
    UBS AG, STAMFORD BRANCH, Plaintiff, v. HEALTHSOUTH CORPORATION, Defendant.
    No. 07 Civ. 8490 (LAP).
    United States District Court, S.D. New York.
    June 6, 2008.
    
      Robert J. Giuffra, Esq., Marc De Leeuw, Esq., William H. Wagener, Esq., Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, New York, NY, for plaintiff.
    Gregory P. Joseph, Esq., Peter R. Jerdee, Esq., Sandra M. Lipsman, Esq., Gregory P. Joseph Law Offices LLC, New York, NY, for defendant.
   OPINION

LORETTA A. PRESEA, District Judge.

In 2001 and 2002, Defendant Health-South Corporation (“HealthSouth”) guaranteed $20 million in loans to MedCenterDirect.Com, Inc. (“MCDC”) under a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement” or the “Agreement”) executed with Plaintiff UBS AG, Stamford Branch (“UBS AG”). In this action, UBS AG seeks to enforce that guarantee by way of summary judgment, and HealthSouth moves that the Court abstain. For the reasons set forth below, UBS AG’s motion is GRANTED, and HealthSouth’s motion is DENIED.

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Credit Agreement & Default

The loans at issue originated under the terms of a March 30, 2001, Credit Agreement between UBS AG, acting as Administrative Agent, and MCDC, the Borrower. (See Kalal Deck Ex. A (Credit Agmt.) (hereinafter “Credit Agmt.”).) That Agreement originally authorized an aggregate of $15 million in loans (see id. at 1), which MCDC unconditionally promised to pay, with interest, at maturity (see id. §§ 2.3, 2.4). The Credit Agreement was amended twice: first, on June 12, 2001 (the “June Amendment”), to delay the original Maturity Date from October 30, 2001, to March 30, 2002 (see Kalal Deck Ex. F (June Arndt.)); and second, on March 28, 2002 (the “March Amendment”), further to delay the Maturity Date to March 28, 2003 and to increase the aggregate loan authorization to $20 million (see Kalal Deck Ex. H (March Arndt.)).

The Credit Agreement provided that its terms and obligations would be construed and interpreted in accordance with New York law. (See Credit Agmt. § 12.11(a).) Moreover, the parties “irrevocably and unconditionally” submitted themselves to “the non-exclusive general jurisdiction” of the New York State courts and the District Court for the Southern District of New York (see id. § 12.11(b)©) and waived “any objection to the venue of ... any such court or [any argument] that such action or proceeding was brought in an inconvenient court and agree[d] not to plead or claim the same” (id. § 12.11(b)(ii)).

“To induce each Lender” to make the loans contemplated under the Credit Agreement, HealthSouth agreed “unconditionally and irrevocably” to guarantee payment of MCDCs obligations under the Credit Agreement. (See Credit Agmt. art. XI (Guarantee) (hereinafter “the Guarantee”).) In pertinent part, the Guarantee states:

This guarantee shall be construed as a continuing absolute and unconditional guarantee of payment without regard to the validity, regularity or enforceability of the Agreement or any Note or any guarantee thereof ... and without regard to ... any other circumstance whatsoever (with or without notice to or knowledge of the Borrower or the Guarantor) which constitutes, or might be construed to constitute, an equitable or legal discharge ... of the Guarantor under the guarantee contained in this Article XI in bankruptcy or in any other instance!.]

(Id. § 11.4.)

As required by the terms of the Credit Agreement (see id. § 5.1(a)(iii)), the HealthSouth Board of Directors (the “Board”) adopted a resolution authorizing execution of the Credit Agreement (see Kalal Decl. Ex. C (March 27, 2001 HealthSouth Board Resolution)). That resolution named several officers who were “authorized and directed to execute and deliver, in the name and on behalf of [HealthSouth], that certain Credit Agreement, dated as of March 30, 2001 ... among [MCDC], as Borrower, [Health-South], as Guarantor, [and] UBS AG, Stamford Branch, as Administrative Agent ....” (Id.) It also acknowledged and approved the then-contemplated aggregate $15 million indebtedness and “such other terms, conditions and requirements” as HealthSouth’s authorized signatories deemed appropriate. (Id.) The Board passed a similar resolution authorizing the March Amendment. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. I (March 15, 2002 HealthSouth Board Resolution).)

As additionally required by the Credit Agreement (see Credit Agmt. § 5.1(a)(ii)), HealthSouth’s Corporate Counsel, William W. Horton, authored an opinion letter stating that, in his view, “[t]he execution, delivery and performance of the Loan Documents by the Guarantor: (a) have been duly authorized by all requisite corporate action of the Guarantor, and (b) will not violate any provision of law [or] the articles or certificate of incorporation of the Guarantor” (Kalal Decl. Ex. B (March 30, 2001 Horton Letter) at 2). Horton further opined that the loan documents “constitute the legal, valid and binding obligations of the Guarantor and are enforceable in accordance with their terms.” (Id. at 3.) Again, Horton authored a similar opinion letter with respect to the March Amendment. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. J (March 28, 2002 Horton Letter).)

Shortly after the amended Maturity Date, UBS AG sent an invoice to MCDC for $20,190,914.86, reflecting the total outstanding principal and interest due under the Credit Agreement at that time. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. K (March 2003 Invoice).) It sent further invoices to both MCDC and HealthSouth on April 27, July 2 and October 12, 2004, and on January 5 and April 6, 2005. (See Kalal Decl. Exs. O-S (Invoices).) On July 12, 2005, UBS AG sent a final letter to MCDC and HealthSouth stating that UBS AG, in its capacity as Lender, thereby demanded payment of the outstanding principal and interest due under the Credit Agreement. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. T (July 12, 2005 Letter).) Neither HealthSouth nor MCDC responded to the invoices, and, as of December 17, 2007, the total due under the Credit Agreement stood at $29,348,336.04 and was accruing over $6000 in interest each day. (See Kalal Decl. ¶¶ 22, 24, 27.) HealthSouth does not dispute this calculation.

B. Subsequent Litigation

1. The Alabama Derivative Action

On August 28, 2002, HealthSouth shareholder Wade Tucker commenced a derivative action against, among others, various HealthSouth directors and officers (the “Alabama Action”). (See Hymer Decl. ¶ 2.) That litigation is currently pending in the Circuit Court of Jefferson County in the State of Alabama, and the operative complaint is the Third Amended Complaint (the “TAC”). (See id.) In general, the TAC alleges that HealthSouth’s onetime CEO, Richard Scrushy, and the other named "defendants, through their domination of HealthSouth’s Board, engaged in a widespread and ongoing fraud conspiracy to, among other things, divert corporate money to themselves. (See TAC ¶ 28.) As one element of that fraud, the TAC alleges a pattern and practice of self-dealing among Scrushy and other HealthSouth directors and officers, effected by “establishing exclusive vendor relations with companies in which they own an interest and then benefiting monetarily from such relation.” (Id. ¶ 129.)

According to the TAC, HealthSouth’s relationship with MCDC was one such self-dealing adventure. It alleges that Scrushy and others were invested in MCDC and, through their manipulation of Health-South, inflated the value of MCDC in an effort to increase their anticipated profits from a future MCDC initial public offering (see id. ¶¶ 106-08). This was achieved by the named defendants’ allegedly causing HealthSouth to invest in MCDC; although the TAC does not mention the Credit Agreement in this regard, it does mention an alleged $2 million loan or investment from HealthSouth to MCDC in December 1999 and “many more millions” since that time. (See id. ¶ 105.) Additionally, the named defendants allegedly caused HealthSouth to enter into a ten-year agreement that made MCDC the “exclusive e-procurement vendor for Health-South of medical products and supplies” (id. ¶ 107), a lucrative contract for MCDC whose terms were allegedly unfavorable for HealthSouth (id. ¶¶ 108-09). With respect to MCDC, the TAC concludes that “[t]he monies paid during 2000 through 2002 to MCDC constitute wrongdoing that has caused injury to [HealthSouth, and] the continued dealings and investment in MCDC constitutes a continuing tort.” (Id. ¶ 110.) As a remedy for those alleged wrongs, the TAC demands “[Repayment of monies advanced and loaned as ‘start up costs,’ other loans made, and monies owed with respect to Defendants, and other business ventures that were owned and/or controlled by Defendants.”

The TAC also alleges malfeasance on the part of UBS bankers amounting to complicity with the alleged fraud scheme at HealthSouth. To retain the “enormous fees” generated from orchestrating over $2 billion in deals for HealthSouth, certain UBS bankers allegedly falsely touted HealthSouth’s stock by assigning it a higher rating than they thought it merited. (See id. ¶¶ 84-88.) According to the TAC, those bankers “well knew that they were assisting Scrushy [to] falsify the accounting and achieve his illicit goal of artificially inflating the market price of HealthSouth stock.” (Id. ¶ 88.) For this conduct, the TAC concludes that UBS bankers “aided and abetted, and were part of the civil conspiracy to commit, the broad accounting misstatements [and] knew or should have known of the financial accounting improprieties and other wrongdoing [alleged in the TAC] and breached their duties to HealthSouth by failing to disclose ... such conduct.” (Id. ¶ 90.)

UBS Securities moved to dismiss or stay the claims against it in the Alabama Action on various grounds, including for failure to state a claim against UBS Securities, and to enforce outbound forum selection provisions in two other agreements between UBS Securities and HealthSouth. (See Hymer Decl. ¶ 16; see id. Ex. 25 (UBS Securities’ Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion to Dismiss the Fourth Amended Complaint, or Alternatively, to Stay the Action) at 4-5, 15-19, 20-21.) The Alabama court rejected those arguments and denied the motion in a March 3, 2005 Order. (See Hymer Decl. Ex. 24 (July 13, 2005 Modified Order Re Motion to Dismiss Brought by UBS).) It held that the Alabama plaintiff had adequately stated a claim against UBS Securities for, inter alia, “aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty by the director and officer defendants, a Delaware tort sometimes called ‘civil conspiracy.’ ” (Id. ¶ 5 (footnote omitted).) Additionally, the court declined to enforce the outbound forum selection clauses, concluding that the claims against UBS were “inextricably intertwined” with other claims against UBS and other parties, “being based on the same nucleus of operative facts,” and that it would be “seriously inconvenient and unreasonable to send off one smaller part of this case to New York ....” (Id. ¶ 3(a).) Moreover, it observed Alabama’s strong policy that disfavors splitting cases and concluded that “[enforcing the outbound forum selection clause would upset the carefully crafted coordination orders in effect in three jurisdictions regarding the case management of these complex derivative suits” (id. ¶¶ 3(b), 3(c)).

2. The Instant Action

On or about September 6, 2007, UBS AG commenced this action by serving on HealthSouth a summons and notice of motion for summary judgment in lieu of complaint, filed in New York State Supreme Court, New York County. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 3213 (McKinney 2005). HealthSouth removed the action to federal court based on this Court’s diversity jurisdiction and argued that it should be stayed in deference to the first-filed Alabama Action. See Notice of Removal, UBS AG, Stamford Branch v. HealthSouth Corp., 07 Civ. 8490, ¶ 22 (filed Oct. 1, 2007) (hereinafter “HealthSouth Removal Notice”). Currently pending in this Court are the parties’ cross-motions. In brief, UBS AG moves to enforce the Guarantee by summary judgment, and HealthSouth moves to dismiss or stay this action in deference to the pending Alabama Action.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment may be granted only if there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The moving party bears the initial burden of presenting evidence that demonstrates the absence of a genuine dispute of fact on each material element of his claim. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see also FDIC v. Giammettei, 34 F.3d 51, 54 (2d Cir.1994). If the moving party carries his burden, the non-moving party must then “set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.CivJP. 56(e).

In considering a summary judgment motion, a court must review the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). Nevertheless, a party opposing summary judgment “must ‘demonstrate more than some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts’ and come forward with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’ ” Powell v. Nat’l Bd. of Med. Exam’rs, 364 F.3d 79, 84 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Aslanidis v. United States Lines, Inc., 7 F.3d 1067, 1072 (2d Cir.1993)). Thus, summary judgment shall be granted if no rational fact-finder “could find in favor of the nonmoving party because the evidence to support its case is so slight.” Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. P’ship, 22 F.3d 1219, 1224 (2d Cir.1994).

B. The Guarantee’s Enforceability

In its motion, UBS AG argues that it has discharged its burden on summary judgment by showing valid execution of the Credit Agreement, including Health-South’s “absolute and unconditional guarantee,” and MCDC’s subsequent default thereunder. (See Pl’s Mem. 12-13.) In response, HealthSouth advances a defense rooted in agency principles. (See Defs Opp’n 18-22.) UBS AG counters that, “under settled New York law”—Citibank v. Plapinger, 66 N.Y.2d 90, 495 N.Y.S.2d 309, 485 N.E.2d 974 (1985)—HealthSouth is foreclosed from advancing any such defense. (See Pi’s Reply 5.) Of course, HealthSouth disputes the present application of that “settled New York law,” arguing that Plapinger does not foreclose its defense and that issues of fact exist as to that defense that preclude summary judgment. {See Defs Opp’n 9-10, 28-29.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court concludes that Plapinger precludes HealthSouth’s defense and that, in any event, that defense lacks merit.

1. Application of Danann and Plapinger

The “settled New York law” to which UBS AG refers finds its origin in Danann Realty Corp. v. Harris, where the New York Court of Appeals held that fraud in the inducement as a defense to contract will be foreclosed to a party who disclaims, in the contract itself, reliance on the fraudulent statements allegedly made to induce him to enter into the contract. See 5 N.Y.2d 317, 323, 184 N.Y.S.2d 599, 604, 157 N.E.2d 597 (1959). The rule of Danann has been described as one of notice: where a contract puts a party on notice that it should not rely on certain representations, that party cannot claim thereafter to have relied on those very same representations. See Lucas v. Oxigene, Inc., 94 Civ. 1691, 1995 WL 520752, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 1995). Not surprisingly, specificity was the touchstone of the disclaimer in Danann: the purchaser in that case could not claim to have relied on the allegedly fraudulent representations when, in the contract, the purchaser stated that “ ‘the Purchaser hereby expressly acknowledges that no such representations have been made.’ ” Danann, 5 N.Y.2d at 320, 184 N.Y.S.2d at 601, 157 N.E.2d 597; see also Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Aniero Concrete Co., Inc., 404 F.3d 566, 576 (2d Cir.2005) (specificity requirement demands that the “substance of the disclaimer provisions tracks the substance of the alleged misrepresentations”); Mfrs. Hanover Trust Co. v. Yanakas, 7 F.3d 310, 316 (2d Cir.1993). Indeed, to permit otherwise “would in effect condone [the purchaser’s] own fraud” by allowing him to contradict the language of his own contract. Plapinger, 66 N.Y.2d at 95, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 312, 485 N.E.2d 974 (citing Danann, 5 N.Y.2d at 323, 184 N.Y.S.2d at 604, 157 N.E.2d 597).

The New York Court of Appeals relaxed Danann’s specificity requirement somewhat in Plapinger. In that case, guarantors alleged that they were induced to guarantee a loan in reliance on defendant the bank’s oral promise that it would extend a separate line of credit to the guarantors’ corporation. See Plapinger, 66 N.Y.2d at 92, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 310, 485 N.E.2d 974. When the borrower defaulted and the bank sought to enforce the guarantee, the guarantors claimed that, not having received the separate line of credit, they had been induced to execute the guarantee by fraudulent representations. See id. at 93-94, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 310-11, 485 N.E.2d 974. Like Danann, the guarantee in Plapinger included a disclaimer; unlike Danann, it did not specifically identify and disclaim reliance on statements about the alleged side agreement. See id. at 95, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 312, 485 N.E.2d 974. The court found the latter fact to be of no consequence, however, because the guarantee was executed after “extended negotiations between sophisticated business people.” See id. at 95, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 311—12, 485 N.E.2d 974. The court stated that it would be “unrealistic in such circumstances to expect an express stipulation that defendants were not relying on a separate oral agreement to fund an additional multimillion dollar line of credit, when they themselves have denominated their obligation unconditional .... ” Id. at 95, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 312, 485 N.E.2d 974.

UBS AG asserts that “HealthSouth’s argument simply rehashes the ‘fraud in the inducement’ defense ... squarely rejected in Plapinger.” (Pi’s Reply 7.) That is not precisely accurate. HealthSouth argues in its papers that the Guarantee is void ab initio because it was “executed by a faithless agent who had no actual or apparent authority to sign it” (Defs Opp’n 18), and counsel reiterated the point at oral argument (see Transcript of Oral Argument at 29:18-24, UBS AG, Stamford Branch v. HealthSouth Corp., 07 Civ. 8490 (argued Apr. 11, 2008) (hereinafter “Trans.”)). Thus, HealthSouth’s defense undeniably sounds in agency.

UBS AG cites no decision, and research has not disclosed one, that applies the Danann/Plapinger logic to preclude defenses sounding in agency. That logic, however, seems applicable to this case. The Credit Agreement specifically recited that HealthSouth “has the power and authority ... to execute, deliver and perform each of the other Loan Documents to which it is a party” (Credit Agmt. § 6.1(c)) and that those documents “have been duly authorized by all requisite corporate actions (including any required shareholder approval) [of HealthSouth] required for the lawful execution, delivery and performance thereof’ (id. § 6.2(a)). HealthSouth’s Board clearly authorized “such other terms, conditions and requirements” as deemed appropriate by its signatory agent (see Kalal Decl. Ex. C), and its general counsel expressly reiterated those representations in his letters (see Kalal Decl. Exs. B, J). In the same way that the Danann defendant’s express representations precluded him from invoking fraud in the inducement as a defense, see Danann, 5 N.Y.2d at 320, 184 N.Y.S.2d at 601, 157 N.E.2d 597, so also do HealthSouth’s express representations that the Credit Agreement was a “legal, valid and binding obligation” (see Credit Agmt. § 6.1(d)), that it had been “duly authorized” and that it constituted a “continuing absolute and unconditional guarantee of payment without regard to the validity, regularity or enforceability” of the Guarantee or “any other circumstance whatsoever ... which constitutes, or might be construed to constitute, an equitable or legal discharge” (id. § 11.4) preclude its present argument that the Agreement is unenforceable because its agent’s authorization was suspect. This is true a fortiori because the Credit Agreement was executed after “extended negotiations between sophisticated business people,” Plapinger, 66 N.Y.2d at 95, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 311-12, 485 N.E.2d 974, a circumstance under which New York courts give greater preclusive effect to the contractual representations of a party. Thus, while the New York Court of Appeals has yet to address this particular fact pattern, the logic of its decisions requires that Danann/Plapinger apply here to preclude HealthSouth’s argument.

2. HealthSouth’s Agency Argument

Even if the Danann/Plapinger logic did not apply here, however, Health-South’s agency arguments would fail on the merits. Under common law agency principles, a principal will be bound by the contracts executed by his agent with actual or apparent authority. See, e.g., FTC v. Verity Int’l, Ltd., 443 F.3d 48, 64 (2d Cir.2006). An agent possesses actual authority “ ‘to do an act or to conduct a transaction on account of the principal which, with respect to the principal, he is privileged to do because of the principal’s manifestation to him.’ ” Hidden Brook Air, Inc. v. Thabet Aviation Int’l Inc., 241 F.Supp.2d 246, 260 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (quoting Minskoff v. Am. Exp. Travel Related Servs. Co., 98 F.3d 703, 708 (2d Cir.1996)); see also Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.01 (2006). Such authority can be express or implied, see Minskoff, 98 F.3d at 708, meaning that it can be created by the principal’s explicit instructions or by inference from his words or conduct, see Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.02(1).

Aside from these principles of attribution, the agency relationship is fiduciary in nature and imposes on an agent, among others, a duty of “utmost good faith.” See Elco Shoe Mfrs. v. Sisk, 260 N.Y. 100, 103, 183 N.E. 191, 192 (1932); see also Lamdin v. Broadway Surface Adver. Corp., 272 N.Y. 133, 138, 5 N.E.2d 66, 67 (1936) (agent will be “held to uberrima fides in his dealings with his principal”). That duty is violated where an agent “acts adversely to his employer in any part of the transaction or omits to disclose any interest which would naturally influence his conduct .... ” Lamdin, 272 N.Y. at 138, 5 N.E.2d at 67; see also TPL Assocs. v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc., 146 A.D.2d 468, 470, 536 N.Y.S.2d 754, 756 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1989) (“Where a conflict of interest exists, nothing less than full and complete disclosure is required of the agent.”). Such a transaction is voidable at the election of the principal. See Flaum v. Birnbaum, 120 A.D.2d 183, 194, 508 N.Y.S.2d 115, 122 (App. Div. 4th Dep’t 1986); see also U.S. v. Dunn, 268 U.S. 121, 131, 45 S.Ct. 451, 69 L.Ed. 876 (1925); Koppel v. 4987 Corp., 96 Civ. 7570, 97 Civ. 1754, 2001 WL 47000, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 19, 2001); Restatement (Third) of Agency §§ 8.01 cmt. (d)(1), 8.03 cmt. (d).

The thrust of HealthSouth’s argument appears to be that the Guarantee may not be enforced because Brown, HealthSouth’s agent who signed the Credit Agreement on HealthSouth’s behalf, was aware of or participated in the alleged fraud scheme of which the Credit Agreement and the MCDC loan were a part. {See Def s Opp’n 1, 9-10.) Though Health-South draws on concepts from each of the areas of agency law described above, neither provides a basis for avoiding its obligation under the Guarantee.

First, there is no question that the Board resolutions in this case conferred express actual authority on Brown to execute the Credit Agreement, see, e.g., Restatement (Third) of Agency § 3.03 cmt. (c), and HealthSouth offers no legal principle that would void such authority. It cites Hidden Brook Air, 241 F.Supp.2d at 262, for the proposition that “an agent cannot bind his principal, even in matters touching his agency, where he is known to be acting for himself, or to have an adverse interest.” (Defs Opp’n 19.) That statement does not bear on the presence of actual authority, however, but rather restates the principle that apparent authority does not exist if a third party is aware of limitations of an agent’s authority. See, e.g., 2A N.Y. Jur.2d Agency § 99 (2008). HealthSouth also cites the Restatement (Third) of Agency for the proposition that “[a]n agent does not have actual authority to do an act if the agent does not reasonably believe that the principal has consented to its commission.” Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.02 cmt. (e). While true, that principle is inapplicable because it governs the scope of implied actual authority, not express actual authority like that which the Board conferred in this case. See id. § 2.02 cmt. (b) (“This section encompasses what is often termed ‘implied authority,’ which is a form of actual authority.”). Indeed, there is no question whether Brown possessed implied authority to execute the Credit Agreement because the Board unambiguously conferred such express authority.

HealthSouth’s argument that it can avoid the Guarantee because it was executed by an agent with interests adverse to HealthSouth’s, in breach of his duties of good faith and loyalty to his principal (see Defs Opp’n 19 (citing Wen Kroy Realty Co. v. Pub. Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. of New York, 260 N.Y. 84, 90-91, 183 N.E. 73, 75 (1932))) also fails. While certain Health-South directors and officers were interested in the Credit Agreement by virtue of their equity holdings in MCDC (see Kalal Decl. Ex. E (HealthSouth 2002/2003 Form 10K) at 150), HealthSouth’s Board was aware of those interests (see Trans. 30:6— 14, 32:4-8). In any event, HealthSouth presents no evidence that Brown possessed such an interest in MCDC. (See Kalal Deck Ex. E.) HealthSouth contends that the Board was not aware of the alleged underlying fraud scheme (see Trans. 32:4-8), and, indeed, the perpetration of such a fraud by an agent might well constitute a grave breach of that agent’s fiduciary duty of “utmost good faith.” There is no evidence before this Court, however, to the effect that Brown knew of or participated in the MCDC fraud scheme and thus breached this duty. The only evidence presented by HealthSouth in this regard is certain material relating to criminal charges to which Brown pleaded guilty. (See Hymer Deck Exs. 2 (Brown Criminal Information), 3 (Brown Plea Allocution), 4 (Brown Plea Agreement).) Those documents mention only Brown’s involvement in an accounting scheme to misstate earnings and defraud HealthSouth shareholders; they do not reveal any participation in or knowledge of the alleged MCDC fraud. Moreover, even if the accounting fraud were related to the MCDC fraud, Health-South’s own evidence shows that Brown did not even become aware of the accounting fraud until after execution of the Credit Agreement. (See Hymer Deck Ex. 3 at 37:25.) Thus, HealthSouth’s argument that the Court should infer, from Brown’s plea in another criminal conspiracy involving fraud at HealthSouth, that he was somehow at the center of the alleged MCDC fraud (see Defs Opp’n 9 (“Jason Brown ... was steeped in the fraud at HealthSouth”)) is unpersuasive given the absence of evidence showing any connection between the two.

In sum, even if Danann/Plapinger did not foreclose HealthSouth’s agency defense, which the Court concludes it does, that defense fails as a matter of law.

C. Abstention

HealthSouth argues that this action should be stayed or dismissed in deference to the Alabama Action, “which has been actively litigated for years, which is focused on UBS’s involvement in the mammoth, complex fraud at HealthSouth, and in which the MCDC fraud plays a prominent role.” (Def s Opp’n 1.) It argues that such abstention is justified under Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 813, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483 (1976).

Strictly speaking, the Colorado River Court distinguished between the rule it announced and other “abstention doctrines,” which are driven by “considerations of proper constitutional adjudication and regard for federal-state relations ....’’Id. at 817, 96 S.Ct. 1236. To the contrary, the Colorado River Court announced a form of abstention whereby considerations of “[w]ise judicial administration” might warrant abdicating the otherwise “virtually unflagging obligation of the federal courts to exercise the jurisdiction given them.” Id. (alterations in original). The Court called such cases “extreme,” however, admonishing lower courts that the grounds for this “judicial economy” abstention were to be “considerably more limited than the circumstances appropriate for abstention.” Id. at 818, 96 S.Ct. 1236.

Six factors guide the Court’s decision whether to abstain under Colorado River: (1) assumption of jurisdiction over a res; (2) inconvenience of the forum; (3) avoidance of piecemeal litigation; (4) order in which the actions were filed; (5) the law that provides the rule of decision; and (6) protection of the federal plaintiffs rights. See De Cisneros v. Younger, 871 F.2d 305, 307 (2d Cir.1989). No single factor is dis-positive, and a court should not apply those factors as “a mechanical checklist,” but rather only after “a careful balancing of the important factors as they apply in a given case, with the balance heavily weighted in favor of the exercise of jurisdiction.” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Const. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 16, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). Balancing the factors in this action, abstention is not justified.

As an initial matter, the fear of piecemeal litigation central to HealthSouth’s abstention argument is not present here for several reasons. First, UBS AG is not a party to the Alabama Action, and the Alabama Plaintiffs are not parties to this action. See Alliance of Am. Insurers v. Cuomo, 854 F.2d 591, 603 (2d Cir.1988) (“Similarity of parties is not the same as identity of the parties”). Indeed, for this reason alone, “the state and federal proceedings are not ‘concurrent’ in the manner required by the Colorado River doctrine.” Sheerbonnet, Ltd. v. Am. Express Bank Ltd., 17 F.3d 46, 49-50 (2d Cir.1994) (relying on American Insurers). Second, and more importantly, the two actions do not present the same issues. See De Cisneros, 871 F.2d at 307-08 (threat of piecemeal litigation exists where issues are “ ‘inextricably linked’ ”); Garcia v. Tamir, 99 Civ. 298, 1999 WL 587902, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 1999) (same). The TAC alleges, on behalf of HealthSouth, breach of duties owed by certain HealthSouth directors and officers and UBS Securities personnel; it neither includes Brown in this list of HealthSouth malfeasors nor alleges that the Guarantee is unenforceable because of Brown’s conduct. Indeed, far from “inextricably linked” with the TAC’s allegations of breach of duties, the question of the Guarantee’s enforceability is wholly independent of the question of whether certain individuals who conceived and authorized the Credit Agreement may be liable to HealthSouth for breach of their duties to that company, as alleged in the TAC. While the two are related in subject matter, there is no requirement— through abstention doctrine or otherwise— that all factually related matters be decided in a single case. See Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 816, 96 S.Ct. 1236; see also Am. Insurers, 854 F.2d at 603 (“While there may be some overlap of subject matter, it is not sufficient to make these actions concurrent.”).

HealthSouth resists this point by arguing that the threat of piecemeal litigation is particularly ominous here because a ruling for UBS AG “would necessarily determine — or foreclose — a host of issues relating to UBS’s participation in that fraud that gave rise to the [MCDC] loan .... ” (Defs Opp’n 14.) That concern, however, is not the policy that drives Colorado River abstention. As the Colorado River Court itself made clear, “the mere potential for conflict in the results of adjudications, does not, without more, warrant staying exercise of federal jurisdiction.” 424 U.S. at 816, 96 S.Ct. 1236. Rather, the threat of piecemeal litigation implies the isolation and resolution of a single element in a complex dispute comprised of many such interdependent elements. See id. at 819, 96 S.Ct. 1236. As described above, whether HealthSouth may or may not recover against its faithless officers or employees is entirely segregable from and independent of the claims here, and, accordingly, by deciding the question of the enforceability of the Guarantee now, this Court is not resolving any question presented in the Alabama Action. In short, the “threat of piecemeal litigation,” as HealthSouth conceives it, is not present here.

As discussed above, New York law provides the rule of decision. HealthSouth acknowledges that fact (see Defs Opp’n 16) but argues that “the absence of any significant federal interests ... provides additional grounds for abstention.” Radioactive, 153 F.Supp.2d at 476. That argument, however, turns the heavy presumption in favor of exercising federal jurisdiction on its head. In Colorado River, for instance, abstention was all the more appropriate because a specific federal interest in uniform adjudication of water rights, embodied in federal legislation, favored abstention. See 424 U.S. at 819, 96 S.Ct. 1286. Likewise, in Moses H. Cone, the specific federal interest in arbitration of disputes, again embodied in federal legislation, weighed against abstention. See 460 U.S. at 20-21, 103 S.Ct. 927. In each case, the presence of a specific federal interest affected the Court’s decision whether to depart from the underlying federal duty to exercise the jurisdiction authorized by the Constitution and conferred by Congress. The absence of such a specific federal statutory interest, however, does not somehow diminish the Court’s general obligation to exercise jurisdiction. Instead, that absence is neutral.

Moreover, it is also important to note the “New York public policy favoring the enforcement of loan agreements swiftly and according to their express terms.” Gateway, Inc. v. Vitech Am., Inc., 143 F.Supp.2d 391, 397 (S.D.N.Y.2001). “The CPLR gives ‘greater presumptive merit’ to two categories of claims — actions based on instruments for the payment of money, and actions based on judgments- — allowing them to be brought on by ‘motion-action’ for summary judgment, bypassing pleading, motion and discovery delays.” Schulz v. Barrows, 94 N.Y.2d 624, 627, 709 N.Y.S.2d 148, 150, 730 N.E.2d 946 (2000) (discussing C.P.L.R. § 3213); Interman Indus. Prods., Ltd. v. R.S.M. Electron Power, Inc., 37 N.Y.2d 151, 154, 371 N.Y.S.2d 675, 679, 332 N.E.2d 859 (1975) (“In the actions to which it applies, ‘a formal complaint is superfluous, and even the delay incident upon waiting for an answer and then moving for summary judgment is needless.’ ” (quoting First Preliminary Report of Advisory Committee on Practice and Procedure, p. 91; NY LegisDoc, 1957, No 6(b), p 91.)). Thus, while there may be no specific federal interest operating here, there is a substantial state interest weighing against abstention, which fact this Court considers particularly relevant given that this action is in federal court only by way of removal. Indeed, protection of the rights of the federal plaintiff, here, UBS AG, requires recognition of New York State’s policy favoring speedy and predictable resolution of commercial matters and, thus, weighs against abstention.

HealthSouth argues that the long pendency of and extensive discovery in the Alabama Action favor abstention and that proceeding on UBS’s current motion will interfere with various co-ordination orders relating to the derivative actions. {See Def s Opp’n 15-16.) As noted above, however, a legal issue not presented in the Alabama Action will be resolved here without discovery. Thus, while the discovery in Alabama and apparently in other jurisdictions might well touch upon facts related to the question presented here, the Court fails to perceive how a decision in this summary proceeding will interfere with the orderly progression of discovery in other jurisdictions, with the motion practice now underway in Alabama or with co-ordination of the derivative actions.

Accordingly, having engaged in a “careful balancing of the important factors as they apply in [this] case, with the balance heavily weighted in favor of the exercise of jurisdiction,” Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 16, 103 S.Ct. 927, the Court concludes that considerations of “wise judicial administration” do not warrant abdicating the “virtually unflagging obligation of the federal courts to exercise the jurisdiction given them,” Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 817, 96 S.Ct. 1236.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, UBS AG’s motion for summary judgment [dkt. no. 9] is GRANTED, and HealthSouth’s motion to dismiss or stay [dkt. no. 14] is DENIED.

The Clerk of the Court shall mark this action closed and all pending motions denied as moot.

SO ORDERED. 
      
      .The Credit Agreement appointed "UBS AG, Stamford Branch” to act as Administrative Agent and endowed that position with certain rights and obligations. (See, e.g., Credit Agmt. §§ 2.2-2.4, 10.8.) Upon default, for example, the Administrative Agent was required to take such action as was directed by the Lenders. (See id. § 9.2.) It could also take action on its own initiative, including "either by suit in equity or action at law ... to enforce the payment of the Obligations or any other legal or equitable right or remedy.” (Id. § 9.2.)
     
      
      . Reference is to the Declaration of David J. Kalal, sworn to on December 17, 2007.
     
      
      . The Credit Agreement did not identify the Lenders. (See, e.g., Credit Agmt. § 1.1 (defining "Lender Addendum”).) Instead, the parties apparently contemplated the execution and delivery, at closing, of an addendum setting forth a list of Lenders and their respective commitments. (See id. § 12.17.) The parties have not included such an addendum with their submissions, and the only document presently before the Court that names any Lender or its respective commitment is the March Amendment, which names "UBS AG, Stamford Branch" as Lender with a $20 million commitment. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. H at 8.)
     
      
      . Included among the list of authorized agents was Jason Brown, HealthSouth’s then-Vice President of Finance, who in fact signed the Credit Agreement on HealthSouth’s behalf.
     
      
      . Horton’s opinion included the qualification that "[t]he enforceability of the Loan Documents may be limited by laws or principles affecting, on public policy grounds, the enforceability of any indemnification agreements or waivers of rights, notices or defenses contained in the Loan Documents.” (Kalal Decl. Ex. B at 6.) That qualification, however, only reflected the laws of the State of New York “insofar as I [Horton] have assumed them to be identical to the laws of the State of Alabama, [which assumption] I have made ... with your permission, and I have made no review of the laws of the State of New York.” (Id.)
      
     
      
      . Reference is to the Declaration of David G. Hymer, sworn to on January 17, 2008.
     
      
      . The TAC named as defendants: Richard M. Scrushy; Gerald P. Scrushy; Michael Martin; C. Sage Givens; William T. Owens; George H. Strong; Charles W. Newhall, III; John S. Chamberlin; Joel C. Gordon; Larry D. Striplin; Phillip C. Watkins, M.D.; MedCenterDirect.Com; Source Medical Solutions, Inc.; Capstone Capital Corp.; Healthcare Realty Trust; G.G. Enterprises; Ernst & Young, LLP; Weston L. Smith; Larry D. Taylor; Patrick A. Foster; Daniel J. Riviere; UBS War-burg; UBS Group; UBS Investment Bank; and various "Fictitious Individuals.” (See Kalal Decl. Ex. V(TAC)) (hereinafter ("TAC”).) The Supplemental Complaint and Fourth Amended Verified Complaint removed UBS Warburg as a defendant and added: UBS Securities, LLC; Aaron Beam, Jr.; Malcolm E. McVay; Emery Harris; and Kenneth K. Livesay. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. W.)
     
      
      .The Credit Agreement and the consequent MCDC loans are mentioned only during the TAC’s recitation of demand futility, in an oblique reference to the fact that HealthSouth Director Charles W. Newhall, III, was impaired because "UBS funded and raised investment capital for MCDC, on which New-hall serves as a director ....” (TAC ¶ 134(e).)
     
      
      . The TAC named three UBS entities as defendants — “UBS Warburg,” "UBS Group” and "UBS Investment Bank.” (TAC ¶ 21.) On October 17, 2003, counsel for UBS Securities, LLC (“UBS Securities”) submitted an affidavit clarifying that those terms do not reference any legal entity, but rather are "used to reference numerous UBS entities, including UBS Securities ....” (Declaration of Robert J. Giuffra (sworn Feb. 18, 2008) ("Giuffra Decl.”) Ex. A (October 2003 Alabama Proceeding Declaration) ¶ 3.) Further to those submissions, the Alabama Plaintiff was allowed to amend the TAC to substitute UBS Securities for the previously named, nonexistent UBS defendants. (See Kalal Decl. Ex. W (Supplemental Complaint); see also Giuffra Decl. ¶ 7.)
     
      
      . C.P.L.R. § 3213 states in relevant part: “When an action is based upon an instrument for the payment of money only or upon any judgment, the plaintiff may serve with the summons a notice of motion for summary judgment and the supporting papers in lieu of a complaint."
     
      
      . The parties have submitted the following briefs: UBS AG’s Memorandum in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment (hereinafter "Pi's Mem.”), HealthSouth’s Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Motion for Summaiy Judgment and in Support of Motion to Dismiss or Stay (hereinafter “Def’s Opp’n”), UBS AG’s Reply Memorandum in Further Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment and in Opposition to HealthSouth's Motion to Dismiss or Stay (hereinafter “Pi’s Reply”), HealthSouth's Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of its Motion to Dismiss or Stay (hereinafter "Def’s Reply”), and UBS AG’s Supplemental Submission Responding to New Matters Raised in HealthSouth's Reply Memorandum (hereinafter “Pi's Supp.”).
     
      
      . By its terms, the guarantee was “absolute and unconditional” and would be valid “irrespective of (i) any lack of validity ... of the ... Restated Loan Agreement ... or any other agreement or instrument relating thereto,” or "(vii) any other circumstance which might otherwise constitute a defense” to the guarantee. See Plapinger, 66 N.Y.2d at 95, 495 N.Y.S.2d at 312, 485 N.E.2d 974.
     
      
      . Finding that Brown possessed actual authority, the Court need not address Health-South's arguments as to the absence of apparent authority.
     
      
      . The inference HealthSouth asks the Court to draw is also contrary to the Company's numerous SEC filings acknowledging the Guarantee and its failure to pay the amounts due thereunder. (See, e.g., Kalal Deck Ex. L (2004 HealthSouth SEC Form 10-K) at 144 ("In 2001, we provided a guarantee for $20 million of MCD’s debt to UBS Warburg [] but, as of December 31, 2004, we have not paid the amounts due under the terms of the guarantee to UBS Warburg.").) Just as "a party may not, in order to defeat a summary judgment motion, create a material issue of fact by submitting an affidavit disputing his own prior sworn testimony,” Trans-Orient Marine Corp. v. Star Trading & Marine, Inc., 925 F.2d 566, 572 (2d Cir.1991), so too HealthSouth cannot now take a position of convenience contrary to its prior statements to the SEC, see Relational Investors LLC v. Sovereign Bancorp, Inc., 417 F.Supp.2d 438, 447-48 (S.D.N.Y.2006).
     
      
      . HealthSouth also argues that this action should be dismissed or stayed based on the "first-filed rule.” (Def's Opp’n 11.) Under that rule, " '[wjhere there are two competing lawsuits, the first suit should have priority, absent the showing of balance of convenience ... or ... special circumstances ... giving priority to the second.’ " Adam v. Jacobs, 950 F.2d 89, 92 (2d Cir.1991) (quoting First City Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. v. Simmons, 878 F.2d 76, 79 (2d Cir.1989)). For the reasons set forth by Judge Scheindlin, however, ”[t]he first-to-file doctrine applies to concurrent federal litigation — not concurrent state/federal litigation.” Radioactive, J.V. v. Manson, 153 F.Supp.2d 462, 473 (S.D.N.Y.2001).
     
      
      . Neither court here has assumed jurisdiction over a res.
      
     
      
      . This conclusion does not offend the Rook-er/Feldman doctrine because, among other reasons, UBS AG is not a party to the Alabama Action. See Lance v. Dennis, 546 U.S. 459, 466, 126 S.Ct. 1198, 163 L.Ed.2d 1059 (2006) (holding that “Rooker/Feldman doctrine does not bar actions by nonparties to the earlier state-court judgment simply because, for purposes of preclusion law, they could be considered in privity with a party to the judgment.”).
     