
    CITY OF OMAHA v. OMAHA WATER COMPANY.
    CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
    No. 159.
    Argued April 19, 1910.
    Decided May 31, 1910.
    In the absence of any provision in the submission, the award of arbitrators or appraisers must be unanimous in matters of private concern, but a majority can act when, the matter submitted is one which concerns the public.
    The fact that public affairs are controlled by majorities is probably the basis of the above rule although the reason for the distinction therein contained is not altogether clear.
    
      The purchase by a municipality, under authority and direction of the legislature of the State, of a water supply system, and the determination of the price to be paid for an existing plant are matters of public concern.
    There is a distinction between an arbitration and an appraisal of value and although arbitrators may not independently take • testimony as to disputed facts appraisers may, as in this case, properly examine books and papers relating to the property, in the absence of counsel, without being guilty of misconduct; and, in the absence of bad faith, such examination will not vitiate the award.
    The legislature of a State may authorize a'municipality to purchase a water system which extends beyond'the city limits and to supply • water to adjacent sections; and so held, that the city of Omaha has such right, and that an appraisal of a water system is not bad, and hence not binding on the city, because it includes the entire system, parts, of which are beyond the city limits. .
    There is a presumption against an intent to dismember a complete waterworks system, and an ordinance to purchase such a system ' will not be construed as requiring such dismemberment, even if the city had no power to use certain portions of the system.
    Cost of duplication, less depreciation, of a water system, is less than the commercial value of the system as a going concern; and, even though the value of the unexpired franchise be expressly excluded from .the appraisal, where the parties contemplate the purchase of a complete water system in operation, a reasonable amount should be included in the appraisal for the “going value” over the value of the physical properties.
    A transaction of great magnitude such as the purchase by a city of a water supply system will not be defeated because of minor obstacles; and if the deed tendered includes a few properties to which title is not perfect or if there are incumbrances on the properties, the court can bring the proper parties in and the deed can be modified and interests protected so as to carry out, and not defeat, the transaction.
    The fact's are stated in the opinion.
    Mr. John Lee Webster, with whom Mr. Carl C. Wright and Mr. Harry E. Burnam were on the brief, for petitioner:
    The award is void because not concurred in by' the three appraisers. The election to purchase contemplated the valuation to be ascertained by all three'appraisers. The fact that each party selected an appraiser, and these two the third appraiser, does not give the right by implication or otherwise, to two appraisers alone to make an award, and one so made is void. Willis v. Higginbotham, 61 Mississippi, 164; Harvin v. Denton, 87 Mississippi, 238 ;• Weaver v. Powel, 148 Pa. St. 372; Lowe v. Brown, 22 Ohio St. 463; Stose v.-.Heissler, 120 Illinois, 433; Sh&r-man v. Cobb,. 10 Atl. Rep.. 591; Memphis & Charleston Ry. Có. v. Pillow,..56 Tennessee, 248; Jeffersonville By. Co. v. Mounts, ! Indiana, 669; Patterson v. Leavitt, 4 Connecticut, 50; United Kingdom &c. v. Houston, 1 Q. B. L. R. 567.
    The contract of submission will be construed as requiring the aw^rd to be concurred in by all the appraisers or arbitrators, unless by express words or necessary implication it authorizes an award by less than all. Richards v. Holt, 61 Iowa, 529; Hubbard v. Great Falls Mfg. Co., 80 Maine, 39; Lowe v. Brown, 22 Ohio St. 463; Godfrey v. Knodle, 44 Ill. App. 638 -/Oakley v. Anderson, 93 N. C. .108; Mackey v. Neill, 53 N. C. 214; Anderson v. Farnham, 34 Maine, 161; Owen's v. Withee, 3 Texas, 161; Stose v. Heissler, 120 Illinois, 433; United Kingdom &c. v. Houston, 1 Q. B. L. R. 567.
    All must concur in the award to make it valid unless the parties have agreed that it may be made by less than all. Unless there is such an agreement clearly and unmistakably expressed the award will be held void when signed by two and not concurred in by the third. Leavitt v. Windsor, 54 Fed. Rep. 439; Harryman v. Harryman, 43 Maryland, 140; Byrd v. Harkrider, 108 Indiana, 376; Willis v. Higginbotham, 61 Mississippi, 164; Weaver v. Powel et al., 148 Pa. St. 372; Fames v. Barnes, 41 Connecticut, 177; Towne v. Jaquith, 6 Massachusetts, 46; Green v. Miller, 6 Johns. 39; Patterson v. Leavitt, 4 Connecticut, 50; Nettleton v. Gridley, 21 Connecticut, 531; Jeffersonville Ry. Co. v. Mounts, 7 Indiana, 669; Smith v. 
      Waldon, 26 Georgia, 249; Lattin v. Gamble, 154 Michigan, 177.
    This case is distinguishable from one where the terms of the submission provide that a third party is an umpire, to be selected in the event of a disagreement. The submission in - case at bar .does not make the third man an umpire. / Sherman v. Cobb, 10 Atl. Rep. 591; Lowe v. Brown, 22 Ohio St. 463; Jeffersonville By. Co. v. Mounts, 7 Indiana, 669; Stose v. Heissler, 120 Illinois, 433; Godfrey v. Knodle, 44 Ill. App. 638.
    The case at bar is not a public appraisement which would justify an award by a majority of the appraisers. Such rule only prevails in cases of international controversies, or where the appraisers are appointed under a public law of the State and are acting in a public or gwasi-judicial capacity.
    .Contracts between cities and water and gas companies are business contracts between private individuals. Omaha Water Co. v. City of Omaha, 147 Fed. Rep. 1; Wagner v. City of Rock Isldnd, 146 Illinois, 139; Illinois Trust Co. v. Arkansas City, 76 Fed. Rep. 271; Appeal of Brum, 12 Atl. Rep. 855; Safety Ins. Wire & Cable Co. v. Mayor, 66 Fed. Rep. 140; Cincinnati v. Cameron, 33 Ohio St. 336.
    The cases cited by the Court of Appeals to effect that this appraisement was a matter of public concern do not support that view.
    A public appraisement is where the appraisers or arbitrators are appointed under a state or national law- and act as t/wasi-public officers in the performance of a public duty. Grindley v7 Barker, 1 Bos. & Pull. 229; King v. Beetson, 3 Term. 529; Withnell v. Gartham, : 6 Tennessee, 388; Ex parte Rogers, 7 Cow. 525; Sinclair v. Jackson, 8 Cow. 543; Young v. Buckingham, 5 Ohio, 485; State v. McMillan, 29 S. E. Rep. 540; S. C., 52 S. C. 60; Carroll v. Alsup, 107 Tennessee, 271; Corlis v.-Kent Wafer 
      
      Works, 7 B. <fc C. 314; Cooley v. O’Connor, 12 Wall. 391; The King v. Whitaker, 9 Barn. & Cress. 648; People v. Walker, 23 Barb. 304; People v. Coghill, 47 California, 361; Hewitt v-. Craig, 5 S. W. Rep. 280; S. C., 9 Ky. Law Rep. 232.
    The award is void because after the appraisers concluded the formal hearing, they privately and against the protest of the city, received and secretly examined, ex parte, the books of the water company, under an understanding that the city should not be permitted to see or know the contents of said books.' The question to be considered involves a moral principle. The incident complained of did not give the city a “square deal.” Such an examination was misconduct and made the award void. Catlett v. Dougherty, 114 Illinois, 568; Emery v. Owings, 7 Gill. 448; Bassett v. Harkness, 9 N. H. 164; Jenkins v. Liston, 13 Gratt. 535; Band v. Peel, 74 Mississippi, 305; National Bank v. Darragh, 30 Hun, 29; Warren v. Tinsley, 53 Fed. Rep. 689; Cameron v. Castleberry, 29 Georgia, 495; Walker v. Frobisher, 6 Ves. 69; Strong v. Strong, 9 Cush. 560; Hewitt v. Reed City, 124 Michigan, 6; Vessel Owners’ Towing Co. v. Taylor, 126 Illinois, 250.; Elmendorf v. Harris, 23 Wend. 638; Dobson v. Groves, 9 Q. B. 637; Western Female Seminary v. Blair, 1 Disney, 370; In re Plews and Middleton, 6 Q. B. 845; In re Tidswell, 33 Beav. 213; Passmore v. Pettit, 4 Dali. 270; Wood v. Helme, 14 R. I. 325; Jackson v. Roane, 90 Georgia, 669; Wilkins v. Van Winkle, 78 Georgia, 557; Rosenau -v. Legg, 82 Alabama, 568; Knowlton v. Mickles, 29 Barb. 465; Sisk v. Gary, 27 Maryland, 401; Cleland v. Hedley,- 5 R. I. 163; Lattin v. Gamble, 154 Michigan, 177-181; Lutz v. Linthicum, 8 Pet. 165; McFarland v. Mathis, 10 Arkansas, 560; Eastern Counties Ry. Co. v. Eastern Union Ry. Co., 68 Eng. Ch. 609.
    These cases also, hold that the court will not permit an inquiry into the ex parte evidence, but will set aside the award, and it was not necessary for the city to introduce evidence that the arbitrators were improperly influenced by the ex parte evidence, but the award will be held to be void, even though it appears that the appraisers were respectable gentlemen, or did not consider the ex parte evidence, or were not influenced thereby.
    An arbitrator who. takes instructions from one side is in-law acting corruptly. . Strong v, Strong, 9 Cush. 560.; Western Female .Seminary v. Bláir, 1 Disney, 370. .
    The general rule is that valuers of property, although called appraisers, or referees, or commissioners, in receiving evidence and in making awards,, áre governed by the law relating to arbitration. Continental Ins. Co. v. Garrett, 125 Fed. Rep. 589; Christianson v. Norwich Ins. Co., 84 Minnesota, 526; Mason v. Fire Ins. Assn., 122 N. ,W. Rep. 423; Hills. v. Home Ins. Co., 129 Massachusetts, 345;. Washburn v. White, 197 Massachusetts, 540; Insurance Co. v. Hégewald, 1(31 Indiana, 631; Manf. Builders’ Ins. Co. v. Mullen, 48 Nebraska, 620; Sherman v. Cobb, Í5 R. I. 570; Lowe v. Brown, 22 Ohio St. 463; Godfrey v. Knodle, 44 Ill! App. 638; Siose v. Heissler, 120 Illinois, 433; Emery v. Owings, 7' Gill. 448; Redner v. N. Y. Fire Ins. Co., 92 Minnesota, 306; Earle v. Johnson, 84 N. W. Rep, 332; Hart v. Kennedy, 47 N. J. Eq. 51.
    The award is void because the appraisers exceeded their authority in appraising and including in the award the sum of $562,712.45 for going value.- Knoxville v. IFaier Co,, 212 U. S. 1; Wiílcox v. Consolidated Gas Co., 212 ¥. S. 19, 52.
    The award includes property the-city is without authority to purchase, and used only to supply other .towns.
    A municipality acts under delegated power and can éxercise only such rights arid powers as are expressly conferred or necessarily implied from express grants; and all grants of power are. to be strictly construed. •Citizens’ St, 
      
      Ry. Co. v. Detroit Ry. Co.,. 171 U. S. 48, 53; City of Fort Scott v. Eads Brokerage Co., 117 Fed. Rep. 51, 54; State v. Ir.ey, 42 Nebraska, 189.
    Cities have no power to levy taxes for the purpose of maintaining or to own or construct waterworks for the benefit of adjoining municipalities. Sutherland-Innes Co. v.’ Village of Evart, 86 Fed. Rep. 597; Ottawa v. Carey, 108 U. S. 121; Quincy v. City of Boston, 148 Massachusetts, 389; Arnold v. Pawtucket, 21 R. I. 15; Duluth v. Gas & Water Co., 45 Minnesota, 210; Farwell v. City of Seattle, 43 Washington, 141; Town of Bristol v. Water Works, 23 R. I. 274.
    The only exception is where there is express statutory authority to that end. West Hartford v. Water Commissioners, 68 Connecticut, 323; Pittsburg v. Brace, 158 Pa. St. 174.
    A decree of specific performance should not be entered. Such a decree will not be entered where the purchaser would only obtain an equitable title. Wesley v. Eells, 177 U. S. 37; City of Tiffin v. Shawhan, 43 Ohio St. 178; Guild v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry., 57 Kansas, 70. A •court of equity will not decree a specific performance except where the right is clear. Willard v. Tayloe, 8 Wall. 557, 565; Hennessy v. Woolworth, 128 U. S. 438, 442; McCabe v. Matthews, 155 U. S. 550, 553; Hildreth v. Duff, 148 Fed. Rep. 676.
    Although the proof might not authorize the court to set aside the award, it may be sufficient for a court of equity to refuse specific performance. Snoop v. Burnside, 78 Kansas, 871, 876; Banaghan y. Malaney, 200 Massachusetts, 46.
    The award fixes the value of the property as of the date of the award, while the law requires the valuation to be fixed as of the date of the election to purchase. Bristol v. Bristol, 25 R. I. 189; Water Co. y. Cherryvale, 65 Kansas, 219; Caldyjell v. Frazier, 65 Kansas, 24; Water Co. v. 
      Rockport, 161 Massachusetts, 279; C., M. & St. P. Ry. Co. v. Stewart, 19 Fed. Rep. 5.
    
      Mr. Howard Mansfield and Mr. R. S. Hall, with whom Mr. Herbert C. Lakin was on the brief, for respondent:
    There was no misconduct, improper procedure, concealment or secrecy on the part of the board of appraisers in the examination of the water company’s books, nor were the books offered in evidence in any technical sense¡ The company was entirely within its rights in restricting the examination of its books to the sole purpose off the appraisal.
    The board of appraisers was not subject to the rules .of procedure governing arbitrations. Lutz v. Linthicum, s Pet. 165; Bliss v. Supervisors, 15 N. Y. Supp. 748; 1 Words and Phrases, 487, 490; Garr v. Gomez, 9 Wend. 649, 651; Hall v. Norwalk Fire Ins. Co., 57 Connecticut,' 105; Continental Ins. Co. v. Garrett, 125 Fed. Rep. 589.
    The subject of the present review is not an arbitration but an appraisal; and the determination of the matter submitted to the board of appraisers is not an award, but an appraisément.
    The vital distinction between an arbitration and an appraisal has been clearly and uniformly recognized from remote time by the courts. Leeds v. Burrows, 12 East, 1; Lee v. Hemingway, 3 Nev. & M. 860, note to Parkes v. Smith, 15 Q. B. 305; Collins v. Collins, 26 Beav. 306;. Eads v. Williams, 4 De Gex, MaGN. & G. 674; Bottomley v. Ambler, 32 L. T. N. S. 545; Fry.on Specific Performance, 2d ed., §341; Garr v. Gomez, 9 Wend. 649; Garrard v. Macey, 10 Missouri, 161; Curry v. Lackey, 35 Missouri, 389 (1858); Kelly v. Crawford, 5 Wall. 785; G. & C. Sts. Ry. Co. v. Moore, 64 Pa. St. 79; Palmer v. Clark¡ 106 Massachusetts, 373; N. E. Trust Co. v. Abbott, 162 Massachusetts, 148; Norton v. Gale, 95 Illinois, 533; Stose v. Heissler, 120 Illinois, 433; James v. Schroeder, 61 Michigan, 28; Noble v. Grandin, 125 Michigan, 383; M. E. Church v. Seitz, 74 California, -287; Guild v. Railroad Co., 57 Kansas, 70; Wurster v. Armfield, 175 N. Y. 256; Norwich Gas & El. Co. v. Norwich, 76 Connecticut, 565; Earle v, Johnson, 81 ■ Minnesota, 472, distinguished; Colombia v. Cauca Co., 190 U. S. 524.
    The three engineers were, from the outset, regarded by the counsel for both parties, as constituting a board of appraisers and not a board of arbitrators, and by agreement of both parties were given the widest latitude of procedure.
    The objection as to the examination of the books comes too late. Drew v. Drew, 33 Eng. Law & Eq. 9.
    The appraisement cannot be set aside, except on positive. proof of corruption, partiality or actual misconduct. Republic of Colombia v. Cauca Co., 106 Fed.. Rep. 337; Brush v. Fisher, 17 Michigan, 469.
    The terms of the contract reserving to the city of Omaha the right to purchase the waterworks necessarily authorized a valuation by a majority of the board -of appraisers.
    The distinction between appraisements in private and in public concerns is obvious. Colombia v. Cauca Co., 190 U. S. 528. The'acquisition by a city of a system of waterworks is a matter of public, concern. Long Island Water Supply Co. v. Brooklyn, 166 U. S. 685; Wagner v. Rockland, 146 Illinqis, 139 •, Minneapolis Mill Co. v. Water Commissioners, 56 Minnesota, 485. See also- Winters v. Duluth, 82 Minnesota, 127; Water Co. v. Eau Clair, 132 Wisconsin, 411; De Portibus Maris, 1 Harg., Law Tracts, 78; Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113. See also Budd v. New York, 143 U. S. 517; Slingerland v. Newark, 54 N. J. L. 62; Kennebec Water District v. Waterville, 96 Maine, 234.
    Public policy requires that in. a matter1 of public concern the determination ru a májority of the- appraisers, where all meet to consider the matter, must be taken as the act of the whole. Grindley v. Barker, 1 Bos. & Pul. 229; McCoy v. Curtice, 9 Wend. 17; Cowan v. Murch, 97 Tennessee, 590, 598; Carroll v. Alsup, 107 Tennessee, 257, 271; Washington v. Nichols, 52 N. Y. 478; Green v. Miller, 6 J. R. 39; Ex parte Rogers, 7 Cow. 526, 529; Young v. Buckingham, 5 Ohio, 485; Colombia v. Cauca Co., 190 tí. S. 524; Gas Co. v. Wheeling, 8 W. Va. 320; St. Paul Gas Light Co. v. St. Paul, 181 U. S. 142; Light Co. v. Montgomery, 87 Alabama, 245.
    None of vthe decisions cited by counsel for the city conflicts with the rule that unanimity is not necessary in matters of public concern. See Patterson v. Leavitt, 4 Connecticut, 50; Harryman v. Harryman, 43 Maryland, 140; Lowe v. Brown, 22 Ohio St. 463 ;■ Hubbard v. Great Falls Mfg. Co., 80 Maine, 89; Weaver v. Powell, 148 Pa. St. 372; Cortis v. Kent Water Works Co., 7 B. C. 314. .
    The going vajue of the company’s system of waterworks, as distinguished from the unexpired franchise, is an integral and essential element of the appraised valuation of the property. Water Works Co. v. Kansas City, 62 Fed. Rep. 853; Gloucester Water Supply Coi v. Gloucester, 179 Massachusetts, 365 ;,.(?cis & Electric Co. v. Norwich, 76 Connecticut, 565; Knoxville v. Water Co., 212 U. S. 1; Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co., 212 U. S. 19, distinguished.
    The valuation by the board of appraisers was properly made as far as practicable as of the date of their report.
    By the terms of the ordinance of election the scope of the city’s purchase was nothing, less than the entire system of waterworks owned and operated by the Omaha Water Company, wherever located.
    By;the action of the parties, construing the ordinance with‘a view to the powers conferred by the statute, the scope of the contemplated purchase became irrevocably fixed. It cannot now be altered. Knox County v. National Bank, 147 U. S. 91; Manhattan Life Ins. Co. v. Wright, 126 Fed. Rep. 82. See also District of Columbia v. Gallaher, 124 U. S. 505, 510; Insurance Co. v. Dutcher, 95 U. S. 269, 273.
    The city is equitably estopped from now claiming that it has never been its purpose to acquire the entire system of the complainant. Reynolds v. Adden, 136 U. S. 348; Hackett v. Ottawa, 99 U. S. 86, 96; County of Randolph v; Post, 93 Ú. S. 502, 513; Bissell v. Jeffersonville, 24 How. 287, 300; Sullivan Timber Co. v. Mobile, 110 Fed. Rep. 186, 197; Brooks v. Laurent, 98 Fed. Rep. 647; Garber v. Doersom, 117 Pa. St. 162; Munroe v. Dan-bury, 24 Connecticut, 199; Tarr v. Mayor of Crete, 32 Nebraska, 568; Water Co. v. Omaha, 156 Fed. Rep. 922.
    An equitable estoppel may arise in such a case, applicable to a municipal corporation as well as to any other corporation or to an individual. Water Co. v. City of Aspen, 146 Fed. Rep. 8; Indianapolis v. Consumers’ Gas Trust Co., 144 Fed. Rep. 640; Fayetteville v. Water, L. & P, Co., 135 Fed. Rep. 400; cases supra and Peabody v. Westerly Water Works, 20 R. I. 176.
    None of . the cases cited by counsel for the city is in conflict with this decision.
    Upon the exercise of the option the obligation of the defendant to complete the purchase became absolute and the question cannot be raised as to power to purchase. Castle Creek Water Co. v. City of Aspen, 146 Fed. Rep. 8; Water Co. v. Braintree, 146 Massachusetts, 482; Fayette-ville v. Water, Light tfe Power Co., 135 Fed. Rep. 400; Ralls County Court v. United States, 105 U. S. 733; Sala v. New Orleans, 2 Woods, 188.
    No valid equitable considerations appear against a decree of specific performance being entered as directed by the Circuit Court of Appeals.
   Mr. Justice Lurton

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a bill seeking the specific performance by the city of Omaha of a contract for the purchase and sale of the system of waterworks owned by the appellee company. The waterworks plant in question was constructed in pursuance of legislative authority and municipal ordinance, which need not be considered, for neither party questions the sufficiency of either. The fourteenth section of the ordinance of 1880, under which the, waterworks were constructed by the predecessor of the appellee, wasj in these words:

“The city of Omaha shall have the right at any time after the expiration of twenty years to purchase the said waterworks at an appraised valuation, which shall be ascertained by the estimate of three engineers, one to be selected by the city council, one by the waterworks company and these two to select the third: Provided, That nothing shall "be paid for the unexpired franchise of said company.”

In 1903 the city elected to exercise this option and a board of appraisers was appointed, one by each of the parties and a third by the two so selected. This board of appraisers organized and proceeded to take evidence, and, after considering the matter for about three years, made an appraisement, fixing the value of the system at $6,263,295.49. The appraiser appointed by the city did not concur. The city rejected the award. Whereupon the company filed this bill, which, upon final hearing, was dismissed upon the sole ground of misconduct of the appraisers, other objections hot being passed upon. Upon appeal this decree was reversed and the cause remanded for a decree in pursuance of the opinion of the appellate court. 162 Fed Rep. 232.

The case is here upon a writ of certiorari allowed at a former term.

Three major objections have been urged against the appraisement. First, that it was not concurred in by all; second, that the appraisers heard certain evidence without notice or giving the city an opportunity to hear or rebut; and, third, that the property, valued includes a distributing system beyond the corporate limits of Omaha, by. which certain suburban villages . are supplied, and- that to that extent the city made no contract to buy, and if it did, had no power to do sol

These in their order-:

1. The only matter to be determined was the value of. the waterworks'system, which had long served the public. Its construction-had been authorized by legislative enactment under which the municipal ordinance was passed. One section of this ordinance provided that the city at the end of twenty years might, at its election, purchase the works at á value to be determined by appraisers. The contention is that the refusal of one of the appraisers to concur in the valuation fixed by the majority defeated the appraisal. The matter in question was in no proper sense an arbitration. The contract Was in all of its terms agreed upon. One party was to.sell and the other to buy at a valuation determined by the board of appraisers, and unanimity was not stipulated for. Unanimity was hardly to be expected in a board made up as this was. When a matter of. purely private concern is submitted to the determination of either arbitrators or appraisers the rule seems to be that there must be unanimity of conclusion by such board, unless otherwise indicated by the terms of the submission. Hobson v. M’Arthur, 16 Pet. 182, 192; Green v. Miller, 6 Johns. 39; Gas Company v. Wheeling, 8 W. Va. 320, 351 et seq. The rule is, however, otherwise when the submission is one which concerns the public. • In such submissions, whether it be the arbitration of a difference or the- ascertainment of a value, a majority may act, unless otherwise indicated by the agreement for submission. Why this distinction should exist is not altogether clear. In both instances the persons to whom the submission is made are acting under a power and'must stay within it. The reason probably lies in the fact that public affairs are controlled by majorities, and, by analogy, á majority should control when the submission is a matter which concerns the public. But whatever the reason, so are the authorities. Colombia v. Cauca, Co., 190 U. S. 524; The People ex rel. v. Nichols, 52 N. Y. 478; Gas Company v. Wheeling, 8 W. Va. 320; Grindley v. Barker, 1 Bos. & Pul. 229.

The construction and acquisition of a system of water supply and distribution was a public municipal function. The Nebraska legislature, in 1903, went so far as to require municipal ownership óf a water supply system in the city of Omaha, and that this should be accomplished either by construction or by the purchase of the existing system. The city, in compliance with and in the exercise of the power conferred when the existing plant was constructed, elected to purchase the existing system under the ordinance of 1880 and the power therein reserved. That in such circumstances the determination of the price to be paid by a submission was a matter-of public concern, is too clear for argument. The cases cited above cover the point. The appraisal was not therefore defeated because not concurred in by all.

The distinction suggested by counsel that the authority for the submission must come from the public, if there be anything of substance in it, does not prevent the operation of the rule here, for the purchase upon a valuation settled by appraisers was in the ordinance of the city, in pursuance of legislative authority, and, in a very true sense, was an authority to submit to appraisers which came from the public.

2. The next objection is that the appraiser:’, heard evidence in the absence of the city and without opportunity to reply, and that this was such misconduct as to vitiate the valuation. As already hinted, this was not á board of arbitrators. An arbitration implies a difference, a dispute, and involves ordinarily a hearing and all thereby implied. The right to notice of hearings, to produce evidence and cross-examine that produced is implied when the matter to be decided is one of dispute and difference. But when, as here, the parties had agreed that one should sell and the other buy a specific thing, and the price should be a valuation fixed by persons agreed upon, it cannot be said that there was any dispute or difference. Such an arrangement precludes or prevents difference, and is not intended to settle any which has arisen. This seems to be the distinction between an arbitration and an appraisement, though the first term is often used when the other is more appropriate.

Counsel have cited and pressed upon us the case of Continental Insurance Co. v. Garrett, 125 Fed. Rep. 589, as a case where an appraisement of a fire loss was set aside because evidence was heard in the absence of the parties. But that was a case where the full amount of the insurance was claimed as the extent of the loss. This was denied. It was therefore a plain case of the submission of a dispute or difference which had to be adjusted. The rule applicable to a judicial proceeding therefore applied. It was in fact an arbitration, though the arbitrators were called appraisers. The dispute concerned the thing which had been destroyed, the value of something which was not to be inspected and valued from observation because it was not in existence. Evidence was therefore essential to show what had been destroyed as well as its value. The case is wholly unlike the one here presented.

In Collins v. Collins, 26 Beav. 306, where there was a contract for the sale of a brewery at a price to be fixed by persons called arbitrators, one chosen by each party and a third by these two, before entering upon valúation; it was ruled that they were not arbitrators but appraisers, and the Master of the Rolls, Sir John Romilly, said:

“But I do not think that in this particular case the fixing of the price of the property is an arbitration, in the proper sense of the term. An arbitration is a reference to the decision of one or more persons, either with or without an umpire, of some matter or matters in difference between the parties. It is very true that in one sense it must be implied that although there is no existing difference, still that a difference may arise between the parties; yet I think the distinction between an existing difference and one which may arise is a material one, and one which has been properly relied upon in the case. If nothing has been said respecting the price byvthe vendor and purchaser between themselves, it can hardly be said that there is any difference between them. It might be, that if the purchaser knew the price required by the seller, there would be no difference, and that he would be willing to give it. It may well be, that if the vendor knew the price which the purchaser would give, there would be no difference, and that he would accept it. It may well be, that the decision of a particular valuer appointed might fix the price and might be equally satisfactory to both; so that it can hardly be said that there is a difference between them. Undoubtedly, as a general rule, the seller wants to get the highest price for his property, and the purchaser wishes to give the lowest, and in that sense it may be said that an expected difference between the parties is to be implied in every case, but unless a difference has actually arisen, it does not appear to me to be, an ‘arbitration.’ Undoubtedly, if two persons enter into an arrangement for the sale of any particular property, and try to settle the terms, but cannot agree, and after dispute and discussion respecting the price, they say, ‘we will, refer this question of price to A. B., he shall settle it/ and thereupon they agree that the matter shall be referred to his arbitration, that would appear to be an ‘arbitration/ in the proper sense of the term, and within the meaning of the act; but if they agree to a price tó be fixed by another, that does not appear to'me to be an arbitration.”

In the present case there was not only no antecedent disagreement as to price, but the ordinance under which the purchase was to be made provided that the property was to pass “at an appraised valuation, which shall be ascertained by the estimate of three engineers,” etc. The board was accordingly made up of such engineers selected because they were experts of experience in the service they were expected to perform. ' That it was the understanding that these engineers were to examine and estimate the value and acquaint themselves with the condition and extent of the property in question in their own way and not according to the procedure required in a judicial proceeding, is made clear by the avowals made by the counsel representing the parties at the beginning of the valuation. Thus the attorney for the city, addressing the valuers, said:

“As to the matter of the procedure to be adopted by your board, as to the method of arriving at the amount of property owned by the water company, and the deter-minavon of its value, the city of Omaha suggests that this board, having been appointed as experts in regard to the value of such property, ought to make a personal investigation as to the amount and extent of the property of the water company; together with its condition, and determine therefrom its value. As to the method of arriving at the amount and condition of the property of the water company, the city of Omaha suggests that this board may arrive at such facts by any method or means deemed advisable by it, but that, if the board shall determine to take'proof and testimony before it, that it should go no further than to the question of the amount and condition of the property, and that said testimony, should not be conclusive upon this board, but simply for its advice and information in the matter. It is not the opinion of the city of Omaha that it would be proper or necessary to call expert -witnesses as to the value, since the members of the board have been selected as experts, (to) whose judgment the question of value must be submitted upon the examination of the property.”

Counsel for the water company appear to have fully concurred in this view of the function of the board.

That the great bulk of the evidence was heard or submitted in the presence of counsel representing both sides is true. This course did not, however, preclude them from enlightening their judgment as experts by either personal inspection or by informing themselves in any other way of the value of the plant in question without calling in counsel if they desired further information. The thing complained of is that the valuers called upon the company for their books and that they had these books gone over by an expert auditor of their own selection. This, counsel say, was done without notice to the city and after the close of the hearings. But it v^as not done secretly, for the city learned of it and asked an opportunity to be present when the books were submitted. What information was derived from the books.is not shown. We have only the lone fact that the appraisers of their own motion asked an opportunity to look over and have audited the company’s books, and that the company granted the privilege as “confidefttial information” for the use of the appraisers only. Neither are counsel justified in saying that tire books were called for after the matter was. in the hands of the appraisers for conclusion. When the parties had submitted their maps, plats, blue prints and such other evidence throwing light upon the value of the plant, as they desired, and had been heard in argument and upon brief, the chairman of the board said in substance to counsel that much time would be necessary to reach a conclusion; that the real work of valuation had been but begun, and that “much more information must be sought by this board.”

There is not the slightest evidence in the record of partiality, bad motive or misconduct affecting the action of 'the board. Its members appear to have been gentlemen of,..high character professionally and otherwise, and if their 'conclusion is to be set aside it must be because they deemed it within their power to have a confidential examination made of the books of the company to assist them in arriving at a valuation.

If this was a technical arbitration of a matter of dispute or difference between the parties, to be heard and decided upon evidence submitted, the examination of the company’s books without the consent of the city or the presence of its representatives would be such misconduct as would vitiate the award. In such a matter the rules relating to judicial inquiry would apply. Continental Insurance Co. v. Garrett, 125 Fed. Rep. 589, and cases cited.' But in an appraisement,-such-as "that here involvéd, the strict rules relating to arbitration and awards do not apply, and the appraisers were not rigidly required to confine themselves either to matters within their own knowledge or those submitted to them formally in the presence of the parties; but might reject, if they saw fit, evidence so submitted, and -inform themselves from any other source, as experts who were at last to act upon their own judgment. Kelley v. Crawford, 5 Wall. 785, 790; Railway Co. v. Moore, 64 Pa. St. 79, 91; Palmer v. Clark, 106 Massachusetts, 373, 389; M. E. Church v. Seitz, 74 California, 287; Curry v. Lackey, 35 Missouri, 394.

In the absence of any evidence of actual bad faith we do not hesitate about agreeing with the Circuit .Court of Appeals in the conclusion that there was no such misconduct as to vitiate the valuation.

3. The next contention is that the valuation includes property not within the submission, and which the city did not have power to buy. The point from which the water was taken by the existing water plant was beyond the corporate limits of Omaha. In the immediate suburbs of the city there are several villages outside the corporate limits. The distributing system of the Omaha Water Company has, from time to time, been extended to these outlying suburban towns. It is now said that the appraisers have valued these outlying distributing systems as a part of the plant to be acquired by the city under the ordinance electing to purchase.

As to the power of the city: The charter, § 27, Laws of Nebraska 1897, page 99, provided for the construction and maintenance of waterworks “either within or without the corporate limits of the city.” This is said to only allow the location of pumping works or source of supply outside the city,. The city does not therefore object to valuing the supply station and mains extending to the city as within the contemplated purchase. But it is said that the authority is limited to a distributing system wholly within the corporate limits. That the primary purpose was to supply the people of Omaha with water for public and private purposes is clear. But does that forbid that those who live outside may not be also supplied from the main plant, and, if necessary, by such extensions, not inconsistent with the primary object, as may prove desirable as suburbs grow up around the city?

These powers were supplemented by the charter of 1897. Under §27 of that charter it was given, among other things, “power to appropriate any waterworks system, plant or property already constructed, to supply the city and the inhabitants thereof with water, or any part thereof, whether lying within. said city or in part without the city and within ten miles from the corporate limits of such city, including all real estate, buildings,. machinery, pipes, mains, hydrants, basins, reservoirs and all appurtenances reasonably necessary thereto, and a part of or connected with said system, plant or prpperty, and franchises to own and operate the same, if any.” This was again supplemented by the act of 1903, chapter 12/ providing a method of procedure for acquiring municipal water plants and the creation of a water board for their control and management, being the act under which the city was required to take steps to acquire its own water plant system. Again, by the act of 1907, chapter 12a, it is, among other things, pro’vided by.§ 242, that .the water board may contract with any municipality adjacent to said city to supply such municipality with water for domestic, mechanical, public or fire purposes, a provision plainly contemplating just, such a condition as would ensue if the city should acquire the existing system of works with a distributing system, extending to villages adjacent. The review of the legislation touching the power of the city, and the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals from thal legislation, that the city had the power to acquire the system as it existed, and has the power to operate so much of it as is intended to supply the suburban towns adjacent which may be acquired, is full and satisfactory, and meets our approval.

We are also satisfied with the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals that the acquisition of the system as it existed at the time the city made its election to purchase was within the contemplation of both the city and the water company, and that the valuation of the system as an entirety was the matter which the appraisers were required to do. What we shall say upon this point will support our conclusion as to the power of the. city, for’the legislation upon that matter must be read in the light of the subject-matter and of all the known local conditions. The most weighty fact in this connection is,* that the system was one single system, having a common source of supply and common main connections therewith.. Its dismemberment is not to be thought of- Unless it is clear that the ordinance exercising the option is so plainly limited to the purchase of only so much of the distributing system as lay wholly within the corporate limits as to admit of no. other meaning. A presumption against dismemberment is not overthrown even if the city had no power to sell water to people or municipalities beyond its limits. If these outside distributing pipes could not be lawfully used by the city for the purpose for which the water company had used them, it does not follow that a contract to buy would be thereby any the less a contract to buy the plant as a unitary system. . Aside from contract obligation which may pass with the plant, the city might cut off the supply of water to such'outlying environs, if it saw fit, whether it could or could not legally supply water through the distributing pipes which had theretofore reached them. Certain it is that as the several towns adjacent had no source of supply, no pumping station of their own, disintegration would leave the water company with no means of supplying them with wafer. The distributing pipes under ground would, separated from the ownership of the pumping station,. reservoir, filling, or settling basins, necessarily lose much of the Value which attached to them as a part of a. going plant.

The reservation in. the ordinance under which the works were constructed should be read and interpreted in the light of the almost certain extension of the plant as the expansion .and growth of the city might demand. The city, at the time the ordinance was passed, had some' thirty thousand people. When the election to buy the plant was made it' had, approximately, four times as many. As is usual in respect of growing cities, there had grown up around it groups of population, which, in some cases, expanded into semi-dependent municipalities. Connected by continuous streets and car lines, they made one large community, and constituted greater Omaha, The water company, as was obviously expected from the beginning, expanded with Omaha and met the public necessities by including these outside populations within its distributing system.

The appraisers in making their estimate of valuation .included $562,712.45 for the "going value.” This separation of an element contributing to the value of each tangible part was done because required to be done under an order made in the Circuit Court in a suit in which the water board of the city of Omaha was complainant and the members of the board of appraisers and the water company were defendants. The object of that suit was to instruct the appraisers in respect to the mode and manner in which they should proceed. An order resulted which required the board to report the separate elements making up the aggregate value of the plant.

The option to purchase excluded any value on account of unexpired franchise; but it did not limit the value to the bare bones of the plant, its physical properties, such as its lands, its machinery, its water pipes or settling reservoirs, nor to what it. would take to reproduce each of its physical features. The value in equity and justice must include whatever is contributed by the fact of the connection of the items making a complete and operating plant. The difference between a dead plant and a live one is a real value, and is independent of any franchise to go on, .or any mere good will as between such a plant and its customers. That kind of good will, as suggested in Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co., 212 U. S. 19, is of little or no commercial value when the business is, as here, a natural monopoly, with which the customer must deal, whether he will or no. That there is a difference between even the cost of duplication; less depreciation, of the elements making up the water company plant, and the commercial value of the business as a going concern, is evident. Such an allowance was upheld in National Waterworks v. Kansas City, 62 Fed. Rep. 853, where the opinion was by Mr. Justice Brewer. We can add nothing to the reasoning of the learned Justice, and shall not try to. That case has been approved and followed in Gloucester Water Co. v. Gloucester, 179 Massachusetts, 365, and Norwich Gas Co. v. City of Norwich, 76 Connecticut, 565. No such question was considered in either Knoxville v. Knoxville Water Co., 212 U. S. 1, or in Willcox v. Consolidated Gas Co., 212 U. S. 19. Both cases were rate cases, and did not. concern the ascertainment of value under contracts of sale.

Aside from the errors pointed out in the petition for the writ of certiorari counsel have suggested certain difficulties before a final decree, which are not disposed of in the opinion or decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals. The Circuit Court had dismissed the bill. The Circuit Court of Appeals considered and decided all of the large questions which were involved under the bill, but did not direct the precise form of the decree which the Circuit Court should enter, and remanded the case with direction to reverse the decree dismissing the bill, and to proceed in accordance with the opinion. Referring to certain matters left open, the court, in its opinion, said:

“In a transaction of this magnitude there will always be encountered minor obstacles that will readily yield to business methods. What the parties cannot agree upon the trial court has full power to determine according to principles of right and justice. We refer here to such contentions as that there are two or three properties in the city of Omaha belonging to the company but not needed in the business, and also that there are supposed defects in its title to other properties. The latter are not of great importance in comparison with the magnitude of the entire system. The property not needed was appraised separately and it can be excluded from the sale, and the trial court can determine whether the title to other properties is defective. It is not necessary that the title of the company to all the lands upon which its works are built or through which its pipes are laid should be a fee simple, perfect in every particular and subject to no criticism. An irrevocable license, for instance, would-be sufficient, or a title based upon prescription. If, however, there should be found substantial defects opportunity should be given the company to remedy them, and if it is unable to do so the parts of'the property so circumstanced can be valued and the purchase price abated accordingly. It would be expressing too narrow a view to say that an appraisal of a great system of waterworks under a con-, tract of purchase must fail because the title-to a small part not vital to the integrity of the system was afterwards found to be defective. That the deed tendered by- the company was not such as the city was required to take is immaterial. It is sufficient that the company was able, ready and willing to do what might lawfully be required of it.- At some time during the progress of the cause in the trial court the trustees of the mortgages should be made parties to the end that the precise amount of outstanding bonds may be ascertained and paid and the liens.discharged concurrently with payment by. the city of the purchase price. Doubtless the company will have to use the proceeds of sale in paying its mortgage indebtedness. Or if an-arrangement is desired such as was made in the Kansas City case, whereby the mortgages are assumed by thé city, and. the company released from liability, the presence in the case of the trustees would facilitate it.
“The decree is reversed and the cause is remanded with direction to proceed to decree in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.’’

We do not feel ourselves under any obligation to do more than to hold that we find no error in the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals and to remand the case to the Circuit Court to be proceeded with accordingly.

Affirmed.  