
    556 F.Supp.2d 1350
    Allied Tube & Conduit Corp., Ipsco Tubulars, Inc., and Wheatland Tube Company, Plaintiffs, v. United States, Defendant, and Toscelik Profil Ve Sac Endustrisi A.S., Defendant-Intervenor.
    Court No. 06-00285
    
      PUBLIC VERSION
    
    Dated: April 14, 2008
    
      Schagrin Associates (Roger B. Schagrin, Brian E. McGill, and Michael James Brown) for Plaintiffs Allied Tube & Conduit Corp., IPSCO Tubulars, Inc., and Wheat-land Tube Company.
    
      Jeffrey S. Bucholtz, Acting Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice (Maame A.F. Ewusi-Mensah and David S. Sil-verbrand); Office of the Chief Counsel for Import Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (Jennifer I. Johnson and Sapna Sharma), Of Counsel, for Defendant United States.
    
      Law Offices of David L. Simon (David L. Simon) for Defendant-Intervenor Tosgelik Profil ve Sac Endustrisi A.S.
   OPINION

GOLDBERG, Senior Judge:

This case is before the Court following remand to the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”). In Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. United States, 31 CIT _, Slip Op. 07-107 (July 9, 2007), familiarity with which is presumed, the Court remanded Commerce’s determination that Tosgelik Profil ve Sac En-dustrisi A.S. (“Tosgelik”)’s single U.S. sale was a bona fide transaction. The Court ordered Commerce to explain the reasoning behind the methodology it used to determine commercial reasonableness. The domestic parties, Allied Tube & Conduit Corp., IPSCO Tubulars, Inc., and Wheatland Tube Company (collectively “Allied Tube”) urge the Court to again remand the matter with instructions to rescind Tosgelik’s new shipper review. For the reasons that follow, Commerce’s remand determination is sustained in its entirety.

I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A court shall hold unlawful Commerce’s final determination in an antidumping administrative review if it is “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with the law....” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i) (2000). Substantial evidence is “‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’ ” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938). “Even if it is possible to draw two inconsistent conclusions from evidence in the record, such a possibility does not prevent Commerce’s determination from being supported by substantial evidence.” Am. Silicon Techs. v. United States, 261 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2001).

II. DISCUSSION

A. Commercial Reasonableness of the Price of Tosgelik’s Sale

In its first new shipper review determination, Commerce employed a “range” methodology to assess the commercial reasonableness of the price of Tosgelik’s sale. See Allied Tube, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *8. The “range” methodology is based on Customs and Border Patrol data of all imports of certain welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey that fell within the scope of the antidumping duty order during the relevant period of review (“CBP data”). Commerce ranked the data by the weighted average unit values (“AUVs”) of each manufacturer’s total imports. Because the AUV of Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale fell within this range of AUVs by manufacturer, Commerce determined that the price of the sale was commercially reasonable.

Commerce has the discretion to choose whatever methodology it deems appropriate, as long as it is reasonable and its conclusions are supported by substantial evidence. See Fed.-Mogul Corp. v. United States, 18 CIT 785, 807-08, 862 F. Supp. 384, 405 (1994). In the present matter, the Court remanded and ordered Commerce to explain, if it is able, why its “range” methodology is a reasonable approach. Specifically, the Court stated:

[T]he “range” methodology can only be deemed reasonable if Commerce can explain why the allegedly distortive entries, some over [ ] the AUV for the industry, should be included in the range of reasonableness. When Commerce’s commercial reasonableness determination hinges on comparing the new shipper sale price to a range of values, it is crucial to make sure the values at both ends of that range are commercially reasonable.

Allied Tube, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *12. Commerce complied with the Court’s order and issued a remand determination. See Remand Determination Pursuant to Court Remand in Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. United States, Court No. 06-00285 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 19, 2007) (“Remand Determination”). Commerce explains that the “range” methodology is reasonable because it best reflects the variation of the types of merchandise included in the scope of the order. For example, [ ], which has the lowest AUV in the range, might manufacture only a high volume, low value-added mix of products. On the other hand, [ ], which has the highest AUV, might manufacture only low-volume, high value-added products. Despite this variation, the products manufactured by both companies fall within the scope of the order, and may be reflective of the market conditions at the time of the sale. Even though these two values are considerably different, Commerce believes it is reasonable to include them both in a comprehensive analysis of Toscelik’s sale.'

The Court in Allied Tube was concerned that the small-quantity, high-value sales included in the “range” analysis might reflect different types of merchandise than the standard pipe imported by Tosge-lik. If they are indeed different products, it would be unreasonable to compare those figures to Tosgelik’s sale. Commerce admits that there is some product variation in the CBP dataset because it is based on the scope of the antidumping duty order, which includes multiple Harmonized Tariff Schedule (“HTS”) numbers. Commerce believes it would be arbitrary to exclude the small-quantity, high value entries that Allied Tube challenges as “aberrational,” because it is possible that those sales may, in fact, be the same type of merchandise imported by Tosgelik.

Commerce is correct to conclude that it would be arbitrary to simply disregard the manufacturers with high AUVs and conclude that Tosgelik’s sale price was not commercially reasonable. It would be equally arbitrary to assume that the high AUV sales, some over [ ] the overall AUV of the CBP data, are commercially reasonable, without further investigation. In light of the requirement that Commerce must carefully scrutinize new shipper reviews that are based on single sales, Tianjin Tiancheng Pharmaceutical Co. v. United States, 29 CIT _, _, 366 F.Supp.2d 1246, 1263 (2005), Commerce should take the additional step of ensuring that it is reasonable to include the disputed high-AUV data in the range.

At the Court’s suggestion, Commerce disaggregated the CBP data for the manufacturers to which Allied Tube had no objection. Additionally, Commerce looked at only the data for the HTS category that encompasses Tosgelik’s sale. Commerce found that the AUV of Tosge-lik’s sale fell well within the range of disaggregated entry values.'See Remand Determination at 22.

Because Commerce does not have access to shipment-specific data, it is uncertain what different types of merchandise are being compared in the disaggregated data analysis. However, the disaggregated data analysis undercuts Allied Tube’s assertion that the AUVs of certain manufacturers should be summarily excluded as “aberrational.” The manufacturers which Allied Tube implicitly accepts as non-aberrant have small-quantity entries that are well above the AUV of Tosgelik’s sale. See Remand Determination at 21-22. In response to Commerce’s comprehensive Remand Determination, Allied Tube relies on the same argument it made in Allied Tube : that the AUV of Tosgelik’s single sale was higher than the AUVs of all but [ ] percent of all entries by quantity during the period of review. While this may be true, it does not mean that high-priced, low quantity sales are not bona fide. Single sales should be “carefully scrutinized,” but they are not inherently commercially unreasonable. Tianjin Tiancheng Pharm. Co., 29 CIT at _, 366 F.Supp.2d at 1263. Additionally, Allied Tube completely ignores Commerce’s disaggregation analysis. Allied Tube fails to point to any evidence, aside from unsupported assertions, that detracts from Commerce’s conclusion.

In its Remand Determination, Commerce has sufficiently scrutinized the price of Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale, and the agency’s conclusion that the price is commercially reasonable is supported by substantial evidence.

B. Shipping Costs

In Allied Tube, the Court was concerned with the reasonableness of the high shipping costs associated with Tosgelik’s sale. Specifically, as understood from Commerce’s original new shipper review determination, Tosgelik’s shipment was made by container instead of full vessel load, which contributed to the higher freight charge. Commerce had not adequately explained why it was commercially reasonable for Tosgelik to make the shipment by container. On remand, Commerce explains that a U.S. customer is unlikely to order a full vessel load from a new shipper that does not have a “proven track record for producing to ASTM standards for the U.S. market or have a history of performance and quality in the U.S. market.” Remand Determination at 26. Furthermore, a container is a reasonable and appropriate means for transporting a quantity the size of Tosgelik’s sale. Tosgelik pre-sold the shipment to an unaffiliated U.S. customer who wished to test its suitability for the marketplace, even with the higher expense of containerized shipping. Id. at 25-26. All of these factors support Commerce’s conclusion that the shipping costs were commercially reasonable.

Allied Tube does not directly address the shipping cost issue, other than pointing out that the shipping costs were high. Instead, Allied Tube focuses on the small quantity of the sale. If the sale were a reasonable (i.e., larger) quantity, Allied Tube argues, the higher-cost containerized shipment would not have been necessary. In Allied Tube, the Court already determined that substantial evidence supports Commerce’s conclusion that the quantity of Tosgelik’s sale is commercially reasonable. Allied Tube fails to call into question the reasonableness of the shipping cost.

C. Commerce’s Ultimate Determination That Tosgelik’s Single U.S. Sale Was a Bona Fide Transaction is Supported by Substantial Evidence

The Court must consider together all of Commerce’s findings to ultimately determine whether there is substantial evidence to support its decision that under the totality of the circumstances, Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale is a bona fide transaction. See Tianjin, 29 CIT at _, 366 F.Supp.2d at 1249-50. As discussed above, the price of Tosge-lik’s U.S. sale and the associated shipping costs were commercially reasonable. There is also substantial evidence to support Commerce’s conclusion that the quantity of the sale was reasonable, and that Tosgelik followed normal business practices in executing the.sale. See Allied Tube, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *18, 22-23. Viewed under the totality of the circumstances, there is substantial evidence to support Commerce’s conclusion that Tosgelik’s sale was bona fide.

III. CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, Commerce’s remand determination is sustained in its entirety. A separate judgment will be entered accordingly. 
      
       As discussed at length in Allied Tube, if a producer or exporter did not export merchandise that was the subject of an antidumping duty order during a previous investigation period, it may request a new shipper review. A new shipper review can be based on a single U.S. sale, as long as Commerce finds that the sale was a bona fide transaction. Asale is bona fide when it is “commercially reasonable.” Commerce looks at the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a sale is “commercially reasonable.” See generally Allied Tube, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *3-6.
     
      
       The AUV of Tosgelik’s sale ranked [ ] lowest out of [ ] manufacturers.
     
      
       The manufacturers with high-value sales that concern Allied Tube are those imported by [ ]. See Allied Tube, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *9 n.5. The AUVs of these manufacturers (not including Tosgelik) range from [ ] to [ ] per MT.
     
      
       Commerce limited the disaggregated data analysis to the subset of manufacturers comprising [ ] percent of entries by volume. These manufacturers are: [ ]. See Remand Determination at 21.
     
      
       The disaggregated entry values range from [ ] to [ ] per MT. Tos^elik’s sale has an AUV of [ ] per MT. See Remand Determination at 22.
     
      
       Commerce notes that during the course of a new shipper review, “it is not within the Department’s practice to attempt to obtain the detailed .invoices and specific product codes for each and every sale that is reported by CBP for the POR, given the proprietary restrictions of such data.” Remand Determination at 10. The Court agrees that in the present case, it would be overly burdensome and unnecessary to require Commerce to obtain detailed invoices and shipment-specific data.
     
      
       In the Remand Determination, Commerce took issue with the Court’s analysis of the “ordinary course of trade” requirement discussed in Corns Staal BV v. United States, 27 CIT 388, 404-05, 259 F.Supp.2d 1253, 1268 (2003). See Allied Tube, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *11-13. The Court does not intend to suggest that the “commercial reasonableness” test for new shipper reviews involves exactly the same analysis as the “ordinary course of trade” concept defined in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(15). However, “[w]hen Commerce’s commercial reasonableness determination hinges on comparing the new shipper sale price to a range of values, it is crucial to make sure the values at both ends of that range are commercially reasonable.” Id. at _, Slip Op. 07-107 at *12; see Hebei New Donghua Amino Acid Co. v. United States, 29 CIT _, _, 374 F.Supp.2d 1333, 1338 (2005) (holding that “[i]n accordance with the goal of ensuring a realistic U.S. price figure, it is reasonable that Commerce uses the bona fide sale test to exclude sales that are ‘not typical of normal commercial transactions in the industry.’ ” (quoting Tianjin Tiancheng Pharm. Co., 29 CIT at _, 366 F.Supp.2d at 1249-50). Following this principle, Commerce has adequately demonstrated that its range methodology, supported by the disaggregated data analysis, is reasonable.
     
      
       In Allied Tube I, the Court was concerned that the timing of Tosgelik’s U.S. entry indicated that it may be commercially unreasonable. Commerce explains that the timing of the sale is irrelevant because given the “lack of predictability in the exact timing of when a waterborne shipment would enter the United States, it is unreasonable to assume that Tosgelik was specifically attempting to time the entry at a date so close to the end of the POR.” Remand Determination at 28. The Court agrees.
     
      
       In its original determination, Commerce compared Tosgelik’s sale to the size of Tosgelik’s sales in its home market. “The fact that Ibsgelik’s single U.S. sale is of a larger quantity than a majority of its home market sales is adequate to support the conclusion that the quantity is commercially reasonable.” Allied Tube I, 31 CIT at _, Slip Op. 07- 107 at *18.
     