
    Almira Godfrey, as Administratrix, etc., of James W. Godfrey, Deceased, Respondent, v. The City of New York, Appellant.
    
      Negligence — injury to one driving in the night over a pile of stones in a city street —proof as to its being sufficiently lighted —proof as to how long the stones had been there and of constructive notice to the city — liability of the city where it has given a permit to place the stones in the street — notice need not be shown—contributory negligence a question of fact --- competency in evidence of the contract between the city and its contractor.
    
    In an action brought against the city of New York, to recover damages resulting from the death of the plaintiff's intestate, it appeared that the contract for the paving of One Hundred and Fifty-third street in the city of New York provided: “That during the performance of the work herein set forth the contractor will place proper guards upon and around the same for the prevention of accidents, and at night will put up and keep' suitable and sufficient lights.”
    The specifications for the contract provided: “The materials for construction shall not be brought to or deposited on the street in quantities greater than is necessary for convenient working, and shall be so deposited as to cause the least possible obstruction to streets and sidewalks, as may be determined by the Commissioner.”
    On Wednesday, November 6, 1901, the contractor dumped at the intersection of St. Nicholas avenue and One Hundred and Fifty-third street a few loads of broken stone. On Friday, November 8, 1901, the city authorities gave the ..contractor the fallowing permit: “ Permission is hereby .given to. the Hastings Pavement Company (the contractor) to place paving material'at. the intersection of Amsterdam and St. Nicholas .Avenues and 153d Street, for use on 153d Street.” s l
    On the same* day the contractor dumped on St. Nicholas avenue, at the intérsec- ■■ tion of One Hundred and Fifty-third street/ twenty^five loads of broken stone which covered about half of the. roadway and y dried in height from .two inches ' to from two to four feet. There was also placed in the roadway of St. Nicholas avenue just north of the pile of stones a steam roller used by the contractor.
    At half-past four on the afternoon of Saturday, November ninth, the contractor’s watchman placed a light upon .the steam roller and a red lantern upon the pile of broken' stone. There was evidence tending to show that the lantern, was blackened with smoke and had á hole in it which was covered with paper, and. that it was placed in a hole; in the pile of broken stone to protect it from the , wind. An hour later¡ when it had become quite dark, the intestate drove along St. Nicholas avenue. In attempting to pass a van his wagon ran upon the pile , of broken stone, the horse gave a j ump and the intestate was thrown out of the wagon, receiving injuries from which he died. -
    
      Held (Van Brunt, P; J., dissenting^.. that a judgment entered upon a verdict in favor of the plaintiff should be affirmed;.
    (Per Ingraham and O’Brien, JJ). 0That it was a question for the jury to say / whether the pile of stones, was sufficiently lighted to warn persons using the street of the existence of the obstruction;
    (Per Ingraham and McLaughlin, JJ). That the evidence established that the pile of stonés had been deposited in the street the day previous to the accident, and that the lapse of timé was not sufficient to justify-*a finding that the city, which, so far as appeared, did not- have any express notice of the presence of the pile of stones,' was negligent in not knowing the condition of the street and removing the obstruction;
    (Per Ingraham, McLaughlin, Hatch and O’Brien, JJ:) That, as the pile of stones had been placed in the street with the permission of the city, notice, . . . either actual or constructive, of the presence of the pile of stones was not a condition precedent to the liability of the city, which was jointly liable with, the contractor for any .injury which resulted from a failure to properly guard the obstruction;
    (Per Ingraham, McLaughlin, Hatch and O’Brien, JJ.) That where a municipal corporation givés a permit to obstruct a street an absolute duty is imposed upon the .corporation to see to it that the obstruction is so protected and guarded that a' person using the street, and entitled to rely upon the presumption that it is safe, for use, will be warned of the danger in time to’avoid injury; that by giving the permit the city thereby becomes a joint actor with fhe licensee in creating the obstruction-.and it thereby becomes responsible for. any neglect or default of the licensee in properly guarding the obstruction so that persons using the street would not be exposed to'unnecessary danger;
    (Per Ingraham and O’Brien, JJ.) That .the question whether the plaintiff’s intestate was guilty of contributory negligence in failing to see and avoid the ■ pile of broken stone was one of fact for the jury, particularly as, in driving along the street, he had a right to assume that the city had performed its duty and -that the street was reasonably safe for travel;
    {Per Ingraham and O’Brien, JJ.) That the contract between the city and the contractor was competent evidence to show the relations existing between the ' city and the person who had caused the obstruction.
    Appeal by the defendant, The City of Yew York, from a judgement of the Supreme Court in favor of the plaintiff, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Yew York on the 13th day of October, 1904, upon the .verdict of a jury for $30,000, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the. 28th day of October, 1904, denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial made, upon the minutes.
    
      Charles F. Brown, for the appellant.
    
      Frank S. Black, for the respondent.
   Ingraham, J.:

On the evening of Yovenlber 9,1901, the plaintiff’s intestate was. driving upon St. Yicholas avenue at the intersection'of St. Yicholas .avenue and One Hundred and Fifty-third street in the city of Yew York, and ran into a heap of broken stone, was thrown from his wagon and killed, and the plaintiff, as his administratrix, sues to recover the damages sustained by his widow and next of kin. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff, and from the judgment entered thereon the defendant, The City of Yew York, appeals.

Hpon the trial it appeared that on the 21st- day of May, 1901, the city of Yew York had made a contract with the Hastings Pavement Company to pave with asphalt the roadway of One Hundred and Fifty-third street from St. Yicholas avenue to Amsterdam avenue in the city of Yew York; that this pavement was to commence at St. Yicholas avenue and run west to Amsterdam avenue, and the contract required the contractor to remove the existing pavement, to lay a concrete foundation, and upon this concrete foundation to place an asphalt block pavement.1 ■ The contract contained the following provision: (J) That, the contractor will observe the law and all ordinances of the Municipal Assembly in relation to obstructing the streets, keeping open passageways and protecting the same where they are exposed and would be dangerous to the public travel. * * *■ That during the performance of. the work herein set forth the contractor will place proper guards upon and around the same for the prevention of accidents,' and at night will put up and keep suitable and sufficient lights.” The specifications contained^ the following provision: “ The materials, for construction shall not be brought to or deposited on the street in quantities greater than is necessary for convenient.working, and shall be so deposited as to cause the least possible obstruction to streets and sidewalks, as may be determined by the Commissioner.” Some - time before November 9, 1901, the contractor had commenced his work under this 'contract 'and had removed the old pavement from the street to lay the concrete foundation. This" concrete foundation was to be made of broken stone and Portland cement, and on "Wednesday, November 6, 1901, the contractor dumped at the. intersection of St. Nicholas avenue and One Hundred and Fifty-third street a few loads of broken stone, about one-half of which was used up on the following day (Thursday). It does not appear whether this stone that was dumped there on Wednesday was dumped, in the roadway of St. Nicholas avenue or .not; but there is no evidence that on Friday morning there was any serious obstruction to St. Nicholas avenue, or that the pile of stones with which the plaintiff’s intestate collided on the night of November ninth was then in the street. On the contrary, I think tlie evidence is clear that the stones were placed there on the following day. On Friday, November eighth, the superintendent of street openings, paving and repaving gave to the contractor the following permit:

“ Permission is hereby given to the Hastings Pavement Company to place paving material at the intersection of Amsterdam and St. Nicholas Avenues and 153d Street, for use on 153d Street.

“(Signed) JACOB C. WUND,

Superintendent, Street Openings, Paving <&■ Repaving.”

On the same day that this permit was given the contractor dumped on. St. Nicholas avenue about twenty-five loads of this broken stone. This was dumped in the roadway extending out into the avenue covering about one-half of the roadway. At its outer edge the stones were one or two inches deep and increased in thickness as it extended westerly until it became two to four feet high. This pile was made by the teams driving up from St. Nicholas avenue and dumping stone upon the top. There was also placed in the roadway of St. Nicholas avenue, just north of this pile of stones, a steam roller used by the contractor in putting down this pavement. About half-past four o’clock in the afternoon of Saturday, November ninth, th¿ watchman employed by the ^contractor placed a light upon the steam roller and a red lantern upon this pile of stones. There is some dispute about the location of this lantern upon the pile of stones. One witness, who was wratchman in charge of an adjoining building, testified that, as the wind was blowing very hard, they placed it in a hole' in the pile of stones to protect the light from the • wind; that the lantern was blackened with smoke, and had a hole in it'that was covered with paper; but that he could see the light from across the avenue. The plaintiff’s intestate was on the afternoon of November 9, 1901, in the Suburban Club, located at Depot lane, One Hundred and Seventy-sixth street, overlooking the Hudson river: At about twenty-five minutes after five o’clock he with his companion, a Mr. Morgan, who was a witness, started to drive home. Upon their way down they drove into St. Nicholas avenue at One Hundred and Sixty-first street, the plaintiff’s intestate on the right side of the wagon driving and his companion on the left, continuing down St. Nicholas avenue in the middle of the roadway. After passing, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street' Morgan saw a white-light upon the .right-hand side of the avenue, when the plaintiff’s: intestate pulled his horse over to the left side of the road. In front there was a large furniture van going down, and the plaintiff’s intestate attempted to pass this van upon the left between the van and the east curb. After' pulling over to the left side of the van to pass it, it appeared that there was not room enough between the _van and the curb,- and so the plaintiff’s intestate pulled his horse back and started to pass the van on t-lie right towards the west. _ After pulling to the right or westerly side of the van he started on again when the horse ran upon this pile of broken stone. The horse was then going about seven-miles an hour ; the van -at that time was in front of a lamp post and the street in front of the van was in a shadow cast by the van, and the spot where they started to drive around the van was in this shadow; the witness did not see the pile of stones, but he testified that he was then looking at the van, the van being to the left <5f them as they attempted to pass. It had been a cloudy afternoon, and it was quite dark at the time of the accident. The wagon ran upon the stone, the horse gave a jump and the occupants .of the wagon were thrown out. The plaintiff’s intestate was found on the southerly crosswalk of One Hundred and Fifty-third street, liis skull fractured, and death resulted. There were one or two witnesses called for the plaintiff who testified- as to this stone being dumped in the roadway several days prior to the accident; but none of them were certain about it, and upon the whole evidence I think it clear that this pile of stones, as it existed on Saturday night, was dumped there on Friday; that the stone that had been dumped in the roadway prior to that time had been substantially used up before the large mass of stone was dumped on Friday, and that it was this stone which was dumped on Friday that created the pile into which the plaintiff’s intestate ran and which caused the accident.

I think that it was satisfactorily proven that there was one red light on this pilé of stones before the accident; but I think it was a question for the jury to say whether this obstruction in the street Was sufficiently lighted to warn persons using the street of the existence of the obstruction, and that, therefore, there was a question of fact for the jury. as to whether the person responsible for the obstruction was guilty of negligence.

In Snowden v. Town of Somerset (171 N. Y. 99) the obligation upon a municipal corporation or public officer who is responsible for properly guarding an excavation in a street is discussed, and it was held that'“ it was, therefore, the obvious duty, of the highway commissioner to protect this place of danger with suitable and sufficient lights, guards or barricades. * * * The necessity for some degree of protection was evidently appreciated by the highway commissioner, for he attempted to guard against accident by placing the tile which had been taken out of the excavat.ion across the traveled part of the highway in the manner indicated. That the so-called barricade did not serve the purpose for which it was intended is shown by the result. Had there been no attempt to barricade or. guard this place of danger the highway commissioner would have been, clearly guilty of negligence. * * * The question presented on the facts disclosed by the record is whether the defendant’s highway commissioner exercised reasonable care and prudence in- attempting to guard it: Could it be held as matter of law that' the defendant. is liable simply because the barricade proved to be insufficient ? Certainly not. Can the court hold as a legal proposi- . tion that the highway commissioner had done his full duty, because there was evidence that it had not been customary for his predecessors in office to use lights in connection with barricades? We think not. The night was dark. A jury would have been authorized to find that the. barricade could not have been seen without a light. The plaintiff and her husband had the right to assume that the highway was safe. * * * It vas the duty of the highway commissioner to guard against such dangers as could or ought to have been anticipated or foreseen in the exercise of reasonable prudence and care.”

In this case the officers of the defendant recognized that proper lights or barricades were necessary when obstructions were created iñ the adjacent streets. The contract imposed, upon the contractor the duty of furnishing such lights or barricades, and the contractor undertook to perform this duty. He placed one red lamp upon this large pile of stones, which there is evidence to show was quite dim, and placed it in a sheltered position to protect it from the wind. There is no satisfactory évidence as to just how far this light could be seen by a person approaching the pile of stone from the north; and, as a matter of fact, the jury could have found that it was not seen by the persons in the wagon approaching from that direction. There was a question, therefore, for the jury as to whether or not this was a sufficient warning of the existence of this obstruction in the street, or whether there was exercised reasonable care and prudence in guarding the obstruction, so that persons using the highway could avoid it.

The action, however, is against the municipal corporation, and not against the individual who had created the obstruction and whose duty it was to properly protect it. If the liability of the defendant depended upon the negligent performance of the usual obligations imposed upon a municipal corporation to keep tins street in a reasonably safe condition, I do not- think the evidence would justify a verdict against the defendant: This pile of stones, in the position in which it was on the night of the accident, had been placed there the day before. There is no evidence that the city had any express notice of this obstruction in the street as it existed on the night of' the accident so that it was required to remove it, and I do not think the time was sufficient to justify a finding that 'the city was negligent in not knowing the condition of the street and removing the obstruction; The city had, however, undertaken to pave One Hundred and Fifty-third street which crossed St. Nicholas avenue at this point, and its contractor was engaged in laying such pavement. The specifications upon which that contract was made provided that “ The materials for construction shall not be brought to or deposited on the street in quantities greater than is. necessary for convenient working, and shall be so deposited as to cause the least possible obstruction to streets and sidewalks, ^s may be determined by the Commissioner.” Under the provisions of this specification, upon Friday, November eighth, the contractor received permission “ to place paving material at the intersection of Amsterdam and St. Nicholas Avenues and 153d Street, for use on 153d Street;” and it was in pursuance of this permission that the contractor was allowed to create this obstruction on St. Nicholas avenue. A police officer, on this beat, testified that when the contractor commenced to place this stone in St. Nicholas avenue he was shown this permit, and that it was in consequence thereof that he allowed the stone to be dumped there; Thus, it was with the direct permission of the city and the action of the police officér that the obstruction was created. It was at “ the intersection of Amsterdam and St. Nicholas Avenues and 153d Street ” that the contractor was permitted to place this paving material. “ Intersection ” is defined to be “ A place of crossing; the point where two lines or the line in which two surfaces cross each other ” (Standard Diet.); and thus the contractor was permitted to place paving materials upon the point where these two streets (One Hundred and' Fifty-third street and St. Nicholas avenue) crossed each other, and this was exactly where- the com tractor dumped this material and created the obstruction in St. Nicholas avenue. I think ■ he permit was sufficient to justify the contractor in placing this j. tving material upon the roadway of St. Nicholas avenue, and that t :e obstruction was the joint act of the •city in granting the permit and the contractor in placing it there. Under such circumstances it is now clearly settled that themunicipal corporation is jointly liable with the contractor for any injury that results from a lack of properly guarding the obstruction.

In Cohen v. Mayor, etc., of New York (113 N. Y. 532) the injury was caused by a wagon which had been placed in a public street under a permit granted by the city" of New York; and it was held that by granting that permit the city became a partner in the erection and continuance of such nuisance; that under such circumstances “ the defendant must be held liable the same as if it" had itself maintained the nuisance, for the owner of the wagon was nothing more than an agent through whom the defendant did this unlawful act; ” that in a case like this, where no obstruction would have existed but for the wrongful conduct of defendant, it must be held responsible for the damage which is caused by reason of the obstruction, even though it might not have happened if the licensee had been careful in regard to the manner in which he exercised the assumed right granted him by the license; ” and that “ the defendant, under these circumstances, must take the risk of such care, and not an innocent passer-by.”

In Speir v. City of Brooklyn (139 N. Y. 6) the plaintiff was injured by the discharge of fireworks in a public street, and it was held that if the city directed or authorized the discharge of fireworks which resulted in the injury complained of, it was liable; that the mayor of the city of Brooklyn had, by permit, authorized the fireworks to be discharged in the street under the provisions of an ordinance which gave him authority to grant such permit, and the court, in holding the defendant liable, said: “ In- doing so and in construing the ordinance as authorizing him to grant a permit to private persons to use the public streets for the discharge of fireworks, he was following the practice which had long prevailed, and, go far as appears, no question had been raised that such permits were not within the ordinance. The permit, when given and communicated to the police, was understood as preventing any police interference with the act permitted, and it had that effect in the case in question. The city had power to prohibit or regulate the use of fireworks within the city and to enact ordinances upon the subject. The ordinances passed were not ultra ■ vires in the sense that1 it -was not within-the- power'or authority of the corporation to' act in reference, to the subject under any circumstances.”

The same question was again before the Court of Appeals in the. ■ late case of. Landau v. City of New York (180 N. Y. 48), where the,same rule laid down in the. Cohen, and Spew cases was reiterated and applied.

These cases establish a proposition that where- a municipal cor- ‘ poration gives a permit to obstruct a street an absolute duty is imposed upon the corporation to see to it that the obstruction is so protected and guarded that a person using the .street, and entitled tti rely upon the presumption that it is safe'for usé, Will be warned of the danger in time to avoid injury. By giving the permit it ■thereby becomes a joint actor with the licensee in creating, the obstruction and the .city thereby becomes responsible for any neglect or default of the licensee in properly, guarding so that persons using the street will not-be exposed to-unnecessary danger.

In Deming v. Terminal Railway of Buffalo (169 N. Y. 1) the ' question as to the. liability of a corporation' engaged- in building a railroad in a public street for a neglect' to properly guard an excavation'by a contractor employed for the purpose of doing the work Was considered, and after an exhaustive review of the authqrities in this State it' was held that the fact that the injury was caused by the negligence of the contractor did not relieve the person" making the contract from liability. Most of the eases cited in that opinion to sustain' the conclusion were against municipal corporations. I think it is now established beyond dispute that where an obstruction is placed in a street by a -person acting under a contract with the municipal corporation, and the obstruction is placed in a street by direct permission of the corporation, the corporation is- liable for any negligence of its contractor and licensee in protecting the public from any obstruction in the street. This would lead to the conclusion that if the jury found that this obstruction was not properly, guarded or lighted, both the defendant* 'the municipal corporation that had authorized the obstruction to be created in the street, and . the contractor who had neglected to sufficiently protect it, were liable.

The (learned counsel for the defendant also insists that the plaintiff’s intestate was guilty* as 'matter of law, of contributory negligence, but this, I think, was a question for the jury. The plaintiff, in driving along the street, had a right to assume that the city of New York had performed its duty and that the street Was reasonably safe for travel. It was a dark night. The plaintiff’s intestate must have seen the light upon the west side of the road, near the curb, upon the steam roller. He passed that in safety. . Whether he saw the light that was upon the , pile of stones, or could have seen it under the circumstances, whether the light was sufficiently bright to enable him to see it when approaching from the north, or whether he in the exercise of ordinary care should, under the conditions existing, have seen this pile of stones and avoided it, were, I think, questions for the jury.

Counsel for the defendant also. insists that it was error to admit as evidence the contract between the city and the contractor-under which this paving in One Hundred and Fifty-third street was being done, but I think the contract was clearly competent to show the relations that existed between the city and the person who had caused the obstruction. The amount of the verdict is not objected to, and there are no other rulings that require consideration.

If these views are correct, it follows that the judgment and order must be affirmed, with costs..

O’Brien, J., concurred; Van Brunt, P. J., dissented.

McLaughlin, J. (Concurring):

I concur in the opinion of Mr. Justice Ingraham that the judgment should 'be affirmed. . I do not agree with him, however, that -the evidence would not have justified a finding that the pile of stones in the street, or some part of it, was placed there prior to the day preceding the- accident, or that the judgment could not be affirmed if defendant’s liability depended upon, the negligent performance of the usual obligations . imposed upon a municipality. On the contrary, I think the evidence would have justified a finding that'the obstruction in the street had existed for several days ■ and that the'city had either actual or constructive notice of it, and, therefore, was obligated either to remove or see the same was properly guarded.

I aeree with him that a notice, eithe. actual or constructive, was not necessary inasmuch as the city had by its .permit authorized the contractor to- pile; the stone where it was, but if such notice were necessary, then there was an abundance of evidence to go to the jury on that subject.

Hatch, J., concurred.

Judgment and order affirmed, with costs. -  