
    ALFRED SAWYER v. C. W. GRANDY.
    
      Practice — Testimony as to Transactions with Deceased Person— Handwriting — Irrelevant Testimony.
    
    1. Although, under section 590 of The Code, a party to an action may not testify to the actual execution, by the deceased person whose administrator is a party, of a paper-writing constituting a personal transaction between him and the deceased, yet he may testify to the handwriting of the deceased, if he can.
    2. Where a paper-writing, alleged to be a contract between plaintiff and the intestate of the defendant, was introduced in evidence on the trial, it was error to allow the plaintiff to testify that he himself signed the paper.
    Ü. Where a paper-writing, not ambiguous in its terms, alleged to be a contract between plaintiff and the intestate of defendant, was introduced on a trial, its construction was a question of law for the Court, and evidence as to the declarations of the deceased tending to contradict or explain the same was incompetent and immaterial on either side.
    This was a civil action, tried before Bynum, J., and a jury, at Spring Term, 1893, of Camden Superior Court.
    The plaintiff brought his action as surviving partner, alleging that at the time named the plaintiff and T. S. Berry were copartners, doing business under the firm name of T. S. Berry; that said firm had large dealings with defendants Grandy & Son, commission merchants, and that said Grandy & Son now have in their possession the sum of $1,025, which is due and owing to the plaintiff as surviving partner of the' said firm; that T. S. Berry is dead and plaintiff is winding up the business of the firm, and has made demand on said defendants for the payment of the said sum, and that said defendanls have refused to pay the same to plaintiff.
    The defendants Grandy & Son answer, denying all knowledge of the alleged copartnership, admitting the dealings between them and T. S. Berry, and that they have for the credit of T. S. Berry the sum of $1,100.63, and averring their readiness to pay over the same to the persons entitled thereto. They allege further, that the fund in their hands is claimed by one O. G. Pritchard, as administrator of T. S. Berry, deceased, and that they are advised that said Pritchard should be made a party to this action. They admit demand and refusal.
    Pritchard was permitted to make himself a party defendant, and the defendants Grandy & Son -were allowed to pay into the Court the fund in their hands to the credit of T. S. Berry. Pritchard filed his answer, alleging that he is the administrator upon the estate of T. S. Berry, deceased, denying the alleged partnership and claiming the fund.
    So it appears that the contention is now between the plaintiff and O. G. Pritchard, administrator of T. S. Berry, deceased, and the question is whether plaintiff is the surviving partner of'the alleged partnership; in other words, whether plaintiff and Berry were partners, as alleged in the complaint.
    The plaintiff offered in evidence the following paper-writing:
    “North CAROLINA — Camden County.
    Agreement is this day entered into between T. S. Berry, of the one part, and Alfred Sawyer, Jr., of the other part, both of the county of Camden and State of North Carolina, as follows, to-wit: The said T. S. Berry is now selling goods at Belcross, and has employed the said Alfred Sawyer, Jr., as a clerk to superintend the said store as long as the said Berry chooses to employ him; and the said Sawyer is to have for his services one-half Q) of all the profits the said store makes after paying all expenses of the said store; and further, the said Sawyer is to-day one-half (|) owner of all the goods, moneys, accounts, notes, etc., that belong to the store; and further, the saidJBerry is not to make any charges as rent for said store, warehouse or dwelling-house where the said Sawyer now lives. For this and his daily service his compensation is equal division of profits with the said Berry.”
    Witness our hands and seals, this May 30, 1891.
    (Signed) T. S. Berry. [seal.]
    (Signed) A. Sawyer. [seal.]
    The plaintiff' being then offered as a witness in his own behalf, was permitted to testify that he wfas acquainted with the handwriting of T. S. Berry, and that both the body of the paper and the signature referred to wrere in the handwriting of T. S. Berry. And to this the defendant objected and excepted.
    Witness was then asked who signed the name of A. Sawyer to the paper, and answered that he himself signed it. This question and answer were objected to by the defendant.
    The plaiutiff offered several witnesses who testified without objection to the declarations made by T. S. Berry tending to show that he and plaintiff were partners.
    The defendant Pritchard introduced as a witness one Wright, and offered to show by him declarations made by T. S. Berry after the date of the paper, denying the partnership, and tending to show his individual ownership, and that the plaintiff was only his clerk. The plaiutiff objected. The objection was sustained, and defendant excepted.
    There was a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff, and defendant appealed.
    
      Messrs. Grandy & Aydlelt, for plaintiff.
    
      Mr. J. Heywood Sawyer, for defendant (appellant).
   MacRae, J.:

The Code, §590, declares tha.t upon the trial of an action a party interested in the event shall not be examined as a witness in his own behalf against the administrator of a deceased person, concerning a personal transaction or communication between the witness and the deceased person.

The paper offered as evidence of the contract of partnership purported to be the memorial of a transaction, or the transaction itself, between the plaintiff and the deceased person, against whose administrator the action is now being pressed. It has often been held that while under this section the plaintiff is incompetent to testify to the actual execution of the paper by the deceased, he may testify to the handwriting of deceased, if he can.

In Rush v. Steed, 91 N. C., 226, the Court, while adhering to this construction of the statute, calls the distinction a very fine spun one, but the reason of the act as stated by Mr. Justice Readjs in Halyburton v. Harshaw, 65 N. C., 88, seems to justify it: “There could never be a recovery against an unscrupulous party if he were permitted to testify where it would be impossible to contradict him ; the statute ought to be construed in view of this mischief.”

If plaintiff had been permitted to testify that he saw Berry sign the paper, it may have been impossible to contradict him, but he simply swears to the handwriting of deceased, and the matter is entirely open to contradiction, if defendant can furnish it, by others who are acquainted with the handwriting of deceased.

We are unable to make the distinction between the testimony of the plaintiff as witness to the actual signing of the instrument by deceased and by himself, for the deceased might be the only person who could have testified to the contrary, if plaintiff had been permitted to testify to the fact of the signing; and we think, upon the authorities cited, that his Honor erred in admitting this testimony.

The plaintiff relying upon the paper-writing as the contract of partnership, evidence of declarations of deceased seems to have been incompetent and immaterial on either side, as tending to contradict or to explain a written instrument, the construction of which is a question of law for the Court.

Error. New Trial.  