
    C. Adelbert Becker and Margaret G. Becker, His Wife, Appellants, v. Maggie McCrea, Appellant, Impleaded with Annie Brevoort Eddy and Others, Respondents.
    Second Department,
    April 19, 1907.
    Beal property —■ mortgagee in possession'— Statute of Limitations against mortgagor.
    A mortgagee has no title to mortgaged premises either before or after default, and if in possession, the mortgagor may maintain-ejectment, in which case the Statute of Limitations is found in section 365 of the Code of Civil Procedure, not in section 379.
    A mortgagee in possession neither has' title nor holds adversely to the title of ■ the-mortgagor,d)ut the-Word “adverse” as used in section 379 Of the" Code of Civil Procedure limiting an action to redeem from a mortgagee in possession • . must be construed to mean that a mortgagee in- rightful possession .of- the premises for over twenty years after a breach of a condition or covenant of the mortgage obtains title, otherwise said section -would be ineffective.
    When an action of foreclosure is bfoiight to judgment but no sale is had there- - tinder and the mortgagee with the knowledge and consent of the mortgagor is ' in possession for over twenty years, the possession'ripens into title by virtue of section.379 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
    • Appeal By the -plaintiffs,. 0. Adelbert Becker and another, and. by the defendant, Maggie McOiea, from a judgment of the Supreme . Court in favor of the defendants, Annie Brevoort Eddy and others, entered in -the- office of the clerk of the county of Westchester oil the 6th day óf June, 1905, upon the decision of the.court rendered’ after a trial at the Westchester Special Term.
    
      Brainard Tolies [Charles Francis ■Stone and Harlan F. Stone , with him on the -brief], for the appellants. '
    
      J. Addison Young, for the respondents.
   Miller, J.:

■ The respondents are-the devisees of Jane B. Eddy, deceased, who in 1877 conveyed the -property involved in this suit toi.one Bernard Spaulding, taking back a purchase-money mortgage. In the same year said-Spaulding conveyed to the defendant McOrea. . In'1878 an' action to foreclose.said mortgage was commenced and prosecuted to judgment, but there was no sale under the judgment.. In 1904 said defendant McCrea attempted to convey an undivided eighth part .of said premises to the plaintiff, evidently for the purpose of obtaining an adjudication of title in a partition suit instead of in an ejectment suit or an action to redeem. . The respondents assert that their testatrix was continuously in possession as mortgagee for more than twenty years, to wit, from 1879 to the commencement of this action, and that suplí possession ripened into a title before the com- - mencement of this suit, because an action to redeem was barred by section 379 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The trial court foimd that in the year 1879 said testatrix, with the knowledge and consent of said Spaulding and McCrea, entered into the open,, actual and visible possession and use of said premises, and so continued up to the time of the commencement of this action. The appellants challenge this finding of fact as unsupported by evidence, and as inconsistent with the conclusion of law also found that the possession of said Eddy was adverse, and assert that the mortgage debt is conclusively presumed to have been paid. We think the finding of fact referred to is abundantly supported by the evidence. It clearly appears that the defendant McCrea never made any claim to or asserted a right of possession in the property until shortly before the commencement of this action. It adjoined, and before the conveyance to said Spaulding in 1877 was a part of, a farm occupied by said Eddy, and the proof is that during the period in question it was occupied as a part of said farm; that the tillable land was cultivated, the natural grass cut. from the meadow, and timber taken from the woodland as occasion required. To be sure, there is n,o direct evidence that said McCrea expressly assented to such posses- - sion, but such assent may be either express or implied, and is plainly inferable from the continued open and notorious possession of the mortgagee without objection thereto on the part of said McCrea. ' As said by Judge Enron in Howell v. Lemitt (95 N. Y. 617), the requisite “ assent or acquiescence may be inferred from slight circumstances.” It is conceded that there can be no presumption of payment if the mortgagee was in possession, and we think that the finding, that the respondents’ testatrix was for more than twenty years a mortgagee in possession, is sufficient to support the judgment appealed from.

If I have correctly understood the argument of the learned counsel for the appellants, it is that the respondents cannot succeed unless they have made out a title by adverse possession, and it may be granted, that they have not. This contention, however, is based on a misapprehension of the meaning of the word “ adverse ” as used in said section 379. I grant that the word is very inaptly used, but I think it .obvious that it is not used in the same sense as in the preceding title which prescribes the limitations of time for the commencement of actions/br the recovery of real property. ■ The thief . in which said section is found relates to actions other thorn, for the recovery of real property. It is true that there is judicial warrant for the appellants’ contention (Kip v. Hirsh, 21 J. & S. 1; Maurhoffer v. Mittnacht, 12 Misc. Rep. 585), but the decisions, relied on to support the judgments in those cases, were on other . points.' In the first place, the possession of the mortgágée cannot be strictly adverse, because, if he claim under title adverse -to the mortgagor, he is not a .mortgagee in possession. The mortgagee .lias no title to the mortgaged premises either before or after default (Trimm v. Marsh, 54 N. Y. 599; Ten Eyck v. Craig, 62 id. 406, 422; Rector, etc., Christ P. E. Church v. Mack, 93 id. 488, 491), and if he be in possession, but not strictly as mortgagee, the mort- • gagor, unless he choose to treat him’ as such, may maintain ejectment, in which case section 365 of the Code of Civil Procedure, not section 379, would govern.

Counsel for the appellants justly commends a discussion in 26 Albany Law Journal, 526, and 27. id.. 6, 10, on the subject How Mortgagee As Such Can Get Possession,” to which he refers in support of the proposition that the mortgagee can only get possession as such with the consent or acquiescence of the mortgagor; the soundness of that proposition is there clearly shown both upon principle and authority; but that proves that the word adverse ” could not have been used in said section 379 in the sense now ' asserted. It would be , a work of. supererogation to review the authorities prior to Dunning v. Leavitt (85 N. Y. 30), for’the learned writer of those articles distinguished dicta from decision with such thoroughness and discrimination as to make further ■ analysis of those cases unnecessary; he showed that the Court ■of Appeals had to decide the point in Dunning v. Leavitt (supra). Subsequently the precise proposition , was urged upon that court by said writer as counsel for the plaintiff in the ejects ■ ment suit brought by the heirs of Howell against the defendant in that case, and was squarely decided. (Howell v. Léavitt, 95 N. Y. 617.) This court, in this department, said that that case' settled the law' “that where the owner of the equity of redemp- . tion is not a party to a decree' in foreclosure the foreclosure is void and the , purchaser does not become even a mortgagee in possession.” (Beebe v. Richmond Power Co., 6 App. Div. 187.) Upon slight examination it may seem that Townshend v. Thomson (139 N. Y. 152) decided the question the other .way, but a careful reading of the opinión of Judge Eabl in that case discloses that he did not overlook the fact that the assignee in.bankruptcy of the mortgagor acquiesced in the entry of. the purchaser at the void foreclosure sale; therefore, when that learned judge said that such purchaser “ becomes assignee of the mortgage, and • if he lawfully enters into possession of the real estate purchased li'e.becomes a mortgagee in possession,” lie used the word “lawfully” With discrimination, for of course the entry of a purchaser at a void foreclosure sale without the consént or acquiescence of the mortgagor could no more be lawful as to him than such entry by any trespasser. We have not overlooked the. decision in Barson v. Mulligam (66 App. Div. 486). There Was a strong dissent in' that case, and a majority off the court assumed that Winslow v. Clark (47 N. Y. 263); Hubbell v. Sibley (50 id. 470); Madison Ave. Bap. Ch. v. Oliver St. Bap. Ch. (73 id. .94), and Townshend v. Thomson (supra) went further than they actually did. The effect of the decisions in the.first three cases referred to is shown in 26 and 27 Albany Law Journal (supra), and in the last case referred to the assignee of the mortgagor consented to possession by the mortgagee as hereinbefore shown. We may take it as settled, then, that, a mortgagee as such in possession neither has title nor holds ■ adversely to the title of the-mortgagor, and we will not assume that ■the Legislature intended to prescribe by said section 379 a limitation which could never commence to run. Before the Revised Statutes equity applied the saíne limitation to an action to redeem as the law applied to an action in ejectment, i. e., twenty years. (Demarest v. Wynkoop, 3 Johns. Ch. 129 ; Moore v. Cable, lid. 385.) The Code of Procedure contained no specific provision respecting an action to redeem, and it was held that section 97, the general section prescribing the period of ten years, applied (Hubbell v. Sibley, supra), and of course said section 379 of the Code of Civil Procedure .was intended to. restore the old rule. The word “ adverse ” must, there-fore, be given a meaning consistent w-ith the intent and purpose -of the section, and can only require .that the mortgagee be in possession rightfully as such. :. ' . ■

The .judgment should be affirmed, with costs.

Hirschberg, P. J., HooKer arid Rich, Jj., concurred.-'

- Judgment affirmed, with costs. ; 
      
      Code Civ. Proc. chap. 4, tit. 1.— [Rep. fid. tit. 2.—[Rep.
     