
    Case Mo. 12,126.
    In re RULE OF COURT.
    [3 Woods, 502.] 
    
    Circuit Court, N. D. Georgia.
    March Term, 1877.
    Criminal Law—Complaint— Sufficiency op Affidavit—Probable Cause—Real Accuser.
    1. An affidavit made solely upon information derived from others whose names are not given, by a person who swears that he has good reason to believe, and does believe, that a certain person, naming him. has committed an offense against the laws, describing it. does not meet the requirements of article 4 of the amendments to the constitution of the United States.
    [Quoted in U. S. v. Tureaud. 20 Fed. G23. Cited in Re Gourdin. 45 Fed. 843.]
    [Cited in State v. Sureties of Krohne (Wyo.) 34 Pac. 5.1
    
    2. The probable cause mentioned in that article which is to be supported by oath or affirmation, and upon which alone a warrant can issue, must be submitted to the committing magistrate, who must judge of the sufficiency of the ground shown for believing the accused party guilty.
    [Quoted in U. S. v. Tureaud. 20 Fed. 623. Cited in U. S. v. Polite, 35 Fed. 59.]
    3. The magistrate, before issuing a warrant, should have before him the oath of the real accuser to the facts on which the charge is based, and on which the belief or suspicion of guilt is founded.
    [Quoted in U. S. v. Tureaud, 20 Fed. 023; Re Dana, 6S Fed. 894.J
    [In the matter of a rule of court prescribing the duty of circuit court commissioners in certain cases.]
   BRADLEY. Circuit Justice.

I am informed by his honor, the district judge, that great inconvenience is caused ju this district by the arrest of persons charged with offenses against the revenue laws, against whom no sufficient evidence can be produced, either before the grand jury to warrant an indictment, or before the traverse jury to justify a conviction, whereby much useless expense is caused to the government, and the personal liberty of the people is unnecessarily' interfered with. One cause of this evil seems to he the fact that warrants are issued, upon the affidavit of some officer, who, upon the relation of others whose names are not disclosed, swears that, upon information, he has reason to believe, and does believe, the person charged has committed the offense charged. The district judge, not being satisfied that this is a sufficient ground for issuing a warrant of arrest, has desired my ¿dvice in the matter. After examination of the subject, we have come to the conclusion that such an affidavit does not meet the requirements of the constitution, which, by the fourth article of the amendments, declares that the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and that no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, describing the place to be searched and the persons to be seized. It is plain from this fundamental enunciation, as well as from the books of authority on criminal matters in the common law, that the probable cause referred to, and which must be supported by oath or affirmation, must be submitted to the committing magistrate himself, and not merely to an official accuser, so that he, the magistrate, may exercise his own judgment on the sufficiency of the ground shown for believing the accused person guilty; and this ground must amount to a probable cause of belief or suspicion of the party's guilt. In other words, the magistrate ought to have before him the oath of the real accuser, presented either in the form of an affidavit, or taken down by himself by personal examination, exhibiting the facts on which the charge is based and on which the belief or suspicion of guilt is founded. The magistrate can then judge for himself, and not trust to the judgment of another, whether sufficient and probable cause exists for issuing a warrant. It is possible that by exercising this degree of caution, some guilty persons may escape public prosecution, but it is better that some guilty ones should escape than that many innocent persons should be subjected to the expense and disgrace attendant upon being arrested upon a criminal charge, and this was undoubtedly the beneficent reason upon which the constitutional- provision referred to was founded.

In view of these considerations, and to correct the evil alluded to, we have prepared and now make the following general order for the guidance of the commissioners of this court, in the manner of issuing warrants of arrest against persons charged with crime, to wit: No warrant shall be issued by any commissioner of this court for the seizure or arrest of any person charged with a crime or offense against the laws of the United States upon mere belief, or suspicion of the person making such charge; but only upon j>robable cause, supported by oath or affirmation of such person, in which shall be stated the-facts within his own knowledge constituting-the grounds for such a belief or suspicion.  