
    (35 South. 729.)
    No. 14,956.
    BAYOU COOK NAVIGATION & FISHERIES CO., Limited, v. DOULLUT et al.
    (Jan. 4, 1904.)
    CORPORATIONS—PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS—POWERS—EMINENT DOMAIN—MERCANTILE PURSUITS.
    1. Among the purposes for which corporations may be formed in this state by notarial act are those for engaging in mercantile business and for carrying on works of public improvement. The latter corporations enjoy the privilege of expropriating private property for their use, but they are forbidden to engage in mercantile business. In view of this prohibition, it is not possible to form a corporation for both of these incompatible purposes, and an act of incorporation which attempts to do so is fatally defective, and fails to create a corporation.
    (Syllabus by the Court.)
    Appeal from Judicial District Court, Parish of Plaquemines; Robert Hingle, Judge.
    Action by the Bayou Cook Navigation & Fisheries Company, Limited, against M. P. Doullut and others. Judgment for plaintiff, and certain defendants appeal.
    Reversed.
    A. E. & O. S. Livaudais, for appellants. John Dymond, Jr., for appellee Bayou Cook Navigation & Fisheries Co., Limited. Alvin E. Hébert, for'appellee Doullut.
   PROVOSTY, J.

This is an expropriation suit. The defenses are: First, that plaintiff has no right to stand in judgment in the suit; second, that more property is sought to be expropriated than is needed; and, third, that only $600 has been offered for the property, whereas it is worth over $2,100.

The denial of plaintiff’s right to stand in judgment is based on the supposed informality or illegality of plaintiff’s incorporation. The facts in connection with this defense are the following: Plaintiff is a corporation organized under the general laws of this state authorizing private persons to organize themselves into corporations by complying with certain formalities. Among the purposes for which, under these law's, private persons may thus organize themselves are the construction and carrying on of works of public improvement (sections 683-686, Rev. St., as amended by Act No. 154, p. 288, of 1902), and the carrying on of a mercantile business (Act No. 36, p. 27, of 1888). By these same enabling laws the purpose for which the corporation is created is required to be stated in the act of incorporation, and by the Constitution of the state it is provided that “no corporation shall engage in any business other than that expressly authorized by its charter or incidental thereto.” Article 265. Corporations organized for the purposes of works of public improvement enjoy the right to expropriate property for carrying out the object of their incorporation; mercantile corporations do not possess the same privilege. Corporations organized for works of public improvement are expressly forbidden to “engage in mercantile business.” Act No. 154 of 1902, p. 288, § 1, in flue.

, Plaintiff has been incorporated for both of these incoriipatible purposes. Its charter declares that it is organized for the purpose of the construction and operation of a navigation canal—a work of public improvement— and also for the purpose of carrying on a mercantile business.

Thus it appears that, notwithstanding the prohibition of the statute against corporations for works of public improvement engaging in mercantile business, the attempt has been made in organizing plaintiff to create a corporation that would be at the same time a works of public improvement corporation and a mercantile corporation.

It is plain that this w'as an attempt to do the impossible, and that the act of incorporation is fatally defective, and that no corporation has been created, and that this first defense is well founded. The enabling laws authorize the creation of the two kinds of corporation, but expressly prohibit the fusing of the two into one, and this prohibited thing' has been attempted to be done. The result is that nothing has been done—no corporation has been created.

The learned and able counsel for defendant argues that, it being manifest that the main purpose of the organization of plaintiff is the digging and operating of the canal, that purpose must be held to be the sole purpose, and the other, or subsidiary purpose of merchandising, be treated as surplusage in the charter; that, as a matter of fact, plaintiff has not thus far engaged in mercantile business, and that, if it ever does, it will be acting ultra vires, and the act will not be that of the corporation itself, but of its members. The learned counsel—most ingeniously, it has to be admitted—likens the case to that of a corporation to which have been given powers unauthorized by law, and also to the case of a corporation doing acts ultra vires; in which cases the integrity of the corporation is not impaired, but only the unauthorized powers, or the ultra vires acts, are stricken with nullity.

This argument, however, will not stand the test of close scrutiny. In the first place, if two purposes, for each of which specially the law requires the corporation to be organized, can be recited in the act of incorporation, and the one or the other be left to take the upper hand, and become the main or sole purpose, accordingly as the courts may thereafter decide, or according to the business the corporation may engage in, it would follow that all the purposes for which under our laws corporations are authorized to be created may be enumerated in the act of incorporation, and the character of the corporation be left to be determined hereafter by the courts, or by the business it. engages in—a banking, a religious, or a mercantile corporation, accordingly as it conducts a bank, a church, or a store. To say the least, this is making exceedingly light of the express requirement of the enabling acts that the purpose of the incorporation must be stated in the act of incorporation; not to mention the constitutional prohibition that corporations shall not engage in any business not expressly authorized by their charter. Let it be noted that to include in the act of incorporation all the purposes for which under the laws corporations may be created, and to specify none, would be in effect to circumvent the statute, and not to comply with it; for, if the act of incorporation, in stating the purpose of the creation of the corporation, strings out all the purposes for which corporations may be created, any one reading it will not be better advised of the real or particular purpose of the incorporation than if nothing had been said on the subject.

But waiving this, and granting that such a fusing of all the different kinds of corporations into one, or such a conferring upon one corporation all the powers that under the laws the different kinds of corporations may be endowed‘with, is admissible so long as no incompatible purpose is stated, certainly it ceases to be admissible where one of the main purposes is incompatible with the rest. The combination then becomes an impossible one—a fire and gunpowder combination, as it were. It then becomes necessary to eliminate from the act the incompatible purpose, and the doing of this would be no more nor less than the substituting to the contract of the incorporators a new and different contract; one, possibly, they would not have been willing to subscribe to. Non constat that the subscribers to plaintiff’s act of incorporation would have been willing to join in the act if the corporation was not to enjoy the right to engage in mercantile business, or, vice versa, if the corporation was not to engage in the work of constructing the canal. The case is not one of unauthorized powers being sought to be conferred in addition to the powers that are authorized, nor of a corporation undertaking to do acts ultra vires, but it is the case of a fatally defective act of incorporation. It is the ease of an attempt to create in one act two distinct and different corporations incompatible with each other, or of an attempt to fuse into one two distinct and incompatible corporations. If the enabling laws did not authorize the creation of a mercantile corporation, then all the words of the act relating to a mercantile corporation might possibly be treated as meaningless and surplusage; but, unfortunately for plaintiff, the enábling laws do authorize the creation of mercantile corporations, and those parts of the act of incorporation which seek to make plaintiff a mercantile corporation are as pertinent as those which seek to make it a works of public improvement corporation. The purpose to make plaintiff a mercantile corporation stands out of the act as expressly as the purpose to make plaintiff a works of public improvement corporation; hence the act must be taken as having either created a corporation combining these two purposes or created none at all; and since the two purposes are, under the prohibition of the statute, incompatible, the other alternative must be adopted that no corporation at all has been created.

The following extract from Thompson on Corporations, vol. 1, p. 142, § 231, lends support to the views here expressed:

“The acts of incorporation must specify the objects of the association in substantial compliance with the governing statute. Where the law requires the acts of incorporation to state distinctly and definitely the purpose for which it is formed, if they do not so state, or if they do not state a purpose for which the statute authorizes a corporation to be formed, it will not be legally incorporated, and its acts will afford no warrant for the exercise of corporate action. The purpose and intent of the corporation must be ascertained solely from the articles, and it has been said cannot be aided, varied, or contradicted by evidence outside of the instrument itself.”

On the second defense, all that need be said is that admittedly more land is being taken than is needed, and that this cannot be done.

As to the third defense, when plaintiff shall have made out and submitted a plan showing exactly the limits of the property needed, it will be time enough to consider the question of value.

In view of the fact that another suit may be brought for the expropriation of this property, and that the same witness Isaac L. Haspel may be produced and testify as to the value of the property in question, the court deems it proper to add that it has considered the question of the admissibility of the evidence going to show the circumstances under which the said witness acquired this property, and is of opinion that the evidence is admissible. The witness bases his estimate of _the value of the property in great part upon the fact-that not more than a certain amount was offered him for the property, and that he himself sold it for a particular amount. The evidence is offered for the purpose of showing that the witness had no title, and that his rights to the property were worth very little; and that what was offered for his rights, or what he was willing to accept for them, is no indication of the value of the property itself. The evidence was admissible in rebuttal.

Judgment set aside, and suit dismissed, at üie cost of plaintiff in both courts.

BREAUX, J., concurs in the decree.  