
    Helen M. Winchester et al. v. James M. Winchester et al.
    
    1. CHAircBB.Tr Practice. Bill of review. Statute of limitations. Act of 1801, ch. 6, \ 53. The saving in the act of 1801, ch. 6, $ 63, to infants, femes covert, persons non compos mentis, &c., a right to movo for a hill of review within three years after such disability shall have been removed, applies both to bills for new matter, and for errors apparent upon the record; and any person within said saving of the statute, may file a bill of review at any time during the existence of the disability, or within three years after its removal.
    2. Same. Same. Same. Parties. Husband and wife. A feme covert or other person laboring under a disability, is not bound to wait until the removal of such disability, before filing a bill of review. If an antagonism exists between the interests of husband and wife, or if he has lost his rights by laches, and thereby placed himself in an attitude where he cannot join his wife in the suit — her rights remaining in full force — she may file a bill of review by next friend, making her husband a defendant,
    3. ¡Same. Same. Pre-requisites to filing a bill of review. An application to file a bill of review for new matter, must be by petition and affidavit, setting forth the new matter, accompanied by an offer to secure costs, and such other sums of money as may be required to be paid ; and also security must be given for the costs of the bill filed as of common right.
    4. Same. Same. Joinder of new matter and errors apparent. A bill of review may be brought for errors of law apparent on the face of the decree, and also for newly discovered matter. The joinder of both grounds in the same bill does not make it multifarious.
    5. Same. Same. New matter. Leave of the Court. A bill of review for newly discovered evidence, cannot be filed without special leave of the Court. The new matter must be such as “hath arisen in time after the decree, or proof that has come to light after the decree was made, which could not possibly have been used when the decree passed.” The new matter or new proof, must be relevant and material, and which, if known at the time the decree passed, would have produced a result more favorable to the party filing the bill.
    (3. Same. Same. Same. Knowledge of agents or representatives. Pep-resentation in Courts of Justice is a necessity of civilized society, and the acts or neglects of the representative must, in some degree, be binding upon the party represented. And persons under disability .at the time of a judicial proceeding to which they are parties, represented by their guardians and agents, are bound upon the knowledge of such guardians and agents.
    7. Same. Same. Errors apparent in the decree. Sale of land, Act of 1827. It is error to file a petition for the sale of land, embracing adults, married women and their husbands, and minors, together. The proper mode of proceeding under the act of 1827, where minors are interested, is, by bill inter partes, making the minors defendants. A proceeding, however, by petition, under the act of 1827, is not void, and it is not error for which a bill of review will lie.
    8. Same. Same. Same. Same. Same. Husband and wife. The act of 1827 was, for convenience, intended to act by divesture of title by decree, and it chooses to repose some confidence in the conjugal relation, and not to regard husband and wife as occupying such an antagonism, as will prevent their being joined in a petition for the sale of land descended to her; and in proceedings under said act, the privy examination of the wife is not necessary to pass the title. An omission, therefore, to make the wife a defendant, or to cause her privy examination to be taken, is not error apparent for which a bill of review will lie.
    9. Same. Same. Same. Sale of an undivided interest. The sale of an undivided interest in land is not such an-error upon the face of the proceedings as will make the sale void, and the same will not be annulled on review. Such a mode of sale would not be favored upon appeal or writ of error, but does not furnish sufficient ground for a bill of review.
    10. Same. Same. Same. Facts stated in the decree. Upon a bill of review the evidence in a cause can not be looked to, beyond the decree; and the statement in the decree, that “the Court being satisfied of the truth of said petition, and that it is for the manifest advantage of the heirs that said lands be sold, is equivalent to the statement that it appeared to the Court that the facts stated, &o., were true, and is a sufficient statement of the facts under the rules of -chancery practice and .under the act of 1827.
    11. Same. Same. Same. Lands without the chancery district. If anj? portion of the lands sought to be sold, lie within the chancery district, the'Courthas jurisdiction to order the sale of the entire lands, although situated in different counties in the State. Hence,- a decree for the sale of lands in counties not embraced in the chancery district, is not void, and a hill of review will not lie.
    12. Same. Same. ' Day in Court. The doctrine that a party under a disability is entitled to a day in Court, has no application where title is divested by decree, but only whore the party is directed to convey. In this case it was no error not to give the infants a day in Court.
    18. Same. Same. Parties. If the parties in interest are not made parties to the petition, they are not bound by the proceedings, and an original bill, in the nature of a bill of review, will lie ; but the form of making them parties is not material — whether mentioned in the caption, or represented as petitioners, and the names placed at the end of the petition.
    11. Same. Same. Iiow far the title of purchasers affected. It may be laid down as a general rule, that whenever a Court of Chancery, or other Court of general jurisdiction, possesses jurisdiction of the subject matter of litigation, and has acquired jurisdiction of the parties, that, as to third persons interested under its judgments and decrees, its proceedings cannot be held to be void after a final disposition of a cause. And in this respect, it is not material whether the jurisdiction be inherent or statutory, provided the statute be of a general or public nature.
    FROM SMITH.
    Chancellor Ridley refused the application of the complainants, to file a bill of review, and they appealed from his decision.
    Jo. C. Guild, for the complainants,
    said:
    Bills of review may be filed: First, for errors apparent upon the decree, or for newly discovered proof since the rendition of the decree, which could not have been discovered and produced previous to the making of the decree. The ordinance of Lord Bacon is in force in this State. Colville v. Colville, 9 Humphreys, 524; Burdine v. Shelton, 10 Yerger, 41. Story’s Eq. PI., 321 to 338; 3 Daniel Ch. Pr., 1728.
    A bill may unite both of these grounds. The same authorities referred to above.
    
      The lands decreed to be sold by the Chancery Court at Carthage, in 1829, lay outside of the chancery district, to wit, in Shelby, Weakley, and Stewart counties. The heirs of Gen. Winchester were joint petitioners, embracing infants and feme coverts. Helen M. is a non compos mentis, and has been so since her birth; has since been so declared, and a guardian appointed. She was represented by her guardian in the Carthage proceedings, who was a joint tenant in common; was the executor of her father, and the commissioner who made the sale. There was no proof taken in said case. There was not even a reference to the Master. The decree merely recites, “ the Court being satisfied of the truth of said petition, and that it was for the manifest advantage of the heirs that said land be sold; think proper to order and decree that the same be sold.”
    There is no fact embodied in the decree to give the' Court jurisdiction under the act of 1827, ch. 54. In the language of that act, there must be satisfactory proof that the land was so situated that partition thereof could not be made in the mode pointed out by law, or that they were of such description that it would be manifestly for the advantage of the heirs that the same be sold. Our Supreme Court, in a late case, Davidson v. Bowden et al., say, that by satisfactory proof is meant such proof as demonstrates or clearly and certainly establishes the truth of the fact, or the point in issue. Now, in the case under consideration, there is neither the proof required nor the statement of facts in the decree, and, as decided in the case of Davidson, renders this decree, and sale under it, void; which may be reversed by bill of review, for errors apparent upon the face of the record. Further, it is decided in the ease of Davidson v. Bowden, that in all cases where it is sought to affect the interest of infants, and more especially their interest in real estate, by a sale converting it into personalty, the infants ought to be made defendants. They are incapable of protecting their rights, or of forming a judgment whether lands should be sold or not. It often happens, that in cases of adult co-tenants, that a sale of land would be beneficial to them — would promote their interest, while it would prejudice that of the infants. And the interest of the adults are in conflict with the infants. The attitude of defendants, in various respects, is more advantageous for infants than that of plaintiffs. It has frequently been decided by our Court, to legalize the sale of an infant’s land where there are adult co-tenants, that the infants should be made defendants, and process served upon them; then the Court will appoint a suitable guardian ad litem, whose duty it is to make the proper defence, and who is responsible for the propriety and conduct of such defence. 2 Paige, 304; 1 Daniel, Ch. Pr., 204.
    An infant defendant is not bound by the decree, as an infant plaintiff. In England a day is given the infant, after he arrives at age, to open and have the case re-heard. 1 Dan. Ch. Pr., 92.
    For this defect in the Carthage proceedings the decree is clearly void, and would be reversed upon appeal or writ of error; and combine this defect with the other errors apparent upon the face of the decree, the decree should be reversed upon bill of review.
    In 10th Hum., 610, Whitmore v. Johnson, held in the case where the question came up collaterally, that the decree for the sale of land, and that the sale was void, if the decree does not, upon its face, recite facts giving the Court complete jurisdiction to make the sale.
    The complainants, in this bill of review, have been laboring under disabilities — two of them femes covert, the other a non compos mentis since the date of the decree, in 1829. The act of 1801, ch. 6, § 58, embraced in the Code, § 3120, provides that no bill of review shall be brought, or a motion made therefor, except within three years from the time of pronouncing the decree, saving to infants, married women, persons of unsound mind, imprisoned, or beyond the limits of the United States, a right to a bill of review within three years after such disability has been removed.
    In the case' above cited, of Colville v. Colville, this saving of the statute in favor of infants, coverture, &c., is recognized as the law. Consequently the Chancellor erred in refusing to permit this bill of review to be filed. '
    Further, there is error apparent upon this record in this. There were two tracts of land, one of 226J acres, the other of 100 acres, in Weakley county, and 1,000 acres in Stewart county, sold by the commissioner without being mentioned in the petition, without proof, and without a decree authorizing the sale.
    Further, there is error apparent upon the record in decreeing that an undivided eighth part of 1,309 acres of land, including a part of the town of Memphis, should be sold, infants and femes covert being interested therein. The other parties in interest not being before the Court, the land not being set apart to the heirs of Gen. Winchester, the same not being divided, the purchaser would not hare the right to the exclusive possession, and, consequently, that interest would be greatly prejudiced by a sale. And there is no authority given by the act of 1827 to decree a sale in such cases.
    Our Court held in the case of Rormenfs, adm’r, v. Wilson, 5 Hum., 310, that interests in reversion or remainder can not be sold for partition under the act of 1827, ch. 29. The Court, in the case of Robertson v. Robertson, 2 Swan, 201, says that the interest of minors in real estate should not be sold until the right of present enjoyment accrues by the determination of the life estate. In analogy to those decisions, the undivided one-eighth interest in a tract should not be sold.
    Those proceedings were by petition. The act of Assembly requires it to be done by bill in the Circuit or Chancery Court of the county or district where such lands may be situated, and the suit shall be conducted in the same way as other suits in equity.
    Now, I insist that the act of Assembly is imperious as to the mode of proceeding, and, as a general rule, when the powers and remedies of a Court of Chancery are called into action, it is done by bill and not by petition. After the bill is filed, then through its various stages, the petition may be used. 3 Daniels Ch. P.? 1801. The act of 1827 construed strictly, no amplitude given to it by construction. 5 Hum., 310.
    The petition is in the name of the guardian, and not in the name of the infants. They must sue in their own names, and not that of their guardian. 1 Swan., 79; 2 Alabama D. 406.
    This petition is in the name of the husbands and wives, consequently it is the petition of the husband merely. The decree is .not binding on the wife in case of conflict of interest. The wife can have it set aside by bill of review. 9 Paige, 256.
    There is error in the proceedings as to the lands in Stewart and Weakley counties, and some of the lots in Memphis, which were neither mentioned in the petition nor decreed to be sold. Yet the commissioner sold them, and the Court confirmed the sale. Further, those lands lay out of the county or chancery district where the petition was filed. Our Supreme Court has lately decided that the Chancery Court had not original or inherent jurisdiction, but rests its jurisdiction upon the act of 1827. That jurisdiction is local and not general. In 2 Swan, 380, they declare this jurisdiction to be local, and a sale of the lands outside of the chancery district is consequently void.
    As to the newly discovered proof upon which, this-, bill of review is asked to be filed, reference is made, to the bill, which appeals strongly to the discretion, oft the Chancellor to permit the bill to be filed,, in order-to have vindicated the rights of femes covert and the.infants, where, under void proceedings,, an estate now-worth perhaps one million of dollars, has been sacrificed .for a few hundreds.
    
      Femes covert and infants, during their disability, may bring their suit to protect their rights, and are not compelled to wait till the disability is removed. Angel on Limitations, 207.
    Head & TüRNER, for the complainants.
    
      MARSHALL, THOMPSON, WlCKERSI-IAM, and SMITH, for the defendants.
    
    John J. White, for the defendants.
    What are the errors of law apparent in this record?
    1. That there was no privy examination of the femes covert. Our acts of Assembly in reference to deeds of conveyance by husband and wife, prescribe the privy examination of the wife; but have no reference to a divestiture of title from a feme covert by the power of a Court of Chancery.
    This doctrine about the privy examination of the feme covert, it will be seen, by looking at the cases, applies only to private alienations made by the wife of her property, acts in pais, and the waiver of an equity. Clancy on Rights, 314, 537; 1 Hum., 54; 2 lb., 548; 2 Swhn., 218; 3 Sneed, 578; 10 Hum., 197.
    2 1 It is alleged as error that Helen M. was a minor, and should have been represented by a guardian ad Mem, and made defendant. It is true that might have been more technically correct; but, in a case like the present, is it not apparent that it would have been mere matter of form, and, at this late period, constitutes no substantial ground of error. Story’s Eq. Plea., § 411.
    The act does not speak of either plaintiffs or defendants, but of a “ bill in the Circuit or Chancery Court,” and of “ suits in equityand there are many ex parte proceedings in equity, where the parties ■are all complainants or petitioners, which is the same thing, and which might properly be called “bills or suits in equity.” A case might be readily supposed, where all the heirs are minors, and yet it would be for their advantage that their real estate should be sold, and it would come within the language as well as spirit of the act, and such are some of the cases in our reports; and yet, from the necessity of the case, they must be complainants, or their case not entertained at all.
    It occurs to me that this is merely descriptive of the character of the proceeding. It is not the substance of the act in what way the parties names are presented upon the ■ record — whether plaintiffs or defendants. It is not that which gives the Court jurisdiction. If it be an irregularity or error, it is one which the parties may waive, as they have done in this case, according to the maxim, “ Quisque potest renuntiare Juri pro se introducto.”
    
    The case of Q-. 0. Brown, by his next friend, Greorge W. Campbell, in 8 Hum., 200, was the case of a decree for the sale of the land of the minor under this act of Assembly, in the Chancery Court at Nashville, of land lying in Davidson county. It is styled a petition, and the party a petitioner, and he is the sole petitioner. This was sustained. And if one person, a minor, being the sole owner of real estate, could file a petition, I submit to the Court it would not be a fatal error if a half dozen owners were to unite in the same petition, their interests being the same.
    For such an irregularity to make the whole proceedings void would be overruling the cases of Gf. 0. Brown by his next friend ex parte, 8 Hum., 200, of BlaeJcmore v. Shelly, lb., 439, and Todd v. Gannon, lb., 512.
    
    3. It is said these femes covert should have been made defendants instead of complainants. I do not understand that to be the rule of a Court of Chancery. On the contrary, they should unite with their husbands as complainants in any matter affecting their rights and interests, unless they were claiming some right in opposition to their husbands. In that case they might appear by their next friend. Story’s Eq. Plea. § 61. So, also, when they are defendants, their husbands should join with them, and' their answer be joint. See § 71. Also, 7 Vermont, 369, Bradley v. Emerson et als.
    
    4. It is alleged there was no proof taken in the cause, nor facts recited in the decree. As it regards the absence of proof, the presumption is there was such proof. The language of the decree is, “that the Court is satisfied of the truth of said petition, and that it is for the manifest advantage of the heirs that said land be sold.” Therefore a decree is pronounced ordering the sale. The act of Assembly requires “satisfactory proof,” without stating its character, and which was no doubt presented to the Chancellor. The proceedings of Courts, especially, after a great lapse of time, will be presumed to have been regular, though the records of service, parties, &c., are not to be found. Qruger v. Daniel, Biley’s Chan., 102. See too, 1 Bibb, 338.
    But then, as this Court has said in the case of Eaton v. Dickinson, 3 Sneed, 397, upon a bill of review no such question can be made as the wrong con-elusions of the Chancellor upon matters of fact, but it must be errors of law apparent in the decree.
    But then the facts are not recited in the decree which makes it error. Now it is wholly unnecessary to encumber the record with the repetition of the facts exhibited in the pleadings. The results to which the Court arrives are sufficient. The petition is a part of the record, and the Court say they are “satisfied of the truth of the petition,” “ and that it is for the manifest advantage of the heirs that said lands be sold.”
    I would remark, too, that the rule adopted by the Chancellors requiring “the facts as they appear in proof before the Court” to be recited in the decree, did not take effect until the 15th of August, 1830, which was after the decree. See Story’s Eq. Plea., § 407, and note, which will show the statement in the decree in regard to the facts to be amply sufficient.
    5. It is alleged that a portion of the lands are out of the local jurisdiction of the Court, and therefore the decree was void. The Chancery Court, as I understand it, is one of general, not local jurisdiction. Here are heirs inheriting real estate in half a dozen or more counties in the State. Can it be that they would be required to have as many different law suits in the prosecution of their rights, and that among themselves ? If so, the litigation and expense would be endless. Upon general principles, it seems to me, that jurisdiction of part would give jurisdiction to the whole. This question, however, has been directly decided in the ease of Todd v. Cannon, 8 Hum., 512.
    6. It is said that lands lying in Stewart and Weakley were sold which are not embraced in the petition, which is fatal. The object of the petition is to sell the whole real estate of James Winchester, which had descended to the heirs, except what was willed to his widow; and such is the decree of the Court. The case in 8 Hum., 512, describes the land as lying in the counties of Williamson, Davidson, Rutherford, Perry, and other counties. The omission then to state every county where the land might be situated, would not, under any circumstances, invalidate the proceedings.
    7. But then it is said the petition states the heirs are the owners of “ an undivided one-eighth part of 1,309 acres of land, including a part of the town of Memphis,” and which undivided one-eighth is ordered to be sold by the commissioners. That they were not clothed with the power to make partition, but merely to sell an undivided one-eighth. And yet they made the sale of various lots of land in Shelby county, and town lots absolutely instead of an undivided one-eighth. But the answer to that is contained in the decree of January Term, 1829, ordering the sale, which says, Ci said commissioners are authorized to sell said tracts in such lots or divisions of the same as they may deem most expedient for the interests of the heirs.” But without that the authority would be implied, and particularly after the sales had been made and reported to the Court in that way, and confirmed by the Court without exception, it would be no ground of error. The irresistible presumption is that it was for the advantage of the heirs.
    8. It is said the petition is not in the name of the infants, but the guardians, which is not sufficient. The whole body of the petition shows the fact to be different — that it is in the name of all the heirs. The manner of signing is mere matter of form.
    
    9. It is said the lands are not sufficiently identified in the petition. 11 Id eertum est quod certum reddi potest” is a maxim which would apply to this case. The petition, the decree upon it, the report of the commissioners, which is confirmed by the Court, make it certain in regard to the lands sold.
    But should a bill of review be entertained by the Court ? The general provision of the 53d §, ch. 6, of the act of 1801, is a prohibition against bringing such a bill after three years. How is this qualified ? “ Saving to infants, femes covert, persons non compos mentis, &c., a right to move for a bill of review within three years after such disability shall be removed.” The act does not sa,y they shall be entitled to said bill as a matter of right, but they shall not be prohibited from asking for it, leaving it in the power of the Court to grant or refuse such bill at their discretion. (See § 16 of the act of 1835, ch. 20, which prohibits a writ of error after twelve months.) The language used here is very different from the exception in the statute of limitations. And we see the reason of it. Here is no cause of action accruing to any person under a disability after the decree was pronounced, as is the case in the exception to the statute, but an adjudication upon the rights of parties.
    But if a bill of review could be entertained in favor of these complainants after a lapse of three years, it would not now be entertained by this Court. Story’s Eq. Plea., § 756, a, §§813, 410; Smith v. Clay, Ambler, 645; 2 Brown’s P. C. 62; 2 Story’s Eq., §§ 1520-1522; 1 Story’s Eq., § 64, a ei seq.; 2 Sneed, 211; 3 lb., 157, 518; 4 lb., 140.
    Again, if any irregularities had intervened in the proceedings, it appears the property has been sold under the decree to bona fide purchasers nearly thirty years ago, who would be entitled to hold these lands; and, therefore, to review the case would be unavailing, and would not be allowed. Burke v. Qrosbee, 1 Ball & B., 489; Bennett v. Hamill, 2 Scho. & Lef., 566, 577; 9 Ves., 37; Loyd v. Johnes, 3 John. Oh., 344; Binning v. Smith.
    
    As it regards the new matter, upon which complainants ask to file a supplemental bill in the nature of a bill of review, the Chancellor committed no error in refusing it. First, as it regards the alleged idiocy of Helen M. Winchester. That is a matter of no importance. She was a minor, and represented by her regular guardian, Lucilius Winchester, and as one of the heirs of James Winchester, the Court would have the right to decree a sale under the act of 1827, ch. 54, § 1. This is not “new matter which hath arisen in time after the decree,” according to Lord Bacon’s ordinance.
    
      Second. As it regards the other new matter stated by complainants, growing out of the alleged partitions in the County Court of Shelby, in January, 1828, and April, 1829, we say:
    (1.) There is nothing alleged which shows the least-ground of merit.
    (2.) According to their own showing, these partitions are binding upon them. 2 Rawle, 287; 3 Pick., 396; 24 Vermont, 560.
    
      (3.) These proceedings were all of record, and the law will impute to them notice. There is nothing stated which shows the least diligence. Story’s Eq. Plea., § 414. And again, § 417, “the granting of such a bill of review for newly discovered evidence is not a matter of right; but it rests in the sound discretion of the Court.” It should, therefore, be refused in this case.
    
      
       Their briefs are not on file, or they would he inserted.
    
   E. H. Ewing, Special J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court.

James Winchester died in 1826, having made a will providing for his wife, and for the support of his minor children, leaving his lands (except those devised to his widow) to descend. His lands were situated in various counties of Tennessee, some of them in, and some out of the district of the Chancery Court, then held at Carthage. His heirs consisted of two adult males, two married women, several minor children, and two minor grand-children. Lucilius Winchester, one of his adult sons, became guardian for the minor children. In January, 1829, a petition was filed in the Chancery Court at Carthage, for the sale of certain lands so descended. This petition was signed by the adult sons, by the married women and their husbands, by Lucilius Winchester, as guardian for the minor children, and by Orville Shelby, who is stated in the body of the petition to be next friend, and father of said minor grand children. At the term of the Court at which this petition was filed, the Chancellor made an order decreeing the sale of tbe lands, and appointing commissioners for that purpose. This decree contains special directions as to the sale and the report, and authorizes the sale to be made by division of the lands into lots, if deemed expedient. The commissioners appointed, were Lucilius Winchester and William Cage, who made sale of the lands mentioned in the decree, and made a particular report thereof to said Court, at its July Term, 1829; they reported, also, the sale of a tract of land not mentioned in the petition, lying in Stewart county, and of two tracts in Weakley county, which it has been supposed were not mentioned in the petition. This report was not excepted to. Certain of the lands, which had been bought by Lucilius Winchester, were at said last mentioned term, ordered to be resold by said commissioners. The tract in Stewart county being an undivided half of 1000 acres, was one of the tracts purchased by said Lucilius; he was, also, the purchaser of one of the tracts in Weakley, of 100 acres, the other tract in Weakley, was bought by a third person. Said commissioners made two additional reports, showing the sale of the 100 acres in Weakley, and of the other lands ordered to be resold, except the undivided half of the 1000 acres in Stewart, which is not again mentioned in the record. These two reports have no date. At July Term, 1830, a decree was made, authorizing the commissioners to make titles upon payment of the purchase money, and requiring them to give bond in the penalty of $25,000, to account for the proceeds of the sales. This bond was given, and a copy of it is in the record. At the July Term, 1831, commissioners were appointed to settle with Winchester and Cage, the commissioners of sale, and to ascertain tbe share of each of the heirs in the proceeds of the land. By the same decree, the report of L. ■ Winchester and Cage, is confirmed and ordered to be enrolled. The commissioners appointed to make settlement, &c., made a report at January Term, 1832, which was confirmed, and L. Winchester and Cage ordered to pay over the proceeds of- sales in accordance therewith. At the January Term, 1835, a petition was filed in the name of all of said heirs (except Lu-cilius Winchester, who was then dead, and who was represented by his administrator, Jo. C. Guild,) signed by counsel, stating the previous proceedings in substance, and stating the death of L. Winchester and praying to have another person appointed commissioner in his place. The Court appointed Yalerius Winchester in his stead. At January Term, 1837, another petition was filed, of a similar character, stating the death of William Cage, and praying that Yalerius Winchester alone, might be authorized to make titles, and it was ordered accordingly. At August Term, 1840, a similar order was made, appointing J. W. Baldridge to make titles, Y. Winchester being then dead. And at February Term, 1848, Baldridge having declined to act, Alfred Wynne was appointed in his place. No further proceedings appear to have been had in the cause. There was neither appeal nor writ of error. In the summer of 1858, Mrs. Almira Wynne and Mrs. Louisa Rucker, the two married women above mentioned, by their next friend, John W. Head and Helen M. Winchester, (who alleges herself to have been an idiot from her birth, and who was oné of the minors under. the proceeding of 1829,) by her present guardian, George W. Winehes-ter, applied to tbe Chancellor sitting at Carthage, by-petition and affidavit, for leave to file their bill of review, to review the decrees of 1829, and the record aforesaid, on the ground of “ new matter and newly discovered proof.” And as a matter of right, (alleging in the same bill errors in law apparent upon the same record,) they file their bill, praying to have said decrees and record reviewed, and the decrees) reversed and annulled. To this bill the husbands of the said Almira and Louisa are made defendants, as are also the other heirs of said James Winchester, and also many of the purchasers and sub-purchasers of the lands. The matters assigned as error in law, in the bill and the argument, taking them up in their proper order, and not precisely in the order stated in the bill, are as follows, viz.:

1st. That the original proceeding being under the act of 1827, chap. 54, should have been a bill, and the suit conducted as equity suits-that a petition making no defendant, is not a bill nor a suit, and that the decrees are therefore void, and that a void decree is a proper subject of a bill of review.

2d. That if a petition be an admissible mode of proceeding, the married women should .not have been joined with their husbands, but should have appeared by next friend.

3d. That Helen M., whether as idiot or minor, should not have been joined with the adult petitioners, even if a petition were a permissible mode of proceeding in some cases, and that this was error at best.

4th. That no proof appears by the decree to have been made, and that this is required by said act to be made to give jurisdiction.

5th. That the decree of January, 1829, does not recite the facts upon which it is founded, and that this is, and was error, according to the course of a Court of Chancery, even before the adoption of the Chancery Rule of 1880, requiring the facts to be recited, &c.

6th. That it Was error to sell the lands in Stewart and Weakley, the same not being embraced in the pleadings previous to the first decree, and that this is not aided by failure to except to the report, nor by the subsequent petitions filed by the original petitioners.

7th. That Helen M. was, in fact, an idiot, as well as a minor, at the passing of the decrees, and that under the saving in the act of 1801, chap. 6 sec. 58, she may now show this fact, and that as an idiot, she had no guardian, made no appearance, and that this is error.

8th. That some of the lands were not within the chancery district, and that the Court had, therefore, no jurisdiction to sell them under the act of 1827.

9th. That the married women were not, and that they should have been privily examined.

10th. That in the petition the lands are not sufficiently identified.

11th. That it was error to sell the undivided one-eighth of 1309 acres of land in Shelby county, or to sell it as severed, when no valid partition had been made.

12th. That the petition is defective in its statement of facts, and does not come up to the requirements of the statute, .in showing that partition could not advantageously be made, or that a sale was manifestly for the advantage of the parties.

18th. That no day was given to the infants in Court.

And 14th. That the complainants were not, in effect, made parties, even if petition were a proper mode of procedure.

The grounds taken in the bill of review, as one for new matter or upon new proof are:

1st. That the interest of the heirs in the 1809 acres of land near Memphis, was one-fourth instead of one-eighth, as stated in the petition, and that this has been lately discovered.

2d. That after the decree for sale at Carthage, a proceeding which was void, took place in the County Court of Shelby county, for the division of the said tract of 1309 acres, and that one-eighth in severalty, was assigned, under this proceeding, to the heirs of Jas. Winchester, that this one-eighth, as assigned, was sold by the commissioners, instead of an undivided one-eighth, and that this fact was only lately discovered by said complainants, through their counsel and next friend, who makes the affidavit.

3d. That a similar proceeding in the County Court of Shelby, had taken place in regard to the tract of land called in the petition at Carthage, 252 acres lying in Shelby county; that this proceeding, though before the first decree, was void, and that in fact the heirs of Winchester, instead of owning this 252 acres in severalty, owned an undivided forty-ninth part of a 5000 acre tract near Memphis, and that this was only lately discovered, &c.

4tb. That the lands in Stewart and Weakley were sold without authority, and this has just been discovered. The application for leave to file the bill of review, as for new matter and upon new proof, was made to the Chancellor sitting at Carthage, at the August Term, 1858. Leave was refused. The bill was then filed as for errors apparent on the face of the decrees, or upon the record; whereupon, (it is said in the decree of the Chancellor, “upon inspection of the bill of review and of the original record,”) the bill of review was dismissed. From this decree refusing to permit the filing of the bill, as for new matter or new proof, and dismissing the bill as filed for errors apparent, &c., the complainants have appealed to this Court.

No objection is taken to the ruling of the Chancellor, upon the ground that his action was premature in dismissing the bill as for errors apparent, &c.; though it is said, it would have been more proper in form, that he should have waited for process bringing in the defendants, and a motion by them to dismiss or a demurrer. This informality, if it be such, need not, therefore, be noticed.

It is, however, objected, in limine, by the defendants, the purchasers of the lands, that under the act of 1801, regulating the practice in Courts of Chancery, chap. 6, sec. 53, and the clause saving the rights of married women, &c.; no bill of review can be filed, either for new matter or for errors apparent, &c., without leave of the Court first had and obtained. The clause referred to, and the previous clause, are as follows, viz.: “ Provided that no bill of review shall be brought, or a motion made therefor, except within three years from .the • time of pronouncing such decree, saving to infants, femes covert, persons non compos mentis, &c., a right to move for a bill of review within three years after such disability shall have been removed.” It is urged with much force, and no little plausibility, that though ■ the filing a bill of review for errors apparent, &c., within three years, is matter of right under the statute, that such right was not intended to be extended to those under disability for an indefinite time; and to sustain this view, attention is called to the difference of the words in the two clauses. In the one, the words used are, “ shall be brought or a motion made therefor;” in the other, “ saving to infants, &c., a right to move.” It is insisted that these last words imply a discretion and control on the part of the Court, and that it might well be supposed that the Legislature looking to the intervention of new rights and interests in the long lapse of time, that might occur in many eases, before the removal of a disability, would not make the saving complete to the disabled party, as if his bill had been brought within three years. Again, it is urged as a probable construction, that the saving does not, in any manner, embrace a bill of review for errors apparent, &c.; that by the use of the word “move,” it is evinced that it was only the intention to reserve the rights of a party in that description of bill of review, wherein leave of the Court was necessary. Appreciating the force of this reasoning, we are not, however, prepared to say that the construction insisted upon is correct; on the contrary, in analogy to other statutes of limitation, where rights of infants, &c., are saved, and taking into consideration the general doctrine that persons under disability cannot, ordinarily, have laches imputed to them, we are of opinion that the words, “a right to move for a bill of review,” are to be held equivalent to the words, “ a right to move for a review,” &c. Besides, we think, that if so important a distinction was intended to be taken, it would have been more clearly announced, and not have been left to ingenious construction. To exclude altogether, a right to file a bill of review for errors apparent, &c., after three years, according to the second construction above referred to, would be to place infants, &c., upon the same footing, in this regard, as adults, which it is not to be supposed has been done, where there is at least a seeming reservation in their favor, unless such construction is demanded by the-highest considerations of public policy. A second objection taken to the bill of review in this case is, that the-husbands should sue jointly with their wives, and that as the husbands are not within the saving of the act of' 1801, the bill cannot be filed so far as the married women are concerned, until the removal of the disability.. It is true, as a general rule in equity, as well as at law, that the husband must join in the suit; see Story’s Eq. Pl., sec. 61. To this rule, however, there are many exceptions, and whenever it is necessary for the protection of the wife’s interest, the Court will change the parties, making the one or the other complainant or defendant, according to the exigency of the case. In this case there would seem to be some antagonism . between the interests of the husband and wife. The husband has received the proceeds of her land, which he or his estate might be made to account for, in case of a reversal of the decree under which it was sold. In this. case too, the husband, by his laches, has placed himself in an attitude where he cannot join his wife, and yet, though he has lost his own rights, hers remain in full force, and it would certainly be pressing the rule, requiring the husband to join (which is, in part, generally for the protection of the wife) to a strange consequence, if it could be used for her injury. The case of a bill of review, is not analogous to that of a suit for the land, where the joint estate is barred, and where neither can sue.

In other respects, in regard to the form of the proceeding, there does not appear to be any valid objection. There was a petition and affidavit, an offer to secure costs and other sums of money which might be required to be paid, and also security for costs of the bill filed as of common right. A remark may, however, be proper as to the junction of the two kinds of causes for review in the same bill. There would seem to be no objection in reason, to such a course, and the point has been so adjudged in the case of Colville v. Colville, 9 Hum., 526, and recognized at last term, in the case of Richmond v. Sypert, M. S. Indeed no objection is made here on this account.

This brings us to the consideration of the substance of the bill of review. Can this bill be sustained as founded upon new matter or new proof? The ordinance of Lord Bacon will be found at large, in the case of Eaton v. Dickinson, 3 Sneed, 401, and need not be repeated here. Such a bill must be for “ new matter which hath arisen in time after the decree,” or, “upon new proof that is come to light after the decree was made, which could not possibly have been used when the decree passed,” and can only be filed “by special license of the Court, and not otherwise.” It may also be remarked, that the new matter or new proof must be such as would have affected or altered the decree if offered at the time the “decree passed;” in other words, it must be relevant and material. In regard to the new matter and new proof, it is said by complainants, that two of them are married women, that they were so at the time of the decree, and have since so remained, that the other is an idiot, and has been such since her birth, and that no laches can be imputed to them. Certainly it is always a consideration where a demand is made after a great lapse of time, that the party making it has been, during the whole time, laboring under a legal disability. Parties in such situations do not, however, in many instances, wholly escape the consequences of neglect or inattention on the part of those whose duty it was to protect their interests. We feel fully the difficulty of attempting to eliminate any general principle from the multitude of cases to be found in the books upon the subject of laches. Each case has been made to depend, in a great degree, upon its special circumstances, and too much, perhaps, upon the particular consequences which might arise from the decision. In reason, surely laches should be imputed rather to an adult male, than to a married woman; to a married woman, ordinarily, rather than to an infant, to either of the two last, rather than to an idiot. But no general rule of a practical nature, can be safely laid down? nor is it to be expected, that abstract justice, after a great lapse of time, can, in all cases, be reached for all parties concerned in a cause.

It will be, perhaps, agreed on all hands, that the proceedings of Courts of Justice of general jurisdiction, should have greater benefit from presumptions, and the curing hand of time, than acts or omissions in private transactions. Representation in Courts of Justice, is a necessity of civilized society, and the acts or neglects of the representative must, in some degree, be binding upon the party represented. In this view, then, is it enough that John W. Head, at present the next friend of the married women, and George "W". Winchester, at present the guardian of Helen M., who is said to be an idiot, should make an affidavit that the new matter and new proof have lately come to their knowledge ? Should we not have the affidavits of the married women themselves, and of their husbands, who were parties to the original petition, especially of Alfred Wynne, who was appointed under one of the decrees to make title? Should we not inquire what was the knowledge of Lucilius Winchester, who was, at the time of the decree and afterwards, guardian for Helen M. ? What the knowledge of John J. White, who was their solicitor ? The knowledge of Lucilius Winchester must have extended to all of the matters now alleged as newly discovered. As commissioner, he sold the lands in Weakley and Stewart, and also the lands in Shelby, according to the assignment made under the so-called partition made in the County Court of that county. He sold an eighth instead of a fourth of the 1809 acres, in the face of the fa.ct that two-eighths were laid off to Winchester’s heirs; he sold the 252 acres, as laid off in severalty. His brother, Valerius, conveyed the eighth left by him, as upon the bond of their father, and which bond it is not denied, at some time, bad an existence. In addition to these things, after all of these sales were made and reported, two petitions were filed by all of the heirs, recognizing them. It is too late for the married women to say that these things were newly discovered. It is true, that if the idiot is to be bound at all, it must be upon the knowledge of her agents and representatives, and in the absence of all fraud and collusion, we think she must be so bound. In accordance with this view, is the case of Sheffield v. The Duchess of Buckingham, decided by Lord Hardwicke. Hardwicke’s Ch. R., page 684. He says in that case, in substance, that it is the knowledge of those, who were parties at the time, their guardians and agents, and not of subsequent solicitors or the heirs of the original parties that should be looked to.

But how have the complainants been aggrieved by their alleged want of knowledge. It is ' not alleged that it would have been better for them that the one-eighth of 1309 acres should have been sold undivided, than that it should have been assigned to them, and sold in town lots. It is not alleged that they did not get one full eighth in .the division. As to the other eighth, if that has been improperly conveyed by their brother Valerius, the decrees in the original case have nothing to do with it, and do not throw even a cloud over their right. If it were error to have sold an undivided eighth of a tract of land, or to have sold the eighth severed, and in parcels, under a void division, that is for the other branch of the case. The same remark will apply to the 252 acres in Shelby county, part of the Ramsay grant. As ' to the lands in Stewart and Weakley, if they were sold without authority, all possible benefit that could be derived from a bill for new matter, can be had upon that part of the bill which proceeds for errors apparent upon the face of the decrees. But in fact, in regard to these lands, the record would seem to show some things that appear to have escaped counsel on both sides. As to the undivided half of 1000 acres in Stewart, purchased by Lu-cilius Winchester; this, though ordered to be resold, was never in fact, resold at all. As to the two tracts in Weakley, they are both described in the petition, though, perhaps, erroneously stated to lie in Henry county, in which county ^ they probably were at the time of their location, though probably also in Weakley, a new county, at the time of their sale. The misdescription in the petition, in any event, would be cured by the report and its confirmation, as decided in Todd v. Cannon, 8 Hum. At last, is this new matter, in the sense of the ordinance ? If it be used to impeach the decree of July, 1829, it cannot affect it, as the so-called new matter is nothing but action under that decree, which, whether erroneous or not, could not impugn it. If it be used to impugn subsequent decrees, then, as to them, it is not new matter, as it had already arisen in time, &c. Upon these matters as new proof eome to light, &c., we have already sufficiently commented. The idiocy of Helen, is neither new matter, nor is the proof of it alleged to be newly discovered. Upon her rights as an idiot, • something is said in another part of this opinion.

Leave to file the bill for new matter was addressed to the sound discretion of the Chancellor, which leave, we think, was properly refused. How far length of time, change of circumstances, the intervention of new rights and interests, might be looked to in weighing the propriety of granting such leave, it is not necessary in this case to consider, as there are sufficient grounds to refuse the leave without taking into account such considerations. It may well be said, however, that where even a legal discretion is to be exercised, that it will bear debate, whether the interests of two or three innocent persons should be suffered to outweigh those of a hundred others equally without fault, but in a less favorable legal position. Should not the complaining parties be left to the inflexible rules of law to work out their stern claim. It remains to consider, whether the proceedings in the Chancery Court, at Carthage, are erroneous, and if so, whether the errors are of such a character as can affect Iona fide purchasers of the land under the decrees. I say bona fide purchasers of the land, because no error is alleged affecting the original parties to the cause. All the parties were petitioners, and all aggrieved in equal d_egree and in like manner, by the decrees and sales, however their rights might now vary, some being bound, and others not; some barred, and others not. No allegation is made of unfairness on the part of purchasers, or of collusion by or with any one, and no grievance is alleged, except that some of the lands have greatly risen in value.

The first error in order, as already stated, is, that the proceeding was by petition, and not by bill; and that the case was not conducted as other suits in equity, as required by the act of 1827, already referred to. This is a question which presented some difficulty to the member of the Court who writes this opinion; his impression had been that a proceeding inter partes was contemplated by the act, and that a petition was, at best, barely, permissible under its provisions. He knew that tbe practice of filing petitions was sanctioned, however, by many of tbe ablest members of tbe Bar.

In tbe origin of the Court of Chancery, so far as we are able to discover, the first step was a petition to the Chancellor, complaining of some wrong done, or of some right withheld, and asking that the defendant might be brought before him. No distinction seems then to have been taken between the terms petition and bill. Later, and when form had somewhat advanced, and when the subpoena had been introduced, proceedings of this description were required to be in English; and • from that time the petition or bill began to be called an “ English bill,” and, finally, simply a bill, or bill in equity, the name petition having beén dropped for an original proceeding. Petitions, as we find the word now used in works upon pleading and practice, are confined to applications of an interlocutory character pending a suit in equity, or, in England, to cases of special jurisdiction under acts of Parliament, where this mode of proceeding is directly indicated or necessarily implied. Dan. Ch. Pr., 1801. Under what are called the inherent powers of a Court of Chancery, it is not easy to conceive a case which would not require parties complainant and defendant. The proceeding is always to assert some right denied, or to have some wrong redressed by another. This is not necessarily so under our act of 1827. It may be necessary and proper to proceed under it when there is neither right withheld nor wrong done; but where there exists merely the vis inertice of disability, and where the advantage to the disabled party, of a sale, may be a s great as to the party who is sui juris. There may be, and are, cases of sole • owners of property who labor under disability, and whose lands it would ■ be proper to sell. A petitioner (not sui juris) jointly with others, though not so conveniently or availably under the protection of the Court as if he were a defendant brought in by process with either a general guardian or guardian ad litem, is still under its shield, and his prochein ami may be made to subserve his interest.

A subsequent Legislature seems to have regarded the mode of procedure proper to sell lands of infants under the act of 1827, as either by bill or petition. By the 18th section of the act of 1885, ch. 20, exclusive original jurisdiction is given to the Chancery Court of all cases in equity to be commenced by bill, petition, or otherwise,' except petitions or bills for the partition or sale of real estate, &c. The case of G. C. Brown, 8 Hum., 207, is a case where a petition was filed by a •minor, by • iris guardian, to sell land of which he was sole owner; and this was decided to be competent under the act of 1827. No question was made as to the propriety of proceeding by petition, although it was necessarily involved in the case, as he must proceed in that way if he proceeded at all. .This case was recognized as law at the last term in the case of Hickman v. Brunson, though this point was not alluded to. In the same volume of Humphries’ Reports is the case of Blackmore v. Shelby, page 439. This was a case decided upon a petition, filed in the Circuit Court of Montgomery by •adult males, married women joining their husbands, and minors by their guardian; and the proceeding was held good. Finally, at the last term of this Court, the case of Davidson v. Bowden et al., was decided, where the petition was of a similar character with the last, and though the petition was dismissed for other causes, and it was held to be error to make such a joinder of parties, the proceeding by petition was not held to be void. The mode of proceeding by petition seems to be piacticed in North Carolina upon a statute similar to ours, (see 2 Dev. & Eat. Eq., 63,) though it does not appear that it is required there to proceed by bill, or that the suit is to be conducted as other suits in equity. The point presented in this case seems not heretofore to have been directly made upon the act of 1827. We are of opinion, however, that it would be going too far now, after what has been already shown, to declare a proceeding by petition under the act of 1827, void. It is not, however, intended to disturb the decision of the Court in Davidson v. Bowden et al. It is still held that it is error to file a petition embracing adults, married women and their husbands, and minors together, and that the most proper mode of proceeding under the act of 1727, where minors are interested, is by bill inter partes, and making the minors defendants.

The second matter assigned as error is, that the married women were joined with their husbands in the petition. We deem this not only no error, but there is some doubt whether it would not have been error if they had not been so joined. The subject matter was not the separate estate of the wife, and she had no interest antagonistic to that of her husband. Story’s Eq. Pl., § 61. Such joinder was in accordance with the general practice in this State.

Upon tbe third, matter assigned as error, upon the reasoning already offered and upon the authority of the Case of Davidson v. Bowden et al., above referred to, we are of opinion that the joining of Helen M., as a minor, with the others, was erroneous. The fourth and fifth matters assigned as error will be considered together.

According to the case of Eaton v. Dickinson, it is not competent to look to the proof upon a bill of review. It is sufficient, if the decree is consistent with itself and the pleadings. It is insisted, however, that it should appear in the decree itself that “satisfactory proof” was made, or that enough is not recited to give the Court jurisdiction, for that the jurisdiction given by the act of 1827 is a special jurisdiction, and not (according to a remark of Judge Reese, in the case of Norment v. Wilson, 5 Hum., 311) to be given any amplitude of construction. The case of Davidson v. Bowden et al., is also referred to upon this point. Consistently with both of those cases, the decree in this case, we think, may be supported. The statement in the decree, the Court being satisfied of the truth of said petition, and that it is for the manifest advantage of the heirs that said lands be sold,” we regard as equivalent to the statement that it appeared to the Court that the facts stated, &c., were true. The statement that they appeared to the Court, or that the Court was satisfied, &c., could not be made with truth, if the facts appeared otherwise than by proof, as their appearing in any other way would have been equivalent to their not appearing at all. In the case' of Davidson v. Bowden, the questions came up upon a bill by the purchasers, while the original cause was still in Court, and the proceedings being still in fieri, the matters were examined as upon w'rit of error or appeal. What was called the proof was looked at and compared with the decree, and in that case it is said the decree itself, in general terms, ordered the sale without the statement of any facts, or expression of any opinion that the lands could not properly be partitioned, or that it was for the interest of the minors. It is said, however, that independently of the act of 1827, and upon the general requirements of a Court of Equity, the facts upon which a decree is founded should be stated in it, and that none are ' stated in this decree. It will be observed that this decree was passed before the adoption of the Chancery rule of 1830, requiring the facts to be stated in the decree. Subsequently to the adoption of this rule, and upon a case arising under it, the cause of Burdine v. Shelton came before this Court, (see 10 Yer., p. 41.) and there the decree sought to be reviewed stated that the cause “ came on to be heard upon the pleadings and proof, &c., and the matters being considered and fully understood by the Court, the Court thinks proper to order and decree.” The Court held that this was not a sufficient statement of facts within the rule, and perhaps would have held that it was not sufficient before the rule. It is not very clear what were the requirements in this respect before the adoption of the rule of 1830. There had not, perhaps, been any very well settled practice in Tennessee. Mr. Story, in his Equity Pleadings, § 407, says: In England decrees are usually drawn up with a special statement of, or reference to the material grounds of fact which support the decree. In the Courts of the United States, the decrees are usually general, without any such statement of facts.’” Again he says, (upon a bill- of reyiew,) “taking the facts to be as they are stated to be upon the face of the decree, you must show that the Court have erred in point of law. If, therefore, the decree do not contain a statement of the material facts on which the decree proceeds, it is plain that there can be no relief by a bill of review, but only by an appeal to some superior tribunal.” He refers to Dexter v. Arnold, 5 Mason R., 311. In the case of Whiting v. The Bank of the U. S., 13 Peters, p. 6, &c., the Court say: “ In America the decree does not, ordinarily, recite either the bill, answer, or pleadings, and, generally, not the facts upon which the decree is founded.” Upon this decree, then, made before the adoption of our rule of 1880, it is believed the recital is sufficient. Its statements are equivalent to the statement, it appeared to the Court that the facts stated in the petition are true; and thereupon the Court, first expressing an opinion that the sale would be proper, proceeds to decree. In Bur-dine v. Shelton, nothing is stated to have appeared to the Court, nor is any opinion expressed. From the intimation in that opinion, the decree in this case would, probably, have been held good under the rule of 1830. The decision of this point, from the existing state of the law, can, probably, have but little effect beyond the present case.

Upon the sixth ground of error enough has been already said to show that this assignment is made from a mistake in the examination of the record. The land in Stewart was, in fact, never resold, and the lands in Weakley were only misdescribed, which misdescription was corrected by the report.

Seventh. Was it error that Helen M. Winchester appeared as a minor, by her guardian as such, when she was in fact an idiot, (as well as a minor,) and had no guardian as such ? It has been already said that she could not take advantage of this upon a bill of review for new matter. Is it error apparent on the decree ? It does not appear at all in the proceedings, and can not, therefore, be error apparent, &c. If error at all, it is error in fact, and would be ground for an original bill, 'either in the nature of a bill of review or otherwise. Upon the effect of such an error, if it be one, this case does not demand a decision.

The eighth ground of error is, that some of the lands were not in the Chancery district. This was not material. Some of the lands were within the district, and certainly it was not intended by the Legislature that there should be as many bills as there were tracts of land in different districts or counties. Besides, this has been decided not to be error in the case of Todd v. Cannon, 8 Hum., above referred to. And such has, as I am informed by my brethren, been the practice of the Court.

The ninth cause assigned for error is, that the married women were not privily examined in regard to their consent to pass their real estate. These lands were derived by descent, and. were not the separate estate of the wives. There are many cases in which wives have been privily examined in Court in regard to the passing of their separate estates, in regard to their waiver of an equitable settlement, &c., &c., but there is no case known to the Court where the wife has been so examined where it has been sought to .divest her of ■mere legal interest in land held jointly with ber husband. Since tbe passage of the act of 1801, § 48, authorizing the divestiture of title as a substitute for conveyance, the mode of compelling a conveyance by attachment has fallen altogether into desuetude, and could not now be lawfully resorted to, and, perhaps, never could have been brought to bear directly against a married woman. She, under the old mode of proceeding, could • only be made to suffer vicariously by laying the husband by the heels, and this in all cases was not an effectual remedy. Suppose, under the act of 1827, a married woman should be unwilling to have her land sold, and should therefore by the other tenants in common be made a defendant, could not her interest in the land be divested without 'a privy examination? It would seem that it could, or the statute would be wholly nugatory. Suppose two married women to be tenants in common of a tract of land which musi^ be sold for partition, one or the other must be complainant. Can one demand against the other a divestiture of title by decree when her own estate can only be parted with by privy examination ? Whether a married woman should be privily examined or not can not, certainly, depend upon her accidental position in the suit as complainant or defendant. When a bill is filed in a Court of Chancery by the husband, in the name of himself and wife, it is sometimes called the suit of the husband, and the wife is in many eases not in all respects bound by such suit. Ordinarily, however, as already remarked, in cases where their interests are not antagonistic, a joining is not only proper, but necessary. Our act of 1827 was for convenience, intended to act by divestiture of title by decree, and it chooses to repose some confidence in the conjugal relation, and not to regard husband and wife as occupying that attitude militant which some of our law books seem to countenance, and which the civil law directly encourages.

The objection that the lands are not sufficiently identified comes, certainly, too late upon a bill of review, after the special reports and other proceedings by which this cause of objection, if it existed, was thoroughly obviated. A demurrer for this cause might have deserved some consideration. Todd v. Cannon, 8 Hum.

Was it error to direct the sale of an undivided one-eighth of 1,309 acres of land near Memphis? Such a decree would not be void under the act of 1827, as it is a present interest, embarrassed only by its connection with other claimants. Yet, certainly, such a mode of sale would not be favored upon appeal or writ of error, and would probably be held erroneous. We see, however, in fact, by the subsequent proceedings in the cause, that this one-eighth had been severed from the other portions of the land, whether, by a valid proceeding or not it is not necessary to inquire as it was for the benefit of complainants, the sale of it, in its severed form, was reported and confirmed, and two petitions filed recognizing such severance and sale. The parties were not aggrieved by it in fact, nor do they now claim that they were aggrieved by it. Story’s Eq. Pl., § 409.

The case for a sale, it is said, is not stated with sufficient certainty in the petition. This is but faintly insisted upon; and, indeed, upon looking into the petition, we see nothing to ground it upon. It would not have been good upon special demurrer. The petition complies, in this respect, with all of the requisitions of the statute.

Something was said of a day in Court for the infants. The doctrine upon that subject has no application where title is divested by decree, but only where the infant is directed to convey. This was held in England so long ago as the time of Lord Hardwicke, who says in Sheffield v. The Duchess of Buckingham, already referred to, “ I take it to be the course of the-Court not to give day unless a conveyance is directed1 either in form or in substance.”

The last objection is one that, if well founded, would seriously affect the whole proceeding. It is, that the present complainants were not made parties to the petition. It is admitted for the idiot complainant, that the petition was signed by her guardian, stating that he signed as well for himself as for her; and it is also-not denied, though evasively admitted by the married, women, that it wa,s signed by them. Now the petition sets out “ your petitioners, the undersigned,” and this would seem to embrace the married women. They too-are, together with Helen M., named in the petition as-heirs of James Winchester. In another part of the' petition it is said, “your petitioners represent unto your honor that the following real estate has descended to-them as heirs of the said James.” Again, it is said in the petition, “ so far as the minor heirs are concerned,, it is equally for their interest, with that of the rest of' your petitioners.” Thus identifying the petitioners with the heirs. The form of signing by the guardian is certainly not material; whether he signed Lucilius Winchester for Helen M. or Helen M. by Lucilius. Substantially the petition is as good as if it had set out “your petitioners, A., B., C., D.,” &c.

How far can the errors and irregularities in the proceedings at Carthage be examined by bill of review? It has been strongly insisted for complainants, that for errors apparent on the [.face of the record a bill of review stands upon the same footing as a writ of error; that the discovery of error must necessarily be followed by reversal. This position is not favored by the reflection that for a writ of error only one year is allowed, with no saving for persons under disability, and that for a bill of review three years are allowed, with an indefinite saving for persons disabled. And this was so previously to the act of 1885, when a writ of error could not be used to examine into the facts of the case. In the view of the complainants a bill of review may have the effect against the original parties of reversing so much of the proceedings as were erroneous, and of striking from under third parties, purchasers, and others, the only prop of their titles; in effect, as to them, of declaring the whole proceedings void.

Now we think it may be laid down as a general rule, that whenever a Court of Chancery, or other Court of general jurisdiction, possesses jurisdiction of the subject matter of litigation, and has acquired jurisdiction of the parties, that as to third parties interested under its judgments and decrees, its proceedings cannot be held to be void after a final disposition of a cause. And, in this respect, it is not material whether the jurisdiction be inherent or statutory, provided the statute be of a general and public nature. To this, as a general proposition, a general assent may be given; and still it may be urged, that for consequences a Court is not responsible, nor can they be looked to, that error authoritatively demands reversal.

It has been urged upon some general expressions in elementary writers, that when a decree has been executed the party complaining may, upon reversal, be put into the situation in which he would have been, if the decree had not been executed. The expression thus used, (among others by Mr. Story, in his Eq. Pl., sec. 420,) we apprehend relates only to the original parties to the decree. He is only taking a distinction in general between decrees not executed, and those which had been executed. If it is to be given a larger scope, it is not sustained by authority. Now in this case, no grievance is complained of under the execution of the original decree, by one of the parties against another, and evidently the purchasers, or some of them, are made parties to affect them, and they alone can be affected.

If a reversal is not to affect purchasers in this case, it would be idle and nugatory, or possibly hereafter embarrassing. If it is to affect them, and them alone, then can a reversal be had ?

If we appeal to reason, as upon a case of first impression, it would seem to be too much to expect, that a purchaser at a chancery sale should be bound to take notice, not only that the Court had authority to make it, but that it had pursued that authority with technical nicety and regularity through all the intricacies of a chancery law-suit. If, in addition, the purchaser should know that irregularities and errors might be visited upon him, not when the transaction was fresh and his condition in a great degree unchanged, but even at the end of a long life, or upon his children after his death, it would throw a burden and a check upon public sales that would materially clog the wheels of public justice, and injuriously affect the interests of parties litigant. Upon this question, however, we are not without authority. The case of Bennett v. Hamill, 2 Sch. & Lef., 577, is one where a bill was filed by Bennett to impeach a decree, (made during his infancy,) for fraud and error, and to have a sale, made under it, set aside. The Chancellor, Lord. Redesdale, “a great name in the law,” was of opinion that there had been both fraud and error in the original proceedings, the fraud not, however, affecting the purchaser. He says, “ I must confess, after considering this a good deal, I think it would be too much to say that a purchaser under a decree of that description, can be bound to look into all these circumstances; if he is, he must go through all the proceedings, from the beginning to the end; and have the opinion of the Court that the decree is right in all its parts, and that it would be impossible to alter it in any respect. The cases warrant no such opinion. On the contrary, as far as I can find, the general impression they give is, that the purchaser has a right to presume that the Court has taken the steps necessary to investigate the rights of the parties, and that it has, on that investigation, properly decreed a sale; then he is to see that this is a decree binding the parties claiming the estate, that is, to see that all proper parties to be bound, are before the Court.” In such a case, he concludes, that though the decree may be erroneous, the title of the purchaser ought not to be invalidated. In strictness, it is true, this- was not a bill of review, but an ■ original in tbe nature of a bill of review, and perhaps on this account stronger than the case now before the Court. In this opinion of Lord Redesdale, he refers to the case of Lloyd v. Johnes, before Lord Elden, 9 Ves., 37, and says that it was a case fully considered, and where the irregularity in the proceedings was far beyond that in Bennett v. Hamill, and yet Lord Elden conceived that the title of the purchaser could not be impeached on these grounds, “ that he had a right to be protected, for that a purchaser had a right to presume that the Court had done right.”

These cases are mentioned with approval by Chancellor Kent, in Denning v. Smith, 3 Johns Ch. R., 344.

In the case of Whiting et al. v. The Bank of U. S., 9 Peters, 11, decided by Judge Story, the bill, though not altogether in form, was, in substance, a bill of review. It was the case of a sale by decree of Court under a mortgage. The bill of review was filed by parties who were heirs of one Whiting, who, though not owner, had an interest in the land sold. The decree of foreclosure was made before Whiting’s death; the sale afterwards, without revivor against his heirs. In the original case, one Breckenridge had not been made a party, who, the Court said, should properly have been a party. In speaking of the decree of foreclosure as final, the Judge says: “The defendants had a right' to appeal from that decree as final upon the merits, as soon as it was pronounced, in order to prevent an irreparable mischief to themselves. Eor if the sale had been completed under the decree, the title of the purchaser would not have been overthrown or invalidated, even by a reversal of the decree.” Again, in speaking of Breckenridge’s not having been a party, he says : “ We think, therefore, that this error, if any there be, not being to the prejudice of complainants, cannot furnish any ground for them to maintain the present bill; for no party to a decree can, by the general principles of equity, claim a reversal of a decree upon a bill of review, unless he has been aggrieved by it, whatever may have been his rights to insist on the error at the original hearing, or on an appeal.” As to the omission to revive against Whiting’s heirs, the Judge says: “If then the original decree was unobjectionable and conclusive; if there has beén no fraud in the subsequent sale, pursuant to that decree, and if there has been in a legal sense,” (this, refers to the sale under which this property was probably sacrificed,) no prejudice to any of the rights of the plaintiffs in the original decree, or the sale then, although there was no revivor, there is no error upon which a bill of review will lie, to entitle the parties to a reversal.” Without saying whether this, was error or not, the Court “ does mean to say that the non-revival was not matter of error, for which the proceeding on the sale under the original decree (for that is all which the present bill seeks to redress) can, or ought to be reversed.” The same principle in regard to bona fide purchasers is sustained, though not upon bills of review, in two cases in Kentucky, one of Amos v. Stockton, 5 J. J. Marsh., 638, and the other of Kercheval v. Berry, 6 J. J. Marsh., 508; these cases were decided upon writs of error, the writ of error, as it is believed in Kentucky, reacting only error upon the face of the record, as in a bill of review.

There is one case cited in complainant’s brief, which would seem, at first view, to’ be in conflict with this doctrine, but which, when rightly looked at, is by no means at variance with it. It is the case of the Bank of U. S. v. Ritchie, 8 Peters, 140. It was a case where an administrator to an estate had purchased the land of his intestate fraudulently, under a decree in a cause to which he was a party. The proceedings were reversed upon review, and the sale set aside. The administrator was in no sense a bona fide purchaser; being an original party, he had actual notice of all the proceedings, and was guilty also of acts of bad faith.

In the case now before the Court, the whole object of review and reversal is, manifestly, to affect the purchasers at the sale. No fraud is charged against them, nor against any one else. The complainants are not shown to have been aggrieved by any error in the record, unless it be a grievance that the property has since risen in value. If the reversal is not to affect the purchasers, it would be but a barren and bootless victory, giving hopes that might lead to litigation and embarrassment, but which must result in injury to all concerned.

It is urged, however, that the Court can neither look to consequences, nor to the statements in the bill of review, except so far as those statements are rigidly connected with the question of error apparent on the face of the record, so far as that part of the case is concerned. To the first of these propositions, we do not unqualifiedly assent, and we think we are sustained in this, both by reason and authority; .to the second, we may assent without affecting the conclusions to which we are brought.

Upon the whole matter then, we are of opinion that there was no error in the decree of the Chancellor; that leave was properly refused to file this as a bill of review for new matter or upon new proof, and that when filed as for errors apparent on the face of the record, ft was properly dismissed.

Let the decree be affirmed.  