
    Cathy S. MILLER, Plaintiff, v. Carolyn W. COLVIN, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, Defendant.
    No. 3:13-CV-00018.
    United States District Court, N.D. Indiana, South Bend Division.
    Feb. 4, 2014.
    Norman L. Reed, The Law Office of Norman Reed, Indianapolis, IN, for Plaintiff.
    
      Adam R. Sorkin, Social Security Administration, Chicago, IL, Clifford D. Johnson — AUSA, U.S. Attorney’s Office, South Bend, IN, Thomas E. Kieper, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Indianapolis, IN, for Defendant.
   OPINION AND ORDER

RUDY LOZANO, District Judge.

This matter is before the Court for review of the Commissioner of Social Security’s decision denying Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) to Plaintiff, Cathy S. Miller. For the reasons set forth below, the Commissioner of Social Security’s final decision is REVERSED and this case is REMANDED for proceedings consistent with this opinion pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. section 405(g).

BACKGROUND

On August 21, 2009, Plaintiff, Cathy S. Miller (“claimant”), applied for Social Security Disability Benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 401 et seq. The claimant’s alleged onset of her disability was on July 10, 2009. The Social Security Administration denied the claimant’s initial application, and also denied her claim on reconsideration. On April 18, 2011, the claimant appeared with counsel at an administrative hearing before Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Warnecke Miller in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The claimant testified at the hearing, as did Sharon D. Ringenberg, a vocational expert (“VE”). On May 27, 2011, ALJ Miller issued a decision finding the claimant not disabled.

The claimant requested that the Appeals Council review the ALJ’s decision, and this request was denied. As a result of the denial, ALJ Miller’s decision became the Commissioner’s final decision. See 20 C.F.R. § 422.210(a). The claimant has initiated the instant action for judicial review of the Commissioner’s final decision pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

DISCUSSION

The claimant was born on June 11, 1974, and was 35 years old on the alleged disability onset date and 38 at the time of the ALJ’s decision. (Tr. 162). The claimant has a high school diploma and approximately a semester worth of college credits. (Tr. 45). The claimant is single and has three children. (Tr. 53-54). Her past relevant work includes work as an automobile assembler, sewing machine operator, and dispatcher. The claimant’s last job was as a sewing machine operator. Id. The claimant alleges the following impairments: fi-bromyalgia, asthma, and depression.

The medical evidence can be summarized as follows:

The claimant saw her primary care physician, Dr. Elizabeth Gingrich, M.D., in February of 2008, for fibromyalgia, asthma, and depression. At an exam in July of 2009, Dr. Gingrich noted that The claimant had “trigger point tenderness which is quite marked in hip and shoulder girdle region.” (Tr. 261). In December of 2010, after conducting a physical examination, Dr. Gingrich found that the claimant stood and moved stiffly, but could bend to 90 degrees. (Tr. 372-373). Dr. Gingrich diagnosed the claimant with fibromyalgia, joint pain, and depression. (Tr. 373).

Dr. Bruce Lockwitz, M.D., performed a rheumatology evaluation on the claimant and found her symptoms to be most consistent with Dr. Gingrich’s diagnosis of fibromyalgia. (Tr. 296). Dr. Lockwitz reviewed X-rays of the claimant’s feet, knees, and hands, which he found to be unremarkable. (Tr. 303). He later ordered X-rays of her knees, pelvis, hips, and lumbar spine, which were also normal. (Tr. 350). Dr. Lockwitz referred the claimant to Dr. Gene Grove, M.D. for pain management. (Tr. 402). Dr. Grove found her symptoms to be consistent with fibro-myalgia and referred her to physical therapy. (Tr. 402-405). The physical therapist reported that the claimant had a slow gait with the use of a cane, decreased lumbar flexion and extension, lumbar weakness, and tenderness of the sacroiliac joints. (Tr. 400-401).

Dr. Gingrich, the claimant’s primary care physician, indicated that the claimant could stand 30 minutes at a time and up to two-hours in an eight-hour work day. Dr. Gingrich also indicated that the claimant could sit for 30 minutes at a time up to four hours in an eight-hour work day. Dr. Gingrich also estimated that the claimant could lift ten pounds occasionally and five pounds frequently; and that the claimant could occasionally bend, stoop, and reach overhead with either arm. (Tr. 399).

In November of 2009, Dr. Joe Banks, D.O., a state agency medical consultant, examined the claimant. Dr. Banks found that the claimant had tender points along her back and shoulder, possibly consistent with fibromyalgia, but that the examination was otherwise unremarkable. (Tr. 287).

With regard to the claimant’s psychological impairments, Dr. Gingrich indicated that the claimant exhibited signs of anhe-donia, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and difficulty concentrating or thinking. (Tr. 398).

In May of 2010, Dr. Sharon DeVinney, Ph.D., a state agency psychiatric consultant, examined the claimant. (Tr. 314-19). Dr. DeVinney indicated that the claimant had some difficulty with attention and concentration, and significant difficulty retaining information, but no evidence of a global cognitive impairment. (Tr. 318). Dr. De-Vinney concluded that the claimant’s memory loss issues may significantly impair her ability to function, but symptoms of depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder did not appear to impair her functioning significantly. (Tr. 318).

Review of the Commissioner’s Decision

This Court has authority to review the Commissioner’s decision to deny social security benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). “The findings of the Commissioner of Social Security as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive ... ”. Id. Substantial evidence is defined as “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might find adequate to support a decision.” Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971). In determining whether substantial evidence exits, the Court shall examine the record in its entirety, but shall not substitute its own opinion for the ALJ’s by reconsidering the facts or re-weighing evidence. Jens v. Barnhart, 347 F.3d 209, 212 (7th Cir.2003). With that in mind, however, this Court reviews the ALJ’s findings of law de novo and if the ALJ makes an error of law, the Court may reverse without regard to the volume of evidence in support of the factual findings. White v. Apfel, 167 F.3d 369, 373 (7th Cir.1999).

As a threshold matter, for a claimant to be eligible for DIB under the Social Security Act, the claimant must establish that she is disabled. To qualify as such, the claimant must be unable to “engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months.” 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A) and 1382(a)(1). To determine whether a claimant has satisfied this statutory definition, the ALJ performs a five-step evaluation:

Step 1: Is the claimant performing substantial gainful activity? If yes, the claim is disallowed, if no, the inquiry proceeds to step 2.
Step 2: Is the claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments “severe” and expected to last at least twelve months? If not, the claim is disallowed; if yes, the inquiry proceeds to step 3.
Step 3: Does the claimant have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or equals the severity of an impairment in the SSA’ s Listing of Impairments, as described in 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpt. P, App. 1? If yes, then the claimant is automatically disabled; if not, then the inquiry proceeds to step 4.
Step 4: Is the claimant able to perform his past relevant work? If yes, the claim is denied; if no, the inquiry proceeds to step 5, where the burden of proof shifts to the Commissioner.
Step 5: Is the claimant able to perform any other work within his residual functional capacity in the national economy? If yes, the claim is denied; if no, the claimant is disabled.

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-(v) and 416.920(a)(4)(i)-(v); see also Herron v. Shalala, 19 F.3d 329, 333 n. 8 (7th Cir.1994).

In this case, the ALJ found that the claimant suffered from severe impairments of fibromyalgia, asthma, and depression, which significantly affected her ability to work. The ALJ further found that the claimant did not meet or medically equal one of the listed impairments and could not perform her past relevant work, but nonetheless retained the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to:

lift and/or carry five pounds frequently and ten pounds occasionally, stand and walk for two hours in an eight-hour work day, and sit for six hours in an eight-hour work day, defined as sedentary work in 20 CFR 404.1567(a); however, she must alternate between sitting and standing, but the positional change would not render her off task. She can never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, crouch or crawl, and she can occasionally climb ramps or stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, and reach overhead with either arm. She must use a cane, but only when walking. She must avoid concentrated exposure to pulmonary irritants such as fumes, odors, dust, gases, chemicals, or poorly ventilated areas. Moreover, as the claimant has moderate difficulties maintaining concentration and pace, she cannot understand, remember or carry out detailed instructions, and her pace is limited to goal-oriented standards rather than production paced or fast paced work. Additionally, she requires a job that allows a written list of duties to be kept at the workstation.

(Tr. 23).

After considering the claimant’s age, education, work experience and RFC, the ALJ relied upon the testimony of the VE and concluded that the claimant was not disabled and not entitled to DIB because she retained the capacity to perform a significant number of jobs despite her functional limitations. Thus, the claimant’s claim failed at step 5 of the evaluation process. The claimant argues that the ALJ committed several errors requiring reversal.

The claimant believes that the ALJ’s decision regarding her RFC was not supported by substantial evidence because the ALJ did not specify the frequency with which the claimant needs to alternate sitting and standing. The claimant believes the hypothetical questions the ALJ posed to the VE were flawed for the same reason. The claimant also believes the ALJ erred in finding that the claimant’s pace is limited to goal oriented standards rather than production paced or fast paced work, when the hypothetical question posed to the VE included a slightly different phrasing of the limitation. And, lastly, the claimant challenges the ALJ’s credibility determination.

The ALJ’s Residual Functional Capacity Finding

ALJ Miller’s RFC states, in part, that the claimant “must alternate between sitting and standing, but the positional change would not render her off task.” (Tr. 23). The claimant argues that the RFC lacks the necessary specificity in that it fails to state the frequency with which the claimant must alternate between sitting and standing. (DE # 25, at 6). The claimant alleges that the lack of an “at will” option or clear stipulation of the frequency of alternating, i.e. every 30 minutes, violates the requirements of SSR 96p-9.

In contrast, the Commissioner argues that the language of the RFC is sufficient because an “at will” option should be inferred from the use of the phrase “would not render her off task.” (DE # 28, at 9). The Commissioner further assumes that the VE heard the claimant testify to the frequency with which she needs to alternate between sitting and standing and that the VE would account for this testimony in answering the hypotheticals.

Social Security regulations require that an ALJ be clear and specific about the required frequency of alternating between standing and sitting in an RFC. SSR 96-9p provides the following with regard to alternating sitting and standing:

An individual may need to alternate the required sitting of sedentary work by standing (and, possibly, walking) periodically. Where this need cannot be accommodated by scheduled breaks and a lunch period, the occupational base for a full range of unskilled sedentary work will be eroded. The extent of the erosion will depend on the facts in the case record, such as the frequency of the need to alternate sitting and standing and the length of time needed to stand. The RFC assessment must be specific as to the frequency of the individual’s need to alternate sitting and standing. It may be especially useful in these situations to consult a vocational resource in order to determine whether the individual is able to make an adjustment to other work.

96-9p, 1996 WL 374185 (July 2, 1996). The Seventh Circuit has interpreted this language rather literally. In Arnett v. Astrue, the ALJ’s RFC included a requirement that Arnett must “alternate between sitting and standing throughout the day.” 676 F.3d 586, 590 (7th Cir.2012). Arnett argued that this was insufficient under 96-9p and the Seventh Circuit agreed:

[W]e agree with Arnett that the ALJ failed to formulate an RFC that is sufficiently specific as to how often she must be able to sit and stand.... An RFC must be specific about the required frequency of standing and sitting. SSR 96-9p, 1996 WL 374185, at *6-7, 1996 SSR LEXIS 6, at *18-19 (July 2, 1996). Arnett’s RFC provides that she must be able to alternate between sitting and standing “throughout the work-day.” This does not specify a particular frequency, and does not require that Ar-nett be able to choose to sit or stand when she feels it is necessary.

Id. The Seventh Circuit has found references to the need to stand “as needed” or at the claimant’s “own option” sufficient to uphold an RFC that does not contain a specific statement regarding the frequency at which a claimant needs to alternate between standing and sitting. See Ketelboeter v. Astrue, 550 F.3d 620, 626 (7th Cir.2008) (concluding that an RFC specifying that the claimant could sit or stand “as needed” was sufficient because it “would necessarily encompass frequent sitting and standing”); Schmidt v. Astrue, 496 F.3d 833, 845 (7th Cir.2007) (claimant’s argument that the ALJ erred by failing to specify the frequency with' which she would need to alternate between sitting and standing unavailing where the ALJ specified that she needed work that would allow her to sit or stand at her “own option.”).

In the instant case, neither the hypothetical nor the RFC specifies that the sit stand option is “at will,” “as needed,” or at her “own option.” The hypothetical and RFC also fails to specify the frequency with which the claimant must alternate between sitting and standing in any other manner. The Commissioner’s argument that one can infer an “at will option” from the ALJ’s use of the phrase “would not render her off task” is unpersuasive. Like Amett, an additional phrase unrelated to frequency does not allow an inference that the ALJ intended to allow the claimant to alternate between sitting and standing as often as she desires. SSR 96-9p requires clear language designating frequency of the need to alternate, and the ALJ’s RFC contains no reference to either a frequency or an “at will” option. Like in Amett, remand is required.

Furthermore, the Commissioner’s argument that the VE was present during the hearing and would have taken the claimant’s testimony regarding the frequency with which she must alternate between sitting and standing into account, is also unpersuasive. The Commissioner relies on Simila v. Astrue, 573 F.3d 503 (7th Cir.2009), to support its position. This case, however, directly contradicts the Commissioners argument.

As the Court explained in Simila, generally, an ALJ must include all limitations supported by the medical evidence in a hypothetical, but an exception may exist when the record indicates that the VE “independently learned of the limitations (through other questioning at the hearing or outside review of the medical records, for example) and presumably accounted for them.” Id. at 520-21 (citing Steele v. Barnhart, 290 F.3d 936, 942 (7th Cir. 2002)). However, when an ALJ poses a “series of hypothetical questions with increasingly debilitating limitations” and nothing in the record indicates that the VE relied on anything but the hypotheticals, then one cannot assume “that the VE based his testimony on anything but the hypotheticals.” Simila, 573 F.3d at 521 (citing Young v. Barnhart, 362 F.3d 995, 1003 (7th Cir.2004) (emphasis added)); see also O’Connor-Spinner v. Astrue, 627 F.3d 614, 619 (7th Cir.2010) (indicating this exception is inapplicable where an “ALJ poses a series of increasingly restrictive hypotheticals to the VE, because we infer that the VE’s attention is focused on the hypotheticals and not on the record.”).

Here, the VE testified to reviewing the record prior to the hearing, and she was present during the testimony of the witnesses; she was not told to disregard .the testimony prior to testifying. However, like in Simila, the ALJ gave increasingly restrictive hypotheticals to the VE, at the end of each hypothetical the ALJ prefaced his question with “given this set of hypothetical limitations,” and the VE never made reference to the record or any prior testimony when she gave her answers. There is nothing in the record to indicate that the VE based her answers to the hypotheticals on anything but the facts and limitations laid out in the hypotheti-cals.

Thus, the Commissioner’s argument fails. This Court cannot assume that the VE took the claimant’s testimony of the frequency with which she needed to alternate sitting and standing into consideration when giving her answers. The ALJ erred when he failed to specify the frequency of sitting and standing in both his hypothetical questions and his RFC. The case must therefore be remanded.

Because remand is required, the claimant’s remaining argument need not be addressed by the Court.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Commissioner of Social Security’s final decision is REVERSED and this case is REMANDED for proceedings consistent with this opinion pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). 
      
      . It is noted that the Commissioner neither cited Amett nor made any attempt to distinguish the Court’s holding in Arnett.
      
     