
    ADLER v DORMIO
    Docket No. 319608.
    Submitted March 10, 2015, at Lansing.
    Decided March 19, 2015, at 9:15 a.m.
    In 2006, Jennifer D. Adler brought a paternity action in the Livingston Circuit Court against Aaron Dormio, naming him as the biological father of her son. Defendant was served with notice of the complaint by substituted service. Plaintiff moved for entry of a default order of filiation after defendant failed to respond. The court entered an order of filiation and a universal child support order requiring defendant to pay $297 per month in child support, retroactive to the date of the child’s birth. Plaintiff later moved to modify the child support order to include childcare costs. The court agreed, raising defendant’s monthly child support liability to $665. According to defendant, he first learned of the paternity case when his wages were garnished in 2009. In 2012, he moved to set aside the judgment of filiation under the newly enacted Revocation of Paternity Act (RPA), MCL 722.1431 et seq. Genetic testing excluded defendant as the child’s father, and the court set aside the order of filiation and terminated defendant’s support obligation effective September 2012. Defendant’s child support arrearage of more than $45,000 was unaffected by the order. Defendant moved for relief from the child support and child support enforcement orders under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f). The court, Miriam A. Cavanaugh, J., denied the motion. Defendant sought leave to appeal, which the Court of Appeals granted.
    The Court of Appeals held:
    
    The RPA permits a man who has been determined in a court to be the father of a child to file a motion with the court to set aside that determination if it was based on his failure to participate in the proceedings. Under MCL 722.1443(3), a judgment entered under the act does not relieve a man from a support obligation that was incurred before the action was filed or prevent a person from seeking relief under applicable court rules to vacate or set aside a judgment. Under MCR 2.612(C)(1), a court may relieve a party from a final judgment, order, or proceeding on six grounds. MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f) specifically states that a court may relieve a party from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for any reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment other than those listed in MCR 2.612(C)(1)(a) through (e). To grant relief under Subrule (0, the following requirements must be met: (1) the reason for setting aside the judgment must not fall under Sub-rules (a) through (e), or if it does, additional factors must exist that persuade the court that injustice will result if the judgment is allowed to stand, (2) the substantial rights of the opposing party must not be detrimentally affected if the judgment is set aside, and (3) extraordinary circumstances must exist that mandate setting aside the judgment in order to achieve justice. Generally, relief is granted under Subrule (0 only when the judgment was obtained by the improper conduct of the party in whose favor it was rendered. But there is nothing in the language of the court rule indicating that it may not be used to grant relief from a child support order. Relief, therefore, is available under the rule to defendant and others who are successful under the RPA. The trial court in this case failed to articulate its reasons for denying defendant’s motion, and the record, therefore, was insufficient to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying the motion. Consequently, the trial court’s order had to be vacated and the case remanded to the trial court for that court to determine whether defendant was entitled to relief under MCR 2.612 and to articulate the reasons for its holding.
    Trial court order denying defendant’s motion for relief from the child support and child support enforcement orders vacated; case remanded for the trial court to decide the motion and articulate its reasoning.
    Judgments — Relief From Judgments — Child Support Orders — Revocation of Paternity Act.
    Under MCL 722.1443(3) of the Revocation of Paternity Act (RPA), MCL 722.1431 et seq., a judgment entered under the act does not relieve a man from a support obligation that was incurred before the action was filed or prevent a person from seeking relief under applicable court rules to vacate or set aside a judgment; MCR 2.612(C)(1) permits a court to relieve a party from a final judgment, order, or proceeding on six grounds; relief from child support and child support enforcement orders is available under the court rule to those who successfully obtain a judgment under the RPA.
    
      Akiva Goldman & Associates (by Matthew M. Schultz and Akiva E. Goldman) for Aaron Dormio.
    
      Before: WILDER, P.J., and SERVITTO and STEPHENS, JJ.
   STEPHENS, J.

Defendant appeals from the circuit court’s order denying his motion to vacate a modified universal child support order (UCSO). We vacate and remand.

I. BACKGROUND

The underlying case arises from a paternity complaint filed by plaintiff on December 7, 2006, naming defendant as the biological father of her son, who was born on April 14, 2005. Defendant was served by substituted service with the paternity complaint on December 27, 2006, and with an order for genetic testing on January 8, 2007. Plaintiff filed a default application and moved for entry of a default order of filiation after defendant failed to respond to either the complaint or the order for testing. At the April 12, 2007 motion hearing, the trial court entered a judgment of filiation and a UCSO requiring defendant to pay $297 per month in child support, retroactive to the child’s date of birth, April 14, 2005. On plaintiffs motion, the court modified the UCSO to include $368 per month for childcare effective from October 6, 2006, bringing defendant’s total monthly liability for child support and childcare to $665.

Defendant claims to have first learned about the paternity case when his wages were garnished in the summer of 2009. In 2012, defendant filed a motion to set aside the judgment of filiation under § 13(3), MCL 722.1443(3), of the then new Revocation of Paternity Act (RPA), MCL 722.1431 et seq., in which he denied paternity. Genetic tests excluded defendant as the father. The court held a best interests hearing to set aside the judgment of filiation and terminated defendant’s child support obligation effective September 2012, the date of the filing of the RPA petition. More than $45,000 in arrears that had accrued before that date was unaffected by the order.

Subsequently, defendant attempted to set up a payment plan for the arrears through the Friend of Court. Because only $300 of the arrears was owed to the state of Michigan, the Friend of the Court declined to enter a discharge plan and instructed defendant to “file a motion for relief of judgment to be heard by the circuit court.”

Defendant filed a motion with the circuit court to vacate the support orders and support enforcement orders under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f). He argued below, as he argues on appeal, that although MCL 722.1443(3) does not provide a mechanism for relief from arrearages owed for a child the court determined was not his, the Legislature clearly intended such relief to be available. The trial court denied defendant’s motion after stating that defendant had failed to meet his burden under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f). It is from that order that defendant appeals.

II. THE REVOCATION OF PATERNITY ACT AND RELIEF UNDER MCR 2.612

Defendant argues that the plain language of MCL 722.1443(3) allows him to seek relief under MCR 2.612(C)(1). We agree.

The proper interpretation of a statute is a legal question that this Court reviews de novo. Gilliam v Hi-Temp Prod, Inc, 260 Mich App 98, 108; 677 NW2d 856 (2003). The fundamental rule of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent. Klooster v Charlevoix, 488 Mich 289, 296; 795 NW2d 578 (2011). The Court accomplishes this by focusing on the language the Legislature adopted in the statute, giving meaning to every word, phrase, and clause in the statute and considering both their plain meaning and their context. Mich Farm Bureau v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 292 Mich App 106, 131-132; 807 NW2d 866 (2011). “Courts may not speculate regarding legislative intent beyond the words expressed in a statute.” Mich Ed Ass’n v Secretary of State (On Rehearing), 489 Mich 194, 217-218; 801 NW2d 35 (2011). A statute that is clear and unambiguous on its face should be enforced as written. Dep’t of Agriculture v Appletree Mktg, LLC, 485 Mich 1, 8; 779 NW2d 237 (2010).

The RPA became effective June 12, 2012. 2012 PA 159. Among other things, it permits an affiliated father whose “paternity was determined based on the affiliated father’s failure to participate in the court proceedings” to “file a motion with the court that made the determination to set aside the determination.” MCL 722.1439(1). See also MCL 722.1443(2)(c). The judgment of filiation in this case was entered against defendant on a motion for entry of default after defendant failed to respond or appear at proceedings. Typically, a motion under MCL 722.1439 must be filed within 3 years after the child’s birth or one year of the order of filiation, whichever is later. MCL 722.1439(2). However, these requirements did not apply to persons, such as defendant, who filed their motions by June 12, 2013. MCL 722.1439(2).

MCL 722.1443(3) of the RPA provides:

A judgment entered under this act does not relieve a man from a support obligation for the child or the child’s mother that was incurred before the action was filed or prevent a person from seeking relief under applicable court rules to vacate or set aside a judgment, [Emphasis added.]

The clear and unambiguous language of the statute indicates that while a judgment under the RPA does not automatically excuse a parent from compliance with prior support orders, it also does not bar a motion to have the judgment vacated or set aside by means of any applicable court rule.

This Court reviews a trial court’s decision whether to set aside a judgment under MCR 2.612 for an abuse of discretion. Heugel v Heugel, 237 Mich App 471, 478; 603 NW2d 121 (1999). A trial court has not abused its discretion if its decision results in an outcome within the range of principled outcomes. Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d 809 (2006). The “interpretation of a court rule, like a matter of statutory interpretation, is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.” CAM Constr v Lake Edgewood Condo Ass’n, 465 Mich 549, 553; 640 NW2d 256 (2002).

MCR 2.612(C)(1) provides six grounds under which a court may relieve a party from “a final judgment, order, or proceeding”:

(a) Mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.
(b) Newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under MCR 2.611(B).
(c) Fraud (intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party.
(d) The judgment is void.
(e) The judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged; a prior judgment on which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated; or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application.
(f) Any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.

As long as a party meets the requirements for obtaining relief under one of the specified grounds, nothing in the text of MCR 2.612(C)(1) indicates that it may not be used to grant relief from a UCSO.

Defendant seeks relief under Subrule (f). Heugel establishes the following criteria for relief under Sub-rule (f):

(1) the reason for setting aside the judgment must not fall under sub-sections a through e, (2) the substantial rights of the opposing party must not be detrimentally affected if the judgment is set aside, and (3) extraordinary circumstances must exist that mandate setting aside the judgment in order to achieve justice. Generally, relief is granted under subsection f only when the judgment was obtained by the improper conduct of the party in whose favor it was rendered. [Heugel, 237 Mich App at 478-479 (citations omitted).]

At the hearing on the motion, the trial court focused on whether defendant met the necessary common-law criteria to obtain relief under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f). Ultimately, the court noted an absence of caselaw on the interplay between the RPA and MCR 2.612 and stated “I just think legally I don’t think the Court can grant the relief that you’re requesting.” In the end, the court simply stated that it did not believe that defendant had met his burden under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f), and denied defendant’s motion “for the reasons stated on the record.” However, the court offered no reasons for its denial of defendant’s motion other than its belief that defendant had not met his burden. We cannot say as a matter of law whether this defendant can meet the burden under MCR 2.612; however, we can state that relief under that rule is available to this defendant and others who are successful under the RPA. Our review of the record shows that the trial court did not state the reasons for its holding. Consequently, we vacate the trial court’s order and remand this matter to the trial court. On remand, the trial court must decide whether defendant is entitled to relief under MCR 2.612 and articulate its reasons for granting or denying the motion.

III. CONCLUSION

We hold that MCL 722.1443(3) allows a person who has obtained a judgment under the RPA to seek relief from prior child support orders under MCR 2.612. MCL 722.1443(3) specifically allows a defendant to resort to applicable court rules to seek relief from prior support orders. MCR 2.612(C)(1) expressly provides for such relief and does not limit the type of orders from which relief may be sought. Therefore, the text of the statute and the court rule provide no legal reason to bar defendant from seeking relief from the modified UCSO under MCR 2.612. We also conclude, given the record before us, that we cannot determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying defendant’s motion. See Woodington v Shokoohi, 288 Mich App 352, 371; 792 NW2d 63 (2010).

The order of the trial court denying defendant’s motion to vacate the support order and to set aside all support enforcement orders is vacated. The issue of the applicability of MCR 2.612(C) to defendant’s case is remanded to the trial court, which must decide the issue and articulate its reasoning. We do not retain jurisdiction.

WILDER, P.J., and Servitto, J., concurred with Stephens, J. 
      
       2012 PA 159 is titled: “AN ACT to provide procedures to determine the paternity of children in certain circumstances; to allow acknowledgments, determinations, and judgments relating to paternity to be set aside in certain circumstances; to provide for the powers and duties of certain state and local governmental officers and entities; and to provide remedies.”
     
      
       “ ‘Affiliated father’ means a man who has been determined in a court to be the child’s father.” MCL 722.1433(b).
     
      
      3 The Court relaxed this requirement somewhat by stipulating that a trial court could “properly grant relief from a judgment under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(f), even where one or more of the bases for setting aside a judgment under subsections a through e are present, when additional factors exist that persuade the court that injustice will result if the judgment is allowed to stand.” Heugel, 237 Mich App at 481.
     
      
       Although the court raised questions about each of the three Heugel criteria, nowhere did it specify which criterion (or criteria) defendant failed to meet.
     