
    William H. Thomas, Resp’t, v. DeForest Snyder, App’lt.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fourth Department,
    
    
      Filed May 18, 1894.)
    
    1. Pleadings—Complaint—Fraud.
    A complaint in an action for deceit, which fails to allege that the defendant knew that the representations made by him. were false, is insufficient.
    
      2. Same.
    Where it alleges that the defendant, by deceit, induced the plaintiff to sell the goods, that he was insolvent at the time, and did not intend to pay for the goods, it states an action for fraud.
    Appeal from a judgment in favor of plaintiff.
    
      Charles A. Fuller, for app’lt; Eugene E. Sheldon, for resp’t.
   Martin, J.

This action was upon a judgment in an action brought in this court by the plaintiff against the defendant, and entered in Herkimer county, February 21, 1876, for $245.55 damages and costs. The complaint herein alleged the recovery of such, judgment, and set out the pleadings and judgment in the former action. It was then alleged that the action was tried at a circuit held in Herkimer county by a jury which rendered a verdict “for damages sustained by the plaintiff by reason of the fraud and deceit of the defendant, alleged in the complaint, in the sum of one hundred sixty-one dollars and sixty-two cents.” It was also alleged that judgment was entered upon such verdict for the amount named; that no part thereof had been paid ; that it had not been in any manner discharged, but was a valid and subsisting judgment against the defendant. The defendant alleged in his answer that there was no order of arrest served or granted in the former action; then set up a discharge in bankruptcy, and alleged that the cause of action upon which the former action was brought was upon a contract for the purchase of goods, and that there was no fraud in the transaction on the part of the defendant, nor on the part of any one to his knowledge; that the judgment and cause of action upon which it was founded were provable against the bankrupt’s estate, and barred and discharged by such discharge in bankruptcy; and that he had never done any act to restore the same to a valid indebtedness. The defendant also set up the statute of limitations, and demanded judgment that the complaint be dismissed.

The question involved on this appeal is whether the judgment upon which this action was based was discharged by the defendant’s discharge in bankruptcy. It seems to be admitted that it was so discharged, unless the debt was one which fell within the provisions of § 5117, Rev. St. U. S., which provides: “No debt created by the fraud * * * of the bankrupt * * * shall be discharged by proceedings in bankruptcy.” The plaintiff contends that the action was for fraud, and hence within the provisions of § 5117; while the defendant claims that the action was upon contract, and not within its provisions. The plaintiff insists that the fact that his judgment was for the fraud of the defendant in creating the debt for which it was rendered is conclusively established by the pleadings in this action, and that the j udgment roll in the former action also establishes that fact. The first proposition is based upon the allegation in the plaintiff’s complaint that the former judgment was entered upon a verdict “ for damages sustained by plaintiff by reeson of the fraud and deceit of defendant alleged in the complaint,” which it is claimed is not denied by the defendant’s answer, and hence must be regarded as admitted. We find in the defendant’s answer no denial of this allegation. It does, however, contain an allegation “ that the cause of action sued on in 1875 was a contract for the purchase of goods, and there was no fraud in the transaction on the part of this defendant.” Thus, at the outset, we are presented with the questions: First, whether the allegation of the complaint in this action, if admitted, was sufficient to justify the court in rendering the judgment appealed from; and, second, if sufficient, did the answer so far controvert that allegation as not to require it to be taken as true ?

As to the first question, it will be seen by an examination of the complaint herein that the allegation was not an absolute one that the verdict upon which the judgment was entered was for damages sustained by reason of the fraud- and deceit of the ■defendant, but it was qualified and limited to the fraud and deceit alleged in the complaint in the first action. So that, if no fraud or deceit was alleged in that complaint, then" there is no allegation of fraud or deceit in the complaint in this action; and hence, if it were conceded that this allegation was not controverted by the answer, it would not operate as an admission by the defendant that the former judgment was based upon fraud, unless such in fact was the gravamen of that action, and it becomes unnecessary to determine whether this allegation of the complaint was controverted by ^be defendant’s answer. As the character of that action is to be determined by the complaint therein, especially as there was no other proof on the subject, Welsh v. Darragh, 52 N. Y., 590; Untermyer v. Beinhauer, 105 N. Y., 521, 524; 8 St. Rep. 1; Cassidy v. McFarland, 139 N. Y., 201, 205 ; 54 St. Rep. 605, the real question is whether that complaint was upon contract or whether it was for fraud. It was alleged therein that on May 17, 1872, the defendants were copartners; that the}r, with intent to defraud the-plaintiff, and deprive him of his property, falsely represented that they were in need of a quantity of tallow for immediate use in their soap factory, and requested the plaintiff to send a quantity, arid promised to pay therefor 8f cents per pound on delivery; that, in pursuance of such request, the plaintiff sent 1,483 pounds of tallow; that the defendants were insolvent, and fraudulently concealed their insolvency from the plaintiff, had about ceased manufacturing soap, did not require such tallow in their business, and falsely made such statement to induce the plaintiff to think they were in good circumstances, solvent, and carrying on a good business; that the defendants deceived the plaiptiff, and did not intend to pay for said tallow when •they ordered it; that they converted it to their owti use, and sold it as soon as they acquired possession thereof ; that they concealed the sale from the plaintiff, to deprive him' of his property; that the plaintiff believed the defendants’ representation that they needed the tallow for immediate use and would not have otherwise sold the defendants such property, or intrusted them with "the possession of it; that the plaintiff believed the defendants’ representation that they were carrying on their business, and continuing the manufacture of soap, and would not have sold it to them, or intrusted them with the possession of it, if he had not been deceived by such false representation; that the tallow was of the value of $129.77 ; that the defendants have not paid for it, or any part thereof; that the plaintiff, by reason of such' fraud, deceit, and conversion, has suffered damage to the amount of $129.77, with interest from May 17, 1872, and demanded judgment for that amount, besides costs. The only false representation alleged to have been made by the defendants was that they were in need of a quantity of tallow for immediate use in their soap factory. The plaintiff then alleged that the defendants did not require such tallow in their business ; that he was deceived by such representation, and delivered the property relying thereon. These allegations were not, we think, sufficient to constitute a cause of action for fraud, based upon the ground of such representation. It will be observed that, while the plaintiff has alleged that the defendants represented that they were in need of a quantity of tallow for immediate use in their soap factory, and that they did not require it for that purpose, there is nothing whatever in the complaint to show that the defendants, at thetime they made such representation, either knew or believed it to be false. Notwithstanding all that appears in the complaint, the defendants may have supposed, and in good faith believed, that they needed such tallow for immediate use, and may have intended at that time to use it in their soap factory. If such was the case, then clearly the defendants were not liable for., fraud in making the representation alleged. The rule applicable to this class of cases is clearly and distinctly stated by Andrews, J., in Brackett v. Griswold, 112 N. Y. 454, 467; 21 St. Rep. 791, where he says: “There is no doubt or question as to w.hat elements are requisite to sustain an action for false pretenses. The essential constituents of such an action have been understood from the time such actions were first maintained. They were tersely'stated by Church, Ch. J., in Arthur v. Griswold, 55 N. Y. 400, viz.: ‘ Representation, falsity, scienter, deception, and injury.’ There must have been a false representation, known to be such, made by the defendant, calculated and intended to influence the plaintiff, and which came to his knowledge, and in reliance upon which he', in good faith, parted with property, or incurred the obligation which occasioned the injury of which hq complains. All these circumstances must be found to exist, and the absence of any one of them is fatal to a recovery.”

See, also, Coffin v. Hollister, 124 N. Y. 644; 36 St. Rep. 271.

We think in this case there was an absence of scienter, and that the complaint failed to state a cause of action for fraud in making such representation.

The only remaining theory upon which it can be claimed that, a cause of action for fraud was alleged in the complaint in the first action is that it set up a cause of action for,purchasing property with a fraudulent intent not to pay for the same. In addition to the allegations as to the representation made by the defendants, and its falsity, it was alleged “ that deféndants deceived plaintiff, and did not intend to pay for said tallow when they ordered the-same;” that when the property was purchased the defendants were insolvent, and fraudulently concealed their insolvency from the plaintiff; and that they subsequently sold the tallow, and concealed such sale from the plaintiff, to deprive him of his property. If a purchaser who is insolvent, concealingi his insolvency from the vendor, obtains goods from him without intending to pay for them, it is a fraud upon the vendor, and the property in the goods will not be changed. Durell v. Haley, 1 Paige, 492 ; Cary v. Hotailing, 1 Hill, 311; Ash v. Putnam, Id. 302; Devoe v. Brandt, 53 N. Y. 462; Wright v. Brown. 67 N. Y. 1; Morris v. Talcott, 96 N. Y. 107. In Hotchkins v. Third National Bank, 127 N. Y. 329; 38 St. Rep. 754, it was held that if a puchaser, who was insolvent, conceals that fact from, the vendor for the purpose of defrauding him, and thus obtains goods on credit without intending to pay for them, the title of the property is not changed, and it may be reclaimed by the vendor. While the question whether the former action was for a debt created by the fraud of the defendant may not, perhaps, be wholly free from doubt, still, we are of the opinion that such was the nature of the action, that the debt for which such judgment was rendered was not discharged by the defendant’s proceedings in bankruptcy, and that the judgment upon which this action was brought was not discharged thereby. In re Patterson, 2 Ben. 155, Fed. Cas. No. 10,817.

The appellant claims that the judgment roll in the first action shows that no witnesses were sworn upon the trial, and that the court ordered judgment upon the admission of indebtedness contained in the defendants’ answrer. This claim is not sustained by the facts before us. The judgment roll does not show that no witnesses were sworn and examined. It contains nothing to show whether they were or were not. The only pretense for this claim rests in the fact that the clerk's minutes, as printed in the appeal book, do not contain the names of witnesses sworn upon the trial. This falls far short of showing that no witnesses were sworn, especially when we consider the fact that the names of the jurors before whom the action was tried were also omitted. Section 264 of the Code of Procedure made it the duty of the clerk to enter in his minutes the names of the jurors as well as witnesses, and the fact that both were omitted renders the omission of the names of the witnesses slight, if any, evidence that no witnesses were called and testified to the facts necessary to uphold the plaintiff’s judgment This was certainly insufficient to overcome the presumption that a court of superior jurisdiction has acted in accordance with the forms of law and rules of practice governing it, and not until every prerequisite prescribed by law had been complied with, unless the contrary appears on the face of the record. Aldridge v. Walker, 73 Hun, 281; 57 St. Rep. 273, and cases cited in opinion. These considerations lead to an affirmance of the judgment Judgment affirmed, with costs. All concur..  