
    KITTANNING COAL CO. v. THE COMMONWEALTH.
    A classification of coal mining and purchasing and selling companies is not beyond the legislative power, and the tax being clearly uniform upon tlieir business, measured by the extent of it, is not only within the meaning of the constitution, but is equal and just.
    Error to the Common Pleas of Dauphin County.
   Opinion delivered May 31, 1875, by

Agnew, C. J.

We are of opinion that the tax imposed by the 7th section of the Act of April 24, 1874, is upon the corporate franchise of this company measured by its business, to wit, by the number of tons of coal mined or purchased and sold by it, and is not upon the coal itself. The tax thus imposed upon the franchises is uniform, it being at the rate of three cents upon every gross ton mined or purchased and sold. The argument against the tax must therefore deny the right of classification. The classification here is of incorporated coal mining and purchasing and selling companies, and the subject of taxation their franchise or privilege of pursuing this business. Now what is there to prevent the Legislature from making this class ? It is not expressly forbidden in the first section of the ninth article of the constitution. It says : “ All taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws.” Clearly there is nothing in this prohibiting the power to classify. Will it be argued that persons or the owners of property cannot be classified? For example, can it be said that all single freemen cannot be required to pay a uniform tax ? Or that the owners of horses or mules or of cattle cannot be taxed upon their horses, mules and cattle at a certain rate ? , Or that the owner of unseated lands, or of farms, or mills, or houses and lots cannot be taxed at a uniform rate? What difference is there between saying that all horses and mules shall be taxed a certain rate and saying that the owners of these horses and mules shall be taxed at the *same rate upon them ? The distinction is evidently unmeaning. Persons pay taxes, not property. This is so even when the remedy for the recovery of the tax is in rem. The law only takes hold of the property as a means of enforcing the duty of the person. When the constitution enjoins uniformity of taxation it is because of the rights of the citizen, not the right possessed by his property. Property is known to society and controlled only through its ownership, and even when by death or other cause it becomes common the law.immediately gives to it a new owner, and thereby prevents the strife which would attend appropriation by seizure and occupancy. Hence when the constitution said that all taxes shall be uniformed upon the same class of subjects within a given territory, it did not mean to separate the property from its owners, or, that property and not persons should pay taxes. This would be simply absurd, for inanimate things cannot perform duties. Taxes should be uniform because of the rights of the citizens to bear no more than equal burdens. The whole argument on this question of uniformity rests on this right of the citizen to be exempt from unequal burdens in supporting government. That he who hás more to be protected by government should pay more for its support is a plain rule. But without the power to classify men as well as things, this undesirable inequality cannot be avoided, for if visible or tangible things only can be classified for taxation, then those whose wealth consists in that which is not visible or tangible, though it is far beyond the few visible effects of the poorer citizen, will not bear their proper share of the public burden. And among corporators or artificial persons the same result will take place. For instance, the invested capital of a water company and a coal company may be equal, yet in a certain state of the market the coal may be without profit, while the water may bring in a large return. To tax one on the tons of coal sold and the other upon the quantity of water delivered would be grossly unequal. But by classification this inequality between persons, natural or artificial, can be avoided. It is clear, therefore, that the moment we concede the power to classify we have disposed of the question of uniformity, for then all that is required by the constitution is uniformity of taxes among the members of the class. Now the power to classify is not only retained in clear language, but was held by the court to be continued in the case of Kitty Roup v. The City of Pittsburg. This power was possessed under the Constitution of 1790, and had been executed in numerous laws and existed when the new constitution was framed and adopted. Thus real estate had been classified as seated and unseated and various kinds, as houses, lands, lots of ground, ground rents, mills, manufactories, furnaces, ferries and others. The classification of personal property was equally various, to wit: Slaves, horses, mules, cattle, carriages, watches, bonds, mortgages, stocks, moneys at interest, profit, etc. *So trades, professions, callings and even single men were taxed by classification. Taxes were laid in various forms, as rates on values, rates on dividends or profits, and by specific sums on specified articles. These things were well known to the convention of 1873, yet no change was made in the power to classify, but it was recognized by saying that all taxes shall be uniformed on the same class of subjects within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, by the latter clause even extending the power to classify by limiting the class to certain bounds. We must conclude, therefore, that a classification of coal mining and purchasing and selling companies is not beyond the legislative power, and the tax being clearly uniform upon their business, measured by the extent of it, is not only within the meaning of the constitution, but is equal and just.

Judgment affirmed.  