
    Michael BIRCH, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, Raymond Kelly, William J. Bratton, Joseph Fox, Constantin Tsachas, Defendants-Appellees.
    
    16-1746
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    January 12, 2017
    
      FOR APPELLANT: Chukwuemeka Nwokoro, Nwokoro & Scolo, Esquires, New York, NY.
    FOR APPELLEES:' Jane L. Gordon (with Deborah A. Brenner on the brief), for Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, NY.
    PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS, ROBERT D. SACK, SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
    
      
       The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
    
   SUMMARY ORDER

Michael Birch appeals from the judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Co-gan, J.), dismissing his complaint in which he alleges claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against various police officials (collectively “the Police Department”) and the City of New York (“the City”). Birch, a member of the Police Department, alleges that he criticized what he viewed as an illegal “quota” system imposed by his supervisors, and suffered retaliation for his protected speech. The alleged retaliatory acts occurred in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015. His claims against the City are pursuant to Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs,, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Dismissal for failure to state a claim is reviewed de novo. Smith v. Campbell, 782 F.3d 93, 98 (2d Cir. 2015). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.

1. Retaliation claims brought under' § 1983 must be asserted within three years of the offending acts. Id. at 100 (“The Statute of Limitations for claims brought under Section 1983 is governed by state law, and in this case is the three-year period for personal injury actions under New York State law.”). Because the complaint was filed on January 5, 2016, any claims based on acts prior to January 5, 2013, would normally be found untimely. Birch attempts to preserve his claims on the ground that all of the retaliatory acts were part of a single “practice and pattern” that “continue[d] into the statutory [limitations] period.” Appellant’s Br. at 12, 13. But the continuing violations doctrine is inapplicable here.

Birch contends that he “alleged a continuous practice and pattern of punishing officers ... who speak out against ... the illegal quota.” Appellant’s Br. at 12. However, the complaint is based primarily on a series of discrete alleged retaliatory events such as punitive transfers, undesirable assignments, and poor performance reviews. Such “discrete discriminatory acts are not actionable if time barred, even when they are related to acts alleged in timely filed charges.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002); see Chin v. Port Auth., 685 F.3d 135, 157 (2d Cir. 2012) (“Discrete acts of this sort, which fall outside the limitations period, cannot be brought within it, even when undertaken pursuant to a general policy that results in other discrete acts occurring within the limitations period.”). Because the continuing violation doctrine does not apply, all of Birch’s retaliation claims based on pre-2013 acts are time-barred.

Birch’s complaint does allege some retaliatory acts in 2014 and 2015. However, these claims fail nevertheless because Birch does not plausibly allege “that there was a causal connection between the protected speech and the adverse action[s].” Dolan v. Connolly, 794 F.3d 290, 294 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Espinal v. Goord, 558 F.3d 119, 128 (2d Cir. 2009)). “A plaintiff may establish causation either directly through a showing of retaliatory animus, or indirectly through a showing that the protected activity was followed closely by the adverse action.” Smith v. Cty. of Suffolk, 776 F.3d 114, 118 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing Cobb v. Pozzi, 363 F.3d 89, 108 (2d Cir. 2004)). Birch’s brief does not argue causation based on a showing of retaliatory animus, so Birch must allege causation by demonstrating that his “protected activity was followed closely by ... adverse action.” Id.

Birch cannot make that showing. He alleges that he engaged in protected speech in December 2011 and August 2012, but he concedes that he suffered no adverse employment actions between September 2012 and February 2014. Hence, Birch’s earliest, non-time-barred retaliatory action occurred at least seventeen months after Birch’s most recent exercise of protected speech. This interval is too long to support an inference of causation. See Burkybile v. Bd. of Educ., 411 F.3d 306 (2d Cir. 2005) (declining to find a causal connection when “more than a year passed between [the plaintiffs] accusations ... and the initiation of disciplinary proceedings”); see also Murray v. Visiting Nurse Servs., 528 F.Supp.2d 257, 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“[District courts within the Second Circuit have consistently held that the passage of two to three months between the protected activity and the adverse employment action does not allow for an inference of causation.”).

Therefore, all of Birch’s retaliation claims are either time-barred or fail to adequately allege causation.

2. Birch’s claims against the City, brought pursuant to Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), are also untimely. This is true even though the statute of limitations for Birch’s Monell claims might have began to run later than it did for his retaliation claims:

Since an actionable [Monell] claim .,. against a ... municipality depends on a harm stemming from the municipality’s “policy or custom,” ... a cause of action against the municipality does not necessarily accrue upon the occurrence of a harmful act, but only later when it is clear, or should be clear, that the harmful act is the consequence of a [municipality’s] “policy or custom.”

Pinaud v. Cty. of Suffolk, 52 F.3d 1139, 1157 (2d Cir. 1995) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018). In light of Pinaud, the limitations period for Birch’s Monell claims did not begin until such time as he should have known that his adverse actions resulted from the City’s “policy or custom.”

Assuming that Birch plausibly alleged the existence of a “policy or custom” that resulted in a deprivation of his First Amendment rights, Birch should have known about such a custom by 2012 at the latest. By that time, Birch had received several poor performance ratings, which he claims were part of a program “used [by the Police Department] to unfairly punish police officers who refuse to meet the illegal ‘performance goals’ imposed upon them.” App’x at 38. Because Birch’s statutory limitations period began no later than 2012, his filing of the complaint in January 2016 falls outside the three-year statute of limitations. Smith v. Campbell, 782 F.3d 93, 100 (2d Cir. 2015).

For the foregoing reasons, and finding no merit in Birch’s other arguments, we hereby AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 
      
      . Birch also alleges that, as a result of the (retaliatory) performance reviews, he was barred from certain types of work and from receiving certain benefits for a time period extending into the statutory limitations period. He argues that his claims based on acts occurring before 2013 are therefore timely because they led to negative repercussions occurring in 2013 or later. That argument is foreclosed by Harris v. City of New York, which held that "a continuing violation cannot be established merely because the claimant continues to feel the effects of a time-barred discriminatory act.” 186 F.3d 243, 250 (2d Cir. 1999) (citing Lightfoot v. Union Carbide Corp., 110 F.3d 898, 907 (2d Cir. 1997)).
     
      
      . Given this conclusion, we need not consider the individual defendants’ alternative argument that they are entitled to qualified immunity.
     