
    COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania v. $34,440.00 U.S. CURRENCY Appeal of: Rafael Falette
    No. 102 MAP 2016
    Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
    Argued: May 9, 2017
    Decided: December 19, 2017
    
      Jennifer Anne Peterson, Esq., Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Joshua D. Shapiro, Esq., for Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Appellee.
    Brandon Robert Reish, Esq., for Rafael Falette, Appellant.
    Heather F. Gallagher, Esq., for Pennsylvania District Attorney’s Association, Ami-cus Curiae.
    Patrick Michael Hromisin,. Esq., Saul Ewing LLP, for ACLU of Pennsylvania, Amicus Curiae.
    SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, mundy, JJ.
   OPINION

JUSTICE BAER

In this discretionary appeal, we consider the burdens of proof applicable in civil in rem forfeitures of currency under Pennsylvania’s Controlled Substances Forfeiture Act (“Forfeiture Act”), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6801—6802 (repealed), which, inter alia, provides that money is forfeitable to the Commonwealth upon proof of a “substantial nexus” to certain prohibited drug activities under The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act (“Controlled Substance Act”), 35 P.S. §§ 780-101-780-144. More specifically, we consider whether the Commonwealth can satisfy its evidentiary burden of proving a substantial nexus between the seized currency and prohibited drug activity by relying solely upon the Forfeiture Act’s presumption at 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(ii), which provides that money found in close proximity to controlled substances is rebuttably presumed to be the proceeds derived from the sale of a controlled substance, and, if so, the related assessment of how this presumption can be rebutted.

The Commonwealth Court in the case sub judice determined that proof of proximity under the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption is sufficient to establish a substantial nexus and that the innocent owner defense set forth at 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802© provides the sole- method by which claimants can rebut the presumption. Though we agree that, generally, proof of proximity under the Subsection 6801(a) (6) (ii) rebuttable presumption may be sufficient to satisfy the Commonwealth’s overall evidentiary burden of proving a substantial nexus for the purpose of currency forfeitures, we hold that the Commonwealth Court erred in concluding that the innocent' owner defense provides the sole basis for rebutting that presumption. Rather, for.the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the presumption may be rebutted by demonstrating that the seized currency is not the proceeds of drug sales, independent of a claimant’s ability to satisfy the innocent owner defense. , If the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption has been rebutted sufficiently, the burden of proof remains with the Commonwealth such that it must put on further evidence of a nexus to drug activity beyond .the mere propinquity between the money, and controlled substances. Because the Commonwealth Court erred as a matter of law.in holding otherwise, we vacate the Commonwealth Court’s order, vacate the trial court’s order, and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. background

The facts underlying this matter are straightforward and largely undisputed. On August 7, 2009, Juan Lugo (“Lugo”), a New Jersey resident, was driving with three passengers in his sister’s vehicle on Interstate-80 in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, when he was pulled over for tailgating. Upon approaching the vehicle, Pennsylvania State Trooper . Derek Felsman (“Trooper Felsman”) detected an odor of marijuana and sought permission to conduct a search of the vehicle. Lugo consented to the search, and Trooper Felsman uncovered ecstasy .pills in the cigarette outlet in the center console area of the vehicle and a small amount of marijuana by the rear passenger door. Additionally, Trooper Felsman uncovered $34,440.00 in cash hidden in the.seatbelt attachment of the “b-pillar” on the passenger side of the vehicle. The Pennsylvania State Police confiscated both the cash and the controlled substances.

Though Lugo admitted to Trooper Fels-man that the controlled substances belonged to him and were for his personal use, he denied ownership or knowledge of the currency found in the vehicle. Similarly, the other passengers in the vehicle denied having any knowledge of the recovered currency. Lugo was subsequently charged with possession of a controlled substance for personal use (ecstasy), possession of a small amount of marijuana for personal use, and possession of drug paraphernalia. Lugo ultimately entered a guilty plea to misdemeanor possession of marijuana. Importantly, Lugo was never charged with any crime. related to drug distribution or in connection with, the $34,440,00 in cash uncovered in the vehicle. Indeed, as will be discussed in further detail infra, the Commonwealth averred in its subsequent forfeiture petition that Lugo signed a waiver denying ownership of the currency. Commonwealth’s Petition for Forfeiture and Condemnation at ¶ 7.

Following Lugo’s guilty plea, in a separate legal proceeding the Commonwealth filed a petition for forfeiture and condemnation of the $34,440,00 under Subsection 6801(a)(6)(i) of the Forfeiture Act, which is the subject of the instant appeal. As noted, the Commonwealth averred that Lugo admitted to ownership of the controlled substances, but denied any knowledge of the currency, and that all .occupants of the vehicle signed waivers denying any knowledge or ownership of the currency. Commonwealth’s Petition for Forfeiture and Condemnation at ¶ 7. Notwithstanding its acknowledgment in this regard, the Commonwealth maintained that the currency was forfeitable as proceeds traceable to an exchange of controlled substances. Id. at ¶ 8.

In response to the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition, Appellant Rafael Falette (“Falette”), who was not present in the vehicle during Lugo’s August 7, 2009, arrest, filed an answer and new matter in which he claimed lawful ownership of the money. Falette maintained that he was a longtime friend of Lugo’s sister, the record owner of the vehicle in which the currency was found, and that the money represented the proceeds of a recent personal injury lawsuit settlement. In support of his claim, Falette submitted copies of two settlement checks, one dated June 17, 2009, in the amount of $14,496.22 and a second dated July 16, 2009, in the amount of $23,303.33, for a total of $37,799.55. Appellant’s Answer and New Matter at ¶ 13; id. at Exhibits 1 and 2. Falette claimed that after he . initially deposited the settlement checks, he withdrew all of the money in cash so that he could impress his friends. Thereafter, he concealed the money in the b-pillar of the vehicle, purportedly because he did not want to utilize a bank. Then, unbeknownst to him at the time, Lugo borrowed the car, resulting in his arrest and the confiscation of the money.

Following a-hearing, in which Trooper Felsman and Falette both testified, the trial court granted the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition. Initially, the trial court determined that the Commonwealth sufficiently established a nexus under the Forfeiture Act based upon, inter alia, the proximity between the minimal amount of drugs in the cigarette outlet and rear passenger door and the money in the b-pillar. Trial Court Order, 5/15/2014, at 1; see also 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(ii) (providing that money found in close proximity to controlled substances is rebuttably presumed to be the proceeds derived from the sale of a controlled substance). Moreover, the trial .court found that Falette’s testimony as to how he acquired the money was.incredible and that his purported rationale for withdrawing all of the money in cash, namely, to impress his friends, was inconsistent with his action of concealing.it within the, b-pillar of someone, else’s vehicle. Trial Court Order, 5/15/2014, at 1. Accordingly, the; court- determined that he failed to rebut the Commonwealth’s case by demonstrating the innocent owner defense under Subsection. 6802(j) of the Forfeiture Act. because he did not establish that he was the owner of the currency, that he lawfully obtained the currency, and that he did not possess the currency for illegal purposes. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j). Palette appealed to the Commonwealth Court, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court erred in finding that the Commonwealth sufficiently proved a nexus between the currency and illegal drug activity.

In a divided 3-2 decision, an en banc panel of the Commonwealth Court affirmed the trial court’s order granting forfeiture of the $34,440.00. Commonwealth v. $34,440.00 U.S. Currency, 138 A.3d 102 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016). The Commonwealth Court observed that, in á forfeiture proceeding involving money, the Commonwealth bears the initial burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a substantial nexus between the money being forfeited and a violation of the Controlled Substance Act. Id. at 108. The court further determined, based upon its own precedent, that the Commonwealth may satisfy this evidentiary burden simply by proving that the currency was found in close proximity to controlled substances in accord with the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) rebuttable presumption. Id. at 110-111 (citing Commonwealth v. $259.00 Cash U.S. Currency, 860 A.2d 228, 232 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004) (en banc)). Finally, the Commonwealth Court concluded that once the Commonwealth establishes that money is forfeitable by utilizing the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(h) presumption, the burden then shifts to the claimant to demonstrate all of the elements of the innocent owner defense under Subsection 6802(j), namely, that he owns the money, that it was lawfully acquired by him, and that it was not unlawfully used or pqssessed by him. Id. (citing, inter alia, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j)(3)). Thus, the court held that the innocent owner defense is the sole method of rebutting the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(h) presumption.

Applying its construction of the law to the-facts presented, the Commonwealth Court acknowledged that Lugo was charged only with possession, of a small amount of marijuana for personal use and that there was no evidence, apart from its proximity to the smajl amount of drugs, Unking the $34,440.00 to drug sales. However, the court determined that these facts are irrelevant once the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(h) presumption is triggered. Id. at 110. The court concluded that the Commonwealth here satisfied its burden of demonstrating that the drugs and cash were in close proximity because both were found within arm’s-length of each other inside the vehicle, thus triggering the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(h) rebuttable presumption. Id. at 108-09. The Commonwealth Court further held that Falette failed to rebut this presumption by demonstrating the innocent owner defense because the trial court disbelieved his explanation for how he got the money and why he concealed it in the b-pillar of the vehicle. Id. at 111. Concluding that it could not disturb the trial court’s credibility determinations, the Commonwealth Court, affirmed the trial court’s order granting the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition. Id.

Judge Levitt authored a dissenting opinion, which was joined by then-President judge Pellegrini. The dissent would have held that the trial court misapplied the law in concluding that the innocent owner defense is the only method of rebutting the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption, and that it therefore erred in granting the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition.. In the dissent’s view, the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption can be rebutted by evidence that the seized currency does not represent the proceeds of a drug exchange, independent of the claimant’s ability to demonstrate all of the elements of the innocent owner defense. Id. at 117. The dissent observed that this approach was utilized in Commonwealth v. Tate, 371 Pa.Super. 611, 538 A.2d 903 (1988). In Tate, the Superior Court concluded that, although the rebuttable presumption applied in that money, was unquestionably found in close proximity to controlled substances, .the stipulated facts of record, which proved that the specific money in question was not derived from drug sales, adequately rebutted the presumption. Tate, 538 A.2d at 906.

Because the adjudicated facts of record in this case indicated that Lugo was not the owner of the $34,440.00, that he only possessed a small amount of marijuana for personal use, and that he was neither charged nor convicted of any drug distribution crimes, the dissent would have held that the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) proximity presumption was rebutted and that the burden of proof remained with the Commonwealth to put on further evidence of a nexus between the money and illegal activity under the Controlled Substance Act in order to satisfy its burden of proving a prima facie case for forfeiture. $34,440.00 U.S. Currency, 138 A.3d at 117-18. The dissent therefore concluded that the Commonwealth did not establish a prima facie case for forfeiture, that Falette was not required to demonstrate the innocent owner defense, and that the trial court’s rejection of Falette’s testimony was irrelevant. Id. at 119. Consequently, it would have reversed the trial court’s order granting forfeiture of the $34,440.00.

This Court subsequently granted Falette’s petition for allowance of appeal, limited to the following two questions, as phrased by Falette:

1. If the rebuttable presumption under Section 6801 is established, can a finding that there is a “substantial nexus” be defeated by evidence of record before the burden is shifted back to the claimant to establish that he or she is the innocent owner?
2. Where the rebuttable presumption establishes that currency is presumed to be proceeds of selling controlled substances, but the Commonwealth’s evidence is inconsistent with selling of controlled substances, can the presumption be defeated by the Commonwealth’s own evidence?

Commonwealth v. $34,440.00 U.S. Currency, 638 Pa. 771, 158 A.3d 1245 (2016).

II. Analysis

It is unnecessary to explain in detail the parties’ arguments to this Court, as both largely present the same substantive arguments discussed in our summary of the Commonwealth Court opinions. Stated succinctly, Falette, the appellant herein, adopts the posture of the dissent below and contends that the Commonwealth could not rely solely upon the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption to establish a nexus between the money and drug sales because the presumption that the money was derived from drug sales was conclusively rebutted by evidence that Lugo possessed only a small amount of drugs for personal use and did not own the money uncovered from the vehicle. Conversely, the Commonwealth argues that the majority below correctly determined that, once the Subsection 3801(a)(6)(ii) presumption is triggered, the Commonwealth has satisfied its burden of proving a substantial nexus and that the innocent owner defense is the sole method of rebutting that presumption.

In order to answer the questions presented in this appeal, we must interpret Pennsylvania’s Forfeiture Act set forth at 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6801-6802. Issues of statutory interpretation present this Court with questions of law; accordingly,, our standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary. Pennsylvania Pub. Util. Comm’n v. Andrew Seder/The Times Leader, 636 Pa. 570, 139 A.3d 165, 172 (2016). This Court’s interpretation of the Forfeiture Act, and indeed of all statutes, is guided by the Statutory Construction Act, 1 Pa.C.S. §§ 1501-1991.

Pursuant to the Statutory Construction Act, the object of all statutory construction, is to ascertain and effectuate the General Assembly’s intention. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). When the words of a statute are clear and free from ambiguity, the letter of the statute is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b). Moreover, technical words and phrases that have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning shall be construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a). However, when the words of a statute are not explicit, the General Assembly’s .intent may be ascertained by considering matters other than the statutory language, such as the occasion and necessity for the statute, the circumstances of the statute’s enactment, the object the statute seeks to attain, and the consequences of a particular interpretation. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c), When ascertaining the: intention of the General Assembly in the enactment of a statute, we presume that the General Assembly did not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution, or unreasonable. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1). Finally, we observe that the' law generally disfavors forfeitures, requiring forfeiture statutes to be strictly construed. Commonwealth v. 1997 Chevrolet and Contents Seized from Young, - Pa. -, 160 A.3d 153, 193 (2017).

Turning to the text of the Forfeiture Act at. issue here, the relevant, statutory- provisions provide as follows:

§ 6801. Controlled substances forfeiture, (a) Forfeitures generally.—The following shall be subject to forfeiture to the Commonwealth and no property right shall exist in them:
* * *
(6)(i) All of the Following:
(A) Money, negotiable instruments, securities or other things of value furnished or intended- to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance in violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, and all proceeds traceable to such ah exchange.
(B) Money, negotiable instruments, securities or other things of value used or intended to be used to facilitate any violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act.
* # #
(ii) No property .shall be forfeited under this paragraph, to the extent of the interest of an owner, by reason of any act or omission established by the owner to have been committed or omitted without the knowledge or consent of that owner. Such money and negotiable instruments found in close proximity to controlled substances possessed in violation of'The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act shall be rebuttably presumed to be proceeds derived from the selling of a controlled substance in violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act.
# * *
§ 6802. Procedure with respect to seized property subject to liens and rights of lienholders.
(j) Owner’s burden of proof.—At the time of the hearing, if the Commonwealth produces evidence that the property in question was unlawfully used, possessed or otherwise subject to forfeiture under section 6801(a) or 6801.1(a), the burden shall be upon .the claimant to show:
(1) That the claimant is the owner of the property or the holder of a chattel mortgage contract of conditional sale thereon.
(2) That the claimant lawfully acquired the property.
(3) That it was not unlawfully used or possessed by him. In the event that it shall appear that the property was unlawfully used .or possessed by a person other than the claimant, then the claimant shall show that the unlawful use or possession was without his knowledge or consent. Such absence of knowledge or consent must be reasonable under the circumstances.

42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6801-6802.

Although the phrase “substantial nexus” does not appear anywhere in the Forfeiture Act, this Court has previously held that in an in rem forfeiture proceeding, the Commonwealth bears the initial burden of demonstrating, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a substantial nexus exists between the seized property and a violation of the Controlled Substance Act. Commonwealth v. $6,425,00 Seized from Esquilin, 583 Pa. 544, 880 A.2d 523, 529 (2005) (“Esquilin”). More specifically, in a forfeiture proceeding involving money, the Commonwealth bears the initial burden of proving either (1) that the . money was furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a controlled substance, (2) that the money represents proceeds traceable to such an exchange, or (3) that the money was used or intended to be used to facilitate a violation of the Controlled Substance Act. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(i)(A)—(B); Commonwealth v. Marshall, 548 Pa. 495, 698 A.2d 576, 578 (1997).

, In establishing one of these three bases for currency forfeiture, the Commonwealth need not produce evidence directly linking the seized property to illegal activity, nor is a criminal prosecution or conviction required to establish the requisite nexus. Esquilin, 880 A.2d at 529; see also Commonwealth v. One 1998 Ford Coupe VIN No. 1FABP41A9JF143651, 393 Pa.Super. 320, 574 A.2d 631, 633 n,2 (1990) (observing that conviction of a crime is not necessary to support an order of forfeiture); but cf. Commonwealth v. Fontanez, 559 Pa. 92, 739 A.2d 152, 154 (1999) (stating that, while not dispositive, the fact that the appellant was never charged with a crime in relation to the seized money is probative of whether the money was indeed contraband). Rather; circumstantial evidence may suffice to establish a party’s involvement in drug activity. Esquilin, 880 A.2d at 529. We have held that once the Commonwealth sustains its initial burden of proving a substantial nexus between money and illegal drug activity, the burden then shifts to the claim'ant, who can avoid forfeiture of the property if he demonstrates that (1) he is the owner of the property, (2) he lawfully acquired the property, and (3) the property was not unlawfully used or possessed by him. Id. (citing elements of the innocent owner defense under Subsection 6802(j)); see also 1997 Chevrolet and Contents Seized from Young, 160 A.3d at 193 (stating that once the Commonwealth satisfies its initial burden, “the burden shifts to the property owner to demonstrate that he or she did not know of the conduct giving rise to the forfeiture; or that the unlawful use or possession of the property was without his or her consent”).

The principles set forth above are'well-settled, and our holding herein should not be construed as disturbing the substantial body of case law interpreting the ordinary burden-shifting scheme established by the Forfeiture Act. However, the instant matter-raises an issue of first impression for this Court, namely, the interplay between the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) rebuttable presumption, the Commonwealth’s overall burden of proof in a-forfeiture proceeding, and the Subsection 6802(j) innocent owner defense, when the sole basis for finding a nexus is evidence that money was found in close proximity to controlled substances.

As a threshold matter, we conclude that, under the plain language of the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption, the Commonwealth may satisfy its initial burden of demonstrating a nexus between money and prohibited activity under the Controlled Substances Act by relying solely upon the presumption that arises when money is uncovered in close proximity to controlled substances. By its plain terms, Subsection 6801(a)(6)(i)(A) (regarding forfeiture of money) provides, inter alia, that one basis for establishing a substantial nexus in currency forfeitures is by showing that the money represents the proceeds of an exchange of controlled substances, i.e., the money is the proceeds of a drug sale. See 42 Pa.C.S. 6801(a)(6)(i)(A) (providing that “proceeds traceable” to an exchange of controlled substances are forfeitable). Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) (rebuttable presumption), in turn, directs trial courts to presume this basis for forfeiture (namely, that the money represents the proceeds of drug sales) when the money is found in close proximity to controlled substances. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(ii) (stating “money and negotiable instruments found in close proximity to controlled substances ... shall be rebuttably presumed to be proceeds derived from the selling of a controlled substance”). Accordingly, we agree with the Commonwealth’s construction of the Forfeiture Act to the extent it argues that proving proximity may be sufficient for proving a substantial nexus.

Having determined that proof of proximity may be sufficient to establish a substantial nexus under Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii), we turn to the Commonwealth Court’s conclusion that the General Assembly intended to establish the innocent owner defense as the sole method of rebutting the presumption that the seized money in question was derived from drug sales. As noted, the Commonwealth Court below was divided on. this question and the Superior Court, which shares jurisdiction with the Commonwealth Court in in rem forfeiture proceedings, has come to a different conclusion as to how the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption can be rebutted. In short, while the Commonwealth Court has held that the innocent owner' defense is the sole method of rebutting the Commonwealth’s prima facie case when it relies upon nothing more than the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption, the Superior Court has determined that the presumption can be rebutted, independent of a claimant’s ability to demonstrate the innocent owner defense, as to the specific question of whether the seized funds were in fact derived from drug sales. In order to resolve this apparent split in authority, a close examination of these disparate approaches is warranted.

In disposing of the instant matter, the Commonwealth Court relied upon its prior decision in Commonwealth v. $259.00 Cash U.S. Currency, 860 A.2d 228 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004) (en banc). There, the Commonwealth Court addressed the role of the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption in a case in which the defendant in the underlying criminal matter was arrested with $259.00 in cash and a single packet of heroin weighing one-half of one-tenth of a gram on his person. Id. at 229. The defendant was charged with possession of a controlled substance. Id. Following his guilty plea to that charge, he was sentenced to 12 to 24 months of incarceration. Id. The Commonwealth then filed a petition to forfeit the $259.00 found on the defendant based upon his simultaneous possession of both the money and a controlled substance. Id. In response, the defendant admitted to being a recovering drug addict and that he had relapsed prior to his arrest. Id. He claimed, however, that the $259.00 was the remainder of a $365.24 paycheck he had recently received from his employer, and that he had just purchased a $10 bag of heroin when he was arrested.- Id. In support of his claim, he submitted a printout of his wages provided by his employer. Id. The trial court, however, determined that the defendant failed to rebut the presumption by demonstrating the innocent owner defense under Subsection 6802(j). Id. at 230 (stating “[Defendant] failed to establish that he lawfully acquired the money and that it was not unlawfully used or possessed by him”) (quoting trial court opinion). Therefore, it granted the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition based upon the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption. Id.

On appeal, the Commonwealth Court affirmed the trial court’s order granting forfeiture, concluding that the Commonwealth satisfied its burden of demonstrating a nexus based upon the proximity presumption. Id. at 232 (affirming the trial court based upon the claimant’s failure to rebut the . statutory presumption)... As noted above, the Commonwealth Court in the case sub judice relied upon its decision in $259.00 Cash U.S. Currency in concluding that Falette failed to rebut the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption by demonstrating the innocent owner defense, See $34,440.00 U.S. Currency, 138 A.3d at 111 (citing $259.00 Cash U.S. Currency and stating that “Falette did not satisfy his burden of demonstrating, that he lawfully acquired, possessed, and used the cash as required under Section 6802(j) of the Forfeiture Act”).

Conversely, in Tate, supra, the Superior Court concluded that demonstrating the innocent owner defense is distinct from rebutting the presumption that ¡ arises when money is found in close proximity, to controlled substances. In Tate, the defendant was arrested after selling cocaine to an undercover police officer. Tate, 538 A.2d at 905. Following his arrest, the. police uncovered a briefcase in the defendant’s vehicle,'which contained one quarter of a pound of cocaine and $1,950.00 in cash. Id. Importantly, in the subsequent forfeiture proceeding,, the Commonwealth stipulated to the following facts: (1) the defendant borrowed $3,000,00 from a bank for travel expenses incident to his purchase of cocaine that he intended to distribute; (2) the defendant purchased the cocaine using a separate $20,000.00 fund of his own money, which represented the proceeds of a prior drug transaction; and (3) the $1,950.00 found in the defendant’s Briefcase was inside a white envelope marked with the bank’s logo, along with receipts documenting. the defendant’s travel expenses. Id. at 904-05.

The Tate Court described the rebuttable presumption as “a means by which a rule of substantive law is invoked to torce the trier of fact to reach a given conclusion, once the facts constituting ito hypothesis have been established, absent contrary evidence.” Id. at 906 (quoting Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91, 288 A.2d 727, 735 (1972)). It further explained that a rebuttable presumption “forces the defendant to come forth or suffer inevitable defeat on the issue in controversy.” Id. Though the Commonwealth sought to rely upon the presumption that the $1,950,00 was derived from the sale of controlled substances based upon the close proximity between the two within the defendant’s briefcase, the Superior Court -held that the presumption was rebutted by the facts of record, which clearly demonstrated that the money was the remainder of the bank loan, minus the defendant’s documented travel expenses. Id. at 906 (stating “we find under the factual circumstances of this case the presumption has been adequately rebutted, lending no support to the Commonwealth’s burden of proof’). The Superior Court made no reference to the innocent owner defense in its analysis of whether the presumption was rebutted.

The Superior' Court ultimately concluded, however, that the Commonwealth nonetheless demonstrated a nexus even without the support of the rebuttable presumption because it proved that the travel expenses were used to facilitate the, defendant’s violation of the Controlled Substance Act, an alternative basis for currency forfeiture. Id. at 906-907; see also 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(i)(B) (providing that money is forfeitable if “used or intended to be used to facilitate any. violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act”). Thus, while it ultimately found that the money was forfeitable, based upon the additional evidence offered by the Commonwealth, the Superior Court in Tate recognized that the presumption of a substantial nexus raised'through proximity of drags and money can be rebutted without proof 'of a claimant’s innocent owner status. The Superior Court subsequently reiterated its holding in Tate in a case arising under Section 6801. See Commonwealth v. Giffin, 407 Pa.Super. 15, 595 A.2d 101, 106 (1991) (holding that the presumption was sufficiently rebutted' by the claimant and stating that “the lower court correctly ruled that these facts fail to sufficiently establish a nexus between the specific funds in question and any violation of the Controlled Substance Act by appellee”) (emphasis in original).

Upon consideration of these competing interpretations, we find ourselves substantially aligned with the Superior Court’s holding in Tate, and respectfully conclude that the Commonwealth Court in the case sub judice committed an error of law by conflating Falette’s burden to rebut the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(h) presumption with his burden to demonstrate the innocent owner defense under Subsection 6802(j). We reach this conclusion based upon the plain language of the relevant statutory provisions..

Initially, we note that, in the context of currency forfeitures, the Forfeiture Act does not seek to target money possessed by those who are merely recreational drag users. Rather, the Forfeiture Act provides that' currency is forfeitable for one of three specific reasons; (1) the money was furnished or intended to be furnished in exchange for a controlled substance; (2) the money represents proceeds traceable to such an exchange; or (3) the money was used or intended to be used to facilitate a violation of the Controlled Substance Act. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(i)(A)-(B). The rebuttable presumption set forth in Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) relates only-to the second basis for-forfeiture, i.e., the money represents the proceeds of a sale of a controlled' substance. As the Superior Court in Tate correctly noted, this Court has previously described a rebuttable, presumption as a rale of substantive law designed to force a trier of fact to reach a certain conclusion once a given set of facts are established, unless contrary evidence is introduced. Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91, 288 A.2d 727, 736 (1972) (citing 9 Wigmore, Evidence § 2491 (3rd ed. 1940)); see also Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2010) (defining “rebuttable presumption” as “[a]n inference drawn from certain facts that.establish a’prima facie case, which .may be overcome by the introduction of contrary evidence”). In light , of this definition, the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption is clear to the extent it requires courts to presume that money found in close proximity to controlled substances is presumptively derived from drug sales. By its plain terms, Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) provides that this presumption is rebuttable and, thus, confers an opportunity for claimants to persuade the court that the money has an alternative origin. Importantly, however, the statute does not expressly set forth how this presumption can be rebutted.

The Commonwealth Court here determined that only by demonstrating the elements of the innocent owner defense can a claimant rebut the presumption. Looking to the text of the innocent owner defense, however, nothing in Subsection 6802(j) speaks in terms of rebutting the specific fact of seized currency being derived from drug sales. Instead, Subsection 6802(j) provides that once the Commonwealth satisfies its burden of demonstrating forfeitability. under Subsection 6801(a), i.e., has established a substantial nexus, the burden shifts to the claimant to show, notwithstanding this nexus, that he had no involvement with the illegal drug activity and that his acquisition of the property was lawful. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j).(providing that the claimant must show that he is the owner of, the property, that he lawfully acquired the property, and that it was not unlawfully used or possessed by him).

Thus, by its plain terms, the innocent owner defense does not require that claimants disprove’ the Commonwealth’s evidence that the property in question was unlawfully used. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 611 Pa. 381, 26 A.3d 1078, 1090 (2011) (stating that, as a matter of statutory interpretation, “although one is admonished to listen attentively to what a statute says; one must also listen attentively to what it does not say”) (citations omitted). Instead, it establishes an affirmative defense that allows claimants who had nothing to do with the underlying illegal activity to recover the property by disassociating themselves from the Commonwealth’s evidence regarding the nexus between the money and a violation of the Controlled Substance Act. Indeed, this construction of Subsection 6802(j) is consistent with prior pronouncements from this Court in which we described the innocent owner defense as a means of protecting a property owner from the harsh result of forfeiture because of illegal drug use to which the owner did not consent. 1997 Chevrolet and Contents Seized from Young, 160 A.3d at 193; Commonwealth v. $2,523.48 U.S. Currency, 538 Pa. 551, 649 A.2d 658, 661 (1994).

By way of example, had the Commonwealth in the case sub judice put forth evidence that Lugo and his cohorts were en route to purchase drugs with the $34,440.00, instead of relying upon the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) rebuttable presumption, it would have sufficiently demonstrated a prima facie case for forfeiture. See 42 Pa.C.S. § (a)(6)(i)(A) (providing, inter alia, that money is forfeitable if intended' to be furnished in exchange for a controlled substance). Pursuant to Subsection 6802(j), however, an innocent owner could demonstrate that the money belonged to him, that he lawfully .acquired it, and that he did not unlawfully use or possess it, notwithstanding the fact that other individuals were planning on furnishing the money in exchange for a controlled substance. We find that this example fairly illustrates why articulating the innocent owner defense is distinct from rebutting the specific fact that uncovered currency represents the proceeds of a drug .transaction. Moreover, this view of the function of the innocent owner defense is reinforced by the final clause in Subsection 6802(j), which requires that an innocent owner’s lack of knowledge of the drug activity was reasonable under the circumstances. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j)(3) (“In the event it shall appear that the property was unlawfully used or possessed by a person other than the claimant, then the claimant shall show that the unlawful use or possession was without his knowledge or consent. Such absence of knowledge or consent must be reasonable under the circumstances.”). The inclusion of this latter clause in the statutory scheme suggests that the General Assembly understood the innocent owner defense to allow claimants to recover the seized property by disassociating themselves from the underlying illegal activity, rather than requiring that they disprove the fact of the underlying illegal activity. Conversely, Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) permits claimants to rebut the specific presumption of illegal drug activity.

In summary, where the Subsection 6802(j) innocent owner defense allows claimants to recover property notwithstanding its connection to drug activity, Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii), by its plain terms, confers an opportunity to rebut the specific fact that the seized money was derived from drug sales, independent of proving the innocent owner defense. In this case, the Commonwealth Court conflated the innocent owner defense, which, again, does not require claimants to disprove that illegal drug activity occurred, with disproving that the specific money was derived from drug sales. We conclude that such an interpretation of the Forfeiture Act is contrary to the plain meaning of the relevant statutory provisions.

Additionally, our interpretation is consistent with the overarching purpose of the Act and avoids the adverse consequences of the Commonwealth Court’s interpretation. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c) (providing that the intent of the General Assembly may be ascertained by considering the object the statute seeks to attain and the consequences of a particular interpretation). As noted, in the context of currency forfeitures, the General Assembly has evidenced a clear intent to target those who . perpetuate the drug trade, rather than those who are merely drug users. However, the Commonwealth Court’s interpretation may undermine this overarching legislative directive. By holding that the presumption can be defeated only via the innocent owner defense, trial courts will be compelled to disregard the circumstances surrounding the seizure of the currency in cases where it is 'clear that, notwithstanding proximity, the money had no connection whatsoever to the seized drugs or drug sales. Had the Superior Court utilized this interpretation in Tate, for example, it would have been compelled to find that the money recovered from the claimant’s briefcase was specifically derived from drug sales, notwithstanding clear record evidence suggesting it represented the remainder of a bank loan. While the General Assembly undoubtedly intended to assist the Commonwealth in meeting its burden of demonstrating a nexus in currency forfeitures when it enacted the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption, we do not believe that it meant to go so far as to require a trial court to make a finding that is patently inconsistent with the evidence, of record. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1922(1), (directing courts to presume that the General Assembly did not intend a result that is absurd).

For the reasons set forth above, we hold .that proof of the innocent owner defense is not required to rebut the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption and that trial courts may make a determination as to whether the presumption has been rebutted based upon the entirety of the record. Turning to the record in the case sub judice, the .Commonwealth correctly observes that the trial court here made specific factual findings and credibility determinations regarding Falette’s innocent owner defense, i,e., the source of the money and his explanation as to why he concealed it in the b-pillar of the vehicle. However, it is unclear to whát extent its findings in this'' regard wére inexorably intertwined with its erroneous view that Falette was required to demonstrate the innocent owner defense in order to rebut the presumption that the money represented the proceeds of drug sales. Because we hold that this conclusion constituted an error of law, we remand to the trial court so that it may consider whether the record evidence before it rebuts the presumption that the seized currency represents the proceeds of drug sales, requiring the Commonwealth to put on additional evidence of a nexus to support its prima fade case.

III. Conclusion

In summary, we hold that the rebuttable presumption set forth at 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(ii) may be sufficient to satisfy the Commonwealth’s initial burden of demonstrating a nexus between seized currency and prohibited drug activity under the Controlled Substances Act. We further hold that it is not a necessary prerequisite to demonstrate the elements of the innocent owner .defense .under 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j) in order to rebut the presumption and that trial courts may consider the entirety of. the record in determining whether claimants have rebutted the presumption. In this case, the Commonwealth Court conflated rebutting the presumption that arises when money is uncovered in close proximity to controlled substances with articulating the innocent owner defense. For this reason, we vacate the order of the Commonwealth Court, vacate the order of the trial court, and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Justices Todd, Donohue, Dougherty and Wecht join the opinion.

Chief Justice Saylor files a dissenting opinion in which Justice Mundy joins.

Justice Mundy files a dissenting opinion.

CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR,

DISSENTING

I agree with the majority that, pursuant to the rebuttable presumption provision of the former Controlled Substances Forfeiture Act (“Forfeiture Act”), see 42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(ii) (repealed), the Commonwealth may establish a substantial nexus supporting forfeiture solely by demonstrating that currency was discovered in close proximity to illegally possessed substances. See Majority Opinion, at 1040-41, 1043-44 (citing Commonwealth v. Shaffer, 447 Pa. 91, 106, 288 A.2d 727, 735 (1972) (“A rebuttable presumption forces the defendant to come, forth or suffer inevitable defeat on the issue in controversy,”)). I also align with the majority’s observation that, per the statute’s plain language, the presumption only pertains to the notion that such money was the proceeds of a controlled substance sale. See id. at 1043-44 (discussing Section 6801(a)(6)(i)(a), (ii) (repealed)).

However, I disagree that the Forfeiture Act provides for an independent basis to challenge the conclusion of the rebuttable presumption apart from the mandates of Section 6802(j), sometimes referred to as the innocent owner defense. See 42 Pa. C.S. § 6802(j) (repealed). As this Court has repeatedly expressed, once the Commonwealth demonstrates the requisite substantial nexus, the “Forfeiture Act directs that the burden shifts to the claimant to ... establish that: (1) he owned the money; (2) he lawfully acquired it; and (3) it was not unlawfully used or possessed by him.” Commonwealth v. $6,425.00 Seized From Esquilin, 583 Pa. 544, 556, 880 A.2d 523, 530 (2005); see also Commonwealth v. Marshall, 548 Pa. 495, 499, 698 A.2d 576, 578 (1997). This understanding comports with the plain language of Section 6802(j), which mandates that “the burden shall be upon the claimant” to demonstrate the listed elements upon a showing of forfeiture pursuant to Section 6801(a), inclusive of the rebuttable presumption provision. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j) (emphasis added), (repealed).

The majority appears to view this interpretation as problematic relative only to the rebuttable presumption predicated on its belief that “nothing in Subsection 680207 speaks in terms of rebutting the specific fact of seized currency being derived from drug sales.” Majority Opinion, at 1044. Td the contrary, Section 6802(j)(2) requires that a claimant show-that he “lawfully acquired the property.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j)(2) (repealed). Stated another way, if a'claimant demonstrates that he lawfully acquired the subject currency, he has necessarily rebutted the presumption that the money was derived from drug sales. That this burden-shifting section does not provide individualized provisions correlating to each of the subparts defining forfeitable property in Section 6801(a) only reflects the Legislature’s intention to employ a single, broad standard to all such property forfeitures, as indicated by the specific reference to the entirety of Section 6801(a). See id. § 6802(j) (repealed). Accordingly, I differ with the view that the Forfeiture Act “does not expressly set forth how this presumption can be rebutted,” since I find the Legislature’s intent in this regard to be clear. Majority Opinion, at 1044.

In terms of evidentiary proofs, although I agree with the majority that a claimant may employ the evidence introduced by the Commonwealth in an effort to rebut the presumption, see Majority Opinion, at 1043 n.15, he must do so with reference to the elements of Section 6802(j). Notably, the rebuttable presumption in Section 6801(a)(6)(ii) is couched in mandatory terms, see Oberneder v. Link Computer Corp., 548 Pa. 201, 205, 696 A.2d 148, 150 (1997) (“By definition, ‘shall’ is mandatory.” (citation omitted)), meaning that the factfinder is required to draw the presumed conclusion upon establishment of the predicate fact and “may not reject it based on an independent evaluation of the evidence presented by the State.” Commonwealth v. MacPherson, 561 Pa. 571, 582, 584, 752 A.2d 384, 390, 391 (2000). In this respect, a claimant cannot rebut the presumption simply by asserting that there is no corroborative evidence supporting the belief that the currency in question derived from drug sales, since permitting such an approach would facially contravene the directive of the statutory presumption. See State v. 1978 Chevrolet Auto., VIN No. 1L69U8J34191, 835 P.2d 1376,1379 (Kan. 1992) (rejecting claimant’s assertion that a lack of evidence that the money was employed in drug transactions rebutted the statutory proximity presumption, observing that the presumption operated specifically to relieve the state of otherwise proving that the currency was used for illicit substance sales).

Instead, I am of the view that a claimant must establish that he owned and lawfully acquired the currency, whether by proffer of his own evidence or developed based on the Commonwealth’s presentation, thus refuting the presumed conclusion that the money was derived from illicit substance sales. Such an understanding not only comports with the plain language of the Forfeiture Act, see 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j) (repealed), but also with the manner in which rebuttable presumptions generally operate, see MacPherson, 561 Pa. at 587, 752 A.2d at 392 (“[T]he failure to meet [the burden of disproving the rebuttable presumption] will normally result in binding instructions on the issue of the presumed fact’s existence in favor of the party invoking the presumption.” (alteration added)).

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent, as I would affirm the Commonwealth Court’s decision.

Justice Mundy joins this dissenting opinion.

JUSTICE MUNDY,

DISSENTING

I agree with Chief Justice Saylor- that Section 6802(j) of the former Controlled Substances Forfeiture Act (“Forfeiture Act”), 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j) (repealed), provides the sole basis to challenge the conclusion of the rebuttable presumption set forth in Section 6801(a)(6)(ii) (repealed).

I write separately only to note that in this case the trial court determined that Rafael Falette failed to establish: (1) he was the owner of the currency; (2) the currency was lawfully acquired; and (3) he did not unlawfully use or possess the currency. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j) (repealed). The trial court reached this conclusion because it determined that Falette’s testimony that he received the money in exchange for settling a lawsuit, and that he placed the cash in the b-pillar of someone else’s car in order to impress his friends and have easy access to cash was “illogical and devoid of any credibility.” Trial Court Order, 5/15/14, at 2. “Generally, in an appeal from a forfeiture proceeding, the appellate court’s review is limited to determining whether the findings of fact made by the trial court are supported by substantial evidence and’ whether the trial court abused its discretion or committed an error of law. Commonwealth v. $6,425,00 Seized from Esquilin, 880 A.2d 523, 529 (Pa. 2005), We are further guided by the principle that an appellate court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the finder of fact on matters, of credibility. Commonwealth v. Dejesus, 860 A.2d 102, 107 (Pa. 2004).

In requiring Falette to challenge the rebuttable presumption by the exclusive means of Section 6802(j), I believe the trial court properly identified the relevant law. Based on the trial court’s credibility determinations, which we must accept on appeal, the trial court applied the facts to the law and concluded that Falette failed to establish the innocent owner defense.

Finding no error of law or abuse of discretion, I would affirm the order of the trial court. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent. 
      
      . Although the phrase "substantial nexus” does not appear anywhere in the text of the Forfeiture Act, this Court has previously held that in an in rem forfeiture proceeding, the Commonwealth bears the initial burden of demonstrating, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a substantial nexus exists between the seized property and a violation of the Controlled Substance Act. Commonwealth v. $6,425.00 Seized from Esquilin, 583 Pa. 544, 880 A.2d 523, 529 (2005).
     
      
      . Relevant to the instant matter, the Forfeiture Act provides that there is no. property right in the following:
      (A) Money, negotiable instruments, securities or other things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance in violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, and all proceeds traceable to such an exchange.
      (B) Money, negotiable instruments, securities or other things of value used or intended to be used to facilitate any violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act.
      42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(i).
     
      
      . Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii), which sets forth the rebuttable presumption, reads, in full, as follows:
      No property shall be forfeited under this paragraph, to the extent of the interest of an owner, by reason of any act or omission established by the owner to have been committed or omitted without the knowledge or consent of that owner. Such money and negotiable instruments found in close proximity to controlled substances possessed- in violation of The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device' and Cosmetic Act shall be rebuttably presumed to be proceeds derived from the selling of a controlled substance in violation of the Controlled Substance, Drag, Device and Cosmetic Act.
      42 Pa.C.S. § 6801(a)(6)(ii).
     
      
      . Subsection 6802(j) provides, in full, as follows:
      Owner’s burden of proof.—At the time of the hearing, if the Commonwealth produces evidence that the property in question was unlawfully used, possessed or otherwise subject to forfeiture under section 6801(a) or 6801.1(a), the burden shall be upon the claimant to show:
      (1) That the claimant is'the owner of the property or the holder of a chattel mortgage or contract of .conditional sale thereon.
      (2) That the claimant lawfully acquired the property.
      (3) That it was not unlawfully used or, possessed by him. In the event it shall appear that the property was unlawfully used or possessed by a person other than the claimant, then the claimant shall show that the unlawful use or possession was without his knowledge or consent. Such absence of knowledge or consent must be reasonable under the circumstances presented.
      42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j),
     
      
      . The constitutional validity of the stop and subsequent consent to search is not currently at issue before this Court.
     
      
      . A "b-pillar” is a post that connects a vehicle’s roof to its body at the rear of the front door.
     
      
      . Though Subsection 6802(a) of the Forfeiture Act provides that, in a forfeiture proceeding, “the Commonwealth shall be the plaintiff and ‘ the property the defendant,” for ease of discussion, we refer to Rafael Falette, the claimed owner of the $34,440.00, as the appellant. 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(a).
     
      
      . In its two-page order granting the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition, the trial court also cited the following factors: the inconsistent statements made by the vehicle’s occupants during the stop; the placement of the currency in the b-pillar; the packaging of the money in two plastic bags; and the fact that the vehicle was registered to a third party (Lugo’s sister). Trial Court Order, 5/15/2014, at 1. The trial court’s order did not elaborate on how these factors supported the Commonwealth's contention that the seized money represented the proceeds of drug sales, Because the trial court did not expand on this point in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, it remains somewhat unclear to what extent the trial court relied solely upon the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) rebuttable presumption in granting the Commonwealth’s forfeiture petition. As will be discussed in further detail infra, however, the Commonwealth Court determined on appeal that the Commonwealth sufficiently proved a nexus between the money and a violation of the Controlled Substance Act via the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption. See Commonwealth v. $34,440.00 U.S. Currency, 138 A.3d 102, 111 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016) (stating "the Commonwealth sufficiently established close proximity between the $34,440.00. and the drugs thereby triggering the statutory rebuttable presumption, and it had no obligation to present any more evidence”) (citation omitted).
     
      
      . In his petition for allowance of appeal to this Court, Falette also argued (1) that the Commonwealth Court erred in finding that the drugs were found within close proximity of the currency because both were within arm’s reach inside the vehicle and (2) that the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption, as interpreted by the Commonwealth Court, violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the Excessive Fine Clauses of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, and Article I, Section 13, of the. Pennsylvania Constitution. We specifically declined to review those contentions, however, and we offer no opinion concerning their merits at this time. Consequently, our recitation of the proceedings below and our corresponding legal- analysis focus on the discrete issues of statutory interpretation , for which review was granted.
     
      
      . The American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania (“ACLU-PA”) filed an amicus brief in support of Falette’s position.
     
      
      . The Pennsylvania District Attorneys Association filed an amicus brief in support of the Commonwealth’s position.
     
      
      . While this case was pending on appeal, the General Assembly enacted the Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Bill, P.L. 247, No. 13 § 10, effective July 1, 2017, which substantially altered the existing burden-shifting scheme for civil in rem forfeitures and rephrased the language used in the rebuttable presumption. However, our construction of Sections 6801 and 6802, which remain applicable in this appeal, is limited to the contemporaneous legislative history, i.e., the history of the statute prior to its enactment. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(7); Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals v. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, — Pa. -, 162 A.3d 384 (2017). Consequently, we do not look to .the recent reforms by the Legislature to, inform our interpretation of Sections 6801 and 6802. Moreover, it is beyond the scope of this opinion to discuss the specific effect of the newly enacted statute on the Commonwealth’s burden in forfeiture proceedings.
     
      
      . Though this Court observed in Esquilin, supra, that the money was found in sufficiently close proximity to trigger'the Subsection 6801(a)(6)(ii) presumption, we considered this as merely one factor among several, including evidence that the defendant was observed in the actual act of dealing drugs prior to his arrest for possession with intent to deliver. 880 A.2d at 531-32. Accordingly, unlike the case sub judice where the Commonwealth Court determined that the Commonwealth satisfied its burden solely by using the presumption, see $34,440.00 U.S. Currency, 138 A.3d at 111 (stating "[o]nce the Commonwealth satisfied its burden by using the presumption, the burden shifted to Falette”) (emphasis omitted), this Court’s ultimate determination in Esquilin was based upon additional evidence that the money represented the proceeds of drug transactions. Thus, while instructive in' construing the overall statutory scheme for currency forfeitures, Es-quilin does not directly control our disposition of the instant matter.
     
      
      . Though Tate involved a prior version of the Forfeiture Act, codified at 35 P.S. § 780-128-129, the relevant provisions, including the rebuttable presumption, are substantively identical to Sections 6801 and 6802. See 35 P.S. § 780—128(a)(6)(ii), repealed by Act of June 30, 1988, P.L. 464, No. 79, § 7, imd. effective) (providing that "[s]uch money and negotiable instruments found in close proximity to controlled substances possessed in violation of this act shall be rebuttably presumed to be the proceeds derived from the selling of a controlled substance in violation of this act”). Additionally, in Tate, the defendant was the claimant and the forfeiture petition was filed in connection with the underlying criminal charges. As noted, in the case sub judice, the claimant is a third party not directly involved with the underlying criminal offense. However, we discern no basis for distinguishing between those cases in which the claimant and the defendant is the same person, and those in which the claimant is a third-party with respect to rebutting the presumption that arises when money is uncovered in close proximity to controlled substances.
     
      
      . Though this definition refers to ‘‘contrary evidence,” we believe that in an appropriate case, this may be in the form of evidence already submitted by the Commonwealth that the claimant relies upon to satisfy his burden of persuasion. Indeed, in Tate, supra, where the claimant did not introduce additional evidence,. the Superior Court held .that the facts of record sufficiently rebutted the statutory presumption. Thus, we do not believe that claimants necessarily carry a burdcfi of production when seeking to rebut the Subsection 6801 (a)(2)(ii) presumption.
     
      
      . Respectfully, Chief Justice Saylor’s dissenting opinion engages in a similar analysis. The dissent concludes that the innocent owner defense is the sole mechanism by which a claimant can rebut the close proximity presumption, noting that this Court’s prior decisions have made clear that "once the Commonwealth demonstrates the requisite substantial nexus, the ‘Forfeiture Act directs that the burden shifts to the claimant’ ’’ to establish the innocent owner defense. Dissenting Opinion, at 1047 (Saylor, C.J.) (quoting Esquilin, 880 A.2d at 530). While we do not disagree with the dissent's observation as to the ordinary burden-shifting scheme once the Commonwealth has made out a prima facie case, we conclude that no prima facie case is made where the record fails to support the presumption that the specific money was derived from, drug sales. Accordingly, the burden never shifts to the claimant to establish the innocent owner defense under such circumstances.
     
      
      . The term "innocent owner,” as used to refer to the entirety of Section 6802(j), máy be viewed as an inaccurate designation, since that phrase has been narrowly employed to refer to the statutory defense in which a claimant concedes the illegal use of the property, but disclaims any knowledge or consent. See, e.g., United States v. 16328 S. 43rd E. Ave., Bixby, Tulsa Cty., Okla., 275 F.3d 1281, 1284 (10th Cir. 2002) (describing the federal forfeiture act’s knowledge or consent provision as an "affirmative defense, which has come to be known as the ‘innocent owner defense’ ” (citing former 21 U.S.C. § 881(a)(7))); Jacobson v. $55,900 in U.S. Currency, 728 N.W.2d 510, 520 (Minn. 2007) (same as to Minnesota’s forfeiture statute). However, Section 6802(j), by its plain terms, also encompasses circumstances in which a claimant may prove that the subject property was not unlawfully used or possessed in the first instance, see In re King Props., 535 Pa. 321, 325-26, 635 A.2d 128, 130 (1993) (explaining that Section 6802(j) allows a property owner to assert "that the property was not unlawfully used or possessed or that the owner was either ignorant of such unlawful use or possession or never consented to i.t” (emphasis added)) overruled on other grounds by Commonwealth v. Real Prop. & Improvements Commonly Known As 5444 Spruce St. Phila., 574 Pa. 423, 832 A.2d 396 (2003); as is suggested by the distinguishing prefatory language of "[i]n the event that” to the knowledge/consent provision of the Forfeiture Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j)(3) (repealed).
     
      
      . At least one other state, has inteiprete.d its forfeiture law in a similar manner, requiring that, once the state produces evidence sufficient to trigger the rebuttable presumption, the claimant bears the burden to show that he owns the property and the property is not connected to drug trafficking. See Garcia-Mendoza v. 2003 Chevy Tahoe, VIN No. 1GNEC13V23R143453, Plate No. 23SJBM, 852 N.W.2d 659, 665 (Minn. 2014) (citation omitted).
     
      
      . As for the lawful use or possession element of Section 6802(j), see 42 Pa.C.S. § 6802(j)(3) (repealed), in instances where the only asserted basis for forfeiture is that the currency derived from illegal substance sales, proof of lawful acquisition will also establish lawful use and possession.
     
      
      . Since the majority forwards a plain reading of the Forfeiture Act, its reliance on policy considerations and the consequences of alternative interpretations is not presently pertinent. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c)(4), (6) ("When the words of the statute are not explicit, the intention of the General Assembly may be ascertained by considering ... [t]he object to be obtained [and t]he consequences of a particular interpretation .... ” (emphasis added)). To the degree these are appropriate factors for the current review, pursuant to my understanding and application of the statutory scheme, courts are not compelled to ignore the circumstances that a claimant advances in support of demonstrating the elements of Section 6802(j), and the decision in Commonwealth v. Tate, 371 Pa. Super. 611, 538 A.2d 903 (1988), would remain substantively unaltered. Contra Majority Opinion, at 1044-45.
     