
    Cornelius J. Demarest, Appellant, v. Forty-second Street, Manhattanville and St. Nicholas Avenue Railway Company, Respondent.
    Negligence.— liability of a defendant without whose negligence an injury would .not ham occurred — it is not affected by the contributory negligence of a third person—allegation that the injury was caused ‘‘solely through the fault’’ of the defendant—effect of an ordinance giving aright of way to vehicles going north and south.
    
    Where the complaint in an action to recover damages for personal injuries alleges that such injuries were caused “ solely through the fault, carelessness and negligence of the defendant,” the fact that it appears upon the trial that the negligence of a third party contributed to the plaintiff's injuries, will not prevent a recovery against the defendant.
    A person injured by the negligence of two or more parties may maintain an action to recover damages for such injuries against either or both of the negligent parties.
    In an action brought to recover damages for personal injuries, sustained by the plaintiff while walking westerly across Broadway in the city of New York at its intersection with Eighty-first street, in consequence of a collision between one of the defendant’s north-bound cars and a truck bound westerly across Broadway, which collision caused the truck to strike the plaintiff, the fact that an ordinance of the city of New York provides that vehicles proceeding in a northerly or southerly direction have the right of way over vehicles proceeding in an easterly or westerly direction, does not entitle the defendant to have the court charge that “such right of ’way required the driver of the truck or wagon to stop his horses and let the car pass if that were necessary to prevent the obstruction of the car upon its passage,” as such charge entirely eliminates the respective positions of the car and the truck at the time the truck commenced to cross Broadway,
    Appeal by the. plaintiff, Cornelius ¿T. Demarest, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the cleric of the county of ISTew York on the 6th day of December, 1904, upon the verdict of a jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 12th day of December, 1904, denying the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes. .
    
      Gilbert D. Lamb, for the appellant.
    
      Joseph P. Cotton, Jr., for the respondent.
   McLaughlin, J.:

This is the ordinary action to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have- been sustained by reason of defendant’s negligence. That the plaintiff, at the time referred to in the complaint, sustained severe personal injuries, or that he was free from negligence, was not seriously contested at the trial. It was, hdwever, contended that the defendant was not responsible, inasmuch as its negligence was not the proximate cause of the accident.

The facts are hot complicated. The plaintiff started to walk in a westerly direction across Broadway at Eighty-first street in the city of New York. An excavation for the subway had been made at this point in the center of Broadway, over a portion of which planks had been placed with a railing on either side, to facilitate travel across the street. Defendant’s north-bound cars run on the easterly and its south-bound cars on the westerly side of Broadway. .About the same time, but a little to the rear of the plaintiff, a truck attempted to.cross, going in the same direction, and just as the plaintiff was upon the bridge one of the defendant’s north-bound cars struck the hind wheels or rear portion of the truck, and threw it against the plaintiff with such force that a portion of the bridge was broken and he was thrown into the excavation, thereby sustaining the injuries of which he complains.

In his complaint he alleged that his injuries were caused “ solely through the fault, carelessness and negligence of the defendant,” and the learned trial justice, at the conclusion of the trial, as appears from the charge and refusals to charge, seems to have entertained the idea that by reason of such allegation a recovery could not be had if the negligence of the driver of the truck contributed in any way to the accident..

Evidence was offered on the part of the defendant from which it claimed the jury might find that the driver of the truck was either alone responsible for the accident, or else his negligence contributed to it, and in either case, if the jury' did so find, defendant could not be held liable, and at its request the learned trial justice in effect so instructed the jury. Exceptions were taken by plaintiff’s counsel to such instruction and he in turn requested the court to charge that “ If the jury finds that plaintiff was free from contributory negligence and1 that the railroad company was negligent and such negligence was one of the causes of the accident, without which it would not have happened, the plaintiff would be entitled to a ver- • diet, irrespective of the fact that the driver of the truck was also negligent.” This request was refused and an exception also taken.

In both instances the court erred. The rule has long been settled in this State — evidenced by the following out of many authorities which might be cited—that a third person who is injured by the. negligence of two or more persons — lie himself being free from negligence— may maintain an action against them jointly or severally to recover the damages sustained (Webster v. Hudson River R. R. Co., 38 N. Y. 260; Barrett v. Third Ave. R. R. Co., 45 id. 628; Ring v. City of Cohoes, 77 id. 83 ; Kunz v. City of Troy, 104 id. 344; Cohen v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 113 id. 532; Phillips v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 127 id. 657; Murphy v. Leggett, 164 id. 121; Rider v. Syracuse R. T. Ry. Co., 171 id. 139; Leeds v. N. Y. Telephone Co., 178 id. 118; Lipp v. Otis Brothers & Co., 28 App. Div. 228), and when such action is brought, a defendant cannot successfully defend the same on the ground that the negligence of another contributed to the injury. (Travell v. Bannerman, 71 App. Div. 439.) In Webster v. Hudson River R. R. Co. (supra) there was evidence to the effect that plaintiff’s injuries were caused in part at least by the negligence of a third party and the trial court was asked to charge that if the jury so found, the plaintiff could not recover. This was refused, and on appeal, the court, in holding that no error was committed, said: The fact that the Boston road was also guilty of negligence furnishes, in law or morals, no excuse for the negligence of the Hudson River company, and no reason why they should not respond in damages.”

In Kunz v. City of Troy (supra) the court said : “ A defendant whose negligence was a constituent element of the transaction and without which the injury would not have happened, is legally responsible.”

And in Phillips v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co. (supra) it was held that where, in an action to recover damages for injuries alleged to have been caused by defendant’s negligence, it appeared there were two proximate causes of the injury, one, the negligence of the. defendant and the other an occurrence happening without fault on the part of the plaintiff, the latter was entitled to recover.

But it is unnecessary to multiply authorities. The rule is too well settled to require it. The request here made, under the Webster case, was proper and the instruction should have been given." • The vice of the charge as made, and the refusal of plaintiff’s request, is apparent, and if not it will be on reading the same in connection: with the main charge .and other instructions given at the request of defendant’s counsel. In" the main charge the jury’s attention was Called to the allegations of the • complaint to the effect that the injuries were inflicted solely through the -negligence of the defendant. and in that connection stress was laid. upon the fact that. the negligence of the truckman was excluded.

During the course dj: the trial the defendant put in evidence an ordinance of. the city of Hew York to -the effect that vehicles proceeding in a northerly or southerly direction had the right of way over vehicles proceeding in an easterly or westerly direction and the court instructed the jury, as requested by defendant’s \ counsel, that such right of way required the driver of the truck or wagon to stop his horses and let the car pass if that was neces- . sary to prevent the obstruction of the car upon its. passage.” This was error. It entirely eliminated the respective positions of the car and the truck at the time the truck commenced to cross Broadway ¿ There, was evidence to the" effect that the car at that time Was at Eightieth street and the truck, at ,the time the collision1 occurred, had almost passed over the tracks and if the speed of the car had been slackened at all a collision would not have ■ occurred. The car did ndt have an absolute right to. the exclusive use of the street. The truckman had a right to cross Broadway; so did the plaintiff, and the defendant was bound; to operate its cars having regard "to that right, and if it failed to do so, it Was obligated to- make good to the plaintiff any damage : he sustained by reason thereof. But, under the" instruction, the jury could not do otherwise than find that the driver of - the truck was negligent because-he did not let the car pass' before- he attempted to cross the tracks. A collision did occur, and if he had not attempted to cross defendant’s tracks lintil the car had passed by, it would not. Therefore, he obstructed the passage of the car which, under the instructions given, he had no right to do. And then to refuse to" charge the request of plaintiff’s counsel, above quoted, was equivalent to saying to the jury that they could not, under any circumstances, render a verdict for the plaintiff.

Numerous other errors are alleged as to the charge as made, but it is unnecessary to consider them in detail, inasmuch as there must be a new trial and it is not at all- likely similar errors will again be committed.

The judgment and order appealed from must be reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide event.

Van Brunt, P. J., O’Brien, Ingraham and Hatch, JJ., concurred.

Judgment and order reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.  