
    W. C. Loftus & Co., Respondent, v. James Gordon Bennett, Appellant.
    
      label—general and special damages defined—the latter must be pleaded—a statement that a distinct chargewf swindling was made is libelous per se—what pleading does not allow proof of special damage as to impairment of credit — na/mes of customers tost.
    
    General damages are such, as the law implies or presumes to have accrued from the wrong complained of, while special damages áre such as really take place and. are not implied bylaw, and are either superadded to general damages arising from an act injurious in itself, or are such as arise from an act not actionable in itself but injurious only in its consequences.
    In actions of libel based upon writings actionable per se, evidence of special damage may be given provided the special damage is pleaded, but not otherwise.
    A newspaper article stating that a corporation engaged in conducting several clothing stores in various cities was in the hands of' the sheriff, and that the affidavits, used on a motion to vacate an attachment obtained against the corporation, had disclosed a remarkable condition of affairs, and a distinct charge of swindling, is libelous per se.
    
    Where the complaint in such an action alleges that the plaintiff suffered special damages and states: “ Said-special damage has been caused by plaintiff’s inability to obtain credit on the purchase of goods; loss of trade, plaintiff’s business having fallen off by reason of said publication, customers refusing to make deposits when ordering goods which plaintiff would not make without such deposit, and in that way the business of such prospective customers has been lost?, loss of services of agents in various parts of the United States who refused to continue in plaintiff’s employ after the publication of said article, whereby plaintiff was unrepresented in the trade and unable to effect sales of the goods in the territory usually covered by said agents,” evidence that after the publication of the libelous article the lessors of two or three stores hired by the corporation called upon the president and general manager thereof and offered to release the corporation from the lease upon certain' conditions, and that the electric light service in the plaintiff’s stores was discontinued, and that newspapers, which, prior to the appearance of the article, had inserted the corporation’s advertisements upon credit, thereafter refused to publish such advertisements except upon payment of cash, is inadmissible.
    
      Quaere, whether the plaintiff, having failed to set forth in .the complaint the names of the customers whom it claimed to have lost because of the publication, was entitled to produce any testimony concerning such loss of customers.
    Appeal by the defendant, James Gordon Bennett, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of New York on the 29th day of December, 1900, upon the verdict of a jury for $6,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 27th day of December, 1900, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Flamen B. Candler, for the appellant.
    
      David McClure, for the respondent.
   Patterson, J.:

The judgment in this action must be reversed for the improper allowance, under objection and exception of proof of special damage. The action was brought to recover damages for a libel contained in an issue of a newspaper of which the defendant was the proprietor. That the defamatory matter contained therein was libelous per se is clear. The plaintiff corporation was the proprietor of several stores, in which it conducted the business of clothiers in the city of New York and elsewhere; an attachment had been issued against it, and the sheriff had made a levy upon property in one of its stores. A motion had been made to vacate the attachment. The defendant published an article relating to that subject, and in it, among other things, stated that the plaintiff, a clothing firm, with a dozen stores in this and other cities, was in the hands of the sheriff, that an attachment had been procured against the plaintiff, and a motion had been made to vacate it, and that the- affidavits used upon the motion disclosed a remarkable condition of affairs of the company and a distinct charge of swindling. The attachment had in fact been procured, but property was levied upon in but one of the plaintiff’s stores. The article proceeded to state that one Lysaght had declared that Thomas J. Loftus,.the president of the company, had inducéd him to invest money in the plaintiff corporation upon false representations as to the stock of merchandise the corporation had on hand, and the article also stated that counsel for the plaintiff in the attachment suit had said in argument that the president of the' corporation had received, wrongfully and unlawfully, certain moneys of the corporation, and that the president and his brother by reason of the peculiar relations in which they stood to the corporation, had been violators of the Penal Code in their dealings with the corporation’s money. The plaintiff’s claim is that the publication was not a fair and true report of a judicial proceeding; that the sheriff did not hold the Loftus stores, as stated in the headlines of the article published by the defendant; that the Lysaght statement was not made until after the argument of the motion to vacate the attachment, and was not used before the court on such. application, and said statement or affidavit did not form a part of the judicial proceedings on the application to vacate the attachment, and that counsel for the plaintiff did not make the argument set forth in the article. The defendant in its answer attempted to justify, and alleged that the words in the headlines regarding the . sheriff’s levy upon the Loftus stores were true; that the portion of the article relating to Lysaght’s statement was a fair report of a judicial proceeding and published without malice, and that the reference to the statements made in argument related to the cause and was a lawful publication.

On the evidence in the case and upon the finding of the jury upon the issues, the plaintiff was entitled to a recovery for general damages and, under the allegations of the complaint, some evidence of special damage may have been admissible. That the plaintiff sought to recover both for general and special damage is evident. The complaint contains the following allegation: “ By reason of said publication plaintiff has been injured in its business, reputation, prospects and credit in general damages in the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, and has also suffered special damages in special Ways in the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars. Said special damage has been caused by plaintiff’s inability to obtain credit on the purchase of goods,; loss of trade, plaintiff’s business having fallen off b.y reason of said publication, customers refusing to make deposits when ordering goods which plaintiff would not make without such deposit, and in that way the business of such prospective customers has been lost; loss of services of agents in various parts of the United States who refused to continue in plaintiff’s employ after the publication of said article, whereby plaintiff was unrepresented in the trade and unable to effect sales of the goods in the territory usually. covered by said agents.”,

Testimony was allowed on the trial concerning the loss of custamers, and it is claimed by the appellant that that testimony was improperly admitted because the names of the customers were not mentioned in the complaint in connection with the allegation of special damage arising from that cause. It has been frequently decided in the courts of this State, following the ordinary common-law rule, that when in an action for slander or libel special damage arising from the loss of customers is claimed the names of such customers must be stated in the declaration and that the plaintiff cannot prove that any one not named therein ceased to deal with him. (Hartley v. Herring, 8 T. R. 130; Hallock v. Miller, 2 Barb. 630; Linden v. Graham, 1 Duer, 672; Tobias v. Harland, 4 Wend. 537; Knickerbocker Life Ins. Co. v. Ecclesine, 42 How. Pr. 215.) The rulings in the cases cited seem to have been modified by what was decided in Bergmann v. Jones (94 N. Y. 59), although it is to be said that in that case prominence is given to the fact that the objection that the names were not stated in the complaint was not specifically taken. But whether it was error to admit evidence as to loss of customers we need not decide, for it is. apparent that errors were committed in the allowance, under objection and exception, of evidence concerning other items of what clearly constitute special as distinguished from general damages. General damages are such as the law implies or presumes to have accrued from the wrong complained of. Special damages are such as really took place and are not implied by law, and are either superadded to general damages arising from an act injurious in itself, as where some special loss arises from uttering the slanderous words actionable in themselves, or are such as arise from an act indifferent and not actionable in itself, but injurious only in its consequences, as where words become actionable by reason of special damage. (1 Chitty Plead. [4th Am. ed.] * 387.) In Dumont v. Smith (4 Den. 322) this definition of Chitty’s is textually adopted in the opinion of the court by ■Jewett, J. In actions where the "words, statements or defamatory matter are actionable per se, evidence of special damage may be given in enhancement of damages, provided the special damage is pleaded, but not otherwise. (Shipman v. Burrows, 1 Hall, 442; Herrick v. Lapham, 10 Johns. 281; Bell v. Sun Printing & Publishing Assn., 3 Abb. N. C. 157), and in Bergmann v. Jones (supra), which was an action upon a publication libelous per se, the court remarked that there could be no serious question that the person injured has the' right to recover special damages where a claim for the same is properly made in the complaint.

In the case before us the pleader in drawing the complaint claimed both for general and special damage and very properly incorporated various items constituting the special damage, thereby advising the defendant that proof would be offered of those special items, but upon the trial counsel extended the claim for special damage beyond the items set forth in the complaint, and notwithstanding the specific objection taken by the defendant, evidence was allowed of special damage not pleaded and which was of such a character as would necessarily make a strong impression upon the minds of the jury. Testimony, was allowed to the effect that immediately after the publication of the alleged libel in the defendant’s newspaper, two or three landlords, from whom the plaintiff hired stores, called upon the president and general manager of the plaintiff and said that they had seen in the newspaper that the plaintiff had failed, and that if we would give thém what was in the store — turn over the things, -they would release us from the lease—: something, to that effect; they saw that the sheriff had us and we would not need the store any longer and that they would let us down easy —give them the fixtures and they would take the store off our hands,” and that other landlords or agents of landlords had called upon the plaintiff’s manager and made similar propositions. It does not appear that the leases were canceled or that the plaintiff was subjected to anything ■else than annoyance and impaired credit; but any testimony upon -this subject, .in the' absence of proper pleading, was inadmissible. Again, the plaintiff was allowed, under objection and exception, to -prove that the electric lights in. the plaintiff’s stores were discontinued. No such item of special damage was pleaded. Under specific objection and exception a witness was allowed to testify that the 'Edison Company “ sent a man * * * up to 1191 Broadway and told them to shut off the current there, and that they saw by the paper that the sheriff had our stores and that he was not a very good payer of light bills, and they did not wish to furnish any light to the sheriff, and that same thing happened in Harlem at One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street and Lexington Avenue from the Harlem'Lighting Company, and to about the same effect.” The plaintiff was also permitted to prove by a witness connected with the Edison Electric Company that he saw the article, headed Sheriff holds Loftus Stores,” in the edition of the Herald of Sunday, the 6th of February, 1898, and that he, representing his company, took action in reference thereto based upon that publication, which action was that he issued an order to discontinue the service. Leaving the plaintiff’s stores without light was a very serious matter which could not fail to affect the jury. Still another witness was allowed to testify at great length, concerning the effect of the publication upon the plaintiff’s relation to various newspapers in which it .was a large 'advertiser. The witness Krauss attended to the advertising of the plaintiff’s business. He saw the article complained of. Prior to the appearance of the article plaintiff’s advertisements were inserted in newspapers upon credit; afterwards it was obliged to pay cash.

All these matters of special damage not having been pleaded, evidence concerning them should not have been allowed.' As to the first and second items the objection was specifically taken; as to the third there may be a question as to the sufficiency of. the objection. But, even as to those objected to, the proof went in enhancement of ■ damages and the defendant had no way of meeting the evidence until it was brought to his notice at the trial. How far, in effect, the jury may have been influenced by it, we, of course, cannot say, but that it was incompetent evidence and very prejudicial in its character and would operate to affect the minds of the jury as matter of aggravation is plain.

"We are, therefore^ of opinion that the judgment and order' appealed from should be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide the event.

Van Brunt, P. J., O’Brien and Laughlin, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.  