
    Henry Bedlow et al., App’lts, v. The New York Floating Dry Dock Company, Resp’t.
    
    
      (Court of Appeals,
    
    
      Filed January 22, 1889.)
    
    1. Riparian Owners—Rights of lessees of wharf rights upon navigable waters in New York harbor.
    The lessees of wharf rights upon navigable waters in New York harbor cannot, as against their lessors, during the existence of a lease, acquire an absolute right to occupy by a permanent structure the waters in front of said wharf to the destruction of their value and usefulness, without the consent and in defiance of the will of their lessors.
    2. Same—Landlord and tenant—What goes to littoral owners as accretions.
    A tenant cannot rightfully build a structure during his tenancy over an easement appurtenant to demised premises which would substantially destroy the easement and the use and value of the demised premises, without being answerable therefor to his landlord. When such struc'ures are wrongfully built as an appurtenance of a wharf or bulkhead over the water, the law treats them as an accretion to the land of the littoral owner and awards their ownership to such owners.
    3. Same—Tenants cannot question rights of.
    Where R. and his heirs and devisees had been in possession of- a wharf as originally built, either personally or through their tenants, for upwards of half a century and its ownership had never been questioned by the city or by anyone having the right to challenge the title acquired by them, it is too late for anyone to dispute their title to the bulkhead and wharf, and least of all those who have, occupied it as tenants under them.
    4. Same—New York—City of—Source of right of city to lands under water beyond low water mark.
    The rights of the city of New York in the lands under water around the island of Manhattan from high water mark to 400 feet beyond low-water mark were acquired at an early period through the Dongan and Montgomery charters, from the crown of England, and the grants therein contained have been ratified and confirmed by numerous convey.anees from the sta'e and acts of the legislature since the separation of the-colonies from the English crown.
    5. Same—Control of public highways and navigable waters of state BELONGS TO THE STATE—RIGHTS OF CITY SUBJECT TO.
    The right of control over the navigable’waters of the state is a legislative power and cannot be destroyed by any authority whatever. The right of the people to use the natural public highways of the state is Jus publica and cannot be taken away or seriously impaired by any legislation whatever. The right of the city of New York to erect structures in the navigable waters of the state is subject to the sovereign authority of the state over such highways.
    6 Same—City has authority to grant rights under water in the haRbor to others than the littoral owners on certain conditions.
    The authority given to the city of New York to grant rights under w ater in the harbor to others than the littoral owners on certain conditions by necessary implication inhibits the granting of such rights to others except upon compliance with the conditions annexed to the exercise of such authority
    
      7. Same—Can give authority to build wharves, etc.—Laws 1806, chap. 126.
    The authorities of the city of New York have power to grant the privilege of constructing piers in front of the wharves and bulkheads to others than the owners of such structures, provided they comply with the conditions prescribed by Laws 1806, chapter 126. All conveyances made after that act must he deemed to have been taken, subject to its provisions, among which was the right in the city to construct such piers on conditions.
    9. Practice—Exceptions to findings of fact when becomes a question OF LAW REVIEW ABLE IN COURT OF APPEALS.
    Exceptions to alleged findings of fact when they are unsupported by evidence, and to refusals to find when they are established by undisputed proof present questions of law reviewable in the court of appeals.
    Appeal from a judgment of the supreme court, general derm, first department, affirming a judgrdent in favor of the defendant.
    
      Herbert B. Turner, for app’lts; Robert D. Benedict & JEnos N. Taft, for resp’t.
    
      
       Reversing 9 N. Y. State Rep., 187.
    
   Ruger, Ch. J.

In 1877, upon the termination of a lease, given originally in 1834 by the plaintiffs’ ancestors to the defendant’s assignors, of lands lying on the East river in the city of New York, upon which was a wharf and bulkhead, the assignees of the original lease surrendered to the plaintiffs the demised premises, with the exception of an easement of accéss over the water of the harbor pertaining to the wharf. The property thus surrendered was then found by the plaintiffs to be substantially excluded from communication with the harbor by a pier attached to the wharf, thirty-five feet in breadth and upwards of three hundred feet in length, extending into the . river, and together with the space occupied by vessels and water crafts lying at the pier for commercial and traffic purposes,- effectually obstructing access to and egress fropi the water side, and substantially destroying1 its value as a wharf. .

This action was brought after the expiration of the lease, against its assignees to recover possession of said pier and the water ways appurtenant to the wharf, and to obtain an accounting of rents, income and profits arising from the use of said pier subsequent to the expiration of the lease. The defendant resists the action upon the alleged ground that it is the lawful owner of the pier.

The case presents the question whether the lessees of wharf rights upon navigable waters in New York harbor, can, as against their lessors during the existence of a lease, acquire an absolute right to occupy by a permanent structure the waters in front of said wharf to the destruction of their value and usefulness, without the consent and in defiance of the will of their lessors, and, if they can, whether they have done so in this case.

The questions involved, although treated generally by the trial court as questions of fact, depend mainly, if not altogether, upon the effect of statutes and ordinances relating to the subject, and the construction of certain conveyances and leases and the rights, duties and disabilities of the re - spective parties thereunder. We have been unable to discover any question of fact, depending upon conflicting evidence in the case, and, indeed, the testimony is quite undisputed and leaves the questions therein to be determined mainly by the court as those of law and not of fact.

Exceptions to alleged findings of fact, when they are supported by evidence, and to the refusals to find, when they are established by undisputed proof, present questions of law reviewable in this court. There are several of such exceptions which will appear from the views we shall have occasion to express in the case, and they need not be more particularly referred to here.

The undisputed evidence, both documentary and oral, shows that Henry Rutgers and his ancestors had for up wards of three-quarters of a century, previous to 1806, owned and occupied a parcel of land in said city lying upon tide water in the East river,between Clinton and Montgomery streets, bounded on the south by high water mark in the East river. Rutgers had, before 1806, succeeded to the ownership of this land, and, in that year, obtained from the mayor, aldermen" and commonalty of New York, under chapter 80 of the Laws of 1798, authorizing the granting of land on and in the, East river for the purpose of building a street and bulkhead which should constitute an extension line on the harbor, a conveyance in the following language, “ a certain lot, piece or parcel of ground between high and low water mark, situate, lying and being between Clinton street and Montgomery street in the seventh ward of the city of New York, opposite to that part of the ground belonging to the said" Henry Rutgers, distinguished by lot number 653, containing in depth on the west side ninety four feet, and on the east side sixty-eight feet, and in front, on the East river or harbor of the said city, ninety-two feet and six inches; bounded southerly in front by the East river or harbor of the said city; northerly in the rear by the said lot of ground No. 653, belonging to the said Henry Rutgers, together with all and singular the easements, profits, commodities, advantages, emoluments, hereditaments and appurtenances to the said lots, pieces or parcels of ground, and premises above mentioned, belonging or in anywise appertaining, unto the said Henry Rutgers, his heirs and assigns, to the only proper use, benefit and behoof of them, the said Henry Rutgers, -his heirs and assigns forever.”

In consideration of this conveyance Rutgers covenanted to build, erect and make, at his own cost and expense, a good, sufficient and firm wharf, pier or street of seventy feet, English measure, in breadth on the south side of the first described lot of ground, number 653, hereby granted, contiguous to the East river or harbor of the said city, and distinguished to the map or plan hereto annexed by Front street,” and that he would forever thereafter keep and maintain said wharves, piers and streets in good repair and condition, and for the free and common passage of the inhabitants of said city. The city covenanted that it had full power and lawful authority to convey said premises and warranted the peaceable and quiet possession in the said Eutgers, his heirs and assigns forever thereafter.

It further appeared that at some time thereafter, but at what precise time is not .clearly shown, the said street, wharf and bulkhead were constructed, and the said Eutgers was in possession thereof, collecting the wharfage accruing thereat.

It further appeared "that the wharf and bulkhead connected with said street, as built, extended some sixteen feet, into the harbor beyond the southerly line of, a seventy foot street. The actual location of the line seems to have-been acquiesced in by all parties, and has for a period of over fifty years constituted the southerly extension line of the city at the place indicated, under the name of Front, street; it having been changed from South street at an. early period.

Henry Eutgers having died, his executors, in 1834,. under power contained in his will, executed and delivered to Jonathan D. Stevenson and Nathaniel Pearce a lease of the said premises, “together with all and singular the easements; profits, commodities, emoluments, rights and appurtenances whatsoever to the premises above described, and every part thereof belonging or in anywise appertaining, and particularly the wharf and water privileges to the extent of the rights of said parties of the first part” for the term of twenty-one years, with a covenant for the renewal thereof for the further term of twenty-one years upon terms which were to be fixed by a certain rate of interest to be computed upon a valuation by appraisers of the demised premises, exclusive of the erections thereon, and which renewal was duly executed by the assignees of said lessors in 1857. The said lessees immediately thereafter entered into possession of said demised premises, and either themselves or. by their assignees have ever1 since continued to occupy and enjoy them under said lease until the termination, thereof.

On November 30, 1838, at the request of the said lessees, the mayor and common council authorized by resolution a pier to be built, under the direction of the street commissioner, in the slip between Clinton and Montgomery streets at the expense of the owners on the said slip, to be^ thirty feet wide and to extend from South street into the East river 243 feet, distant one hundred and forty feet from the pier at Clinton street, and required the said street commissioner to give due publication of said resolution in the daily newspapers. This resolution located the proposed pier wholly upon and near the centre of the bulkhead constituting the southerly boundary of lot number six hundred and fifty-three as extended by the grant hereinbefore referred to. Notice of the resolution was published in the city daily newspapers fora period of six weeks successively.

Within two weeks after the commencement of said publication, said lessees addressed and delivered a communication to the street commissioner to the following effect, wiz.:

“Thé undersigned lessees, having the same rights and •privileges as the owners of the soil to' the • bulkhead •’between Clinton and Montgomery streets, adjoining the contemplated pier ordered to be built between the said streets/ do hereby signify their willingness to build said pier at their own expense, according to the ordinance of the common council.”
“J. D. STEVENSON,
“N. PEARCE.
“New York, December 12, 1838.”

No other application was presented for the building of said pier, and on the 23d day of January, 1839, the street commissioner gave to said Stevenson and Pearce an instrument reading as follows:

“Permission is hereby given to Jonathan D. Stevenson and Nathaniel Pearce to build a pier in the slip between Clinton and Montgomery streets, said pier to be thirty feet wide, and to extend from South street two hundred and forty-three feet into East river, distant one hundred and forty feet from the pier at Clinton street, the pier to be built at their expense and for their benefit.”

The said Pearce soon thereafter, having acquired by assignment the rights of his co-lessee, Stevenson, constructed said pier of the width of thirty-five feet, at an expense of about $12,000. In November, 1840, Pearce, to" satisfy the doubts of certain persons as to the power of the ■street commissioner under the statute to give the permission referred to, requested the mayor and common council to confirm the same, and thereupon a resolution was adopted, which was approved by the mayor April 10, 1841, to the following effect:

“ Resolved, That the permission given by the street commissioner to J. D. Stevenson and M. Pearce to build a pier into the East river between Clinton and Montgomery streets be confirmed subject to such authority and directions in relation to the said pier as the mayor, alderman and commonality of the city of Mew York may exercise according to the Laws of this state and the ordinances of the said corporation, and subject also to any and all such rights, if any, which the owners of the fee may at any time have in or to the same.” In May, 1844, further, permission was given by said city authorities to Pearce to extend said pier seventy feet further into the river, at his own expense, and an extension of eighty-seven feet was soon afterwards made thereto by Pearce. Prior to 1848, and during his occupation of said pier, Pearce twice mortgaged it as security for loans made by him, and in 1846 conveyed to Algernor S. Jarvis, by assignment, an undivided half of all of the property held by him under the lease from Rutger’s executors.

In 1848 Pearce and Jarvis executed and delivered to the defendant hereiira conveyance of the interest in the bulkhead and water privileges in front of the premises acquired under the lease from Rutger’s executors; and also by a separate conveyance, at the same time, granted, bargained and sold to the said defendant by warranty deed the said pier with its appurtenances.

Upon the'trial before the court, without a jury, the complaint was dismissed, and the judgment entered thereon for the defendant was, upon appeal, affirmed by the general term.

The rights of the city in the lands under water around the island of Manhattan from high water mark to four hundred feet beyond low water mark were acquired, at an early period through the Pongan and Montgomery charters, from the crown of England, and the grants therein contained have been ratified and confirmed by numerous conveyances from the state and acts of the legislature since the separation of the colonies from the English crown. Then grants were obviously made to extend municipal control over said lands and enable the city to regulate the erection of necessary structures upon the land under water around the island with a view of promoting the facilities for the accommodation of the growing commerce and trade of the port of Mew York, and to regulate and preserve the rights of riparian owners in such lands and the navigable waters covering them.

The extent of the interest and authority of the city over such lands has been the subject of much controversy, and divers views have been expressed thereon by various judges from the earliest times. It has been sometimes said that the ownership of the fee in such lands gave the city, as matter of legal right, authority to erect and btdld such structures thereon as they saw fit to make.

We are inclined to think that this proposition to its full extent cannot be maintained. The right of control over the navigable waters of the state is a legislative power _ahd cannot be destroyed by any authority whatever. The right of the people to use the natural public highways of the state is jus publica, and cannot be taken away or seriously impaired by any legislation whatever. Smith v. City of Rochester, 92 N. Y., 477; Ledyard v. Ten Eyck, 36 Barb., 102.

The power of regulating, controlling and improving such waters in the interest of commerce undoubtedly exists. The right, therefore, of the city to erect structures in the navigable waters of the state must necessarily remain subject to the sovereign authority over such highways.

These propositions are quite apparent from the course of legislation on the subject. One of the earliest, if not the first act on the subject, is chapter 88, Laws of 1787, which provided among other things, that the mayor, aldermen and commonalty of New York should have authority to make by-laws, rules and ordinances for the better regulating and altering the streets, wharfs and slips in such manner as shall be most commodious for shipping and transportation.

A clear view, however, of the general condition of the law with reference to these rights and the difficulties and controversies which have arisen over them, may be obtained by a brief synopsis of the provisions of the act of 1798, one of the earliest statutes on the subject, and the petition of the city upon which it was founded. That petition states in substance that “ as well for the ornament and improvement of the city as for the encouragement of the trade and commerce of the state, and the safety of the shipping at the wharfs of the city, your petitioners have lately directed a permanent street of seventy feet wide to be laid out and completed at and on the extremity of the grants already made and hereafter to be made to individuals on the East river, called South street, and on the North or Hudson river called West street, south and west of which streets no buildings of any description are to be permitted to be erected, so that vessels lying at the wharves may be secured from fires.” That by reason of the curving and otherwise irregular state of the shore at low water mark in the East and North rivers, at the time of the making of the grants by the predecessors of your petitioners, a general map of which, if ever made, cannot now be found, the grants heretofore made are deemed to extend to unequal distances into both rivers, which occasions difficulties in making the permanent streets aforesaid regular, and that in many instances, although your petitioners are willing gratuitously to give the soil under water, on which-those streets of seventy feet wide are to be made, yet doubts are entertained whether your petitioners can compel any of the proprietors of lots fronting thereon, and who may be unwilling to make those streets for public use-in any given reasonable time to be appointed by the common council.

And your petitioners further show that part of their plan aforesaid was to extend piers at right angles from the said permanent streets into the rivers at proper distance from each other to be determined by the corporation, with suitable bridges, for the accommodation of sea vessels, and so constructed as to admit the currents at both ebb and flood in both rivers, to wash away all dirt and filth from the wharfs and thereby render the health of the inhabitants of -the city more safe and secure: but doubts have, also, arisen whether your petitioners can compel the individual proprietors of the wharfs to sink and' lay out those piers; or if they shall refuse whether your petitioners will be authorized to sink and build those piers at the expense of the city and receive the wharfage, without incurring a breach of the conditions and covenants -contained in their grants to individuals.

The petition thereupon invoked the aid of the legislature to provide by appropriate legislation for the difficulties suggested.

The preamble in the act substantially recited the contents, of the petition and for the purpose of obviating the difficulty referred to, enacted, by section 1, in substance, that the city should have authority to lay out the streets and wharfs mentioned in the preamble and to extend the same along the sides of said rivers as the growth of the city should require.

Section I provided that said streets and wharfs should be-made and completed according to the said plan hy and at the expense of the proprietors of land adjoining in proportion to the breadth of their several lots on .the river, by certain days to be appointed, and that the respective proprietors of such of said lots as may not adjoin said streets or wharfs, shall also fill up and level at their own expense the spaces lying between their said several lots and the said streets and wharfs, and shall- upon so filling up and leveling the same be respectively entitled to and become the owners of the intermediate spaces of ground in fee simple.

Section 3 provided that the mayor, aldermen and commonalty should be authorized, in case of the neglect or refusal of the proprietors to level and fill up such places, to do the same for them and charge to and collect from such owners the cost of such filling.

Section 4 provided that the sums expended by the city should be assessed upon said owners and occupants and be a lien and incumbrance, superior to any other incumbrance, upon the houses and lots in respect to which said assessment shall have been made.

Section 5 provided that it should be lawful for the city authorities to direct piers to be sunk and completed, in front of such streets and wharfs, and at such distances from each other as they should think proper, at the expense of the proprietors of lots lying opposite to such piers, and if such proprietors should neglect or refuse to sink or make said piers by the time appointed, then it should be lawful for the mayor, aldermen and commonalty to sink and make said piers and bridges at their own expense, and to receive for their own use the wharfage accruing thereat. Section 6 preserved the validity of the clauses, covenants and conditions of previous grants made by the city to individuals, and section 7 enacted “that no building of any kind or description whatsoever (other than the said piers and bridges) shall at any time hereafter be erected upon the' said streets or wharfs, or between them respectively, and the rivers to which they respectively shall front and adjoin.” These are all of the provisions of that act which it is material to notice.

Subsequently, and prior to 1807, other acts were passed to the same general effect as that of 1798 (sections 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), viz., chapter 129 of the Laws of 1801, and sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of chapter 126 of the Laws of 1806. The act of 1806, for the first time, so far as we have discovered, provided that in the case of piers orderd to be sunk by the corporation, if the adjoining owners should neglect or refuse to sink or build the same, the privilege of so doing might be .granted by the city to other individuals.

Other acts bearing upon this subject were subsequently passed by the legislature, the most complete and comprehensive of which is undoubtedly that of chapter 86, called the Revised Act of 1813, and consisting principally of a reenactment of the provisions of previous statutes. Sections 220 to 227, refer to the subject.

It is unnecessary for the purposes of this discussion, to refer particularly to the provisions of this act, or the other acts referred to, as they all aim to preserve the pre-emptive rights of the littoral owners to grants of rights and privileges in land under water, which should thereafter be made by the city, and make the authority of the city to confer such rights upon others, depend upon the neglect and refusal of the riparian owners, after due notice, to comply with the terms lawfully prescribed by the city as the conditions of the grants.

The provision forbidding the erection of any structure or building between the wharves and the rivers, except piers and bridges, is carefully repeated in each successive statute.

. It seems very clear from the provisions referred to, that the authority given to the city to grant rights under water in the harbor to others than the littoral owners, on certain conditions, by necessary implication inhibits the granting-of such rights to others, except upon compliance with the-conditions annexed to the exercise of such authority.

Neither do we entertain any doubt as to the power of the authorities of New York to grant the privilege of constructing piers in front of the wharves and bulkheads thereafter-made, to others than the owners of such stuctures, provided they comply with the conditions prescribed by the act. All conveyances made after that act by the city must be-deemed to have been taken subject to its provisions, among which was the right in the city to construct such piers on conditions. It is therefore quite unnecessary to inquire what the common law rights of littoral owners in waters adjoining their lands may be as in this case those rights are carefully defined and protected by the statutes.

These statutes and many subsequently passed (1 R. S. [7th ed.], 572 to 574), show a uniform policy on the part of the state to secure to the owners of lands on the harbor a pre-emptive right to the' advantages and emoluments to be-derived from the ownership and possession of. lands having a water front, however much the shore line of such harbor may be varied or changed by the needs of the city, or from other causes. In obedience to the requirements of these provisions when the city, previous to 1806, determined to establish an extension line on the East river between Clinton and Montgomery streets and to fill up the intervening space to high water - mark, it proposed to the littoral owners not only to grant the land under water for a street and wharf, but also the intervening land necessary to connect their existing possessions, with the water fronts to be constructed by them.

Some question has been made over the quantity of land covered by the description in the deed from the city to Rutgers; but we are of the opinion that, reasonably interpreted, it gave to the grantee all of the land between low and high water mark necessary to establish a street and wharf in the harbor and was not necessarily restricted by the distances mentioned therein. The rule that courses and distances in the description of a deed must yield to natural or artificial monuments if necessary to cover the lands plainly intended to be conveyed, is elementary and needs no citation to support it.

The terms of the grant expressly conveyed land lying between high and low water mark extending from the grantee’s land on the north to the harbor on the south. The plain purpose of the grant was, among other things, to enable the grantee to construct a wharf on the land, granted accessible at all times from such harbor and which should form the extreme southerly line of the city at that place. The deed provided that the wharf, pier or street to be built should be seventy feet wide on the south side of the granted lands, and should be contiguous to the harbor, and precluded by necessary implication the idea that any land was. to be reserved by the city whose use could be made to interfere with the enjoyment of the wharf to be constructed by the grantee. Hot only this, but it was the uniform expression of the statutes referred to that after the construction of' the streets and wharves therein provided for “that no-building of any kind (other than the said piers and bridges), should at any time thereafter be erected between said streets or wharves, and the rivers to which they respectively shall adjoin.”

The wharf and street in question were built by Henry Rutgers in pursuance of such grant and under the direction and supervision of the city authorities and presumably according to their instruction, and there is nothing in the description of the deed which restricted the location of the wharf, except that it should be on the southerly side of the grant, contiguous to the harbor, and connected with the street in such manner that the free and common passage of all persons thereon should be assured as upon other public streets of such city. Henry Rutgers and his heirs and devisees have now been in the possession of the wharf, as originally built, either personally or through their tenants,, for upwards of half a century, and its ownership has never been questioned by the city or by any one having the right to challenge the title acquired by them. It is too late therefore for any one to dispute their title to the bulkhead and wharf, and least of all those who have occupied it as tenants under them.

It becomes material, therefore, to consider what. rights, the executors of Henry Rutgers had in the premises in question at the time of the demise, and what property the-lessees received and enjoyed, under such lease. The title of the lessors and their grantees to the upland, and the fee of the street is not questioned. They also had, as we have-seen, the title to all lands lying between their original possession and the wharf, with such water rights as pertained to its ownership, together with a pre-emptive "right to any further grant of privileges by the city in the lands under water, lying in front of such premises. As the grantees of a wharf from the city they acquired, not only the right to collect wharfage thereat, but also the right of unobstructed access thereto, over the waters of the harbor as well as the pre-emptive right to acquire the ownership of all piers or bridges thereafter required by the city to be built in front of such premises. Verplanck v. City of New York, 2 Edw., Ch. 220.

These questions we conceive to have been decided in the case of Langdon v. The Mayor, etc., of N. Y. (93 N. Y., 129). That case determined, among other things, that “a grant of the right of wharfage, at a wharf adjoining land-under water belonging to the grantor, carries with it, as a necessary incident and appurtenance, and as a part of the grant, a right of way or access to the wharf for vessels over such adjacent lands.” And it was further said in the same case “ that a grant of the right to build and forever maintain a wharf upon the land of the city, would upon the same principle carry with it the right to take the wharfage and have access to the wharf.” It was also held that the plaintiff was entitled to maintain an action to recover damages from the city, for filling up and making land upon its own property in front of the plaintiff’s wharf.

The principle involved was confirmed in the subsequent cases of Williams v. The Mayor, etc., of N. Y., 105 N. Y., 420; 7 N. Y. State Rep., 529, and Kingsland v. The Mayor, etc. 110 N. Y., 569; 18 N. Y. State Rep., 701, and. would seem to be too well settled in this court to admit of further controversy.

The beneficial use and enjoyment of all the rights and privileges possessed by the heirs and devisees of Henry Rutgers, in the demised premises for the term provided for, passed to the lessees under the lease from his executors. They thereby acquired the right, not only to the use and enjoyment of the premises demised, and of all easements connected therewith, but also the right to make all such erections and improvements thereon and additions thereto, as should contribute to their profitable employment, which were not prohibited by the terms of the lease, arid did not constitute waste. Taylor on Landlord and Tenant, § 178.

They could lawfully make new erections upon the lands demised or additions to those already there; they could extend and improve the wharf so as to increase its facilities, or build a pier attached thereto (provided they obtained consent of the city therefor), and occupy and enjoy its use during the term of their tenancy, and if it was a fixture for trade purposes, and did not constitute waste, could tear it down and rémove it at any time before the expiration of their term, provided they surrendered the premises in as good condition as they were when originally leased. Johnson v. Brownson, 7 John., 227; Bradstreet v. Pratt, 17 Wend., 44; Livingston v. Reydolds, 2 Hill, 157.

The covenants of quiet enjoyment in the lease precluded the lessors from entering upon the demised premises duririg the term for the purpose of making erections or alteratians thereon, which should impair or interfere with the full enjoyment thereof by the lessees, and they equally precluded them from disturbing or preventing the tenants from erecting any structures thereon which should conduce' to their more profitable employment during the existence of the tenancy, provided such tenants should deem it desirable to build, and acquired authority from the city to do so. Heermance v. Vernoy, 6 Johns., 5; Blake v. Jerome, 14 id., 406; Dixon v. Clow, 24 Wend., 188; Agate v. Lowenbein, 57 N. Y., 604.

It would seem, therefore, that no act was done by the tenants during the term of the lease which gave the landlord a right of re-entry as for a forfeiture, or that constituted a breach of the lease giving a cause of action to the lessors. The tenant could lawfully adapt the premises to the purpose of securing the most profitable use of them not inconsistent with the terms of the lease, and the landlord had no right or power of interference therewith. Austin v. H. R. R. R. Co., 25 N. Y., 334.

It cannot be questioned but that the erection of a pier thirty-five feet wide, occupying over a third of the wharf extending from it over the water for upwards of 300 feet, would constitute a very serious interference with the estate demised, if not occupied by the tenants, or but that on the other hand it would create an important extension of the wharf rights, and a valuable addition thereto if possessed by those who had the right of using the wharf. The landlord had no right to build it, and was under no legal obligation to do so during the term of the tenancy, and the tenants did have that right, and could occupy it during their terms as the owners pro hac vice of the wharf adjacent thereto.

The general rule of law is; that whatever is fixed by the tenant to the freehold becomes a part of it and is subjected to the same rights of property as the land (Taylor’s Landlord and Tenant, § 525); but it is unnecessary, perhaps, to determine whether this pier, when erected and attached to the demised premises, became a fixture and was irremovable or was simply a structure built for trade purposes; and therefore movable during the term, inasmuch as it was upon the demised premises and was not so removed upon surrender, and therefore reverted to the landlord as part of the premises. The surrender of the leased premises by the assignors by operation of law vested the landlord with the title of any structures remaining thereon. Agate v. Lowenbein, 57 N. Y., 607.

The application of the rule expressed in the maxim “Quicquidplantatur solo, solo cedit” (Wharton’s Maxims, 73) to this pier if located upon the land demised, would. seem to be unquestionable, and we can see no distinction between that case and one where it is immovably annexed to such land and occupies the place of an easement appurtenant thereto.

• It is said in Wood’s Landlord and Tenant (§ 179) that if the tenant “encloses land, whether adjacent to or in the vicinity of the demised premises, and whether the land be part of the waste or of the highway, or belongs to the landlord or some third person, the presumption at the end of the. term is that the enclosure is part of the holding and was made for the benefit of the landlord.”

This rule was applied in the case of Dempsey v. Kipp (61 N. Y., 470) to a private way procured by one Leddick, a tenant, for the benefit of a farm occupied by him as such tenant. It was said by Dwight, Com’r, “as soon as Led-dick acquired the right, it enured to the landlord’s benefit. It is settled, law that all that the tenant thus acquires from third persons appertains to the landlord. The rule is applied even to encroachments made by him upon the lands of others; a fortiori, would it be applicable where the acquisition is made by consent or through contract with the owner of adjoining lands.”-

After referring to some English cases on the subject, he continues, “ these cases establish the doctrine that a tenant, even from year to year, has a capacity to acquire a permanent interest in adjacent lands belonging to third persons for the use of the leased property, which shall enure to his own benefit while the tenancy continues, and on its expiration shall appertain to his landlord. There appears to be no difference in principle whether the apquisition is made by prescription or by contract. The tenant’s intent is the main subject of inquiry. In the case at bar, the intent of both parties, as has been already shown, is plain.” '

. Speaking of the rule that a tenant shall not dispute the title of his landlord to demised premises, Washburn on Real Property (p. 483) says, “cases have arisen where the doctrine above stated has been applied to lands in possession of a tenant, in favor of a landlord, although the same were not embraced in the terms of his lease.”

. We have no doubt but that the rule referred to, so far as it applies to this case, is founded upon correct principles, and when applied to property acquired by a tenant for the more profitable employment of the demised premises, physically connected therewith and essential to their enjoyment, is fully justified by the reason of the rule and the justice of the case.

We could not conceive of a case calling more strongly for the enforcement of the rule than the one under consideration, Here the enclosure was simply an extension of the water front, originally demised, and cannot be used except in connection with the wharf and bulkhead to which it was attached. It cannot even be maintained separately except by the substantial destruction for commercial purposes of the demised property. The statute requires such piers to be attached -to bulkheads, and they could not have been lawfully constructed but for this connection, and cannot be maintained as a pier without it. It is impossible that any interest in regard to its use could be entertained by any one except as an appurtenance to the property in the mainland, and the finding to a contrary effect was unwarranted by the evidence and the plain implication of the law authorizing the construction of the pier.

The opinion expressed in some of the cases that the intent of the tenant in making an enclosure or acquisition must govern, was used in • cases where the acquisition was made of lands lying outside the demised premises. It can have no application to an erection or enclosure made upon the demised premises, or on an appurtenance thereof. In such a case the intent is a question of law. Moreover, such intent, we think, is conclusively shown by the proceedings through which permission to build the pier was acquired.

. In the consideration of this question we must look at the proposal of the lessees as well as the resolution of the mayor and common council accepting the same, as they together constitute the contract made- between the parties. Under the act the mayor and common council alone had authority to grant privileges to build piers in the harbor, and the previous permission of the street commissiqn had no validity except as it was confirmed by the city authorities.

The right of Stevenson and Pearce to acquire permission to build the pier was based wholly upon the claim that they were “lessees, having the same rights and privileges as the owners of the soil, to the bulkhead between Clinton and Montgomery, adjoining the contemplated pier/’ and not upon any claim; that the owners had lost their preemptive right by neglect or refusal to build, and the coni firmation by the mayor and common council of the permission previously given by the street commissioner, was made expressly subject to the rights of the owners of the fee. The tenants clearly- attempted to clothe themselves with the statutory rights of their landlords, and recognized them by irresistible implication, and the city limited the right granted to them to that pertaining to their character as representatives of the littoral owners. Having obtained the right in such character, they would clearly be estopped from ascertaining any other right as against the party they assumed to represent.

It cannot, we think, be maintained that Stevenson and Eearce, at this time had any idea of obtaining any rights in the pier, except such as should belong to them as tenants. Their lease then had nearly forty years to run, and they were assured of the use of the pier for a long period without any increase in rent, and they might well suppose that its occupation for so long a period would be sufficient compensation for the cost of the structure. The meaning of the language used in the street commissioner’s permission that it was to be built “ at their expense and for their benefit,” is abundantly satisfied by the right which they actually acquired to use it during the term of their tenancy, and the reservation of the rights of the landlord shows that they were not intended to have a more extended signification.

We therefore think, the right to build the pier, was acquired by the tenants after they had clothed themselves with the equities of their landlord, and was built as appurtenant to and for the more profitable employment of the demised premises, and could not be retained by them after the expiration of their term. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the defendant came clearly within the operation of the rule that tenants who have been put into possession of premises and permitted to occupy them by a lessor, are precluded from questioning his title in an action to recover possession of such premises or any part thereof. Washburn Real Property, 482. We are further of the opinion that the landlord acquired the right to this pier under the rule laid down in Steers v. City of Brooklyn, 101 N. Y., 57. If the effect of this pier, separately maintained, was, as it unquestionably is, to destroy the-substantial and profitable use of plaintiff’s wharf and bulkhead, its erection and retention by the tenants, after the expiration of the tenancy, was a breach of the-contract to surrender them in good condition. It was therefore wrongful, and became an accretion to such wharf, belonging to its owners.

•It cannot, in justice, be maintained that a tenant can rightfully build a structure during his tenancy over an easement appurtenant to demised premises which should substantially destroy the easement and the use and value of the demised premises without being answerable therefor to his landlord. When such structures are wrongfully built as an appurtenance of a wharf or bulkhead over the water, the law treats them as an accretion to the land of the littoral owner and awards their ownership to such owners. Ledyard v. Ten Eyck, supra; Mulry v. Norton 00 N. Y., 424. ° .

It is further claimed by the defendant that it has acquired title to the pier by adverse possession under deed from Pearce and Jarvis. This deed was given to it simultaneously with the delivery of a conveyance by the same parties of the rights they possessed in the bulkhead and wharf under the lease from Rutger’s executors.

It is not explained why Jarvis, who held only under the lease, should have joined in this deed; but it appears therefrom that the defendant endeavored to protect its rights in the pier both under the lease and the deed.

We are of the opinion that an adverse possession could not he initiated under either of these conveyances; it evidently could not under the lease, and it is equally clear that the deed was impotent for such a purpose. The grantors in that deed had an interest in the pier which was to continue to the end of their term, then nearly thirty years distant, and this they had a right to convey even against the dissent, of their lessors. The lessors could bring no action to recover possession of the pier or the water under it until the expiration of the term, for their lease had conferred this possession upon their lessees. There is no evidence in the case that the landlord ever had notice that the lessees, or their grantees or assigns, claimed any greater rights in the waters of the harbor than those acquired under their lease. The only pretense in the evidence of any such knowledge is that given by Jarvis that Crosby, one of Rutger’s executors, was about the pier frequently after it was built, and the inference therefrom that he must have known of its existence and use. Crosby, however, in execution of his powers under the will conveyed this property to Beecher in trust in 1837 and wholly ceased to have any interest in them before the pier was built.

Beecher, the trustee, lived at Batavia when the pier was built and Denio, who succeeded Beecher as trustee resided at Utica, both at a distance of several hundred miles from the location of the pier. There' is not the least evidence that either of the trustees, or any of the beneficiaries, had any knowledge of a claim to an adverse possession by any one. Even if they had had such notice, it is not perceived what effect it could have upon their rights. It is quite certain that the present defendant occupied, and had the right to occupy, the pier under its lease from 1848 to its termination in 1877, and it is not pretended that it ever attempted to surrrender such rights during the existence of the term, or committed any act which authorized a re-entry thereunder.

We are unable to find any steps taken by the original tenants, or their assignees, which can be made the foundation of a claim of adverse possession. •

What was said by Judge Finch in the case of Whiting v. Edmunds et al (94 N. Y., 314), contains a sufficient answer to the claim. He says: “The tenant cannot, by a disclaimer or by mere words denying the landlord’s title and asserting one of his own, work a forfeiture of his tenancy, or set running an adverse possession. DeLancey v. Ganong, 9 N. Y., 1.

Where the relation of landlord and tenant has been once-established, the possession of the latter, and that of his-grantees and assignees, is the possession of the landlord and not hostile or adverse, (Jackson v. Davis, 5 Cow., 129; Sands v Hughes, 53 N. Y., 293); and this is true even where-the grantee has taken a deed of the fee in ignorance of the-, fact that his grantor stood in the relation of a tenant, the latter denying any such relation. Jackson v. Scissam, 3 Johns., 499.

The possession of the tenant in subordination to the title of the landlord continues not only during the running of the term, but is presumed to be such and to remain unchanged until twenty years after the end of the term, and notwithstanding any claim by the tenant or his successors, of a hostile title. Code, § 86; Code of Civ. Pro., § 373.

This presumption may be rebutted, but to do so effectually and initiate an adverse holding, the tenant must surrender the possession to the landlord; or do something equivalent to that, and bring home to him knowledge of the adverse claim.” And so it was said in the late case of Bradt v. Church (110 N. Y., 543; 18 N. Y. State Rep., 551), “that lease being perpetual, under well settled rules of law, every one entering into possession of the demised premises is presumed to have entered under the lease, and that presumption can only be rebutted successfully by sufficient proof of an adverse possession at sometime in hostility to the landlord’s title. Where the relation of landlord and tenant is once established * * * it attaches to all who may succeed to the possession under the tenant, however remotely.”

Some question has also been made as to the_legal succession by the plaintiffs to the rights of the original les-, sors; but we are of the opinion that no material defect exists in the proof relating thereto.

The judgments of the general and special terms should-therefore be reversed and a, new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.

All concur.  