
    Jackson, ex dem. White, against Ann Cary.
    in a deed of bargain and sale, the use to no other bargainee,"‘to the°iegai ¿Ste ted; beand,c“" bargain'6’ 'Ind cU thisB'wifed in’fee, in trust for the heirs of B. on the body ortobeSbegotestatehvestsghi In^^asseTafofB to ceMs wife, and not to the heirs of B. begotten on whose interest which can'on-in equftyf;rand Of ‘efectmcntl meréfy^is *11-garded, a grant.ee of one of the heirs cannot recover against the vivor.and sur"
    wife hasa pm-land “and *a same íand^í afterwards, executed by a third person to husband, and them, Ms does not preclude her, from set-her nor is she hound by any limitations or trusts in the deed.
    The parol declarations of a person having title to land, are inadmissible as evidence te defeat that title; it being contrary to the statute ef frauds. 1 '
    THIS was an action of ejectment brought to recover an - J ° undivided eighth part of about six thousand acres of land in the county of Otsego. The cause was tried before Mr. J. Platt, at the Otsego circuit, in June, 1818.
    The premises in question were part of a patent granted to George Croghan, and ninety-nine others, for 100,000 acres ^an<^* The other proprietors released to Croghan, who, deed dated March 2, 1770, conveyed the premises to Augustine Prevost: and Augustine Prevost and wife, by deed, , 6 , T ° , ,, , ’ T> dated June 29, 1771, conyeyed the same to Cornelius P» Low, who died about the year 1791, leaving the defendant his only child and heir at law. - v
    The plaintiff founded his claim upon a deed dated the 2°th of October, 1790, from Helena Kip, widow, and sole ¿evisee of Henry Kip, deceased, and Henry H. -Kip, to ° i v Richard Cary the elder, and the defendant Ann^ his wife, This deed was expressed to be given for the consideration of 425/. and granted to the parties of the second part, (being in their possession by virtue of a bargain and sale bearing date the day before, and by force of the statute, ,&Ci) a tract of 6,060 acres formerly conveyed by G. Croffhan to A. Prevost, and lately conveyed by the sheriff of o J , TJ rT __ Montgomery to Henry Kip, deceased, and Henry H. Kip, _ ° r , , , ,, . .. n ,, to have and to hold the same unto the said parties ot the second part, their heirs and assigns, to the only proper use and behoof of the said parties of the second part, their heirs and assigns: “ In trust, nevertheless, to and for the only Pr0Per use °f the heirs of him, the said Richard Cary, party hereto, on the body of her the said Ann, the wife of r v 7 * the said Richard Cary, for ever, whether the same are already begotten or to he begotten; provided always, and this trust is upon this condition, nevertheless, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Richard Cary and Ann Cary to grant, bargain, sell, alien, release and convey unto Edward Hurtin, of Stonington, in Connecticut, his heirs and assigns, a farm containing 300 acres of land, &c., and also to let out in leases, renewable from time to time, or to grant, bargain, sell, alien, release, and convey in fee simple, by mortgage, or otherwise, to any person or persons, a quantity of the above released premises, not exceeding 3,000 acres of land, including the aforesaid and described farm of 300 acres of land, and out of such sale or sales to pay and retain to their own use the sum of 425/. lawful money aforesaid, the consideration money above mentioned, paid by them out of their own proper money, and the interest thereof, together with all costs and charges, as may arise or happen, by reason or means of such sale or sales ; and the overplus money to have and to hold in trust, to and for the use of their heirs, as before limited and expressed.”
    
      Richard Cary, the grantee, came on the premises as early as the year 1790 or 1791, and within one or two years afterwards, removed his family there, and continued to occupy the premises until his death, which happened ten or twelve years before the trial, and the defendant has ever since remained in possession. Cary the elder, the grantee in the last mentioned deed, left Richard Cary, the younger, and seven other children ; and Richard Cary, the younger, by deed, dated the 14th of April, 1809, conveyed to the plaintiff’s lessor and one Seelye, all his right and interest, being one eighth part of the premises in question. In May, 1810, Seelye released all his interest to the lessor of the plaintiff.
    A witness testified, that both before and after the deed from R. Cary the younger, he had many conversations with the defendant in relation to the interest, and the interest of her children in the premises, and in relation to the title; that in all these conversations the defendant never pretended that she had any other interest or title than what was given by the deed from Helena and Henry H. Kip ; and that, by _ the legal construction of that deed, she supposed that she had a life estate in the premises, and nothing more. The witness stated, that the reason of his inquiring into the title to the premises was, that he had been engaged in negotiating a purchase of some of the rights of the children of Cary the elder, in the property; that his conversations with the defendant were had in reference to the contemplated purchase, and that in all these conversations the defendant admitted the right of (he children to sell, when of age, subject to the life estate which she claimed under the deed from the Kips.
    
    A verdict was found for the plaintiff, subject to the opinion of the Court, on a case which was submitted to the Court without argument.
   Spencer, Ch. J. delivered the opinion of the Court.

The first objection to the deed from the Kips is, that it is a deed of bargain and sale, and that upon such a deed a use cannot be limited to any other person than the bargainee. This Court adopted and recognized that principle, in Jackson v. Myers, (3 Johns. Rep. 396.) Sanders, in his Treatise on Uses and Trusts, gives this question a very full discussion. He says, (p. 315.) “ that the nature of the estate since the statute is the same as it was befojre; that the bargainee is still but a cestui que use, and though he has a legal, instead of a fiduciary estate, since the statute, yet, that legal estate is made such by force of the statute of uses, and not accordindg to the rules of the common law; Upon this principle, it has been held, and is now established, that, no use can be limited to arise out of the estate of the bargainee to a third person, for that would be to limit a use to arise upon a use. Therefore, if A. bargains and sells in fee to C., to the use of A., (the bargainor,) orto any other person, for life, or in fee, this limitation to the use is void. But though this declaration of the use is void as a use, yet it has been a question, whether it would not be supported as a trust, in Chancery’’: And he apprehends it would be supported in that Court. Shepherd, in his Touchstone, (505, 506, 507.) holds the same doctrine. He observes, that if one seised of land in fee, bargain and sell it, or make a lease of it to another in trust, or for the benefit of a third person, this is but a Chancery trust, in this third person, as was clearly held in 8 Car. B. R. / and he proceeds to show that a fine, feoffment, or recovery, may be had of land, to the use and intent, that either the parties thereto, or others, shall have it for any time or estate. Cruise, (tit. 12. ch. 2d sec. 11. 12. 24.) confirms the positions of Shepherd and Sanders ; and, indeed, there is no case to the contrary. This doctrine receives full and complete confirmation from the observations of Lord Hardwicke, in Hopkins v. Hopkins. (1 Atk. 591.)

The legal estate, therefore, was in. Cary and wife, under the deed from the Kips; and it is the settled doctrine of this Court, that we look only to the legal estate in an action of ejectment, disregarding the equitable interest. (8 Johns. Rep. 488. and the cases there cited.)

Mrs. Cary having survived her husband, and the estate granted to them being neither in joint-tenancy nor tenancy in common, and so not affected by the statute, she, as survivor, takes the whole legal estate. This point was decided at the last term, in Jackson v. Stevens.

• Independently of these considerations, the case shows that the defendant deduced a legal title to himself, as the heir of Cornelius P. Low, who, it was proved, acquired a complete title to the premises under the original patentee ; and, most certainly, she was not concluded by the deed from the Kips, from asserting her title. Without stopping, therefore, to inquire whether, under any circumstances, the lessor of the plaintiff could avail himself of that deed, as an estoppel, which I am clearly of opinion he could not, the defendant never could be estopped by it, as she was a feme covert when it was given.

The evidence of declarations made by the defendant avail nothing, for although parol declarations of tenancy have been received, with certain qualifications, parol proof jiag never yet been admitted to destroy pr take away a title. To allow parol evidence to have that effect, would be in-traducing a new and most dangerous species of evidence.

The statute, to prevent frauds and perjuries, which has been considered the magna charla of real property, avoids all estates created by parol, and all declarations of trust, excepting resulting trusts, regarding any lands, tenements, or hereditaments. Yet, in defiance of this statute, we are asked to devest the defendant of what appears to be a complete title to the premises, by her parol declarations. This cannot be listened to.

Judgment for the defendant. 
      
      
         Though a use cannot be limited, on a bargain and sale, to any person but the bargainee; yet, by- a lease and release, a use may be limited to third persons, the possession of the releasee being sufficient to serve such uses: As if A. bargains and sells land to B. for a year, and releases to him; habendum to B., his heirs and assigns, to the use of C. for life, remainder to D. for life, &c.; for the statute intervenes and transfers the possesion to C. the cestui que use. But if the first use is declared to the releasee himself, in fee, (as in the above case,) he is in by the common law, the release operating by enlarging the estate of B. to a fee, and the seisin is no longer open to serve uses to third persons;■tGo. JAtt. 276. a. Butler’s note. Sanders on Uses, 864; 365,366; 367.1
     
      
      
        Ante, p. 110
     