
    Henry W. Vooth, Respondent, v. James C. McEachen, Appellant.
    
      ■Disputed questions of fact — review of, by the, court — action based on an attorney’s wrongful settlement of a claim—■presumption that the face of the claim represents the measure of the client’s damages —the attorney may prove the contran'y.
    
    Disputed questions of fact are for the jury, and it is only where the trial court or' the Appellate Division, upon a review of all the facts, concludes that the . verdict is against the weight of evidence that it has the right to interfere.
    In an action by a client against his attorney to recover damages for an alleged breach of duty on the part of the attorney, in settling instead of prosecuting a claim intrusted to him by the client for collection, the claim will be presumed to be valid, and the amount of such claim to represent the client’s measure of damages.
    The attorney may, in defense, show that the claim was not valid, or that only a portion thereof was collectible.
    Laughlin, J., dissented on other grounds.
    Appeal by the defendant, James 0. McEachen, from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county >of New York on the 9th day of April, 1903, upon the verdict of á jury, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the 8th day of April, 1903, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made upon the minutes.
    
      Abram I. Elkus, for the appellant.
    
      Charles G. F. Wahle, for the respondent.
   O’Brien, J. :

The action was brought to recover damages against the defendant for breach of duty in settling certain claims which the plaintiff had placed in his hands, as attorney, for enforcement. The plaintiff was a brother of Herman C. Tooth, deceased, and alleged that he was employed by his brother in his lifetime. After his death the plaintiff claimed that he had an account against his brother’s estate for money loaned, labor performed and moneys advanced to said Herman 0. Tooth, deceased, amounting to $840.66. He employed the defendant as an attorney to enforce the payment of the claim, and after its presentation to the administratrix of the deceased, and rejection by-her, the defendant at the instigation of the plaintiff brought suit in September, 1891, against the administratrix.

Prior to April, 1892, a creditor of the plaintiff named Streifc brought an action against the plaintiff, and obtained and served a third party order on the administratrix Herman 0. Tooth, which, order enjoined the administratrix from disposing of or paying oven to plaintiff any money or property until the further order of the court. In May, 1892, plaintiff testified, he' saw the. defendant who advised him to drop his action against the administratrix for the reason that it would be a long while before the case was tried and that the estate of his brother would not in any event be able to pay ■more than fifty per cent on the dollar on any claims, and that in view of the third party order which had .been pbtained by one of his creditors, he thought it would be better for him to accept the sum of $250 which he1 told him he had been offered in settlement of the action.

Prior to May 21, 1892, and on or about April 7, 1892, the defendant had settled the action brought by the plaintiff against the administratrix for the sum of $250, of which sum $125 was paid to the attorneys for the judgment. creditors of the plaintiff and the balance was retained by the defendant for his services in the action, pursuant to what he claimed was an agreement of retainer providing for a fifty per cent contingent fee and giving him authority in his discretion to settle the claim in suit, and upon this agreement. the defendant relied upon the trial. In addition to this retainer agreement the defendant produced at the trial & general release and an, assignment of the claim, both of which were signed by the plaintiff,on or about their date, which was April 7, 1892. - ^

With respect to these papers the plaintiff said that on or about the 6th or 7th of April, 1892, the defendant asked him to sign some papers in blank which he stated were neceSsary for use upon the trial of his action, and that the defendant’s three exhibits in writing were the thrée ! papers which he signed in blank, relying upon the representations made as to the purpose for which they were to be used and he did not know nor was he told that they were intended to-be filled out so as to embody an authorization to settle or release or ..assign the claim. The defendant testified that the retainer and1 authorization was a written and completed document which the plaintiff executed when he retained him in April, 1891, which is the date written'in the agreement. The other two papers bear date as of April 7, 1892.

The plaintiff was in part corroborated-by a witness named Leader-, who testified that he went with the plaintiff to the defendant’s office, and while there the plaintiff, after talking with the lawyer about papers, showed them to the witness and said: “61 have got to sign some papers.’ * * * I says, ‘To what?’ He says, ‘To these blank papers,’ * * * he says, * * * . ‘ will I sign these papers?’ ‘Well,’ I says, ‘they are blank, there is nothing to' them; ’ and with that his lawyer said, ‘ If you cannot trust your lawyer who' are you going to trust?’ I said, ‘You can sign your name * * * if yon want to.’ There was nothing on the papers. One was a sort of- bluish paper. The other was on legal cap, they generally draw up. There was nothing on either one of them when they were handed to me. There was printing, on one; a regular form. And the other was a blank paper to my knowledge. He signed those papers in that condition in my presence. * *- * He said (the defendant) ‘I must have these papers to settle up the case.’ ”

The defendant in his contention was supported by the testimony of his former managing clerk, a man by the name of Booth, who signed the retainer agreement as a witness, and by the certificate of a notary named Horton, who is dead and who took the acknowledgment of the release. The assignment of the claim produced in evidence, which was acknowledged before the defendant as commissioner of deeds, is entitled to little greater weight than the defendant’s verbal testimony.

This summary of the issues and of the testimony presented on -either side to support them, together with excerpts from such part of the testimony as we deem most material, shows, we think, that the questions of fact were properly submitted to the jury for their verdict. The amount awarded the plaintiff of $211.16 with interest, was not, in view of the testimony given, excessive damages to •award if the plaintiff were entitled at all to recover. The principal oontention upon this appeal is that the verdict was against the weight of evidence.

Upon this contention, were it not for the natural concern which the court is bound to take in all differences between attorney and (client, we would not feel warranted in more than stating the con-clusion from the summary already made. This concern, therefore, must be our excuse for extending an opinion in a case where so small an amount is involved.

We have already referred to the variance which exists between the testimony of the plaintiff and the defendant upon the main issue presented as to whether or not the latter in disregard of the plaintiff’s express instructions settled his claim and cause of action for $250. In considering the contention that the defendant by a clear preponderance of evidence established that the plaintiff knowingly (assented to the settlement, the jury had a right to observe that, as the result of the settlement as made, the plaintiff derived from it no -direct pecuniary benefit, the amount received being divided equally between the defendant and the creditor Streit. Eecognizing the weight that might be attached to this circumstance, the defendant sought to meet it by his testimony that the plaintiff, having concluded that he would reap little benefit from the claim, told the defendant that he could do as he pleased with it, as he was going to leave the country for South America. This testimony the plaintiff denies.

The jury might also consider the testimony that at the time these papers were signed the defendant, by telephone, arranged the terms thereof with the attorney for the administratrix and that plaintiff was then present, which testimony the plaintiff denied, and although by his manner of denial he placed in doubt the question of whether there was or was not a telephone at that time in defendant’s office,, the latter made no effort to have this doubt solved in his favor by competent evidence.

That the parties met at the defendant’s office either on or about April 7, 1892, as testified by the defendant, or on or about May 21, 1892, as testified by the plaintiff, is admitted. And as to what then occurred, according to the two versions, we have already indicated, and as to corroboration outside of the written instruments, we have the testimony of Leader for the plaintiff as against that of the witness Booth for the defendant. Were it not, therefore, for the written instruments we do not think it would be seriously contended that a verdict either wáy would be against the weight of evidence, the testimony upon the disputed fact being so evenly balanced. It is. insisted, however, that the written instruments are overwhelming in support of the defendant’s version, and to a great extent our conclusion must turn upon the faith and credence to be given to them.

In regard to the agreement of retainer the defendant testified that it was a completed instrument when it was' presented to. and signed by plaintiff, and that this occurred when he was first retained in April, 1891, which, as stated, was the date written in that agreement. Booth, whose name appears as the witness to that agreement, swore to the same effect. On cross-examination, however, the; .latter admitted that he was not in the defendant’s office in 1891 at all, but said he was there from the 1st of February to the 1st of May in the year 1892, and, therefore, he did not sign the paper at the time it bears date, which was 1891, and. that the defendant, when he said it was witnessed by him in 1891, if he so stated, was mistaken.

This is a serious discrepancy, because if Booth is to be believed and the retainer agreement was witnessed by him in 1892, although the date written in it was 1891, then the defendant was mistaken in his testimony that it was executed in 1891. We must, with respect to this paper, therefore, whether we decide that • before it was executed it was filled out in full or presented to the plaintiff in blank,, conclude with the plaintiff that it was executed at or about the date of the other two papers. Upon the question whether all these were signed in blank or were all completed when they were signed by the plaintiff, we should incline to the view that the defendant was supported in his contention that the latter was the fact. This is important as bearing upon the credibility of the plaintiff, but it is by no means conclusive upon the real issue presented, which was not whether the plaintiff had signed the papers in blank or when fully completed — for it was admitted by plaintiff that the papers bore his signature, and he acknowledged the fact before a notary and defendant as commissioner of deeds — but whether the defendant induced the plaintiff to sign them by misrepresenting their intent, purpose, provisions and bearing, and thus succeeded in obtaining a ratification of a settlement which he had already made in April. From the fact that one of these papers was acknowledged before a notary, and the additional fact appearing that the agreement of retainer was signed in the middle of the page, we should conclude that one, and maybe all, of the three written papers were in their present condition when signed by the plaintiff.

As we have endeavored to point out, however, this is not conclusive upon the plaintiff’s rights, although it might injuriously affect his credibility. The jury, as stated, were called upon finally to decide the crucial question of whether or not the plaintiff knowingly assented to the settlement, or whether, in violation of his instructions, the defendant settled it, and then, by misrepresentation, induced plaintiff to sign papers necessary to carry it out. The plaintiff did not deny his signature to the papers, but insisted that they were obtained as the result of the misrepresentations by the defendant of the use which would be made of them and the purpose for which they were intended. The request to charge, therefore, upon which the appellant so confidently relies, that if the jury reach the conclusion that the papers when executed by the plaintiff were in the same condition as when presented upon the trial, then they must give a verdict for the defendant, was properly refused, because, as we have attempted to show, this was not conclusive upon the rights of the parties.

We have sufficiently discussed the evidence to show, we think, that, notwithstanding the written instruments, there was still a question for the jury. It frequently happens that taking the printed record on appeal to this court upon closely contested and nicely divided questions of fact, whichever way the jury determine the disputed facts, we would be obliged to affirm their verdict. This is but saying what has been frequently repeated, that disputed questions of fact are for the jury, and it is only where the trial court or this court upon a review of all the facts concludes that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, that it has the right to interfere.

The learned trial judge in this case enjoyed the advantage which the mere examination of this record does not furnish, of seeing the witnesses and noting their demeanor and manner of testifying, which, was a benefit that the jury also had, and which rarely, if ever,, can be exactly written into or photographed upon a printed record. Upon the whole case, therefore, we do not think that we would be warranted in interfering with the jury’s verdict, and unless the errors ássigned are sustained, the judgment entered thereon must be affirmed.

Among the other alleged errors our. attention is called to the refusal of the learned trial judge to dismiss the complaint, the defendant’s insistence being that this action in form was one for conversion, and plaintiff cannot succeed because no demand was made before suit and there was no proof of damage. In our view, the cause of action is one to recover damages for breach of duty which the defendant, as an attorney, owed to the plaintiff. And while in such an action no demand before suit was necessary, it was undoubtedly incumbent upon the plaintiff to have some basis upon which the resulting damage could stand. As between attorney and client the presumption would be that the claim was valid, and it became the defendant’s duty upon that theory to insist upon its payment for the full amount. We think, therefore, the respondent was right in insisting that the measure of such damages is the amount of the claim of the client which the attorney was employed to prosecute and which the client presumably lost by reason of the breach of the attorney’s duty. In defense it would be proper to show that plaintiff had no claim, or as was here shown, that, though valid, but fifty per cent could be recovered thereon.

We need not, however, dwell longer on this feature of the case, because the original amount of the claim was $840.66, and the verdict being for $211.16, it is evident that the jury considered the testimony tending to .show that only one-half of the amount was collectible and made some allowance for the value of defendant’s' professional services. As said, therefore, if the plaintiff was entitled to any recovery, the amount awarded was not excessive.

We have examined the many exceptions taken to rulings upon evidence and in the charge, but find no error which would be ground for reversal. We think, therefore, that the judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs. ,

Van Bbunt, P. J., Ingbaham and McLaughlin, JJ., concurred; Lagghlin, J., dissented.

Laughlin, J. (dissenting) :

I think, if the plaintiff was mistaken about signing the papers in blank, it must be presumed that he knew their contents. According to his testimony, there being no writing, there, was no misrepresentation as to the contents. He merely contends that the papers were signed in blank. That contention, in my judgment, cannot be sustained. It, therefore, follows that he signed with these papers filled out as they now appear, and, if so, he'is chargeable with knowledge of their contents,, and the settlement was authorized.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.  