
    Rosen v. Stein et al.
    
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Fifth Department.
    
    October 19, 1889.)
    1. False Imprisonment—Malice—Province of Jury.
    In an action for false imprisonment, it appeared that defendants had employed plaintiff to make a number of coats, and, on their refusal to pay for them on account of some defects therein, plaintiff refused to return those that he had in his possession until he was paid. Failing to obtain the coats after several demands, one of the defendants went before the police justice, who advised him to get a warrant, and wrote an affidavit charging plaintiff with petit larceny, which defendant signed without reading, and a warrant was issued, on which plaintiff was arrested. When plaintiff was discharged on the hearing, such defendant stated that he was satisfied, and only wanted to get back the coats. Held, that the question of malice was for. the jury.
    2. Same—Want of Probable Cause—Presumption.
    In such a case, if the jury find that there was no probable cause to make the charge against plaintiff, they may infer that it was made through malice.
    3. Appeal—Review—Harmless Error.
    Where it is admitted that plaintiff intended to keep the goods of defendants, the latter are not injured by excluding a question put to one of them as to whether he believed that plaintiff did so intend.
    Appeal from circuit court, Monroe county.
    Action by Morris Bosen against Bath an Stein, Leopold Bloch, Louis Stein, and Abraham B. Stein for false imprisonment. There was a judgment for plaintiff, from which, and from a denial of a motion for a new trial, made upon the minutes, defendants appeal.
    Argued before Barker, P. J., and Dwight and Macomber, JJ.
    
      Haines Bros., for appellants. D. C. Feely, for respondent.
   Barker, P. J.

This is an appeal from a judgment recovered by the plaintiff at the Monroe circuit, and from an order denying the defendants’ motion for a new trial, made upon the minutes. There appears to be little conflict in the testimony offered at the trial as to the main facts in the case. It appears that the plaintiff, Bosen, was a journeyman tailor, and, as such, was given by the defendants’ firm the material and trimming to make a dozen coats, for which he was to be paid a stipulated sum per coat. The work was done outside the defendants’ establishment. When the coats were completed by the plaintiff, it was discovered that there was something wrong with the linings of some or all of them. The defendants claimed that the trouble was caused by the mistake of the plaintiff, Bosen, in mixing two different shades together, and insisted that Bosen should take out the defective linings, and replace them with others, for which he was given the stuff. Bosen, it appears, afterwards returned to the defendants’ store, and claimed that upon again testing the lining, and pressing the same, the same discoloration was caused, and that the trouble was entirely the result of the quality of the lining, and not any fault of his in making. The plaintiff claims that the defendant Louis Stein still insisted that he should fix the coats, and stated that, unless he did remedy the defects, he would not get paid for his work. This he refused to do, and the plaintiff was directed to return three of the coats, which he had not already brought to the defendants’ establishment. He refused to do so unless he got his pay. The defendants then sent their messenger to the plaintiff’s house for the coats, and he again refused to give up the coats without his pay. Then they sent the messenger to the plaintiff’s house with a police officer, and demanded the coats, but Iiosen refused to let them have them, or take them to the defendants’ place, without being paid for his work; all the while insisting on the right to retain the property until he was paid. There is no evidence in the case, so far as can be discovered, showing any purpose on the part of Rosen, the plaintiff, other than to assert his supposed legal right to keep the three coats in question until his services for making had been fully paid. The evidence also shows quite conclusively that the defendant Louis Stein was fully advised of the plaintiff’s position and claim. After the fruitless effort of the officer to get possession, it appears that the defendant Louis Stein went before the police justice of the city of Rochester, where he claimed he stated the facts to the justice, and was advised by him that the only thing to do was to get a warrant. The justice wrote the affidavit, which charged the plaintiff with petit larceny. Stein signed and swore to the affidavit, as he claimed, without reading it, and a warrant for the arrest of the plaintiff was issued. Upon the warrant, the plaintiff, Rosen, was arrested, taken through the streets to the station, detained there for a couple of hours, then paroled, and upon an adjourned day discharged.

It is claimed by the defendants’ counsel that the evidence in the case showed that the defendants proceeded in good faith, that there was no evidence in the case from which malice could be inferred, and that Stein, who procured the warrant, was acting on the advice of the justice who issued it, and not on his own judgment. The justice who issued the warrant was called as a witness on the trial, but was unable to recall the particular circumstances attending the issuing of the warrant. It does appear, however, from the testimony of Louis Stein, that he signed and swore to the affidavit, charging the plaintiff with petit larceny, without reading the paper; and he stated at the time of the hearing before the police justice, when the plaintiff was discharged, that he was satisfied, and that all he wanted was to get back the coats, which he had obtained. That there was no probable cause for the arrest of the plaintiff the evidence clearly establishes. It is quite possible that the defendant Stein did not fully realize or reflect on the character of the criminal charge he made against the plaintiff; but he knew that, by putting the machinery of the criminal law in motion, he was subjecting the plaintiff to arrest, public indignity, and humiliation; and certainly a jury was justified in finding that he who would resort to the criminal law to enforce a civil right was actuated by malice. The question of malice, under the circumstances, was for the jury to pass upon, and was properly submitted to them by the court; and this court cannot say, as a matter of law, that the evidence does not sustain this finding.

It is insisted by the appellants’ counsel that the trial court erred in charging the jury that, if they found there was no probable cause to make this charge against the plaintiff, from that fact alone they might infer that it was made through malice only. The counsel for the appellants cites to this court the case of McCormack v. Perry, 47 Hun, 74, as sustaining the contention of the appellants. The case cited does not go to the extent claimed. The evi- . dence tending to show want of probable cause may be of such a character as also to show malice; and so, in the case now under consideration, the court properly said that, if the jury found want of probable cause from that fact, they might infer malice; not that the want of probable cause raised any presumption of law of the existence of malice, but was a feature or element in the case from which malice might be inferred, and found as a fact by the jury. Accordingly, the court said in the case of McCormack v. Perry that “if the jury are not satisfied from the evidence, which shows that probable cause did not exist, that the defendant was guilty of malice, then they have a right to demand of the plaintiff further proof on that issue, before they are called upon to give a verdict in his favor.” "We do not understand that the trial court, in its instructions to the jury, laid down any other or different rule. The charge, taken as a whole, was eminently favorable to the defendants, and their counsel took no exception to that particular portion of the charge of which they now complain.

The appellants’ counsel also contend that the court erred in sustaining the plaintiff’s objection to the following question, put to Stein as a witness: “Question. At the time [i. e., at the time of the application for the warrant] did you believe that this man meant to retain .and keep from you the coats that he had?” It is competent for a defendant, in actions1 of this kind, to testify that he acted in good faith, and was actuated by no ill will towards the plaintiff, and believed the truth of the charges made. McKown v. Hunter, 30 N. Y. 625; Farnam v. Feeley, 56 N. Y. 456. The point in issue here was whether or not the plaintiff intended to steal the goods, which was the crime charged in the proceedings before the justice. There is no claim by the plaintiff that he did not intend to keep the goods, and not deliver them. That is conceded by all parties; and the defendants cannot claim that they were injured by excluding the question and answer to a fact about which there was no contention whatever. If the question had been whether or not the witness believed the plaintiff intended to steal the goods, it would have been competent; but, not being addressed to that issue, we think the defendants cannot be said to have suffered by its exclusion.

The defendants’ counsel also contend that the verdict of the jury for $1,000 was excessive. A motion to set aside the verdict on that ground was addressed to the trial court, and it was peculiarly the province of the judge at circuit to pass upon such an application. He has denied the motion, and we think properly. We cannot say that the damages assessed by the jury are excessive, or the result of prejudice, and are not disposed to reverse the judgment on such grounds. The judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs. All concur.  