
    INTERMARINE, LLC, Plaintiff, v. SPLIETHOFF BEVRACHTINGSKANTOOR, B.V., et al., Defendants.
    Case No. 15-mc-80211-MEJ
    (S.D. Tex. Case No. 4:14-CV-00145)
    United States District Court, N.D. California.
    Signed August 20, 2015
    Cecily Linne Kaffer, The Kullman Firm, A Professional Law Corporation, Mobile, AL, Susan Tayeko Kumagai, Rebecca Kim Kimura, Lafayette- & Kumagai LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiff.
    Julie Erin Schwartz, Daniel Eric Lassen, Perkins Coie LLP, Palo Alto, CA, for Dropbox, Inc., non-party.
   ORDER RE: MOTION TO QUASH SUBPOENA

Re: Dkt. No. 1

MARIA-ELENA JAMES, United States Magistrate Judge

INTRODUCTION

Non-party Drópbox, Inc., which is located in this District, has received a Subpoena to Testify at a Deposition in Intermarine, LLC v. Spliethoff Bevrachtingskantoor, B.V., 4:14-07-00145, currently pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas .(the “Texas Court”). Dropbox now moves for an order quashing the Deposition Subpoena. Dkt. No. 1. Having- considered the parties’ positions, relevant legal authority, and- the record in this case, the Court issues the following order.

BACKGROUND

In the underlying case, Plaintiff Inter-marine, LLC brings claims against Defendants Spliethoff Bevrachtingskantoor, B.V., Spliethoff Americas, Inc., and Kasper Bihlet, based on the alleged disclosure of Intermarine’s confidential and proprietary business information and trade secrets, including information stored electronically on its protected computers. Compl. ¶2, Dkt. No. 1, Intermarine, 4:14-CV-00145. Non-party Dropbox provides a document storage and sharing service through which users can collaboratively save, share, and edit documents stored “in the cloud.” Mot. at 1.

On October 31, 2014, Dropbox received a subpoena from Intermarine demanding it produce records associated with Bihlet’s Dropbox account, accompanied by a written consent form. Tyler Deck, Ex. A, Dkt. No. 2. On November 14, 2014, Dropbox sent a letter to Bihlet’s attorney objecting to the subpoena, arguing it improperly sought the content of -communications in violation of the Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2702(a)(l), (2), and that a written consent form was insufficient to establish ownership of the account. Id. Ex. B.

On December 19, 2014, Intermarine filed an “Unopposed Motion to Compel Discovery from Non-Party,” requesting an order compelling Dropbox to produce the requested documents. Dkt. No. 58 in Intermarine, 4:14-CV-00145. On February 27, 2015, the Texas Court granted Interma-rine’s request, stating, “Dropbox has not responded to the subpoena.” Dkt. No. 92 in Intermarine, 4:14-CV-00145. Dropbox states it received the order on March 3, 2015. Mot. at 2. On March 9, it sent a letter to Intermarine, reiterating its objections and noting the order was improperly issued under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45, which requires such orders to issue from the cqurt for the district where compliance is required Court. Tyler Decl., Ex. D. Intermarine, Dropbox, and Bihlet subsequently agreed to a consent stipulation allowing Dropbox to produce Bihlet’s records directly to him pursuant to his express consent. Id. Ex. E. Dropbox did so on May 19, 2015. Tyler Deck ¶ 7.

On July 2, 2015, Dropbox received a deposition notice from Intermarine, directing Dropbox to designate one or more employees as Persons Most Knowledgeable regarding 12 deposition topics and 26 subtopics. Id. Ex. F. Dropbox sent In-terinarme a letter objecting to the deposition notice but offering to provide a certificate of authenticity signed by a Dropbox records custodian sufficient for Interma-rine to authenticate the records at issue. Id. Ex. G. On July 24, 2015, Intermarine followed up with a request for the custodian affidavit, which Dropbox sent on July 27,2015. Id. Exs.H-1.

On July 27, 2015, Intermarine served Dropbox with the subject Deposition Subpoena, directing Dropbox to appear at a deposition on August 6, 2015. Id. Ex. J. The parties agreed to change the date of the deposition to August 25, 2015. Id. Exs. K-L. Dropbox then brought the present motion on August 6, 2015. Inter-marine filed an Opposition on August 14, 2015. Dkt. No. 8. After reviewing the parties’ briefs, the Court ordered the parties to meet and confer to sée if they could reach a resolution. Dkt. No. 10. Unable to resolve the dispute, the parties filed a joint status letter. Dkt. No. 13. The Court held a hearing on August 20, 2015.

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 governs discovery of non-parties by subpoena. Rule 45 provides that a party may command a non-party to testify at a deposition and produce designated documents, electronically stored information, or tangible things in that person’s possession, custody, or control. Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(a)(1)(A)(iii). The scope of discovery through a subpoena under Rule 45 is the same as the scope of discovery permitted under Rule 26(b). Beinin v. Ctr. for Study of Popular Culture, 2007 WL 832962, at *2 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 16, 2007) (citing Truswal Sys. Corp. v. Hydro-Air Eng’g Inc., 813 F.2d 1207, 1209-12 (Fed.Cir.1987)).

To determine whether a subpoena should be enforced, the Court is guided by Rule 45, which protects a subpoenaed party from “undue burden,” and Rule 26, which provides that the Court must limit discovery if “the discovery sought ... can be obtained from some other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive” or if “the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(d)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(2)(C)(i). A party or lawyer responsible for issuing and serving a subpoena therefore must take reasonable steps to avoid imposing undue burden or expense on a person subject to the subpoena. Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(c)(1). In turn, the Court “must protect a person who is neither a party nor a party’s officer from significant expense resulting from compliance.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(d)(2)(B)(ii). The Court may modify or quash a subpoena that subjects a person to undue burden. Fed.R.Civ.P. 45(d)(3)(A)(iv).

DISCUSSION

Dropbox argues the Deposition subpoena should be quashed for several reasons. First, it notes the Deposition Subpoena requires Dropbox to designate one or more corporate representatives to explain Dropbox’s business, its practices, its technology, and its data, yet this information is not at issue in the Texas litigation and is already available'on Dropbox’s website. Mot. at 1. Second, Dropbox notes the Deposition Subpoena demands it provide one or more corporate representatives to provide testimony on the nature and format of Dropbox’s data and document production, which can more easily be accomplished by declaration under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Id. Finally, Dropbox notes it has over 400 million users, who collectively save more than 1.2 billion files to Dropbox every 24 hours, and it cannot .reasonably be expected to provide testimony every time a Dropbox file or folder is at issue in a case. Id.

In response, Intermarine states the Dropbox records include both documents created by Dropbox and documents that were uploaded by Bihlet. Jt. Ltr. at 5. It notes Dropbox created four logs of the file activity in Bihlet’s account, and those logs (produced in csv format) rely on a handful of codes. Id. While Intermarine’s employees can testify that the documents uploaded to Bihlet’s Dropbox contained Intermarine’s trade secrets and confidential information, Intermarine contends only Dropbox can explain the logs and the codes. Id. Intermarine also seeks the testimony because Defendants dispute the authenticity of the records and would not stipulate to the admission of the records into evidence. Opp’n at 3.

Having reviewed the parties’ arguments, the Court finds Dropbox’s motion should be granted. First, .the records are already admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence, and Rule 902(11) “was intended to obviate the need for live witnesses to parade to the stand to support the admission.into evidence of business records.” United Asset Coverage, Inc. v. Avaya Inc., 409 F.Supp.2d 1008, 1052 (N.D.Ill.2006);. see also DirecTV, Inc. v. Reyes, 2006 WL 533864, at *3 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 2, 2006) (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 902 advisory committee notes (2000 amendments)) C“[t]he purpose of Rule 902(11) ... is to establish a ‘procedure by which parties can authenticate certain records of regularly conducted activity, other than through the testimony of a foundation witness’”). Dropbox attests the records were kept in the course of regularly conducted activity by Dropbox and were made in the course of.regularly conducted activity as a regular practice by Dropbox. See Tyler Deck, Ex. I; see also Fed.R.Evid. 803(6). The Federal Rules of Evidence were designed to promote accuracy in factfinding and exclude documents that might be false or otherwise unreliable. See United States v. Perlmuter, 693 F.2d 1290, 1292-93 (9th Cir.1982) (“This circuit requires strict compliance with the authenticity rules.”) (citations omitted). As Dropbox provided the required authentication, Intermarine’s request for further testimony is duplicative and unnecessarily burdensome. Although Inter-marine argues Defendants may dispute the authenticity of the records at trial, they are admissible with or without Defendants’ cooperation.

Second, although Intermarine seeks Dropbox’s testimony to explain the records, it admits Dropbox’s production included “text files explaining the produced records” that Intermarine’s witnesses may use with the other records already in In-termarine’s possession to “establish that [Defendant] Bihlet uploaded his entire In-termarine directory to [his] Dropbox [account] for the purpose of-'sharing it with his new employer.” Opp’n at 4-5. To the extent. Intermarine desires testimony beyond that, Bihlet, whose Dropbox user account is the subject of the dispute, is the best witness to testify concerning his Dropbox account, the files he stores there, and the files he deleted. Testimony from Dropbox is therefore unnecessary.

Third, as to information Intermarine seeks regarding what Dropbox is and how files are stored and maintained, in addition to the information already produced, Drop-box has it is available on its website through the Dropbox Help Center. Tyler Deck, Ex. J. Because this information is publicly available, Intermarine or its expert could review the Dropbox website in order to provide testimony, or the Texas Court could take judicial notice of. the same. See Datel Holdings Ltd. v. Microsoft Corp., 712 F.Supp.2d 974, 984 (N.D.Cal.2010) (taking judicial notice of Microsoft website describing software policies). Intermarine is not entitled to elicit expert testimony from Dropbox, particularly where it can retain its own expert witness to explain these issues. Dropbox notes that much of this information is also provided in a readme file that was contained in the production, which Interma-rine or its expert could review in order to provide testimony. Mot. at 8. “[J]ust because a party wants to make a person work as an - expert' does not mean that, absent the consent of the person in question, the party generally can do so.” Young v. United States, 181 F.R.D. 344, 346 (W.D.Tex.1997); see also Mattel, Inc. v. Walking Mountain Prods., 353 F.3d 792, 814 (9th Cir.2003) (upholding district court order quashing subpoena for improper expert testimony from non-party); Kim v. NuVasive, Inc., 2011 WL 3844106, at *4-5 (S.D.Cal. Aug. 29, 2011) (quashing demand for expert testimony from a non-party in order to protect expert from being required to provide expert advice or assistance without proper compensation).

Finally, the Court notes that “the Ninth Circuit has long held that .nonparties subject to discovery requests deserve extra protection from the courts.” High Tech Med. Instrumentation, Inc. v. New Image Indus., Inc., 161 F.R.D. 86, 88 (N.D.Cal.1995). As a nonparty with no interest in the underlying litigation, Dropbox has already complied with the Federal Rules of Evidence and should therefore not be required to provide further testimony. The Court notes Dropbox is a company which provides document storage and sharing service for documents it does not create; it should not bear the burden of providing testimony in all cases in which such records are at issue. See O’Grady v. Superior Ct., 139 Cal.App.4th 1423, 1446, 44 Cal.Rptr.3d 72 (2006) (“Responding to ... routine subpoenas would indeed' be likely to impose a substantial new burden on service providers.'”); Calcor Space Facility, Inc. v. Superior Ct., 53 Cal.App.4th 216, 225, 61 Cal.Rptr.2d 567 (1997) (“As between parties to litigation and nonparties, the burden of discovery should be placed on the latter only if the former do not possess the material sought to be discovered”).

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis above, the Court GRANTS Dropbox’s Motion to Quash.

IT IS SO ORDERED. 
      
      . The Court takes judicial notice of documents in the Texas case. Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n. 6 (9th Cir.2006).
     