
    In re PETITION FOR INCREASE OF STREET CAR FARES IN THE CITY OF CHARLOTTE, THE SOUTHERN PUBLIC UTILITIES COMPANY, Petitioner, and the CITY OF CHARLOTTE, Respondent.
    (Filed 27 December, 1919.)
    1. Statutes — Police Powers — Municipal Corporations — Cities and Towns— Railroads — Street Railways — Passenger Fares — Contracts—Private Rights — Constitutional Law — Carriers of Passengers.
    The Legislature, either directly or through appropriate governmental agencies, has the power to establish reasonable regulations for public-service corporations in matters affecting the public interest; and where such corporations have devoted their property to the public use and are operating under a legislative charter and exercising the right of eminent domain therein conferred, they are, in a peculiar sense, subject to the .police power of the State conferring it, to which, when properly exerted in reference to these companies, the proprietary rights of individual ownership must, to that extent, be subordinated to the public welfare.
    3. Same-7-Corporation Commission.
    A corporation commission is created under the provisions of our statute, Rev., 1054, et seq. (ch. 20), giving it general supervision over railways, street railways, and like companies of the State, and empowering it to fix such rates, charges and tariffs as may be reasonable and just, having in view the value of the property, the cost of improvements and maintenance, the probable earning capacity under the proposed rates, the sums required to meet operating expenses, and other specific matters pertinent to such an inquiry, and these being police powers delegated to this commission, governmental so far as they extend, a public service street railway company, operating under a city charter, and under a contract with the city restricting the passenger fare authorized to be charged its patrons, may be authorized in conformity with the act, to raise its charges to its passengers, when in the opinion of the commission such is necessary for it to properly maintain its system, allowing a reasonable profit, to meet the requirements of the public for adequate, safe, and convenient service.
    8. Same — Appeal and Error.
    Under the provisions of our statute, Rev., 1054, et seq. (ch. 20), any party affected by the order of the corporation commission as to rates or charges for passengers by a street railway company, etc., is given the right of appeal to the courts from such order, and the rate of charges so fixed are to be considered just and reasonable charges for the services rendered, unless and until they shall be charged or modified on appeal, or the further action of the commission itself, approving R. R. v. R. R., 173 N. 0., 413.
    4. Same — Discrimination.
    A public service railway corporation operating in various localities may not by contract fix its passenger fares and thus prevent the corporation commission, under the authority conferred by statute, from determining what rates are, under the circumstances, just and reasonable, for such would authorize such companies to discriminate, unlawfully, among its patrons.
    5. Corporation Commission — Railroads—Street Railways — Passengers— Rates — Municipalities—Contracts—Parties—Appeal and Error — Carriers of Passenger’s.
    It is the duty and assuming the right of a municipality granting its charter to a corporation to operate a street car system therein (Rev., 2916, subsec. 6), and which, by contract, has limited the fares to be charged passengers within a certain amount, to represent the public in proceedings upon petition filed by the railway company before the corporation commission requesting that it be permitted to raise the fares beyond those limited in the contract, and the municipality may appeal through the courts as the statute prescribes, when the order is adverse to it or the interest it represents, as a “party affected by the decision and determination of the commission,” expressly provided for by the statute.
    
      PROCEEDINGS instituted before tbe Corporation Commission for an increase of street car rates, beard on appeal before Adams, J., at February and March Term, 1919, of Mecklenburg.
    Tbe petition was filed by tbe Southern Public Utilities Company, operating street cars in tbe city of Charlotte, and in which it was alleged “That on account of tbe abnormal increase in tbe price of steel, copper, cars, and all equipment and material, and tbe increased cost of labor incident to our business, your petitioner cannot profitably nor properly conduct its street railway at tbe present pre-war rates.” That it bad been charging a 5-cent fare with eleven tickets for 50 cents, and closed with tbe prayer that it might be granted tbe privilege of increasing said rate to 1 cents, with the understanding that tbe company would sell four tickets at 25 cents.
    Tbe city of Charlotte, made a party by notice issued by direction of tbe commission, appeared and resisted tbe application. Tbe bearing was set for 8 July at tbe city of Ealeigh; tbe parties appeared, and on suggestion from tbe city’s counsel that as tbe developments of tbe bearing might render a further presentation of facts necessary on tbe part of tbe city, they would ask for that privilege. Tbe chairman replied that it was tbe purpose of tbe commission to get at tbe real facts with as little formality as possible, and that if it became necessary to make further investigation to set forth tbe substantial facts, opportunity would be given. Tbe bearing was then entered upon, no formal answer having been filed.
    For tbe petitioner, tbe president of tbe company was examined, making an elaborate statement of conditions, which it was claimed justified tbe proposed increase.
    On tbe cross-examination tbe city of Charlotte sought to disclose that tbe facts and conditions presented did not justify tbe increase. That tbe company bad given an overvaluation of tbe property, and bad made excessive claims for depreciation, etc.
    At tbe close of tbe examination of this witness, tbe taking of tbe oral testimony was not further-pursued.
    Tbe following day tbe company, by leave given, submitted to tbe commission certain data in illustration and support of tbe oral evidence of its president.
    On 13 July, 5 days after tbe first bearing, pursuant to leave given, tbe city of Charlotte filed its formal answer resisting tbe application in terms as follows:
    “Tbe city of Charlotte, in behalf of tbe citizens and patrons of tbe street ear service of tbe petitioner, responding to tbe petition in tbe above entitled matter, say and allege as follows:
    
      “1. Tbat as tbis respondent is advised and believes, tbe valuation placed on tbe property of tbe petitioner, for wbicb and upon wbicb it claims tbe returns of its street railway system is excessive and larger tban tbe actual value of said property, and tbat if a fair valuation is placed on sucb property tbe returns from tbe operation thereof at present prices would be adequate to cover all operating expenses, including overhead expenses and a reasonable sum for depreciation, and would in addition thereto yield tbe petitioner sucb a return upon tbe investment as should be satisfactory to tbe petitioner in war times, when, all of tbe citizenship as well as corporations are necessarily being called upon to bear extraordinary burdens incident to tbe war, and to conduct their business at either no profit or at a much less profit tban under normal circumstances.
    
      “2. Tbat in arriving at tbe amount to be set aside for depreciation, no sum should be allowed for depreciation on real estate within tbe city of Charlotte, as sucb real estate not only does not depreciate in value, but actually enhances in value from year to year with tbe development and growth of tbe city.
    “3. Tbat if tbe petitioner is entitled to amortize tbe cost of tbe Camp Greene line, it is certainly not entitled to amortize tbe entire cost thereof, as it is manifest tbat at tbe end of tbe three-year period, wbicb is tbe estimated life of tbe said Camp Greene lines, there shall be salvaged in tbe materials entering into tbe construction of sucb Camp Greene lines; and in any amortization of tbe cost of sucb lines, tbis salvage should be taken into consideration and be deducted from the amount of tbe cost of sucb lines.
    “For further and sufficient answer to tbe plaintiff’s petition, tbis respondent says:
    
      “1. Tbat tbe petitioner, tbe Southern Public Utilities Company, is tbe successor to tbe Charlotte Electric Railway Light & Power Company, wbicb latter corporation is in turn tbe successor to tbe Charlotte Street Railway, wbicb was incorporated by an act of tbe General Assembly of North Carolina in tbe session of 1883.
    
      “2. Tbat on 29 September, 1886, tbe city of Charlotte and tbe Charlotte Street Railway Company entered into a contract, by tbe terms of wbicb tbe said street railway company was granted tbe right and franchise to maintain and operate a street railway upon tbe streets and avenues of tbe city of Charlotte, and in return for wbicb right and franchise tbe said street railway company contracted and agreed tbat not more tban 5 cents be charged by said street railway company as fare for one continuous ride, from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., within tbe city limits, and thereby contracted and agreed to a rate satisfactory to it for tbe performance of sucb service; and tbis petitioner, as tbe sue-cessor of tbe Charlotte Street Eailway Company, is clothed with such rights and bound by such terms of said contract and agreement; a copy of which contract and agreement is hereto attached and made a part of this answer, and is hereby especially pleaded and offered in answer and bar to the petition herein.
    “Wherefore, the city of Charlotte respectfully prays that the petition in the above entitled matter be dismissed.”
    And in support of this further answer it was shown that:
    “The Charlotte Street Eailway Company was incorporated by the General Assembly at the session of 1883, and was authorized to establish a street railway service in the city of Charlotte. On 29 September, 1886, a written contract was made by this railway company and the city, in which is the following: ‘Eesolved that whereas the constructing and operating of lines of street railway will be of material benefit to the citizens of Charlotte, the said city agrees that it will not charge or collect a greater sum than $25 per annum upon the plant property and franchise of the said street railway company for the period of ten years; provided that not more than 5 cents be charged by said street railway company as fare for one continuous ride, from 6 o’clock a.m. to 10 o’clock p.m., within the city limits.’
    “The name of the Charlotte Street Eailway Company was thereafter changed to the Charlotte Electric Eailway Light & Power Company, to whose rights and franchises the petition has succeeded.”
    On consideration of the facts in evidence, the commission made an 'order granting the prayer of the petitioner, the said order being in terms as follows:
    “The hearing of this petition was had at the office of the commission on 18 July, 1918; and it appearing clearly to the commission that this company cannot operate and continue to give good service at the rate they were receiving under present conditions, it is, therefore, ordered that the Southern Public Company be, and it is hereby, authorized to charge a fare of seven cents for the transportation of passengers over its street railway lines located in the cities of Charlotte and Winston-Salem; that this company shall also be required to put on and offer for sale to the public in general four tickets for twenty-five cents. The company is also authorized, if it shall deem it advisable, to put on and offer for sale to the public generally books containing seventeen tickets for the sum of one dollar per book.
    “This order to become effective 1 August, 1918. '
    “This 30 July, 1918.” '
    
      From this order the defendant, the respondent, gave notice of appeal as follows:
    “To the Honorable the Corporation Commission, Raleigh, N. C.
    “Whereas, in the above entitled matter, the Corporation Commission overruled the exceptions filed by the city of Charlotte to the order of the Honorable, the Corporation Commission, authorizing the Southern Public Utilities Company to increase its fares for street car service in the city of Charlotte.
    “Now, therefore, the respondent, the city of Charlotte, does hereby appeal from such order and rulings to the Superior Court, in term, and does herewith give to the Honorable Corporation Commission notice of such appeal, and práys the Honorable Commission to accept these premises as notice of such purposes and intention.”
    And filed exceptions and assignments of error as follows:
    “The city of Charlotte herewith excepts to the order of the Honorable Corporation Commission overruling the respondent’s exceptions to the order of the Honorable Commission, authorizing the Southern Public Utilities Company, a corporation, engaged in the street railway business in the city of Charlotte, to increase street car fare in said city, and groups its exceptions and assignments of error as follows:
    “1. That the Honorable Corporation Commission found as a fact that the Southern Public Utilities Company ‘cannot operate and continue to give good service at the rate they were receiving under present conditions.’
    “2. That the Honorable Commission did not find from the evidence before it any facts upon which to base its order as tending to show the necessity for such increased rates.
    “3. That the Honorable Commission did not have before it any competent evidence showing the valuation of the property used by the petitioner in its street railway system in the city of Charlotte.
    “4. That the valuation placed upon such property by the petitioner, and accepted by the Honorable Commission, was excessive and larger than the true and actual value of such property.
    “5. That the sum claimed by petitioner for depreciation was excessive, and much larger than a fair and reasonable allowance on such account.
    “6. That the Honorable Commission permitted the petitioner to amortize its Camp Greene lines within ten years without salvage or without credit as an asset.
    “7. That the Honorable Commission failed and refused to hold that the petitioner was bound by the terms of the contract between the city of Charlotte and the Charlotte Street Railway Company, the predecessor of the petitioner, under date of 28 September, 1886.
    
      “8. That the Honorable Commission did not order and require the petitioner to put on and offer for sale to the public, books containing seventeen (17) tickets for the sum of one dollar ($1) per book.
    “Wherefore, the respondent prays the Honorable Corporation Commission to transmit its record to the Superior Court for such further and other proceedings as there may be had, according to law.”
    The appeal was allowed by the commission over the protest of the petitioner, who claimed that no appeal would lie under such order except by the utilities or railway company, whose rates or interests are thereby affected.
    The record having been duly certified to the Superior Court, to February Term, 1919, where the proceedings pertinent are given in the case on appeal, the petitioner filed written motion to dismiss in terms as follows:
    “1. That the city of Charlotte is not a party to this proceeding, and has no right to appeal from the order of the Corporation Commission made herein.
    “2. That the city of Charlotte is not affected by the order of the Corporation Commission made herein, and under the statute has no right to appeal from said order.
    “3. That the only exception and assignment of error property taken and made by said city of Charlotte to the order of the Corporation Commission herein is the exception and assignment of error based upon the alleged contract between the city of Charlotte and the predecessor in title of the Southern Public Utilities Company, and said exception and assignment of error appear upon the face of the record herein not to be valid.
    “Wherefore, the Southern Public Utilities Company prays this Honorable Court that the appeal of the city of Charlotte herein be dismissed.
    CaNSLER & ÜANSLER,
    OsBORNE, COCKE & ROBINSON,
    Attorneys for the Southern Public Utilities Co.”
    The city of Charlotte moved that the contract between the Charlotte Street Railway Company and the city of Charlotte, dated 29 September, 1886, be held valid and binding between the city of Charlotte and the Southern Public Utilities Company, successor to the Charlotte Street Railway Company, and enforcible notwithstanding the order of the Corporation Commission made herein, and that the Southern Public Utilities Company be forbidden and enjoined from charging and collecting in excess of five (5) cents for one continuous ride on its street railway lines within the city of Charlotte.
    
      It was admitted that tbe Southern Public Company is the successor to the Charlotte Street Railway Company; the Charlotte Electric Railway Company having succeeded the Charlotte Street Railway Company, and the Southern Public .Utilities Company having succeeded the Charlotte Electric Railway Company.
    Testimony was introduced by the city of Charlotte to the effect that during the ten (10) years following the date of the contract between the Charlotte Street Railway Company and the city of Charlotte, to wit, the contract of 29 September, 1886, said street railway company paid no taxes to the city of Charlotte; that since the expiration of said ten-year period, said street railway company and its successors have paid to the city of Charlotte ad valorem, property taxes, which have been regularly assessed against the property of said street railway company and its successors, and also license taxes annually charged and collected by the city of Charlotte without reference to any limitation.
    By consent, the court took the case under advisement and at March term entered judgment in effect:
    1. That respondent had the right to prosecute the appeal.
    2. That the contract with the city must be subordinated to the orders of the Corporation Commission, paying just and reasonable rates in pursuance of law, and subject to the record on appeal to the Superior Court. And further, that the cause be referred to Mr. U. L. Spence to hear such evidence, and take such accounts as may be necessary, and make report to the court as early as practicable, whether the measure of rates allowed by the commission were reasonable, just, etc.
    From this judgment the Southern Public Utilities Company, having duly excepted, appealed, assigning error as follows:
    
      “2. For that his Honor erred in refusing to sustain the motion of the Southern Public Utilities Company based upon the entire record in this proceeding, consisting of the record as certified from the Corporation Commission, and the record of the proceedings in the Superior Court (except the final conclusion contained in his Honor’s findings of fact and judgment entered 5 April, 1919) to dismiss the appeal of the city of Charlotte.
    “3. For that his Honor erred in signing the judgment rendered in this proceeding.”
    The city of Charlotte also excepted and appealed, assigning error as follows:
    “For that his Honor erred in refusing to hold, as a matter of law, and to render judgment in this proceeding, that the contract of 29 September, 1886, entered into between the city of Charlotte and the Charlotte Street Railway Company, predecessor of the Southern Public Utilities Company, is valid and binding between tbe parties hereto, and still enforcible notwithstanding the order of the Corporation Commission made herein, and to forbid and enjoin the Southern Public Utilities Company from charging and collecting a fare in excess of five (5) cents for one continuous ride on its street railway lines in the city of Charlotte.
    “2. For that his Honor erred in refusing to restrain the Southern Public Utilities Company from collecting a local fare in excesfe of five (5) cents pending the further hearing of this cause.
    “3. For that his Honor erred in refusing to make an order requiring the Southern Public Utilities Company to issue receipts to all persons paying a seven (7) cent fare pending the further hearing of this cause.
    “4. For that his Honor erred in signing the judgment rendered in this proceeding.”
    Appeal of the city of Charlotte, respondent.
    
      Pharr, Bell & Sparrow for city of Charlotte.
    
    
      Cansler & Cansler and Osborne, Cocke & Robinson for Utilities Company.
    
   Hoke, J.,

after stating the case: The power of the Legislature, either directly or through appropriate governmental agencies, to establish reasonable regulations for public-service corporations in matters affecting the public interests is now universally recognized, and the principle has been approved with us in well considered decisions dealing directly with the question. R. R. v. Goldsboro, 155 N. C., affirmed on writ of error to Supreme Court of United States, 232 U. S., 548-558; Corporation Commission v. R. R., 140 N. C., 239; Corporation Commission v. R. R., 137 N. C., 1. Having devoted their property to the public use, and operating under a legislative charter, usually conferring the right of eminent domain, they are in a peculiar sense subject to the police power, said by Associate Justice McKenna, in Mutual Loan Co. v. Martell, 222 U. S., 225, to be but another name for the power of government, and where this has been properly exerted in reference to these companies, the proprietary rights of individual ownership must, to that extent, be subordinated to the public welfare. In Thomas v. Sanderlin, 173 N. C., at page 331, the Court referred to this principle as follows: “It has been properly said that no satisfactory definition of police power can be given for, as our civilization becomes more advanced and complex, the extent and inclusive character of this power is being more and more illustrated, and, in the later decisions, has been held to embrace not only governmental regulations appertaining to the good order, health, and morals of the community, but also such as are considered promotive of the economic welfare and public convenience and comfort.”-

The opinion then quotes with approval from 6 Ruling Case Law, 193, as follows: “All property within the jurisdiction of a State, however unqualified may be the title of the owner, is held on the implied condition or obligation that it shall not be injurious to the equal rights of others to the use and benefit of their own property. In other words, all property is held subject to the general police power of the State so to regulate and control its use in a proper case as to secure the general safety, the public welfare, and the peace, good order, and morals of the community. Accordingly, it is a fundamental principle of the constitutional system of the United States that rights of property, like all other social and conventional rights, are subject to such reasonable restraints and regulations established by law as the Legislature, under the governing and controlling power vested in it by the Constitution, may think necessary and expedient. And to these ends the Legislature, under its police power, may pass laws regulating the acquisition, enjoyment, and disposition of property, even though in some respects these may operate as a restraint on individual freedom or the use of property. The subordination of property rights to the just exercise of the police power has been said to be as complete as is the subjection of these rights to the proper exercise of the taxing power; and it is held that this implied condition is quite irrespective of the source or character of the title. This principle is in effect an application of the maxim which underlies the police power, sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas ” citing in support of the statement Chicago and Alton Railroad v. Tranberger, 238 U. S., 67; R. R. v. Goldsboro, 232 U. S., 548-558, and other cases.

In R. R. v. Goldsboro, supra, Associate Justice Whitney, for the Court, said: “For it is settled that neither the contract clause nor the due process has the effect of overruling the police power of the State to establish all regulations that are reasonably necessary to secure the health, safety, good order, comfort, or general welfare of the community; that this power can neither be abdicated nor bargained away, and is inalienable even by express grant, and that all contract and property rights are held subject to its fair exerpise.”

In view of this power, and for its primary exercise, our General Assembly, chiefly in Rev., ch. 20, and amendments thereto, have created a Corporation Commission, given it general supervision over the railways, street railways, and like companies of the State, and empowered it to fix such rates, charges, and tariffs as may be reasonable and just, having in view the value of the property, the cost of improvements and maintenance, the probable earning capacity under the proposed rates, the sums required to meet operating expenses and other specified matters pertinent "to such an inquiry. The statute further provides that “any party affected by the decisions and determinations of the commission may appeal”; that the rates as fixed by the commission shall stand pending an appeal, and “until they are changed, revised, or modified by the judgment of the Superior Court on such appeal, and that when approved and confirmed by the court, they shall remain the established rates until the same shall be changed, revised, or modified by a final judgment of the Supreme Court, if there shall be an appeal, and until changed by the Corporation Commission.

Both from the language of the statute and its evident meaning and purpose, this power to fix rates that are just and reasonable extends to an increase as well as a lowering of rates, and, in making decision on these questions, it is clearly contemplated and provided that the commission shall establish such rates and charges as will give to the owners a fair return for their investment and enable them to keep their property and equipment in condition to afford adequate, safe, and convenient service.

Under and by virtue of this Legislative authority and in the exercise of the power referred to, the commission in this instance, on notice given, have had an investigation, and, in their best judgment, have allowed the increase applied for by the petitioners, and, under the express provisions of the statute that are to be considered, the just and reasonable charges for the services rendered unless and until they shall be changed or modified on appeal, or the further action of the commission itself, and under the principle illustrated and approved in the cases cited, and others of like kind, we must affirm the ruling of his Honor that any contract that the city of Charlotte may have for a lower rate must yield to the public interest and requirement as expressed in this authoritative judgment of the commission.

Not only is the judgment of his Honor sustained by the principle more directly involved, but any other ruling in its practical application would likely and almost necessarily offend against the principle which forbids discrimination on the part of these companies towards patrons in like condition and circumstance. If a quasi-public company of this kind could evade or escape regulation establishing fixed rates that are found to be reasonable and just by making long-time contracts or other, this regulation might be made to operate in furtherance of the very evil it is in part designed to prevent.

Accordingly, it has been very insistently held, in case of railroads, that the" rates established by the Interstate Commerce Commission and published pursuant to their order shall always prevail as the charges for transportation notwithstanding any special contract for lower rates made by the parties. Texas Pacific v. Mugg, etc., 202 U. S., 242, and many other cases.

A principle approved, and applied by the Court in reference to intrastate transportation in Latham v. R. R., 176 U. S., 417, and Edenton Cotton Mills v. R. R., at present term, 100 S. E., 341.

And in the recent case of Union Dry Goods Co. v. Gas Public Service Corporation, 145 Ga., 658, it was held that where the State Railroad Commission, having cognizance of the matter, bad fixed upon reasonable rates to be charged by a public-service company supplying electricity to the inhabitants of a city which superseded lower rates agreed on in an existent long-time contract made previously between the company and the consumer, this was a valid exercise of the police power, not impairing the obligation of the contract or depriving the consumer of his property without due process. This case, which seems a direct authority on the question presented, was affirmed on writ of error by the Supreme Court of the United States, 248 U. S., 372. And Associate Justice Clarice, in delivering the opinion, quotes in support of the position, Manigault v. Springs, 199 U. S., 473-80: “It is the settled law of the Court that the interdiction of statutes impairing the obligation of contracts, does not prevent the State from properly exercising such powers as are vested in it for the promotion of the common weal or are necessary for the general good of the public through contracts previously entered into between individuals may be thereby affected.”

And again, from L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Motley, 219 U. S., 467-82, where the Court quotes with approval from Knox v. Lee, 12 Wallace, 450-51: “That contracts must be understood to be made in reference to the possible exercise of the rightful authorities of the Government, and no obligation of the contract can defeat the legitimate Government authority.” It may be noted that this was a decision subordinating to the police power the contract rights of an individual, and all the more will the principle operate when these rights are held by a municipality, which, in the main and on governmental matters, are but governmental agencies of the State, and,,as such, subject to almost unlimited legislative control, except when restricted by constitutional provision. Board of Trustees v. Webb, 155 N. C., 379; Jones v. Comrs., 137 N. C., 579-596; New Orleans v. New Orleans Water Works, 142 U. S., 79; Wildwood v. Public Utilities Co., 88 N. J. L., 81.

We are inclined to the opinion, as contended for by the petitioner, that the provision in the contract restricting the company to a charge of 5 cents per passenger expired at the end of the 10-year period, the courts leaning against a construction that would make a contract of this character indefinite as to duration. Solomon v. Sewerage Co., 142 N. C., 439.

Nor are we inadvertent to the position also taken by the petitioner that the contract is void as in contravention of our constitutional provisions requiring that taxation shall be uniform and ad valorem. In one aspect of the agreement, and the evidence pertinent, it may be that the case presented is at most merely one of ultra vires and that the petitioner or its predecessor in title, having received the stipulated consideration, is not in a position to question its corresponding obligation. See So. Pac. Co. v. City of Portland, 227 U. S., 559; Ry. v. McCarty, 96 U. S., 258; Chicago Ry. v. Chicago, 176 Ill., 188. Without definite ruling on either of these suggestions, however, we prefer to rest our decision on the ground taken by his Honor in the court below, that whatever may have been the rights of the city under and by virtue of the alleged contract, they were taken and held subject to the orders of the Corporation Commission, made in the reasonable exercise of the police power of thp State, conferred upon that body by act of.the General Assembly, and subject to be revised on appeal to the Superior Court, and thence to the Supreme Court, under the express provisions of the statute, Rev., 1074-1079, et seq.

The cases to which we are cited by respondent are in the main where one of the parties to the contract has of its own motion undertaken to justify a departure from its terms and are not authority on the question presented here. See Columbus Power and Light Co. v. The City of Columbus, 249 U. S., Current Reporter, 15 May, 349.

We find no error in respondent’s appeal, and the judgment is

Affirmed.

Appeal of the Southern Public Utilities Company, petitioner.

Hoke, J.

The petitioner appeals from the ruling of the court denying the motion to dismiss made on the ground that the city of Charlotte had no such interest in the controversy as to justify and maintain its appeal, but we are of opinion that on the record and facts in evidence this position cannot be sustained. Not only was the city of Charlotte made a party and recognized as such by the Corporation Commission, but the Charlotte Street Railway Company, the predecessor in title of the petitioner, and under whose charter, so far as the record discloses, this appellant is now maintaining and operating its street railway in the city, has also recognized an interest in'the city, and given it a status in the question and litigation concerning it. Holding, or making a reasonable and bona fide claim to hold, rights under this contract, it must be allowed to have them considered and determined, both before the Corporation Commission and the Superior or Supreme Court, on appeal, as the statute provides. In addition, the question being one of public interest and of concern to each and all of its inhabitants, it was both the right and duty of the city to represent its people, assuredly so since the statute conferring on town and city governments the power to grant franchises of this character, “upon reasonable terms for periods not to exceed 60 years.” Rev., 2916 (6), ch. 73.

Under this statute, at the time of these proceedings instituted and hearing had, the city government having jurisdiction over the subject-matter, it was both its right and in the line of its oficial duty to make contracts and maintain such litigation concerning it as was reasonably necessary to conserve the rights of its people and make its jurisdiction effective and the well considered decisions hold that judgment rendered in such litigations will bind the individual citizen.

This position was approved with us as to counties in Bear v. Comrs., 122 N. C., 434, and as to cities and towns in Hickory v. R. R., 141 N. C., 716, it being held in this last case that “a municipality is a proper party to institute an action to prevent a public nuisance by the proposed enlargement of a freight depot in the city.” And authoritative cases elsewhere, and text-books of approved excellence, are in support of the position. People v. Holladay, 93 Cal., 241; Trustees v. Cowen, 4 Paige, 570; Gas Co. v. City of Mincie, 160 Ind., 97; 19 R. C. L., title “Municipal Corporations,” secs. 345, 427, 433. In this citation to R. C. L., sec. 345, it is said, among other things :

“That a municipal corporation is, in the eye of the law, the legal representative of its inhabitants and taxpayers with respect to all matters properly within its jurisdiction. ... A municipal corporation is the proper representative of the equitable rights of its inhabitants to the use of a public square, and is authorized to file a bill in equity to prevent the erection of a nuisance thereon.”

A judgment against a municipal corporation in a matter of general interest to all of the citizens is binding on the latter, though not parties to the suit, “and every taxpayer is a real,' though not a nominal, party to such judgment and cannot relitigate issues which were litigated in the original action against the county or its legal representatives, and if the county board fails to avail itself of legal defenses the people are concluded by the judgment.” And in section 427: “When a municipal corporation has the power to grant or refuse, in its discretion, permission to a public-service company to occupy the streets with its structure, whether such permission be called a franchise, a license, a permit, or merely designation of the streets to be occupied, it may grant such permission subject to such terms as it sees fit to impose, provided only they are not against public policy or in derogation of any right the company may have under its franchise from the State. Both under its contract, therefore, and as the representative of its inhabitants in a matter of public concern coming under its supervision, we are of opinion that the city had a right to appear in this litigation and to prosecute the appeal in protection of its citizens, and as clearly provided by the statute. The decisions cited to the contrary are really in affirmance of the principle, for, so far as examined, they were made for the reason that the question presented was only a matter of individual interest or affected only a restricted portion of the population. This disposes of the only exception which the petitioner has seen fit to make on his appeal, but as it has been suggested that the respondent has not raised the question as to the reasonableness of the proposed increase of rates, but cbosen to rely on the effect of its contract, we deem it not amiss to say that this position in our view does not correctly interpret the record. On the contrary, it is disclosed that at the principal bearing there were no formal pleadings filed, but the respondent appeared and by cross-examination of the president of the company, the only oral testimony presented during the investigation, the city, by its counsel, endeavored to show that the proposed rates were unreasonable and unjustified by the facts and conditions presented, and no mention of contract was then made. Five days later the contract was offered by the city, and its answer formally filed, alleging in effect that the increase was unreasonable, and setting up said contract also as a further and sufficient answer. When the order was made allowing the increase, the city filed formal exceptions and assignments of error, six of which were addressed to the unreasonableness of the rates and the valuation and methods by which it was sought to uphold them, and one, No. 7, referring to the contract.

When the cause was called for bearing on appeal in the Superior Court, the case was beard on the record, and the exceptions in behalf of the respondent clearly presented its objections to the order, both on the grounds that the rates were unreasonable and that the increase was absolutely inhibited by the terms of the contract held, by the city. True, in the case on appeal it is stated that the city of Charlotte moved for judgment that the said contract be held valid and binding, and that the Southern Public Utilities Company be forbidden and enjoined from charging and collecting fares in excess of five cents, making no reference otherwise to the proposed increase of rates, but this was because the city was insisting upon the effect of its contract as a plea in bar of the reference, and it has a right to test that position on appeal. Jones v. Wooten, 137 N. C., 421. The respondent there made no further reference to the reasonableness of the rates because that question was resolved in its favor, and fully recognized by the judgment of the lower court. If there had been a difference between the ease on appeal and the facts disclosed in the record, the record would control, but, as a matter of fact, there is no inconsistency between the two, and a correct interpretation will disclose that the position of the respondent has been maintained throughout. First, that the proposed change of rates was absolutely forbidden by the contract, and if this were not true, that the increase was unreasonable and unjustified by the facts and conditions presented, and on the record we must affirm the judgment of his Honor below in its entirety, and hold that there has been no error committed to the prejudice of the petitioner’s rights.

The case of Corporation Commission v. R. R., 170 N. C., 560, cited and very much relied upon by appellant, is not an authoritative decision in support of its position. In that case the Corporation Commission, after a full and fair investigation, had fixed upon the location of a railroad station in the town of Ansonville, N. C., and from their order in the case one or more of the citizens of the town, who appeared as parties to the proceedings, excepted and appealed. The Superior Court entered judgment dismissing the appeal, and, on appeal to this Court, the judgment was affirmed, two of the Justices being of opinion that, on a purely administrative measure of that kind an individual citizen of the town had no such interest in the controversy as entitled him to an appeal, an opinion was written in expression of that view. The present writer also wrote an opinion concurring in the disposition made of the appeal, but, on the ground that as the entire facts, which were made a part of the record, showed that the question had been fully investigated and fairly determined by the commission, it would be an idle thing to entertain the appeal and then affirm the judgment on the merits. Associate Justice Allen concurred in the result without further expression of his position, and the Chief Justice dissented, being of opinion that an appeal would lie. So that, even on the facts of that record, a majority of the Court have not expressed agreement as to the interest required for the maintenance of an appeal in these cases. And I think I may safely say that none of the Court entertain the view that the right of appeal in such cases is necessarily restricted to the State, and a defendant corporation, whose interests are adversely affected, but, as held in the subsequent case of R. R. v. R. R., 173 N. C., 413, any one appearing as a party, whether as petitioner or respondent, plaintiff or defendant,^having a proper interest in the controversy, may appeal from an order which affects such interests adversely.

In the present case, as we have endeavored to show, the city of Charlotte has such an interest, and the judgment of his Honor allowing it to prosecute the appeal is

Affirmed.  