
    In the Matter of the Accounting of Lincoln Rochester Trust Company, as Executor of Julius Freeman, Deceased, Respondent. James A. Freeman, Appellant.
    Argued January 10, 1974;
    decided March 27, 1974.
    
      
      Sanford Robert Shapiro and Warren B. Rosenbaum for appellant.
    I. The application of the minimum fee schedule may not avoid a test of “ reasonability ” in determining a lawyer’s compensation. (Matter of Levy, 19 A D 2d 413; Matter of Snell, 17 A D 2d 490; Matter of Robinson, 202 Misc. 231; Burnett v. Graves, 230 F. 2d 49, 351 U. S. 984.) II. Primary reliance on a minimnm fee schedule is per se unreasonable where direct testimony as to services is available. (Matter of Martin, 21 AD 2d 646, 16 N Y 2d 594; Matter of Young, 52 Misc 2d 398.) III. Section 340 of the Ceneral Business Law (Donnelly Act) applies to pricing practices in the furnishing of legal services. (Maxine Gerard, Inc. v. May & Co., 51 Misc 2d 711, 27 A D 2d 922; Manhattan Stor. & Warehouse Co. v. Movers’ & Warehousemen’s Assn., 262 App. Div. 332, 289 N. Y. 82; State of New York v. Milk Handlers & Processors Assn., 52 Misc 2d 658.) IV. The Monroe County Bar Association’s “ minimum fee schedule ” is a regulated arrangement under the Donnelly Act. (Matter of Davies, 168 N. Y. 89; People v. Epstean, 102 Misc. 476; Purofied Down Prods. Corp. v. National Assn. of Bedding Mfrs., 201 Misc. 149; Pleaters, Stitchers & Embroiderers Assn. v. Jaffe Pleating Co., 176 Misc. 411; New York Clothing Mfrs.’ Exch. v. Textile Furnishers Assn., 238 App. Div. 444; People v. Sheldon, 139 N. Y. 251; Alexander’s Dept. Store v. Orhbach’s, 266 App. Div. 535; Straus v. American Publishers’ Assn., 85 App. Div. 446, 177 N. Y. 473; People v. Masiello, 177 Misc. 608.) V. The effect of the Monroe County Bar Association’s minimum fee schedule is to unreasonably fix, establish, stabilize and maintain price levels for legal services in all of Monroe County. (Barns v. Dairymen’s League Co-op. Assn., 220 App. Div. 624.) VI. The consumer beneficient policy of the Donnelly Act empowers the court to determine whether computation of legal fees pursuant to a minimum fee schedule is illegal. VII. The Bar’s exclusive franchise to render legal services to the public impresses it with a public trust that the courts must closely supervise to protect the public interest. (Whitaker v. Kilby, 55 Misc. 337, 122 App. Div. 895.) VIII. The fee in the instant case, computed by use of the minmum fee schedule, is unreasonable per se and should not be allowed.
    
      Luther Ira Webster for respondent.
    I. The “reasonableness ” of the fee of respondent’s counsel was a question of fact. (Matter of Sewell, 32 Misc. 604; Matter of Potts, 213 App. Div. 59, 241 N. Y. 593; Matter of Brehm, 37 A D 2d 95; Matter of Lipsit, 21 A D 2d 509, 15 N Y 2d 588; Matter of Wheeler, 25 Misc 2d 933; Matter of Krasner, 12 Misc 2d 814; Matter of Smith, 4 Misc 2d 620; Matter of Krooss, 200 Misc. 1003; Matter of Mackenzie, 155 Misc. 822.) II. It is. the policy of this State to establish schedules for commissions of fiduciaries. (Matter of Burroughs, 155 Misc. 237; Matter of Lester, 172 App. Div. 509.) III. The interpretation of section 340 of the General Business Law is for the courts of this State. (New York Bank Note Co. v. Hamilton Bank Note Engraving & Print. Co., 180 N. Y. 280; Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 355 F. Supp. 491; People ex rel. Rice v. Graves, 242 App. Div. 128; Johnston v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 242 N. Y. 381; People ex rel. Central Park, North & East Riv. R. R. Co. v. Wilcox, 194 N. Y. 383; American Med. Assn. v. United States, 317 U. S. 519; United States v. Real Estate Bds., 339 U. S. 485; United States v. Oregon Med. Soc., 343 U. S. 326; Barns v. Dairymen’s League Co-op. Assn., 220 App. Div. 624; State of New York v. Milk Handlers & Processors Assn., 52 Misc 2d 658, 28 A D 2d 971.) IV. There is no proof of injury to the public. (McAvoy v. Harron, 26 A D 2d 452.)
    
      Michael J. Beyma, Elliott Horton and Alan Illig for Monroe County Bar Association, amicus curiae.
    
    I. The legality of fee schedules is not in issue in the present controversy. (Matter of Gilman, 251 N. Y. 265; Matter of Lewis, 278 App. Div. 888, 308 N. Y. 795; Hannahs v. Hannahs, 68 N. Y. 610; Matter of Snell, 33 Misc 2d 1044, 17 A D 2d 490; Matter of Richards, 5 A D 2d 124; Matter of De Graff, Foy, Conway & Holt-Harris v. McKesson & Robbins, 31 N Y 2d 862.) II. The law is a noble and. ancient profession, the members of Which are subject in all aspects of their conduct and ethics to regulation by the courts. (Matter of Rouss, 221 N. Y. 81; Matter of New York County Lawyers' Assn. v. Dacey, 28 A D 2d 161, 21 N Y 2d 694; Lavanant v. Lovelace, 71 Misc 2d 974; Matter of Cohen, 9 A D 2d 436; Matter of Cooper, 22 N. Y. 67; Erie County Water Auth. v. Western N. Y. Water Co., 304 N. Y. 342; Matter of Flannery, 212 N. Y. 610; Matter of Percy, 36 N. Y. 651; Matter of Ushkow, 34 A D 2d 159; Matter of Hughes, 35 A D 2d 440.) III. The absence of Bar Association fee schedules might lead to solicitation of clients which could be harmful to the legal profession and the public generally. (Matter of Clark, 184 N. Y. 222; Matter of Anonymous, 32 A D 2d 37; Matter of Connelly, 18 A D 2d 466; Matter of Pouker, 203 App. Div. 520; People v. Meola, 193 App. Div. 487; People v. Schneider, 20 A D 2d 408; People ex rel. Karlin v. Culkin, 248 N. Y. 465.) IV. The Donnelly Act applies to the regulation of trade and of services related to trade while the Judiciary Act applies to the conduct of lawyers; each is exclusive of the other. (Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 355 F. Supp. 491; Matter of Carey v. Cruise, 246 N. Y. 237; New York Clothing Mfrs.’ Exch. v. Textile Finishers Assn., 238 App. Div. 444; Emmons v. Smitt, 58 F. Supp. 869; Hillside Housing Corp. v. Eisenberger, 173 Misc. 75; Matter of New York County Lawyers Assn. [Roel], 4 Misc 2d 721; Rozell v. Rozell, 281 N. Y. 106; People v. Banks, 168 Misc. 515.) V. Antitrust laws do not apply to fees which are determined by a court. (Mine Workers v. Pennington, 381 U. S. 657; Eastern R. R. Conference v. Noerr Motors, 365 U. S. 127; Schenley Ind. v. N. J. Wine & Spirit Wholesalers Assn., 272 F. Supp. 872; California Transp. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U. S. 508; Parker v. Brown, 317 U. S. 341.) VI. Numerous Legislatures and courts have found Bar Association fee schedules to be in the public interest. (Matter of Snell, 33 Misc 2d 1044, 17 A D 2d 490; Matter of O’Donnell, 28 Misc 2d 1040; Matter of Robinson, 202 Misc. 231; 
      Matter of Lewi, 199 Misc. 99; Matter of Felton, 199 Misc. 507.) VH. Bar Association fee schedules are an indispensable aid to attorneys in determining customary charges so that a particluar fee is not exorbitant. (Matter of Snell, 17 A D 2d 490; Gair v. Peck, 6 N Y 2d 97.) VUE. Bar Association fee schedules generally discourage unduly high charges and provide a standard against which unreasonably high charges may be recognized, challenged and corrected. (Matter of McCullough, 14 Misc 2d 769,10 A D 2d 634, 9 N Y 2d 993.) IX. Legal services performed for an estate are of a similar nature to the services rendered by fiduciaries whose fees are uniformly set as a percentage of estate assets. (Matter of Snell, 33 Misc 2d 1044, 17 A D 2d 490.) X. The Sherman Act similarly should not be considered applicable to the conduct of lawyers. (Citizen Pub. Co. v. United States, 394 U. S. 131; United States v. General Motors, 384 U. S. 127; Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. United States, 356 U. S. 1; United States v. United States Steel Corp., 233 F. Supp. 148; United States v. Container Corp., 393 U. S. 333; United States v. Socony Mobil Oil Co., 356 U. S. 925; Parker v. Brown, 317 U. S. 341; Washington Brewers Inst. v. United States, 137 F. 2d 964.)
   Chief Judge Breitel.

Appellant objectant, in a proceeding to settle an executor’s account, contests the amount of attorney’s fees awarded for services rendered to the estate. Object-ant, the son of decedent and sole beneficiary of his father’s estate, appeals from an Appellate Division order affirming the award, contending that the Surrogate was improperly influenced by the then existing Monroe County Bar Association minimum fee schedule. It is argued forcefully that, although the estate was considerable in value, there were no unusual difficulties and the large fee allowed was therefore unduly influenced by the schedule allowing a percentage based on the gross estate. It is urged, in particular, that the fee schedule effectively fixed the fee level for legal services in Monroe County and thus violated the State’s antitrust law (Donnelly Act, General Business Law, § 340).

The order should be affirmed. Although the Surrogate considered the minimum fee schedule, he made a sufficiently independent determination of the reasonableness of the fee allowed and, in doing so, was entitled to consider custom and practice in the community. Moreover, the law is a profession and not a business and therefore not subject to the Donnelly Act which prohibits business arrangements restraining competition. Whether all Bar Association minimum fee schedules are, however, unprofessional, it is not necessary to decide in this case or at this time; but they may violate professional standards if their purpose or effect would be to control the fee level for professional services, or would have the purpose or effect of preventing “fee competition” in the rendering of legal services.

The gross estate aggregated some $329,000. Objectant was the sole beneficiary and eventually would receive the entire net estate. The fee allowed to the attorney for the estate was $13,250, which equalled almost precisely the amount that the then minimum fee schedule established by the Monroe County Bar Association would have required or “ suggested ” in decedents’ estates. There is no contention by respondent attorney or the amicus curiae Bar Association that the handling of the estate involved any but routine practice in a decedent’s estate.

The pertinent provisions of the State’s antitrust statute trace their origin to 1897 and 1933 (L. 1897, ch. 383; L. 1933, ch. 804, § 1; see, generally, New York State Bar Association Antitrust Section, Report of Special Committee to Study the New York Antitrust Laws, pp. 10a-20a [1957]; Maroney, Antitrust in the Empire State: Regulation of Restrictive Business Practices in New York State, 19 Syracuse L. Rev. 819 [1968]). Presently, section 340 of the General Business Law declares void and illegal against public policy “ [e]very contract, agreement, arrangement, or combination whereby * * * [competition or the free exercise of any activity in the conduct of any business, trade or commerce or in the furnishing of any. service in this state is or may be restrained ”.

Objectant contends that, since the statute expressly includes the furnishing of service, lawyers who provide legal services are covered by the statute. The statutory reference to service was added in 1933, shortly after the decision in New York Clothing Mfrs’. Exch. v. Textile Finishers Assn. (283 App. Div. 444). It was there held that a price-fixing agreement among members of defendant association was not violative of section 340 because the statute, as then written, did not apply to services.

Although there was no cause and effect relationship between the decision and the legislation, the addition of the term “ seridee ” was designed to prohibit anticompetitive practices of service industries. According to its draftsman, then Attorney-General Bennett, the 1933 amendment extended “ the protection of the law to all those businesses which sell, not a specific product or commodity, but a service such as laundering, dry cleaning, shoe repairing and numerous others ” (Bennett, The Recent Amendments to the Donnelly Act, 5 N. Y. State Bar Assoc. Bulletin 384, 389 [1933]). The view expressed by the then Attorney-General indicates that the use of the word service ” was confined to a commercial or business setting. The term was therefore used with a limited purpose, and therefore limited sense. Hence, whether arrangements in the legal profession, which concededly involves services, violate the antitrust law does not turn on the word “ service

On this analysis, the issue, as it would be under Federal antitrust law, is whether the legal profession is a business or trade as that term is used in section 340 (see United States v. Real Estate Bds., 339 U. S. 485, 489, 491-492 [1950]). "Whatever the authority of Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar (355 F. Supp. 491), where the court held that minimum fee schedules violated the Sherman Act, the question now presented deals solely with the relationship of the State antitrust law to the statutory scheme for regulating the practice of law.

A profession is not a business. It is distinguished by the requirements of extensive formal training and learning, admission to practice by a qualifying licensure, a code of ethics imposing standards qualitatively and extensively beyond those that prevail or are tolerated in the marketplace, a system for discipline of its members for violation of the code of ethics, a duty to subordinate financial reward to social responsibility, and, notably, an obligation on its members, even in nonprofessional matters, to conduct themselves as members of a learned, disciplined, and honorable occupation. These qualities distinguish professionals from others whose limitations on conduct are largely prescribed only by general legal standards and sanctions, whether civil or criminal. (See Pound, The Lawyer from Antiquity to Modern Times, pp. 4—10.) Interwoven with professional standards, of course, is pursuit of the ideal and that the profession not be debased by lesser commercial standards (see Drinker, Legal Ethics, pp. 210-273). Departures from the ideal, few or many, should rarely, if ever, justify a lowering of the standards (cf. Ryan, Address to the Graduating Law Students of the University of Wisconsin, 1873, 19 Notre Dame Lawyer 117, 135-140 [1943]).

Given this character of any profession, and certainly as that character is applied to the legal profession, professional associations justify their existence to the extent that they further the standards and the ideal (see, e.g., Botein, Six Decades of Achievement, 25 N. Y. County Lawyers’ Assn. Bar Bulletin, p. 205 [1968]; see, also, Pound, op. cit., supra, pp. 10-20).

Bar Associations have, of course, been pre-eminent in pursuit of the professional ideal. As a consequence, they have been used under legislation and by the courts in the control of conduct in the profession (see, e.g., Matter of Bar Assn. of City of N. Y., 222 App. Div. 580). Their role in the promulgation and interpretation of canons of ethics and in professional disciplinary machinery has been quite extensive (see, e.g., Association of the Bar of the City of New York and New York County Lawyers’ Assn., Opinions of Committees on Professional Ethics [1956] ; 22 NYCRR 603.12, 691.12, 800.28, 1022.9).

Another index of professionalism in the Bar, especially in modern times, is that the organized Bar both sponsors and fosters research, programs and proposals unrelated to the development of individual skills. Instead these activities are designed to extend the capacity of the Bar to serve the public; even beyond the likelihood of financial reward for such service (see, e.g., Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Mental Illness, Due Process and the Criminal Defendant [1968]).

The history and purpose of the legal profession and the professional associations supports the view that the profession is not included within the terms business or trade ” as used in section 340 of the General Business Law. The several provisions in the Judiciary Law regulating the conduct of members of the Bar suggest particularly close restrictions on the profession (see, e.g., Judiciary Law, §§ 480-487). Before that, by ancient tradition, rules of conduct were established for the profession (see, e.g., VI Holdsworth, History of English Law 433 [1924]). Today, specific statutes provide for broad judicial power and control over the profession (Judiciary Law, § 90, subd. 2; see Gair v. Peck, 6 N Y 2d 97, 111, app. dsmd. and cert, den., 361 U. S. 374; People ex rel. Karlin v. Culkin, 248 N. Y. 465, 469, 471-472).

Even a superficial examination of the regulatory system applicable to the Bar suggests that if the Legislature had intended to reach alleged economic restraints, like fee schedules, it would have done so either by specific statute, or by court rules and controls within the existing scheme for judicial oversight of the Bar. Judicial regulation would, as with contingent fees and the like, be much more expeditious, effective, and direct than the comparatively clumsy device of antitrust law enforcement.

Consequently, it is concluded that neither by virtue of the statutory language, the legislative history, or intent of the Legislature does the Donnelly Act apply to the legal profession.

It would be injudicious, however, to pass over the issues raised by the parties without considering whether standards of professional conduct, apart from antitrust law, were involved.

Long tradition and just about a universal one in American practice is for the fixation of lawyers’ fees to be determined on the following factors: time and labor required, the difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill required to handle the problems presented; the lawyer’s experience, ability and reputation; the amount involved and benefit resulting to the client from the services; the customary fee charged by the Bar for similar services; the contingency or certainty of compensation; the results obtained; and the responsibility involved (see Matter of Potts, 213 App. Div. 59, 62, affd. 241 N. Y. 593; Code of Professional Responsibility EC 2-18; Canons of Professional Ethics, canon 12; Ann., Attorney Compensation — Amount, 56 ALR 2d 13, 20-50; see, also, H. Cohen, History of the English Bar and Attornatus to 1450, p. 279 [1929]). Significant in the inclusion is the factor of the amount involved. It is in the light of these principles plus the exercise of an independent judgment by the Surrogate, an exercise of discretion affirmed by. the Appellate Division, that an affirmance is indicated. It cannot be said, as a matter of law, therefore, that the fee schedule violated professional standards or was improperly used by those vested with discretion.

Although it is true that the Surrogate in fixing the fee in this case considered the Bar Association minimum fee schedule, that alone would not render his determination improper, even if it were improper for a court in fixing a reasonable fee to rely exclusively on an association fee schedule (see Matter of Levy, 19 A D 2d 413, 416; Matter of Snell, 17 A D 2d 490, 494; see, also, Matter of McCullough, 14 Misc 2d 769, 771, affd. 10 A D 2d 634, affd. 9 N Y 2d 993). The schedule may be used to determine the customary fee in the community, but only if it reflects an existing practice and not if its purpose or effect may be to impose minimum fees. The Surrogate indicated that he had made an independent determination, and the Appellate Division affirmed. This court then has findings before it, which it is powerless to overturn on this record, that the Surrogate made an independent determination and that the fees allowed were reasonable (Matter of Noll, 273 N. Y. 219, 225-226). In the absence of extrinsic evidence that the fee schedule in fact worked as a “ price-control ” device or was so intended, this court may not, as it would with an issue of law, overturn the findings of fact or the conclusion to which they lead (see Cohen and Karger, Powers of the Mew York Court of Appeals, 590).

It should be observed that the present treatment of minimum fee schedules is against a backdrop in which the fees are fixed not by lawyer and client but by the court. When there is direct control by the court, so long as it reaches an independent determination of what is reasonable, questions as to professional propriety, as discussed later, in setting the fees are absent. The situation would undoubtedly be different where the fee schedules relate to fees fixed by agreement between lawyer and client. In such instances, although there is residual control by the courts over excessive fees, that residual control may be too feeble in preventing fee schedules from having a great effect on the fees charged and which under traditional rules courts would not overturn (see 3 N. Y. Jur., Attorney and Client, §§ 92-98).

In this context it is useful to compare direct court control over fees in tort cases involving infant plaintiffs, court control in the First and Second Departments over maximum fees in personal injury cases generally (see 22 NYCRR 603.4, 691.4), setting of fees in lawyers’ clients cases under section 475 of the Judiciary Law, counsel fees in stockholders’ derivative actions and class actions, and other examples which might come to mind. All of these would seem to be situations in which the direct control of fees by the court preclude issues of professional impropriety so long as the court exercises independent judgment and uses fee schedules in the guarded way mentioned earlier.

Were evidence present, or if it appeared unequivocally from the schedule itself, that a price-fixing arrangement were involved, there would undoubtedly be a serious issue whether unprofessional practices were present. This would be so because concerted conduct to produce as a primary purpose a certain minimum financial reward would be unprofessional and because the mínimums would not necessarily be keyed to what the courts or the profession should regard as reasonable (compare Arnould & Corley, Fee Schedules Should be Abolished, 57 A.B.A.J. 655 [1971] with Miller & Weil, Let’s Improve, Not Kill Fee Schedules, 58 A.B.A.J. 31 [1972]). It is notable that earlier Monroe County Bar Association schedules, since abolished, had language that strained the limits of mere suggestion. But whatever the language, if it were only a disguise for a coercive purpose, the same serious issue would be raised.

Assuming that unprofessional practices were involved in the use of minimum fee schedules, such practices would, of course, be cognizable in judicial supervision, particularly in the Appellate Divisions, over the practice of law. Barely, if ever, would such an issue be presentable, as mentioned earlier, in litigation between client and lawyer with respect to fees based on voluntary agreement (see 3 N. Y. Jur., Attorney and Client, §§ 92-98).

It is interesting that neither respondent nor amicus curiae have, in their submissions, established need for the minimum fee schedule, or that similar needs have existed generally, or to explain why in other parts of the State the nse of minimum fee schedules does not seem to be correlated with population, urbanization, or other social factors which might explain either the use or nonuse of minimum fee schedules. Quite unpersuasive would be the argument that fee schedules are an indirect way of discouraging solicitation. If fee schedules are otherwise objectionable than the methods are too indirect and too strong for an ill that is otherwise curable (see Note, A Critical Analysis of Bar Association Minimum Fee Schedules, 85 Harvard L. Rev. 971, 988 [1972]; Note, Wisconsin Minimum Fee Schedule: A Problem of Antitrust, 1968 Wis. L. Rev. 1237, 1256).

Fortunately, this case does not require that the issue be faced frontally. If it did, it would have been useful to have had available the kind of empirical data which would bear on the use, need, and effect of minimum fee schedules and the effect of their absence.

Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs to the parties payable out of the estate.

Wachtler, J. (concurring).

I agree with the majority that the record reveals that the Surrogate did not rely on the minimum fee schedule in setting the attorney’s fee in this case. However, I do not think it is wise to reach out in this case in order to decide that the minimum fee schedule would be exempt from the scope of the applicable antitrust laws. I do not believe, as does the majority, that the courts’ regulation of “ professional conduct ” which involves matters of ethical concern, should be interpreted as an implicit attempt to narrow the scope of an antitrust statute aimed at economic regulation.

The issue of whether the legal profession in general or Bar Associations in particular constitute a business, trade, or furnishing of services within the meaning of the antitrust laws is a question which I feel should be left for a case where the issue is posed more directly. (See, e.g., Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 355 F. Supp. 491.)

Judges Jasen, Gabrielli, Jones, Rabin and Stevens concur with Chief Judge Bbeitel ; Judge Waohtler concurs in a separate opinion.

Order affirmed, with costs to all parties appearing separately and filing separate briefs payable out of the estate. 
      
      . Revd. 42 U. S. Law Week 2581 (Ct. of Appeals, 4th Cir.).— [Rep.
     
      
      . In response to an inquiry by the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice, the Monroe County Bar Association • abolished and abandoned its- Bar fee schedules. The American Bar Association has recommended that local and State Bar Associations “give serious consideration to withdrawal or cancellation of all schedules of fees ” (American Bar Association, House of Delegates Mid-Year Meeting, Houston, Texas, Feb. 4-5, 1974, P- 12).
     