
    Laver vs. McGlachlin.
    
      Justice of the Peace de facto— What constitutes. — Sis writ protects offices' executing it.
    
    The trustees of a village assumed the right, under the charter, to appoint W. as a justice of the peace to fill a vacancy, and he, in good faith, filed his oath and the bond required by law, and assumed the duties of the office. Held, that even if the appointment was without authority, W. was a defacto justice, and a warrant of seizure of personal property, issued by him in due form in an action pending before him, would protect the officer who executed it.
    APPEAL from tbe Circuit Court for Sheboygan County.
    Action to recover possession of certain chattels, commenced before a justice of tbe peace. Upon appeal to tbe circuit court, a new trial was bad, by tbe court alone, without a jury, upon a stipulation of facts, which was as follows: That defendant, as deputy sheriff, took tbe property in question, March 8, 1870, by virtue of a paper purporting to be a warrant of seizure, and without any other right or authority; that said paper was regular upon its face, and issued by C. H. Woodard, who was at the time acting as justice of the peace; that the proceedings before him, including his judgment, were regular in form; that the defendant in that action (plaintiff in this) was duly served with the process therein; that said Woodard was then acting as justice by virtue of an appointment made at a regular meeting on the 29th of January, 1870, by the president and trustees of the village of Sheboygan Palls, where he resided, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of L. B. Noyes, a duly elected and qualified justice of the peace, and to hold the appointment until a justice should be elected by the people at the next annual election; and that Woodard, prior to assuming the duties of his office, filed his oath of office and his bond duly approved as provided by law.
    There was a further stipulation as to the value of the property taken, and the damages to be allowed the plaintiff for tbe taking and detention, if judgment should be rendered in bis favor.
    Tbe circuit court rendered judgment for tbe plaintiff, and tbe defendant appealed.
    
      John K Thomas, for appellant,
    contended, that cbap. 280, P. and L. Laws of 1854, and tbe amendments thereto, confer full authority upon tbe officers of tbe village of Sheboygan Falls to fill by appointment a vacancy in tbe office of justice of tbe peace; that having accepted and qualified under such appointment, Woodard was an officer cle facto, if not de jure, and bis acts were valid as between third persons, and cannot be inquired into collaterally {In re Bridget Boyle, 9 Wis., 264; State ex rel. Knowlton v. Williams, 5 Wis., 308; Parker v. Balcer, 8 Paige, 428); and that tbe deputy sheriff was bound to obey tbe warrant when placed in bis bands, it being regular on its face. People v. Collins, 7 Johns., 549.
    
      George S. Graves, for respondent,
    contended that tbe writ of re-plevin, issued by Charles H. Woodard, could afford no protection to tbe officer executing it, for tbe reason that said Woodard was not a justice of tbe peace, either de jure or de facto. Tbe office of justice of tbe peace is an elective office, and cannot be filled by appointment. Art. 7, sec. 5, constitution of Wisconsin. A person acting as justice of tbe peace by virtue of an appointment is not an officer de facto. No authority can give color of title, which cannot confer a good title. Color of title is color of a good title. 8 How. Pr. R, 363 ; 39 Barb., 208. Tbe village of Sheboygan Falls is an incorporated village, entirely distinct and separate in its government from any town organization. Its charter specially requires that tbe justices of tbe peace, acting therein, shall be elected by tbe people, and no authority is given to tbe president and trustees of said village, either by its charter or any other law of this state, to fill a vacancy in tbe office of justice of tbe peace by appointment. Cbap. 280, Pr. Laws of 1854; cbap. 212, Pr. Laws of 1858, secs. 1 and 2; cbap. 209, Pr. Laws of 1862, sec. 5. Tbe legislature, in enacting cbap. 494, General Laws of 1865, attempted to authorize only the town boards of supervisors to fill vacancies in the office of justices of the peace by appointment, and not the president and trustees of 'incorporated villages.
   Cole, J.

The sole question in tbis case is, whether the writ of replevin issued by Charles H. Woodard afforded protection to the defendant, a deputy sheriff who executed it. It is claimed by the plaintiff that it did not, because it is said that Woodard was not a justice, either de jure or de facto.

It appears that Woodard was appointed as a justice of the peace by the president and trustees of the village of Sheboy-gan Falls, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of one Noyes — who had been theretofore duly elected to the office — and that he was acting as justice by virtue of this appointment, when he issued the writ. And it is claimed that, so far as the public and third persons are concerned, he was a de facto officer, and that his official acts are valid. It seems to us that this position is fully sustained by the decisions of this court in the Case of Boyle, 9 Wis., 264, and that of the State v. Bloom, 17 id., 521. The latter case is precisely in point. In that case a party was indicted for a crime, tried, convicted and sentenced at a term of the circuit court for Jackson county, held by 'Isaac E. Messmore. This court held that the sentence was good and valid, notwithstanding the fact that Messmore exercised the office of circuit judge under the appointment of the governor, who had no authority whatever to make the appointment. See State v. Messmore, 14 Wis., 163. And yet, although the governor had no authority to appoint, the appointment was held to give color of title, and to constitute the person acting under it an officer de facto. In every element and principle the case of Bloom is strictly analogous to the one before us. For, assuming that the president and trustees of the village of Sheboygan Falls had no legal authority to appoint a justice, yet they assumed the right to make the appointment under their charter and amendments thereto (cbap. 280, P. & L. Laws of 1854; cbap. 212, P. & L. Laws of 1858; cbap. 209, P. & L. Laws of 1862; and cbap. 494, Glen. Laws of 1865); and Woodard, it seems, in good faitb assumed tbe duties of tbe office, and filed bis oatb and tbe bond required by law. It is apparent tbat it was not tbe case of a bold, naked assumption of an office by Woodard, without color' of title or pretense of right. He doubtless supposed tbat be was a justice dejure as well as die facto; and though there may have been a defect in bis title, yet we think bis acts must be held legal and effectual to protect tbe defendant. No precise rule of a general nature can be extracted from tbe cases as to what constitutes an officer de facto; for each case necessarily depends in some degree upon its peculiar circumstances. Nor are tbe authorities entirely in harmony upon tbe subject. But we are disposed to adhere to our own decisions; and tbe case of Bloom is decisive of tbe question before us. According to tbe principles of tbat decision, Woodard was a justice defacto, acting under color of title, and bis official acts are valid so far as tbe public and third persons are concerned.

By the Court. — -The judgment of tbe circuit court is reversed, and tbe cause remanded for further proceedings according to law.  