
    KIMBERLY v. HOWLAND.
    (Filed December 18, 1906).
    
      Negligence — Issues — Blasting — Dynamite — Evidence — Fright, Injuries Caused by — Wrecked Nervous By stem— Ilusbmd and Wife — Injury to Wife — Loss of Society — • Bight of Action of Husband.
    
    1. Where the issues submitted presented every phase of the case, and are such as arise upon the pleadings, and are a sufficient basis for the judgment rendered, and the defendant was given the opportunity to present every defense he had, his exception to the issues submitted is without merit.
    2. In an action for an injury from an alleged negligent blasting, where plaintiff’s evidence tends to prove that defendant was blasting rock with dynamite on the outskirts of the city about 100 yards from a street and 175 yards from plaintiff’s residence, and in close proximity to other houses, and that a rock weighing 20 pounds, from one of the blasts, crashed through plaintiff’s residence; that defendant’s foreman was not an. expert blaster, and was absent a part of tbe time; that his assistants had but little experience; that the blast was fired off without being properly smothered; that smothering is a safe method usually employed in such operations, and had it been properly done on this occasion the injury could not have well resulted: Held, that this evidence of negligence was amply sufficient to have been submitted to the jury.
    3. 'While the defendant did not know at the time he fired the blast that the feme plaintiff was lying in bed at her home in a pregnant condition, and could not foresee the exact consequences of his act or the form of injury inflicted, he ought in the exercise of ordinary care to have known that he was subjecting plaintiff and family to danger, and to have taken proper precautions to guard against it.
    4. Mere fright, unaccompanied or followed by physical injury, cannot be considered as an element of damage; but where the fright occasions physical injury not contemporaneous with it, but directly traceable to it, a right of action for such injury, resulting from a negligent act, arises.
    5. Where the plaintiff’s evidence shows that the wife was lying on her bed heavy with child at the moment the rock crashed through the roof of her home, and though it did not strike her, it greatly shocked her nervous system, and nearly caused a miscarriage, and that she has never recovered from the effects of it: Held, that she has a right of action for the physical injury sustained — a wrecked nervous system — resulting from negligence, whether wilful or otherwise.
    6. Where the injury to the wife is of such a character that the husband is deprived of the society or services of his wife, he may recover therefor, and may sue in his own name; and if the injuries are permanent he can recover such sum as will be a fair compensation for the future diminished capacity for labor on the part of the wife.
    ActioN by T. M. Kimberly and. wife against E. S. How-land, beard by Judge ~W. B. Allen and a jury, at tbe June Term, 1906, of tbe Superior Court of Buncombe.
    Tbe plaintiffs brought two distinct actions for an injury to tbe feme plaintiff by reason of tbe negligence of tbe defendant in conducting certain blasting operations. Tbe busband sued for tbe loss of bis wife’s services. Tbe two actions were consolidated and tried together upon tbe following issues:
    1. Was tbe defendant negligent, as alleged? Ans. Yes.
    
      2. If so, was the plaintiff Janie Kimberly injured thereby ? Ans. Yes.
    3. What damage, if any, is plaintiff Janie Kimberly entitled to recover ? Ans. $3,500.
    4. What damage, if any, is plaintiff T. M. Kimberly entitled to recover ? Ans. $700.
    From the judgment rendered, defendant appealed.
    
      Thomas A. Jones for the plaintiffs.
    
      Merrimon & Merrimon for the defendant.
   BrowN, J.

The defendant excepted to the issues submitted by the Court and tendered the following: 1. Were the injuries alleged in the complaint the immediate, natural and necessary consequences of the alleged blasting? 2. Were the alleged injuries to the plaintiff such as might naturally and probably occur from the alleged negligence, and were they such as should have been in contemplation of the defendant with reasonable certainty? 3. Was the alleged physical injury the' natural and proximate result of the alleged fright?

The issues submitted by the Court presented every phase of the case and are such as arise upon the pleadings, and are approved by precedent as appropriate in such cases. The defendant was given the opportunity to present every defense he had and every proposition of law and fact embraced in the issues tendered by him. Not only was he given a fair opportunity to present his views of the law and facts, but the record shows that he did so present them. The issues submitted are also a sufficient basis’ for the judgment rendered. Wright v. Cotten, 140 N. C., 1; Wilson v. Cotton Mills, 140 N. C., 52.

The chief contention made by the learned counsel for the defendant in his argument is that in no view of the evidence can. either plaintiff recover, and, therefore, the motion to nonsuit should have been sustained. As the right to recover anything on the part of the husband is dependent upon the liability of the defendant to the wife, we will consider her case first.

It is contended: 1. That the evidence discloses no negligent act. 2. That the defendant’s agents could not have reasonably foreseen the consequences of their acts. 3./ That the injury complained of by the wife was the result of fright only, for which no recovery can be had.

The plaintiffs offered evidence tending to prove that defendant was blasting rock with dynamite on the outskirts of the city of Asheville about 100 yards from Charlotte Street and 115 yards from plaintiff’s residence, and in close proximity to other houses. A rock from one of the blasts, weighing about 20 pounds, crashed through a portion of plaintiffs’ residence. It was further in evidence that defendant’s foreman was not an expert blaster, and that a part of the time the blasting was going on he was absent, and that his assistants had but little experience. It was in evidence that the blasts were fired off without being properly “smothered,” and that “smothering” is a safe method usually employed in such operations, and that had it been properly done on this occasion the injury to plaintiffs’ residence could not well have resulted.

We think the evidence of negligence amply sufficient to have been submitted to the jury. Blackwell v. Railroad, 111 N. C., 151. We think, furthermore, that a man of ordinary prudence should have foreseen the probable consequences of blasting with dynamite in such a neighborhood without properly smothering the blast. Persons using such an inflammable and powerful instrumentality as dynamite are charged with knowledge of its probable consequences which they could by reasonable diligence have acquired. The defendant knew be was blasting' in a populous neighborhood and that plaintiffs’ dwelling was nearby. If the evidence offered by plaintiffs is to be believed, the workmen were unskilful and the blasts deficiently smothered so as to fail to properly confine their effect. It is true defendant did not know at the time he firedl the blast that the feme plaintiff was lying in bed in her home in a pregnant condition, but he or his agents knew it was a dwelling-house and that in well-regulated families such conditions occasionally exist. While the defendant could not foresee the exact consequences of his act, he ought in the exercise of ordinary care to have known that he was subjecting plaintiff and his family to danger, and to have taken proper precautions to guard against it. Gates v. Latta, 117 N. C., 189; Watson on Damages, sec. 4; 19 Cyc., 7, and cases cited; Blackwell v. Railroad, supra.

The authorities seem to agree that if the tort is wilful and not merely negligent, the wrong-doer is liable for such physical injuries as may proximately result, whether he could have foreseen them or not. We do not base our decision upon any evidence of a wilful wrong, for there is none. The defendant was engaged in a lawful act, and if prosecuted with due care he would not be liable; and due care means in a case of this sort a high degree of care. We bear in mind the distinction between wilful wrong-doing. and those consequences flowing from simple negligence, so clearly stated by Mr. Justice Walicer in Drum v. Miller, 135 N. C., 208: “In the one case hp is presumed to intend the consequences of his unlawful act, but in the other, while the act is lawful, it must be performed in a careful manner, otherwise it becomes unlawful, if a prudent man in the exercise of proper care can foresee that it will naturally or probably cause injury to another, though it is not necessary that the evil result should be, in form, foreseen.”

We, therefore, conclude that, while there is no evidence of a wilful wrong, the defendant should have reasonably foreseen the result of his negligence. No human being could foresee the exact form of the injury inflicted, but ordinary prudence could foresee that there was danger to plaintiffs and their household unless the blast was securely confined.

It has been argued in this case by defendant’s counsel with much earnestness and ability, backed by most respectable authority, that the feme plaintiff’s injuries, if she sustained any, were the result of fright without any contemporaneous physical injury, and that she cannot recover for them. This brings us to the consideration of a question concerning which there is much conflict among the authorities. We will not undertake to either reconcile or review them. All the courts agree that mere fright, unaccompanied or followed by physical injury, cannot be considered as an element of damage. In a very exhaustive note by Judge Freeman to Gulf Railway Co. v. Hayter, 77 Am. St. Rep., 860, all the authorities are collected. But where the fright occasions physical injury, not contemporaneous with it, but directly traceable to it, the courts are hopelessly divided. The testimony offered in behalf of the plaintiffs tends to prove that the wife was lying on her bed heavy with child at the moment the rock crashed through the roof; that although it did not strike her, it greatly shocked her nervous system and nearly caused a miscarriage, and that she has never recovered from the effects of it. If this testimony is believed, the injury to the wife was a physical injury resulting from shock and fright and directly traceable to it. There is much conflict of evidence, but plaintiffs’ testimony tends to prove that had not the rock crashed through the roof she would not have endured the nervous physical pain and suffering which has followed. The nerves are as much a part of the physical system as the limbs, and in some persons are very delicately adjusted, and when “out of tune” cause excruciating agony. We think the general principles of the law of torts support a right of action for physical injuries resulting from negligence, whether wilful or otherwise, none the less strongly because the physical injury consists of a wrecked nervous system instead of lacerated limbs. Injuries of the former class are frequently more painful and enduring than those of the latter. A recent writer on the subject trenchantly says: “To deny recovery against one whose wilful or negligent tort has so terribly frightened a person as to cause his death, or leave him through life a suffering and helpless wreck, and permit a recovery for exactly the same wrong which results, instead, in a broken finger, is a travesty upon justice. The reasoning which can lead to such a result must be cogent indeed if it shall be entitled to respect.” Case and Comment, August, 1906. A text-writer of repute says: “The preferable rule on this subject is, in our opinion, that if a nervous shock is a natural and proximate consequence of a negligent áct, and physical injuries resulting directly from mental disturbance, there should be a recovery for the anguish of mind and its consequent physical loss, irrespective of contemporaneous bodily hurt.” Watson on Damages for Personal Injuries, sec. 405. We think the able Judge who tried this case in the Court below clearly stated the law, as we administer it, when he said: “While fright and nervousness alone do not constitute an injury within the meaning of this issue, if this fright and nervousness is the natural and direct result of the negligent act of the defendant, and if this fright and nervousness naturally and directly causes an impairment of health or loss of bodily power, then this would constitute an injury within the meaning of this issue. There must be an injury, as explained to you, and this injury must have been the natural and direct result of the negligent act of the defendant and one which should have been foreseen by the defendant by the exercise of ordinary care.” Watkins v. Mfg. Co., 131 N. C., 537, and cases cited; Bell v. Great Northern Railway, L. R., 26 Ir.; Purcell v. Railway, 48 Minn., 134.

It is contended that the husband has sustained no injury, and as to him the motion to nonsuit should have been allowed. It seems to be well settled that where the injury to the wife is such that the husband receives a separate loss or damage, as where he is put to expense, -or is deprived of the society or the services of his wife, he is entitled to recover therefor, and he may sue in his own name. 15 A. and E. Encyc. Law (2 Ed.), 861, and cases cited. In this ease there is no evidence of an outlay of money in medical bills and other actual expenses, and the' Court so charged the jury and directed them to allow nothing on that account. Ilis Honor also correctly instructed the jury to allow nothing because of any mental suffering upon the part of the husband. There was, however, evidence as to the loss of the services of the wife, and that the injury inflicted was of such a character as to deprive the husband of her society, services, aid and comfort. The Court further charged that if the injuries are permanent the husband could also recover such sum as will be a fair compensation for the future diminished capacity to labor on the part of the wife. This instruction we think is correct and supported by authority. 6 Thompson’s Negligence, secs. 7341, 7342. It is impossible to lay down a rule by which the value of her services and the loss of the wife’s society can be exactly measured in dollars and cents. All the Judge can do is to direct the jury to allow such reasonable sum as will fairly compensate the husband therefor under all the circumstances of the case.

We have carefully examined all the exceptions in the record, although we comment only on such as we think proper. The case appears to us to have been well and fairly tried, and we find no reversible error in any- of the rulings or instructions of the Court.

No Error.  