
    Emily Wagner, App'lt, v. Thomas J. Daly, Resp't.
    
      (Supreme Court, General Term, Third Department,
    
    
      Filed February 15, 1893.)
    
    Trade-mark— Originator of use of label.
    Plaintiff, since 1883, has used upon her cigar boxes a certain label bearing the head of a pug dog and the words Wagner’s Pug, which label she purchased from the printers who invented and registered the same. Prior to the sales to her and ever since said printers had sold said label without the words to a cigar box manufacturer, and have continued to sell the same to the cigar trade generally as cigar labels. Held, that plaintiff not being the inventor of the label, nor the originator of the word and symbol as a cigar box label, could not claim an exclusive right thereto, or maintain an action to restrain defendant from using said label with the words Pug Cigar thereon.
    (Matham, P. J., dissents.)
    Appeal from judgment dismissing complaint.
    The facts appear fully in the dissenting opinion.
    
      Charles S. Nisbet (Harvey Booh, of counsel), for app’lt;
    
      Thomas A. Murray.{Z. S. Westbrook, of counsel), for resp’t
   Putnam, J.

In Schneider v. Williams, 44 N. J. Eq., 17 Stewart, 391, to which we are referred by appellant, it is held that one to acquire title to a trade-mark “ must adopt some mark not in use to distinguish goods of the same class or kind already in the market belonging to another trader.” In Van Beil v. Prescott, 82 N. Y., 630, it is held that “ to make an exclusive right to use a name or symbol as a trade-mark, such use must be new ; if ever used as applicable to a like article, it cannot be exclusively appropriated.” In Selchow et al. v. Baker et al., 93 N. Y., 59, it is determined that “ where a manufacturer has invented a new name consisting either of a new word or words in common use, which he has applied for the first time to his own manufacture, * * * he is entitled to be protected.”

Plaintiff was not the inventor of the alleged trademark in question. She commenced using it on November 7, 1885. It was invented by Wischt & Smidt, engravers, on August 14,1883, as a cigar label. On September 11, 1883, said firm sent samples of said label all over the country to the cigar trade. They sold the first labels to plaintiff on October 19, 1883, but prior to that time had sold ten labels to one Pople, a cigar box maker of Newark.” It also appeared by the evidence of the witness Wischt that from the time said firm originated this label and offered it to the trade they had sold quite a number of such labels to other parties or other cigar box makers for use in the cigar trade.

Hence while plaintiff was not the inventor of the word and symbol in question, neither was she the originator of such word and symbol as a cigar box label. When she commenced using them, they were on sale to the cigar trade -in the country as cigar labels, and at least one lot of such labels had been sold to a cigar box manufacturer. Therefore, under the case of Van Beil v. Prescott, supra, I do not think it appears that plaintiff’s use of the symbol and word in question as a cigar box label was new. They were used before her adoption of them as applicable to a like article. Therefore, the plaintiff fails to make out a case showing herself entitled to the exclusive use of the said alleged trade mark.

The plaintiff in fact in this action seeks to prevent the inventors and originators of said device from having the benefit of their invention. Of course, if purchasers from Wischt & Smidt of the labels in question cannot use them the firm are prevented from a further sale thereof.

I think the trial court made a proper disposition of the case, and that the judgment of the court below should be affirmed, with costs.

Herrick, J., concurs.

Mayham, P. J.,

(dissenting.)—This action was prosecuted by the plaintiff, a cigar manufacturer, against the defendant, also a cigar manufacturer, for an alleged infringement by the defendant of plaintiff's trade mark, used in her business as a cigar-maker.

The device consisted of the picture of the head of a pug dog, on which was printed the words “Wagner’s Pug,” pasted upon plaintiff’s cigar boxes, and the alleged infringement consisted of a similar picture on which were the printed words, “ Pug Cigará,” which defendant pasted upon his cigar boxes.

The proof shows that the plaintiff first used this device or brand, upon her cigar boxes, on the 7th of November, 1883, and that her sales of that brand of cigars increased from 7,000 in that year yearly, until in 1891 her sales reached the sum of 225,000. The defendant commenced using this device with the words “ Pug Cigars” on his boxes in February, 1892. The proof shows and the trial judge found, that one Sammons, a cigar box manufacturer, supplied the plaintiff with cigar boxes from 1883 to the time of the commencement of this action, and that in October of that year he procured from Wischt & Smith, manufacturers of cigar box labels, samples among which was one in all respects like the one used by plaintiff except that over the device was printed the words “ Friend Pug,” and that at the request of the plaintiff, Sammons procured of Wischt & Smith the same kind and device except that in the place of “Friend" the word “Wagner’s1’ was substituted, and this device with the words “Wagner’s Pug" was pasted on the boxes sold by Sammons to plaintiff and by her filled with cigars and sold to her customers.

The testimony also showed that Wischt & Smith originated this device in August, 1883, with the words “ Friend Pug ” printed over the picture, and on the 11th of September of that year sent samples of the same to cigar dealers all over the country, and sold some to customers before the sale in October, 1883, to Sammons, and that the business of Wischt & Smith was that of engravers, lithographers and colored prints, and publishers of cigar labels, and has sold several millions of the “Friend Pug” label, but had never sold any of the “ Wagner Pug" labels, except to Mrs. Wagner’s box maker.

The defendant commenced the use of this device with the words “Pug Cigars” about the year 1888, and his box maker procured his label from Wischt & Smith, the same lithographers from whom plaintiff’s box maker procured her label.

Wischt & Smith labels were not registered, or copyrighted under the United States statutes, and the plaintiff had never registered her device as her trade mark.

Two leading propositions must be established by the plaintiff before she is entitled to maintain this action.

First. That she had so far used and appropriated this device as-to constitute it her trade-mark, so as to give her the exclusive right to the use of the same.

Second. That the use by the defendant of the device, which he-placed upon his boxes, was such an adoption and use of the plaintiff’s device as to constitute an unlawful interference or infringement of the plaintiff’s trade-mark.

The legislature of this state, in the adoption of the Penal Code, have furnished a recent, and, I think, correct definition of a trademark, which may be safely followed in the determination of the civil rights and remedies of parties upon that subject.

Section 366 defines it as follows: “A trade-mark is-a mark used to indicate the maker, owner or seller of an article of merchandise, and includes among other things, any name of a person, or corporation, or any letter, word, device, emblem, seal, stamp, brand, wrapper, ticket, label or other work, lawfully adopted by him and usually affixed to an article of merchandise, to denote the-same was imported, manufactured, produced, sold, compounded, bottled, packed, or otherwise prepared by him * *

To acquire title to a trade-mark as above defined, the person-using and adopting the same must adopt some mark or device, not in use, to designate goods of the same class or kind already on the market, belonging to some other trader.

. He must also apply his mark to some article of merchandise, or traffic, and must put his article thus marked with his intended trade-markon, the market. Snyder v. Williams, 44 N. J. Eq., 391.

It does not seem to be necessary that the plaintiff, to acquire property rights in a trade-mark, should describe the device adopted by her on the face of the label as her trade-mark; adopting it, attaching it to specific articles of merchandise, and putting the merchandise on the market for sale, is a sufficient notice to the-public to give exclusive right to its use as to the particular kind of merchandise to which it is attached.

But in order to establish such property right the plaintiff must show that he was the first to establish and use the device attached to the particular kind of goods which he has put upon the market.

It must,- in the language of Upton’s Trade Mark, be “the name, symbol, figure, letter, form or device, adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant in order to designate the goods which he manufactures or sells, and distinguish them from those manufactured and sold by others, to the end that they may be known in the market as his, and thus enable him to secure such profit as results from a reputation for superior skill, industry, or enterprise.” Upton’s Trade Mark, 9. In Newman v. Alvord, 51 N. Y., 193, Earl, J., says, “ The trade mark must be used to indicate, not the quality, but the origin or ownership of the article to which it is attached.

“ It may be any sign, mark, symbol, word or words, which others have not an equal right to employ for the same purpose.”

The long and uniform use made by the plaintiff of this device upon the boxes in which she sold her cigars to the general public was, we think, sufficient evidence of her adoption of this device as her trade mark and established her title to the same, provided she had such priority of adoption, use and sale of the same as is required by law to vest in her a property right in it as a trade mark.

But it is insisted by the learned counsel for the respondent that the plaintiff, was not the first to adopt this device, and that, therefore, the plaintiff acquired by its use no exclusive right to the same.

It is true that the evidence discloses that the lithographer and originators of the pug dog design had sold to one person, for what use or purpose does not appear, some of these lithographs differing only from plaintiff’s in having the word “ Friend ” in the place of “ Wagner’s ” on them, but it does not appear that they were used by the purchaser as labels on cigar boxes, which alone would make their sale and use such a prior use as to deprive the plaintiff of the right of adoption and use upon cigar boxes, as her trade mark. Nor was the printing and sale of this device by the lithographers any adoption of the same by them as a trade mark, and their sale of the same to plaintiff’s box maker imposed no restraint upon the plaintiff which prevented her from adopting it, provided there had been no prior adoption of the same by some other person as a trade mark for the sale of cigars.

This being so, the device adopted by the plaintiff, and pasted upon her cigar boxes, became her trade-mark, and any unauthorized use of the same by another was a violation of her property rights for which an action would lie.

The remaining question is, was the device used by the defendant an infringement of the plaintiff’s trade-mark, or, in other words, was it such an imitation as to mislead the public into the belief that the cigar boxes on which it was placed bore the trademark of the plaintiff, so as likely to promote the sale of the defendant’s cigars under the mistaken belief that they were of the plaintiff’s manufacture.

To constitute a violation of the plaintiff’s right in the unauthorized use by another of her trade-mark, it is not essential that the device so used is in all respects a fac simile of the plaintiff's trade-mark, a counterfeit or imitation so nearly resembling the genuine as to mislead, with the apparent object of producing, and likely to produce, upon the mind of the purchaser the belief that the article offered for sale bears the trade-mark of the plaintiff, may produce all the injurious consequences to the plaintiff as the use of the device itself, or an exact fac simile.

Upon this subject, we may again refer with profit to the legislative definition of a counterfeit of a trade-mark.

A criminal counterfeit of a trade-mark is defined by the Penal Code, § 368, as follows: “An imitation of a trade-mark is that which so far resembles a genuine trade-mark as to be likely to induce the belief that it is genuine, whether by the use of words or letters similar in appearance or sound, or by any sign, device or other means whatever."

In Clark v. Clark, 25 Barb., 76, the plaintiff’s genuine trade mark on spool cotton consisted of four concentric circles on the end of the spool, the inner one in gold, the next in silver, the next in black, with letters in gold, the next in silver ; the whole bound in two concentric black lines. Within the inner circle was the number, in the next were the letters and words: “ J. Clark, Jr., & Co.”; at the top and at the bottom, “ Mile end, Glasgow.” The imitation by the defendant, which was alleged to be in violation of the plaintiff’s right, consisted of spool cotton, with concentric circles on the end of the spool precisely like that of plaintiff, and the number in the middle, and at the top of the circle the words “ Clark & Go.”, and at the bottom of the circle were words in the same position as in the plaintiff’s but the words there were.: “ Seed Hill, Paisley,” differing entirely from those in a similar position on plaintiff’s spools. '

Both spools contained the same name as agent, and the court held that the defendant, by the use of such partial imitation, had violated the plaintiff’s rights in his trade mark, and Mitchell, J.', in delivering the opinion of this court in Hew York general term, Davis and Bosevelt concurring, uses this language: “ The effect of this imitation must be that all, except very cautious persons, will be deceived.”

It will be observed that the difference between the plaintiff’s trade mark in that case was more marked than in this case at bar.

In the case before us the pug dog picture is the leading and marked characteristic of the plaintiff’s trade mark. The whole lithograph of both labels are exactly alike, one a reprint of the other, except that in the place of the words “Wagner’s” on the plaintiff’s,_ the word “Pug” appears on the defendant’s.

If so slight a difference can relieve the defendant from all responsibility for the use of another’s trade mark, the law upon the subject of trade marks will serve no useful purpose, and one party may avail himself of, and appropriate to his own use, the well-earned reputation of another, with all the profits and advantages which the law adjudges to be the property of the latter.

We think that the plaintiff made out a valid cause of action against the defendant upon the evidence, and for that reason the judgment should be reversed and a new trial ordered, costs to-abide the event

Judgment affirmed, with costs.  