
    The People of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Frederick L. Hamilton and Robert Holland, Appellants.
    Third Department,
    January 6, 1915.
    Crime — conspiracy — circumstantial evidence — charge that if circumstantial evidence be true, defendant is guilty as a matter of law, erroneous.
    Where, upon the prosecution of two defendants for the crime of conspiracy, under section 580 of the Penal Law, the "evidence against one of the defendants is direct, while against the other it is circumstantial only, it is error for the court to charge the jury that if they believe that the witnesses told the truth they must find the defendants guilty.
    The inference of guilt from circumstantial evidence must always be drawn by the jury, and the court has no right to rule, as a matter of law, where circumstantial evidence only is presented in behalf of the prosecution, that if such evidence be true, the defendant is guilty.
    Where two defendants are charged with the crime of conspiracy, it is necessary to prove the guilt of both, in order to sustain the indictment.
    Appeal by the defendants, Frederick L. Hamilton and another, from a judgment of the County Court of Warren county, rendered against them on the 23d day of February, 1914, convicting them of the crime of conspiracy.
    
      Charles P. Coyle, for the appellants.
    
      James S. Kiley, District Attorney, for the respondent.
   Smith, P. J.:

The defendants have been convicted of the crime of conspiracy under section 580 of the Penal Law of the State. The conspiracy charged was to procure a young girl to swear that she had had illicit relations with one Dr. James L. Fuller and William R. Waddell, and to swear that she was under sixteen years of age. This conspiracy is charged to have been formed with a criminal intent to cheat and defraud the said Fuller and Waddell out of money and property; and it is further charged in pursuance of said conspiracy that they asked and endeavored to persuade one Ellen Dyer falsely to give such testimony. Upon the witness stand Ellen Dyer, who since has married one Burlette, swore that she was between sixteen and seventeen years of age upon the 3d and 4th days of October, 1913; that upon the 4th day of October, 1913, the defendant Holland endeavored to persuade her to swear to a complaint against the said Fuller and Waddell, charging them with having had illicit relations with her, and that she was under the ■age of sixteen years. She swears that she had no conversation with Hamilton in reference thereto, and confessedly the. only evidence upon which Hamilton has been convicted is circumstantial evidence connecting him, with the transaction. I have no doubt that such evidence in this case is of sufficient strength to authorize a jury to find that defendant Hamilton conspired with defendant Holland as charged in the indictment.

The judgment of conviction, however, must be reversed for an error in the charge of the trial court. A conspiracy involves of necessity the joint agreement of at least two parties. Holland cannot be guilty of this crime unless Hamilton also is guilty-. It is necessary, therefore, to prove the guilt of both in order to sustain this indictment. As before stated, while the evidence against Holland is direct, the evidence against Hamilton is circumstantial only. The court in part charged the jury: “If you believe that any witness has not told the truth to you, you have a right to throw out all of his or her evidence; and if you find that they entered into this conspiracy, and if you find that the Dyer girl has told the truth, then I say to you that you are justified in bringing in a verdict of guilty against these defendants. And in addition to that, if you believe the testimony of Ellsworth Ross and Charlie Baker and Robert Somerville and Mr. Moston and the Dyer girl to be the truth, you cannot, under your oaths, find the defendants not guilty.” The witnesses named by the judge in his charge were all witnesses who had sworn merely to circumstances from which the inference might be drawn that Hamilton was connected with this crime. I apprehend that in no case where circumstantial evidence only is presented in behalf of the prosecution has the court a right to rule as matter of law that if that circumstantial evidence be true a defendant is guilty of crime. The inference of guilt from circumstantial evidence must always be drawn by the jury. For this error the judgment must be reversed and the case remitted to the County Court of Warren county for a new trial.

All concurred.

Judgment reversed, and the case remitted to the County Court of Warren county for new trial.  