
    [No. 1605,
    December 11, 1913.]
    HAROLD L. CRANE, Trustee, Appellee, v. WILLIAM W. COX, Treasurer and Ex-officio Collector of Dona Ana County, Appellant.
    SYLLABUS (BY THE COURT)
    1. Section 34, chapter 84, Laws 1913, directs the collector to offer for sale “each parcel of property upon which any taxes are delinquent as shown by the tax rolls.” Held to authorize the sale of property for taxes which had become delinquent prior to the year 1913.
    P. 381
    2. Chapter 84, Laws of 1913, as construed to authorize the sale of property for taxes delinquent previous to the time the act became effective. Held not to operate retrospectively in respect to such taxes.
    P. 386
    
      3. A preliminary injunction will not be granted to restrain the sale of property for taxes, unless the tax payer first pays so much of the tax as he admits is just,
    P. 386.
    Appeal from the District Court of Dona Ana County; Edward L. Medler, District Judge; •
    reversed and remanded.
    Frank W. Clancy, Attorney General, Santa Fe, N. M.,. for appellant.
    Defendant was proceeding in exact conformity with the act of 1913. Laws 1913, ch. 84, sec. 34-40.
    Laws of 1913 is a valid exercise of legislative power. Sec. 1, ch. 84, laws 1913, repeled ch. 22, laws of 1899.
    Judgment of the lower Court could not have been founded on sec. 34, ch. 84, laws 1913.
    Holt & Sutherlaod, Las Cruces, N M., for appellee.
    No formal assignment of errors appears to have been filed or set forth in appellant’s brief. Laws 1907, -ch. 57, sec. 21.
    Is the language of sec. 34, ch. 84, laws 1913, retroactive? Laws 1912, ch. 84, sec. 34; Id. sec. 22, 23.
    Authority to sell real estate for delinquent taxes must be expressly conferred by statute, and this authority will not apply to taxes already delinquent unless it is expressly-made retroactive. 36 Cyc. 1206; 37 Cyc. 1280; Hall v". Perry, 72 Mich. 202, 40 N. W. 325; McNaughton v. Martin, 72 Mich. —, 40 N. W. 327; Nowlen v. Hall, 128 Mich. 274; Norris v. Hall, 124 Mich. 170, 82 N. W. 832.
    The general rule of law requires courts to always construe statutes as prospective, and not retroactive, unless constrained to. the contrary course by the rigor of the phraseology. Cooley on Taxation, p. 292; 36 Cyc. 1206; Price v. Law, 52 Penn. St. 315-16; Leete v. St. L. State Bank, 21 S. W. 788; 36 Cyc. 1208, note; Williamson v. N. J. S. E. E. Co., 29 N. J. Eq. 334; TJ. S. v. Hteh, 3 Cranch. 399; Citizens Gas Light Co. v. Aldein, 44 N. J. Law 654.
    It is not enough that words used in an act may be given a retrospective, without doing violence to their meaning, or that such course may coincide with their common understanding. Garrett v. Doe, 30 Am. Dee. 643; Halpin v: Prosperity Loan, etc., Association, 102 111. App. 316; Aultman, etc., Mfg. Co. v. Pish, 120 111. App. 314; Baltimore City App. Tax Court v. Western Md. E. E. Co., 50 Md. 274; Gaston v. Miriam, 33 Minn. 271, 22 N W. 614; Eeynolds v. McArthur, 7 L. Ed. 470; 36 Cyc. 1206, note; Dldah Bank v. Gibson, 39 Pac. 1069; Sohn v. Waterson, 17 Wall. 596; 21 L. Ed. 738; Harvey v. Tyler, 2 Wall. 347, 17 L. Ed. 875.
    In every case of doubt, the doubt must be resolved against the retrospective effect. 37 Cyc. 1208.
    The statute must be strictly construed. 36 Cyc. 1173, 1189; Maysville v. Maysville Str., etc., Co., 126 Ky. 673, 108 S. W. 960; McNally v. Field, 119 Fed. 445; H. S. v. Wiggleswerth, 28 Fed. Cas. 16,699.
    The title of the act should be considered in order to arrive at the legislative intent. Thomas v. Collins, 24 N. W. 553.
    
      Reply Brief for Appellant.
    
    Ira L. Grimshaw, Assistant' Attorney General, Santa Fe, N. M. -
    Laws 1913, ch. 84, sec. 34;.37 Cyc. 1257; City of Oakland v. Whipple, 44 Cal. 304; Treece v. American Association, 122 Fed. 598, 55 Tenn. (8 Heith) 440; In re George E. Powell, 55 Tenn. (8 Heith) 444; Holthaus v. Adams County, 74 Neb. 862; Hosmer v. Peojle, 96 111. 61.
    STATEMENT OP PACTS.
    The complaint contains substantially the following allegations : That the plaintiff is the holder of the legal title to certain mining claims in Dona Ana County, upon which there are due delinquent taxes for the years of 1904 té 1912, inclusive; that the defendant, the Treasurer and ex-officio Collector of Dona Ana County, had on the 14th day ' of June, 1913, and for four consecutive weeks thereafter, published a notice that he would, on August 4, 11913, sell all property upon which any taxes were delinquent in said ■county, as shown by the tax rolls, to satisfy the taxes, penalties and costs due thereon and that unless restrained, plaintiff is informed and believes said officer will make such ■sale; and plaintiff further alleged that the valuation of his property for purposes of taxation for the several years mentioned, was erroneous and grossly in excess of the real taxable value thereof; that the attention of the District Attorney and defendant had been called to said erroneous •■and excessive assessments and a request made upon them for a correction and change of the same, to avoid injustice to the plaintiff; a letter from plaintiff’s counsel to the officers was attached to the complaint as showing such demand that unless defendant be restrained, as aforesaid, plaintiff will suffer great and irreparable injury and that he is without adequate remedy at law; plaintiff prayed the issuance of a temporary writ of injunction restraining the defendant from selling or attempting to sell any of the plaintiff’s property for delinquent taxes, penalties or costs; that defendant be required to show cause why such injunction should not be made perpetual and further in the event the Court should hold the defendant authorized by law to make the threatened sale, that a hearing be had upon the validity of the various assessments, whether or not the valuations upon which said assessments were based were not grossly in excess of the real taxable value of said property and whether or not defendant is entitled to charge against the said property the several items of interest, ■costs and penalties and that the levies and assessments be adjusted and changed so as to avoid injustice to plaintiff. The defendant demurred on the ground that the complaint on its face failed to state a cause of action, because it showed that defendant was proceeding to sell the plaintiff’s property in accordance with section 34, chapter 84, laws of 1913. The demurrer' was overruled and the defendant electing to stand o.n his demurrer and refusing to-further plead, final judgment was entered granting the-permanent injunction as prayed for in the complaint.
   OPINION OP THE COURT.

MECHEM, D. J. —

Chapter 84, laws of 1913, went into-effect immediately upon its approval, March 18, 1913,. and as it expressly repealed chapter laws of 1899, it provides the only procedure for the sale of property for delinquent taxes.

Section 34 of the act reads as follows:

“Within forty-five days after the first day of June in. each year the collector shall prepare, and cause to be published for not less than once in each week, for four consecutive weeks, in some newspaper published in his County,, or if there be no newspaper published in the County, then in some newspaper published in the State and of general circulation in the County, notice that he will, on the day specified in said notice, at the hour of 10 o’clock in the-forenoon, at the court house of the County, offer for sale,, separately and in consecutive order, each parcel of property upon which any taxes are delinquent, as shown by the-tax rolls, or so much thereof as may be necessary to realize-the respective amounts due, which sale shall continue until not later than four o’clock in the afternoon, and from day to day at the same hours, until all of said property shall be sold, or until the amounts due shall be paid or realized; but such sales shall not continue for more than thirty days, and the collector shall make record of his acts and doings as hereinafter provided.”

It is admitted that the words “each parcel of property upon which any taxes are delinquent, as shown.by the tax rolls” is broad enough to include taxes delinquent both before and after the time the law becomes effective. But it is said, first, that to hold that the act does apply to-taxes delinquent before it became effective is to give it a retrospective operation; and second, - in view of the well known rule of statutory construction that “Words in a statute ought not to have a retrospective operation, unless^ they are so clear, strong, and imperative, that no other meaning can be annexed to them, or unless the intention of the legislature cannot be otherwise satisfied,” (U. S. v. Heth, 3 Cranch. 399-413; Sohn v. Patterson, 17 Wall. 598), this act should be limited to a prospective operation that is applicable to taxes becoming delinquent subsequent to the passage of the act only.

In the first position assumed, viz: that if the act applies to taxes delinquent before its passage it is retrospective law, correct? If it is not, then no opinion need be given on the second.

“A retrospective or retroactive law, in the legal sense, is one which takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability in respect to transactions or considerations already past.” 36 Cyc. 1201; Society for Propagating the Gospel v. Wheeler, 2 Gall. 139; Sturges v. Carter, 114 U. S. 511; Gladney v. Snyder, 172 Mo. 318, 72 S. W. 554, 60 L. R. A. 880, 95 Am. St. Rep. 517; Gage v. Steward, 127 Ill. 207, 19 N. E. 702, 11 Am. St. 116; Rich v. Elanders, 39 N. H. 304; Chicago, etc., R. R. Co. v. State, 47 Neb. 549, 66 N. W. 624, 41 L. R. A. 481, 53 Am. St. Rep. 557; Black on Interpretation of Laws, sec. 114.

A law is not retrospective or a law does not operate retrospectively simply because it applies to transactions which originated before the law took effect, but it is the nature of the application that is determinative. This view was well put by the Supreme Court of Nebraska in Chicago, etc., R. R. Co. v. State, supra, in the following words:

“A statute does not operate retroactively from the mere' fact that it relates to antecedent events. A retrospective law has been defined as one intended to affect transactions which occurred or rights which accrued, before it became operative as such, and which ascribes to them affects not inherent in their nature in view of the law in force at the time of their occurrence. Bishop on Written Laws, sec. 83; Black on Interpretation of Laws, sec. 114.”

In Smith v. Auditor General, 20 Mich., 398, the Court, speaking through Justice Cooley, said:

“We do not understand it to be questioned that it was competent for the legislature to make the general provisions of the act of 1869 apply to the taxes previously assessed and returned, so far as subsequent proceedings to be taken by the State were concerned, if they had seen fit to do so. The question is- whether they have expressed an intention to that effect. Unless that intention distinctly appears, the familiar rule of construction which presumes that legislation is designed to have prospective operation only will require the Court to hold that the legislative purpose was that this act should apply only to the taxes subsequently assessed. For although to apply it to taxes previously levied would not, so far as the course of official proceeding for the enforcement thereof is concerned, be strictly retrospective, in the proper sense of the' term, yet so far as it increased penalties, or in any manner affected the tax payer’s rights or interest as they depended upon previous acts of delinquencies, it would be plainly so, and the purpose of the legislation to give it that operation is not to be presumed where, the words are ambiguous, or reasonably susceptible of a different construction.”

In the case of In re Taxes in Hennepin County v. Baldwin, 62 Minn. 518, 65 N. W. 80, where a statute provided that “if any tax is’ prevented from being collected, the auditor should add the amount to the tax for the current year,” the Court said, construing the act with respect to its operations:

“The argument of counsel for the landowner upon the fourth question is wholly based on the proposition that laws 1885, c. 2, see. 23, Gen. St. 1894, see. 1631) is prospective in the sense that it only authorizes the auditor to add to the tax for the current year taxes for other years, which shall, after the passage of the act, be prevented from being collected.

“In support of this contention he relies on the phrase fif any tax is prevented from being collected.’

“The statute in question does not impair any vested right, or create any new right, or impose any new obligation. It is purely remedial and merely gives a remedy for enforcing existing rights and obligations. Such statutes are to be liberally construed in order to accomplish the-beneficent purpose for which they were enacted; and, unless a different legislative intent is expressed or clearly implied, they will generally be construed to apply to rights and obligations that accrued before enactment as well as to those to accrue after. Such, we think is the construction which should be given to the statute under consideration.”

In Gage v. Stewart, 127 Ill. 207, 11 Am. St. 116, a statute declaring that hereafter no purchaser at a tax sale shall be entitled a deed unless he has complied with certain conditions designated in said statute, was held to apply fosales previously made for which no deed had issued and for which the landowner yet retained the rights of redemption. In answer to the argument that so applied, the statute was retrospective, the Court said : —

“It is insisted that the sale occurring October 21, 1878, the law then in force will control in the subsequent proceedings necessary to maturing the tax title, and therefore-no notice to the owner was required to be shown as a prerequisite to the making of the deed. We are of the opinion that the section of the act of 1879 was intended to take effect in praesenti as to all notices served thereafter, and to-apply to all purchasers at tax sales and their assignees, irrspective of when the sale for taxes was made. This, we think, the clear import of the language employed. The provision is not in respect of sales hereafter to be made, but is that ‘hereafter no purchaser or assignee of any such purchaser, of any land or lot, for taxes, etc., at any sale, etc., shall be entitled to a deed until he shall have complied with the conditions prescribed in that section of the statute.’ The amended act applied to all steps to be taken after it went into effect and which could be performed according to its requirements. Nor does this construction give the act a retrospective operation, as seems to be supposed. The-rule undoubtedly is, that a retrospective effect will not be given to a statute unless the legislative intent that it shall so operate is clearly manifested. But no such effect is sought to be given this statute. The legislature, for the better protection of those having the right of redemption, required that notice be served upon the owner, if found to be in the county, at least three months before the expiration of redemption. No other change affecting the right of the purchaser or holder of the certificate of purchase is wrought, by this amendment. It in no way. affects or applies to the sales, or any of the precedent steps in the proceeding, lawful under the former statute, but relates exclusively to acts to be performed by the purchaser, or his assigns, subsequent to its taking effect and by the performance of which, his inchoate right to the land under his certificate, might ripen into a title. These requirements — of giving notice of the sale, when redemption will expire, and making proof thereof to the clerk — are in the nature of remedies to be pursued by the purchaser or holder of the certificates of purchase to mature and per-: feet the title of his land under the sale. As to all these acts which could be performed by the purchaser or his assignee after the statute became in force, it would necessarily operate prospectively. Bac. Abr. Statute 9.”

In Sturges v. Carter, 114 U. S. 511, a statute of Ohio which authorized an auditor to go back four years to correct false returns where formerly by statute he could not for that purpose go behind his 'annual settlements with the treasurer, was attacked as being a retroactive law and as such in conflict with the Constitution of Ohio. The Court said:

“In our opinion, no right of the taxpayer has been invaded by the act of 1878. His investments in stocks and bonds were subject to taxation; the táxes upon such investments were due to the State and the act of 1878 merer ly provided a method by which the taxes might be asr sessed and. collected in spite of the annual settlements made by the auditor. It gave a new remedy to the State-for enforcing a right which it had all the time possessed., namely, the right to the taxes upon property liable to taxation. Such an act is not a retroactive law within the meaning of the Constiution of Ohio.

“In the case of Society for Propagating the Gospel v. Wheeler, 2 Gall. 139, Mr. Justice Story thus defines a retroactive, or, as he calls it, a retrospective law: ‘Upon principle, every 'statute which takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates a new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability in respect to transactions or considerations already past, must be deemed retrospective.’ The act of 1878 took away no vested right of the taxpayer, it imposed upon him no duty or obligation, and subjected him to no disability in reference to past transactions.”

The point is not made, that the operation of the statute of 1913, complained of by the appellant, would, in any manner, affect any right he possessed under the previous law or in any wise change his status; nor, do we, from a careful reading of the statute, see that such a consequence is to be reasonably anticipated. The statute does not interfere with any act done under — or any condition that exists by reason of — the former law. It merely provides for the sale of property upon which a lien for taxes has been ascertained, fixed, and declared, giving to the lien no force or effect which it did not possess under the law by which it was created. It is, therefore, held that, upon the question as here presented, the act of 1913, in providing for the sale of property for taxes delinquent for years previous to 1913, does not operate retrospectively.

Counsel for appellee contend that the complaint states a cause of action by the allegation of excessive assessments, which they say entitles the appellee to relief under the provisions of section 23 of the act.’ This phase of the case was not passed upon by the lower Court. We do not express any opinion on the question. However, it is very clear that appellee is not entitled to an injunction preliminary to a hearing upon the alleged excessive assessments. By a letter attached to the complaint ■written by .appellee’s attorneys to the District Attorney, it is said that the valuations, if reduced 50%, would represent the reasonable value of the properties. He must pay on that basis before he is entitled to a preliminary injunction in any event. Albuquerque Bank v. Perea, 147 U. S. 87; Cooley on Taxation, vol. 11, page 142.

The proper procedure in such case is announced in Albuquerque Bank v. Perea, supra, as follows :•—

“It is a profitable thing for corporations or individuals whose taxes are very large to obtain a preliminary injunction as to all their taxes, contest the case through several years’ litigation, and when, in the end, it is found that but a small part of the tax should be permanently enjoined, submit to pay the balance. This is not equity. It is in direct violation of the first principles of equity jurisdiction. It is not sufficient to say in the bill that they are ready and willing to pay whatever may be found to be due. They must first pay what is conceded to be due, or what can be seen to be due on the face of the bill, or be shown, by affidavits, whether conceded or not, before the preliminary injunction hsould be granted. The State is not to be thus tied up as to that of which there is no contest, by lumping it with that which is really contested. If the proper officer refuses to receive a part of the tax, it must be tendered, and tendered without the condition annexed of a receipt in full for all taxes assessed.”

The judgment of the lower Court is reversed and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent “with this opinion.  