
    Gartland vs. Dunn et al.
    To lay flown any rule universally applicable as to multifariousness, or to say what constitutes it, in a bill, as an abstract proposition, is, it has been said upon the authorities, utterly impossible.
    The cases upon the subject are extremely various, and the courts, in deciding them, seem to have considered what was convenient in particular circumstances, rather than to have attempted to laydown any absolute rule.
    Demurrers for multifariousness are of two kinds: 1st. For a misjoinder of causes, that is where the eases or claims asserted in the bill are of so different a character that the court will not permit them to be litigated in one record. 2d. Where a party is brought as a defendant upon a record, with a large portionjof which, and of the case made by which, he has no connection whatever.
    In this case the claim set up and asserted by the bill consists of an equitable estate in a town lot, and the object is to disencumber it by setting aside two separate sales, under which the defendant demurring for multifariousness claims ; the sales sought to be vacated are separate and distinct, one of the entire, the other of a portion of the property in dispute, yet both relate to the same subject matter, and ' connect the demurrant with it by charging him as the purchaser under both sales, and as claiming advesely to the complainant — Held not to be multifarious.
    Bill to enforce an equitable title to a lot of ground; the bill charges that the vendor held the lot in secret trust for a third person, who was the true owner; that the notes for the purchase money had been transferred to such third pesson, and paid or arranged with him, &c. — Held that such third person was a party in interest, and properly made a defendant to the hill.
    As a general rule, a mere agent, who has no interest in the suit, ought not to be made a party, but if, in such case, there be any charge of fraud connected with the transaction in which the agent participated, and it is so charged in the bill, then he may properly be made a party, for even if no other decree would be warranted by the circumstances of the case against him, he might be decreed to pay the costs of the suit, if his principal should happen to be, or become insolvent.
    Where in a bond for title given by a vendor to a vendee, a third person is named as . trustee, and empowed to sell the land for the payment of the purchase meney, on failure of the vendee to pay, suchthird person possesses a naked power, without an interest in the land, which is revoked hy the death of the vendee, and sale made by him thereafter is void.
    The objection of misjoinder of parties as defendants in a bill, is a mere personal privilege, and consequently those only can demur for that cause who are improperly joined.
    
      Appeal from the Chancery Side of the Ouachita Circuit Court.
    This was a bill in chancery filed by Josephine Gartland, as sole heir of Thomas Gartland deceased, against Bradley, Scott, Nunn, Satterfield, Lawson, Clifton, Morrison and Hilliard. Its substance was :
    That on the 27th May, 1845, Gartland bought of Nunn the east half of lot 21, in block 4'in Camden, for $200, secured by two notes for $100 each, one payable February 4th, 1846, and one February 4th, 1847, and took title bond, by which Nunn agreed to make title when the notes should be paid, and that Gartland should in the mean time have possession. Each note bore 10 per cent, interest from maturity. The title bond also provided that if the first note shoukhnot be paid within ten days after due, then or as soon afterwards as Nunn should require a sale, Scott, who therefor was declared a trustee, should after twenty days’ notice by written advertisement, sell the lot at auction — the purchaser to pay in cash so much of the purchase money as should then be due, and the expenses of sale, and execute note with security for the residue, due 4th February, 1847, bearing interest from date: on the the payment of which if it more than paid the balance due by Gartland, the excess should be paid to him.
    That Nunn held the lot in secret trust for Bradley, the real owner.
    That on the 20th December, 1845, Gartland sold 16 feet of the east part of the half lot to Satterfield as the agent of Lawson, and Lawson by his agent gave him three notes —one for $62 50 due 4th February, 1846 : one for $62 50 due 4th February, 1847, and one for $91 54 due December 25th, 1846, and Gartland gave bond to convey on payment of these notes.
    That Nunn transferred Gartlánd’s notes to Bradley ; with whom Gartland went to board in 'December, 1845. That Gart-land about that time transferred to Bradley two of Lawson’s notes — one for $62 50, and one for $91 54, and Bradley recived them as an absolute payment pro tanto, wheupon Gartland agreed to pay Bradley the residue of $37 50 on the 1st June, 1846, and Bradley agreed to wait until then before he would sell, which agreement was in writing.
    That Gartland died in New Orleans on the 25th February, 1846, leaving with Bradley as a pledge for his board, certain articles worth more than the amount due for his board.
    That Scott advertised the lot for sale, on the 16th of March, 1846, and sold on the 6th April, 1845, upon the terms that the purchaser should pay in cash $101 66|, besides five per cent, on the whole purchase money, and give note for the residue, payable 4th February, 1847, at which sale Nunn bought for $100.
    That the sum of $37 50 was ready for Bradley on the 1st of June, 1846, and ever since, whenever a deed should be made, and that complainant was ready to pay any necessary amount, if Lawson’s notes were not a payment.
    That Lawson and Hilliard, Gartland’s administrator, forbade the sale.
    That Gartland employed Clifton and Morrison as carpenters to furnish materials, and build a house on the west half of the half lot, who, after finishing the building, filed their account for a lien, not however verified in the manner prescribed by law, and on the 7th November, 1845, recovered judgment against Gartland for $203 33 and costs, after which they acknowledged payment of $108 46, and released their lien on the east half of the half lot.
    That execution issued on the 24th of February, 1846, (one day before Gartlond died) which if levied at all was not levied till April, nor has any return at all on it; nor was the lot advertised for sale: but the west half was sold at May term 1846, and bought by Nunn for $102, and deed made to him.
    That Bradley had either received, or might have received, if he had chosen, the amount of the notes of Lawson assigned to him.
    The bill then prayed that the sale made by Scott might be annulled — Nunn and Bradley compelled to receive the $37 50 and convey the lot to complainant: or, if the notes assigned to Bradley were not received in payment, or are not collectable, then she might pay the necessary sum: that the sale made under the Clifton and Morrison judgment be annulled, and they compelled to receive the balance really due them.
    Satterfield answered, Nunn demurred for multifariousness, and Scott and Bradley for want of equity. The demurrers were sustained, and the bill dismissed as to them, and the complainants dismissed it as to the other defendants and appealed.
    
      Watkins & Cumian, for the appellants.
    “ By multifariousness in a bill is meant the improperly joining in one bill distinct matters and thereby confounding them, as for example, the uniting in one bill of several matters perfectly distinct and unconnected, against one defendant or the demand of several matters of distict natures against several defendants in the same bill.” (Story Eq. PI. 224.) The inquiry is not whether each defendantis connecteed with every branch of the case but whether the plaintiff seeks relief in respect of matters which in their nature are separate and distinct. (Salridge vs. Hyde, Jacob R. 151. S.C. 5 Madd. 138. Story Eq. PI. 227, note 1.) See also the cases of Fellows vs. Fellows, 4 Gowen 682. Brinlcerhojf vs. Brown, 6 J. C. R. 139.
    It is a general rule that all persons materially interested either legally or beneficially in a subject matter of a suit, are to be made parties to it. (Story Eq. PI. 74.) All that have an interest, though their interest be distinct and not joint, must be joined : and it clearly appears that all the parties to this bill were legally or beneficially interested. But if they were not, Nunn and Bradley could not make the objection — it was no defence for them — no one could take advantage of it, but the persons improperly made parties. Story Eq. PL 199.
    The allegation that Gartland made valuable improvements upod the land, that he had paid nearly all of the purchase money to the assignee of the notes, who had agreed to an extension of time for the payment of the residue, and that the land was sold in direct violation of the agreement before the expiration of the time of payment, surely show sufficient equity to sustain the bill.
    The trustee had no authority to sell after the death of Gart-land. The power conferred upon the trustree was a mere naked power to sell, given to secure the purchase money, and did not convey the property to or vest any interest or title in the trustee — he took no estate nor had he any interest in the execution of the power — it was not a power coupled with an interest so as to authorize its execution after the death of Gartland. Hunt vs. Rousmanier, 8 Wheat. 174. S.C. 5 Cond. Rep. 401 and 2 
      Mason Rep. 244, Sugden on Powers 128. 15 .Lato Lib. 89. Jameson vs. Smith, 4 Bibb Rep. 897. Bergen vs. Bennett 1 Caine's Cases in Equity 15.
    The sale under the execution of Clifton and Morrison is absolutely void. The execution did not come to the hands of the sheriff until after the death oí C-artland. That a levy upon and sale of real estate after death of defendant convey no title to the purchaser; see the cases cited by the appellees, of Erwin vs. Dundas, 4 Hen. S. G. Rep. 58, Woodcock vs. Bennett, 1 Comen 711.
    Pike & Baldwin, contra.
    There is not the slightest pretext to any equity to have the sale made under the execution set aside. The execution issued before Cartland’s death, a levy and sale under it afterwards were valid. Erwin-s Lessee vs. Dundas, 4 Hen. S. C. R. 58. Clove vs. Veer, Cro. Car. 459. Center vs. Bil-linghurst, 1 Goteen 34. Woodcock vs. Bennett,! Gowen 111. Styr-netsvs. Brooks, 10 Wend. 20.6.
    The trustee was fully authorized to sell after Gartland’s death. That the power of sale was coupled with an interest see Wilson vs. Troup, (2 Gowen 236. Bergen vs. Bemiett, (1 Caine’s Gases in Eq. 15); and that it continued after Gartland's death, see Hunt vs. Rousmaniar, 8 Wheat. 161. S.G. 1 Peters.
    
    That a bill, like this, which unites several distinct matters -against several defendants and brings in parties who have no interest, is multifarious, see Stony Eq. PI. 224, 225. Saxton vs. Davis, 18 Fes. 80. Fellows vs. Fellows, 4 Cowen 682. Salvidge vs. Hyde, Jacob 15.1. Wark vs. Duke of Northumberland, 2 Anst. 469, 477. Farquharsen vs. Pitcher, 2 Russ. 87; and that multi•fariousness must be taken advantage of by demurrer, Ward vs. Cook, 5 Madd. 122. Wynne vs. Callender, 1 Russ. 293. Stewart vs. E. S. Comp., 2 Tern. 380.
   Mr. Chief Justice JohwsoN

delivered the opinion of the Court.

The question first presented involves the merits of the demurrer interposed by the defendant Nunn. He demurred to the bill for multifariousness, which was sustained by the chancellor and a decree rendered in his favor accordingly. To lay down any rule universally applicable as to multifariousness, or to say what constitutes multifariousness, as an abstract proposition, is, (it has been said) upon the authorities, utterly impossible. The cases upon the subject are extremely various, and the court, in deciding them, seems to have considered what was convenient in particular circumstances, rather than to have attempted to lay down any absolute rule. The only way of reconciling the authorities upon the subject is by adverting to the fact that, although the books speak generally of demurrers for multifariousness, yet in truth such demurrers may be divided into two kinds, 1. Frequently the objection raised to the bill, though termed multifariousness, is, in fact, properly speaking, a misjoinder; that is to say, the cases or claims asserted in the bill, are>of so different a character that the court will not permit them to be litigated in one record. It may be that the plaintiffs and the defendants are parties to the whole transactions, which form the subject of the suit, but nevertheless those transactions may be so dissimilar, that the court will not allow them to be joined together, but will require distinct records. 2. But what is more familiarly understood by multifaiousness, as applied to a bill, is where a party is brought as a defendant upon a record, with a large portion of which and of the case made by which he has no connection whatever. In such a case he has a right to demur (and so the old form of demurrer was) and to state the evil of thus uniting distinct matters in one record to be that it put the parties to great and useless expense. Such an objection could have no application to the case of a mere misjoinder of different causes of action between the same parties, plaintiffs and defendants, and none others. See Storys Eq. Pl. p. 406, 407.

The point now to be decided is whether the bill is multifarious, accordingjto the principles stated. Are the cases or claims, asserted in the bill, so different in their character that they cannot with convenience or safety be litigated in one record, or is the party demurring brought upon the record with a large portion of which and of the case made by which, he has no connection whatever ? We think it clear that he does not fall within either branch of the proposition. The claim set up and esserted by the bill consists simply and solely of an equitable estate in a certain specified tract of land and the sole object is to disencumber it by vacating and setting aside two separate sales, under which the defendant, Nunn, claims to hold it. It will be conceded that, in-order to effectuate the intention of the bill, it will become necessary to vacate two separate and distinct sales, the one of the entire, and the other of a portion of the property in dispute, yet they both relate to the same subject matter and directly connect the defendant with it, by charging him as the purchaser in both instances, and as claiming adversely to the complainant. This bill therefore cannot be said to be demurrable for multifariousness, and in case the sales referred to are void as alleged by the claimant there can be no question in respect to her equity as against the defendant, Nunn.

The next point involves the correctness of the action of the chancellor in reference to the joint and several demurrer of the defendants, Scott and Bradley. They deny, in general terms, the entire enquity of the bill, and insist that they are not bound to make any response to the allegations contained in it. The bill charges that Bradley was the true and equitable owner of the property at the time Gartland purchased and that Nunn of whom, he made the purchase was not the owner, but that he merely held the same in secret trust for Bradley, and also that Nunn transferred the notes of Gartland, made to himself to secure the purchase money, to Bradley, and that Gartland in his lifetime transferred certain other notes to Bradley in discharge and payment of his own so assigned by Nunn, so far as they ivould go, and then entered into a new arrangement with Bradley for the payment of the residue, by which he obtained an extension of time beyond that fixed by the proviso contained in the title bond for the sale by the trustee in case of non-payment. If these allegations be true, it is manifest that Bradley is a party in interest and that the complainant is entiled to have the nature and extent of that interest investigated and ascertained, so as to remove, if possible, every incumbrance from her title. Besides, the bill charges that the notes originally executed by Gart-land to Nunn for the purchase money, were transferred to Bradley and that upon receiving part payment, he extented the time for the payment of the residue and then in violation of his contract, caused the land to be sold before the time agreed upon had arrived. If this be true it was, most unquestionably, a fraud upon the rights of Gartland, and from which a court of equity would be competent to afford him relief. If the charge in the bill, in respect to the defendant, Bradley, be true, and that they are so, stands admitted by the demurrer, there can be no doubt but that he is a proper party and that in equity he may be compelled to come in and to respond to the merits of the bill.

But it is contended that Scott has no interest in the subject matter and that no relief is prayed or could be had against him and that therefore no equity is disclosed as against him. The allegation is, that in violation ,of the contract between Gartland and Bradley, he in combination with Bradley and Nunn to defraud Gartland, proceeded to sell the property in controversy, and that he not only made the sale before the time agreed upon, but that he also materially varied the terms which had been agreed upon and stipulated between the parties. It is true, as a general rule, that a mere agent, who has no interest in the suit, ought not to be made a party, but if, in such case, there be any charge of fraud connected with the transaction in which the agent participated and it is so charged in the bill, then he may properly be made a party, for even if no other decree would be warranted by the circumstances of the case against him he might be decreed to pay the costs of the suit, if his principal should happen to be or should become insolvent. See Story’s Eq. Pl. p. 200 and the cases there cited.

It is also charged that Scott, the trustee, executed the trust by selling the property after the death of Gartland, and that therefore the sale so made is void. This presents the question of the nature of the power with which he was clothed by the instrument by which the trust was created. Was he a mere attorney in fact cJothed simply with a naked power, which ceased with the life of the person making it, or was his a power so coupled with an interest as to survive the party conferring it and to enable him to execute it after his death. The trust in this case was created by a clause contained in the bond executed by Nunn, the vendor, to Gartland, his vendee, conditioned for a conveyance of the legal title upon the payment of the purchase money. The trustee as a matter of necessity was appointed by the vendee as he was designed to act upon his interrst in the estate in case of his failure to comply with the conditions of the instrument of sale. What then was the object of the appointment of the trustee and what the extent of his power ? The object was manifestly to save the vendor from the delay and expense necessarily incident to a suit in chancery to assert his lien and to subject the land to sale, in case of non-payment according to the stipulations of the bond; and the extent of the trustee’s power could not possibly exceed that of an attorney in fact, as he most clearly had no interest either in the thing itself or in the proceeds to be derived therefrom. This court, in the case of Yeates et al. vs. Pryor, (January term, 1850) said, “ The general rule that a power ceases with the life of the person giving it admits of one exception. If the power be coupled with an interest it survives the person giving it and may be executed after his death. As the position is laid down too positively in the books to be controverted it becomes necessary to inquire what is meant by the expression ‘a power coupled with an interest.’ Is it an interest in the subject on which the power is to be exercised, or is it an interest in that which is produced by the exercise of the power ? We hold it to be clear that the interest which can protect a power after the death of the person who ■creates it, must be an interest in the thing itself. In other words, the power must be grafted on the estate in the thing. A power coupled with an interest is a power which accompanies or is connected with an interest. The power and the interest are united in the same person.” The instrument creating the trust in this case first vested an equitable estate in Gartland and then provided that Scott who was designated as a trustee in case of non-payment of the purchase money according to the terms stipulated should proceed to sell the interest 6f Gartland, and that such -sale should operate as a discharge of the obligation of Nunn to convey to him and instead thereof he should convey the whole title directly to the purchaser under the trustee’s sale. It is true that uhder the somewhat peculiar provisions of the instrument conveying the equitable title to Gartland and creating the trust to be executed in case of his non-compliance, the trustee whether the party for whom he should act were dead or alive, could not execute a conveyance of his interest either in his own name or in that of his principal, and as such would not fall within one of the reasons why he could not act after his principal’s death, yet inasmuch as he cannot be said to possess any interest whatever either in the thing upon which the power is to be exercised or in the proceeds to be derived from the sale of the same, he is brought fully within the great and controling reason of the law. From this view of the law arising upon the facts set forth and charged in the bill, it is clear that if substantiated by the necessary proof, the sale whether fraudulent or not is a mere nullity, for the want of legal authority in the trustee to make the sale at the time he is represented to have done so. According to these views and principles it is manifest that the chancellor erred in sustaining the demurrers of the defendants Nunn, Scott and Bradley.

But it is insisted by the counsel for the appellees that even conceding that the sale by the trustee did not have the effect to pass Gartland’s interest back and revest it in Nunn, yet that the other sale by the sheriff had that effect and that consequently the complainant has no cause of action. The legal effects of the sale by the sheriff cannot possibly be such as claimed, as the judgment and execution under which he sold did not purport to cover the whole extent of the premises sold by the trustee.

it is objected to the bill that it is demurrable on account of a misjoinder of parties as defendants. That some of the defendants originally embraced had no manner of interest in the subject matter of the suit and were consequently improperly brought upon the record is too clear to admit of a doubt, yet as they did not seek to avail themselves of the objection, it is not a matter that can benefit others who are shown to have an interest. The objection of misjoinder of parties as defendants is a mere personal privilege, and consequently those only can demur for that cause who are improperly joined. See Story’s Eq. Pl. p. 417.

It is therefore ordered, adjudged and decreed that the decree of the chancellor sustaining the demurrers of the defendants Nunn, Scott and Bradley, and dismissing the bill as to them be and the same is hereby reversed, annulled and set aside, and it is further ordered that the cause be remanded to the Ouachita circuit court to be proceeded in according to law and not inconsistent with this opinion.

Mr. Justice Scott not sitting.  