
    Barry, Administratrix, Respondent, vs. Minahan, Administrator, Appellant.
    
      February 26
    
    March 20, 1906.
    
    
      Loans payable on demand: Accrual of cause of action: Estates of decedents: Claims: Filing: Statutes of nonclaim: Limitation of actions: Husband a/nd wife: Appeal and error: Findings.
    
    1. A cause of action accrues where there exists a claim capable of present enforcement, a suable party against whom it may be-enforced, and a party who has a present right to enforce it.
    2. A cause of action to recover for money loaned, payable upon demand, accrues at the time of the loan.
    3. Where a wife, one year prior to her death, loaned her husband money payable on demand, her rights thereunder against the-husband accrued prior to her death and passed to her estate as-a valid and existing cause of action.
    4. In such case, the husband having died subsequent to the death of his wife, the estate of the wife is “a creditor of” and “a person having a claim against” his estate, within the calls of the statutes governing the administration of estates of decedents.
    5. In such case the representative of the wife’s estate having failed-to filé such claim against the husband’s estate for more than two years after the time limited Ijy the proper county court under sec. 3840, Stats. 1898, the claim is barred under the provisions-of sec. 3844, Stats. 1898.
    6. Such bar is not affected by the fact that there has been an unsuccessful attempt, by a son of the wife, to have a trust declared as to the same claim for the amount thereof against the husband’s estate, which was defeated on the ground that.no trust existed, although the son, as her heir, might profit by the recovery, since that was a different cause of action and prosecuted in a different right.
    7. The filing of á claim by the administratrix of a deceased wife against the estate of the husband for money loaned by the wife-to the husband is not an action between the wife and husband, and does not prevent the operation of sec. 3844, Stats. 1898, that section containing no specific exemption in favor of married women.
    8. Where the trial court has refused to find that any fraud existed, and there is nothing in the record which would entitle the party alleging fraud to relief on that ground, the action of the court will not be disturbed.
    
      Appeax from a judgment of the circuit court for Calumet county: Geo. W. BurNell, Circuit Judge.
    
      Reversed.
    
    Catherine Minaghan died in 1893, leaving her surviving a minor son, her only heir at law, and her husband, John Minaghan, who died in 1901. Immediately after the death of John Minaghan an administrator was appointed, who later resigned, and Wm. B. Minahan was appointed administrator de bonis non. An order was made on the 11th day of June, 1901, for the presentation of claims, limiting the time to and including the 6th day of January, 1902. Notice of such order was published in the usual manner, and the proof of publication filed with the county court. Before the time for the presentation of claims against the estate of said John Min-aghan expired, the minor son, through his guardian ad litem, filed a claim with the county court of Calumet county against the estate of his father, alleging that $800 had been placed in the hands of said John Minaghan about one year prior to his mother’s death in trust for said minor, and asking that the trust be declared and established in his favor. The county court gave judgment in favor of the minor, which judgment was affirmed on appeal to the circuit court, and reversed by the supreme court, the supreme court holding that upon the case made no trust was created, but that the facts established showed a loan from Catherine Minaghan to her husband, and that the relation of debtor and creditor existed. McKinney v. Minahan, 119 Wis. 651, 97 N. W. 489. After the decision of the supreme court, and in February, 1904, Theresa Barry was appointed administratrix of the estate of'Catherine Min-aghan, and filed a claim as such administratrix in the probate court of Calumet county, setting up the former proceedings for the establishment of a trust in favor of the minor, and further alleging that $850 was loaned to John Minaghan prior to the death of Catherine upon his promise to repay the same with interest on demand, which money was the sole and separate property of said Catherine. It further appears from tbe petition tbat no final accounting,.final order, or decree of distribution bad been made or entered at tbe time of filing tbe petition or claim, and tbat no part of tbe $850 bad been repaid to Catherine or ber estate. Upon this petition an order to sbow cause ivas made and served upon tbe administrator de bonis non of John Minaghan, deceased, and bis attorney, and they appeared and made defense in tbe county court, denying tbat anything was due, and setting up failure of tbe petitioner to present ber claim -against the estate within the time ■required by law, which expired January 6, 1902. Tbe matter was beard and tbe county eourt disallowed tbe claim, and on appeal to tbe circuit court tbe judgment of the county court was reversed, tbe circuit court bolding that tbe claim did not •accrue until tbe appointment of Theresa Barry as administra-trix February 18, 1904, and that there being'no person in existence having said claim, tbe statute of limitation and tbe order of the county court limiting tbe time to present claims in ■said estate matter did not apply or bar tbe claim, and ordered tbat plaintiff recover from tbe estate tbe sum of $832.50 and interest, with costs and disbursements. Tbe circuit judge filed bis decision in writing, and made bis findings of fact and ■conclusions of law, ordering judgment for plaintiff for tbe amount claimed, with interest and costs. Judgment was entered accordingly for tbe sum of $1,490.08, from which judgment this appeal was taken.
    
      V. I. Minahan, for tbe appellant.
    
      Iaones Kinuan> for tbe respondent, •
   KbewiN, J.

Tbe question raised by the first assignment ■of error and tbe controlling one upon this appeal is whether tbe claim of the respondent was barred because not presented to tbe -county court- within tbe time allowed by tbe order for tbe presentation of claims against tbe estate of Jobn Min-aghan, deceased. Tbe time fixed by the order expired on tbe fith day of January, 1902, and tbe claim of tbe respondent was presented by petition in February, 1904. Tbe claim is' based upon a loan made by Catherine Minaghan to John Min-aghan, her husband, about a year before her death, payable-on demand. The petition for the allowance of the claim alleged these facts and the testimony tended to establish them.. The respondent’s claim, therefore, is based upon a loan which was due and enforceable before the death of John Minaghan or his wife, Catherine Minaghan. Upon well-established principles of law, the cause of action to recover money loaned upon demand accrues at the time of the loan. Hall v. Letts, 21 Iowa, 596; Ware v. Hewey, 57 Me. 391; Kimball v. Kimball, 16 Mich. 211; Cook’s Adm’rs v. Cook, 19 Tex. 434; Baxter v. State, 17 Wis. 588; Curran v. Witter, 68 Wis. 16, 31 N. W. 705; Schriber v. Richmond, 73 Wis. 5, 40 N. W. 644; Turner v. Iron Chief M. Co. 74 Wis. 355, 43 N. W. 149.

“A cause of action accrues where there exists a claim capable of present enforcement, a suable party against whom it may be enforced, and a party who has a present right to enforce it.” Murphy v. Omaha (Neb.) 95 N. W. 680; Arnold’s Heirs v. Arnold (Ky.) 82 S. W. 606; 19 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 193; Weiser v. McDowell, 93 Iowa, 772, 61 N. W. 1094; Smith v. Bythewood, Rice, Law (S. C.) 245, 33 Am. Dec. 111.

The cause of action set up in the petition and claim filed existed in favor of Catherine Minaghan, and was capable of' being enforced by her for a period of about a year before her death, and was during such time an accrued, valid, and existing cause of action, which she had a right to enforce. She-had from the time of Hie loan down to the time of her death a present right to enforce the claim against her1 husband, and it passed to her estate an accrued claim against her husband,, and at the- time of his death was a valid, existing claim against his estate. The court below held that the claim was: enforceable against the estate of John Minaghan, deceased, notwithstanding it had not been presented during the time-■required by the order for the presentation of claims, upon the theory that it did not accrue against the estate of John Min-aghan, deceased, until a personal representative of the estate ■of Catherine Minaghan had been appointed, and therefore was not barred, on the authority of Stehn v. Hayssen, 124 Wis. 583, 102 N. W. 1074. But it will be seen that in the ■Stehn-Hayssen Gase the cause of action did not arise until ■after death, and there this court held that a cause of action which arises after death cannot accrue until there is some person in existence who can bring it, and that there is no person in existence to bring an action in favor of the estate of a deceased person which arises after death until an executor or administrator is appointed. The court below obviously overlooked the distinction between causes of action arising after death and those accruing before death. In the former there 'is no person in existence who can bring the action until an ■executor or administrator is appointed, while in the case at 'bar there was a person capable of suing, a person to be sued, and an existing accrued cause of action. The distinction is •clearly recognized in the statute (secs. 3840, 3844, 3860, Stats. 1898). The former sections (3840 and 3844) plainly make provision for accrued claims, while sec. 3860 provides for claims which accrue or become absolute after the time limited for creditors to present their claims, and further pro•vides that the same may be presented and proved at any time within one year after they shall accrue or become absolute. It 'is therefore very clear that Stehn v. Hayssen, supra, does not apply to causes of action which accrue before death, and which are valid existing causes of action capable of being enforced before the death of the party against whose estate they •are filed. In other words,, the statutes contemplate two classes ■of claims: first, those accrued and existing at the time of death; and, second, those which accrue or become absolute after death; and it was held in the Stehn-Hayssen Gase that •a cause of action which arises after death cannot accrue until there is some person in existence who can bring it. Stehn v. Hayssen, supra, has reference to cases falling under sec. 3860, Stats. 1898, wbicb accrue or become absolute after death, and the doctrine of that case is well supported by the authorities, some of which are referred to in the opinion of the court, but it is very clear that such cases have no reference to a case like the one at bar. Bucklin v. Ford, 5 Barb. 393; Sanford v. Sanford, 62 N. Y. 553; Baker’s Adm’r v. Baker’s Adm’r, 13 B. Mon. 406. The decision in Stehn v. Hayssen, supra, is strictly confined to causes of action which arise after death, and, therefore, has no application here where the cause of action accrued before the death of either Catherine Minaghan or her husband, John Minaghan. The question, therefore, is whether the respondent has become barred because of failure to present the claim set forth in the petition as required by sec. 3844, Stats. 1898. Sec. 3840, Stats. 1898, provides:

“At the time of granting letters testamentary or of administration the county court, by order, shall fix a time, not less than six months nor more than one year thereafter, as the circumstances of the case may require, within which creditors shall present their claims for examination and allowance. ...”

Sec» 3844, Stats. 1898, provides:

“Every person having a claim against a deceased person, proper to be allowed by the court, who shall not, after notice given as required by sec. 3839, exhibit his claim to the court within the time limited for that purpose shall be forever barred from recovering such demand or from setting off the same in any action whatever.”

The rule is well established that words in a statute must receive a general construction, unless there is in the statute itself some ground for restraining their meaning by reasonable construction, not by arbitrary addition or retrenchment., The statute here contains no exception, but provides that every person having a claim, proper to be allowed, who shall not present it within the time limited, shall be forever barred. Such statutes are known as “statutes of nonclaim,”' and1 are generally applied more rigorously than the general statutes of limitation, and in tbe absence of a- saving clause run against all persons. Winter v. Winter, 101 Wis. 494, 77 N. W. 883. Suck statutes bave been beld to bar- married women, infants, and nonresidents, where there is no saving clause in their favor. 2 Woerner, Adm’n (2d ed.) § 402, and cases- there cited; Richardson v. Harrison, 36 Mo. 96; Rowell v. Patterson, 76 Me. 196; Erwin v. Turner, 6 Ark. 14; Morgan v. Hamlet, 113 U. S. 449, 5 Sup. Ct. 583; Van Steenwyck v. Washburn, 59 Wis. 483, 17 N. W. 289. And, where a claim is a proper one to- be presented against- an estate, it must be presented or is forever barred. Carpenter v. Murphey, 57 Wis. 541, 15 N. W. 798; Austin v. Saveland’s Estate, 77 Wis. 108, 45 N. W. 955; Ernst v. Nau, 63 Wis. 134, 23 N. W. 492.

But- it is argued that notice was not duly given as required by sec; 3840, Stats. 18-98. We have carefully examined the order and notice, and are unable to discover that the statute has not. been complied with. Counsel in his argument insists that the order should contain more than the statute requires. Sec. 3840, Stats. 1898, in effect, provides that the county court, by order, shall fix a time, not less than six months nor more than one year thereafter, within which creditors shall present their claims for examination and allowance, and that the court shall fix by the order a time after presentation of claims for the examination and adjustment of any claims presented, and that notice of the time within which creditors may present their claims, and when the same will be examined and adjusted, shall be given by publication for four1 successive weeks, or in such other manner as the court may direct, the first publication to be within fifteen days of the date of the order; The order made, as appears from the record, fully complies with the provisions of this statute, and it appears to have been published in the manner prescribed. The order was made on tbe 11th day of June, 1901, and provided that the time allowed for creditors to present their claims for examination and allowance is limited from the date thereof until and including the 6th day of January, 1902, and further ordered that the claims and demands of all persons against deceased be examined and adjusted by the court at the regular term thereof to be held at the office of said county judge in the city of Chilton, said county, on the first Tuesday in Januáry, 1902, and that notice be given by publication of the order for four successive weeks, once in each week, in the Chilton Times, a newspaper published in said county, the first publication to be within fifteen days from the date of the order. This appears to he a sufficient compliance with the statute. It is further insisted that an estate is not a “person having a claim” within the meaning of sec. 3844, Stats. 1898, requiring “every person having a claim against a deceased person” to exhibit the same within the time limited, and hence the claim of Catherine Minaghan’s estate in question was not barred. Catherine Minaghan’s claim against her husband accrued before her death, and at the time the order was made and notice given her estate was a creditor, and the statute on the subject (secs. 3840, 3844) obviously refers to all creditors, whether natural or artificial persons. Sec. 3840, Stats. 1898, provides for an order fixing the time “within which creditors shall present their claims,” and sec. 3844, Stats. 1898, provides that every person having a claim who shall not, after notice giveu, exhibit it within the time limited shall be forever barred. These statutes clearly refer to creditors, and require all creditors of the deceased, except those specifically mentioned in sec. 3860, Stats. 1898, to exhibit their claims for examination and allowance within the time limited by the order of the court or be forever barred. This is the policy and purpose of such statutes. Ernst v. Nau, 63 Wis. 134, 23 N. W. 492; Winter v. Winter, 101 Wis. 494, 77 N. W. 883. We think, therefore, that the estate of Catherine Minagban was a creditor and person having a claim within the meaning of these statutes. Rains v. Oshkosh, 14 Wis. 403; Segnitz v. Garden City B. & T. Co. 107 Wis. 171, 83 N. W. 327; 2 Rapalje & L. Law Dict. 945; Billings v. State, 107 Ind. 54, 6 N. E. 914, 7 N. E. 763; Winter v. Winter, supra; Ernst v. Nau, supra; 2 Woerner, Adm’n (2d ed.) § 402.

The filing of the claim of John J. Minaghan by his guardian against the estate of John Minaghan, deceased, cannot inure to the benefit of the respondent here. It was a different cause of action and prosecuted in a different right. McKenney v. Minahan, 119 Wis. 651, 97 N. W. 489. We know of no rule of law that will permit the respondent to avail herself of the proceedings there to support her claim here. We have examined the authorities cited by counsel on this point, and fail to discover that they support his contention. In McXenney v. Minahcuiv, supra, the infant sued through his guardian to recover for his own benefit, and in the instant case the respondent sues to recover for the benefit of Catherine Minaghan’s estate. The fact that eventually the infant who is heir of Catherine Minaghan, deceased, may profit by the recovery here cannot change the situation. The question discussed by respondent’s counsel to the effect that statutes of limitation will not run against the wife in an action against the husband need not be further treated, because, independent of the fact that the present action is not between husband and wife, we have shown that the defense of coverture does not apply at all under this “nonclaim” or special statute, where there is no specific exemption in the statute itself. Winter v. Winter, 101 Wis. 494, 77 N. W. 883; 2 Woerner, Adm’n (2d ed.) § 402. It is further claimed that there was fraud on the part of the representatives of the defendant estate, from the consequences of which this court should grant relief. It appears from the record that the court below refused to find that any fraud had been committed. There is nothing in the record which, would entitle the respondent to relief on the grounds of fraud.

Counsel for respondent has shown great labor and research in the examination and presentation of authorities, and we bave examined with care his very lengthy brief, but cannot bring ourselves to the conclusion that the judgment of the court below is right. We have not deemed it necessary to treat all the points made by counsel in his brief, but may say in passing that all questions discussed have received careful consideration. We think the claim presented was barred, and that the judgment below must be reversed.

By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to affirm the judgment of the county court.  