
    WALKER v. BROWN.
    CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH'- CIRCUIT.
    No. 193.
    Submitted January 13, 1896.
    Decided March 1, 1897.
    Every express executory agreement in writing, whereby the contracting party sufficiently indicates an intention to make some particular property, real or personal, or fund,- therein described'or identified, a security for a debt-or o.ther obligation, or whereby the party promises to convey or assign or transfer the property as security, creates an equitable lien . upon the property so indicated, which is enforceable against the property in-the hands not only of the original contractor, but of his heirs, 0 administrators, executors, voluntary assignees and purchasers, or encum-brancers with notice. N <
    
    On the facts stated in the opinion of the court, which can with difficulty be condensed without omitting something which might be .deemed essential, and applying to those facts the principle of law stated in the preceding _ paragraph,'- Held, that Walker. & Co. had an equitable lien upon the bonds of Brown pledged to • the Union National Bank, and that those bonds had been returned to Brown'under such circumstances as to continue the lien against them in the hands of Mrs. Brown, to whom they had been given.by him. . - ,
    To dedicate property to a particular purpose, tO".provide that-a specified tíreditor, and that creditor alone, shall be authorized to seek payment ' from it or its value, is to create an equitable lien, up on it. or reasons stated in the opinion interest is to be computed at the rate of six per cent, not at the rate of ten per cent.
    
      The case is stated in the opinion. .
    
      Mr. Henry S. Hollins for appellants.
    
      Mr. Hathaniel T. Guernsey for appellees.
   Mr. Justice White

delivered the opinion of the court.

The complainants, who are appellants here, all citizens of the State of Illinois, members of the firm of J. H. Walker°& Company, established in the city of Chicago, filed their bill in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Iowa, Central Division, against Anna L. Brown, widow of Talmadge E. Brown, as administratrix of her deceased husband’s estate, and against Willis S. Brown and Edward L. Marsh, coadministrators, all of whom were alleged to be citizens of the State of Iowa and to have been duly appointed as aforesaid by the District Court of Polk County, Iowa."

Omitting .reference to matters which have become irrelevant to the controversy in its final aspect, the bill substantially averred that Talmadge E. Brown, being desirous of assisting an Iowa corporation known as the Lloyd Mercantile Company, delivered to said company $15,000 bonds of the city of Memphis worth their face value: That between May and July, 1889, Walker & Company sold to the Lloyd Mercantile Company merchandise to a considerable amount, on the price of which there remained due. on the Jist- of August, 18S9, $1524.78: That on or about that date the corporation was dissolved and a firm composed of J'. Collins Lloyd and Cópeley Lloyd was formed under the name of J. C. Lloyd & Company, for the purpose of continuing the business of the Mercantile Company, the new business to be carried on at Ellensburg, State of Washington; and that the firm assumed the debts and liabilities of the, Lloyd Mercantile Company. It was further' alleged that the firm just íormed proposed to buy from -Walker & 'Company a considerable amount of ipercliandise on credit, but that Walker & Company declined to. give this asked .for credit unless Brown would agree that the fifteen thousand, of Memphis .fiends, lent by him to the Lloyd Mercantile Company, should not be withdrawn by Brown from the assets of the new firm, or be returned to Brown as long as .there remained a debt due to Walker & Company by Lloyd & Company on account of the purchase of goods: That thereupon Brown entered into 'a written agreetnent to the effect stated, and that on the faith of this written agreement the firm of Walker & Company had not pressed the collection of the old debt, and ha& sold Lloyd & Company, merchandise on credit to the value of $12,391.'61, which, added tó the sum previously. due and assumed- by Lloyd & Company, made the debt due to Walker & Company $13,916.39,.the whole of which sum the bill averred to be due at. .the time of the commencement of the suit. The bijl charged • that the intent of the parties and - the legal result of the .agreement made by Brown was to cause the fifteen thousand Memphis bonds or their value to become a security for this debt of Walker &v Company, and that-thereby there was created an equitable lien on the bonds' to the amount of the debt in favor of Walker & Company.-

It was further alleged that on the 25th day. of December, 1889, the firm of .Lloyd & Company' became wholly insolvent, • and so remained up to the timé of the filing of the billThat after the making of the agreement by Brown, in order to escape the effect of the contract, Brown induced Lloyd &' Company to return to him (Brown) the Memphis bonds,'and • that from the time of such return neither the sail bonds' or the value thereof .formed part of the assets of Lloyd & Com- * pany: That Walker & Company did not know of the return of the bonds until after the credit had been extended to Lloyd & Company-, It was alleged that complainants did not know the true condition of .tie estate of Brown, or whether the Memphis bonds were yet among its assets, and that a discovery and'accounting was necessary in order to enable them to reach the property, upon which the lien was asserted to exist or the proceeds thereof in the hands of the administrators.

The relief prayed was that if on discovery it be found that the Memphis bonds or any portion thereof were a part of- the assets of the estate of Brown, an equitable dien be recognized thereon, and the bonds be ordered to .be sold and the proceeds applied, as far as necessary, to the payment of the debt due by Lloyd & Company to. the complainants : That if the Memphis bonds had been sold or exchanged by Brown for other properties, which could be traced to the hands of the administrators, that a like lien might be adjudged thereon : That if the bonds, or any part thereof, did not form a part of the estate of Brown in the hands of his administrators, the complainants might be adjudged to be creditors of the estate for the amount of the value of the bonds to the extent necessary to pay their debt: and that the administrators be- ordered to pay this sum in due course of administration and be ordered, to render, under the supervision of the court, an account of all properties received by them as administrators and of all their acts and -doings as such. There wras a prayer .for an injunction-restraining the disposing or encumbering of the Memphis bonds' referred to or the proceeds théreof in the hands of the administrators. In addition to this claim there was an averment as tp a debt due by Brown’s estate for §560.14, asserted to have been expended in an endeavor to collect the debt due by Lloyd & Company, and for which it was alleged Brown had agreed to be responsible. - -

The answer, in so far as it relates to the matters above stated, averred that about February, 1.8S9, the Lloyd Mercantile Company, being in need of money, iñducéd Brown, the deceásed, to loan fifteen one thousand dollar bonds of the city of Memphis, to be used-as collateral security for a loan which the .company was then about to make; that the company received the bonds and used them by pledging them to secure the debt, all of which facts were known to the complainants: That this ■transaction with the company was the only.one the deceased had with it on the subject of the Memphis bonds. The answer specifically • denied that the bonds of the city of Memphis thus loaned -to the Mercantile Company were at any. time an asset of said company, and also expressly denied. that the bonds were ever loaned to the Mercantile Company or to Lloyd & Company, its successor, for any other than the-express purpose above stated, that is, to be used as .collateral back of 'the particular loan referred to; denying all knowledge of the existence of the alleged debt in favor of Walker & Company, it was averred that no other contract or .agreement on the subject of the bonds was made by Brown, with. Walker & Company, except such contract as might result from the terms of a letter on the subject of the Memphis bonds, dated Chi-' cago, December 21,1889, written by Brown, to Walker & Company, which letter was set out in the answer.

After denying that the credit given to Walker & Company was extended to Lloyd & Company- on the faith of the-bonds, and after charging that the bonds were, at the time of the writing of the letter, held as collateral back of,a .loan of the Union National Bank of Chicago, and that no equitable lien thereon resulted from the writing of the letter by Brown, the answer, in addition, averred, that after the writing, of the letter, to w,it, some time during the month of November, 1889, the bank,, in whose hands the Memphis bonds of Brown had been deposited as collateral for Lloyd & Company’s debt, pressed for payment of the principal obligation and threatened in default to sell the bonds: That Brown thereupon, in order to preyent-the sale of his bonds, paid' the debt with his own funds and withdrew-the bonds, and that thus he had been discharged of. his obligations under the terms of the letter referred to, if any obligation thereby arose: That no part of the money which made this payment was that of Lloyd & Company, or was taken from the assets of the firm, but the' payment was made wholly and exclusively with the money of Brown in order to prevent the sale of his bonds.' It was also charged-in the answer that if. any debt exjsted in favor of Walker & Company it was extinguished, this being predicated on a recital of the following facts: That on the failure of • J. C. Lloyd & Company' in December, 1889, Walker & Company had. taken a chattel mortgage 'on the stock of goods of the firm at Ellensburg, Washington, to secure the payment of their debt, and had entered with other creditors having a like mortgage into possession of the stock of goods, which largely exceeded the value of the mortgages resting upon it: That thereafter creditors of Lloyd &' Company had levied upon the stock and had actually disturbed^ or.threatened to disturb, the possession of the mortgagees: That themortgagees then acquired the rights of certain of .these creditors who had levied upon the stock, and had, then, under process issued in the name of the creditors; sold and. bought in the equity .of the-.creditors in the stock, and subsequently, without any foreclosure of their mork gages, taken entire charge of the stock and disposed of it _at private sale. These facts, the bill averred, had, under, the laws of Washington, operated -to’ extinguish the claim of the mortgage creditors.

The answer moreover admitted that at the time of Brown’s death “there were fifteen one thousand dollar bonds of'the city of Memphis in his possession as his property, and that the same passed with his other.estate into the hands of his' administrators as part of his said estate. But this respondent avers that the bonds were, prior to the death of Brown, given by him as a.gift to his wife, Anna L. Brown, wbo now holds-arid owns the same.” Replication to the answer was filed,-on the 5th of March, 1892. .

The issues as to the main controversy presented by these pleadings were therefore clearly'as. follows: An assertion on the part of complairiants that they bad extended credit upon their old debt due by- the Lloyd Mercantile Company and assumed by Lloyd & Company-, and had given further credit to the new firm of Lloyd & Company, by selling merchandise to it on the faith of an agreement by Brown that his Memphis bonds should be a security for the debt, and that- this agreement .was evidenced by a written contract on the part of Brown, the result of which, was to creáte ah equitable lien upon the bonds or the value thereof, that Brown had unlawfully withdrawn the bonds, and that the lien was therefore operative upon the bonds in liis possession or upon their proceeds if . he had disposed of. them, and if the proceeds could be traced to his estate, and if not that the estate nvas liable for the debt. A denial on the part of the'defendants that there was any contract but the letter above referred to, the the terms of which it was asserted did not give rise to a lien upon the bonds or. their value, which was followed by the allegation that all Brown’s obligations under the contract, if any arose from it, had been extinguished by his being com-. pelled to pay, in order- to prevent the sale of the bonds, solely from his own money the debt for which the bonds were pledged, the further defence being an assertion .that the claim of Walker & Company against Lloyd & Company was extinguished in consequence of the acts in relation to the mortgage subsequently taken, is referred to in the.answer.

In support of these various issues both parties took testimony, under commissions, the last deposition having been opened on October 18, 1892. When- all the testimony had been taken and its result was known to the parties, on Novem-berT4,1892, the complainants by leave of court amended their bill by averments charging that the Memphis bonds referred to were in the possession of Mrs. Anna L. Brown, she having, received them as a gift from.Talmadge E. Brown, and praying the recognition of an equitable lien "on the bonds in her hands. . The defendants amended their answer by. additional averments concerning the conduct of Walker & Company in relation to the mortgage taken to secure their debt. The amended answer besides averred that “ the said T. E. Brown, deceased, contributed in value to the said J. 0. Lloyd & Company and their funds and assets the full sum or value of fifteen thousand ($15,000) dollars, being the actual value of the Memphis bonds loaned to said J. C. Lloyd & Company; and that the estate-of T. E. Brown through these defendants likewise contributed more largely in amount than thé value of said Memphis bonds to the. assets and to the payment of the indebtedness of J. C. Lloyd '& Company.” The result of these amendments was that the complainants, finding the bonds in the possession of Mrs. Brown under a gift from her husband, elected, to proceed against her for the enforcement of the equitable lien which they asserted, and the defendants added a new ground to their original defence by asserting, not that the bends had been returned to Brown. in consequence of'the payment by him of the debt for which they had been pledged, but that Brown and his estate had contributed more than the value of the bonds to the payment of the debts of Lloyd & Company. The Circuit Court, finding that the contract between Walker & Company and Brown created no equitable lien on the bonds, but only an ordinary contract relation, concluded that the remedy of the complainants was not within the cognizance of a eourt of equity, and, therefore, dismissed the bill,' reserving the right of Walker & Company to seek relief against the estate of Brown in an action at law. 56 Fed. Bep. 23. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, to which court the case was taken on appeal, rested' its decree of affirmance upon substantially the same grounds. ,27 TJ. S. App. 291! A writ of certiorari was allowed and-the record has been brought here for review.

The following facts are established by the proof;

In 1888 J. C., Lloyd and Copeley Llojrd Avere engaged in busi.ness at Des Moines, Iowa. T. E. BroAvn Avas also á resident of Des Moines and a man of large fortune. His adopted or foster daughter was the wife of J. C. Lloyd. In February, 1889-,. J. C. Lloyd and Copeley Lloyd organized a- corporation under -the laws of Iowa, called the Lloyd Mercantile Company, and this company, either .with the stock of goods' purchased in its own name after its organization or Avith a stock Avhich had been purchased previously by J. C. and Copeley Lloyd and by them transferred to -the corporation, commenced business in March, 1889, ait Tacoma,' Washington Territory. In May,. 1889, part' of the stock' of merchandise of the company Avas moved to Ellensburg, Washington Territory, where a store Avas opened in the name of the corporation, and the remainder of the stock Avas taken to DaArenport, in the same Territory, Avhere a branch store was also opened. Between July and the 1st of August, 18S9, J.. C. Lloyd and Copeley Lloyd issued a circular, announcing the formation of a commercial firm under the name of J.. C. Llojul &. Company, Avhich, it Avas stated^ had '.assumed all the debts of the Lloyd Mercantile Company. In the autumn of 1888, preceding the formation of the Mercantile Company, the Lloyds bought from the firm of Clement, Bain & Company merchandise to the extént of $50,0.00, part of which was paid for in money and the balance evidenced by notes. In February, 1889, there were outstanding and unpaid notes, thus givén for the purchase price of the merchandise bought from Clement, Bain & Company, to the amount of $15,000. Upon these notes T. E; Brown was the endorser or surety. The makers of the notes being unable to pay them, Brown handed to' Lloyd fifteen bonds of the denomination of one thousand dollars each of the city of Memphis for the éxpress and only purpose of enabling 'Lloyd to use the bonds as collateral security for a loan to be procured with which to pay the outstanding notes- upon which he (Brown) was surety. Lloyd called upon the firm of James H. Walker & Company of Chicago to assist him in obtaining this loan. Mason, a confidential employe, managing the-credits of Walker & Company, cooperated with Lloyd in his effort to borrow .money oh the security óf the bonds of Brown. The Union National Bank of Chicago, whose president was a member of the firm of Walker & Company^ lent Lloyd thé money, and the fifteen Memphis bonds were pledged as collateral for this loan. Subsequently, from May to July, 1889, Walker & Company sold and shipped to the Lloyd Mercantile Company-a very considerable amount of merchandise, and at the time of the.dissolution of the corporation and the formation of the firm the' Lloyd Mercantile Company owed Walker & Company á. balance of account to the extent of $1524. J.8. During the course of these dealings the note which had been given by Lloyd to the Union Bank,-supported by .the Memphis bonds as collateral, reached maturity and.through, the friendly cobperation of Walker & Company the bank which held it, at the request of Lloyd, extended the term for its payment. After the formation of the partnership of Lloyd & Company, Lloyd desired to purchase on credit a large amount;of goods from Walker & Company, and furnished, on being «ailed upon, a statement of the condition of the firm. This statement indicated the solvency of the firm, but contained no mention of a claim in favor of Brown resulting from the Memphis bond transaction. Upon inquir}1- being addressed by Mason to Lloyd on the -subject, he declared that he had not included in his statement a debt in fayor of Brown growing out of the lending of the .Memphis bonds, because it was a'mere friendly arrangement between himself and Brown, and “he did not regard it exactly as a^ebt.” Mason thereupon made a memorandum on the bottom of the statement as follows: “ In addition to above liability, owe Mr. T. E. Brown, Des Moines, la., $15,000, pay- . able at our convenience. This is in th.e city of Memphis, Tenn., bonds, now hypothecated Union National Bank for loan equal in amount.” Mason thereupon informed Lloyd “that those bonds or the proceeds of those bonds were not to be returned or paid to Mr. Brown until our debt is paid,” and Lloyd .requested Mason to dictate such a letter as he might wish-Brown to sign and it would be signed. Mason then dictated a letter, which is the one referred to in the bill of complaint as evidencing the contract, and which, as already stated, -was set out in full in the answer:

“ Chicago, Sept. 21st, 1889.
“Messrs. James H. Walker & Co., Chicago, Ill. , -
“ GeNtlemen : I beg to advise you that the loan of fifteen thousand dollars, Memphis bonds, made by me to Mr. J. C. Lloyd for the usé of .Messrs. Lloyd & Co., Ellensburgh, Wash. Ter., is with the understanding that any indebtedness that they may be owing you at any time, shall be paid before the return to me of these bonds, or the value thereof, and that these bonds or the value thereof are at the risk of the business of Lloyd & Co., so far as any claim you may have against said Lloyd &.Co: is concerned.
“ Tours truly,
“ T. E. Bkown.”

Pending the sending of this letter by Lloyd to Brown, and its return to Walker & Company, with the signature of Brown affixed to .it, the goods which had been ordered by Lloyd were prepared for shipment, but were retained and were only shipped on the receipt of the letter. Subsequently in December, 1889, Lloyd & Company ¿became insolvent, and the debt to Walker & Co., amounting to $13,916.39, remains unpaid.

. The questions which first require solution are, did' the agree-. ment embodiéd in the letter create an equitable lien, i'n favor of Walker & Company upon the bonds of Brown pledged to the Union National IBank, and if so, were they returned to Brown under such circumstances as to cause the lien, if any existed, to be operative against the bonds in the hands of Mrs. Brown, who holds them under a gift from Brown, and,-therefore, subject to such lien, if anjq attached to them in the hands of Brown? .Before-Considering the contract its.elf, and the issue of fact which arises, it is necessary to fix the legal principles by which the .question of equitable' lien is .to- be determined. It-is clear that if the express intention of the parties was to create an equitable lien upon the bonds or the value thereof, or if. such intention arises by a necessary implicatión from the terms of the agreement construed with reference to the situation of the parties' at the time of the contract, and by the attendant circumstances; such equitable lien will .be enforced by a court of equity against the bonds in the hands of Brown or against third persons who aré volunteers or have notice. It is well settled, said -the court in Pinch v. Anthony, 8 Allen, 536, “ that a party may .by express agreement create a charge or claim in the nature of a lien, on real as well as on personal property, of which he is the owner or in possession, and that. equity will, establish and enforce such- charge or claim, not only against the party who stipulated to give it, but also against third persons, who are.either volunteers, or who take the estate on which the lien is agreed to be given' with notice of the stipulation.’! The subject was very fully reviewed with reference to the English and American authorities in Ketchum v. St. Louis, 101 U. S. 306, where the language just cited was approved, and that ruling was considered and reaffirmed, during this term, in Fourth Street Bank v. Yardley, ante, 634. Pomeroy in his. work on Equity Jurisprudence, (vol. 3, par. 123o,)-condenses and states the general result of the authorities on the subject, as follows: .

“The doctrine may be stated in its most general form: that every express executory agreement in writing,- whereby the contracting party sufficiently indicates an intention to- make some particular property, real or personal, or fund, therein described or identified, a security for a debt or other obligation, or whereby.the party promises to convey or assign or transfer the property as security, creates an equitable lien upon the property so indicated, which is enforceable against the property in the hands not only of the original contractor, but of his -heirs, administrators, executors, voluntary assignees and purchasers or encumbrancers with notice. .... The ultimate grounds and motives-of this doctrine are explained in the preceding séction; but the doctrine itself is clearly an application of the maxim, equity regards as done that which' ought to be done.”

The words of the contract, embodied in the letter, are as follows: “I beg to advise you that the loan of fifteen thousand dollars, Memphis bonds, made by me for the use of Messrs. Lloyd & Company, Ellensburg, is with the understanding that any indebtedness that they may be owing to you at any time, shall be paid before the return to me of these bonds or the value thereof, and that these bonds or the value thereof are at the risk of the business of Lloyd & Company, so far as any claim you may have against said Lloyd & Company is concerned.” This language certainly designates the bonds or the value thereof as a security for the debt -to Walker & Company. It says that the bonds belonging to ‘Brown shall not be returned to him so long as the debt to Walker is unpaid. It thus provides for the keeping in the hands of Lloyd & Company of the bonds until the debt of Walker is discharged. Having stipulated for retaining the bonds as long as Walker’s debt existed, the agreement proceeds to dedicate the property .thus retained exclusively to the payment of Walker’s debt, for it says, not that the property so held shall become an asset of the firm, not that it shall be liable to the general creditors of Lloyd '& Company, but that the bonds or the value thereof aré to remain at the risk of . the business of Lloyd & Company so far as any clctirn that you ( Walker Company) may have. To construe the contract as making the bonds a mere general asset of the firm would not only eliminate the words “in so.far as you (Walker & Company) are concerned,” but would operate an injustice to Brown by presupposing that he'had given up his property for the general purposes of the firm of Lloyd & Company, when on the contrary, in express language, the contract provides that only one creditor of Lloyd & Company, to wit, Walker & Company, should exercise recourse on the bonds. To dedicate property to a particular purpose, to provide that a specified creditor and that creditor alone shall be authorized to seek payment of his debt from the property or its value, is unmistakably to create an equitable lien.

.Nor does the fact that the letter, provides that these bonds or the value thereof shall be' “ at the risk of the business of Lloyd & Company” change the ma'nifest significance of the contract, for these words are followed by the qualifying language “ so far as any claim you may have against Lloyd & Company is concerned.” -The bonds were at the risk of the business in a twofold sense, viz., the debt of Walker and the sum for which they were pledged. Manifestly, the dedication of Brown’s bonds to the particular and special payment of Walker’s debt, a debt due by the business of Lloyd & Company, left the'bonds as a necessary consequence of the equitable lien which the contract created at the risk of the business, that -is to say, if the business did not pay the debt which it owed to Walker & Company, the borids or their value were submitted to the risk of such non-payment, and therefore subject to the equitable lien, if the risk of the business made it necessary for Walker & Company to exercise the lien which tne contract gave that firm. The contention that the words “at the risk of the business” indicates that the parties to the contract did not intend a lien on the bonds, since that provision submitted the bonds to the,entire risk of the business of Lloyd & Company for every purpose, and therefore authorized that firm, if they recovered possession of them, .to use them for any other .debt which they might owe, or to sell them and apply the proceeds to their business generally, is unsound, since it entirely' overlooks the express averment of the answer that the bonds-were lent by Brown to Lloyd & Company for one purpose alone, that is, to be used as collateral for. a particular debt and none other. The existence of this debt at the time the letter was written is also averred in the answer, and this'fact additionally elucidates not only the meaning of the words “ at the risk of the business,” but also the stipulation that the bonds “ or their value ” should be at such risk.. The loan for which the bonds had been placed as security was a debt of Lloyd & Company. The ability of Lloyd & Company to>pay this debt was a risk upon which the coming back.- of the bonds into the possession of Lloyd & Company depended. The contract considering the possibility of the payment of ,the debt by Lloyd & Company, and the arising therefore'of the right of that firm to retake possession of the bonds, stipulates for their non-return in that event to Brown. On the other hand, considering that the firm of Lloyd & Company might be unable to pay the debt, and therefore fail to recover possession of the bonds, the contract provides that the claim-in favor of Brown for the value of his bonds, lost by the failure of the firm to pay the debt for which they were pledged, should not be preferred against the assets of Lloyd & Company to the detriment of Walker’s claim. Now, the restriction placed on Brown-as to the non-exercise of his claim for the value in consequence of the risk to whiqh the bonds were subjected from the outstanding pledge cannot destroy the express provision against the return of the bonds to Brown in the event that the risk of the business did not prevent their coming back into the possession of Lloyd & Company.

Equally without force is the assertion that, inasmuch as the face value of the bonds was $15,000, and the debt for which they were-Jhen pledged was $15,000, therefore the parties could not havé contemplated the coming back of the bonds into the. possession of Lloyd & Company and their return to Brown. This argument; if accepted, would read ou.t of. the contract its express language providing against the return to Brown in the'contingency stated. Of course, the.lien in favor of Walkbr & Company was subordinate to the prior and outstanding claim resulting from the pledge; but the obvious purpose of the contract, while considering that fact, was to give to Walker & Company the benefit of the bonds as a security for their claim in the event Lloyd & Company discharged the debt for which they were pledged, • from their assets and thereby became entitled to the-possession of the bonds. This construction of the contract and of the rights of the parties under it was that entertained when the answer was filed and before the proof had been taken, since the answer expressly asserts that the pledged debt had not been paid by Lloyd & Company; but was made solely from the assets of Brown in order to prevent the sale of the bonds, and therefore his obligation under the contract had been discharged. The subsequent amendment to thp answer, which gave a.different view of the contract, was made after the coming in of the proof, yrhic’h demonstrated the fact, as we shall hereafter see, to be that the payment of the debt had not been made by Brown, but by Lloyd & Company. If there be ambiguity in the contract resort may be had to the situation of the parties and' the circumstances under which it was entered into for the purpose, not of changing.the writing, but of furnishing light by which to ascertain its actual significance. Runkle v. Burnham, 153 U. S. 216, 224.

Resorting to thesé means, the purpose-of the parties to create a lien upon the bonds or their value is clearly manifest. At the time the contract was entered into, .the bonds were held as collateral security for a loan obtained by Lloyd to pay off a debt, for which Brown was bound, contracted for the purchase price of merchandise. The proof conclusively sustains the averments of the answer that the bonds had been given by Brown, not for the general purpose of the business of Lloyd & Company, but exclusively to enable that firm to pay this particular debt. This .refutes the theory .that the bonds were in the hands of Lloyd & Company for every purpose, and suggests the intention of the parties that on the pajnnent of the old debt by Lloyd & Company for the purchase of goods, for which the bonds were pledged, they should occupy the same relation to the new debt for the same purpose which was about to be created. Nor is there force in the argument that the statement made by Mason to Lloyd & Company preceding'the writing, of the letter conclusively shows that Walker & Company did not contemplate a lien upon the bonds, and therefore that the letter embodying' the contract, which they exacted before giving the credit must be held not to have given rise to the lien. This suggestion is predicated upon the fact that In the conversation the words “ or proceeds ”> of "the bonds were used by Mason. But the contract contains no such words; it stipulates against the return of the' bonds to Brown, and against the use 'by Brown of his claim against the assets for the value of the bonds. The use by Mason of the word “ proceeds ” cannot be held to obliterate the written contract, and if resort is to be had to the attend-. ant circumstances, it must be so had, not to a particular word used in a conversation, but the whole of the situation must be considered. If this is done, it becomes ■ clear that as Walker '& Company were familiar with the transaction by which the bonds had been delivered to Lloyd &, Company by Brown for the purpose of being used- as collateral for a particular debt, which was confirmed by the statement made to them by Lloyd at the time of the transaction, we cannot presume that they treated with Lloyd as having, other power over the bonds than the limited purpose for which Brown-had loaned them. From these considerations we conclude that the .contract provided for a lien upon the bonds to secure Walker’s debt subordi-náte to the then outstanding lien resulting from the existing pledge, and stipulated against a return of the bonds in the event of the payment of the debt by Lloyd & Company, and imposed upon Brown the obligation not to assert quoad the debt of Walker & Company, a claim against the assets of Lloyd & Company for the value in the event the risk of the business, the outstanding pledge, prevented' the return of the bonds to the possession of Lloyd & Company.

The question then arises were the bonds, absorbed by the risk of the business, or were they, on the contrary, returned to Browm in violation of- the contract and subject to the equitable lien vihich the contract created to secure the payment of the debt due Walker &’ Company ? Shortly after the making of the contract, that is, on October 26 and 29, 1889, two payments, one for $7300., and the other for $2700, were made on account of the debt due the Union National Bank for which the bonds were held as collateral. When these two payments, aggregating $10,000, were made, ten of the Memphis bonds were delivered by the bank to Lloyd and by him returned to Brown. Subsequently, on December 17, 1889, the balance of .the debt, $5000, was paid to the bank, and the remainder of the bonds were also returned to Brown. As to the source whence the money wherewith the payment of October 26 of $7300 was made, the testimony of Lloyd is, to speak mildly, of an evasive character'. The proof, however, conclusively establishes that this payment was' made as follows : Lloyd and Brown called at the Folk County Savings Bank of Des Moines, Iowa, and a loan-was asked, in the name of Lloyd, for $7500, and a ninéty-day note for that amount was drawn by Lloyd to the order of the' bank. This note after being endorsed by Brown was discounted by the savings bank, the bank giving for the net amount of the discount a draft on New York, which was used to make the payment to the Union National Bank. The payment of October 29 of $2700 is, by the uncontradipted testimony, shown to have been made solely from the assets bf Lloyd & Company. The payment oh December 17 of the $5000 was made in this way. Brown drew two drafts for $2500' each on Lloyd & Company at Ellensburg to the order of the Iowa .National Bank of Des Moines, and these.drafts were discounted"by that bank and the proceeds put to Brown’s credit in- account. He then purchased a draft to the order of the Union National Bank for $5000, giving his- check on his own bank account in payment of the draft. The draft so purchased was used for the payment of the balance due the Unioh. National Bank, by which final payment the (release ' of the remainder of the bonds wras accomplished. The two drafts drawn by Brown on Lloyd, & Company were, forwarded by the Iowa bank to Ellensburg for collection. One of them was paid in full from the assets of Lloyd & Company before their failure, the other remained unpaid at the date of the failure, and was treated by Brown as a liability of the firm, and was used for the purpose of absorbing its assets in the manner to be hereafter stated. On the drawing of these drafts Brown credited Lloyd & Company in account with the amount thereof, and against this credit, he debited Lloyd & Company with • the $5000,. which-he paid for account of Lloyd for the .final payment on the note due the Union National Bank.

Near the middle of .December, 1889, Brown was in Ellens-burg, and on the 26th of December, at the instigation. óf Brown, a chattel mortgage upon the stock of goods of J. C. Lloyd & Company was executed in favor.of the Iowa National Bank of .Des Moines for $17,500, and on .the same ■ day, a mortgage second in rank, also at the instigation and request of Brown, was executed by the firm in favor of the Polk County Savings Bank for $7500. Included in the amount of the debt secured by the mortgage to the Polk County Savings Bank were the notes for $7500 given by Lloyd and endorsed by Brown, from the proceeds of which the first payment of, $7300 was made. Included in the debt of the Iowa National Bank, for which the mortgage was-' given, wa's the draft for $2500, which, as has been already stated, was not paid at that date by Lloyd & Company. The balance of the debt in favor of the Iowa National Bank represented renewal notes of Lloyd endorsed by Brown, which were held by the Iowa National Bank, the original notes having.been prior in date to the formation of Lloyd & Company.

The proof leaves no doubt that the execution of • these mortgages was brought about by Brown, who thus sought to secure the stock of goods of Lloyd & Company for the purpose of paying the debts for ¿which he asserted himself to be indirectly liable. Indeed, as to the mortgage taken in favor of the Iowa National Bank, the unchallenged proof is that Brown acted in procuring the mortgage without reference to or instructions from the bank, but solely in his own interest. Having thus obtained the two mortgages upon the stock of goods, he proceeded by way of procuring a mortgage on real estate of Lloyd, of assignments of a leasehold held by him or his firm, assignment of a mortgage claim existing in favor of Lloyd & Company, and by receipt of $(600 in cash procured by Lloyd by mortgage upon real estate to make himself master of the situation so as to apply practically all the property of Lloyd & Company and Lloyd individually to the payment of debts claimed to be due him .by Lloyd & Company, including those debts for which he was contingently, liable. Having thus secured, to the utmost, all his claims against Lloyd & Company by treating the debts upon- which he was contingently liable, as the debts of Lloyd & Company, 'a chattel mortgage inferior in rank to those taken in the name of others, was executed in favor of Walker & Company for a part of - the debt due them, and they were advised by telegram of the fact. The failure of Lloyd & Company at once followed these'occurrences.'. Attachments were, sued out by many genéral creditors and the business was wrecked. Without going into'details as to the result of the mortgages and attachments, it suffices to say that nothing was paid on- account of Walker & Company’s debt.

The contention that $98.00 of the money paid on account of the debt of the Union National Bank for $15,000 must be considered ^as solely made by Brown, is without merit. This claim is based on the. fact that the notes for $7500.- which were discounted by the.Polk County Savings Bank, and from' which discount the naoney was derived to make the payment of $7300, were endorsed by Brown^and upon the further fact that one of the two drafts'of $2500 each which-were drawn upon Lloyd & Company to make up the $5000 and which was discounted by the Iowa National Bank' was drawn by Brown'. The notes and the draft were primarily obligations of Lloyd'& Company. The contract between Brown and Walker & Company from which' the lien on the bonds arose forbade the return of the bonds,, and besides stipulated, in the event of their being lost by the risk of the business, that the claim for their value, in favor of Brown, as against Lloyd & Company, should not be urged until the payment of the debt of Walker & Company. It' would be against the most' elementary rules of good conscience and of fair dealing to allow Brown to treat the payment of the debt, as having been made by Lloyd & Company, and therefore to enforce against the-assets of -that-firm, the entire claim, to /the detriment-of Walker & Company, and at the same' time to allow Brown to defeat the- lien on the bonds upon the contrary hypothesis that the entire payment had been made by him, Brown, and not. by Lloyd & Company. No court of conscience can permit Brown to speculate on his chances of securing himself for all his claims by defeating the- lien of Walker & Company on the one hand, and then on the other to allow him to assume a conflicting attitude in order to destroy the lien. Having asserted the claims as debts of Lloyd & Company, having sought to absorb the assets on this theory, Brown is concluded by his conduct.

The claim set up in the amended answer, that because Brown had other debts of Lloyd & Company which are unpaid, therefore he had contributed to the amount of - $15,000 to the assets of LÍoyd & Company, and thus performed his contract, is as wanting in equity as the contention which we have just considered. It is far from clear from the record whether these asserted debts have not really been paid or secured, but if they have not, the stipulation of the contract which forbade- the return of the bonds was for the benefit of Walker & Company, not for that of all the creditors of Lloyd & Company. Having dedicated the bonds belonging to him to the payment of the debt, Brown cannot be heard to make an exception in favor of claims held by himself, if any such then existed or thereafter’arose, so as to destroy the security created by him in favor of Walker & Company, and upon the faith of which they contracted. If there were .debts due Brown by Lloyd & Company they were as completely excluded from interfering with the lien of 'Walker & Company upon the bonds as if they had been held by third persons.

The contention that the debt of Walker & Company was extinguished from the fact that after having accepted the1 mortgage security for a part of their debt, they united with other mortgage creditors in buying the rights of certain attaching creditors, and thereafter sold the stock of goods without foreclosure, is fully answered by the statement that there is no proof whatever of any agreement that the taking of security should extinguish the original claim, and the proof is also clear that the acts of Walker as to the purchase of the rights of the attaching creditors and the subsequent dealings with- the property were upon the express understanding with Brown thát these transactions should in no way impair thé rights of Walker & Company under the contract which we have considered.

The asserted right of Walker & Company to enforce against the estate of Brown a claim for $560.14, averred to have been expended in-an effort to collect the debt due by Lloyd & Company upon an alleged agreement of Brown to repay the same, was not pressed at the hearing, and- we do not therefore determine whether the sum was really due, and. whether, if due, it is enforceable in a court of equity.

There was a claim made in the discussion at bar that the interest on the portion of -the debt due Walker & Company, Avhich was embraced within the mortgage executed in Washington, bears ten per cent interest, and therefore should be allowed at that rate. But. this claim overlooks the fact that' the bill is founded upon the general account- due Walker & Company, and not upon the mortgage executed' in Washington, which represented only a part of the debt. Besides, the account due by Lloyd & Company to Walker & Company, taken from the books of the latter firm, was offered in evidence on the trial, and there is therein made only a charge of six per cent interest, computed to a short time before the filing of the bill. This is conclusive against the claim of interest - at the rate of teñ per cent. There is also a reference in the record to severál interest coupons collected on • the Memphis bonds by Brown prior to his death and subsequent to-the unlawful return of the bonds to him, but the averments of the bill taken in connection with the amendment electing to • assert the lien against the bonds in the hands of Mrs. Brown, as they, were when received from her husband, precludes any questions which might otherwise arise on this subject.

As the Memphis bonds are admittedly in the hands of Mrs. Brown as a gift from- her husband, the enforcement of the lien thereon presents no question as to the jurisdiction of a court of equity over the estate of a decedent.

It follows from, the foregoing that the court below erred in refusing to recognize the claim of the complainants and to enforce in their favor a lien on the Memphis bonds in the hands of Mrs. Brown, and for the errors in these particulars the decree must be

Reversed, and the case remanded to the trial court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.  