report stand as a prior history of criminality.)

¶ 10 In January 2016, with the circuit court's permission (see 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016)), defendant filed a successive postconviction petition, in which he claimed to be innocent of count I, armed violence, the offense to which he had entered the negotiated guilty plea. He submitted, as proof of his innocence, an affidavit by his codefendant, Davie Callaway. In the affidavit, which was dated October 15, 2015, Callaway averred that he alone was the one who had possessed the cocaine referenced in count I and that defendant had been unaware the presence of the cocaine.

¶ 11 The State moved to dismiss the postconviction petition. One of the reasons the State gave for its motion was waiver. The State argued that by knowingly and voluntarily pleading guilty to armed violence, defendant had waived all nonjurisdictional errors, including errors of a constitutional nature.

¶ 12 The circuit court denied the State's motion for dismissal, and the petition advanced to the third stage of the postconviction proceeding, in which the parties adduced evidence for the court to weigh as the trier of fact. See People v. Harris , 2013 IL App (1st) 111351, ¶¶ 46-47, 376 Ill.Dec. 76, 998 N.E.2d 618 (describing the three stages of a postconviction proceeding).

¶ 13 On January 20, 2017, after hearing the evidence, including Callaway's testimony, the circuit court denied defendant's successive petition for postconviction relief. Although the court held that Callaway's affidavit and testimony "qualified as new evidence based on his unavailability at trial in view of his Fifth Amendment Right against self-incrimination" (see U.S. Const., amend. V ; People v. Edwards , 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 38, 360 Ill.Dec. 784, 969 N.E.2d 829 ), the court simply did not believe Callaway. The court wrote in its judgment:

"The court * * * does not find that testimony of Mr. Callaway to be credible as Mr. Callaway did not come forward with this information until after he pled and he and the petitioner were in prison together. As such, the court does not find the petitioner has established a colorable claim of actual innocence."

¶ 14 This appeal followed.

¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 16 On appeal, defendant does not challenge the validity of his negotiated guilty plea to armed violence; he does not claim that his guilty plea was uninformed or involuntary. Rather, he claims that his guilty plea was false. He claims he really was innocent of armed violence when he solemnly declared to the circuit court that he was guilty of that offense. He cites People v. Shaw , 2018 IL App (1st) 152994, ¶ 41, --- Ill.Dec ----, --- N.E.3d ----, in which the First District held that "a freestanding actual innocence claim may be brought [in a postconviction proceeding] after a guilty plea, and that a defendant need not challenge the knowing and voluntary nature of his or her plea to bring such a claim." On March 19, 2019, however, after defendant filed his brief, the First District withdrew its opinion in Shaw , as defendant informs us in his petition for rehearing. A withdrawn opinion lacks precedential value. People v. Jordan , 103 Ill. 2d 192, 205, 82 Ill.Dec. 925, 469 N.E.2d 569 (1984).

¶ 17 That leaves only one Illinois case, People v. Barnslater , 373 Ill. App. 3d 512, 311 Ill.Dec. 619, 869 N.E.2d 293 (2007), that (albeit in dicta ) has addressed the question of whether, in a postconviction proceeding, a defendant may raise a claim of actual innocence after being convicted on a valid, i.e. , knowing and voluntary, guilty plea. (Although it is true that in People v. Knight , 405 Ill. App. 3d 461, 471-72, 344 Ill.Dec. 766, 937 N.E.2d 789 (2010), the Third District allowed the defendant to raise a postconviction claim of actual innocence after pleading guilty, the defendant in that case additionally attacked the validity of his guilty plea, claiming his guilty plea had been coerced.) In Barnslater , the First District remarked: "If a defendant claims that his guilty plea was coerced, then that coercion provides the necessary constitutional deprivation for which postconviction relief would be appropriate, but not where he claims actual innocence in the face of a prior, constitutionally valid confession of guilt." Barnslater , 373 Ill. App. 3d at 527, 311 Ill.Dec. 619, 869 N.E.2d 293. In support of the proposition that a valid guilty plea foreclosed a postconviction claim of actual innocence, Barnslater quoted from Cannon , a decision by the supreme court: " 'Before his plea of guilty was accepted, the defendant, represented by appointed counsel, was fully and carefully admonished by the trial judge, and in the light of that admonition, the defendant's present [postconviction] claim [of actual innocence] cannot be entertained.' " (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 528, 311 Ill.Dec. 619, 869 N.E.2d 293 (quoting Cannon , 46 Ill. 2d at 321, 263 N.E.2d 45 ).

¶ 18 The quoted sentence is, in Cannon , an obiter dictum , an inessential remark on a point not argued by counsel ( Lebron v. Gottlieb Memorial Hospital , 237 Ill. 2d 217, 236, 341 Ill.Dec. 381, 930 N.E.2d 895 (2010) ). In his appeal to the supreme court, the only argument the defendant in Cannon made against the denial of his postconviction petition was that the board of supervisors of De Witt County had been elected illegally, in violation of the one-man, one-vote principle, and that, consequently, "all of the proceedings in connection with the defendant's prosecution, including the selection of grand jurors, were illegal and in violation of his rights under the constitution of the United States and of this State." Cannon , 46 Ill. 2d at 320, 263 N.E.2d 45.

¶ 19 After rejecting that sole argument by the defendant, the supreme court in Cannon added:

"We have examined the claims advanced by the defendant in his postconviction petition which were not argued in this court . They amount basically to an unsupported assertion that the accusation against him was false and that his daughter and two of his sons were coerced by threats from their mother, the defendant's wife, to refrain from asserting the defendant's innocence [to the charge of indecent liberties with a child]. Before his plea of guilty was accepted, the defendant, represented by appointed counsel, was fully and carefully admonished by the trial judge, and in the light of that admonition, the defendant's present claim cannot be entertained." (Emphasis added.) Id. at 321, 263 N.E.2d 45.

Although the quoted paragraph from Cannon describes the defendant's claim of actual innocence as being "unsupported," the paragraph is not, in the end, an evaluation of that claim on its evidentiary merits. Rather, the paragraph concludes that because the defendant was (1) was represented by counsel in the guilty-plea hearing and (2) fully and carefully admonished by the trial judge, his postconviction claim of actual innocence "cannot be entertained." Id. "[I ]n the light of that admonition , the defendant's present claim [of actual innocence] cannot be entertained," as the supreme court put it. (Emphasis added.) Id. To "entertain" a claim means to "give attention or consideration to" the claim. The New Oxford American Dictionary 567 (2001). Thus, in the final sentence of the paragraph quoted above, the supreme court declines to give attention or consideration to the defendant's claim of actual innocence, not because the claim is unsupported (as the supreme court remarks earlier in the quoted paragraph) but, rather, because-while being represented by counsel and after being fully admonished-the defendant pleaded guilty to the charge of which he now, in the postconviction proceeding, claims to be actually innocent. That is what the supreme court says in Cannon ; and when the supreme court speaks, we must obey.

¶ 20 There is, however, a slight complication. Because the quoted paragraph of Cannon could be "sloughed off without damaging the analytical structure of the opinion" and because it is an aside on a point not argued by counsel, it is, as we said, an obiter dictum . (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Exelon Corp. v. Department of Revenue , 234 Ill. 2d 266, 277-78, 334 Ill.Dec. 824, 917 N.E.2d 899 (2009). "Obiter dictum refers to a remark or expression of opinion that a court uttered as an aside, and is generally not binding authority or precedent within the stare decisis rule." (Emphasis added.) Id. at 277, 334 Ill.Dec. 824, 917 N.E.2d 899. The supreme court uses the qualifier "generally" because "[e]ven obiter dict [a ] of a court of last resort can be tantamount to a decision and therefore binding in the absence of a contrary decision of that court." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 282, 334 Ill.Dec. 824, 917 N.E.2d 899 ; see also People v. Williams , 204 Ill. 2d 191, 207, 273 Ill.Dec. 250, 788 N.E.2d 1126 (2003) ("But whether we characterize that portion of [our previous decision] as judicial or obiter dicta , it still should have guided the appellate court in this case."); Country Club Estates Condominium Ass'n v. Bayview Loan Servicing LLC , 2017 IL App (1st) 162459, ¶ 20 n.2, 416 Ill.Dec. 663, 84 N.E.3d 1140 ("[The supreme] court's discussion of prompt payment would likely be classified as [an] obiter dictum ; nevertheless * * * we are bound by it.").

¶ 21 The question, then, is whether there is a "contrary decision" of the supreme court-a decision holding that a postconviction claim of actual innocence can be entertained after a valid guilty plea. Exelon , 234 Ill. 2d at 282, 334 Ill.Dec. 824, 917 N.E.2d 899. We are aware of no such decision by the supreme court. Thus, we conclude that the obiter dictum of Cannon is still the law. See id.

¶ 22 While so concluding, we acknowledge that in People v. Washington , 171 Ill. 2d 475, 489, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330 (1996), the supreme court stated:

"We believe that no person convicted of a crime should be deprived of life or liberty given compelling evidence of actual innocence. * * * We therefore hold as a matter of Illinois constitutional jurisprudence that a claim of newly discovered evidence showing a defendant to be actually innocent of the crime for which he was convicted is cognizable as a matter of due process."

"It is fundamental, however, that the precedential scope of a decision is limited to the facts before the court." People v. Palmer , 104 Ill. 2d 340, 345-46, 84 Ill.Dec. 658, 472 N.E.2d 795 (1984). "The words of a judicial opinion do not have a vitality independent of the facts to which the opinion is addressed * * *." People v. Arndt , 49 Ill. 2d 530, 533, 276 N.E.2d 306 (1971). The facts in Washington were that the defendant was convicted of murder after a trial . Washington , 171 Ill. 2d at 476, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330. Later, in a postconviction petition, he raised a claim of actual innocence. Id. at 478, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330. He supported his claim with an affidavit by Jacqueline Martin, whose in camera testimony tended to prove that someone other than the defendant was the murderer. Id. at 477-78, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330. For six years, Martin had refrained from coming forward and had hid in Mississippi out of fear of the man she now implicated. Id. at 478, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330. The trial court granted the defendant a new trial "on the ground that Martin's testimony was new evidence which, if believed, would have 'had some significant impact' upon the jury." Id. The State appealed. Id. The appellate court "affirmed the grant of relief as to the newly discovered evidence claim." Id. at 479, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330. The supreme court in turn affirmed the appellate court's judgment ( id. at 490, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330 ), holding, "as a matter of Illinois constitutional jurisprudence[,] that a claim of newly discovered evidence showing a defendant to be actually innocent of the crime for which he was convicted [was] cognizable [in a postconviction proceeding] as a matter of due process." Id. at 489, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330.

¶ 23 But then, at the end of Washington , the supreme court added:

"Procedurally, such claims should be resolved as any other claim brought under the [Post-Conviction Hearing] Act. Substantively, relief has been held to require that the supporting evidence be new, material, noncumulative[,] and, most importantly, of such a conclusive character as would probably change the result on retrial." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

¶ 24 Those final words of guidance in Washington demonstrate how closely the holding of a case can be tethered to the facts of the case. If the facts in Washington were changed so that, instead of a trial ending in a guilty verdict, there had been a guilty plea, it would have made no sense to forecast the probable result of a "retrial." Id. Without a trial in the first place, there could have been no retrial. Nor would it have made any sense to ask whether the evidence was "new, material, [and] noncumulative." Id. By pleading guilty, the defendant would have dispensed with evidence, inculpatory or exculpatory; he would have "waive [d ] his rights to a jury trial and to proof beyond a reasonable doubt." (Emphasis in original.) Hill v. Cowan , 202 Ill. 2d 151, 154, 269 Ill.Dec. 875, 781 N.E.2d 1065 (2002). Because a guilty plea would have "release[d] the State from proving anything beyond a reasonable doubt" (emphasis in original) ( id. ), no newly discovered evidence would have been "material" ( Washington , 171 Ill. 2d at 489, 216 Ill.Dec. 773, 665 N.E.2d 1330 ). Evidence, in general, would have been immaterial and superfluous; the valid guilty plea would have made it so. In short, here is the problem with entertaining a postconviction claim of actual innocence after a knowing and voluntary guilty plea: the supreme court dictates that all postconviction claims of actual innocence, without exception, "must meet the Washington standard" ( People v. Coleman , 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 91, 374 Ill.Dec. 922, 996 N.E.2d 617 ), and guilty-plea cases, because they dispense with evidence, are inherently incapable of meeting the Washington standard-which would suggest that a defendant who validly pleaded guilty cannot raise a postconviction claim of actual innocence, as Justice Schaefer wrote in Cannon . See Cannon , 46 Ill. 2d at 321, 263 N.E.2d 45.

¶ 25 The guilty-plea waiver rule poses an equally formidable obstacle. "A guilty plea waives all nonjurisdictional defenses or defects." People v. Horton , 143 Ill. 2d 11, 22, 155 Ill.Dec. 807, 570 N.E.2d 320 (1991). That includes nonjurisdictional defenses that are constitutional in nature. People v. Townsell , 209 Ill. 2d 543, 545, 283 Ill.Dec. 910, 809 N.E.2d 103 (2004). Actual innocence was a nonjurisdictional defense to the charge, and, thus, it was a defense that the guilty plea waived. See id. "[A] valid guilty plea relinquishes any claim that would contradict the admissions necessarily made upon entry of a voluntary plea of guilty." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Class v. United States , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 798, 805, 200 L.Ed.2d 37 (2018). Otherwise, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402(a)(4) (eff. July 1, 2012) would require the giving of an admonition that was patently untrue. In accordance with Rule 402(a)(4), the circuit court admonished defendant: "If you plead guilty, you would be giving up your right to a trial of any kind by a judge or a jury." If, by a postconviction claim of actual innocence, defendant now can obtain a trial, his guilty plea would not have waived his right to a trial, and that admonition would have been false.

¶ 26 Defendants cannot knowingly and voluntarily plead guilty in the trial court and then turn around and complain to a reviewing court that the trial court found them guilty. That would be paradoxical if not duplicitous. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that defendant's conviction of armed violence is a constitutional error because he really is innocent, it is an error he himself invited by pleading guilty to armed violence. People v. Kane , 2013 IL App (2d) 110594, ¶ 27, 379 Ill.Dec. 1, 5 N.E.3d 737 ("The use of invited error as a basis for postconviction relief is clearly frivolous and patently without merit."). After being fully admonished and while represented by counsel, defendant affirmatively and voluntarily procured his own conviction by pleading guilty. He expressly consented to a procedure whereby the court would convict him of armed violence without proof. See Hill , 202 Ill. 2d at 154, 269 Ill.Dec. 875, 781 N.E.2d 1065. "[U]nder the doctrine of invited error, an accused may not request to proceed in one manner and then later contend on appeal that the course of action was in error." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Harvey , 211 Ill. 2d 368, 385, 286 Ill.Dec. 124, 813 N.E.2d 181 (2004). Defendant is estopped from "us[ing] the exact ruling or action [he] procured in the trial court as a vehicle for reversal on appeal." Id. The case for estoppel is especially strong considering that, as a result of defendant's guilty plea, the State's evidence might have grown stale.

¶ 27 In sum, until the supreme court makes an exception to the well-established doctrines of waiver and estoppel, we must faithfully apply those doctrines. See In re Shermaine S. , 2015 IL App (1st) 142421, ¶ 32, 389 Ill.Dec. 78, 25 N.E.3d 723. Likewise, until the supreme court says otherwise, we must follow the obiter dictum of Cannon . See Exelon , 234 Ill. 2d at 282, 334 Ill.Dec. 824, 917 N.E.2d 899.

¶ 28 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 29 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court's judgment, and we award the State $ 50 in costs against defendant. See 55 ILCS 5/4-2002(a) (West 2016).

¶ 30 Affirmed.

Justices DeArmond and Turner concurred in the judgment and opinion.  