
    MERCHANTS INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, INC., Plaintiff—Appellee, v. UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUARANTY CO., Defendant-Appellant.
    No. 97-2056.
    United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
    Heard Jan. 6, 1998.
    Decided May 1, 1998.
    
      James R. Loughman, with whom Donovan & O’Connor was on brief for appellant.
    Nina E. Kallen, with whom Neville & Kelley was on brief for appellee.
    Before SELYA, Circuit Judge, COFFIN, Senior Circuit Judge, and SHAD UR, Senior District Judge.
    
      
       Of the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
    
   SHADUR, Senior District Judge.

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Co. (“USF&G”) appeals the order of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts granting a Fed.R.Civ.P. (“Rule”) 56 summary judgment motion filed by Merchants Insurance Company of New Hampshire, Inc. (“Merchants”) and denying the corresponding cross-motion filed by USF&G. Merchants had brought a diversity-of-citizenship action, pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act (28 U.S.C. § 2201), seeking a declaration that it was entitled to contribution from USF&G for the attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred in defending and settling a personal injury action brought against Merchants’ insured D’Agostino Associates, Inc. (“D’Agostino”). We affirm.

Facts

In 1992, general contractor D’Agostino entered into a contract with two Massachusetts towns to remove and replace a bridge. In connection with that project D’Agostino hired subcontractor Great Eastern Marine Service, Inc. (“Great Eastern”). Although Merchants had already issued a commercial general liability policy to D’Agostino, the subcontract required Great Eastern to list the general contractor as an additional insured on its own commercial general liability insurance policy issued by USF&G.

Of particular importance here, the additional insured endorsement (“Endorsement”) provided D’Agostino with coverage “but only with respect to liability arising out of ‘your work’ for that [added] insured by or for you.” In part that language is clear indeed: “You” means Great Eastern, while D’Agostino is “that [added] insured.” We will later address the meaning of the potentially more murky aspect of the Endorsement — what is intended by its “arising out of’ phrase.

On October 28, 1992, Great Eastern’s employee Daniel Woundy (“Woundy”) sustained serious injuries while working at the job site when a D’Agostino employee accidentally caused Woundy’s arm to become pinned between two pieces of demolition equipment. Almost a year later Woundy and his wife (collectively “Woundys”) brought suit against D’Agostino, alleging that his physical injuries and her loss of consortium were “a direct and proximate result” of the general contractor’s negligence. USF&G then refused Merchants’ demand to defend that underlying action, explaining that the Endorsement did not afford D’Agostino coverage for its own negligence.

On March 25, 1995 Merchants settled Woundys’ claims against D’Agostino for $250,000, an amount to which USF&G did not object. Merchants had also incurred attorneys’ fees and expenses aggregating $28,-297.21. Shortly thereafter Merchants brought this federal court action against USF&G to seek contribution for half of the total amount it had incurred in defending and settling Woundys’ personal injury and loss of consortium claims. After the district court ruled in Merchants’ favor on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, this appeal followed.

Standard of Review

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo (Vartanian v. Monsanto Co., 131 F.3d 264, 266 (1st Cir.1997)). Familiar Rule 56 principles impose on a party seeking summary judgment the burden of establishing the lack of a genuine issue of material fact (Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552-53, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986)). As we stated in Woods-Leber v. Hyatt Hotels of P.R., Inc., 124 F.3d 47, 49 (1st Cir.1997) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted):

The genuineness requirement signifies that a factual controversy must be sufficiently open-ended to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the issue in favor of either side. The materiality requirement signifies that the factual controversy must pertain to an issue which might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.

For Rule 56 purposes we read the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, drawing all reasonable inferences in its favor (Reich v. John Alden Life Ins. Co., 126 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir.1997)). In that regard “[a]n inference is reasonable only if it can .be drawn from the evidence without resort to speculation” (Mulero-Rodriguez v. Ponte, Inc., 98 F.3d 670, 672 (1st Cir.1996), quoting Frieze v. Boatmen’s Bank, 950 F.2d 538, 541 (8th Cir.1991)).

Where as here cross-motions for summary judgment are involved, “the court must consider each motion separately, drawing inferences against each movant in turn” (Reich, 126 F.3d at 6). Because here neither the facts nor any potential inferences are in dispute, that Janus-like dual perspective creates no risk that both motions might have to be denied. Instead the parties are at odds about whether as a matter of law the district court erred in holding that D’Agostino’s liability arose out of Great Eastern’s work performed on its behalf, thus entitling D’Agosti-no to coverage under the Endorsement.

Choice of Law

Before we turn to the merits of the parties’ respective positions, we must first identify the applicable substantive law, a subject on which both policies are silent. For eases sounding in diversity, the Erie v. Tompkins mandate to look to state law for the substantive rules of decision includes the application of the forum’s choice of law doctrines (Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 1021-22, 85 L.Ed. 1477 (1941); New Ponce Shopping Ctr., S.E. v. Integrand Assurance Co., 86 F.3d 265, 267 (1st Cir.1996)). But here both Merchants and USF&G have eschewed any such inquiry, instead citing directly to Massachusetts’ internal law. In that situation Bird v. Centennial Ins. Co., 11 F.3d 228, 231 n. 5 (1st Cir.1993) teaches:

Because the parties agree that Massachusetts law governs this dispute, and because there is at least a “reasonable relation” between the dispute and the forum whose law has been selected by the parties, we will forego an independent analysis of the choice-of-law issue and apply Massachusetts law.

We do the same here.

General Principles

Under Massachusetts law the interpretation of an insurance policy and the determination of the policy-dictated rights and obligations are questions of law, appropriate grist for the summary judgment mill (see Assetta v. Safety Ins. Co., 43 Mass.App.Ct. 317, 682 N.E.2d 931, 932 (1997)). Hence we review de novo the district court’s determination that the Endorsement covers D’Agostino for its own negligence.

Hakim v. Massachusetts Insurers’ Insolvency Fund, 424 Mass. 275, 675 N.E.2d 1161, 1164 (1997) confirms the applicability of general rules of contract construction in construing an insurance policy: Where policy provisions are ambiguous — that is, “tw]here the language permits more than one rational interpretation” (Boston Symphony Orchestra, Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 406 Mass.7, 545 N.E.2d 1156, 1159 (1989)(internal quotation omitted)) — the reading most favorable to the insured must prevail (Hazen Paper Co. v. USF & G, 407 Mass.689, 555 N.E.2d 576, 583 (1990)). That contra proferentem principle applies with added rigor in determining the meaning of exclusionary provisions (id.). ■

The interpretation of an insurance contract is no different from the interpretation of any other contract, and we must construe the words of the policy in their usual and ordinary sense.

Insurance Coverage: Duties To Defend and To Indemnify

Any liability insurer has a duty to defend an underlying third-party action against its putative insured if the allegations in the complaint are “reasonably susceptible of an interpretation that they state[] or adumbrate[] a claim covered by the policy issued to its insured” (New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 40 Mass.App.Ct.722, 667 N.E.2d 295, 297 (1996)(internal quotation omitted)). “This is true even if the claim is baseless, as it is the claim which determines the insurer’s duty to defend” (Mt. Airy Ins. Co. v. Greenbaum, 127 F.3d 15, 19 (1st Cir.1997)(internal quotation marks omitted)).

It is trae “that an insurance company’s duty to defend is broader than its duty to indemnify” (Boston Symphony, 545 N.E.2d at 1158). But USF&G’s rejection of any participation in the underlying defense (as tendered to it by Merchants) also carries with it USF & G’s liability for the cost of settlement in addition to the expenses of defending the lawsuit. As Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. v. Home Ins. Co., 30 Mass.App. Ct. 318, 568 N.E.2d 631, 636 (1991) (numerous citations omitted) has held:

Our cases generally have recognized the peril implicit in unjustified disclaimer decisions, and held an insurer making such a decision liable for the reasonable costs of both defense and settlement.

And more recently Polaroid Corp. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 414 Mass. 747, 610 N.E.2d 912, 921 (1993) has confirmed that proposition.

We turn then to the Endorsement, which provides in its entirety:

WHO IS AN INSURED (Section II) is amended to include as an insured the person or organization shown in the Schedule [in this instance DAgostino], (sic) but only with respect to liability arising out of “your work” for that insured by or for you.

In turn the USF&G policy defines “your work” as:

a. Work or operations performed by you [Great Eastern] or on your behalf; and
b. Materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection with such work or operations.

USF&G urges that the district court erred in holding that DAgostino’s liability “arose out of’ Great Eastern’s work because Great Eastern did not proximately cause Woundy’s injury (it will be recalled that one of D’Agos-tino’s own employees was at fault). That contention presupposes that the phrase “arising out of’ imports proximate causation and therefore operates to exclude all claims that stem directly from D’Agostino’s own negligence. But whether or not the construction advocated by USF&G might be considered to distort the usual and ordinary meaning ascribed to the quoted phrase (see Plymouth Rubber Co. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 18 Mass. App.Ct. 364, 465 N.E.2d 1234, 1238 (1984), declining to “torture” the meaning of a clause in an insurance contract where it was understandable in its “usual and ordinary sense”), what controls here is that such a reading would contravene established state law.

Beyond question, under Massachusetts law the phrase “arising out of’ denotes a level of causation that lies between proximate and actual causation. As recently as 1996 that state’s intermediate appellate court said in New England Mut. Life, 667 N.E.2d at 298:

The usual meaning ascribed to the phrase “arising out of’ is much broader than “caused by”; the former phrase is considered synonymous with “originate” or “come into being.”

And later in the same year the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court confirmed in Rischitelli v. Safety Ins. Co., 423 Mass. 703, 671 N.E.2d 1243,1245 (1996):

The expression “arising out of’ indicates a wider range of causation than thé concept of proximate causation in tort law.

By way of further explanation, Rischitelli, id. went on to say:

However, the expression does not refer to all circumstances in which the injury would not have occurred “but for” the involvement of a motor vehicle.

In that light it is plain that the allegations in Woundys’ Complaint raised the potential for policy coverage, triggering USF&G’s duty to defend. And the line of Massachusetts eases referred to earlier teach that USF&G’s dishonor of that duty to defend triggered USF&G’s additional duty to indemnify.

It is undisputed, as the Complaint alleged, that “[a]t the time of his accident Woundy was working within the scope of his employment for Great Eastern” (R. 5 ¶ 10). And it is equally beyond cavil that Great Eastern was in turn working for D’Agostino pursuant to its subcontract. Woundy’s injury “arose out of’ Great Eastern’s work in the sense that the harm occurred while he was cutting and removing a section of the bridge, a task that was assigned to Great Eastern in the Sherman’s Bridge project. Under an intermediate causation test, that causal relationship justifies the conclusion that DAgostino’s liability for the harm to Woundy “arose' out of’ Great Eastern’s work for DAgostino. More than “but for” causation existed. It was not simply because the two companies happened to be working in the same location that Woundy was injured by a D’Agostino employee; rather, the injury was a consequence of the work that Great Eastern was performing.

That causal connection between Woundy’s injury and Great Eastern’s work for D’Agos-tino suffices to satisfy the intermediate causation standard (see Transamerica Ins. Group v. Turner Constr. Co., 33 Mass.App. Ct. 446, 601 N.E.2d 473, 476 (1992), followed in a nonMassachusetts case, American States Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 291 Ill. App.3d 336, 225 Ill.Dec. 342, 683 N.E.2d 510, 513 (1997)). As the district court reasoned (op. at 6):

Unlike the facts of Rischitelli, the facts of the present case fall squarely within Ris-chitelli ’s definition of “arising out of.” Woundy was employed by Great Eastern and suffered his injuries in the course of, and contemporaneously with, Great Eastern’s work. The injuries sustained by the plaintiff in Rischitelli, by contrast, occurred subsequent to the automobile accident and were, not otherwise related to the insured’s use of his automobile. Furthermore, Woundy’s injuries were not the result of “intentional wrongdoing” by D’Agostino. Again, this differs from Ris-chitelli, in which the insured’s injuries were the result of a battery committed by fhe other driver. The connection between D’Agostino’s liability and Great Eastern’s work, therefore, is stronger than the simple “but for” connection rejected in Rischi-telli.

We therefore agree with the district court’s conclusion that under Massachusetts law D’Agostino’s liability “arose out of’ Great Eastern’s work on its behalf. In those terms the Endorsement covers D’Agostino both for its own negligence and to the extent that it might be deemed vicariously liable for Great Eastern’s negligence. In light of that coverage, USF&G must bear half of Great Eastern’s total burden running tó Woundys.

Contra Proferentem Approach

It would make no difference to our decision if well-established Massachusetts case law had not so plainly dictated that reading of the- Endorsement’s language. Even if the “arising out of’ phrase were instead to be viewed as ambiguous, the end result would be the same.

As we have noted earlier, the contra prof-erentem doctrine dictates that an ambiguous provision in an insurance policy that purports to limit coverage must be construed liberally in favor of the insured and against the insurer (see Hazen, 555 N.E.2d at 583). Under that approach too, the phrase “arising out of’ would not be read to exclude coverage for D’Agostino’s own negligence. Though ■ we have not had occasion to speak to that proposition, McIntosh v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 992 F.2d 251, 254-55 (10th Cir.1993) has collected cases from numerous jurisdictions holding that additional-insured endorsements such as the one at issue here cover an additional insured for its own negligence related to the work of the named insured.

After all, if USF&G had really intended to limit coverage under the additional insured Endorsement to those situations in which an added insured such as D’Agostino was to be held vicariously liable only for the negligence of a principal insured such as Great Eastern, USF&G was free to draft a policy with qualifying language that expressly implemented that intention (see, e.g., Consolidation Coal Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 406 F.Supp. 1292 (W.D.Pa.1976 pointing to the 'phrase “but only with respect to acts or omissions of the named insured” in the additional-insured endorsement as limiting the coverage of an additional insured to situations where it was the named insured’s negligence that exposed the additional insured to liability). USF&G did not do so. Instead it used language requiring only that the general contractor’s liability must arise out of Great Eastern’s work. In view of the narrow construction to be given to ambiguous exclusionary provisions, this alternative analytical road leads to the same destination: USF & G’s obligation to bear half of the financial burden of Woum dys’ claims.

Conclusion

Because the district court correctly determined that Merchants was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, Merchants’ Rule 56 motion was properly granted, while USF&G’s cross-motion was of course properly denied. We AFFIRM. 
      
      . This undisputed factual statement is drawn from the parties’ briefs and the district court’s unreported opinion.
     
      
      . Although Fidelity and Guaranty Insurance Company rather than USF&G actually issued the policy to Great Eastern, the parties have agreed to treat those entities as the same for purposes of this action.
     
      
      . Merchants sought that partial reimbursement because both Merchants’ and USF&G’s policies contain identical "other insurance” clauses that, when read together, effectively require each insurer to pay half of the damages and expenses.
     
      
      . This issue poses a legal question subject to plenary review (see Arcwel Marine, Inc. v. Southwest Marine, Inc., 816 F.2d 468, 470 (9th Cir.1987)).
     
      
      . Of course the parties' nonagreement on proper interpretation does not of itself render the policy ambiguous. As Jefferson Ins. Co. v. City of Holyoke, 23 Mass.App.Ct. 472, 503 N.E.2d 474, 476 (1987) (citations omitted) has put it:
      It must be shown that reasonably intelligent persons would differ as to which one of two or more meanings is the proper one. However, an ambiguity is not created simply because a controversy exists between parties, each favoring an interpretation contrary to the other's.
     
      
      . That qualification was critical in Rischitelli, for there the insured's injuries were not sustained as the direct result of an automobile accident. Instead the insured suffered his injuries in a post-accident altercation when the driver of the other car physically attacked the insured.
     
      
      . We refer to the slip opinion because it is not available on either Westlaw or LEXIS.
     