
    The People ex rel. Edward J. Burns, Relator, v. John N. Partridge, as Commissioner of Police of the City of New York et al., Defendants.
    (Supreme Court, Kings Special Term,
    October, 1902.)
    New York city — Legislative appointment of detective-sergeant — His status — Police commissioner’s ineffective exercise of his power of appointment — Declarations of city officers as to its legality.
    The statute, L. 1901, ch. 466, amendatory of L. 1897, "eh. 378, § 290, changing the then existing tenure of the office of detective-sergeant of the New York city police force — a position in existence prior to 1894 — and making permanent the position of those detective-sergeants who were in office on April 1, 1901, violates the provisions of the State Constitution of 1894, art. X, § 2, in that the Legislature, not a local authority, in effect appoints to a city office.
    Such a detective-sergeant is a city officer within the meaning of the Constitution.
    The power of appointment given said police commissioner by the first clause of said section 290 is neither legally nor effectively exercised by him by his issue, just as he was going out of office, of an order that “ the chief clerk be, and is hereby directed to administer the oath as detective-sergeants, to the following named officers, who were appointed or assigned to perform detective duty in the detective bureau, or in what is known as the headquarters’ squad, and who were acting in said bureau or squad on the 1st day of April, 1901 ”, nor by his notifying on the same day .the head of the central bureau of detectives that he had assigned certain patrolmen of the headquarters’ squad to duty as detective-sergeants and that they were “ transferred and assigned to the detective bureau, Manhattan, to take effect forthwith ”.
    Unless a city appointment was made legally no subsequent declaration of city officers can make it legal. -
    Tin's is an application for a peremptory writ of mandamus, requiring John ET. Partridge, as police commissioner of ETew York, to reinstate the relator as a detective-sergeant in the central office bureau of detectives, and to certify and transmit to the municipal civil service commissioners the pay-roll for the month of July, 1902, containing the name of the relator, and showing his right to a salary as such detective-sergeant for that month.
    Black, Olcott, Gruber & Bonynge (Abraham Gruber, of counsel), for relator.
    George L. Eives, corporation counsel (Walter S. Brewster, of counsel), for defendants.
   Cochrane, J.

The relator was appointed a patrolman in the police department of the" city of New York, on the 29th day of January, 1896. On December 12, 1900, he was assigned to the detective force in the said city, known as the “ headquarters squad,” and performed detective duties therein until January 1, 1902. After this latter date he performed the duties of a detective-sergeant until July 17, 1902, when he was remanded to patrol duty, and assigned to duty as a patrolman.

The relator bases his claim for reinstatement on section 290 of the city charter, as amended by chapter 466 of the Laws of 1901, which took effect January 1, 1902, and is as follows: “ The police commissioner shall maintain a bureau which shall be called the central office bureau of detectives, and shall select and appoint to perform detective duty therein from the patrolmen or roundsmen as many detectives as the said commissioner may from time -to time determine necessary to make that bureau efficient. The patrolmen or roundsmen so selected and appointed, and the patrolmen or roundsmen heretofore selected, appointed, or assigned to perform detective duty in the detective bureau, or in what is known as the headquarters squad, and who were acting in said bureau or squad on the first day of April, nineteen hundred and one, shall be known as detective-sergeants, shall act as such in said bureau, and shall hold the same rank and shall be eligible for promotion in the entire police force in the city under the same rules and conditions applicable to the promotion of all other sergeants of police in said city, and shall not be reduced in rank or salary except in the manner provided by law for sergeants and other officers of the police force.”

The relator having been previously assigned to perform detective duty in the “ headquarters squad,” and acting therein on the 1st day of April, 1901, comes directly within the provisions of the act above referred to. It is claimed, however, that this act is in violation of section 2, article X, of the Constitution of the State of Eew York, which provides that “ all city, town and village officers whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, shall be elected by the electors of such cities, towns and villages, or of some division thereof, or appointed by such authorities thereof, as the Legislature shall designate for that purpose.” Counsel for the relator has made a very learned and exhaustive argument to demonstrate that the position of detective-sergeant, as distinct from that of patrolman, is not an office within the meaning of this constitutional provision. The question, however, has been decided adversely to the relator in the case of the People ex. rel. Lahey, against this same defendant, 74 App. Div. 291, the court saying, we think that section 290 of the charter, as amended by the act of 1901, is a violation of this provision. Prior to the adoption of the present Constitution, as we have seen, there was a position of detective sergeant in the department, whose appointment was vested in the board of police. A detective sergeant appointed to perform detective work held a city office, and although subject to removal from that position and reassignment to patrol duty, he was entitled to a definite salary and held a distinct position in the department. This constitutional provision, therefore, applied to this position, and the Legislature could not directly appoint persons to fill that position, nor could they vest the power to make such appointment in any State board or officer. Yet, by this amendment, the Legislature provides that hereafter these detective sergeants should hold their positions permanently, not subject to the pleasure of the police commissioner, and should consist of those detective sergeants who held the position on the 1st day of April, 1901, before the act was passed. The Legislature, not a local authority, therefore, appoints the officers. * * * We think therefore that this amendment of section 290 of the charter was in violation of the constitutional provision and void.”

It is claimed that the question of the constitutionality of this section' was not before the court for determination in that case, and that the opinion was .obiter dictum, and not, binding in the determination of the present case. The question received careful consideration by the court; the status of the position of detective-sergeant, both before and after the amendment to the charter, which took effect January 1, 1902, was fully discussed; the statutes bearing on the question, and leading up to section 290 of the charter, as finally amended, were reviewed; and after an elaborate discussion of the question, the conclusion was reached that the section of the charter under consideration was obnoxious to the constitutional provision above referred to, the court in conclusion using the language above quoted.

I think that this declaration of the Appellate Division thus recently- expressed, after an elaborate and exhaustive discussion of the question, should be .controlling.

The learned counsel for the relator, further insists that if section 290 of the charter is unconstitutional, in so far as it provides that patrolmen or roundsmen who were acting in the performance of detective duty, in the detective bureau, or headquarters squad, on April 1,' 1901, should be detective-sergeants, the relator is notwithstanding a detective-sergeant, by virtue of an independent appointment made by the police commissioner, January 1, 1902. Section 290 of the charter as amended in the first sentence thereof, empowers the police commissioner to select and appoint from the patrolmen or roundsmen, detectives to perform detective duty in the central office bureau of detectives. It is claimed that under this provision, the pohce commissioner appointed the relator such detective-sergeant, by reason of the following facts. On the 1st day of January, 1902, Commissioner Murphy, as he was about to go out of office, made the following-order, “ Ordered that in pursuance of the provisions of section 390 of chapter 466, Laws of 1901 (charter), the chief clerk be, and is hereby directed to administer the oath as detective-sergeants, to the following named officers, who were appointed or assigned to perform detective duty in the detective bureau, or in what is known as the headquarters squad, and who were acting in said bureau or squad, on the 1st day of April, 1901.” (Here follows a long Est of names, including the name of the relator.) On the same day, the poEce commissioner in writing notified the head of the central office bureau of detectives and the detective-sergeant, in command of the headquarters squad, that a large number of patrolmen of the headquarters squad, specifying them by name, and including the name of the relator, had been assigned to duty as detective-sergeants of police,” and that they were thereby transferred and assigned to the detective bureau, Manhattan, to take effect forthwith.” This order and these notices did not purport to “ select and appoint ” from the patrolmen and roundsmen. The order simply directed that an oath be administered “ in pursuance of the provisions of section 290 of chapter 466 of the Laws of 190Í.” It does not appear that there was any attempt to exercise the power either to " select ” or appoint,” as an independent act of the commissioner. He did not designate any particular man or men, but mentioned all of the men who were described in section 290, as being thereby appointed to the . office of detective-sergeant. The order and notices referred to contain no language which can be construed as a present appointment, or as an independent act of the commissioner, exercising a power of appointment vested in him by the statute. On the contrary, the order expressly recites that those to whom the oath was to be administered “ Were appointed or assigned to perform detective duty in the detective bureau, or in what is known as the headquarters squad, and who were-acting in said bureau or squad, on the 1st day of April, 1901.” It is apparent that the commissioner was simply carrying into effect the appointment sought to be accomplished by the statute per se, and was not exercising an independent and discretionary power of appointment which the statute conferred upon him.

The relator has drawn his pay as detective-sergeant from January until June inclusive, of the present year. Pursuant to the municipal civil service provisions, Commissioner Partridge, one of the defendants herein, has certified in effect from month to month, for the purpose of enabling the relator to receive such compensation, that he was duly appointed detective-sergeant in accordance with the provisions of law, and rules and regulations of the police department, and that he had performed the duties of such detective-sergeant, and that he had been employed solely in the performance of the appropriate duty of the position and employment indicated, and the civil service commissioners also certified that the relator had been appointed or employed in pur- . suance of law. These certificates or declarations were made, however, with reference to the facts above referred to, and which are claimed by the relator to have constituted a legal appointment or designation to the position of detective-sergeant. If such appointment was illegally or improperly made, no subsequent declaration on the part of any officers of the city, could make it legal or regular.

In making the certificates referred to, the defendants were doubtless acting in the belief that section 290 of the charter as amended, was a lawful exercise of legislative power, and by its terms constituted the relator a detective-sergeant. But however that may be, it is not claimed that the relator was appointed by the present commissioner, and no dictum or declaration of the latter can give vitality to an unconstitutional legislative enactment, or can constitute as a valid appointment of the relator, those acts or statements of his predecessor, which as above pointed out, fell short of accomplishing that result. The relator’s position must be determined by the facts existing on the 1st day of January, 1902.

My conclusion is that the relator has no title to the position in question, and that he was lawfully remanded to patrol duty.

Motion denied with ten dollars costs.  