
    Elizabeth SHIFLETT, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SCORES HOLDING COMPANY, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
    No. 14-1594-cv.
    United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
    Feb. 19, 2015.
    
      Matthew J. Blit, Levine & Blit, PLLC, New York, NY, for Appellant.
    Neal S. Greenfield, Esq., New York, NY, for Appellee.
    PRESENT: AMALYA L. KEARSE, DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, and SUSAN L. CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
   SUMMARY ORDER

Plaintiff-Appellant Elizabeth Shiflett appeals from a final judgment entered pursuant to a decision by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Buchwald, J.) granting summary judgment to Defendant-Appellee Scores Holding Company, Inc. (“Scores Holding”) in her action alleging unlawful treatment based upon sex and race, and retaliation, brought pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et seq., and New York City Human Rights Law, N.Y. City Admin. Code § 8-101 et seq.

Beginning on or about October 2007 until March 2008, Shiflett worked as a cocktail waitress at a club known as Scores West Side (“Scores West”), owned by Go West Entertainment Inc. (“Go West”), which was dissolved by proclamation on July 28, 2010, after a bankruptcy proceeding. She alleges that while working at Scores West she was harassed by her manager and other employees based upon her sex and race, and that after she complained about this conduct, she was terminated in retaliation. Shiflett brought this action against Scores Holding, a company related to Go West, on June 14, 2013. Scores Holding filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground that it was not her employer for purposes of Title VII. The district court granted summary judgment to Scores Holding on Shiflett’s Title VII claims, and exercised its discretion to dismiss her state law claims without prejudice. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.

This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Back v. Hastings on Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 122 (2d Cir.2004). Summary judgment is appropriate when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Nabisco, Inc. v. Warner-Lambert Co., 220 F.3d 43, 45 (2d Cir.2000), “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the mov-ant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). “A dispute is not ‘genuine’ unless ‘the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’ ” Nabisco, 220 F.3d at 45 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)).

Because, to the extent relevant here, Title VII makes it unlawful “for an employer ... to discriminate,” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l) (emphasis added), “the existence of an employer-employee relationship is a primary element of Title VII claims.” Gulino v. N.Y. State Educ. Dep’t, 460 F.3d 361, 370 (2d Cir.2006). Ordinarily, “a corporate entity is liable for the acts of a separate, related entity only under extraordinary circumstances.” Murray v. Miner, 74 F.3d 402, 404 (2d Cir.1996). In the context of Title VII, there are two “recognized doctrines that enable an employee in certain circumstances to assert employer liability against an entity that is not formally his or her employer.” Arculeo v. On-Site Sales & Mktg., LLC, 425 F.3d 193, 197 (2d Cir.2005). These doctrines are known as the “single employer” doctrine, and the “joint employer” doctrine. Id.

Under the single employer doctrine, “separate corporations under common ownership and management ... can be deemed to constitute a single enterprise.” Id. at 198. This Circuit examines four factors in order to assess whether two nominally distinct entities are actually a single employer: “(1) interrelation of operations, (2) centralized control of labor relations, (3) common management, and (4) common ownership or financial control.” Cook v. Arrowsmith Shelburne, Inc., 69 F.3d 1235, 1240-41 (2d Cir.1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Although no one factor is determinative[,] control of labor relations is the central concern.” Brown v. Daikin Am. Inc., 756 F.3d 219, 227 (2d Cir.2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Under the joint employer doctrine, an entity other than an employee’s formal employer can be held liable not because it is part of a “single integrated enterprise,” but rather because the two entities “handle certain aspects of their employer-employee relationship jointly.” Arculeo, 425 F.3d at 198 (internal quotation marks omitted). Under the joint employer doctrine, a court may conclude that “the employee is ... constructively employed by” the defendant. Id. While we have not yet “fully ... described a test for what constitutes joint employment in the context of Title VII,” id. at 199 n. 7, factors courts have used to examine whether an entity constitutes a joint employer of an individual include “commonality of hiring, firing, discipline, pay, insurance, records, and supervision,” see, e.g., St. Jean v. Orient-Express Hotels Inc., 963 F.Supp.2d 301, 308 (S.D.N.Y.2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

After «conducting an independent review of the record and the case law, we conclude that the district court properly determined that Shiflett has not raised a material issue of fact as to whether Scores Holding can be deemed her employer for purposes, of Title VII under either the single employer doctrine or the joint employer doctrine. While there is evidence that Scores Holding and Go West had common ownership, the district court correctly concluded that this is the only factor of the single employer test weighing in Shiflett’s favor. Even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Shiflett and making all reasonable factual inferences in her favor, there is insufficient evidence to support a finding of the existence of any of the other factors, common management, interrelation of operations, and centralized control of labor relations.

Critically, none of the evidence indicates that Scores Holding controlled labor relations at Scores West. For example, Shiflett refers to a printout from Scores Holding’s website from October 27, 2006 as evidence that Scores Holding exerted control over hiring decisions at Scores West. The website showed that Scores Holding offered assistance to clubs using the Scores brand in attracting and training personnel. It would not be reasonable, however, to infer from that website that Scores Holding actually exerted control over personnel decisions for those clubs. Another piece of evidence highlighted by Shiflett is that she was given an employee handbook that included the address and phone number for Scores Holding, which were the same address and phone number that belonged to Go West. Yet nothing in the handbook beyond the mere listing of Scores Holding’s contact information indicated that Scores Holding exerted any influence regarding labor relations at Scores West. Shiflett also highlights deposition testimony given in a prior case by John Neilson, the then-director and president of Scores Holding. [A 216] He testified that Richard Goldring, the individual who managed Scores West [A 220], would “from time to time ask [his] advice on certain matters” related to Scores West. Jt. App’x 221. When asked to give examples of the topics they spoke about, however, he explained that his advice concerned questions such as “[sjhould we make this invitation red or blue, should I talk to this person about doing a promotion, how can I make the club more profitable, how can I deal with competitive issues, things like that.” Jt. App’x 221. But since in that deposition, Neilson testified that he exercised no control over management or personnel decisions at Scores West, it would not be reasonable to infer that he managed Scores West or exerted control over labor relations at Scores West.

In sum, none of the evidence in this case is akin to “handling job applications, approving personnel status reports, [or] exercising veto power over major employment decisions,” activities which we have held to constitute evidence of centralized control of labor relations. Parker v. Columbia Pictures Indus., 204 F.3d 326, 341 (2d Cir.2000). When taking into account the weakness of Shiflett’s case regarding the other factors in the “single employer” test, it was proper for the district court to conclude that Shiflett has not raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Scores Holding can be deemed Shiflett’s employer under this test.

The same deficiencies in the evidence render Shiflett incapable of demonstrating that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Scores Holding can be held liable under the joint employer doctrine. As the district court explained, Shiflett does not allege that she was hired, fired, or managed by an employee of Scores Holding. Nor is there evidence of any insurance or other records pertaining to Shiflett held by Scores Holding. Shiflett acknowledges that Go West was the payor on her checks. Further, while Scores Holding and Scores West did share a corporate office, that was not the location at which Shiflett worked.

We have considered each of Shiflett’s arguments on appeal and find them to be without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.  