
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Michael Marks, Appellant.
    (Court of General Sessions of the Peace, County of New York,
    October, 1909.)
    Criminal law — Offenses and grades thereof — Acts constituting offenses — Offering theatre tickets for sale without a license.
    Peddling — Who are peddlers — Not one who offers theatre tickets for sale merely.
    Every section of the Code of Ordinances of the city of New York which in any way related to ticket speculators was repealed from and after January 15, 1909, by an ordinance duly adopted by the board of aldermen and signed by the mayor; and a conviction upon a charge of offering to sell theatre tickets without having procured a license since that date cannot be sustained.
    A theatre ticket, being a mere license and evidence of a right to enter a theatre and occupy a definite seat, cannot be regarded as merchandise; and the offering of such tickets for sale does not' constitute hawking and peddling and may be conducted without a license.
    The payment of a fine, imposed upon defendant upon his conviction for offering to sell tickets for admission to a theatre without having procured a license therefor, does not preclude his appeal from such conviction.
    Appeal from a judgment of the Magistrate’s Oourt, Second District, First Division.
    Louis Marshall for appellant.
    Wm. Travers Jerome, district attorney, Francis K. Pendleton, corporation counsel (Clarence L. Barber and Loyal Leale, of counsel), for respondent.
   Mulqueen, J.

This is an appeal, granted by Mr. Justice Bosalsky, from the judgment of Magistrate Kernochan, sitting in the Magistrate’s Court, Second District, First Division, on May 21, 1909, imposing upon the defendant a fine of five dollars for offering to sell tickets for admission to the Victoria Theatre without having procured a license therefor.”

The return shows that the defendant was arrested on the complaint of Hugh J ones, a police officer, charging that, on the 21st day of May, 1909, at the city of Hew York, in the county of Hew York, Michael Marks did unlawfully offer to sell tickets for admission to the Victoria Theatre on above date at 8 p. m. without having procured a license therefor, in violation of chapter 7, section 306, of the Ordinances of the Corporation of the City of Hew York.”

The magistrate certified that, after having in due form of law examined the complainant and the witnesses before him produced, and the said Michael Marks, “ and it appearing that an offence has been committed, and that there is probable cause to believe the prisoner aforementioned to be guilty thereof, I fix the amount of the fine at the sum of five (5) dollars.”

The defendant then paid the fine, under protest.

The testimony forming part of the return shows that the only pretext for the arrest was the fact that the defendant offered to sell tickets, his license having expired.

Section 306 of the Code of Ordinances, under which the defendant was arrested, is to be read in conjunction with sections 305, 307, 349 and 350 of the Code of Ordinances of the city of ¡New York, as they existed prior to December 22, 1908.

Section 305 read as follows: “ The following businesses must be duly licensed as herein provided, namely, public cart-men, truckmen, hackmen, cabmen, expressmen, drivers, junk dealers, dealers in second hand articles, hawkers, peddlers, venders, ticket speculators, coal scalpers, common shows, shooting galleries, bowling alleys, billiard tables, dirt carts, exterior hoists and stands within stoop-lines and under the stairs of the elevated stations.”

Section 306 read as follows: “ ¡No person shall engage in or carry on any such business without a license therefor under a penalty of not less than two dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars for each offense, and for the purposes of this ordinance the term persons shall include any human being or lawful association of such.”

Section 308, so far as material, read as follows: “ The annual license fees shall be as below enumerated: * * * For each ticket speculator * * * $50.00 * * *”

Section 309 read as follows: “Any license, before its expiration or within thirty days thereafter, may be renewed for another term, upon payment of one-half of the license fee above designated therefor.”

Section 349 read as follows: “Any person selling or offering to sell in any street of the city of ¡New York any ticket of admission to any public place of amusement for any price shall be deemed a ticket speculator, and no ticket speculator shall sell or offer for sale nor shall any tickets of admission be sold on the sidewalk in front of the entrance to any place of amusement.”

Section 350 read as follows: “ No ticket speculator shall deceive any purchaser by misstating or misrepresenting what is secured to the purchaser by the ticket sold, under a penalty of not less than two dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars for each offense.”

These constitute all of the provisions of the Code of Ordinances of the city of New York which in any way affect ticket speculators.

On December 1, 1908, the board of aldermen adopted the following ordinance, which was approved by the mayor on December 15, 1908.

“An ordinance to repeal parts of title 2 of chapter 7 of part 1 of the Code of Ordinances of the City of New York, relating particularly to ticket speculators.

Be it Ordained by the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York, as follows:

“ Section 1. Section 305 of article 1 of title 2 of chapter ■ 7, part 1 of the Code of Ordinances of the city of New York, adopted October 30, 1906, and approved November 18, 1906, is hereby amended by striking therefrom the words ' ticket speculators ’ and section 308 of article 2, chapter 7, part 1 of said Code of Ordinances, is hereby amended by striking therefrom the words ' for each ticket speculator, $50; ’ and sections 349 and 350 of said title 2, chapter 7 of part 1 of said Code of Ordinances are hereby repealed.

“ Sec. 2. This ordinance to take effect thirty days after the date of its approval by the mayor.”

It is thus evident that every section of the Code of Ordinances which in any way related to ticket speculators was repealed, from and after January 15, 1909, that being thirty days after the date of the approval of the ordinances, just quoted, by the mayor.

It requires no further argument, therefore, than a statement of this proposition, to indicate that the defendant has been convicted of an offense which did not exist. There was no requirement that any ticket speculator should have a license. The business, being a lawful business, can now be conducted without the permission of the local authorities; and, the defendant having been arrested merely for plying his lawful vocation, his arrest and conviction are without justification.

The business of ticket speculator is protected by the Constitution as a lawful occupation. People ex rel. Tyroler v. Warden, 157 N. Y. 116.

While it is conceded that the Legislature may regulate the business and require the securing of a license as a condition to its conduct, in the absence of a statute or ordinance providing for such license, it necessarily follows that the business "can be freely conducted; and those engaged in it are entitled to be protected rather than to be persecuted.

But it is contended by the learned counsel for the People that “ payment of the fine concluded the action, and this appeal is purely academic.”

If there is any force in this contention, the point should have been raised by counsel on the motion for allowance of appeal. Mr. Justice Besalsky allowed the appeal, and I am of the opinion that his action renders it necessary for me to consider this case on its merits. But I do not agree with the learned counsel that the question is purely academic. I am of opinion that, if the defendant had been unjustly compelled to pay a fine, his money should -be returned to him. Of far more importance, however, is the defendant’s right to be relieved of the odium and disgrace of a conviction. To a citizen of good reputation, this is of more serious consequence, and the pecuniary damage he has sustained is of trifling import.

The learned counsel for the People further" maintains that the “ defendant was properly fined for hawking and peddling merchandise without a license.”

But the defendant was not charged with such an offense. It is the defendant’s right to have the charge against him clearly, definitely and specifically stated. Under the charge in this case he could not have been convicted of hawking and peddling merchandise.

Furthermore, if such had been the charge, he could not have been convicted under the circumstances disclosed by the testimony. There is a sharp and clear distinction between the business of ticket speculator and the hawking and peddling of merchandise. This difference was recognized in the city ordinances prior to December, 1908. I am of opinion that a theatre ticket cannot he regarded as merchandise, in the sense contemplated by the ordinance. A theatre ticket is a mere license; it is evidence of a right to enter a theatre and occupy a definite seat. It resembles notes and bonds, which are evidences of indebtedness. It has been held that notes and bonds are not embraced within the term merchandise.

The terms “ hawking ” and peddling ” refer to the manner in which the business is carried on, and not to the business itself. The terms have a well-lmown and precise meaning, and cannot by any reasonable interpretation be applied to the offering of tickets for sale.

For these reasons, I believe that the. business of a ticket speculator is lawful and that no license is necessary to carry it on in this city; hence it follows that the defendant was improperly convicted.

The judgment is reversed and a new trial ordered.

Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.  